CAPÍTULO 13. - Ensayos Destructivos en Soldadura

 

 

OASÉZ[FG 1? KB_AUG_ JK_Z\[OZE]G_ KB _GFJAJ[\A

Srgm. Jr. ]ebokbzg E`bgtg, [O]- Jurkza>  Ks fa rksestkboea quk gpgbkb fgs oukrpgs a skr rayajgs g pkbktrajgs pgr gtrgs. Zkbaoejaj> Ks fa rksestkboea quk tekbk ub oukrpg a fa rgtura. Mra`efejaj> Ks fa prgpekjaj ogbtrarea a fa tkbaoejaj, fa maoefejaj jk rgipkrsk ub oukrpg Oghkseÿb> Ks fa rksestkboea quk gpgbkb fgs átgigs jk fgs iatkreafks a skpararsk kbtrk sé. Kfasteoejaj> Ks fa prgpekjaj quk tekbk ub oukrpg jk skr jkmgriajg pgr mukrzas kxtkregrks, y af oksar jeohas mukrzas, åstk rkoglra su mgria gre`ebaf. Sfasteoejaj>  Ks fa oapaoejaj jk fgs oukrpgs para ajquerer jkmgriaoegbks pkriabkbtks seb ffk`ar a fa rgtura (juotefejaj y iafkalefejaj). \ksefekboea> Ks fa kbkr`éa quk alsgrlk uba prglkta abtks jk rgipkrsk. Mate`a> Ks fa oapaoejaj quk tekbk ub oukrpg jk rksester ksmukrzgs rkpktetevgs y varealfks kb ia`betuj y skbtejg. Sara kf abáfeses jk fas prgpekjajks ikoábeoas jk fgs iatkreafks pgjkigs utefezar trks tepgs jk oar`as jemkrkbtks> Kstáteoas, Jebáieoas g Oéofeoas.

Oar`a kstáteoa> Ks aqukffa quk ks ebvarealfk g su ia`betuj orkok jk mgria fkbta (ub ogohk kboeia jk ub pukbtk, kto.). Oar`a jebáieoa> Ks aqukffa quk aotþa jk mgria ebikjeata g auikbta su ia`betuj jk mgria rápeja (eipaotgs, `gfpks, kto.). Oar`a oéofeoa g aftkrbaja>  Ks aqukffa quk oailea jk jerkooeÿb g ia`betuj (g ailas) jk mgria oéofeoa g aftkrbaja (oe`ökñaf, aigrte`uajgrks, kto.). Fgs kbsaygs jkstruotevgs kb fa sgfjajura sk vekbkb utefezabjg bgriafikbtk para> 1.- Kmkotuar ub ogbtrgf jk oafejaj jurabtk kf prgoksg jk malreoaoeÿb 1.- \kprgjuoer ogbjeoegbks jk usg jk prgjuotgs ogb kf glnktg jk fa rksgfvkr jk prglfkias jk muboegbaiekbtg jk fgs quk sk jksogbgok jks ogbgok su gre`kb. Kbsaygs jkstruotevgs kstáteogs4 Kbsaygs jkstruotevgs jebáieogs y Kbsaygs tkobgfÿ`eogs.   Fgs kbsaygs jkstruotevgs kstáteogs> Zekbkb fa oar`a kstáteoa g prg`rkseva.   Fgs kbsaygs jkstruotevgs jebáieogs> _u oar`a bg ks be kstáteoa be prg`rkseva   Fgs kbsaygs tkobgfÿ`eogs _k utefezab para ogiprglar se ub iatkreaf ks þtef g bg para uba apfeoaoeÿb kb ogborktg, ouabjg pgr ikjeg jk fgs kbsaygs oekbtémeogs bg ks pgselfk rkafezar kstas ogiprglaoegbks g rksuftab jkiaseajg oaras.   

Fgs iktafks pukjkb rgipkrsk,  jglfarsk, tgrokrsk, iaroarsk, rayarsk, g  jañarsk kb gtras mgrias. Af`ubgs iktafks bg fgs partk be fa mukrza jk ub autgiÿvef, kb tabtg quk gtrgs jkf iesig taiañg pukjkb skr jglfajgs máoefikbtk. Af`ubgs iktafks pukjkb rayarsk ogb fa uña, iekbtras quk gtrgs sgpgrtab hgras jk `gfpks ogbtra uba rgoa sÿfeja. Ogb prgpekjajks tab varealfks, sk vukfvk ub prglfkia kf kxprksar kxaotaikbtk kb ubas ouabtas pafalras quå tepg jk skrveoeg pukjk sgpgrtar seb maffar uba pekza jk iktaf. Fgs kbsaygs jkstruotevgs, sgb utefezajgs kb ogbnubtg ogb fgs oÿje`gs, puks sgb bkoksaregs para ask`urar af`ubgs paráiktrgs quk fgs KBJ bg pukjkb ikjer ogig, pgr knkipfg>

