Capitulo Iv Tratamiento Termico
July 21, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
EMZGT\CA GY
TRMTMHGL@TA TLRHGEA DL CLEFL ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABKLTGYA; Dmr m ea`aelr cas eíceucas dl trmtmhgl`ta tçrhgea l` lc praelsa y dlrgvmdas dl cm clefl. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.= G@TRAD\EEGA@ Lc usa dl mctms tlhplrmturms l` cm slnurgdmd a cm ea`slrvmegõ` dl cm clefl lstm iu`dmhl`tmdm l` cas liletas plrkudgegmcls dlc emcar sabrl cas hgeraarnm`gshas. Lc ea`trac dlc erleghgl`ta hgerabgm`a vgsm lcghg`mr cas rglsnas m cm tgl`l eaha abkltgva lcghg`mr cas rglsnas pmrm cm smcud dl cas ea`suhgdarls, y prlvl`gr a rltmrdmr r ltmrdmr cas emhbgas g`dlslmbcls l` cm clefl, muhl`ta su pcmza dl vmcgdlz (MBCY, 2::5? Tltrm Zmo, 2::5). Mc smcgr dl cm ubrl dl u`m vmem sm`m, cm clefl ls vgrtumchl`tl cgbrl dl pmtõnl`as y / a dltlrgara, plra su ea`tmhg`megõ` puldl aeurrgr durm`tl lc ardlýa, dlspuçs dl cm rleacleegõ`, a pa`lrsl l` ea`tmeta ea` utl`sgcgas y lqugpa ea`tmhg`mda par cm hgeraicarm dlc hldga mhbgl`tl. Zar ca tm`ta, ls `lelsmrga sahltlr cm clefl m u` praelsa qul nmrm`tgzm su msçptgem. Cas praelsas tçrhgeas, lc hís eahû`hl`tl mpcgemda m cm clefl dl ea`suha sa`; cm pmstlurgzmegõ`, cm lstlrgcgzmegõ` y uctrmpmstlurgzmîåa. uctrmpmstlurgzmîåa. Cm dgilrl`egm l`trl uctrmpmstlurgzmîåa y tlhplrmturm dl pmstlurgzmegõ` y ls l` lc tglhpa dl praelsmhgl`ta. Lstms dgilrl`egms praelsmhgl`ta dl cas rlsuctmdas l` cm emcgdmd dlc pradueta sghgcmr, plra huy dgilrl`tls dgilrl`tls tglhpas dl mchm mchmel`mhgl`ta el`mhgl`ta (MBCY, 2::5? Tltrm Zmo, 2: 2::5). :5). Cm mpcgemegõ` y usas dl sgstlhms dl pmstlurgzmegõ` sl puldl` ecmsgigemr a dgvgdgr l` cas sgnugl`tls; m) Zraduetas Icugdas y –m nrm`lc‘ sg` l`vmsmr a (m`tls dl lstl) =. Zraelsmhgl`ta dgsea`tg`ua, eèecgea a tlhpcms; rlmcgzmda rlmcg zmda nl`lrmchl`tl l` tm`quls ea` efmqultms. 2. Zraelsmhgl`ta ea`tg`ua, m icuka; sgstlhm qul g`vacuerm rlearrgda l` tublrèms y u` pastlrgar l`vmsmda msçptgea.
b) Zraduetas Uõcgdas a hgxtas (ym l`vmsmdas). =. Zraelsmhgl`ta dgsea`tg`ua, eèecgea a plrgõdgea; rlmcgzmda nl`lrmchl`tl l` mutaecmvls a bmýas dl mnum. 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
95
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
2. Zraelsmhgl`ta slhg-ea`tg`ua a ea`tg`ua; sgstlhm qul g`vacuerm dgvlrsas mpmrmtas lspleèigeas. L`trl cms mpcgemega`ls fmbgtumcls l` praelsas mcghl`tgeas pmrm mcghl`tas cèqugdas, sl rlquglrl lc usa dl rlegpgl`tls mngtmdas l` aplrmega`ls dgsea`tg`ums l` cms eumcls ls emrmetlrèstgea u` emcl`tmhgl`ta a l`irgmhgl`ta dlc rlmetar mngtmda, hm`tl`gl`da u`m tlhplrmturm ea`stm`tl durm`tl u` plrgada dl rltl`egõ` a rlmeegõ` r lmeegõ` (Uuírlz, 2:=:).
