Capacitacion Profesional en Praderas-130909152930

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Inpnidt Inp nidtnidùj nidùj n prge sdgjnm s j st stnhm nhm idad jt jtg g y anj og ` prn` rns

Inpnidtnidùj n prgeksdgjnmks kj kstnhmkidadkjtg y anjkog `k prn`krns

Nutgrks

Nmhkrtg Admn Vrdktg. D.N., A.Yi Onvdkr Hkrjnm Kussk. D.N., Vb.@.

Xkvdsdùj tkxtgs

Bäitgr Ogsk Njzgmn Uîzqukz. Ek`kcîj- EJC Inadmg Nrdns [siîtkcud. Ek`kcîj- EJC

DYHJ 432-4;2-2042-84-0

Hgcgtî, oujdg `k 86>>

8

IGJPKJD@G Prnjsekrkjidn `k tkijgmgcán n prgeksdgjnmks `k inapg Prnjsekrkjidn kj km kstnhmkidadkjtg y anjkog `k prn`krns

>. 8. 9.

VXKYKJPNIDÙJ ......................................................................................................................................... ; YDCJDEDIN@G @K MN KRPKJYDÙJ T PXNJYEKXKJIDN PXNJYEKXKJIDN @K MN PKIJGMGCÁN PKIJGMGCÁN N ANTGX@GAGY AN TGX@GAGY,, KJINXCN@GY T GVKXNXDGY @K MNY EDJINY CNJN@KXNY .................... ; ANXIG IGJIKVP[ IGJIKVP[NM NM ........................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ........................ 5 9.>. Dapgrtnjidn `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns kj mgs sdstkans `k prgùiidùj hgvdjn ...... 5 9.8. Nspkitgs agregmùcdigs y ekjgmùcdigs `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns ................................. 5 9.9. Igjsd`krnidgjks Igjsd`krnidgjks kig﬎sdgmùcdi kig﬎sdgmùcdins ns `k mns pnsturns ............................................................... 3 0. KM Y[KMG Y[KMG,, Y[ DAVGXPN DAVGXPNJIDN JIDN T @KEDJDIDÙJ .................................................................................. 2 0.>. Inrnitkrástdins Inrnitkrástdins eásdins `km sukmg ................................................................................................. 4 0.>.> Pkxt Pkxturn urn ............................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... .................... 4 0.>.8 Kstruiturn ................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................. .............. 4 0.>.9 Bgrdzgjtks ............................................................................................................................. 4 0.8. Anjkog `km ak`dg eásdig `km sukmg ........................................................................................... >6 0.9. Mnhgrkg `km sukmg .................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ...... >6 0.0. Inrnitkrástdins quáadins `km sukmg .......................................................................................... >6 0.0.> Antkrdn grcîjdin (AG) ...................................................................................................... >6 0.;. Xkniidùj `km sukmg g pB .............................................................................................................. 0.5. Inpnid`n` `k djtkrinahdg `k Intdgjks (IDI) ..................................................................... 0.3. Hnsks djtkrinahdnhmks ................................................................................................................. 0.2. Ekrtdmd`n` .......................................................................................................................................... 0.4. Kmkakjtgs kskjidnmks pnrn mns pmnjtns .................................................................................. 0.>6. Anjkog `k mn ekrtdmd`n` .............................................................................................................. 0.>>. Inusns `km anm `ksnrrgmmg `ksnrrgmmg `k mns mns pmnjtns pmnjtns kj sukmgs îid`gs .......................................... 0.>8. Igjtrgm `k mn nid`kz ................................................................................................................... 0.>9. Hkjk﬎idgs `k mns kjadkj`ns .................................................................................................. 0.>0. Ekrtdmdznidùj .................................................................................................................................. 0.>;. Nmcujns igjsd`krnidgjks pnrn km usg usg k﬎idkjtk `k mgs ekrtdmdznjtks .......................... 0.>5. Adirggrcnjdsags y antkrdn grcîjdin ................................................................................... 0.>3. Kjadkj`ns grcîjdins .................................................................................................................

>> >> >8 >8 >8 >8 >8 >9 >9 >9 >9 >9 >0

0.>2. Igjskrvnidùj `k sukmgs ............................................................................................................ ;. KYPNHMKIDADKJPG KYPNHMKIDADKJPG N@KI[N@ N@KI[N@G G @K MNY VXN@KXNY .................................................................. ;.>. Ydkahrn `k prn`krns ................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ;.8. Äpgin ................................................................................................................................................. ;.9. Ydstkans `k sdkahrn ................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ;.9.> Ydkahrn Ydkahrn akinjdzn`n ....................................................................................................... ;.9.8 Ydkahrn anjunm ................................................................................................................ ;.0. @kjsd`n` `k sdkahrn .................................................................................................................. ;.;. Aätg`g Aätg`g `k sdkahrn ..................................................................................................................... ;.5. Antkrdnmks `k prgpncnidùj ....................................................................................................... ;.3. Iunjtg vnmk km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns ...................................................................... ;.2. Iuîjtg vnmk mn rkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns ..................................................................................

>0 >; >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >3 >3 >3 >3 86

9

0

;.4. Anjkog `k prn`krns ...................................................................................................................... 5. VXDJIDVDGY @K NVXGUKIBNADKJP NVXGUKIBNADKJPG G @K MGY EGXXNOKY .......................................................... 5.>. Km pnstgrkg ............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ ........... 5.8. Igjsuag `k egrrnok hnog pnstgrkg ......................................................................................... 5.9. Vujtg `k igskibn `k mn pnsturn ............................................................................................... 5.0. Pdpgs `k pnstgrkg .......................................................................................................................... 5.;. Ydstkans `k pnstgrkg ............................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ....

8> 88 89 89 89 80 80

5.;.> Vnstgrkg igjtdjug ............................................................................................................ ..... ....................................................................................................... 5.;.8 Vnstgrkg nmtkrjg ................................................................................................................ 5.;.9 Vnstgrkg rgtnidgjnm............................................................................................................. 5.5. Anjtkjdadkjtg `k prn`krns ..................................................................................................... 3. @KYIXDVIDÙJ @K NIPDUD@N@KY ........................................................................................................ 2. XKIGJGIDADKJP XKIGJGIDADKJPG G K D@KJPDEDINIDÙJ D@KJPDEDINIDÙJ @K MNY KYVKIDKY EGXXNOKXNY IGAKXIDNMKY .............................................................................................................. ......................................................................... ..................................... 2.>. Ghoktdvg ............................................................................................................................................ 2.8. Cuán? Inrnitkrástdins agregmùcdins `k mns kspkidks kspkidks egrrnokrns egrrnokrns `k usg igakridnm .... 2.9. Njîmdsds `k sukmgs ................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................... .......... 2.9.> Pg Pgan an `k aukstrns ............................................................................................................ 2.9.8 Nspkitgs eásdigs `km sukmg .............................................................................................. 2.9.9 Ksinmns `k inmd﬎inidùj .....................................................................................................

80 80 80 80 8; 85 85 85 83 83 83 83

2.0. Vrîitdin `k sdkahrn y ekrtdmdznidùj ........................................................................................... 2.0.> Vnrtk gpkrntdvn .................................................................................................................. ...................... ............................................................................................ 2.0.8 Npmdinidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks ............................................................................................. 2.0.9 Djgiumnidùj `k skadmmns `k mkcuadjgsns ................................................................. 2.;. Prnhnog kj km numn ........................................................................................................................... 2.;.> Ydkahrn `k kspkidks egrrnokrns .................................................................................... 2.;.8 Aätg`gs `k sdkahrn ........................................................................................................ 2.;.9 Kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznidùj ............................................................................................... 2.;.0 Anjkog `k prn`krns ......................................................................................................... 2.;.; @ktkradjnidgjks kj inapg ......................................................................................... 2.;.5 Iîmiumg `k inpnid`n`ks `k inrcn `k mns pnsturns ................................................. 2.;.3 Xkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns ................................................................................................ 2.;.2 Kstrntkcdn `k rkjgvnidùj `k mn prn`krn .................................................................... 2.;.4 Kstu`dg `k insg insg y prgpukstn igapmktn `k mgs prgiksgs prgiksgs ..................................... 4. XKEKXKJIDNY @GI[AKJP @GI[AKJPNMKY NMKY ........................................................................................................

82 82 82 84 84 84 84 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 9>

>. VXKYKJPNIDÙJ? Mgs prgcrnans `k djjgvnidùj tkijgmùcdin sgj pnrtk `k mn prgykiidùj `k EK@KCNJ EK@ KCNJ pnrn mgs sdstkans `k prgùiidùj hgvdjn n jdvkm jnidgjnm. Mn dapmkakjtnidùj `k kstgs prgcrnans sk rknmdzn n trnväs `k nmdnjzns y igjvkjdgs kstrntäcdigs igj km njprgeksdgjnmks `k kokiutnr pmnjks `k inpnidtnidùj

`km skitgr cnjn`krg quk pgr su vdjiumnidùj igj mgs sdstkans `k prgùiidùj hgvdjn puk`kj ckjkrnr uj akogr `ksnrrgmmg

kj mns in`kjns ncrgprgùitdvns `k mns djùstrdns iîrjdins y mîitdins.

Km ghoktdvg ikjtrnm `km igjvkjdg YKJN-

EK@KCNJ ks prgvkkr n mgs prgeksdgjnmks mgs igjgidadkjtgs y bnhdmd`n`ks pnrn djtkrprktnr,, nrcuakjtnr, `dsiutdr y egraudjtkrprktnr mnr kstrntkcdns nprgpdn`ns y sgstkjdhmks pnrn km kstnhmkidadkjtg y anjkog `k kspkidks egrrnokrns kj `dekrkjtks kigrkcdgjks cnjn`krns `km pnás.

Igj kstk iursg mgs pnrtdidpnjtks rkidhdrîj ujn inpnidtnidùj igjikptunm y prîitdin sghrk mgs igapgjkjtks y enitgrks quk bnikj pnrtk kj mgs prgiksgs `k kstnhmkidadkjtg y anjkog rnidgjnm y sgstkjdhmk

`k pnsturns.

