Caparo maruti ltd. summer training report

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION CAPARO MARUTI . Is a premier industry setup in Bawal, Haryana dedicated for the production and designing of various sheet metal parts and components associated with automobiles. It has been a vendor MARUTI INDIA PVT.LTD. It is a multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional organization dedicated for the production of number of components.It is one of the sister company out of group of companies. It is serving several of its clients. Large number of components ranging from simple to highly sophisticated ones, have been designed and developed by the company and their know-how’s have been passed on to the various of its clients. Over a period of time, CAPARO has acquired state-of-art expertise in designing components for different applications associated with automobile industry. Keeping pace with emerging trendsCAPARO has developed various components using state of the art technologies. It’s an ISO / TS 16949 : 2002 Certified company. It performs all of its operations under the norms as laid by the International Standardization Organization, keeping in view the well being of its employees and workers at every level.It is spread over an area total of 11406 Sq. Yards and th covering area is being 65196 Sq. Ft. .

1.2 LOCATION It is located in Bawal, the industrial city of Haryana state. Plot no. 85 to 102,sec.-7,HSIIDC Industrial Growth Centre , Bawal, Distt. Rewari (Haryana) INDIA 123501 One of the great advantages for the location is being that it is situated very near to the Gurgaon.

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1.3 An Overview of CAPARO MARUTI LTD.

Fig 1.1

CAPARO MARUTI LTD.

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1.4

PLANT STRUCTURE

i.

Total Area :-

11406 Sq. Yards

ii.

Covered Area: - 65196 Sq. Ft.

 Power Back-Up Facility i.

Gen Set :- 500 KVA

ii.

Gen Set :- 162 KVA

 Plant Spare Capacity 50% Spare Capacity

1.5 ACHIEVEMENTS & AWARDS  Best vendor award from MUL (Maruti Udyog Ltd.)  Udyog Ratna Award  Maintaining ZERO DEFECT Products for GMI ; AVTEC ; M & M since Last 3 Years  Delivering Products ON TIME – EVERY TIME for all Customers.

1.6 OBJECTIVE  Aims at producing professionals endowed with technical competence and leadership qualities.  To infuse thorough knowledge and impart industry -oriented practical training to make the students a breed apart.  To inculcate a sense of discipline and responsibility coupled with logical thinking, so that they are an asset for their employers.

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 To instill a high level of self-confidence to make them successful in all walks of life including entrepreneurship.  To emphasize their all round development, by ensuring participation in cultural activities, group discussions, social get-togethers, sports, etc.  To imbibe a quality that makes them better citizens.  To create professional competence.

1.7

DEPARTMENTS

(i) Engineering Department (ii) Production Department (iii) Welding department (iv) Quality section

(i)

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1. Engineering department deals with development of the fore coming parts of Maruti.

2. Generally, majority of the parts are from MUL, Ggn. Parts are prepared and there trial is taken. This department also deals with costing of sheet metal parts, in which quotation are prepared in order to submit to the customers and vendors.

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(ii)

Production Department

In production department metal sheets are given desired shapes through stamping process.Stamping press is used to produce the stamping operation.

What is a stamping press ? A stamping press is a machine that houses the stamping tools (tooling) and carries them around according to the kinematics indicated by the users (process set-up). The knowledge of the press used for a stamping operation provides us with useful clues regarding: 

Values and distribution of restraining forces



Tool deformation caused by stamping forces



Contact and/or gap between tools and blank

However, we should recall that,at the moment when the die design is carried out, the press is usually not yet known, so that its characteristics are rather a factor of noise than a useful information.Therefore,it bwill be important to have a design that is robust with respect to the press type.

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What is a stamping tool? What is process design?

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GLOSSARY: Design surface

Part as designed to fit in the car (after trimming)

Blankholder

Surfaces that hold the blank before the forming

surface

operation, including the restraining

Production

Junction between the two former surfaces,

surface/run-offs

protecting the design surface and controlling material flow

Dieface

(iii)

Run-offs + blankholder

WELDING DPARTMENT

Resistance Welding is a welding process, in which work pieces are welded due to a combination of a pressure applied to them and a localized heat generated by a high electric current flowing through the contact area of the weld.

