Capítulo Xxi: Nuevas Tecnologías en El Equipamiento de Subestaciones
August 26, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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BH[ÃZPEM __G
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BH[ÃZPEM __G DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R >8.8. GDZ^MJPBBGÒD Ohb` udms bg`d høms, buhdjm `cp`zhrmd h bmdstrugrs` ems sgst`chs `eçbtrgbms j` pmt`dbgh dm `rhd bmdighne`s. Ems gdt`rruptmr`s `rhd cuy bmcpegbhjms j`sj` `e pudtm j` vgsth c`bèdgbm y `eçbtrgbm, yh qu` `xgfãhd ud chdt`dgcg`dtm ir`bu`dt` y sup`rvgsgòd bmdsthdt`. Ems bmrt`s j` `e`btrgbgjhj pmr rhzmd`s j` chdt`dgcg`dtm `rh eh r`feh, dm eh `xb`pbgòd. Eh gdv`dbgòd j`e s`bbgmdhjmr hyujò h c`amrhr eh jgspmdgngegjhj j` ems sgst`chs `eçbtrgbms, pmrqu` ihbgegthrmd `e chdt`dgcg`dtm j` ems gdt`rruptmr`s sgd bmrt`s j`e sucgdgstrm. Frhd phrt` j`e sgfem __ s` b`dtrò `d `e j`shrrmeem j` du`vhs t`bdmemfãhs qu` huc`dthrmd eh bhphbgjhj y eh jgspmdgngegjhj, qu` r`jua`rmd `e chdt`dgcg`dtm< y thcngçd `d eh smeubgòd j` hsp`btms bmcm `e thchøm, eh v`embgjhj y eh hutmchtgzhbgòd. Ems hvhdb`s ` gddmvhbgmd`s t`bdmeòfgbhs bmdjua`rmd he ehdzhcg`dtm `d `e j`b`dgm j` 879; j`e `qugphcg`dtm hgsehjm `d fhs (FGR). @stms `qugpms p`qu`øms y bmcphbtms r`jua`rmd ehs jgc`dsgmd`s j` udh sun`sthbgòd bmdv`dbgmdhe hgsehjh `d hgr` (HGR) `d bhsg ud 7;%. He gfuhe qu` `d `e j`b`dgm j` 876;, `e sgst`ch j` bmdtrme bmdv`dbgmdhe iu` `vmeubgmdhdjm pmr `e bmdtrme ducçrgbm ` gddmvhbgmd`s pmst`rgmr`s ohd jhjm eufhr he j`shrrmeem j` ems sgst`chs j` hutmchtgzhbgòd j` sun`sthbgmd`s (RHR). Hbtuhec`dt` `xgst`d sun`sthbgmd`s, cmjuehr`s y pr`ihnrgbhjhs `d jgstgdths bmdigfurhbgmd`s, r`suethdt`s j` eh bmcngdhbgòd j` ehs t`bdmemfãhs HGR y FGR.
>8.>. RPN@RZHBGMD@R BMC[HBZHR Ehs sun`sthbgmd`s bmcphbths bmcngdhd ems n`d`igbgms j` udh sun`sthbgòd h eh gdt`cp`rg` bmd ud jgs`øm bmcphbtm qu` p`rcgt` h ems bmdstrubtmr`s y usuhrgms igdhe`s pehd`hr, bmdstrugr y chdt`d`r udh sun`sthbgòd j` heth t`dsgòd bmd ud cãdgcm j` gdf`dg`rãh y bmstms j` mnrhs mnrh s bgvge`s.
Ehs sun`sthbgmd`s bmcphbths s` j`n`rãhd `e`fgr `d ems sgfug`dt`s bhsms1 @d eh bmdstrubbgòd j` du`vhs sun`sthbgmd`s, jmdj` `e bgbem j` vgjh y `e bmstm j`e `qugphcg`dtm `s `e ihbtmr brãtgbm< smd bmcp`tgtgvhs smnr` tmjm buhdjm s` tg`d` egcgthbgmd`s j` t`rr`dm y j` bmstm `e`vhjm. @d ud r`hbmdjgbgmdhcg`dtm, y eh sun`sthbgòd d`b`sgth hcpeghrs` bmd `e `sphbgm egcgthjm j` su`em jgspmdgne`, m buhdjm `e èr`h `xgst`dt` phrh eh hcpeghbgòd tg`dj` h s`r r`jubgjh (zmdhs sunurnhdhs, `tb.).
R` jgspmd` dmrchec`dt` `d ehs sun`sthbgmd`s bmcphbths1 còjuems BMC[HRR j` HNN, y còjuems JZB j` RG@C@DR. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/8
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>8.>.8. CÒJPEMR BMC[HRR @e còjuem BMC[HRR (Bmcphbt [r`ihnrgbht`j Hgr Gdsueht`j RunRthtgmd) iu` j`shrrmeehjm pmr HNN, phrh rhdfms j` t`dsgmd`s j` 8>2 lY h 86; lY, qu` gdbeuy` iudbgmd`s j` udh nhoãh j` heth t`dsgòd `d ud smem còjuem, v`r igfurh >8.8. Gdt`rruptmr
R`bbgmdhjmr Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt`
R`bbgmdhjmr Zrhdsimrchjmr j` pmt`dbghe
[hrhrrhyms
Fhngd`t` j` bmdtrme embhe
Igfurh >8.8. Còjuem BMC[HRR (HNN).
Bhjh ihs` j` ems còjuems BMC[HRR gdbeuy`1 Pd gdt`rruptmr j` pmt`dbgh bmd mp`rhbgòd cmdmpmehr m trgpmehr Pd s`bbgmdhjmr`s bmd su prmpgm hbbgmdhcg`dtm h cmtmr y chduhe Pd s`bbgmdhjmr`s j` pu`sth h tg`rrh bmd su prmpgm hhbbgmdhcg`dtm bbgmdhcg`dtm h cmtmr y chduhe Pd trhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt` Pd trhdsimrchjmr j` pmt`dbghe Pd phrhrrhyms Fhngd`t` j` bmdtrme embhe.
@d eh igfurh >8.>, igfurh >8.2 y igfurhs >8.: s` cu`strh udh sun`sthbgòd bmcphbth utgegzhdjm `qugpms BMC[HRR j` HNN.
Zrhdsimrchjmr H RPN@ RPN@RZ RZHB HBGG D
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Igfurh >8.>. Jghfrhch udgigehr j` udh R/@ j` nhrrh sgcpe` utgegzhdjm BMC[HRR. BMC[HRR.
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
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Igfurh >8.2. Jgspmsgbgòd f`d`rhe j` udh R/@ j` nhrrh sgcpe` utgegzhdjm BMC[HRR. BMC[HRR. 8.0;
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Igfurh >8.:. Bmrt` j` udh sun`sthbgòd j` nhrrh sgcpe` utgegzhdjm BMC[HRR. BMC[HRR.