4.2 EG@ÇTGEM DL CM H\LRTL TÇRHGEM DL HGERAARNM@GUHAU 4.2.= Hulrtl tçrhgem dl hgeraarnm`gshas Eaha sl fm vgsta l` lc tlhm dl pmstlurgzmegõ`, cm hulrtl tçrhgem dl hgeraarnm`gshas sl mkustm huy m hl`uda m u`m eg`çtgem dl prghlr ardl`,
d@ o d @ dt
(4.=)
Da`dl; @; Ea`el`trmegõ` Ea`el`trmegõ` a `ûhlra dl hgera hgeraarnm`gshas, arnm`gshas, l`zghm l`zghmss a imetar dl emcgdmd emcgdmd o ; Ea`stm`tl dl praparega`mcgdmd
d@ ; Zraparegõ` m cm eumc dlerlel lc `ûhlra dl hgeraarnm`gshas, dt
G`tlnrm`da cm leumegõ` l`trl cas cèhgtls @: mc tglhpa : y @ mc tglhpa t sl tgl`l; o d t @ @ l :
(4.2)
Lstm eg`çtgem fmel qul sl praduzem u` dlsel`sa lxpa`l`egmc dlc `ûhlra dl hgeraarnm`gshas, hastrmda l` cm ignurm 4.=
Ignurm 4.=; Eg`ltgem dl hulrtl tçrhgem dl hgeraarnm`gshas 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
94
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
D 8 Tglhpa dl rldueegõ` dleghmc
Ignurm 4.2; Eurvm dl dlstrueegõ` tçrhgem dl hgeraarnm`gshas Dl cm Ignurm cm pl`dgl`tl o ls;
5:5 5 * can o C` @ : C` @ 2,5: @ : t t @ t
2,5: 5:5 5 @ * can : o @
(4.4)
(4. L`tlrabmetlr mlranl`ls 9=,6 :,4< 2,6 L`tlrabmetlr cgqulimegl`s >5,7 :,4,6 :,5= 9,6 Brlvgbmetlrguh cg`l`s >:,5 :,=2< 4 4, - 2 2< - 5> Zratlmsm (dl Zsludaha`ms) 24: - 6=9 52 Atrms trm`siarhme t rm`siarhmega`ls ga`ls Eacarmega` dlbgdm m cm rlmeegõ` Hmgccmrd 24 ― 2,4x=: 2,4x=:5 =>-57 4 Dlstrueegõ` dl cgsg`m 4,2 6 < Cgpmsm >2 2 =,9*=: 7 Emtmcmsm >2 =42 >,2 5 Zratlè`ms sçrgems >2 6,=*=: 9 Iul`tl; Olssclr,=76=? Cmflccle,=77=)
88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
97
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
4.4 ZMUTL\RG[MEGA@ Cm clefl irlsem, dlspuçs dl cm igctrmegõ` a ecmrgigemegõ` el`trèiunm, dlbl sahltlrsl rípgdmhl`tl m cm pmstlurgzmegõ`. Ul `lelsgtm lstl trmtmhgl`ta pmrm dlstrugr cms iarhms vlnltmtgvms dl mcnu`ms bmetlrgms pmtõnl`ms, tmcls eaha lc bmegca tublreucasa dlc bavg`a ( Hyeabmetlrguh Hyeabmetlrguh tublreucasgs) eaha dlc fuhm`a, cms smcha`lcms, lsplegmchl`tl cm U. tfypfg, cms bruslcms, lstrlptaeaeas pgõnl`as y sabrl tada lsplegls qul irleul`tlhl`tl argng`m` g`ileega`ls nrmvls`ûhlra y lpgdlhgms pravaemdms cm clefl. Zlra, cm pmstlurgzmegõ` tmhbgç` lcghg`m u` nrm` dl atrms bmetlrgmspar tlrhacíbgcls, pmtõnl`ms eaha cas lstmigcaeaeas flhacètgeas, Eaxglccm bur`ltg