Capítulo Iii - Uniones Soldadas

 

WHDRG[_DMFM WHDRG[_DMFM HFODNHFI HFODNHFI MG MG _FH _FH FH]NHDN FH]NHDN FKFM FKFM MGI MGI OW_ON OW_ON

BFOWI]FM MG DHJGHDG[ÁF MG P[NOG_N_ G_OWGIF G_OWGIF P[NBG_DNHFI P[NBG_DNHFI MG MG DHJGHDG[ÁF DHJGHDG[ÁF FJ[NDHMW_][DFI FJ[NDHMW_][DFI

A VWDH [D

OFPÁ]WIN DDD<

J[NDHMW_][D I

WHDNHG_ _NIMFMF_

Mnoghtg< Mnoghtg< DHJ. DHJ. B[FHOD_ON B[FHOD_ON OF_F OF_F VWD_PG VWD_PG ‟

_doufhd Ouso son Pgrü rü _gag _g agst strg rgOu ;0;0 ;0; 0n -- DPg

 

?. ?.6. 6.DH][ DH ][NM NMWO WOOD ODßH ßH Gs uh pr prno nogs gsn n gh mn mnhm hmgg sg rg rgfi fidz dzff if uh uhdÿ dÿh h mg mn mnss af aftgr tgrdf dfigs igs,, jg jghg hgrf rfia iagh ghtg tg ag agtfi tfigs gs,, usufiaghtg injrfmn f trfväs mg if busdÿh, qug fi ghbrdfrsg, sg onhvdgrtg gh uhf uhdÿh bdlf.

 

FPIDOFODNHG_ MG IF _NIMFMW[F Gmdbdodns, pughtgs, Af Afq qudhfrdfs y gqud gq udpn pnss fj fjrá ráon onif ifs, s, of ofim imgr grfs fs,, en enrh rhns ns,, Onhstruoodÿh hfvfi, rgodp dpdg dgh htgs f  prgsdÿh, Nignmuotns, gto.

 

P[DHODPDN JGHG[FI MG IF _NIMFMW[F

6. Gi agtfi agtfi kfsg ;. Onrmÿh mg snimfmurf ?. Kfön mg busdÿh y prntgoodÿh jfsgnsf. =. Agtfi mg fpnrtfodÿh(gigotrnmn)

 

?.;. LWH H]F_ ?.;.-- LW If Luhtf gs if pfrtg f rgiighfr mg agtfi sdtufmf ghtrg ; n aæs pifhoefs n  pdgzfs, qug tdghgh ins knrmgs knrmgs onhvghdghtgaghtg prgpfrfmns prgpfrfmns

 

?. ?.?. ?.-- P[ P[NO NOG_N_ G_N_ MG _NIM _NIMFM FMW[F W[F 6. _AF _AFZ Z _nimfmurf pnr pnr fron giäotrdon onh gigotrnmn rgvgstdmn ;. JAF JAFZ Z _nimfmurf pnr fron giäotrdon onh fifakrg sÿidmn y jfs (ADJ/AFJ) ?. J]FZ _nimfmurf pnr Fron Giäotrdon Onh Gigotrnmn Mg ]uhjstghn y Jfs (]DJ) =. BOF BOFZ Z _nimfmurf pnr Fron Giäotrdon Onh Fifakrg ]ukuifr  7. _F _FZ Z _nimfmurf pnr fron giäotrdon suagrjdmn 2. NBZ Prnogsn nxd onakustdkig

 

RDMGN H ? °

P[NOG_N_ MG _NIMFMW[F

 

?]GAF< .=.- ] P[NOG_N_ [FK [F KFLMGN_NIMFMW[F H° ? _AFZ, JAFZ, J]FZ, BOFZ, _FZ y NBZ

DHMDOFODNHG_ < 

  Gxpnsdodÿh Dhmdvdmufi gh if piftfbnraf mgi Jnnjig Aggt anmfidmfm sáhornhf

 HN]F<  HN] F< _g gvfiufræ agmdfhtg uhf rukrdof BGOEF MG GH][GJF< Dhjrgsfr f if piftfbnraf OIF__[NNA pfrf vgr if bgoef y enrf mg ghtrgjf

 

?.7.?.7.- ]DPN ]DPN_ _ MG _NIMFMW _NIMFMW[F [F _GJÜH _GJÜH GI ON[MNH ON[MNH Gh ifs gstruoturfs sg ghoughtrfh mns tdpns nrmdhfrdns mg snimfmurf. Ifs snimfmurfs f tnpg y ifs snimfmurfs gh æhjuin. Ifs snimfmurfs f tnpg pugmgh fotufr snin gh trfoodÿh y gh onaprgsdÿh, adghtrfs qug ifs gh æhjuin snpnrtfh onrtfhtg in adsan qug trfoodÿh trfoo dÿh y onaprgsdÿh.

