Capitulo VI - Termodinamica de La Atmosfera

 

MC LF ]C^I@MGKFIGEF F]I@UJC^F EF_É]SL@ ZG

 

E`ksgmcrfeg`kcs ackcrflcs 



Lf ]cri`mgkæigef trftf mc lfs trfksj`rifeg`kcs mcl efl`r ck `trfs j`rifs mc ckcraéf y vgecvcrsf. Fplgefmf f lf ftiõsjcrf, k`s fyumfk f cxplgefr iued`s mc l`s pr`ecs`s fti`sjçrge`s, cktrc cll`s lf e`kmcksfegõk, prcegpgtfegõk j`rifegõk mc kuncs, t`ricktfs, cte

 

_freclf mc Fgrc ` _`regõk mc fgrc 

 



]cõrgeficktc gkjgkgtcsgifl, cs uk eucrp` kétgm` mc fgrc (uk køicr` e`kstfktc mc i`lçeulfs) quc fetøf e`i` uk t`m`. Fl scr gkmcpckmgcktc, k` sc iczelf jæeglicktc e`k cl fgrc egreukmfktc. Cl gktcrefing` mc efl`r cktrc lf p`regõk mc fgrc y sus flrcmcm`rcs cs iékgi` y su tcipcrfturf, ackcrflicktc ukgj`ric. Skf p`regõk mc fgrc cs fkæl`af fl fgrc e`ktckgm` ck uk al`n`

 

Zfrgfnlcs mc cstfm` 

_frf lf ]cri`mgkæigef, ukf iucstrf mc fgrc cstæ mcjgkgmf p`r su e`ip`sgegõk, su ifsf, su v`luick, su prcsgõk y su tcipcrfturf.



Ck lf ify`r pfrtc mc l`s pr`ecs`s jésge`s, ukf iucstrf mc fgrc pcrifkcec e`ipucstf mc lfs igsifs pfrtéeulfs y, p`r e`ksceuckegf su e`ip`sgegõk y su ifsf pcrifkceck gkvfrgfnlcs



Ck e`kmgeg`kcs, cl cstfm` lf iucstrf cstæcstfs mcjgkgm` p`r su prcsgõk, su mc v`luick y su tcipcrfturf, lfs euflcs pucmck vfrgfr ck cl tgcip` y cl cspfeg`

 

I`vgigckt` vcrtgefl 





Cl arfm` ck cl quc ukf p`regõk mc fgrc sc clcvf ` mcsegckmc mcpckmc mc lf rclfegõk cxgstcktc cktrc su tcipcrfturf y lf mcl fgrc egreukmfktc. Igcktrfs iæs fltf scf lf tcipcrfturf mc lf p`regõk mc fgrc, cstf sc clcvfræ, igcktrfs iæs jréf, mcseckmcræ. Eufkm` lf tcipcrfturf mc lf p`regõk mc fgrc y lf mcl fgrc egreukmfktc s`k gauflcs, lf p`regõk k` sc clcvfræ kg mcseckmcræ f ick`s quc scf nfh` lf gkjluckegf mcl jluh` mcl vgckt`

 

E`kvceegõk E`luikf mc fgrc fseckmcktc y ck cxpfksgõk

Elfscs mc E`kvceegõk8 -E`kvceegõk Lgnrc - E`kvceegõk J`rzfmf

Lfs jlcedfs rcprcscktfk lf mgsigkuegõk mc lfs`nrc prcsgõk fti`sjçrgef fetufkm` lf ifsf fseckmcktc

Uupcrjgegc

 

Uunsgmckegf

 

KGZCL MC E@KMCKUFEG@K

d 9 6>5,3 (] ― ] m   ) 

 

Fkælgsgs mcl Arfmgcktc ]çrige` Zcrtgefl X(i) ] 

(?  3)

E 

  F



  N



]  E  (?  6?)     6? bi  X  (6  ?)

 E   

]     (?  63)  63 E  bi  X  (6  ?)

 X 

  

(6  ?)

3

bi

6???

F

N

E

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3

6?

63   ](¿E)

 U_GI (LGIF) >: IFW >?6> 6>8?? S]E

 

 

(B)

 

c(B)

 

_(d_f)

X(i)

](¸E)

]m(¸E)

D^(%)

r(a/ba)

MM(¸)

Z(bt)

v(B)

6?66 6??? 7:7 7>1 7>3 7?: 7?3 47> 47? 4:= 43? 456 4>6

65 6?> 5:7 1=3 1:5 754 7=1 6?:7 6?41 65=6 6=45 6:17 614=

61.= 6:.5 63.6 65.5 65.> 6>.> 6>.> 6>.1 6>.4 >5.: >5.? >>.6 >6.:

6:.6 63.> 6=.> 6>.4 6>.1 66.1 66.1 6 .= -?.> -=.= -7 ->.4 ? .:

75 75 7= 71 71 71 71 =: =6 63 66 67 >3

66.36 6?.71 6?.: 6?.?7 6?.?1 7.:> 7.:5 =.11 =.>: 5.>6 >.>7 5.14 =.47

64? 613 6:? :3 1? 74 6?? 66? 666 6>1 653 6=3 6=3

= 3 : 5 5 = = 3 3 7 66 65 63

>47.= >47.: >7?.7 >7>.1 >7>.4 >75.3 >75.: >73.= >73.: 5?7.= 56?.> 566.5 566.4

5>6.7 5>?.3 5>6 5>6.: 5>6.1 5>6.> 5>6.= 5?7.: 5?4.= 567.4 561.4 5>5.3 5>1.3

>76.= >76.3 >7>.1 >7=.3 >7=.: >73.> >73.5 >7:.> >7:.= 56?.? 56?.1 56>.? 56>.4

4 1? 16 = 1=3 1>7 1?: 1?? ::> :>> 33?

6 >7 >7 7: > >:64 >4?> 5?1= 56=: 5:?? =6?: 36?:

> 6? 7..3 ? 6:.4 61.> 6=.1 6=.? 6?.1 1.6 -?.6

--65?..4? -6.> -6=.4 -6:.3 -61 ->6.: ->:.1 -5:.7

6 67 5 >7 6? 6? 6? 7 1 =

5 >..: 56 > =.15 6.:1 6.=7 6.=3 6.?5 ?.:7 ?.5

6 6= =3 7 63= 63: 6:? 6:? 633 6>? 63?

6 64 1 6: 6: 63 63 6: 6: >?

5 56 6> =..7 5 563.= 561.4 561.7 564.? 567.= 5>?.7 5>5.7

5 5> >= >..1 6 55?.4 5>5.: 5>5.6 5>5 5>5.6 5>5.3 5>3.6

5 56 65 =..: 4 56:.5 564.6 564.> 564.> 567.: 5>6.6 5>5.7

3?? =43 ==? =64 =?? 537 5== 55> 55? 5?? >71 >37 >3?

344? :665 :437 1>36 134? 451: 4:76 473> 4771 7:4? 71=7 6?:7: 6?7=?

-3.1 -1.3 -65.= -6:.3 -64.5 ->>.1 ->=.= ->3.7 ->:.6 -56.3 -5>.6 -=6.? -=5.5

-==.1 -=5.: -=?.5 -54.3 -3=.5 -:?.= -:>.4 -:=.4 -:3.6 -33.3 -33.3 -3:.6 -3:.5

5 = 4 65 5 > > 6 6 4 4 64 >>

?.6= ?.61 ?.>: ?.55 ?.?: ?.?5 ?.?> ?.?> ?.?> ?.?1 ?.?1 ?.?1 ?.?1

63? 633 64? 644 673 >?3 >53 >33 >33 >33 >:? >1? >4?

6= 6= >7 >: >5 >= 61 >5 >= 53 53 >: >3

5>:.? 5>:.: 5>4.= 5>7.5 556.6 553.: 551.= 554.7 557.6 5=?.7 5=?.7 5=6.3 5=6.:

5>:.: 5>1.5 5>7.= 55?.: 556.= 553.4 551.3 557.? 557.> 5=6.> 5=6.> 5=6.4 5=6.7

5>:.6 5>:.: 5>4.3 5>7.= 556.6 553.: 551.= 554.7 557.6 5=?.7 5=?.7 5=6.3 5=6.:

 

_r`ecs`s Fmgfnætge`s • Lf ftiõsjcrf cxpcrgicktf i`vgigckt`s vcrtgeflcs fseckmcktcs y mcseckmcktcs • _`regõk mc fgrc quc fsegckmc ` mcsegckmc sc llfif “pfreclf mc fgrc’  • Uc llfif pr`ecs` fmgfnætge`  eufkm` uk sgstcif (pfreclf mc fgrc) k` gktcrefingf efl`r e`k su ckt`rk`. • Eufkm` ukf pfreclf mc fgrc fsegckmc sc llfif pr`ecs` mc ckjrgfigckt` fmgfnætge` ` cxpfksgõk fmgfnætgef

 

Arfmgcktc fmgfnætge` sce` (m) • Cs lf vfrgfegõk vcrtgefl mc lf tcipcrfturf mc ukf pfreclf mc fgrc eufkm` çstf cs s`ictgm` f uk pr`ecs` fmgfnætge`. 

m]  mX 



 a    E  pm 

 m   6?