(a) •

Spot Welding (RSW) Spot Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process, in which two or more overlapped metal sheets are joined by spot welds. The method uses pointed copper electrodes providing passage of electric current. The electrodes also transmitt pressure required for formation of strong weld. Diameter of the weld spot is in the range 1/8‖ - 1/2‖ (3 - 12 mm). Spot welding is widely used in automotive industry for joining vehicle body parts.

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Fig 1.2: Spot Welding (b) Resistance Butt Welding •

Resistance Butt Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process, in which ends of wires or rods are held under a pressure and heated by an electric current passing through the contact area and producing a weld.

Fig 1.3: Butt Welding

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Butt welding is used for welding small parts. The process is highly productive and clean. In contrast to Flash Welding, Butt Welding provides joining with no loss of the welded materials.

(iv)

QUALITY CONTROL SECTION

As the name suggests this section houses all sorts of tools and measuring instruments like vernier calipers, vernier height gauge, slip gauges, surface plates, radius gauges, inside/outside micrometers, depth gauges and hardness testing machines, torque wrench testing machine etc. for checking the components purchased from the vendors from outside the firm before being stored into the store lying adjacent to this section. This section monitors whether the components supplied by the allied vendor party covers the quality specifications of the company or not and according takes corrective action as and when required. It also keeps a track record of the stock of components inside the store. Being an ISO certified company; the firm is deeply concerned with managing of quality of the purchased components which ultimately affect the quality of its final product. The Quality Policy of the company can be quoted as: 

Producing world class tractors in quality and reliability



Total customer satisfaction through services



Creating a culture among all employed toward total quality concepts



Constant up gradation of technology and human excellence

After so many accomplishments, the company is still striving hard to expand its capabilities and setting up new establishments and manufacturing units in different parts of the country. Some of the manufacturing units are under construction and soon will be ready to work. It has signed MOU’s with several international firms to match up with the latest trends in the automobile industry, the fastest growing industry of its kind in the current scenario.

Quality improving steps followed by caparo 1. 5S 2. Kaizen 3. 3R 4. 3M 10

1. 5S:-

5S is the name of a workplace organization methodology that uses a list of five Japanese words which are seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu and shitsuke

English meaning of 5S

I.

Sorting (Seiri): Eliminate all unnecessary tools, parts, and instructions. Go through all tools, materials, and so forth in the plant and work area. Keep only essential items and eliminate what is not required, prioritizing things per requirements and keeping them in easily-accessible places. Everything else is stored or discarded.

II.

Straightening or setting in order / stabilize (Seiton) There should be a place for everything and everything should be in its place. The place for each item should be clearly labeled or demarcated. Items should be arranged in a manner that promotes efficient work flow, with equipment used most often being the most easily accessible. Workers should not have to bend repetitively to access materials. Each tool, part, supply, or piece of equipment should be kept close to where it will be used – in other words, straightening the flow path. Seiton is one of the features that distinguishes 5S from "standardized cleanup". This phase can also be referred to as Simplifying[1].

III.

Sweeping or shining or cleanliness / systematic cleaning (Seiso) Clean the workspace and all equipment, and keep it clean, tidy and organized. At the end of each shift, clean the work area and be sure everything is restored to its place. This makes it easy to know what goes where and ensures that everything is where it belongs. Spills, leaks, and other messes also then become a visual signal for equipment or process steps that need attention. A key point is that maintaining cleanliness should be part of the daily work – not an occasional activity initiated when things get too messy.

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IV.

Standardizing (Seiketsu) Work practices should be consistent and standardized. All work stations for a particular job should be identical. All employees doing the same job should be able to work in any station with the same tools that are in the same location in every station. Everyone should know exactly what his or her responsibilities are for adhering to the first 3 S's.

V.

Sustaining the discipline or self-discipline (Shitsuke) Maintain and review standards. Once the previous 4 S's have been established, they become the new way to operate. Maintain focus on this new way and do not allow a gradual decline back to the old ways. While thinking about the new way, also be thinking about yet better ways. When an issue arises such as a suggested improvement, a new way of working, a new tool or a new output requirement, review the first 4 S's and make changes as appropriate.

2.