Kj aùùmgKmskprdakrg igjsd`krnj 8 hmgquks `k kstk djstruiidùj. igaprkj`k mn dapgrtnjidn ncrgkigmùcdin `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns, su npgrtk jutrdidgjnm, km njîmdsds, anjkog y igjskrvnidùj `k mgs

rkiursgs jnturnmks igag mgs sukmgs mns ncuns, mn grn y mgs njdanmks, `kjtrg `k

uj irdtkrdg prgùitdvg, pkrg `k sgstkjdhdmd`n` kigjùadin y nahdkjtnm. Kj km skcuj`g hmgquk sk trntnj mns djtkrniidgjks sukmg- egrrnokrgs nsá igag mgs igstgs `k

kstnhmkidadkjtg y anjtkjdadkjtg `k mns prn`krns kj mns `dekrkjtks kigrrkcdgjks cnjn`krns quk sk ntkj`krîj kj km prkskjtk prgykitg.

8. YDCJDEDIN@G @K MN KRPKJYDÙJ T PXNJYEKXKJIDN @K PKIJGMGCÁN N AN ANTGX@GAGY, TGX@GAGY, KJINXCN@GY T GVKXNXDGY @K MNY EDJINY CNJN@KXNY. [j enitgr kskjidnm pnrn mn n`gpidùj, noustk k dapmkakjtnidùj `k mns jukvns

tkijgmgcáns mg igjstdtuykj mgs nckjtks quk bnikj prkskjidn kj mns jins y quk

sghrk sus bgahrgs rkink crnj pnrtk `k mn rkspgjsnhdmd`n` y km igaprgadsg `k mmkvnr n inhg tg`ns mns nitdvd`n`ks prgcrnan`ns `kjtrg `km `ksnrrgmmg kaprksnrdnm `km sdstkan prgùitdvg. Vgr kstn rnzùj ks quk kstk aùùmg cuán kstî `d-

Km mmnan`g kjtgjiks kj kstk igapgjkjigapgjkjtk ks ujn djvdtnidùj n mgs prgeksdgjnmks k djstruitgrks n anjtkjkrsk kj igjtnitg erkiukjtk igj km pkrsgjnm nàdjdstrntdvg y `k npgyg täijdig kj mns jins pnrn ckjkrnr igjnjzn y rkspktg autug quk

pkradtnj djtkrinahdnr kxpkrdkjidns jkcntdvns y pgsdtdvns k djtkrnitunr igjvkjdkjtkakjtk igj km ghoktg `k igjirktnr mns akogrks gpidgjks täijdins y prgùi-

rdcd`g n mgs qukmns kstîj kj igjtnitg igjprgeksdgjnmks km pkrsgjnm `k jins,

tdvnsujpnrn km sdstkan cnjn`krg `kjtrg `k igjtkxtg `k sgstkjdhdmd`n` sgidgkigjùadin y nahdkjtnm.

`gs igj km j `k prgykitnr y inpdtnmdznr

Iunmqudkr kseukrzg `drdcd`g n mn kùinidùj y inpnidtnidùj `k jukstrgs trnhnon`grks sk vkrî rkigapkjsn`g igj irkiks yn quk km igapgjkjtk buanjg `khk skr mg aîs vnmgrn`g y prkidn`g kj jukstrns kaprksns cnjn`krns y rkigr`kags? Mn anjg `krkibn `km nsdstkjtk g ckrkjtk täijdig ks km anygr`gag y `k su `kskapkþg n`kiun`g `kpkj`k km prgcrksg `k

pnrn quk igapnrtnj mgs igjgidadkjtgs, kxpkrdkjidns y inpnidtnidgjks n`qudrdmns hgj`n`ks `k mns jukvns tkijgmgcáns ckjkrn`ns kj km inapg `k mns kspkidks y rkiursgs egrrnokrgs, kspkidnmakjtk kj

mgs tkans `k djtkrniidùj sukmg-pmnjtnnjdanm- nahdkjtk, kstnhmkidadkjtg y an-

jkog ùptdag `k prn`krns, jg sgmg kj mn

pnrtk igjikptunm, sdjg tnahdäj kj tg`gs mgs prgiksgs gpkrntdvgs quk igjùikj nm `ksnrrgmmg `km kaprksnrdg cnjn`krg `k mns `dekrkjtks kigrkcdgjks.

jukstrns jins.

;

9. ANXIG IGJIKVP[NM 9.> Dapgrtnjidn `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns kj mgs sdstkans `k prgùiidùj hgvdjn. Mns kspkidks egrrnokrns igjstdtuykj ujn

ighkrturn vkcktnm pkranjkjtk hnsk `k mn kstnhdmd`n` `km sukmg y rkeucdg `k mn hdg`dvkrsd`n` quk anjtdkjk km kqudmdhrdg

prgùiidùj igjstnjtk ùrnjtk tg`g km nþg `n`ns mns bgrns muz y rn`dnidùj sgmnr kekitdvn pnrn mn prgùiidùj y niuaumnidùj `k egrrnok vkr`k y antkrdn skin n

jnturnm dapgrtnjtk pnrn mn sgstkjdhdmd`n` `ktnj tg`g uj ncrgkigsdstkan. @ks`k km pujtg `k vdstn prgùitdvg mgs pnstgs y

pnrtdr prgiksg egtgsájtksds iuyg djsuag`kmhîsdig ks `k mn kjkrcán muaájdin.

egrrnoks sgj km sustkjtg nmdakjtdidg aîs

Mgs rkiursgs egrrnokrgs hîsdinakjtk mg

nhuj`njtk y hnrntg pnrn tg`gs mgs bkrhávgrgs djimuykj`g ruadnjtks y njdanmks akjgrks. Mgs igapukstgs grcîjdigs eukjtk `k hrn y inrhgbd`rntgs pnrn mgs

njdanmks sgj mgs igapgjkjtks jgranmks `k mn pnrk` ikmumnr `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns ks `kidr mn ikmumgsn y bkadikmu mgsn quk egranj km igapmkog nmdakjtdidg

aîs iunjtdgsg kj km rkdjg vkcktnm.

Igmgahdn pgr su uhdinidùj kj mn ernjon kiuntgrdnm prkskjtn igag vkjtnon mn

igjegranj crnaájkns y mkcuadjgsns, sdj kahnrcg, sk bnj kvnmun`g gtrns enadmdns hgtîjdins quk tdkjkj pgtkjidnm `k usg kj mn jutrdidùj njdanm. Pnjtg mn mkibk igag mn inrjk prgùid`n sgj hdkjks `k igjsuag prdgrdtnrdg pnrn mn pghmnidùj, km rktg kjtgjiks igjsdstk kj kapmknr tkijgmgcáns nprgpdn`ns y mgcrnr prgùiidgjks n hnog igstg igj km usg ansdvg k djtkjsdvg `k pnstgs y egrrnoks pnrn

cnrnjtdznr uj suadjdstrg n`kiun`g `k prgtkájn njdanm pnrn mgs igjsuad`grks.

9.8 Nspkitgs agregmùcdigs y ekjgmùcdigs `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns. Mns prn`krns kstîj igjstdtud`ns prdjidpnmakjtk pgr kspkidks pkrtkjkidkjtks n mns enadmdns crnadjknk y mkcuadjgsnk y su `dstrdhuidùj kj mn igrtkzn tkrrkstrk kstî djukjidn`n pgr km imdan (tkapkrnturn, mmuvdn, nmtdtu`) y km sukmg (prgpdk`n`ks

eásdins, quáadins y hdgmùcdins), pgr kmmg ks

quk mns kspkidks egrrnokrns sk n`nptnj n

mns `dekrkjtks zgjns `k vd`n quk gerkikj

inrnitkrástdins kspkiáins `k rkcáakjks

`k buak`n`, tkapkrnturn y nmtdtu`, bnidkj`g pgsdhmk `kid`dr su vginidùj `k usg. Mns kspkidks egrrnokrns prkskjtnj ujn

`ktkradjn`n egran `k irkidadkjtg y `ksnrrgmmg quk n su vkz grdkjtnj pnrn mn ana njkrn kidkjtk `k su usg y kxpmgtnidùj. Kj

täradjgs ckjkrnmks kxdstkj 9 tdpgs agregmùcdigs quk cghdkrjnj km irkidadkjtg `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns? Krkitns, skadkrkitns y `kiuahkjtks g pgstrn`ns. Mns pmnjtns egrrnokrns krkitns tdkjkj

uj irkidadkjtg y `ksnrrgmmg rghustg igj tnmmgs mnrcgs y `dstnjidns napmdns kj mgs kjtrkju`gs quk bnikj quk igjegrakj uj irkidadkjtg g nrqudtkiturn krkitn quk `k-

tkradjnj uj kapmkg pnrn igrtk akiîjdig igj usg kj crnj`ks îrkns `k igskibn`grns pdin`grns, cun`nþns g skcn`grns g kj pkqukþns îrkns anjunmakjtk igj anibktk. Kjtrk kstns kspkidks sk `kstninj mns `km cäjkrg Vkjjdsktua, kjtrk kmmns Vkjjdsktua purpurkua y sus vnrdk`n`ks igjgid`ns igag kmkenjtks, tnahdäj kstîj mns kspkidks `k Ygrcbua spp g sgrcgs egrrnokrgs, Nvkjn spp tnjtg `k idimg igrtg igag `k idimg mnrcg, Anáiks egrrnokrgs, pnstg dapkrdnm (Nxgjgpus sigpnrdus), pnstg Cuntkanmn (Prdpsniua mnxua), pnstg hrnsdmkrg (Vbnmnrds spp), inþn egrrnokrn (Ynibnrua geidjnrua). Mn anygrán `k mkcuadjgsns nrhùrkns y nrhustdvns puk`kj igjsd`krnrsk `kjtrg `k kstn intkcgrán. Mns pmnjtns egrrnokrns

skadkrkitns, tdkjkj uj irkidadkjtg dj`k-

tkradjn`g y `k niukr`g igj km anjkog

puk`kj n`qudrdr ujn agregmgcán rnstrkrn iunj`g sgj sgaktd`ns n pnstgrkg g ujn agregmgcán mgjcdtu`djnm iunj`g sgj igrtn`ns akiîjdinakjtk, kstg qudkrk `kidr quk kstns kspkidks tdkjkj ujn tkj`kjidn `k usg pnrn mgs `gs tdpgs `k irkidadkjtg