y mcnu`as eacgiarhls, `a pmtõnl`as, eaha cms bmetlrgms cíetgems, sglhprl prlsl`tls y suselptgbcls dl mctlrmr cm clefl. Cm pmstlurgzmegõ` dlstruyl mdlhís eglrtms l`zghms, l` lsplegmc cm cgpmsm, euym metgvgdmd ls g`dlslmbcl. Zar ca tm`ta, cm pmstlurgzmegõ` `a sõca sm`lm cm clefl sg`a qul tmhbgç` praca`nm lc tglhpa dl ea`slrvmegõ`, ea`slrvmegõ`, plra eaha cm clefl pmstlurgzmdm `a ls tatmchl`tl lstçrgc, dlbl l`irgmrsl rípgdmhl`tl fmstm < »E y numrdmrcm rlirgnlrmdm, ea` lc ig` dl lvgtmr cm pracgilrmegõ` dl bmetlrgms tlrharlsgstl`tls. Rahmg` lt mc . (2::2»E/=2»E 8 5 s, u` trmtmhgl`ta dl =2 º E m >< º E durm`tl =< m 2: slnu`das. Cm clefl pmstlurgzmdm tgl`l lc tatmc dl bmetlrgms rlduzgda, par lklhpca, dl cms pmtõnl`gems Hyeabmetlrguh tublreucasgs y Cgstlrgm ha`aeytanl`ls. Lc pradueta puldl mchmel`mrsl durm`tl u` híxgha dl >2 farms, dlsdl qul hm`tl`gda y trm`spartmrsl m tlhplrmturms g`ilrgarls m =: º E fmstm cclnmr mc ea`suhgdar ig`mc (Rggspam, =72>< »E durm`tl =< slnu`das a bgl` g`stm`tí`lmhl`tl m 7< »E. Mcnu`as ea`sgdlrm` qul cm tlhplrmturm dl pmstlurgzmegõ` ls >2 »E l` =< slnu`das hè`gha y atras ca fmel` m >7 »E l`trl 2:-2< slnu`das y sl l`irèm m >.2 »E a hl`as. Cm pmstlurgzmegõ` m 95 »E sl 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
>:
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
liletûm` l` tm`quls elrrmdas, pravgstas dl mngtmdarls? cms pmstlurgzmega`ls rípgdms m tlhplrmturms lclvmdms (FTUT), sl fmel` l` emhbgmdarls dl emcar tubucmrls a dl pcmems. Hldgm`tl lc ea`trac dl g`metgvmegõ` dl cm iasimtmsm mcemcg`m, qul lstí prlsl`tl l` cm imsl meuasm y l` cm suplrigegl dl cas ncõbucas nrmsas, sl puldl smblr sg cm pmstlurgzmegõ` iul suigegl`tl ym qul lstm l`zghm tgl`l u`m sl`sgbgcgdmd mc emcar huy prõxghm m cm dl cms bmetlrgms pmtõnl`ms pmtõnl`ms egtmdms. Uu g`metgvm g`metgvmegõ` egõ` sl eahprulbm eahprulbm par u`m rlmee rlmeegõ` gõ` dl fgdrõcgsgs dl il`aciasimta, sg fmy cgblrmegõ` dl il`ac sl abtgl`l, ea` u` rlmetgva arní`gea, u`m rlmeegõ` eacarlmdm. Zmstlurgzmegõ` m bmkm tlhplrmturm durm`tl u` tglhpa cmrna (CTCT; caw tlhplrmturl ― ca`n ca`n tghl); qul pmrm cm clefl slrèm hm`tl`lr lc pradueta m 95»E durm`tl 5: hg`utas, dl iarhm qul sl ea`sgnm dlstrugr lc bmegca tublreucasa sg` qul cm tlhplrmturm lhpclmdm miletl m cms pratlè`ms.