Bmd eh `xp`rg`dbgh mnt`dgjh `d `st` bhcpm HNN j`shrrmeem BMC[HRR-G, ud du`vm `qugpm bmcphbtm, cuetgiudbgmdhe pr`ihnrgbhjm phrh sun`sthbgmd`s, `qugphjm bmd1 ud gdt`rruptmr bmd mp`rhbgòd trgpmehr m cmdmpmehr, ud trhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt` y fhngd`t` j` bmdtrme embhe. @e `qugpm BMC[HRR-G `s tmthec`dt` `dshcnehjm y prmnhjm `d iènrgbh y pu`j` s`r trhdspmrthjm he sgtgm j` gdsthehbgòd j` chd`rh sgcpe` y bmdighne`. He gfuhe qu` `e BMC[HRR sus hgsehjmr`s smd j` pmrb`ehdh. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/2
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Gdt`rruptmr
Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt`
Fhngd`t` j` bmdtrme embhe
@strubturh smpmrt`
Igfurh >8.0. Còjuem BMC[HRR-G (HNN).
>8.>.>. CÒJPEMR JZB @E JZB (J`hj Zhdl Bmcphbt, thdqu` cu`rtm bmcphbtm) j`shrrmeehjm pmr RG@C@DR phrh t`dsgmd`s j` >:0 lY, gdbmrpmrh s`bbgmdhjmr`s y s`bbgmdhjmr`s j` pu`sth h tg`rrh he gdt`rruptmr j` thdqu` cu`rtm bmd trhdsimrchjmr`s j` bmrrg`dt`, `d udh smeh udgjhj, v`r igfurh >8.9.
@e JZB mir`b` còjuems j` `dtrhjh y shegjh, j` nhrrh sgcpe`, j` nhrrh jmne`, y còjuems j` j`sbmd`xgòd bmcngdhjms. Zmjhs ehs phrt`s, `xb`ptm ems nusogdfs, s` `dbu`dtrhd `dbhpsuehjms `d `dvmev`dt`s j` heucgdgm ee`dms j` RI9 pr`surgzhjm, y bmd`bthjms h tg`rrh, the bmcm s` cu`strh `d eh igfurh >8.6. @e fhngd`t` j` bmdtrme j`e gdt`rruptmr, ems gdjgbhjmr`s j` pmsgbgòd, y ehs t`rcgdhe`s j` ems trhdsimrchjmr`s j` bmrrg`dt`, s` `dbu`dtrhd embhegzhjms `d eh phrt` irmdthe j`e còjuem. Igfurh >8.9. Còjuem JZB (Rg`c`ds).
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/:
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DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
Còjuem `dtrhjh/shegjh
Còjuem Nhrrh Rgcpe`
Còjuem Jmne` Nhrrh.
Còjuem j` j`sbmd`xgòd bmcngdhjms
Igfurh >8.6. Còjuem JZB phrh 8:0 lY (Rg`c`ds)
Ems còjuems JZB, p`rcgt` mnt`d`r jgv`rshs bmdigfurhbgmd`s, frhbghs h sus bmcpmd`dt`s nèsgbms y `e usm j` bmcpmd`dt`s hjgbgmdhe`s bmd r`qu`rgcg`dtms cãdgcms j` gdf`dg`rãh, igfurh >8.?.
Nusogdf
Gdt`rruptmr Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt`
R`bbgmdhjmr R`bbgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh
Igfurh >8.?. Bmrt` trhdsv`rshe j` ud còjuem JZB j` `dtrhjh/shegjh j` eãd`h (Rg`c`ds).
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/0
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DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
Ems bmcpmd`dt`s prgdbgphe`s j`e JZB smd ems sgfug`dt`s1 Gdt`rruptmr, qu` pms`` ud r`smrt` bmcñd phrh ems tr`s pmems, utgegzh eh `d`rfãh j`e hrbm phrh eh gdt`rrupbgòd j` eh bmrrg`dt` j` iheeh, p`rcgt` jgscgdugr eh bhdtgjhj j` `d`rfãh r`qu`rgjh pmr `e c`bhdgscm j` mp`rhbgòd. R`bbgmdhjmr/s`bbgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh, s` nhshd `d `e jgs`øm j` bmcpmd`dt`s tgpm FGR. Ems `dbehvhcg`dtms j` ems s`bbgmdhjmr`s s` hbtgvhd j` imrch hutmcètgbh, rhzòd pmr em buhe dm r`qug`r`d j` `dbehvhcg`dtms hjgbgmdhe`s. Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt`, j` tgpm bmdv`dbgmdhe`s qu` p`rcgt`d cñetgpe`s bmcngdhbgmd`s bmd jgi`r`dt`s r`ehbgmd`s j` trhdsimrchbgòd. @e trhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt` s` `dbu`dtrh embhegzhjm `dtr` `e gdt`rruptmr y `e s`bbgmdhjmr, j` chd`rh `qugvhe`dt` h udh HGR.
Eh smeubgòd `d sun`sthbgmd`s oãnrgjhs JZB mir`b` nham bmstm j` gdv`rsgòd frhbghs h su `bmdòcgbm `squ`ch j` gdt`rrupbgòd. Ru jgs`øm bmcphbtm ihbgegth su trhdspmrt` ` gdsthehbgòd, ehs pru`nhs `d sgtgm smd sgcgehr`s h eh qu` s` r`hegzhd `d eh hbtuhegjhj phrh gdt`rruptmr`s j` thdqu` vgvm. Hj`cès, `e jgs`øm bmcphbtm bmcphbtm p`rcgt` `e homrrm j` `sphbgm `d bmcphrhbgòd bmd bmd ehs HGR y igdhec`dt`, hs`furh nhams bmstms pmr iheehs j`ngjm h eh bmdighngegjhj j`e JZB, yh qu` bu`dth bmd iudbgmd`s gdj`p`djg`dt`s `d jgi`r`dt`s bèchrhs.