5

g skn puk`kj skr pnstgrkn`ns g igrtn`ns, kjtrk mns kspkidks `k usg trn`didgjnm

cmktgj (@dibnjtdua nrdstntua), y mkcu-

adjgsns bkrhîikns y kstgmgjáekrns igag

igj kstk tdpg `k agregmgcán kstîj crnaá jkns igag Vnjdiua anxdaua, pnstgs igag mgs rndcrnsks (Mgmdua spp) mgs pnstgs nmkaîj (Kibyjgibmgn pgmdstnibydn) y pnrî (Hrnibdnrdn autdin) y mns kspkidks `k Hrnibdnrdn hrdznjtbn. Iumtdvnrks Anrnj`ÿ, Mn Mdhkrtn`, y Aumntg 8. Mns pmnjtns egrrnokrns `kiuahkjtks tdkjkj ckjkrnmakjtk tnmmgs ag`din`gs igag

kstgmgjks y rdzgans quk `ktkradjnj uj irkidadkjtg pgstrn`g y rnstrkrg quk mns bnikj auy tgmkrnjtks nm pnstgrkg y nm kekitg `k mgs njdanmks igag km pdsgtkg y igjsuag `drkitg kj mn prn`krn, kstns kspkidks tdkjkj ujn crnj inpnid`n` `k prgpncnidùj pgr ván vkcktntdvn mg quk cnrnjtdzn su pkrsdstkjidn y ncrksdvd`n`, sdkj`g crnj`ks ntrdhutgs pnrn ujn mnrcn vd`n ÿtdm kj km kigsdstkan `k mns prn`krns. Kjtrk mns kspkidks aîs `kstnin`ns kj Igmgahdn kstîj mgs pnstgs ldluyg (Vkjjdsktua imnj`kstdjua), kstrkmmn (Iyjg`gj jmkaeukjsds) Hrnibdnrdns< `kiuahkjs, buad`digmn, `ditygjkurn, imdaniujn (@dibnjtdua njjumntua), nj-

anjá egrrnokrg pkrkjjk (Nrnibds pdjtgd), lu`zÿ (Vukrnrdn pbnskgmgd`ks), trähgm hmnjig (Prdegmdua rkpkjs) y trähgm rgog (Prdegmdua prntkjsk), trähgm pntn `k pîonrg (Mgtus spp).

Kj iunjtg n mn ekjgmgcán sdapmkakjtk sk `khk bnikr nmusdùj n mgs kstn`gs g ktnpns `k irkidadkjtg y `ksnrrgmmg sdgmùcdig quk nekitnj km igapgrtnadkjtg prgùitdvg `k mgs hgvdjgs igag sgj mgs kstn`gs vkcktntdvg y rkprgùitdvg. Mn akogr rkspukstn njdanm sk igjsdcuk kj

mn ensk vkcktntdvn `gj`k kjigjtrnags ujn nmtn prgpgridùj `k bgons y tnmmgs sk iuj`nrdgs g anigmmns quk sgj km tkod`g egrrnokrg ans jutrdtdvg pnrn mgs njdan -

mks. Kj mn ktnpn rkprgùitdvn mgs egtgnsdadmn`gs igag sustnjidns nzuinrn`ns y prgtkájdins sk trnjsmginj n mgs ùrcnjgs rkprgùitdvgs igag grks, erutgs y sk admmns nekitnj`g jkcntdvnakjtk km vnmgr jutrdtdvg `k mns pnsturns y pgr mg tnjtg km `kskapkþg prgùitdvg `k mgs njdanmks kj pnstgrkg.

9.9 Igjsd`krnidgjks kigsdgmùcdins `k mns pnsturns. @n`n mn aumtdpmdid`n` `k enitgrks quk djtkrvdkjkj kj mn `djîadin y igapgrtnadkjtg prgùitdvg `k mns pnsturns kstns sgj igjsd`krn`ns uj kigsdstkan. Mgs prgiksgs quk suik`kj kj kstk sdstkan kigmùcdig sgj hnstnjtk `djîadigs y `ksirdhkj mns djtkrrkmnidgjks kxdstkjtks kjtrk pmnjtns, njdanmks, sukmgs y imdan. In`n igapgjkjtk `km sdstkan nekitn g ks nekitn`g pgr mgs gtrgs igapgjkjtks. Xkigjgid`g km bkibg `k quk vnrdgs `k

Kjtgjiks km igjgidadkjtg `k mn rkniidùj `k mns pmnjtns n mgs igrtks y pnstgrkgs ks hîsdig pnrn igjikhdr uj sdstkan `k an-

mgs igapgjkjtks `kks ujdapgrtnjtk sdstkan `ktkjkr pnsturns kstîj mdcn`gs kj iukjtn quk mn rkspukstn n`kiun`n `k

jgidadkjtg ks dapgrtnjtk pnrnkjkjtkj`kr mns djtkrniidgjks quk giurrkj mns prn`krns, pkrg mn pkrspdinidn y ghskrvnidùj pkrsgjnm `ktnmmn`n sgj daprksidj`dhmks pnrn anjtkjkr km kqudmdhrdg kj km sdstkan

mns kspkidks egrrnokrns n mns igj`didgjks

`k igrtk g pnstgrkg puk`k skr igjskcud-

jkog quk prgpdidk ujn nmtn prgùitdvd`n` `k mns egrrnokrns igj kmkvn`g vnmgr jutrd tdvg quk pkradtn km noustk `km irkidadkjtg

`k mgs pnstgs n mns jkiksd`n`ks `k mgs njdanmks, sdj igaprgaktkr mn pkrsdstkjidn `k mn prn`krn. Vgr kstn rnzùj ks quk km anjkog n`kiun`g `k mns prn`krns kxdck nm adsag tdkapg idkjidn y nrtk. Km ig-

`g n trnväs `km anjkog nprgpdn`g `k mns

VMNJPN - NJDANM - Y[KMG - IMDAN ANJKOG.

Kj vkr`n` mns egrrnokrns utdmdzn`ns ni -

Mns pmnjtns, mgs bkrhávgrgs, mgs djskitgs y mgs adirggrcnjdsags sgj mgs prdjidpnmks igapgjkjtks hdgmùcdigs quk djtkrnitÿnj kj uj sdstkan `k prn`krns, nsá pgr koka pmg mgs njdanmks nekitnj km irkidadkjtg `k mns pmnjtns n trnväs `k mn `kegmdnidùj,

prn`krns.

tunmakjtk kj prn`krns sgj nqukmmns quk sk n`nptnj n mns igj`didgjks `km ak`dg nahdkjtk kj km quk vdvdrîj pgr mnrcg tdkapg igj inpnid`n` pnrn rkhrgtnr `kspuäs `k igrtks y pnstgrkgs suiksdvgs.

3

km pdsgtkg y km rktgrjg `k mgs jutrdkjtks igjtkjd`gs kj mns bkiks y kj mn grdjn. Vgr gtrg mn`g mns pmnjtns nekitnj n mgs njdanmks n trnväs `k mn injtd`n` y mn inmd`n` `km

Mns inrnitkrástdins eásdins y mn ekrtdmd`n` `k mgs sukmgs puk`kj nekitnr km irkidadkjtg y mn igapgsdidùj quáadin `k mns pmnjtns egrrnokrns. Vgr gtrg mn`g mn kx -

egrrnok `dspgjdhmk km iunm vnrán kj eujidùj `k mn prgùiidùj `k mns pmnjtns egrrnok-

rns. Mgs adirggrcnjdsags djtkrnitÿnj `drkitn g dj`drkitnakjtk igj mns pmnjtns y igj mgs njdanmks, mns djtkrniidgjks puk`kj skr hkjäins g pkrou`didnmks.

trniidùj `k ncun y `k jutrdkjtks pgr mns rnáiks y mn `kvgmuidùj `k mgs rksdùgs vkcktnmks nm sukmg nekitnj mns igj`didgjks quáadins `km adsag. @k egran sdadmnr sdadmnr,, mgs njdanmks puk`kj nekitnr mns igj`didgjks eásdins y quáadins `k mgs sukmgs n trnväs

Mgs adirggrcnjdsags igag hnitkrdns on`grns `k jdtrùckjg, mgs mns bgjcgs y mn adirggrn `km ruakj, kstdaumnj km irkid-

`kmmnpdsgtkg y mn `kpgsdidùj `k kxirktns kj prn`krn.

Mgs igapgjkjtks hdgmùcdigs `k mn prn`krn puk`kj djtkrnitunr igj mgs igapgjkjtks `km imdan y `km sukmg. Mgs enitgrks imdaî-

n`qudsdidùj `k mns skadmmns ikrtdin`ns, oujtg igj mgs djsuags jkiksnrdgs pnrn

adkjtg `k mns pmnjtns y mgs njdanmks. Kj iunjtg n mgs adirggrcnjdsags pntùckjgs puk`kj inusnr ujn kjekrak`n` y mmkvnr bnstn mn aukrtk. [j nspkitg `djîadig `k mns djtkrniidgjks hdùtdins puk`k skr vdsunmdzn`g n mg mnrcg `km tdkapg pgr mn niidùj `k adirggrcnjdsags quk `ksigapgjkj mgs rksdùgs `k pmnjtns y njdanmks, mdhkrnj`g jutrdkjtks pnrn km sdstkan.

tdigs igagpuk`kj mn tkapkrnturn, mmuvdns y mn rn`dnidùj nekitnr kmmnsirkidadkjtg `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns. @k mn adsan

anjkrn mns pmnjtns puk`kj nmtkrnr km adirgimdan `k mn prn`krn, `kpkj`dkj`g `km anjkog quk mks ks dapukstg n trnväs `k mn

anygr g akjgr idriumnidùj `k ndrk y pkjktrnidùj `k mn muz n mn igaujd`n` vkcktnm.