Zmstlurgzmegõ` m mctm tlhplrmturm durm`tl u` tglhpa earta (FTUT; fgnt tlhplrmturl ― sfart sfart tghl); qul l` lc emsa dl cm clefl ea`sgstgrèm l` u` emcl`tmhgl`ta m >2 ― >> ― 72» 72» E durm`tl =< m 9: slnu`das. L` lstl slnu`da emsa cms prapgldmdls dl cas praduetas sl vl` huy paea miletmdm, mu`qul cms tlhplrmturms slm` hís mctms par lc earta tglhpa dl h hm`tl`ghgl`ta. m`tl`ghgl`ta. Zmstlurgzmegõ` FTUT; L` cm g`dustrgm cíetlm lc pradueta, ls emcl`tmda fmstm cm tlhplrmturm dl pmstlurgzmegõ` dl >: m 6< »E, ls rltl`gda m lstm tlhplrmturm par u` tglhpa mpraxghmda dl 2:-5:: slnu`das y culna ls l`irgmda m u`m tlhplrmturm g`ilrgar m =: »E. Lc praelsa m`tls dlsergta ls ea`aegda eaha pmstlurgzmegõ` FTUT (Fgnf Tlhplrmturl Ufart Tghl) a pmstlurgzmegõ` m mctms tlhplrmturms l` earta tglhpa. Cm pmstlurgzmegõ` FTUT ls eahû`hl`tl utgcgzmdm pmrm mqulccas praduetas dlstg`mdas m su ea`suha dgrleta, eaha clefl y erlhm pmrm bmtgda. Tltrm Zmo (=77
turm dlc hldga dl l`irgmhgl` Tw8 Tlhplrmturm Tlhplrm l`irgmhgl`ta ta ºO Tm8 Tlhplrmturm dlc mgrl lxtlrgar ºO
n) Emcar par ea`vleegõ` mc hldga mhbgl`tl ]< fmgrl * M lxtlrgar * T n T w
(4.4:)
Tn; tlhplrmturm híxghm dl emcl`tmhgl`ta Tw; Tlhplrmturm dlc hldga mhbgl`tl fmgrl ; 9,2=
^ h 2 .E
f) Hmsm dl vmpar rlqulrgda hvmpar * vmpar ]= ] 2 ]5 ]4 ]<
(4.4=)
Ea`sgdlrm`da pmrm lc lqugpa u` tglhpa dl emcl`tmhgl`ta prahldga dl 24 hg`utas ls dlegr =44: sln. sln. Hmsm tatmc dl vm vmpar par usmda l` llcc tglhpa dl trmbmka hvmpar tatmc hvmpar * tglhpa dl emcl`tmhgl `ta tatmc
(4.42)
88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
66
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
4.7 ZMUTL\RG[MEG ZMUTL\RG[MEGA@/LUTLRGCG[MEGA A@/LUTLRGCG[MEGA@ @ UGUTLHMU EA@TG@\AU 4.7.= G@TLREMHBGMDAR DL ZCMEM Lc lqugpa dl prlilrl`egm utgcgzmda pmrm lc praelsmda tçrhgea (\FT, y FTUT) dl cm clefl l` `ulstra pmès, ls lc g`tlremhbgmdar m pcmems. L` cm Ign. 4.=: sl hulstrm lc lsqulhm dlc lqugpa, qul yea`stm dl u`m slrglu`dlbmstgdar? pcmems dl melra g`axgdmbcl emdm u`m ea`trm cm sgnugl`tl ha`tmdms sabrl hldgm`tl ku`tms dl mprltmdms nahm (sg`tçtgem a `mturmc) sl slccm` cms l`trmdms y smcgdms dl cms pcmems, pmrm lvgtmr cm hlzecm dl cas das icugdas qul egreucm` par lccms. Lstms ku`tms sgrvl` mdlhís, pmrm ea`duegr cm earrgl`tl dl icugda emclimetar a rlirgnlrm`tl y cm dl pradueta dl hm`lrm qul mhbas egreucl` par pcmems mctlr`ms.
Emceuca dl dgslýa dlc Zmstlurgzmdar dl Zcmems
Ignurm 4.=:; Lsqulhm dl u` praelsa ea`tg`ûa Lvmcumegõ` dl Zlrigc dl Tlhplrmturms (za`m dl emcl`tmhgl`ta)
=.
Lc eíceuca `uhçrgea dlc g`tlremhbgmdar rlmcgzmrlhas ea`sgdlrm`da eaha hldga dl emcl`tmhgl`ta mnum emcgl`tl, lhplsmrlhas ea` cas dmtas dl tlhplrmturms dl l`trmdm y smcgdm dl pradueta (T= y T2), tlhplrmturm dl l`trmdm dl icugda dl slrvgega (Ts=), icuka dl clefl (^) y icuka dl vmpar (w).
88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
67
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
2.
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
Uupa`gl`da u`m tlhplrmturm dl smcgdm dlc icugda dl slrvgega (Ts2) ea` lstas dmtas sl lvmcûmrm` cms tlhplrmturms erètgems dlc pradueta y dlc mnum dl slrvgega; Te
T = T 2 2
T Ue T U = T U 2 2
(4.45)
(4.44)
5.
Emceucmr cms prapgldmdls dl cas icugdas eaha; o , E , ,
4.
Lvmcumhas lc emcar rlqulrgda par lc pradueta pmrm pmstlurgzmrca (]), hldgm`tl cm leumegõ`;
] ^Ep T 2 T = )
THC
9.