Kaizen:Masaaki Imai defined Kaizen as ―a means of continuing improvement in personal life, home life, social life, and working life. At the workplace, Kaizen means continuing improvement involving everyone—managers and workers alike. The Kaizen business strategy involves everyone in an organization working together to make improvements without large capital investments.‖ Mark R. Hamel has a slightly different definition: ―Kaizen is much more than an event; it is a philosophy, mindset and, for breakthrough performance, a most critical vehicle to achieve strategic imperatives and execute value stream/process improvement plans.‖ The five main elements of kaizen 

Teamwork



Personal discipline



Improved morale



Quality circles 12



Suggestions for improvement

Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ("muri"), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity.

3. 3R:

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, a hierarchy of waste management strategies to minimize waste

4. 3M:i. Muda ii.

Mura

iii.

Muri

"muda" meaning activity that is wasteful and doesn’t add value. "mura", meaning "unnevenness" "muri" meaning "overburdening".

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CHAPTER-2 MANUFACTURING OF PARTS For the manufacturing of the parts first of all the Overview Of The plant is given. Different operations are performed during the manufacturing of the different parts. The operations performed during the manufacturing of different parts the following processes are involved (1) Press Shop (2) Welding Shop (3) Quality Section

2.1

Press Shop: During the press shop firstly the sheet of Aluminum passes through the different presses and performed different operations on it. The different presses & different operations which are performed on the sheet are:

The different kind of presses used in the press shop is: Type Of Press

No. Of.

(1)

800 Tones

2

(2)

400 Tones

3 Table 2.1

The various operations are performed on the sheet during the press shop are (1) Drawing (2) Trimming (3) Restrike (4) Piercing/ Punching During the drawing the sheet can be passed through the press of 800 Tones & the specific shape of the given part provided to the sheet and during trimming the extra part of the sheet which is not in work can be trim by the press and the extra part can be thrown into the scrap. During the process of restriking the die can be strike on the part again so that it can acquire the exact shape of the part & during the process of 14

punching the different holes can be drawn on the part according to the shape. Press contains different parts such as: (1) Cushion Bed (2) Lower Die (3) Upper Die The inner parts of a press which help to support the die are: (1) Damping Unit (2) Air Cylinder (3) Lubrication System The parts are shifted from one press to another by the loader & unloader. The transfer belt is used to transfer the part from first press to another. 

The different parts of press are:

(i)

Cushion Bed:

Fig 2.1: Cushion Bed

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(ii)

Lower Die:

Fig 2.2: Lower Die

(iii)

Upper Die:

\ Fig 2.3: Upper Die

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The different internal parts of the press are: (i)

DampingUnit:

Fig 2.4: Damping Unit

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(ii)

Air Cylinder:

Fig 2.6: Air Cylinder

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(iii)

Lubrication System:

Fig 2.7: Lubrication System



Loader & Unloader:

Fig 2.8: Loader & Unloader 19



Transfer Belt:

Fig 2.9: Transfer Belt

2.2 Welding Section : Spot welding can be done on the parts for the joining of different small parts on the main part. For example studs are attached to the different parts with the help of spot welding. Spot welding mainly of two types (i)

Integrated Transformer Gun

(ii)

Non-Integrated Transfer Gun

These are the two methods mainly used for the spot welding.

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Integrated transformer gun means a gun which is used for the spot welding contains the transformer inside the gun. There is no outside transformer placed for the working of the gun. On the other hand Non Integrated Transformer gun can be used for the spot welding of the parts contain a transformer side from the gun. (i)

Integrated Transformer Gun :

Fig 2.10: I.T. Gun

(ii)

Non Integrated Transformer Gun :

Fig 2.11: Non I.T. Gun

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These are the two guns which are used for the welding purpose of the parts manufactured. 2.3 Quality Section:

In the quality section the part manufactured can be checked out completely. In quality section these things can be checked out in the part: (i)

Overlapping

(ii)

Wrinkle

(iii)

Deformation

(iv)

Crack

(v)

Dent

(vi)

Material Strength

These are different facts that can be checked out in quality section which are necessary to be checked out for the strength and accuracy of the part. o Manufactured Parts: 

Dash Waganor



Dash Versa



Wheel Housing



Chessy



Quarter Inner Lower



Frame Floor



Door Hinge

2.4

Manufacturing Process:

For the manufacturing of the above discussed parts a part is to be followed by the different operations. Firstly, a part is to be moved from the press shop where the drawing, trimming, restrike & piercing/punching can be & the 22

shape can be provided to the sheet of the given specific die & then it can be send to the welding section where the spot welding of the manufactured part can be done & different studs, nut & bolt can be attached to the part according to the specification of the part. ` Manufacturing Process In Press Shop: In press shop first of all a sheet of aluminum can be taken then it can be placed in the different dies where different operations can be done on it. DRAWING: Firstly, the process of draw can be done where the given specific shape can be applied on the sheet by placing it on the die of that specific shape. The die can be placed on M.B. in which cushion pins can be put according to the shape these cushion pins pull up the die & a upper die is attached to upper M.B. with the help of studs. For the manufacturing of part first of all power is put on and then pressure is applied to upper die by the air cylinder situated at the top of press and with the pressure the upper die moves towards down and hit on the lower die. When the upper die strikes on the lower die the sheet present on the lower die attain the shape of the die. The lower die does not move towards down because of cushion pin which support the die. The cushion plays an important role during the manufacturing of the parts because it support the die if any cushion is placed in a wrong way inside the M.B. then it will damage the die so it is necessary to place the cushion pins inside the M.B. correctly. The M.B. is placed on the cushion bed which helps to absorb the damps which produced when the upper die strikes on the lower with a pressure of 800 Tones. During the drawing the specific shape can be applied to the sheet. According the part the can be loaded on the M.B. and the placed on the cushion bed and then the process of manufacturing starts. Loader takes the sheet from the shelf where it can be provided by the workers. The loader picks the sheet and placed it on the die. Then the operation of draw is started and the shape of the die can be applied on the sheet. There is a big importance of angle of stroke during the press operations. The accuracy of the part depends upon the stroke of press, commonly the stroke is 180*(Degree). Lubrication system also plays an important role during the operation of press because without lubrication it can’t be easier to

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drive such kind of heavy press so it is necessary that lubricating pump should work properly.

Fig 2.12: Drawing Operations

TRIMMING : Trimming is a operation in press shop in which after the process of drawing the remaining part which is useless on behalf of the structure of part is to cut by this press. In trimming the upper die contains blade on the edges of it and when it strike on the lower die where the part with extra useless part is placed is to be trimmed. So trimming is a necessary operation on behalf of the structure of the part. This press is of 400 Tones and strikes on the lower die which is placed on the M.B. and supported by the cushion pins which are necessary to hold the die during the striking operation. If any of the cushion pin put in wrong way inside the M.B. then it will damage the die & sometimes die will breakdown due the pressure of the press and cant be able to absorb the vibrations produced by the cushion bed and as a result the die will damage so it is necessary to placed the cushion pins correctly according to the drawing of the part. During trimming it is necessary to take care of angle of stroke and the lubrication system because it is necessary for the accurate working of the press. The press contains a air cylinder on the top of the press in these cylinder air is to be compressed and it helps in the stroke of the press so there are so many things which can be checked during the working of press.

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Fig 2.12: Trimming Operation So trimming is a operation in which the remaining portion of the part which is not useful is to be removed by the cutting operations RESTRIKING: Restriking is a operation in which after the trimming operation the part is taken by the unloader and put it on the transfer belt which takes it up to the another press from where the unloader takes the part and put it on the press where the die of same kind is already placed and the part is placed on the die and then operation of restrike done again. In the operation of restrike the upper die is again strike on the part which is placed on the lower die. The lower die is placed on the M.B. and the operation of restrike can be done because during the operation of drawing some design can be missed and during the restriking operation these designs can be made on the part so restriking operation is the important operation on behalf of the design of the manufacturing of part because the accuracy of the part depends upon the operation. During this operation the stroke of press can be take care so that the complete process of the designing of part can be completed with complete accuracy because the accuracy of the part is necessary because the complete design of the car can be based on the accuracy of that part. So restriking operation can be done on the part after the trimming operation so that the complete design can be made on the part. In this process again the cushion pin plays important role on the die because the cushion pins support the die to absorb the damps which are produced by the striking of upper die on the lower die and the die press is of 400 Tones which is used for the restriking operation. 25