>8.2. RPN@RZHBGMD@R OÃN^GJHR Ehs sun`sthbgmd`s bmdv`dbgmdhe`s smd ehs cès `cpe`hjhs, jmdj` tmjm `e `qugphcg`dtm s` `dbu`dtrh hgsehjm pmr hgr`, rhzòd pmr eh buhe s` `dbu`dtrhd s`phrhjms j` chd`rh gdjgvgjuhe y mbuphd `sphbgms cuboms chymr`s j`ngjm h ehs jgsthdbghs cãdgchs j` jgc`dsgmdhcg`dtm. Rg dm s` jgspmd` j` t`rr`dms hcpegms h nham bmstm, em qu` mburr` f`d`rhec`dt` `d bgujhj`s gcpmrthdt`s y/m gdjustrghe`s, jmdj` s` r`qug`r` hnhst`b`r eh j`chdjh br`bg`dt` j` `d`rfãh, ehs FGR r`sueth cès `bmdòcgbh qu` ehs sun`sthbgmd`s bmdv`dbgmdhe`s. Bmd `e mna`tm j` nusbhr udh smeubgòd gdt`rc`jgh, y hprmv`bohdjm ehs v`dthahs tçbdgbhs qu` mir`b`d eh FGR y `e bmstm j` eh HGR, s` j`shrrmeehd ehs sun`sthbgmd`s oãnrgjhs. oãnrgjhs. Ehs nhrrhs bme`btmrhs sgfu`d `sthdjm hgsehjhs `d hgr`, p`rm `e `qugphcg`dtm vg`d` gdt`frhjm `d còjuems m bmcphrtgcg`dtms hgsehjms `d fhs, tgpm FGR, j` `sth chd`rh s` pu`j` bmcphbthr udh nhoãh j` udh sun`sthbgòd hgsehjh `d hgr`, `d ud `e`c`dtm s`dbgeem y j` cubom c`dmr thchøm. Pdh sun`sthbgòd oãnrgjh dmrchec`dt` r`qug`r` j` c`dms j` eh cgthj j`e `sphbgm, `d r`ehbgòd bmd udh sun`sthbgòd hgsehjh `d hgr`, j` the chd`rh, qu` eh bmdstrubbgòd `s cuy s`dbgeeh y `bmdòcgbh prgdbgphec`dt` `d èr`hs urnhdhs. @d ehs sun`sthbgmd`s oãnrgjhs, s` `dbu`dtrhd jgspmdgne`s còjuems phrh ud rhdfm j` t`dsgmd`s j` 6>,0 lY h 00; lY, phrh s`rvgbgm `xt`rgmr ` gdt`rgmr. Ehs v`dthahs cès gcpmrthdt`s qu` pr`s`dthd ems còjuems oãnrgjms smd ehs sgfug`dt`s1 Jgs`øm bmcphbtm frhbghs h eh t`bdmemfãh FGR Cmdtha` bmcpe`tm y pru`nhs `d iènrgbh
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/9
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Ièbge trhdspmrt` he eufhr j` gdsthehbgòd y j`dtrm j`e cgscm ^hpgj`z j` gdsthehbgòd (yh prmnhjms `d iènrgbh), qu` fhrhdtgzhd pehzms j` `dtr`fh bmrtms [mbm chdt`dgcg`dtm, yh qu` tmjms ems bmdthbtms j` heth t`dsgòd t `dsgòd `stèd bmdt`dgjms `d fhs RI9 [mbhs gdt`rrupbgmd`s h bhushs j` chdt`dgcg`dtm, pmr su heth ighngegjhj Nham bmstms j` vgjh ñtge, j`ngjm he nham bmstm j` mp`rhbgòd y chdt`dgcg`dtm [mbhs pçrjgjhs j``d`d`rfãh, Ièbge sustgtubgòd bhsm j`c`dms iheeh bmstms pmr r`judjhdbgh Chymr s`furgjhj he p`rsmdhe, pmr `e ` e jgs`øm negdjhjm j`e `qugphcg`dtm ^`jubbgòd `d `e cmvgcg`dtm j` tg`rrhs, ihbgegthdjm su gdsthehbgòd `d zmdhs cmdthømshs ^`sp`tumsm bmd `e c`jgm hcng`dt`, frhbghs h sus c`dmr`s jgc`dsgmd`s.
R` jgspmd` dmrchec`dt` `d ehs sun`sthbgmd`s oãnrgjhs1 còjuems [HRR j` HNN, y còjuems OGR j` RG@C@DR.
>8.2.8. CÒJPEMR [HRR @d ems høms 7;, HNN j`shrrmeem `e còjuem j`dmcgdhjm [HRR ([eufgd Hdj Rwgtbo Ryst`c, sgst`chs j` bmd`xgòd y chdgmnrh), qu` gdt`frhd y bmcngdhd vhrghs iudbgmd`s, smem r`qug`r`d j` bmd`xgmd`s ohngtuhe`s yh qu` vg`d`d bmd`bthjms j`sj` iènrgbh. @d eh igfurh >8.7 h chd`rh j` `a`cpem, s` r`hegzh udh bmcphrhbgòd j` udh nhoãh oãnrgjh [HRR y udh nhoãh bmdv`dbgmdhe. N8 N>
N8 N>
Cmjuem [HRR 8 > 8
6
9 8. R`bbgmdhjmr j` nhrrhs >. Gdt`rruptmr 2. Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt` :. Zrhdsimrchjmr j` t`dsgòd
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Bmdv`dbgmdhe 8
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8
2 :
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9
0. R`bbgmdhjmr j` eãd`h 9. R`bbgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh. 6. R`dsmr bmcngdhjm j` bmrrg`dt`/t`dsgòd
Igfurh >8.7. Jghfrhch udgigehr j` udh R/@ j` nhrrh jmne`, còjuem [HRR y bmdv`dbgmdhe.
@e j`shrrmeem j` ems còjuems j` HNN, surfgò h phrtgr j`e gdt`rruptmr j` thdqu` vgvm j` RI 9, gdt`rruptmr j` thdqu` cu`rtm (gdbeuy` ems trhdsimrchjmr`s j` bmrrg`dt`) y `e còjuem [HRR y igdhec`dt` FGR, `st` ñetgcm gdbeuy` tmjm `e `qugphcg`dtm `dbhpsuehjm j` eh sun`sthbgòd. Ems còjuems [HRR, p`rcgt`d j`shrrmeehr sun`sthbgmd`s du`vhs, cès s`dbgeehs y bmd jgs`øm cuy bmcphbtm, j` gdsthehbgòd rèpgjh y sustgtubgòd ièbge `d bhsm j` iheeh, bmd c`dms bmstms j` mp`rhbgòd y chdt`dgcg`dtm, smd cès bmdighne`s qu` eh HGR `qugphrhne`s. @dtr` ehs v`dthahs iudjhc`dthe`s j`e sgst`ch cmjuehr [HRR `s eh ie`xgngegjhj phrh hjhpthrs` h eh chymrãh j` ems jgs`øms usuhe`s j` sun`sthbgmd`s. Eh hpegbhbgòd j` `stms còjuems p`rcgt` r`jubgr j`e 0; he 6;% j`e èr`h mbuphjh, `d r`ehbgòd h ehs HGR.
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
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DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
Igfurh >8.8;. Run`sthbgmd`s oãnrgjh Cmdt`rm, 880 LY j` B^@.
H bmdtgduhbgòd pr`s`dthcms nr`v`c`dt` ems còjuems [HRR C;, [HRR C;; y [HRR C;R.
h) Còjuem [HRR C; @d `e còjuem [HRR C; `e gdt`rruptmr `stè `qugphjm bmd ud s`bbgmdhjmr/s`bbgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh y trhdsimrchjmr`s j` bmrrg`dt` hj`buhjms phrh eh chymrãh j` ems jgs`øms `stèdjhr j` sun`sthbgmd`s j` heth t`dsgòd.
Igfurh >8.88. Còjuem [HRR C;, sun`sthbgòd oãnrgjh Cmdt`rm `d 880 lY j` B^@ .
@e còjuem oãnrgjm [HRR C; `s eh cès utgegzhjh y s` `dbu`dtrhd jgspmdgne`s phrh `e rhdfm j` t`dsgmd`s j` 88; lY h 86; lY y bmrrg`dt`s j` rupturh 28,0 lH (igfurh >8.8>).
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/?
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DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
R` jgspmd` prgdbgphec`dt` j` ehs sgfug`dt`s bmdigfurhbgmd`s1 [HRR C; RNN phrh bmdigfurhbgòd j` nhrrh sgcpe`, vçhs` eh igfurh >8.82 (h)<
[HRR C; bmd bmcngdhbgòd s` s`bbgmdhjmr/gdt`rruptmr j` tg`rrhhjgbgmdhe j` igdhe j` eãd`h< [HRR C; bmd trhdsimrchjmr j` t`dsgòd FGR yh cmdthjms `d iènrgbh< [HRR C; JNN phrh bmdigfurhbgòd j` jmne` nhrrh, vçhs` eh igfurh >8.82 (n)< [HRR C; G;R phrh `dtrhjh/shegjh j` eãd`hs. [HRR C; JBN phrh bmdigfurhbgòd O.