[jg `k mgs prdjidpdgs kskjidnmks kj mn prgùiidùj `k egrrnoks ks mn igjsd `krnidùj `k mgs pnstgs igag iumtdvgs, kstg qudkrk `kidr quk km cnjn`krg `khk pkjsnr prkidsnakjtk igag ncrdiumtgr y `ksnrrgmmnr tg`ns mns prîitdins ncrgjùadins jkiksnrdns pnrn km nprgpdn`g kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mns pnsturns. @khk djdidnr igj mn skmkiidùj `k mns kspkidks n`nptn`ns nm ak`dg kigmùcdig y mukcg mn uj prgiksg n`kiun`g `k mn sdkahrn,

quk sukmgs, n`kaîsäpgins, `khk djimudr mn prkpnrnidùj `k `kjsd`n`ks, aätg`gs, `dstnjidns `k sdkahrn, kvnmunidùj y agjdtgrkg `k pmncns, kjekrak`n`ks y pmnjtns igapktd`grns, bnstn igjskcudr ujns prn`krns hdkj kstnhmkid`ns prgùitdvns, jutrdtdvns y pkrsdstkjtks.

0. KM Y[KMG, Y[ DAVGXPNJIDN T @KEDJDIDÙJ. Yukmg ks mn inpn supkridnm `k mn tdkrrn

kj mn iunm sk `kskjvukmvk prîitdinakjtk tg`n mn vd`n `k mn pnrtk skin `km pmnjktn. Ks `k kspksgr vnrdnhmk, pkrg kj ckjkrnm ks `kmcn`n y erîcdm. Kj kstn inpn kstîj sustkjtn`gs mgs vkcktnmks, sk kjiukjtrn mn anygr pnrtk `k mgs adirggrcnjdsags, sk kekitÿn km rkidimnadkjtg `k jutrdkjtks, sk nmdakjtnj mgs njdanmks, sk kekitÿn crnj pnrtk `km idimg `km ncun y ks kj rksuakj antkrdnm `k hnsk sghrk km iunm sk sustkjtn mn vd`n tkrrkstrk. Mn `kcrn`nidùj y pär`d`n `k mns inrnitkrástdins tápdins `km sukmg igjùikj n mn `kskrtdin idùj, kj mn iunm ästk ks rkkapmnzn`g pgr ujn niuaumnidùj `k antkrdnmks djkrtks, djinpniks `k rknmdznr mn eujidùj hîsdin `k mn prgùiidùj `k nmdakjtgs.

Km sukmg ks km antkrdnm jg igjsgmd`n`g quk sk kjiukjtrn kj mn pnrtk supkrdgr `k mn igrtkzn tkrrkstrk y quk sdrvk igag ak`dg jnturnm pnrn km irkidadkjtg `k mns pmnjtns. Insd tg`gs mgs sukmgs sgj akzimns `k pnrtáiumns adjkrnmks, antkrdn grcîjdin kj vnrdgs crn`gs `k `ksigapgsdidùj, dgjks y kmkakjtgs quáadigs, ndrk y ncun kj prgpgridgjks vnrdnhmks. Yk puk`k `kjdr nsá? ”Km sukmg ks uj

iukrpg jnturnm igapukstg `k sùmd`gs (adjkrnmks y antkrdn grcîjdin) máqud`gs y cnsks quk giurrk kj mn supkridk `k mn

tdkrrn, giupn uj kspnidg y sk inrnitkrdzn g pgr quk tdkjk bgrdzgjtks g inpns quk sk `dekrkjidnj `km antkrdnm djdidnm igag rksumtn`g `k mns n`didgjks, pär`d`ns,

2

trnjsmginidgjks y trnjsegranidgjks `k kjkrcán y antkrdn g pgrquk ks inpnz `k sgpgrtnr pmnjtns nrrndcn`ns kj uj na-

8668. Djtrgùiidùj n mn Idkjidn `km Yuk -

mg. [jdvkrsd`n` Jnidgjnm `k Igmgahdn. Eniumtn` `k Idkjidns. Ak`kmmáj).

hdkjtk jnturnm‑ (Pgan`g (Pgan`g `k Onrnadmmg, @.

0.> Inrnitkrástdins eásdins `km sukmg.

Km sukmg kstî igapukstg pgr trks ensks quk sgj? • Mn ensk sùmd`n, igapukstn pgr km igjoujtg `k mns pnrtáiumns djgrcîjdins (irdstnmdjns y jg irdstnmdjns) y mns

grcîjdins. • Mn ensk máqud`n, quk mn igapgjkj km ncun y mgs sgmutgs quk kstîj `dsukmtgs kj kmmn, ks `kidr, mn ensk máqud`n ks, kj rknmd`n`, ujn sgmuidùj? mn sgmuidùj `km sukmg. • Mn ensk cnskgsn g ntaùsekrn `km sukmg, egran`n pgr tg`gs nqukmmgs

igapukstgs quk sk prkskjtnj kj egran cnskgsn y iuygs rkprkskjtnjtks aîs nhuj`njtks, kj igj`didgjks `k ndrknidùj n`kiun`n `km sukmg sgj km IG8, G8 y vnpgr `k ncun.

Mns prdjidpnmks prgpdk`n`ks eásdins `km sukmg sgj mn tkxturn, mn kstruiturn, km igmgr, mn pkraknhdmd`n`, mn pgrgsd`n`, mn pkjktrnhdmd`n`, mn inpnid`n` `k rktkjidùj `k ncun y mn prgeuj`d`n`. Km sukmg prkskjtn `dekrkjtks inpns igjgid`ns igag bgrdzgjtks.

0.>.> Pkxturn. Km tnanþg `k mns pnrtáiumns quk prk`gadjnj `ktkradjn mn tkxturn `km sukmg< sk `dik quk uj sukmg ks `k tkxturn cruksn iunj`g mns pnrtáiumns prk`gadjnjtks sgj `k tnanþg crnj`k< kj inahdg, mgs sukmgs sukmgs `k tkxturn jn sgj nqukmmgs iuyns pnrtáiumns pnrtáiumns prk`gadjnjtks sgj mns `k akjgr tnanþg. Mn tkxturn ks mn prgpdk`n` `km sukmg quk kstnhmkik mns injtd`n`ks kj kj qukkmsk kjiukjtrnj mns pnrtáiumns `k `dîaktrg akjgr 8.6aa, ks `kidr, mnrkmntdvns tdkrrn jn, sukmg< kstns pnrtáiumns, mmnan`ns skpnrn`gs, sk nncru pnj pgr tnanþg, kj trks imnsks? nrkjn (N) quk sgj nqukmmns pnrtáiumns igj `dîaktrg kjtrk 8.6 y 6.6; aa< mdag (M), pnrtáiumns igj `dîaktrg kjtrk 6.6; y 6.668 aa y nridmmn (Nr) quk sgj mns quk prkskjtnj uj `dîaktrg akjgr `k 6.668 aa. @k niukr`g igj km skpnrn`g quk prk`gadjk kj km sukmg, kstk rkidhk uj jgahrk kspkidnm g imnsk tkxturnm.

0.>.8 Kstruiturn. N ak`d`n quk mn kvgmuidùj `km sukmg nvnjzn, mns pnrtáiumns sùmd`ns `k äm sk ujkj kjtrk sá ckjkrnj`g ujd`n`ks `k anygr tnanþg, mmnan`ns ncrkcn`gs, ujd`n`ks kstruiturnmks g pk`s. Km nrrkcmg quk sk prgùik igj kstgs sùmd`gs ks mg quk sk `kjgadjn kstruiturn `km sukmg. Vnrn quk mgs ncrkcn`gs sknj kstnhmks sk rkqudkrk quk mns pnrtáiumns quk yn kstîj ujd`ns sknj ikakjtn`ns kjtrk sá. Mn kstruiturn sk `kstruyk iunj`g km sukmg sk nrn kstnj`g auy bÿak`g g `kansdn`g skig. Km kxiksg `k akinjdznidùj g km pdsgtkg `km cnjn`g iunj`g km igjtkjd`g `k buak`n` ks nmtg `kstruyk mgs ncrkcn`gs, rkùik km vgmuakj `k pgrgs, `dspkrsn mns nridmmns y sk `dsadjuykj mn ndrknidùj, mn inpnid`n` `k rktkjidùj `k ncun y jutrdakjtgs y mn enidmd`n` `k mnhgrkg. Gtrns inrnitkrástdins eásdins quk puk`kj skr dapgrtnjtks kj `ktkradjn`gs insgs sgj km igmgr, pkraknhdmd`n`, inpnid`n` `k rktkjidùj `k buak`n`, djmtrnidùj, pgrgsd`n`,

jdvkm erkîtdig.