The part on which the restriking operation an be done:

Fig 2.13: Restriking Operation

So restriking operation is done for the accurate design of the part by restrike the press on the part placed at the die. PUNCHING/PIERCING: Punching is operation in which the punch can be made on the part for the complete accuracy of it. During the punching the punches can be made on the part because punches can be necessary according to the construction and working of it, because without punches a part cant be fit into the car, so the punches are necessary according to the constructional accuracy of it. After the operation of restrike the unloader picks the part from the press and put it on the transfer belt which transfer it up to the another press where the punching operation can be done. The loader takes the part from the belt and put it on the die which is placed at the M.B. the upper part of the M.B. contains a die on it with the punches so that when it strike on the lower die the punches can be made on the part according to the construction of the die. So the punching operation is necessary according to the construction of the part. The press works fully automatically and the different parts of the press such as loader- unloader, transfer belt works automatically and plays an important role for the construction of the part during the all operations of the press. The lubricating system is also necessary for the accurate working of the press because without the complete and accurate lubrication it can’t be possible to drive such kind of heavier press. The punching operation is the last operation that can be done in the press shop and the die used for the punching operation is of 400 Tones and upper die strike on the lower die with the pressure of 400 Tones and this pressure can be maintained by the air cylinders which are placed at the top of the press. The part which is to be punched is complete in its construction and then sends it to 26

the quality check department for checking the accuracy and the defects producing during the press shop operations. The part manufactured after the press shop operation is:

Fig 2.14: Complete Structure Of the Part So during the Press Shop Department the four operations can be done (i)

Drawing

(ii)

Trimming

(iii)

Restrike

(iv)

Punching/Piercing

After these four operations the part is completely ready according the construction and shape of it. These four operations can be done on the dies of different loads the die used for the Drawing Operation is of 800 Tones and the presses used for the remaining three operations are of 400 Tones. WELDING OPERATION: After the press shop operation the part is ready for adding the different nut and bolts to be attached on it the part is sends to the welding section where the spot welding can done on it. The Spot Welding can be done on it with two different kind of welding:

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(i)

I.T. Gun Spot Welding

(ii)

Non-I.T. Gun Spot Welding

(i)

I.T. Gun Spot Welding: In I.T. Gun Spot Welding the spot welding can be done with the help of a gun which contain the transformer in it. This kind of press called as the I.T. Gun and the spot welding can do on it more easily as compare to the other welding operations. The gun used for the I.T. Gun Spot Welding is:

Fig 2.15: I.T. Gun

(ii)

Non I.T. Gun Spot Welding: In Non I.T. Gun Spot Welding operation the gun used for spot welding does not contain transformer in it. The transformer is placed outside of the gun. The name of the Non I.T. Gun is Non Integrated Transformer Gun for spot welding. The gun used for Non I.T. Gun Spot Welding is:

Fig 2.16: Non I.T. Gun

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Spot Welding can be done on the parts because it support the aerodynamic condition because it is light in weight as comparison to the other welding techniques and its cost is less as compare to other welding techniques. After the welding process the part is sends to the final Quality Section where the quality of the part and the accuracy of the part can be checked. QUALITY SECTION: After the welding process the part is sends to the quality section where the quality checker checks the quality and accuracy of the part because it is essential to check the accuracy of part. The defects can be checked at that department because it is necessary that a part should be accurate because without the accuracy it can’t be fitted into the car. So it is necessary to checked out and solves these problems of the part the certain defects that can be produced on the surface of the sheet during the press shop operations are: (i)

Overlap

(ii)

Cracks

(iii)

Wrinkle

(iv)

Deformation

(v)

Dent

These are the different defects that produced on the surface of the sheet during the press operation such as drawing, trimming, restriking and punching. During these operations these defects can produced so it is necessary to check these defects because these defects are not to be favorable according to the structure of the part. So in quality checking section the checker check this defects and solves these by different operations. So this is the manufacturing process of the parts in which following three stages can be used: (i)

Press Shop Operations

(ii)

Welding Shop Operations

(iii)

Quality Checking Section

And after these three stages the part is ready for the supply and fitted into the car. So this is the manufacturing process of the different parts.