 

[G_D_]GHODF MG IF_ _NIMFMW[F_ F ]NPG If rgsdstghodf mg if snimfmurf f tnpg rgprgsghtfmf gh if bdjurf gs djufi f if sgoodÿh tntfi mg if snimfmurf auitdpidofmf pnr if tghsdÿh n gsbugrzn mg trfkfln fmadsdkig gh trfoodÿh n onaprgsdÿh pfrf gi aftgrdfi snimfmn. _g tnaf onan ærgf tntfi gi prnmuotn mg if inhjdtum mg if snimfmurf pnr gi gspgsnr mg if oefpf aæs mgijfmf mg ifs qug sg uhgh. Pnr onhsdjudghtg, sg tdghg

 1  √  √  Mnhmg<  < ]ghsdÿh ]ghsdÿh n gsbugrzn mg trfkfln t< gspgsnr mg if oefpf  k< fhoen

 

[G_D_]GHODF MG IF_ _NIMFMW[F_ GH FHJWIN FHJWIN Fhtgs mg ofiouifr if rgsdstghodf mg if snimfmurf gh æhjuin gs hgogsfrdn mgbdhdr vfrdfs mdaghsdnhgs ofrfotgrástdofs mg if adsaf. Gh if sgoodÿh mgi gsqugaf fmluhtn, if snimfmurf tdghg fhoeurfs mg onrmÿh n oftgtns. djufigs. y if mdaghsdÿh aáhdaf mg su sgoodÿh sg iifaf jfrjfhtf. Gvdmghtgaghtg. if jfrjfhtf gs djufi fi prnmuotn mg if fhoeurf mgi onrmÿh pnr  sgh(=7 ). Gs onstuakrg supnhgr qug snin efy qug onhsdmgrfr if rgsdstghodf fi onrtfhtg mg °

°

gstfs snimfmurfs, pugs gi bfiin sg sugig prnmuodr pnr onrtfhtg f =7  gh if jfrjfhtf. Pnr giin, sg tnaf if rgsdstghodf mg if snimfmurf djufi fi prnmuotn mgi ærgf tntfi gh if jfrjfhtf pnr if tghsdÿh mg trfkfln fmadsdkig f onrtfhtg gh gi aftgrdfi f 1 Jfrjfhtf 1 Oftgtnx_gh=7° F 1 Frgf tntfi gh if jfrjfhtf(F) 1 I*f I< inhjdtum mgi onrmÿh

P 1 ύa √ F ύa 1 ]ghsdÿh mg trfkfln fmadsdkig f onrtfhtg

gh gi aftgrdfi  

]GH_DNHG_ MG ][FKFLN GH IF_ _NIMFMW[F_ Gi Oÿmdjn mg _nimfmurfs pnr Busdÿh mg if _nodgmfm Fagrdofhf mg if _nim _n imfm fmur urff (F (F.. Z. _. _.)) mg mgtg tgra radh dhff if ifss rg rgsd sdst stgh ghod odfs fs mg tr trfk fkfl fln n pf pfrf rf if ifss snimfmurfs mg gstruoturfs (trfmuodmfs f uhdmfmgs aätrdofs y rgmnhmgfmns ins vfinrgs)<

ύa< ÿ   <  <   ÿ    ÿ<  < ÿ    ÿ<

  ൚ :40    ൚ 460    ൚ 6;20 

 

If tghsdÿh fmadsdkig gh onrtfhtg (ύa ) gstæ bdlfmf mg anmn qug gh uhdmfmgs fagrdofhfs onrrgspnhmf uhf bugrzf mg 6000 idkrfs pnr puijfmf mg inhjdtum, pfrf uhf snimfmurf mg 6/5 mg puijfmf mg oftgtn. Gh uhdmfmgs aätrdofs sg pnmráf bdlfr fprnxdafmfaghtg qug pfrf uhf snimfmurf mg æhjuin mg 6 oa mg oftgtn n 0,:0: oa mg jfrjfhtf, if ofrjf fmadsdkig gs mg 720 cj/oa mg inhjdtum mg luhtf, pnr in qug pugmgh onhsdmgrfrsg ifs ofrjfs fmadsdkigs sdjudghtgs pnr  uhdmfm mg inhjdtum< ;50 cj pfrf uh onrmÿh mg 7 aa ==5 cj pfrf uh onrmÿh mg 5 aa 720 cj pfrf uh onrmÿh mg 60 aa 2:0 cj pfrf uh onrmÿh mg 6; aa 5=0 cj pfrf uh onrmÿh mg 67 aa

 

?.2.-- P[ ?.2. P[NK NKIIGA GAF_ F_ Prnkigaf 6.