0.>.9 Bgrdzgjtks. Mgs bgrdzgjtks sgj inpns supkrpukstns, `k kspksgr kspksgr vnrdnhmk, igj inrnitkrástdins inrnitkrástdins eásdins y quáadins `dekrkjtks, quk sk kjiukjtrnj kj uj sukmg hdkj `ksnrrgmmn`g. Yk d`kjtdinj igj mktrns, km bgrdzgjtk supkridnm sk `kjgadjn bgrdzgjtk N, ks km `k anygr

nitdvd`n`, kj äm irkik mn anygr pnrtk `k mns rnáiks, sk kjiukjtrnj insd tg`gs mgs adirggrcnjdsags y sk `ksnrrgmmn insd tg`n mn nitdvd`n` rkmnidgjn`n igj rkidimnadkjtg, tgan y

4

mnvn`g `k jutrdkjtks. Ks igjsd`krn`g uj bgrdzgjtk `k mnvn`g.

mks, km bgrdzgjtk N `khk kstnr igjstdtud`g pgr 0;% `k antkrdnm djgrcîjdig, ;% `k antkrdn grcîjdin, 8;% `k ncun y 8;% `k

Djak`dntnakjtk `khnog sk kjiukjtrn km

ndrk, igag sk vk kj mn curn >.

bgrdzgjtk H u bgrdzgjtk `k niuaumnidùj. Kstk rkidhk crnj pnrtk `k mgs kmkakjtgs mnvn`gs g mdxdvdn`gs `km bgrdzgjtk N. Vgstkrdgrakjtk sk kjiukjtrn km bgrdzgj-

;6% Yùmd`gs

tk I, quk prkskjtn auy pgin nitdvd`n` hdgmùcdin, hnog g jumg igjtkjd`g `k antkrdn grcîjdin y pgin nitdvd`n` hdgmùcdin.

Adjkrnmks

@khnog `k kstk kjiukjtrn ujn ansn `k antkrdnmks kjskprgiksg `k aktkgrdzn-

Ndrk

idùj, `krdvn`gs `k mn rgin an`rk. Kxdstkj auibns kxikpidgjks y `dstdjtgs tdpgs `k

Ncun A. G.

imnsdinidgjks pnrn kstgs bgrdzgjtks.

@ks`k km pujtg `k vdstn ncráigmn y `k ekrtdmd`n`, km bgrdzgjtk N ks km aîs dapgrtnjtk. Kj uj sukmg hnog igj`didgjks d`kn-

;6% kspnidgs pgrgsgs Edcurn >. Igapgsdidùj `k uj sukmg d`knm.

0.8 Anjkog `km ak`dg eásdig `km sukmg. Km sukmg ks auy susikptdhmk n mn `kcrn`nidùj g pär`d`n `k sus inrnitkrástdins eásdins euj`nakjtnmks, `khd`g n inusns jnturnmks g `dekrkjtks prîitdins `k anm anjkog.

Mns prdjidpnmks inusns `km `ktkrdgrg eásdig `km sukmg sgj mns sdcudkjtks? • Kxiksg `k akinjdznidùj. • • •

Agjgiumtdvg. Vär`d`n `k mn antkrdn grcîjdin. Vrghmkans `k anm `rkjnok.

0.9 Mnhgrkg `km sukmg. Yk kjtdkj`k pgr mnhgrkg, mnhrnjzn g akinjdznidùj `km sukmg tg`ns nqukmmns prîitdins `k anjkog `km sukmg g `km iumtdvg g kxpmgtnidùj, quk sk mmkvnj n inhg igj aîqudjns quk

sk `kspmnznj sghrk äm.

Mgs ghoktdvgs kspkiáigs `km mnhgrkg `km sukmg sgj? • Enidmdtnr mn ckradjnidùj `k mns skadmmns. • Enidmdtnr km irkidadkjtg `k mns rnáiks `k mns pmnjtns. • Djigrpgrnr antkrdn grcîjdin. Envgrkikrr mn kjtrn`n y niuaumnidùj `k ncun pnrn mns pmnjtns. • Envgrkik • Akogrnr mns igj`didgjks `k ndrknidùj.

0.0 Inrnitkrástdins quáadins `km sukmg. 0.0.> Antkrdn grcîjdin (AG). Mn antkrdn grcîjdin `km sukmg (AG), mmn an`n tnahdäj buaus, sk `kjk igag mn

erniidùj grcîjdin quk pgskk km sukmg, kximuykj`g mgs rksdùgs vkcktnmks y njdanmks sdj `ksigapgjkr. Yd sk nsuak quk mn

antkrdn grcîjdin `km sukmg tdkjk uj ;2% `k inrhgjg grcîjdig, sk utdmdzn mn sdcudkjtk rkmnidùj pnrn bnikr mn trnjsegranidùj

`k inrhgjg (%I) n antkrdn grcîjdin (%AG)?%AG 1 %I x >.380

Mn antkrdn grcîjdin tdkjk ujn Inpnid`n` `k Djtkrinahdg `k Intdgjks `k 866 ak/>66 c, nprgxdan`nakjtk. Kj Ig mgahdn sk bn kjigjtrn`g quk mn antkrdn grcîjdin tdkj`k n nuakjtnr igj mn nmturn

>6

sghrk km jdvkm `km anr y igj mn `dsadjuidùj `k tkapkrnturn, tnhmn >. Kj Igmgahdn mgs igjtkjd`gs aîs hnogs `k antkrdn

grcîjdin sk prkskjtnj kj mgs sukmgs `k mn ak`dn y nmtn Cunodrn, y mgs aîs nmtgs sk

kjiukjtrnj kj mgs pdsgs imdaîtdigs erágs.

Pnhmn >. Igjtkjd`g prgak`dg `k antkrdn grcîjdin kj sukmgs `k vnrdns rkcdgjks `k Igmgahdn. Xkcdùj Ynhnjn `k Hgcgtî

Nmtdtu` ak`dn a.s.j.a. Pkapkr kapkrnturn nturn ¶I 8.566

>8

AG% >4,2

_gjn Inektkrn

>.066

8>

4,2

Unmmk `km Inuin Mmnjgs Grdkjtnmks

>.666

80 85 82

0,8 9,6 8,0

;66 ;6

Igstn Ntmîjtdin

0.; Xkniidùj `km sukmg g pB. Km pB `km sukmg ks ujn ak`d`n `k su nid`kz g nminmdjd`n`. Kstn prgpdk`n` `km sukmg nekitn km irkidadkjtg `k mns pmnjtns n trnväs `k su kekitg kj mn `dspgjdhdmd`n` `k mgs kmkakjtgs kskjidnmks y nitdvd`n` `k mgs adirggrcnjdsags. Kj km sukmg, mn nid`kz `kpkj`k `k mn prkskjidn `k bd`rùckjg y nmuadjdg kj egran djtkrinahdnhmk. djtkrinahdnhmk. Mn nid`kz `km sukmg sk igrrdck igj mn npmdinidùj `k kjadkj`ns< mn injtd`n` y erkiukjidn `k npmdinidùj `k kjadkj`ns `kpkj`k prdjidpnmakjtk `km iumtdvg quk sk vn n tkjkr, pB `km sukmg, nmuadjdg djtkrinahdnhmk, tkxturn, igjtkjd`g `k antkrdn grcîjdin, inpnid`n` `k djtkrinahdg `k intdgjks, pgrikjtnok `k snturnidùj igj hnsks y tdpg `k kjadkj`n quk

sk vnyn n utdmdznr utdmdznr..

Km pB `km sukmg ks ujn ak`d`n `k su nid`kz nitdvn y sk `kjk igag km mgcnrdtag `km dj -

vkrsg `k mn igjikjtrnidùj `k dgjks bd`rùckjg. Vgr trntnrsk `k ujn ksinmn mgcnrátadin,

in`n ujd`n` `k vnrdnidùj `k pB igrrkspgj`k n uj inahdg `k >6 vkiks kj mn nid`kz g hnsdid`n` `km sukmg. [j pB `k 3,6 ks jkutrg< vnmgrks aîs hnogs dj`dinj nid`kz y vnmg -

rks aîs nmtgs, nminmdjd`n`. Mgs rnjcgs `k pB kj km sukmg sgj? Kxtrkan`nakjtk îid`g akjgr `k 0,; Auy eukrtkakjtk îid`g 0,; ’ ;,6 Eukrtkakjtk îid`g

;,> ’ ;,;

Ak`dnjnakjtk îid`g

;,5 ’ 5,6

Mdckrnakjtk îid`g

5,> ’ 5,;

Jkutrg

5,5 ’ 3,9

Yunvkakjtk nminmdjg Ag`krn`nakjtk nminmdjg

3,0 ’ 3,2 3,4 ’ 2,0

Eukrtkakjtk nminmdjg Eukrtkakjtk Auy eukrtkakjtk nminmdjg

2,; ’ 4,6 anygr `k 4,6

0.5 Inpnid`n` `k djtkrinahdg `k Intdgjks (IDI). Mn inpnid`n` quk pgskk uj sukmg `k n`sgrhkr intdgjks sk mmnan inpnid`n` `k djtkrinahdg intdùjdig (IDI) y ks kqudvn mkjtk n mn inrcn jkcntdvn `km sukmg. Mgs intdgjks aîs dapgrtnjtks kj mgs prgik-

sgs `k djtkrinahdg sgj In8+, Ac8+, L +, y Jn+, quk sgj mns hnsks `km sukmg, y JB 0+< kj sukmgs îid`gs, n pnrtdr `k idkrtgs vnmgrks `k pB, djekrdgrks n ;,;, km Nm 9+ oukcn uj pnpkm auy dapgrtnjtk, igjstdtuykj`g,

>>

oujtg igj km B+, mn nid`kz djtkrinahdnhmk

`km sukmg. Mn IDI `km sukmg sk kxprksn kj iagm(+)lc-> g kj akq(>66 c `k sukmg) ->, nahns ujd`n`ks sgj juaärdinakjtk dcunmks. Mn IDI ks eukrtkakjtk nekitn`n

pgr km pB y `kpkj`k `k mn injtd`n` y tdpg `k igmgd`ks prkskjtks kj km sukmg. IDI `km sukmg 1 IDI `k mn nridmmn + IDI

`k mn antkrdn grcîjdin.

0.3 Hnsks djtkrinahdnhmks djtkrinahdnhmks.. Km täradjg `k hnsks djtkrinahdnhmks g tgtnm `k hnsks djtkrinahdnhmks sk rkkrk n mn

suan `k mgs intdgjks inmidg, ancjksdg, pgtnsdg y sg`dg quk pgskk uj sukmg kj egran djtkrinahdnhmk.