Igfurh >8.8>. Còjuem [HRR C; (HNN).
h) [HRR C; RNN
n) [HRR C; JNN
Igfurh >8.82. Còjuem [HRR C; phrh 880 lY.
p`ri`bbgmdhcg`dtms gcpmrthdt`s smd eh s`dbgee`zphrh j` jgs`øm phrt` còvge `s `e rmtmr j`eMtrms cmtmr) y `e hechb`dhcg`dtm j` eh `d`rfãh d`b`shrgh `e bgbem(eh j`ñdgbh gdt`rruptmr M-;,2‗-BM bmd ud nhdbm j` bhphbgtmr`s `e`btrmeãtgbms. @d eh igfurh >8.8:, igfurh >8.80 y igfurh >8.89 s` cu`strh udh sun`sthbgòd oãnrgjh bmd còjuems [HRR C; RNN j` HNN.
Zrhdsimrchjmr EÃ EÃD@ D@HH H ^@H ^@H
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Igfurh >8.8:. Jghfrhch udgigehr j` udh sun`sthbgòd j` nhrrh sgcpe` utgegzhdjm [HRR C; RNN. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/7
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Igfurh >8.80. Jgspmsgbgòd f`d`rhe j` udh sun`sthbgòd sun`sthbgòd j` nhrrh sgcpe` utgegzhdjm [ [HRR HRR C; RNN. 8.0;
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Igfurh >8.89. Bmrt` j` udh sun`sthbgòd j` nhrrh sgcpe` utgegzhdjm [HRR C; RNN.
H bmdtgduhbgòd s` j`sbrgn` ehs phrt`s cès gcpmrthdt`s j` ems còjuems [HRR C; j` HNN, qu` smd ehs cès `cpe`hjhs `d `e jgs`øm j` sun`sthbgmd`s `d du`strm phãs. Gdt`rruptmr @e gdt`rruptmr j`e [HRR C; mp`rh bmd `e prgdbgpgm j` gdt`rrupbgòd pmr ―hutmsmpehjm–. @e c`bhdgscm j` mp`rhbgòd `s j`e tgpm r`smrt`, qu` hechb`dh `d`rfãh `d ud r`smrt` qu` `s j`sbhrfhjm jurhdt` eh mp`rhbgòd.
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R`bbgmdhjmr/s`bbgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh bmcngdhjms R`bbgmdhjmr/s`bbgmdhjmr @e prgdbgpgm mp`rhtgvm s` nhsh `d `e cmvgcg`dtm rmthtgvm j`e bmdthbtm qu` pu`j` s`r b`rrhjm smnr` eh nhrrh bme`btmrh, pu`stm h tg`rrh m j`ahjm `d pmsgbgòd d`utrhe (hng`rtm). Eh pmsgbgòd j`e `qugpm vg`d` s`øhehjh pmr ud gdjgbhjmr qu` `stè c`bèdgbhc`dt` hbmpehjm he `a`, qu` `s vgsgne` pmr ud vgsmr. Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt` Ems trhdsimrchjmr`s j` bmrrg`dt` smd tmrmgjhe`s y `stèd jgspmdgne`s vhrghs bmcngdhbgmd`s j` dñbe`ms phrh prmt`bbgòd y c`jgbgòd bmd jgi`r`dt`s bhrfhs y `s pmsgne` bmembhr j`dtrm j`e trhdsimrchjmr j` ohsth 0 dñbe`ms. Nusogdfs R` bmd`bthd h ehs eãd`hs hçr`hs y h ehs nhrrhs `stèd h trhvçs j` ems hgsehjmr`s phshdt`s (nusogdfs), bmdsgst` `d ud tunm j` ignrh j` vgjrgm gcpr`fdhjm bmd r`sgdh `pmxy y r`bung`rtm pmr he`ths j` fmch bmd sgegbmdhs.
n) Còjuem [HRR C;; @e còjuem [HRR C;;, j`shrrmeehjm pmr HNN phrh `e rhdfm t`dsgmd`s j` 6>,0 lY h 8;; lY y bmrrg`dt`s j` rupturh j` 28,0 lH< `dtr` ehs iudbgmd`s `stèdjhr j`e còjuem [HRR C;; s` bu`dthd bmd eh c`jgbgòd j` bmrrg`dt`, eh j`sbmd`xgòd, eh gdt`rrupbgòd j` bmrrg`dt` y eh bmd`xgòd h tg`rrh. @e dñc`rm j` iudbgmd`s s` pu`j` huc`dthr j` hbu`rjm h ehs d`b`sgjhj`s j` eh sun`sthbgòd< udh bhrhbt`rãstgbh sgdfuehr j`e [HRR C;; `s su s`bbgmdhjmr j` 0 pmsgbgmd`s, buyms bmdthbtms còvge`s `stèd gdt`frhjms `d eh prmpgh bèchrh j`e gdt`rruptmr. @e fgrm pr`bgsm j` ems bmdthbtms còvge`s j`e s`bbgmdhjmr, p`rcgt` j`sbmd`bthr eh eãd`h, j`sbmd`bthr eh nhrrh bme`btmrh y bmd`bthr h tg`rrh eh eãd`h y eh nhrrh bme`btmrh h trhvçs j`e bg`rr` j`e gdt`rruptmr, tmjm `eem bmd ud ñdgbm hbbgmdhcg`dtm.
Igfurh >8.86. Còjuem [HRR C;; (HNN).
Hbtuhec`dt`, thcngçd s` hpegbh `sth t`bdmemfãh `d ems còjuems [HRR C; c`dbgmdhjms hdt`rgmrc`dt` (igfurh >8.8?).
He gfuhe qu` ems còjuems [HRR C;, `stms bu`dthd bmd còjuems phrh ehs bmdigfurhbgmd`s j` nhrrh sgcpe`, hsã bmcm thcngçd j` nhrrh jmne`. Zmjhs ehs iudbgmd`s j` udh nhoãh bmcpe`th `stèd gdbeugjhs `d ud còjuem bmcphbtm, frhbghs h su c`dmr thchøm y nham p`sm. [mr em qu`, `e trhnham gd sgtu bmdsgst` `d gdsthehr eh `strubturh smpmrt` y cmdthr `d eh `strubturh ` strubturh ems bmcpmd`dt`s hbtgvms. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
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Igfurh >8.8?. Bhrhbt`rãstgbhs Bhrhbt`rãstgbhs còvge`s j`e s`bbgmdhjmr `d eh bèchrh j`e còjuem [HRR C; (HNN).
b) Còjuem [HRR C;R @s `e ñetgcm j` eh ihcgegh j` ems [HRR j` HNN `d hphr`b`r, j`shrrmeehjm phrh `e rhdfm j` t`dsgòd j` ohsth >:0 lY y bmrrg`dt` j` rupturh j` 28,0 lY, oh sgjm jgs`øhjm bmd tmjhs ehs bhrhbt`rãstgbhs j` ems [HRR qu` r`ñd` vhrgms r`qu`rgcg`dtms r `qu`rgcg`dtms j` ehs `cpr`shs `eçbtrgbhs. @e còjuem [HRR C;R, vg`d` bmcpe`thc`dt` `dshcnehjm y prmnhjm j` iènrgbh, bmcm yh `s bhrhbt`rãstgbm.
Igfurh >8.87. Còjuem [HRR C;R (HNN).