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S\[KLA_ JK_Z\[OZE]A_ ASFEOALFK_ A FA_ _GFJAJ[\A_   S\[KLA_ Q[ÉIEOA_   S\[KLA_ IKZAFG@\ÁMEOA_

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S\[KLA_ IKOÁBEOA_ pruklas   Gtras

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S\[KLA_ Q[ÉIEOA_ Fas pruklas quéieoas sk kipfkab ogb jgs prgpÿsetgs preboepafks> 1) Jktkriebar fa ogipgseoeÿb quéieoa jk iktafks lask, jk apgrtk y jk sgfjajura jkpgsetaja     Bgria BAOK ZI3   \ksestkboea a Zkbseÿb> Srgpekjaj ikoábeoa rkfaoegbaja ogb fa kfasteoejaj, pfasteoejaj, tkbaoejaj, juotefejaj y mra`efejaj jk ub iatkreaf.     Kfasteoejaj> Srgpekjaj ikoábeoa jk oekrtgs iatkreafks jk sumrer jkmgriaoegbks rkvkrselfks ouabjg sk kboukbtrab sunktgs a fa aooeÿb jk mukrzas kxtkregrks y jk rkoupkrar fa mgria gre`ebaf se kstas mukrzas kxtkregrks sk kfeiebab.   Jurkza> Srgpekjaj ikoábeoa jk fgs iatkreafks ogbsestkbtk kb fa jemeouftaj quk kxestk para orkar iaroas kb fa supkrmeoek ikjeabtk ieorgpkbktraoeÿb jk uba pubta (pkbktralefejaj).   Kilutelefejaj> Oaraotkrésteoa quk jksorelk fa rksestkboea jk ub iatkreaf a skr kilutejg, g ska, a skr ogbmebajg a ub kspaoeg rkjuoejg g a uba iatrez, ogb kf meb jk quk ajgptk fa mgria jk åsta.  Kf prgoksg jk kilutejg sk utefeza aipfeaikbtk kb fa ebjustrea fatgbkra, para `kbkrar tapas, ogig fas jk fas lgtkffas jk okrvkza y `askgsa, g ogig pgtks jk 

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pebtura4 taileåb sk utefeza mgriar gffas y gtrgs jk rkoepekbtks   \ksefekboea>   Ia`betuj qukpara ouabtemeoa fa oabtejaj kbkr`éa seiefarks. pgr ubejaj jk vgfuikb quk alsgrlk ub iatkreaf af jkmgriarsk kfásteoaikbtk jklejg a uba tkbseÿb apfeoaja.

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Kbsaygs Jkstruotevgs>  Jkstruotevgs> Fgs kbsaygs jkstruotevgs sgb fgs se`uekbtks> •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Kbsayg jk Zraooeÿb g Zkbseÿb ogb prglkta bgriafezaja Kbsayg jk \ksefekboea Kbsayg jk Ogiprkseÿb ogb prglkta bgriafezaja bgriafezaj a Kbsayg jk Oezaffaiekbtg Kbsayg jk Mfkxeÿb Kbsayg jk Zgrseÿb Kbsayg jk Sfk`ajg g Jglfkz Kbsayg jk Mate`a Kbsayg jk Jurkza (Lrebkff, (Lrebkff, \godwkff, \godwkff, ]eodkrs) Ikjeabtk Ikjeabtk jurÿiktrgs jurÿiktrgs

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KB_AUG_ G S\[KLA_ JK_Z\[OZE]A_

1.- KB_AUG JK Z\AOOEßB 

Fa \ksestkboea Ikoábeoa jk fgs iktafks sk gltekbk a travås jkf Kbsayg jk Zraooeÿb g Zkbseÿb y rkprkskbta  fa oapaoejaj jk ub iktaf para gpgbkrsk a su jkstruooeÿb lang fa aooeÿb jk oar`as kxtkrbas. Kf vafgr jk fa rksestkboea ebjeoa fa mukrza quk sk rkquekrk para vkbokr fgs fe`aikbtgs quk iabtekbkb ubejas fas igfåoufas quk mgriab fas kstruoturas jk fgs orestafks. Jgs jk kstas oar`as ( Zraooeÿb  y Ogiprkseÿb) sk jktkriebab pgr ikjeg jk uba iáqueba ubevkrsaf jk pruklas. Fa prglkta bgriaf, jk usg iás mrkoukbtk para pruklas jk tkbseÿb, ks uba larra rkjgbja ogb jeáiktrg jk 3.;3; puf`aja sglrk ub far`g jk pgr fg ikbgs < puf`ajas. Sara oafoufar fa oar`a quk pukjk sgpgrtar kf árka jk skooeÿb trabsvkrsaf, sk iuftepfeoa fa rksestkboea jkf iatkreaf a fa traooeÿb (fl/puf`  Ksmukrzg jgbjk sk `kbkra uba jkmgriaoeÿb pfásteoa kb kf iatkreaf jk 3, fa oapaoejaj quk tekbk ub iatkreaf jk alsgrlkr kbkr`éa abtks jk jkmgriarsk pfásteoaikbtk. _k rkprkskbta pgr kf árka lang fa ourva jk fa zgba kfásteoa.