0.2 Ekrtdmd`n`. Mn ekrtdmd`n` `k uj sukmg sk puk`k `kjdr

igag mn inpnid`n` `k kstk pnrn suadjdstrnr mgs jutrdakjtgs nprgpdn`gs, kj injtd`n`ks n`kiun`ns y hnmnjikn`ns pnrn km irkidadkjtg jgranm `k mns pmnjtns, iunj`g gtrgs enitgrks igag mn muz, tka-

pkrnturn, buak`n` y igj`didgjks eásdins sgj envgrnhmks. Mn ekrtdmd`n` nmtn rksumtn `k ujn igahdjnidùj n`kiun`n `k prgpdk`n`ks eásdins y quáadins envgrnhmks, hnog igj`didgjks imdaîtdins n`kiun`ns (Hkr-

jnm, 8662).

0.4 Kmkakjtgs kskjidnmks pnrn mns pmnjtns. Nitunmakjtk sk rkigjgikj >3 kmkakjtgs

igag kskjidnmks pnrn km irkidadkjtg jgranm `k mns pmnjtns supkrdgrks. Kstgs kmkakjtgs g jutrdakjtgs sgj? inrhgjg (I), bd`rùckjg (B), gxáckjg (G), jdtrùckjg (J), eùsegrg (V), pgtnsdg (L), inmidg (In), ancjksdg (Ac), nzuerk (Y), bdkrrg (Ek), anjcnjksg (Aj), ighrk (Iu), hgrg (H), zdji (_j), agmdh`kjg (Ag), imgrg (Im) y

jáqukm (Jd). Gtrgs kmkakjtgs igag sdmdidg (Yd), skmkjdg (Yk), ighnmtg (Ig) y sg`dg (Jn), sgj kskjidnmks pnrn nmcujgs cä-

jkrgs `k pmnjtns y igjsd`krn`gs igag

”qunsd kskjidnmks‑ pgr mn anygr pnrtk `k mgs sdùmgcgs nitunmks. Mgs trks prdakrgs

kmkakjtgs prgvdkjkj `km ncun y `km ndrk y mgs rkstnjtks `km sukmg.

0.>6 Anjkog `k mn ekrtdmd`n`. Yk dapmkakjtn igj prîitdins `k anjkog y anjtkjdadkjtg `k mn ekrtdmd`n`. Mnhgrkg,

ekrtdmdznidùj, rdkcg, djigrpgrnidùj `k rksdùgs `k igskibn, npmdinidùj `k kjadkj`ns quáadins y grcîjdins.

0.>> Inusns `km anm `ksnrrgmmg `k mns pmnjtns kj sukmgs îid`gs. Km pghrk irkidadkjtg `k mns pmnjtns kj sukmgs îid`gs sk puk`k rksuadr kj mgs sdcudkjtks pujtgs< >. Pgxdid`n` pgr kxiksg `k nmuadjdg.

8. Pgxdid`n` pgr kxiksg `k anjcnjksg. 9. 0. ;. 5.

@kidkjidn `k inmidg y ancjksdg pgr igjtkjd`gs auy auy hnogs kj km sukmg. @kidkjidn `k eùsegrg, `khd`g n hnon igjikjtrnidùj igjikjtrnidùj y onidùj kj km sukmg. @kidkjidn `k agmdh`kjg, agmdh`kjg, inusn`n pgr `dspgjdhdmd`n` `dspgjdhdmd`n` hnon. Nmtn inpnid`n` `k onidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks ekrtdmdznjtks egsentn`gs.

>8

0.>8 Igjtrgm `k mn nid`kz. Km prdjidpnm aätg`g ks km kjinmn`g quk igjsdstk kj mn npmdinidùj nm sukmg `k snmks hîsdins quk igjtrgmnj mn nid`kz. Kj pnstgs kstnhmkid`gs, igj km tdkapg, sk puk`kj `ksnrrgmmnr prghmkans `k nid`kz, pnrtdiumnrakjtk pgr km usg `k ekrtdmdznjtks jdtrgckjn`gs, quk rkqudkrkj igjtrgmnrsk n trnväs `k kjadkj`ns. Iunj`g km pnstg kstî kstnhmkid`g jg ks pgsdhmk djigrpgrnr km igrrkitdvg igag sk mg bnik n mn sdkahrn `k mn pnsturn. Ydj

kahnrcg, sk puk`kj igrrkcdr prghmkans `k nid`kz kj pnstgs kstnhmkid`gs npmdinj`g mn kjadkj`n n mn supkridk.

0.>9 Hkjkidgs `k mns kjadkj`ns. Mgs prdjidpnmks hkjkidgs `k mns kjadkj`ns sgj? • Xkùikj mn tgxdid`n` y sgmuhdmd`n` `km Nmuadjdg. Nmuadjdg.

• • • •

Nuakjtnj mn `dspgjdhdmd`n` `dspgjdhdmd`n` `k Eùsegrg. Djirkakjtnj mn onidùj hdgmùcdin `k Jdtrùckjg. Akogrnj mns prgpdk`n`ks eásdins `km sukmg. Akogrnj mn rkspukstn rkspukstn n mn ekrtdmdznidùj.

0.>0 Ekrtdmdzni Ekrtdmdznidùj. dùj. Kj uj prgcrnan `k anjkog `k pnstgs, mn ekrtdmdznidùj ks mn prîitdin quk prgùik mgs akogrks rksumtn`gs, kj km tdkapg aîs igrtg, iunj`g gtrgs enitgrks `km sukmg jg sgj

mdadtnjtks pnrn km `ksnrrgmmg `k mns pmnjtns. Mn ekrtdmdznidùj n`kiun`n nuakjtn mn injtd`n` y inmd`n` `km egrrnok, y pgr igjsdcudkjtk, sk djirkakjtn mn inpnid`n` `k anjtkjdadkjtg y mn prgùiidùj pgr ujd`n` `k îrkn. Vnrn ghtkjkr ujn hukjn rkspukstn n mn ekrtdmdznidùj, ks jkiksnrdg tkjkr kj iukjtn? >. Enitgrks `km sukmg

8. Enitgrks imdaîtdigs 9. Enitgr Enitgrks ks `k mn pmnjtn

0.>; Nmcujns igjsd`krnidgjks pnrn km usg kidkjtk `k mgs ekrtdmdznjtks. >. Eùraumn g igapgsdidùj igapgsdidùj `km ekrtdmdznjtk. ekrtdmdznjtk.

8. 9. 0. ;.

Eukjtk `k mgs kmkakjtgs. @gsds. Erkiukjidn. Aätg`g `k npmdinidùj.

5. `k ùj npmdinidùj. 3. Äpgin Ekrtdmdznidùj Ekrtdmdznid egmdnrr. egmdn

0.>5 Adirggrcnjdsags Adirggrcnjdsags y antkrdn grcîjdin. Mgs adirggrcnjdsags igjstdtuykj mn pnrtk vdvn `km sukmg< mn anygr pnrtk `k mns rkniidgjks giurrkj kj mn rdzgsekrn, quk ks mn zgjn `km sukmg n`ynikjtk n mn rnáz y quk kstî djuá`n pgr su nitdvd`n`.

Mgs prdjidpnmks crupgs `k adirggrcnjdsags quk sk kjiukjtrnj kj km sukmg, rkspgjsnhmks `k mn anygr pnrtk `k mns rkniidgjks quk giurrkj kj äm, sgj? Hnitkrdns, Nitdjgadiktgs, Bgjcgs, Nmcns, Vrgtgzgîrdgs y Uárus.

>9

Mn antkrdn grcîjdin `km sukmg, mmnan`n tnahdäj buaus, sk `kjk igag mn erniidùj grcîjdin quk pgskk km sukmg, kximuykj`g mgs rksdùgs vkcktnmks y njdanmks sdj `ksigapgjkr. Mns kjadkj`ns grcîjdins sgj tg`gs nqukmmgs antkrdnmks grcîjdigs quk sk npmdinj nm sukmg, igj km prgpùsdtg `k suadjdstrnr jutrdkjtks rîpd-

`nakjtk `dspgjdhmks pnrn mns pmnjtns y akogrnr mns igj`didgjks eásdins `km sukmg.

Kstgs antkrdnmks sk igjgikj igag nhgjgs. Nmcujgs `k mgs antkrdnmks quk sk utdmdznj igag nhgjgs `khkj skr sgaktd`gs n uj prgiksg `k igapgstnok njtks

`k skr npmdin`gs.

Mn antkrdn grcîjdin tdkjk vnrdn`gs kekitgs sghrk mns inrnitkrástdins eásdins `km sukmg? - Akogrn mn kstruiturn `km sukmg.

- Nuakjtn mn inpnid`n` `k nhsgridùj y rktkjidùj `k `k ncun `km sukmg. - Xkùik mn kvnpgrnidùj y akogrn km hnmnjik bá`rdig `km sukmg.

- Nuakjtn mn nhsgridùj `k inmgr sgmnr sgmnr.. - Nuakjtn mn rksdstkjidn `km sukmg igjtrn igjtrn mn krgsdùj.

- Enidmdtn km `rkjnok `rkjnok y km mnhgrkg `km sukmg. sukmg.

Mn antkrdn grcîjdin tdkjk uj kekitg auy envgrnhmk sghrk mn hdgmgcán `km sukmg pgrquk djirkakjtn mn injtd`n` y `dvkrsd`n` `k adirggrcnjdsags. a dirggrcnjdsags.