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Hj`cès, pu`j` s`r trhdspmrthjm bmcpe`thc`dt` he sgtgm j` gdsthehbgòd< `stm fhrhdtgzh pehzms j` `dtr`fh bmrtms, `d r`ehbgòd bmd ehs j`cès sun`sthbgmd`s bmd ehs cgschs iudbgmd`s.
>8/8>
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@e [HRR C;R `s `xtr`chjhc`dt` ie`xgne` y `stèd jgspmdgne`s ems sgfug`dt`s còjuems phrh ehs bmdigfurhbgmd`s j` nhrrh sgcpe`, nhrrh jmne`, `dtrhjh y shegjh j` eãd`hs, y bmdigfurhbgòd O.
>8.2.>. CÒJPEMR OGR Ems còjuems OGR (Ogfo Gdt`frht`j Runsthtgmd, sun`sthbgòd hethc`dt` gdt`frhjh) j`shrrmeehjms pmr RG@C@DR ohsth ud dgv`e j` t`dsgòd j` 00; lY, qu` gdt`frh iudbgmd`s j` bmrt`, s`bbgmdhcg`dtm y c`jgjh j` bmrrg`dt` bmd t`bdmemfãh FGR. Ems còjuems j` OGR, surfgò frhbghs h j`shrrmeem j`e gdt`rruptmr j` thdqu` vgvm j` RI 9, gdt`rruptmr j` thdqu` cu`rtm, thdqu` cu`rtm bmcphbtm (JZB) y `e còjuem OGR y igdhec`dt` FGR.
Igfurh >8.>;. OGR tgpm ?JD? j` 8:0 lY (Rg`c`ds).
Ems còjuems p`rcgt`d gcpe`c`dthr tmjhs ehs bmdigfurhbgmd`s j` nhrrhs j` sun`sthbgmd`s c`jghdt` còjuems bmcphbtms `sthdjhrgzhjms. Ru gdsthehbgòd `s rèpgjh y s`dbgeeh, frhbghs h qu` ehs udgjhj`s j` iènrgbh, s` sucgdgstrhd pr`ihnrgbhjhs y prmnhjhs. Nusogdf Zrhdsimrchjmr
Zrhdsimrchjmr j` bmrrg`dt` R`bbgmdhjmr/s`bbgmdhjmr R`bbgmdhjmr/s`b bgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh Gdt`rruptmr
j` bmrrg`dt` Zrhdsimrchjmr j` t`dsgòd R`bbgmdhjmr j` pu`sth h tg`rrh rèpgjm Rhegjh j` bhne` C`bhdgscms j` mp`rhbgòd
Igfurh >8.>8. Bmrt` trhdsv`rshe j` còjuem OGR tgpm ?JD?. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
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Ehs sun`sthbgmd`s bmd eh smeubgòd OGR jgspmd`d j` negdjha` trgpmehr, `s j`bgr, ems tr`s pmems s` `dbu`dtrhd hgsehjms `d ud bmcphrtgc`dtm bmcñd, phrh r`jubgr he cãdgcm ehs jgc`dsgmd`s j` sus bmcpmd`dt`s< su negdjha` j` heucgdgm, prmt`f` j` eh bmrrmsgòd y r`jub` cubom su p`sm. Ems còjuems OGR, smd eh smeubgòd phrh prmne`chs j` `sphbgm gdt`rdh m `xt`rdh, yh qu` `sth r`qug`r` hprmxgchjhc`dt` j`e mrj`d j`e :;% j`e `sphbgm r`qu`rgjm bmd udh sun`sthbgòd j`e tgpm bmdv`dbgmdhe.
Igfurh >8.>>. OGR tgpm ?JX8 j` 00; lY (sg`c`ds).
Bmd eh smeubgòd OGR, ems gdt`rruptmr`s, s`bbgmdhjmr`s, s`bbgmdhjmr`s j` pu`sth h tg`rrh y trhdsimrchjmr`s smd hbmcmjhjms `d `dvmev`dt`s bmdt`dgjms j` fhs RI 9, qu` ohb` h eh sun`sthbgòd `xtr`chjhc`dt` bmcphbth.
>8.:. RPN@RZHBGMD@R GDYGRGNE@R Cubohs sun`sthbgmd`s s` bmdstruãhd h ehs hiu`rhs j` ehs bgujhj`s, j` cmjm qu` su hsp`btm dm `rh thd gcpmrthdt`. [`rm `e br`bgcg`dtm urnhdm j` ehs ñetgchs jçbhjhs oh o`bom qu` cubohs j` `eehs qu`j`d gdc`rshs `d `e gdt`rgmr j` ehs bgujhj`s. Eh r`jubbgòd j`e thchøm, `dtr` ud :;% y ud 0;% phrh ehs HGR j` gdt`rgmr y `dtr` ud 6;% y ud ?;% phrh ehs FGR F GR j` gdt`rgmr, oh sgcpegigbhjm `dmrc`c `dmrc`c`dt` `dt` `sth mp`rhbgòd. @e cmdtha` j` ems `qugpms nham t`bom huc`dth eh jgspmdgngegjhj y bmdighngegjhj j` eh sun`sthbgòd, pu`stm qu` `e rg`sfm j` iheehs `d `e prgchrgm h bmds`bu`dbgh j` bu`rpms `xtrhøms y eh pmeubgòd, s` r`jub` dmthne`c`dt` `d `e bhsm j` ehs HGR, y pmr bmcpe`tm `d `e j` ehs FGR. Hj`cès, `e `jgigbgm s` pu`j` sup`rvgshr h jgsthdbgh em qu` hyujh h prmemdfhr `e gdt`rvhem `dtr` rmdjhs j` vgfgehdbgh j` eh sun`sthbgòd. Zhcngçd ihvmr`b` eh prmt`bbgòd ir`dt` h rmnms y ht`dñh dmthne`c`dt` `e rugjm j`e trhdsimrchjmr.
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Igfurh >8.>2. Run`sthbgòd FGR sunt`rrèd`h (HNN).
@d ems b`dtrms urnhdms j` tmjm `e cudjm jmdj` dm `stè p`rcgtgjh eh bmdstrubbgòd j` sun`sthbgmd`s `d eh sup`rigbg`, s` ohd gdsthehjm FGR sunt`rrèd`hs (`s j`bgr, r`hec`dt` gdvgsgne`s). @d ehs du`vhs sun`sthbgmd`s, `d èr`hs urnhdhs `s gcpmrthdt` bmdsgj`rhr1 `e èr`h j`n` s`r `e c`dmr pmsgne` pmrqu` `e pr`bgm j`e t`rr`dm `s hetm y ehs dmrchs j` s`furgjhj j`n`d s`r cès `strgbths `d zmdhs pmnehjhs. [hrh bucpegr ems r`qugsgtms c`dbgmdhjms, j` ehs bgujhj`s y sus her`j`jmr`s y phrh hjhpthrs` h ehs `xgf`dbghs gdjgvgjuhe`s, ems prmv``jmr`s ohd j`shrrmeehjm `e bmdb`ptm j` sun`sthbgmd`s j` gdt`rgmr bmcphbths. @d ehs sun`sthbgmd`s gdvgsgne`s s` pu`j`d `cpe`hr thdtm còjuems hgsehjms `d hgr` bmcm `d fhs RI9, j`p`djg`djm j` ehs d`b`sgjhj`s Igfurh >8.>:. Run`sthbgòd sunt`rrèd`h r`hec`dt` gdvgsgne` (`e shetm j`e hfuh hcmrtgzh `e zucngjm j`e trhdsimrchjmr y phrtgbuehr`s j` bhjh gdsthehbgòd. em r`irgf`rh - Mr`ds`, @sphøh (HNN)).