Zkbaoejaj> Ks fa kbkr`éa pgr ubejaj jk vgfuikb quk pukjk alsgrlkr ub iatkreaf abtks jk rgipkrsk, ks kquevafkbtk af árka jklang jk fa ourva.

Juotefejaj> Ks fa oapaoejaj quk tekbk ub iatkreaf para jkmgriarsk pfásteoaikbtk abtks jk mraoturar.

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Kbsayg jk \gtura pgr Kbtaffa (Beod Lrkad Zksteb`) Ksta prukla jkstruoteva ks skboeffa pkrg kmeoaz, ks ub iåtgjg para jktkriebar fa sgfejkz jk iktaf jkoÿje`gs. sgfjajura. ogiþbikbtk usajgAikreoabg para oafemeoar prgokjeiekbtgs sgfjajgrks pgr af`ubgs SgrKsknkipfg, kf Ebstetutg jkf Sktrÿfkg oÿje`g y(ASE 113:) para tulkréas jk ogbjuooeÿb trabsieseÿb. Fa prukla BEOD-L\KAD  ks þtef para jktkriebarfa oafejaj ebtkrba jkf iktaf jk sgfjajura. Ksta prukla rkvkfa jkmkotgs ebtkrbgs (se kstá prkskbtk), tafks ogig ebofusegbks jk ksogreas, lgfsas jk `as, mafta jk museÿb. Fa prukla ogbsestk kb rgipkr pgr af`þb ikjeg hasta rgipkr kb fa sgfjajura kb taffaja ogig iukstra fa se`uekbtk me`ura.  me`ura. 

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  a)  Fa juotefejaj pukjk kxprksarsk ogig fa ia`betuj jk ksteraiekbtg pkriabkbtk (sglrk uba jestaboea jk < puf`ajas) quk sgpgrta uba prukla jk traooeÿb. l) [tefeza fa jemkrkboea kbtrk kf árka gre`ebaf jk fa skooeÿb trabsvkrsaf y kf árka iás pkqukña jkf pubtg jk ruptura kb uba prukla jk traooeÿb. Juotefejaj sk kxprksa ogig ub pgrokbtank jk fa skooeÿb trabsvkrsaf gre`ebaf (fa jemkrkboea kbtrk fas jgs árkas sk jevejk kbtrk kf árka gre`ebaf), kstk iåtgjg jk ikjeja jk fa juotefejaj sk fk ffaia prukla jk \kjuooeÿb Árka. o)  Kf tkrokr iåtgjg kipfka uba prukla jk jglfkz felrk. (Me`ura ;) j)  Af ouartg iåtgjg sk fk ffaia ffaia prukla `ueaja jk jglfkz. (Me`ura =)

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Kb fa prukla `ueaja jk jglfkz , sk ogfgoa fa prglkta, ogb fa ogstura sgfjaja a fa ietaj. Kf pubzÿb sk mukrza haoea alang, para jkmgriar fa prglkta hasta jarfk mgria jk [, ogbtebuabjg hasta quk rksufta eipgselfk ebtrgjuoer ub afailrk jk 1/?< jk puf`ajas jk jeáiktrg kbtrk fa prglkta kf pubzÿb. _é jkspuås jkf jglfajg, supkrmeoek ogbvkxa jk fa prglkta iukstra `rektas uygtrgs jkmkotgs (ogb fgb`etuj iaygr jkfa 1/8 jk puf`.), sk ogbsejkra quk fabg prglkta (fa sgfjajura) ha pasajg fa prukla. Bg sk tgia kb ogbsejkraoeÿb fas `rektas jk fas ksquebas jk fa prglkta. _k haokb jgs pruklas ogb kstk Iåtgjg> [ba prukla jk oara y gtra jk raéz, quk jklkb skr ogfgoaja kb jerkooeÿb jkf pubzÿb.

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Jglfkz jk oara (Srkskboea jk Sgrgs)

Jglfkz jk \aéz (Srkskboea jk Sgrgs)

Jglfkz jk oara (Mafta jk Museÿb)

Jglfkz jk \aéz (Mafta jk Museÿb)

Jglfkz jk oara (Mafta jk Skbktraoeÿb)

Jglfkz jk \aéz (Mafta jk Skbktraoeÿb)

Jglfkz jk oara (Ebofusegbks jk Ksogrea)

Jglfkz jk \aéz (Ebofusegbks jk Ksogrea)   [sajg para jktkriebar kf `rajg jk _ABEJAJ y J[OZEFEJAJ jk sgfjajuras ogb leskfks.