(4.4.
(4.47)
Da`dl; T hmx 8 cm híxghm dgilrl`egm dl tlhplrmturms lxgstl`tl l`trl mhbas icugdas. Emceucmr lc írlm dl trm`silrl`egm dl emcar rlqulrgdm M. M
] \ D ' THC
(4.:)
=7. Ul vlrgigem qul sl euhpcm lc bmcm`el dl l`lrnèm ea` lc írlm dl g`tlremhbga emceucmdm.
D TH THC C ] ^ E p T = T 2 M \
(4.>=)
Ug lc bmcm`el `a sl euhpcl sl supa`l atrm tlhplrmturm dl pradueta m cm smcgdm ( T2) y sl rlemceucm` tadas cas vmcarls `ulvmhl`tl.
88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
75
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
4.7.2 G@TLREMHBGMDAR DL T\BAU EA@EÇ@TRGEAU
Ignurm 4.==; Trm`silrl`egm dl emcar l` g`tlremhbgmdar dl tubas ea`eç`trgeas.
Ignurm 4.=2; Trm`silrl`egm dl emcar l` g`tlremhbgmdar dl tubas ea`eç`trgeas.
88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
74
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
Emceucas =. Lc eíceuca `uhçrgea dlc g`tlremhbgmdar sl rlmcgzm ea`sgdlrm`da eaha hldga dl emcl`tmhgl`ta vmpar dl mnum smturmda, sl rlquglrl cas dmtas dl tlhplrmturms dl l`trmdm y smcgdm dl pradueta (T= y T2), tlhplrmturm dl smturmegõ` dlc vmpar (t = 8 t2 8 tvmp), icuka dl pradueta m trmtmr (H), empmegdmd emcarèigem dlc pradueta (Ep) y lc emcar dl vmpargzmegõ` (ο vvmp mp). Ea` lstas dmtas sl lvmcûm lc emcar rlqulrgda par lc pradueta pmrm pmstlurgzmrca (]), hld hldgm`tl gm`tl cm leumegõ`; 2. Bmcm`el dl Emcar
] HEp T 2 T =
(4.>2)
]; Icuka dl emcar (BT\ / f) H; Zlsa dl icuka dl icugda (cb / f) Ep; Emcar lspleèigea dlc icugda (BT\/cbºI) T=, T2; Tlhplrmturms dl pradueta (ºI)
5. Lvmcumr lc icuka dl vmpar (w) `lelsmrga pmrm emcl`tmr lc pradueta m cm tlhplrmturm dlslmdm.
w
]
vmpar w; Zlsa dl icuka dl icugda (cb / f) ο vmp; vmp; Emcar dl vmpargzmegõ` (BT\/cb)
(4.>5)
4. Emceucmr cms tlhplrmturms erètgems dlc pradueta y dlc vmpar (Te y te) supa`gl`da cms sgnugl`tls ea`dgega`ls; Cms tlhplrmturms sl l`eul`trm` l` lc rm`na; >)
6. Emceucmr lc írlm dl icuka y lc nmsta dlc m`uca m m, Nm; D=2 D22 Dl 4 D mm l 4
(4.>6) (4.>7)
w mm Dl; Dgíhltra lqugvmcl`tl (it) Nm
(4.6:)
7. Lvmcumr lc `ûhlra dl Rly`acds pmrm lc tuba g`tlr`a y lxtlr`a; Rlg
DNg
Rlm
(4.6=)
p
DlNm
(4.62)
vmpar
=:. Emceucmr lc vmcar dl fg pmrm lc tuba g`tlr`a, dlpl`dgl`da dlc rçnghl` dl icuka (Ignurm ); =/ 5
DN Ep D =,69 o o C w
fg D
: ,6
=/ 5
fg D DN Ep :,:2 :2> > o o
w
: ,=4
Zmrm icuka cmhg`m
(4.65)
: ,=4
Zmrm u` icuka turbucl`ta (4.64)
W bmsí`dasl l` cms ea`dgega`ls supulstms sl fmel cm sgnugl`tl mpraxghmegõ`; 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 Mcblrta C. F\MHM@G F\MHM@G
79
Zraelsa g`dustrgmc dl clefl
w
Trmtmhgl`ta tlrhgea
:,=4
=
==. \`m vlz emceucmda lc vmcar dl fg, lvmcumr fga eaha sl hulstrm;
fga fg D / D=
(4.6
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