>8.0. RPN@RZHBGMD@R [^@IHN^GBHJHR Pdh sun`sthbgòd pr`ihnrgbhjh p`rcgt` udh gdsthehbgòd rèpgjh y ièbge `d `e sgtgm j` gdsthehbgòd, em qu` hbmrth `e tg`cpm tmthe j` bmdstrubbgòd. He cgscm tg`cpm, eh bhegjhj j`e sucgdgstrm `s chymr j`ngjm h ehs pru`nhs bmcpe`ths qu` s` r`hegzhd `d iènrgbh, hdt`s j`e `dvãm. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
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@d ehs sun`sthbgmd`s cmj`rdhs, eh pr`ihnrgbhbgòd y ehs pru`nhs pr`vghs j`e `qugpm j` hutmchtgzhbgòd s` `stèd bmdvgrtg`djm rèpgjhc`dt` `d eh dmrch. @e sgst`ch s` `dtr`fh jgvgjgjm `d s`bbgmd`s qu` bmdtg`d`d tmjhs ehs iudbgmd`s d`b`shrghs phrh udh phrt` j`e sgst`ch prgchrgm, y j`spuçs nhsth bmd`bthr `dtr` sã `sths s`bbgmd`s bmd ignrh òptgbh. Eh pr`ihnrgbhbgòd tg`d` duc`rmshs v`dthahs, `dtr` mtrhs1 Ems bmstms tmthe`s pu`j`d chdt`d`rs` nhams frhbghs h eh mptgcgzhbgòd j` eh ihnrgbhbgòd y ehs pru`nhs. Eh bhegjhj `s chymr, yh qu` `e còjuem oh sgjm bmcprmnhjm `d su tmthegjhj `d iènrgbh y s` `dvãh bmd tmjm `e bhne`hjm bh ne`hjm gdthbtm. [u`stm qu` eh chymr phrt` j`e cmdtha` y ehs pru`nhs s` r`hegzhd hdt`s j`e `dvãm, `e tg`cpm `d eh mnrh s` r`jub` bmdsgj`rhne`c`dt`.
Eh pr`ihnrgbhbgòd `s hj`buhjh thdtm phrh sun`sthbgmd`s du`vhs bmcm phrh r`dmvhbgòd. Eh r`dmvhbgòd iuturh s` sgcpegigbh y pu`j` r`hegzhrs` bmd c`dms tg`cpm j` phrhjh r``cpehzhdjm tmjm `e `qugphcg`dtm pr`ihnrgbhjm. @d `e iuturm, ems `qugpms j` r`fuehbgòd j` `e`btrgbgjhj j` ehs sun`sthbgmd`s `sthrèd hñd cès gdt`frhjms y s`rèd cès bmcphbtms, cg`dtrhs qu` ehs iudbgmd`s j` c`jgbgòd y tmjhs ehs iudbgmd`s j`e s`budjhrgm s` nhshrèd `d ignrh òptgbh. @d mtrhs phehnrhs1 udhs buhdths bmd`xgmd`s j` ignrh òptgbh sustgtugrèd h tmd`ehjhs j` pmrb`ehdh, bmnr` y og`rrm. @stm hb`e`rhrè hñd cès `e prmb`sm j` `dtr`fh, r`jubgrè ehs jgc`dsgmd`s j` ehs sun`sthbgmd`s y ehs ohrè cès r`sp`tumshs bmd `e c`jgm hcng`dt`.
Run`sthbgmd`s pr`ihnrgbhjhs j` gdt`rgmr Rurf`d bmcm udh smeubgòd s`dbgeeh y j` pmbm tg`cpm j` gcpe`c`dthbgòd, qu` cgdgcgzh ehs cme`stghs phrh `e v`bgdjhrgm. Pd `a`cpem j` `st` tgpm `s `e j`shrrmeehjm pmr HNN j`dmcgdhjm CHEZ@, udh sun`sthbgòd j` jgstrgnubgòd bmd ud trhdsimrchjmr j` ohsth89 CYH. Pdh sun`sthbgòd CHEZ@ bmdsth j` còjuems pr`ihnrgbhjms qu` s` bmcpru`nhd `d iènrgbh hdt`s j` su `dvãm. @e bhne`hjm j`e prgchrgm y `e s`budjhrgm sgtuhjm `dtr` ems còjuems s` pr`phrh j` cmjm qu` p`rcgt` udh bmd`xgòd rèpgjh. @e cmdtha` y ehs pru`nhs `d `e `cpehzhcg`dtm ee`vhd sòem udh s`chdh, j`spuçs j` eh buhe eh sun`sthbgòd `stè egsth phrh `dtrhr `d Igfurh >8.>0. Run`sthbgòd CHEZ@ pr`ihnrgbhjh s`rvgbgm. (HNN). Eh sup`rigbg` qu` mbuph, `s j` udms 8;; c>, `s c`dms j`e 2;% j` eh d`b`shrgh phrh udh sun`sthbgòd HGR j` `xt`rgmr.
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Pdh sun`sthbgòd CHEZ@ bmdsth j` tr`s còjuems prgdbgphe`s1 Còjuem trhdsimrchjmr j` pmt`dbgh, qu` gdbeuy` `e trhdsimrchjmr prgdbgphe, udh iudjhbgòd
Igfurh >8.>9. Gdt`rgmr j` eh sun`sthbgòd CHEZ@ (trhdsimrchjmr j` pmt`dbgh `d `e b`dtrm, HZ h eh j`r`boh y CZ h eh gzqug`rjh j` eh imtmfrhiãh (HNN)).
pr`ihnrgbhjh qu` ohb` ehs v`b`s j` j`pòsgtm j` hb`gt`, ems curms y udh bung`rth. Còjuem j` heth t`dsgòd, prmvgstm j` ud gdt`rruptmr `xtrhãne`. @st` còjuem dm d`b`sgth bgc`dthbgòd, pu`s vh hrtgbuehjm he eht`rhe j`e còjuem j`e trhdsimrchjmr j` pmt`dbgh.
Còjuem j` c`jgh t`dsgòd, bmd `e `qugphcg`dtm cmdthjm `d thne`rms. @d `st` còjuem s` gdbeuy` `qugpm JB/HB huxgeghr, j` r`eçs y bmdtrme phrh `e bmdaudtm j` eh sun`sthbgòd. He gfuhe qu` `e còjuem j` heth t`dsgòd, vh hrtgbuehjm he còjuem j`e trhdsimrchjmr. tr hdsimrchjmr.
Eh smeubgòd CHEZ@, hj`cès j`e pmbm `sphbgm qu` mbuph y eh rhpgj`z bmd qu` pu`j` cmdthrs`, mir`b` em sgfug`dt` `d bmcphrhbgòd bmd eh smeubgòd trhjgbgmdhe1 Chymr jgspmdgngegjhj, pu`stm qu` `s ud `qugpm j` gdt`rgmr g dt`rgmr C`dmr`s bmstms j` chdt`dgcg`dtm y vgfgehdbgh Eh sun`sthbgòd, gdbeugjms ehs iudjhbgmd`s, pu`j` j`schdt`ehrs` y trhsehjhrs` bmd rhpgj`z. Hcgfhne` bmd `e c`jgm hcng`dt`. R`furh phrh `e p`rsmdhe y phrh t`rb`rms.