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CHAPTER-3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 3.1

RESULTS:

3.1.1 Successful Development Of The Part: In the final we getting the result of the successful development of the part. The part can be developed according to its profile which is provided by the company to the engineers. According to its structure a die can be used for the manufacturing of the part. For the manufacturing of the different parts different dies can be used which are according to the shape of the part. The die is loaded on the M.B. and M.B. can be placed inside the press as the lower unit and a upper portion of the die can be attached to the upper M.B. with the help of studs. When the die is loaded then the complete automatic process of the press starts and the pressure starts creating in the cylinders which are attached at the top portion of the press. When the pressure completes then the upper die completes its stroke and the single- single operations can be completed on different presses. The presses used for these different operations are of different pressures the press used for the drawing operation is of 800 Tones and the presses used for the remaining operations are of 400 Tones that means the upper die strikes on the lower one with that pressure. The damps produced in the press by this strike are absorbed by the damping unit which is under the cushion bed. The M.B. is placed on the cushion bed and the damps can be absorbed by the damping unit. After the every operation complete the part sends to the welding shop where the nut and bolts are attached to the part according to the constructional detail of the part with the help of the spot welding and at last the part is checked by the quality checkers and ready for delivery. So this is the successful development of the part.

3.1.2

Get The Chance To Gain The Knowledge: After watching the complete

phenomenon of manufacturing of part we are able to getting the knowledge about the different press operation such as drawing, trimming, restriking and punching. The different part of the die works in a different manner and these are automatically done so after watching these operations we are able to get the knowledge of different press operations.

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After the different press phenomenon the different welding operations are performed on it. The welding operation is used is the Spot Welding operation in which spot welding can be done in different two ways: (i)

I.T. Gun

(ii)

Non I.T. Gun

These are the two welding operation which are used for the spot welding so we get the knowledge about the different spot welding techniques and machines which are used for spot welding. By watching this complete we are able to get the knowledge of the different processes that can be used in the factory for the manufacturing of different parts. So after getting the complete training we get the knowledge of different processes.

3.2

DISCUSSIONS:

3.2.1

Defects Produced In Sheet: During discussion we discuss about the problem

facing during the manufacturing process of the different parts. Basically the main problem can be faced is of different defects produced during the manufacturing phenomenon. The different defects produced are:

(i)

Wrinkle

(ii)

Overlapping

(iii)

Crack

(iv)

Deformation

(v)

Dent.

These are the main problems that are faced during the manufacturing process of part. These defects can be discussed during the training

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Fig 3.1: Defects Produced In The Sheet

3.2.2

Problem Produced In The Presses: There are different problem that

produced during the working condition of press and these defects can be studied or discussed during training. The different defects produced in the presses are : (i)

Lubrication Problem

(ii) Pressure Problem These are the problems that are produced during the working condition of the press. So these defects can be discussed or solved out during training.

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CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION In conclusion we are discussed to solve the problems produced during the working condition of the press and manufacturing of the parts. To solve the defects produced on the surface of the sheet during different press operations different processes can be used if the damage is small and it can easily be repaired then it can be machined and repaired it but if the defect is not be able to correct then the sheet can be thrown into the scrap. If the problems are small and it can easily be repaired then different operations such as hammering, machining can be used. After applying these processes the defects can be removed the surface of sheet because without removing these defects it can’t be possible to use these parts. A defected piece can’t be used in the manufacturing of the car so it is necessary to remove theses defects. In conclusion we discussed the process used for the removal of the defects. There are certain defects produced during the working of press. The different defects produced during the press operation are lubrication problem, less pressure produced in the cylinders. It is necessary to solve these problems because without solving these problems the press can’t work automatically. If any operation of the press stops working then press stops working so it is necessary to solve these problems. Sometimes the pump of lubrication stop working and the press stops working. So this effect can be checked out and clear it so that the press should work properly. Sometimes the cylinder cannot produce proper pressure for the stroke of the die so it is necessary to solve this problem that the press should stroke properly. The pump stops working and the pressure stops producing in the cylinders and due to this the press stops working so we find out the problem and solve this so that press should work properly. So these are the basic conclusions that are made to solve the problems produced during the different operations.

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