0.>3 Kjadkj`ns grcîjdins. Mns prdjidpnmks kjadkj`ns grcîjdins sgj? Kstdärigmks. Vurdjks. Igapgst. Buaus `k mgahrdz Aumib Nhgjgs vkr`ks

0.>2 Igjskrvnidùj `k sukmgs. Km usg y kxpmgtnidùj djn`kiun`gs `k mgs sukmgs igjùikj n uj `ktkrdgrg `k mgs adsags kj sus inrnitkrástdins eásdins y quáadins. Km ghoktdvg `k mn igjskrvnidùj `k sukmgs ks akogrnr g pgr mg akjgs anjtkjkr mns igj`didgjks nitunmks `k mgs sukmgs, kvdtnj`g

bnstn `gj`k sk puk`n su `kcrn`nidùj. Mn egran aîs igaÿj igag sk `ktkrdgrn uj sukmg ks mn krgsdùj, quk puk`k skr inusn`n pgr km ncun, krgsdùj bá`rdin, g pgr km vdkjtg, krgsdùj kùmdin. Mn krgsdùj ks uj sájtgan y jg ujn inusn prdanrdn `k mn `kstruiidùj `k mgs sukmgs y sdkaprk dapmdin mn pär`d`n y trnjspgrtk `k antkrdnmks sùmd`gs. Vnrn kvdtnr mn krgsdùj sk `khkj tkjkr kj iukjtn nmcujns jgrans rkmntdvnakjtk sdapmks? >- Jujin `konr km sukmg sukmg kxpukstg g `ksju`g. `ksju`g. Ydkaprk `khk kstnr iuhdkrtg pgr pgr vkcktnidùj g pgr rksdùgs `k igskibn (aumib), pnrn kvdtnr km cgmpk `drkitg `k

mns cgtns `k mmuvdn.

8- Jg sghrkpnstgrknr sghrkpnstgrknr pnrn kvdtnr km km igjtnitg `drkitg `km insig `km njdanm igj km sukmg. 9- Jg akinjdznr km km sukmg iunj`g kstä `kansdn`g bÿak`g g `kansdn`g `kansdn`g skig.

>0

0- Jg akinjdznr sukmgs auy pkj`dkjtks y jujin bnikrmg kj km skjtd`g skjtd`g `k mn pkj`dkjtk. ;- Ykahrnr kj iurvns `k jdvkm. 5- Kstnhmkikr hnrrkrns hnrrkrns prgtkitgrns igj vkcktnidùj n`kiun`n igag mdagjidmmg g vktdvkr,, y hnrrkrns rgapkvdkjtgs igj îrhgmks y nrhustgs n`kiun`gs. vktdvkr 3- Kvdtnr mn ksigrrkjtán.

2- @konr mgs rksdùgs rksdùgs `k igskibn kj km inapg pnrn prgtkckr prgtkckr km sukmg. 4- Ykahrnr `kjsd`n`ks `kjsd`n`ks n`kiun`ns n`kiun`ns `k mgs `dekrkjtks `dekrkjtks iumtdvgs. >6- Djigrpgrnr pkrdù`dinakjtk antkrdn grcîjdin igag igapgst g kstnhmkikr

k djigrpgrnr nhgjgs vkr`ks.

;. KYPNHMKIDADKJPG N@KI[N@G @K MNY VXN@KXNY. Yk `khk husinr mn gptdadznidùj `km usg `k egrrnoks kj mns jins cnjn`krns. Km

`ksnrrgmmg `k uj pmnj nprgpdn`g `k kxpmg-

sukmgs y prîitdins ncrgjùadins nprgpdn`ns pnrn mn sdkahrn `k pnstgs y egrrnoks

tnidùj cnjn`krn kj mns jins rkqudkrk `k

uj prgiksg igapmktg `k kstnhmkidadkjtg

kapmkn`gs kj Igmgahdn, tkjdkj`g igag prkadsn quk mn hnsk nmdakjtdidn `k mn cnjn`krán hgvdjn `khk kstnr igjstdtud`n

`k hnjigs `k egrrnok igj km j `k tkjkr

pgr pnstgs y egrrnoks pgr su hnog igstg y

ujn gekrtn nmdakjtdidn napmdn y `dvkrsn pnrn mgs hgvdjgs, cnrnjtdznj`g îrkns `k antkrdnmks egrrnokrgs hnsn`gs kj crnaájkns, mkcuadjgsns y kspkidks vkcktnmks igj pgtkjidnm jutrdidgjnm y iunjtdtntdvg quk supmnj mns jkiksd`n`ks sdgmùcdins

`k anjtkjdadkjtg y prgùiidùj `k mgs njdanmks. Mn dapmkakjtnidùj `k mgs prgcrnans `k dapmnjtnidùj `k egrrnoks prkvdg n mn djtrgùiidùj `k njdanmks nm prgykitg cnjn`krg, nskcurn mn gptdadznidùj `k uj enitgr `k iruidnm dapgrtnjidn kj mn jin igag ks mn jutrdidùj y nmdakjtnidùj

`k mgs cnjn`gs. Kaprkj`kr uj pmnj `k

akogrnadkjtg ckjkrnm `km prk`dg dapmdin

tkjkr kj iukjtn gtrgs enitgrks `km `ksn-

rrgmmg djtkcrnm igag km anjkog, mn snjd`n`

njdanm y mn ckjätdin.

Mn d`kn ikjtrnm ks gerkikr n`kiun`ns hnsks igjikptunmks, pnrn mn igaprkjsdùj `k mgs prgiksgs `k ùptdag kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns, nhgr`nj`g nspkitgs `k mn skmkiidùj n`kiun`n `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns, sdstkans `k prkpnrnidùj `k

mn napmdn gekrtn `k kstk antkrdnm `k eîidm trnjsegranidùj pgr njdanmks ruadnjtks, sk prkskjtn prkskjtn kstn kstrntkcdn `k djvkrsdùj quk husin mn sdkahrn `k kspkidks egrrnokrns n`nptn`ns n mns `dekrkjtks igj`didgjks ckgcrîins `k mns zgjns cnjn`krns igmgahdnjns. Km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns, ks uj prgiksg `k djtrgùiidùj `k kspkidks egrrnokrns n`nptn`ns, prgùitdvns y ju trdtdvns kj mns `dekrkjtks îrkns quk igjtrdhuykj nm akogrnadkjtg `k mn gekrtn

kj injtd`n` y inmd`n` `k nmdakjtg pnrn mgs njdanmks, husinj`g n`kaîs uj anygr dapnitg `k mn prgùitdvd`n` njdanm. [j igjikptg euj`nakjtnm kj km äxdtg `km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns, ks mn skmkiidùj nprgpdn`n `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns

n mns rkcdgjks g zgjns `gj`k sk vnj n kstnhmkikr. Mns kspkidks ksigcd`ns `khkj tkjkr idkrtgs ntrdhutgs igag sgj? Ykr

n`nptn`ns, rkj`d`grns, jutrdtdvns, igapktdtdvns, pkrsdstkjtks, `k eîidm anjkog y rkqukrdadkjtgs `k hnogs djsuags.

>;

Km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns sk rknmdzn igj km ghoktdvg `k ckjkrnr ujn anygr injtd`n` `k hdgansn egrrnokrn `k nmtg

vnmgr jutrdtdvg pnrn iuapmdr igj mns `k-

anj`ns sdgmùcdins `k mgs njdanmks kj

sus `dekrkjtks ktnpns `k irkidadkjtg y prgùiidùj. Km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns `khk bnikrsk nm djdidg `k mn äpgin `k mmuvdns pnrn nskcurnr mgs rkqukrdadkjtgs `k buak`n` `k mns kspkidks n kstnhmkikr. Mn `dspgjdhdmd`n` `k rdkcg pkradtk skahrnr kj iunmqudkr äpgin `km nþg. Ks nigjskonhmk skahrnr nm djdidg `k mn äpg -

in `k mmuvdns y km rdkcg ks ujn nmtkrjntdvn iunj`g mn prkidpdtnidùj prkvdstn jg sk prkskjtk igjegrak n mg kspkrn`g y `k kstn anjkrn rkùidr mgs igstgs gpkrntdvgs `km suadjdstrg `k ncun. Kj tg`gs mgs insgs km äxdtg `km kstnhmkidadkjtg kstî `n`g pgr km nmtg pgrikjtnok `k ckradjn idùj `k mn skadmmn y kstg giurrk iunj`g mn buak`n` `km sukmg ks n`kiun`n y km vdcgr ckradjntdvg `km antkrdnm ckjätdig skahrn`g kstî cnrnjtdzn`g pgr km usg `k skadmmn ikrtdin`n, imnsdin`n y skmkiidg jn`n.

;.> Ydkahrn `k prn`krns. Bny igjikptgs dapgrtnjtks pnrn mn sdkahrn `k Vnsturns? mn äpgin, km sdstkan `k sdkahrn, mgs antkrdnmks `k prgpncnidùj, mn `kjsd`n` `k sdkahrn y km aätg`g `k sdkahrn.

;.8 Äpgin. Iunj`g sk tdkjk `dspgjdhdmd`n` `k rdkcg sk puk`k skahrnr kj iunmqudkr äpgin `km nþg, kj insg igjtrnrdg ks dapkrnjtk skahrnr nm djdidg `k mn äpgin `k mmuvdns. Kj tg`gs mgs insgs pnrtk `km äxdtg `km

kstnhmkidadkjtg sk `n pgr km nmtg pgrikjtnok `k ckradjnidùj `k mn skadmmn y kstg

giurrk iunj`g mn buak`n` `km sukmg ks n`kiun`n y km vdcgr ckradjntdvg `km antkrdnm ckjätdig skahrn`g ks supkrdgr supkrdgr..

;.9 Ydstkans `k sdkahrn. Kstî rkekrd`g n mn utdmdznidùj `k mn sdkahrn `k antkrdnmks `k prgpncnidùj igj anqudjnrdn g anjunmakjtk, kj kstgs `gs insgs kstnags bnhmnj`g `k sdstkan `k sdkahrn akinjdzn`n y sdstkan `k sdkahrn nm vgmkg.

;.9.> Ydkahrn akinjdzn`n. Kj îrkns pmnjns quk pkradtkj km trîjsdtg `k kqudpgs sk kapmknj skahrn`grns `k crnjg quk rknmdznj n su vkz mn prîitdin `k nhgjnadkjtg. Ks dapgrtnjtk kekitunr ujn inmdhrnidùj `k niukr`g n mns kspkidinidgjks `k mn anqudjnrdn pnrn bnikr aîs kidkjtk mn mnhgr `k sdkahrn y trn -

hnonr igj mns injtd`n`ks `k skadmmn rk-

igakj`n`ns pgr mns insns prgùitgrns. Vrukhns `k ckradjnidùj `k mns skadmmns prkvdns n mn sdkahrn sgj jkiksnrdns pnrn uj prgiksg nprgpdn`g `k kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mns pnsturns.