>8.9. BMC[H^HBGÒD J@ JGI@^@DZ@R JGI@^@DZ@R Z@BDMEMFÃHR J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R Pdh bmcphrhbgòd `dtr` ehs HGR, oãnrgjh y FGR, smeubgmd`s hpegbhjhs phrh 0> lY y chymr`s, phrtgbuehrc`dt` m tmthec`dt`, pu`j`d t`d`r gcphbtm `d eh s`e`bbgòd j`e sgtgm y hyujhr h j`t`rcgdhr `e c`jgm cès `i`btgvm j` j`shrrmeem j` prmy`btms bmd r`sp`btm h, `e usuhrgm, `e pñnegbm, y hpegbhne` h ehs r`fuehbgmd`s fun`rdhc`dthe`s. Dm tmjms ems ihbtmr`s bmdsgj`rhjms `d `st` hbèpgt`, pu`j`d t`d`r ud gcphbtm jgr`btm smnr` eh gdv`rsgòd m ems bmstms j`e bgbem j` vgjh, p`rm hefudms pu`j`d gdbeusm s`r ihbtmr`s brãtgbms `d eh s`e`bbgòd j` eh ungbhbgòd j` eh sun`sthbgòd y eh pehdgigbhbgòd j` eh bmdstrubbgòd. @s d`b`shrgm, ud `dimqu` `qugegnrhjm `d eh j`t`rcgdhbgòd j` sg udh sun`sthbgòd j`ng`rh `cpe`hr t`bdmemfãh HGR, oãnrgjh m FGR phrh prmpmrbgmdhr chymr`s v`dthahs phrh eh `cpr`sh `d f`d`rhe y sus beg`dt`s. @d f`d`rhe, ohy udh t`dj`dbgh j` ehs smeubgmd`s j` sun`sthbgmd`s ohbgh smeubgmd`s cès bmcphbths y smeubgmd`s hgsehjhs `d fhs gdt`frhjhs phrh `e usm he hgr` egnr`.
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/86
BH[ÃZPEM __G
DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
Ehs jgi`r`dt`s t`bdmemfãhs j` jgs`øm phrh sun`sthbgmd`s j` heth t`dsgòd pu`j`d s`r hfruphjhs j`dtrm j` tr`s frupms (igfurh (i gfurh >8.>6)1 Rmeubgmd`s bmdv`dbgmdhe`s (HGR). Rmeubgmd`s FGR (phrh gdt`rgmr hsã bmcm phrh `xt`rgmr). Rmeubgmd`s bmcphbths HGR m FGR, m sun`sthbgmd`s oãnrgjhs (phrh usm he hgr` egnr`).
Zgpms j` t`bdmemfãhs j` sun`sthbgòd @qugpm-Nhoãh-Run`sthbgòd
Bmdsgj`rhbgmd`s j`e Bmdsgj`rhbgmd`s hgsehcg`dtm
Bmdsgj`rhbgmd`s Bmdsgj`rhbgmd `s j` gdsthehbgòd y iudbgmdhegjhj
HGR
Bmdv`dbgmdhe
FGR
Bmcphbth
Oãnrgjm
Bmcngdhjm
Igfurh >8.>6. Jgi`r`dt`s t`bdmemfãhs j` jgs`øm phrh sun`sthbgmd`s j` heth t`dsgòd.
Ehs jgi`r`dt`s t`bdmemfãhs jgig`r`d `d sus pudtms j` vgsth1 udh smeubgòd `s gcpueshjh pmr eh d`b`sgjhj j` mptgcgzhr `e bmstm j` gdv`rsgòd, mtrm pmr ems r`qugsgtms j` `sphbgm egcgthjm, udh t`rb`rh pmr eh d`b`sgjhj j` r`judjhdbgh y chymr bmdighngegjhj j` eh jgspmsgbgòd udgigehr. J`sj` eh gdtrmjubbgòd j` ehs FGR, eh jgspmsgbgòd j` ehs sun`sthbgmd`s phrh jgs`øms FGR sgfugò bhsg gjçdtgbhc`dt` `e `squ`ch j` jgs`øm j` ehs HGR. Bmd `e j`shrrmeem j` smeubgmd`s bmcphbths he hgr` egnr`, udh frhd bhdtgjhj j` jgi`r`dt`s jgs`øms j` sun`sthbgmd`s iu`rmd bmdstrugjms phrh tmchr v`dthahs j` sun`sthbgmd`s bmcphbths m j` `qugpms j` chdgmnrh bmd iudbgmd`s bmcngdhjhs. Pd cçtmjm hj`buhjm phrh jgstgdfugr `dtr` jgi`r`dt`s t`bdmemfãhs j` sun`sthbgmd`s j` heth t`dsgòd s` nhsh `d `e frhjm j` `dbhpsuehbgòd c`tèegbh, cg`dtrhs qu` `e tgpm j` `dbhpsuehbgòd j`e gdt`rruptmr y `e s`bbgmdhjmr `s j`bgsgvm phrh eh behsgigbhbgòd. @e jgs`øm j` sun`sthbgmd`s `d eh hbtuhegjhj `stè nhshjm `d eh t`bdmemfãh j`e hgsehcg`dtm m `d `e jgs`øm y eh iudbgmdhegjhj. Ems jgi`r`dt`s bmdb`ptms j` t`bdmemfãhs j` sun`sthbgmd`s, qu` hud dm `stèd `sthdjhrgzhjms, s` ohd utgegzhjm r`bg`dt`c`dt` pmr `cpr`shs hsã bmcm pmr ems ihnrgbhdt`s j` chd`rhs cuy jgi`r`dt`s, ud o`bom qu` pu`j` br`hr bmdiusgòd. Eh BGF^Ç punegbò, Nrmbour` Dm. 27; Hufust >;;7< ―@vheuhtgmd mi Jgii`r`dt Rwgtbof`hr Z`bdmemfg`s (HGR, CZR, FGR) imr ^ht`j Ymethf`s mi 0> lY hdj hnmv`–, Vmrlgdf Frmup N 2.>;. Buyh thneh r`suc`d, gdjgbhcms h bmdtgduhbgòd h mna`tm j` qu` s` ohfh udh bmcphrhbgòd `s`dbghec`dt` buhegthtgvh j` ehs t`bdmemfãhs qu` s` pu`j`d utgegzhr `d prmy`btms j` sun`sthbgmd`s. RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/8?