Gh gi gsqugaf fmluhtn sg rgprgsghtf uhf snimfmurf f tnpg qug uhg mns oefpfs. Ofmf oefpf tdghg 6; aa mg gspgsnr y ;0 oa mg fhoeurf. Gi Oÿmdjn mg _nimfmurfs pnr  Busdÿh mg if F. Z. _. sgöfif uhf tghsdÿh mg trfkfln fmadsdkig mg 460 cj/oa; pfrf uhf uhdÿh mg gstg tdpn snagtdmf f trfoodÿh. Mgtgradhfr if ofrjf mg trfoodÿh fmadsdkig P qug pugmg fpidofrsg f ifs pifofs.

 

_niuodÿh Mftns<

  ൚ ÿ    ÿ 1   1 460  t16;aa

 k1 ;0oa If ofrjf mg trfoodÿh gs djufi f<

 1  √  √  Pnr in tfhtn

 1 460 √ ;0 ;0 √ 6.; 6.; 1 ;65 ;65=0 =0  

 

Prnkigaf ;.

Gh if bdj bdjur urff sg rgprgsg rgprgsghtf htf uhf snimfm snimfmurf urf qug uhg uhg mns oefpfs oefpfs,, ofmf uhf mg giifs tdghg 6; aa mg gspgsnr y ofmf snimfmurf, snimfmurf, 65 oa mg mg inhjdtum. Gi Oÿmdjn Oÿmdjn mg _nimfmurfs pnr Busdÿh dhmdof uhf tghsdÿh mg trfkfln fmadsdkig mg :40 cj/oa; pfrf uhf ofrjf mg onrtfmurf gh gsf uhdÿh. Mgtgradhfr if ofrjf mg trfoodÿh fmadsdkig trfoodÿh fmadsdkig P qug sg pugm pugmgg fpidofr f ifs oefpfs. If ofrjf sg fpidof gh gi puhtn agmdn ghtrg ifs mns snimfmurfs.

 

_niuodÿh

Mftns<

  ൚ ύa  1 ÿ    1 :40  t16;aa Inhjdtum mg snimfmurf 165oa

If mdaghsdÿh mg if jfrjfhtf gs< f 1 6.;*sgh(=7°) 1 0.5=5 oa Gi ærgf gbdofz mg if snimfmurf qug rgsdstg gi onrtfhtg gstf mfmf pnr gi prnmuotn mg su inhjdtum y if mdaghsdÿh mg if jfrjfhtf F1 Frgf tntfi gh if jfrjfhtf(F) 1 I*f165*0.5=5 167.;2 oa; Pnr in tfhtn, if ofrjf mg trfoodÿh fmadsdkig P gs djufi fi prnmuotn mg if tghsdÿh mg trfkfln gh onrtfhtg y gi ærgf qug in rgsdstg, n sgf

P 1 ύa √ F1:40*67,;2*;1;=600 cjb  Wtdidzfhmn uh vfinr pfrf gi onrtfhtg mg 2:0 cj/oa mg snimfmurf, tghmráfans gi adsan vfinr

P 2:0(?2) ;=600 cjb.  

Prnkigaf ?.

Gh if bdjurf fmluhtf, ifs oefpfs mg 67 aa gstæh snagtdmfs f bugrzfs mg 67000 cjb fpidofmfs gxoähtrdofaghtg, onan pugmg vgrsg. Mgtgradhfr ifs inhjdtumgs Ii y I; mg ins onrmnhgs pfrf qug tghjfh if adsaf tghsdÿh onrtfhtg. Wtdidzfr gi Oÿmdjn mg _nimfmurf pnr busdÿh. Ins oftgtns mg if snimfmurf snh djufigs fi gspgsnr mg if oefpf, gs mgodr, mg 67 aa

 

_niuodÿh Mftns<

  ൚ ύa 1 ÿ       1 :40  t167aa P1 67000 cjb  If mdaghsdÿh mg if jfrjfhtf gs< f 1 6.7*sgh(=7°) 1 6.7*0.:0:16.02 oa Gi ærgf gbdofz mg if snimfmurf qug rgsdstg gi onrtfhtg gstf mfmf pnr gi prnmuotn mg su inhjdtum y if mdaghsdÿh mg if jfrjfhtf F1 Frgf tntfi gh if jfrjfhtf(F) 1 I*f1 (I6+I;)*f165*0.5=5 167.;2 167.;2 oa;

 

Ins anaghtns mg ifs mns bugrzfs mg onrtfmurf rgspgotn f oufiqudgr puhtn mg gsf iáhgf mg foodÿh efh mg sgr djufigs. Fsá, pfrf uhf tghsdÿh onrtfhtg fmadsdkig mg :40 cj/oa; tghgans< A1P*m

ύa √  √ f √   1 ύa √  √ f √ m   1 ; √  If inhjdtum mg snimfmurf hgogsfrdf pfrf rgsdstdr if ofrjf mg 67000 cjb gstf mfmf pnr

 1   √  1 :40 √  +    √  1 67000 67000 :40 √ ; √  +    √ 6.02 1 67000   1 2    1 6; 6; 

 

BDH