E 

bi

• Cst` gkmgef quc uk pr`ecs` mc cxpfksgõk k` sfturfm` ` sce`, lf tcipcrfturf vfréf f rfzõk mc 6? ¿E/bi

 

Arfmgcktc fmgfnætge` døicm` ` sfturfm` ( ) U 

Cs lf vfrgfegõk vcrtgefl mc lf tcipcrfturf mc ukf pfreclf mc fgrc quc cstæ sfturfmf, cl eufl tfingçk cs s`ictgm` f uk pr`ecs` fmgfnætge`. 

m]  mX 



  U   3

E 

bi

Cst` gkmgef quc lf tcipcrfturf mc ukf pfreclf fgrc sfturfm` mgsigkuyc f uk rgti` ick`r quc lf mcl fgrc sce`

 

 ) ]CI_C^F]S^F _@]CKEGFL( • Ck t`m` pr`ecs` fmgfnætge` lf rclfegõk cktrc lf tcipcrfturf y lf prcsgõk cstæ mfmf p`r lf sgaugcktc cxprcsgõk8

 ^m 

  _  j    E  ]  j    ] g     _ g    ^m  E  p

 p

 ?,>4:

• Lf tcipcrfturf p`tckegfl, cs lf tcipcrfturf quc cl fgrc fmqugcrc fl s`ictcrsc f` uk pr`ecs` mc cxpfksgõk e`iprcsgõk fmgfnætge`, mcsmc sus e`kmgeg`kcs gkgegflcs (_g, ]g), dfstf su e`kmgegõk jgkfl mc 6??? d_f.

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 ] g    6???    _    g  

 

CU]FNGLGMFM F]I@UJC^GEF 

E`kmgegõk gkcstfnlc8 jucrzfs fcr`stætgefs jfv`rceck cl

i`vgigckt` vcrtgefl ( ; m) 

E`kmgegõk cstfnlc8 lfs jucrzfs fcr`stætgefs sc `p`kck f l`s



i`vgigckt`s vcrtgeflcs ( < m) Lf feclcrfegõk mcl mcsplfzfigckt` vcrtgefl mcl sgstcif ` pfreclf cstæ mfmf p`r8 

f 

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]   ] '  a  mX      m  )  a  ] '   ] ' ( 

M`kmc8 • ] 8 tcipcrfturf mcl fgrc quc fsegckmc vcrtgeflicktc • ]‗ 8 tcipcrfturf mcl fgrc mcl ckt`rk`

 

CU]FNGLGMFM F]I@UJÇ^GEF  < m  f < ?,  Ug  9 m  f 9 ?,  Ug  ; m  f ; ?,  Ug

E`kmgegõk cstfnlc E`kmgegõk kcutrfl E`kmgegõk Gkcstfnlc

X(i)

m Cstfnlc

 

 

m

Kcutrfl

   

m Gkcstfnlc ](¿E)

 

I`vgigckt` vcrtgefl mc ukf pfreclf mc fgrc

    f     r     u      t       l      F

KE

]m

]

]cipcrfturf

 

I`vgigckt` mc ukf pfreclf mc fgrc

] 9 ] m  m  Kgvcl mc e`kmcksfegõk

  

 

^ 

Chcregeg` Ck lf jgaurf cl i`vgigckt` mc lf pfreclf mc fgrc mcsmc “ mcsmc “I I’  dfstf “  dfstf “U U’  cs  cs fmgfnæ fmgfn ætge`. Ug ck “ ck “I’ (fltgtum >?? iski) sc tgckc8 ] 9 >:,3 ¿E y ]d9 iski) sc >6,3 ¿E. Dfllc l` sgaugcktc8 Cl vfl`r mc lf duicmfm fns`lutf ck “ ck “^  ^ ’  ’  ungefmf f ukf flturf mc =3?? i mcsmc  “I  “ I’  (e`ksgmcrc  (e`ksgmcrc quc lf e`kstfktc psger`iç psger`i çtrgef cs ?,:3 d_f/¸ d_f/¸E) Lf tcipcrfturf p`tckegfl ck “ ck “U U’   ungefmf f 64?? iski (_9 4>? d_f)

Ck I8

csD 9 >3,:>5 cfI 9 >3,:>5-?,:3(>:,3->6,3) >3,:>5-?,:3(>:,3->6,3) cfI 9 >>,515   ]m 9 67,5 ]U 9 ]^ + 6?X^U 

U

_ I

]_ 9 67,5 XI_ 9(]I-]_)/6? XI_ 9(>:,3-67,5)/6? 9 ?,1>bi ]^ 9 ]_ ― 3 X_^ 2 X_^ 9 =,3-?,1> ]  9 67,5 ― 3*5,14 9 ?,= ¿E ^ cf^ 9 :,>7 d_f v 9 >6:,3 cf /_ _^96?6=,14*cxp(-6,61x6?-= X) _^96?6=,14*cxp(-6,61x6?-=*=1??) _^9343,33 d_f >6:,3*:,>7/343,33 33 9 >,55a/i5 v 9 >6:,3*:,>7/343,