BH[ÃZPEM __G
DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
Eh thneh >8.8 bmdtg`d` udh `vheuhbgòd r`sucgjh j` eh hpegbhngegjhj j` ehs jgv`rshs bhrhbt`rãstgbhs j` ems tr`s tgpms j` t`bdmemfãhs HGR, oãnrgjhs y FGR phrh ud dgv`e j` t`dsgòd dmcgdhe j` 0> lY y chymr`s. Zhneh >8.8. @vheuhbgòd r`sucgjh j` t`bdmemfãhs HGR, FGR y sun`sthbgòd oãnrgjh (BGF^Ç) HGR
FGR
Oãnrgjh
"++" ; "-" "--" "--"
"--" "+" "++" "++" "++"
"+" "++" "+" "+" "++"
"++" "+" "++"
"+" "+" "-"
; "+ (-)*" "+"
"-"
"++"
"+"
"++" ; ; ; "+" "-" "+" "++"
; ; "++" ; "+" "++" "+" ;
"+" ; "+" ; ; "+" "-" "+"
"++" "-" "+" "+" "-" "+" "+"
"-" "++" "-" "-" ; "-" "-"
"+" "+" ; "+" "+" "+" "++"
"-" "-" ; "-" ;
"+" "++" "+" "-" "++"
; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ;
"+(++)" ;(++)* +** "++"
"+(++)*" ;(++)* ; "+"
; "-" "-" "++"
; "++" ; ;
"+" "+" "++" "+"
Pngbhbgòd ^urhe he hgr` egnr` Prnhdm he hgr` egnr` Gdt`rgmr Runt`rrèd`m Bmdt`d`jmr Jgs`øm j` `qugpm y ihnrgbhbgòd Jgs`øm bmdb`ptuhe y su `vheuhbgòd Cht`rghe (*`qugpm bmcngdhjm) [rmb`sm j` ihnrgbhbgòd y bmdtrme j` bhegjhj j` ihnrgbhbgòd (smehc`dt` j`sj` `e pudtm j` vgsth j`e ihnrgbhdt`) [rmb`sm j` ihnrgbhbgòd y bmdtrme j` bhegjhj * j` ihnrgbhbgòd y cmdtha` (j`sj` `e pudtm j` vgsth j` pu`sth `d s`rvgbgm `d sgtgm) Gdf`dg`rãh Bmcpe`agjhj j`e prmy`btm Bhe`djhrgm j` pehdgigbhbgòd Bhe`djhrgm j`e bmdtrhtm Jghfrhch udgigehr @sp`bgigbhbgòd Jgspmsgbgòd nèsgbh Mnrhs bgvge`s j` jgs`øm y pu`sth h tg`rrh @squ`ch s`budjhrgm Bmdstrubbgòd [r`phrhbgòd j`e sgtgm Zrhdspmrt` y hechb`dhcg`dtm Mnrh bgvge (iudjhbgòd) @qugpm j` trhnham Cmdtha` Gcphbtm `d `e s`rvgbgm `xgst`dt` [u`sth `d s`rvgbgm Gcphbtm smnr` `e c`jgm hcng`dt` @stçtgbh Dhturhe`zh ^ugjm Iufhs @CI/@CB Gcphbtm j`e c`jgm hcng`dt` Bmdjgbgmd`s begcètgbhs (* hpegbhbgòd gdt`rgmr) [meubgòd (* hpegbhbgòd gdt`rgmr) Bmrrmsgòd (** bmdstrubbgòd begcètgbhc`dt` bmdtrmehjh) Bmdjgbgmd`s sãscgbhs Zg`cpms j` `siu`rzms `d sgtgm Zg`cpm j` pr`phrhbgòd Zg`cpm j` trhdspmrt` Zg`cpm j` cmdtha` Zg`cpm j` pu`sth `d s`rvgbgm
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/87
BH[ÃZPEM __G
DP@YHR Z@BDMEMFÃHR @D @E @XPG[HCG@DZM J@ RPN@RZHBGMD@R
"++" "++"
; ;
"+" "+"
"+" "-" "+" ; "++" "++" "++"
; "+" "+" "-" "-" "-" "-"
";(-)*" ; "+" ; "+" "+" "+"
"-" "+" ; "+" "+"
"++" ; "+(++)*" ; ;
"+" "++" "+" "++" ;
"+" "+" "++" "++"
"++" "++" ; ;
; ; "+" "+"
"++" ; "-"
; "+" "+*"
"++" "++" "++"
"+"
"-"
"++"
"+" "+"
"-" "+"
"++" "+"
; "++" ;
"++" ; "++"
"+" "+" "+"
; ;
"++" "++"
"+" "+"
;
"++"
"+"
"++" ;*
"-" "+*"
; "++*"
"-"
;
;
Zg`cpm j` r`phrhbgòd Zg`cpm j` chdt`dgcg`dtm Mp`rhbgòd y s`rvgbgm Bmdtrme (* phrh cuetgiudbgmdhe CZR) Cmdgtmr`m j` bmdjgbgòd Zg`cpm j` `xp`bthtgvh j` vgjh Iu`rh j` s`rvgbgm y jgspmsgbgòd ^``cpehzm j` bmcpmd`dt`s J`p`dj`dbgh j`e ihnrgbhdt` J`p`dj`dbgh j` bmdmbgcg`dtms tçbdgbms `sp`bghe`s Jgspmdgngegjhj Bhphbgjhj j` chdt`dgcg`dtm Zg`cpm j` gdjgspmdgngegjhj pmr pmr chdt`dgcg`dtm Bmdighngegjhj (* hpegbhbgmd`s gdt`rgmr`s) Zg`cpm j` gdjgspmdgngegjhj pmr r`phrhbgòd O`rrhcg`dths, chdgpuehbgòd j` fhs [ru`nhs [ru`nhs tgpm [ru`nhs j` rutgdh [ru`nhs `d sgtgm @qugpm j` pru`nh Ie`xgngegjhj @xphdsgngegjhj j` sun`sthbgmd`s `xgst`dt`s @cpe`m phrh `xt`dsgòd j` sun`sthbgmd`s `xgst`dt`s Hbtuhegzhbgòd/r`dmvhbgòd j` sun`sthbgmd`s `xgst`dt`s (* phrh t`dsgmd`s ohsth >:0 lY) @cpe`m phrh hbtuhegzhbgòd/r`dmvhbgòd j` * sun`sthbgmd`s `xgst`dt`s Gdsthehbgmd`s còvge`s y/m t`cpmrhe`s Du`vh sun`sthbgòd R`furgjhj j`e p`rsmdhe ^g`sfm j` e`sgòd jurhdt` `e s`rvgbgm ^g`sfm j` e`sgòd jurhdt` `e chdt`dgcg`dtm ^g`sfm j` e`sgòd `d bhsm j` frhv` "vgme`dtm" `rrmr R`furgjhj iãsgbh R`furgjhj bmdtrh hthqu` t`rrmrgsth t `rrmrgsth R`furgjhj bmdtrh vhdjhegscm
BmstmR`furgjhj j`e bgbem bmdtrh j` vgjh`e rmnm j` c`the Bmstm j` hjqugsgbgòd Bmstm j` prmpg`jhj (* iu`rt`c`dt` gdieu`dbghjm pmr ehs bmdjgbgmd`s j` utgegjhj gdjgvgjuhe) g djgvgjuhe) Bmstm j` `egcgdhbgòd
Gdt`rpr`thbgòd j` sãcnmems1 "++" gdjgbh qu` `sth t`bdmemfãh bmdb`j` j`igdgtgvhc`dt` udh v`dthah "+" `xpr`sh qu` `sth t`bdmemfãh bmdig`r` udh v`dthah ; r`pr`s`dth `sthjm d`utrhe "-" chdgig`sth j`sv`dthah "--" gdjgbh j`igdgtgvhc`dt j`igdgtgvhc`dt`` j`sv`dthah
RPN@RZHBGMD@R @EÇBZ^GBHR
>8/>;
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