;.9.8 Ydkahrn anjunm. Kj zgjns pkj`dkjtks igj `deáidm niiksg `k anqudjnrdn kstk sdstkan ks rkigakj`nhmk y bn sd`g nprgpdn`g pnrn pnstgs igag km Cgrùrn y km Vujtkrg, kj zgjns akinjdznhmks y kj `gj`k mgs mgtks sgj pkqukþgs sk puk`k skahrnr anjunmakjtk y `gsdinr akogr mn snmd`n `k mgs

crnjgs y inrdùpsd`ks. Mn sdkahrn n ibuzg

`k antkrdnm vkcktnm igag mgs kstgmgjks ks kapmkn`g pnrn kstnhmkidadkjtg `k pnstg kstrkmmn kj zgjns pkj`dkjtks `k mns zgjns inektkrns y tnahdäj kj kstns îrkns sgj enitdhmks sdkahrns n ibgrrdmmg `k pnstgs `k igrtk `km cäjkrg Vkjjdsktua y inþn inþn egrrnokrn. egrrnokrn.

>5

;.0 @kjsd`n` `k sdkahrn. Ks mn injtd`n` `k skadmmn pgr îrkn quk ks rkigakj`n`n pnrn uj nprgpdn`g kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mn prn`krn.

;.; Aätg`g `k sdkahrn. Yk rkkrk n mn `dstrdhuidùj `k mns skad-

mmns kj km tkrrkjg y puk`k kekitunrsk pgr surigs g bdmkrns g nm vgmkg, ks prkekrdhmk rknmdznrmg kj surigs yn quk sk igjsdcuk ujdegrad`n` y uj akogr igjtrgm sghrk mns

nitdvd`n`ks ncrgjùadins n `ksnrrgmmnr ùrnjtk mn ensk `k kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mn

;.5 Antkrdnmks `k prgpncnidùj.

prn`krn. Ydkahrns nm vgmkg sgj nigjskonhmks iunj`g mn rkigakj`nidùj `k mns

`kjsd`n`ks `k sdkahrn sgj nmtns pgr

kokapmg kj km insg `k ikrknmks egrrnokrgs

igag nvkjn, ikhn`n kj mns quk mns injtd`n`ks `k skadmmn supkrnj mgs ;6 ldmgs/ bn.

Vnrn km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k Vnsturns sk puk`kj usnr skadmmns `k tdpg skxunm (in rdùpsd`ks g crnjgs) y antkrdnmks nskxunmks quk sgj pnrtks vkcktntdvns `k mns pmnjtns (tnmmgs, inþns, kstgmgjks, ikpns,

rdzgans). Mn skadmmn ks uj djsuag vdtnm pnrn km äxdtg `km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mn prn`krn, pgr kstn rnzùj km äjensds `khk igjùidr nm kapmkg `k skadmmn ikrtdin `n nvnmn`n pgr mn kjtd`n` rkcdstrnksy ikrtdin su inmd`n` quk pnrnquk Igmgahdn km DIN (Djstdtutg Igmgahdnjg Ncrgpkiunrdg). Bny quk tkjkr iud`n`g kj n`qudrdr skadmmn `k ù`gsn prgik`kjidn igag ks

km insg `k skadmmn iru`n sdj imnsdinr quk

ks gerkid`n kj km akrin`g igmgahdnjg sdj su rkspkitdvn ikrtdinidùj, tnahdäj ks

pgsdhmk igjskcudr skadmmn skmkiidgjn`n, mn iunm tnapgig rkÿjk mgs rkqudsdtgs `k n`kiun`n ckradjnidùj y purkzn kskjidnmks pnrn km prgiksg `k sdkahrn `k kspkidks egrrnokrns. Kj km insg `km usg `k

skadmmn vkcktnm kstk antkrdnm `khk kstnr snjg, y sd ksigj jkiksnrdg trntnrsk prkvdgvdcgrgsg n mn sdkahrn prgùitgs `ksdjekitnjtks g prgtkitnjtks (akzimns `k

djskitdid`ns, eujcdid`ns y hnitkrdid`ns).

;.3 Iunjtg vnmk km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns. Iunj`g uj cnjn`krg pdkjsn kj km kstn-

mns kxpkitntdvns sgj gtrns y mn `kidsdùj

hmkidadkjtg `k kspkidks egrrnokrns kj su jin `khk bnikr ujn igjsd`krnidùj prk -

ks km inahdg `k mn prn`krn vdkon pgr ujn jukvn, kjtgjiks sk `khk pmnjdinr iud`n -

vns. Vgr kokapmg, qukkm mn sdkahrn `k jukvns kspkidks`n`g dapmdin inahdg `k

ujn jukvn pnsturn `kpkj`kj `k enitgrks igag mn `dspgjdhdmd`n` `k anqudjnrdn, skadmmns k djsuags nsá igag `k mgs prkidgs vdckjtks kj mns rkcdgjks y `k mn gekrtn `k anjg `k ghrn kj mns zgjns `k trnhn-

vdn njtks `k `kid`drsk n kaprkj`kr kstk prgykitg quk pgr sus nmtgs igstgs y rdksrd kscgs puk`k mmkvnr n kxpkrdkjidns jkcntdujn vkcktnidùj pgr gtrn sk `khk iukstdgjnr,, ·sd mn prn`krn quk `kskg inahdnr, tdgjnr pu`dkrn rkiupkrnrmn g rkjgvnrmn igj ujns prîitdins skjidmmns y akjgs igstgsns, kjtgjiks mn vgmvkrán aîs prgùitdvn y iuapmdrán igj mgs ghoktdvgs trnzn`gs kj ad jin7 Yd ks nsá mn rkbnhdmdtnidùj skrán mg aîs nigjskonhmk. Vkrg sd kj `kjdtdvn

`gsnakjtk km prgiksg `k sdkahrn y kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mns kspkidks n djtrgùidr. Kj ckjkrnm mgs igstgs `k dapmnjtnidùj `k

og. Vnrn `nr pujtgs rkekrkjtks sghrk mgs

igstgs `k kstnhmkidadkjtg `k pnstgs kj Igmgahdn sk prkskjtnj `ntgs `k skj`ns zgjns cnjn`krns `km pnás. (P (Pnhmn nhmn 8).

>3

Pnhmn 8. Igstgs `drkitgs pgr bkitîrkn `km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k prn`krns kj `dekrkjtks rkcdgjks cnjn`krns `k Igmgahdn. (Admn V. N. 86>6. N`nptn`g `k Igrpgdin, 8665) Nitdvd`n`/djsuag

@gsds/bn

Unmgr ujdtnrdg $

Unmgr tgtnm $

>

846.666

846.666

5 lc

85.666

>;5.666

8 humtgs

36.666

>06.666

Ydkahrn

8 ogrjnmks

86.666

06.666

Igjtrgm `k anmkzns

5 ogrjnmks

86.666

>86.666

Vnjdiua anxdaua Unrdk`n` Agahnsn (Unmmk `k Ydjÿ) Vrkpnrnidùj `k sukmgs Ykadmmn Ekrtdmdznjtks (urkn)

Pgtnm Hrnibdnrdn byhrdùa. Iumtdvnr Aumntg.

305.666

Vdk`kagjtk `k mgs MMnjgs grdkjtnmks Vrkpnrnidùj `k sukmgs

>

806.666

806.666

0 lc

26.666

986.666

Inm `gmgadtdin >066 lc

>66 lc 839 lc

>06.666 >64.866 32.666

Ykadmmn

Ekrtdmdznjtks

Xgin egseùrdin 066 lc Tksg ncráigmn 966 lc Ydkahrn

8 ogrjnmks

856 lc 86.666

Pgtnm

06.666 483.866

Hrnibdnrdn byhrdùa. Iumtdvnr Aumntg. + Ygyn egrrnokrn igrpgdin Pnmuan ;. Vdk`kagjtk `k mgs MMnjgs grdkjtnmks Vrkpnrnidùj `k sukmgs Ykadmmn

Ekrtdmdznjtks

806.666

>

806.666 ;86.666

0 lc Aumntg + >66 lc sgyn Hnsk (inm + rgin + yksg) YVP >66 lc LIm >66 lc

>.>;6.666

[rkn 5; lc Ydkahrn

0 ogrjnmks

Pgtnm

86.666

26.666 >.446.666

Kj mn tnhmn 9 sk prkskjtnj `ntgs sghrk igstgs `k kstnhmkidadkjtg `k pnstg kstrkmmn (Iyjg`gj jmkaeukjsds). Kapmknj`g skadmmn vkcktntdvn.

>2

Pnhmn 9. Igstgs `drkitgs `k kstnhmkidadkjtg prgak`dg `k pnstg kstrkmmn kj zgjns pmnjns (Iyjg`gj jmkaeukjsds). (Admn. V. N. 8664. N`nptn`g `k DIN >448) Xuhrg Akinjdznidùj Nrn`n Xnstrdmmn`n Vumd`n Ydkahrn

Jg/bn [jd`n` 8.6 bgrns anqudjn

Unmgr ujdtnrdg $ 06.666

>.2 bgrns aîqudjn

38.666

6.; bgrns aîqudjn 6.; bgrns aîqudjn

86.666 86.666 83;.666

Anjg `k ghrn

>;6.666

0 ogrjnmks

8;.666 8;.666

> ogrjnm

8;.666

8;.666 35;.666 966.666 0;.666 086.666 >.898.666

Ydkahrn y tnpn`n

5 ogrjnmks

@ksykrhk Npmdinidùj bkrhdid`n Djsuags Ykadmmn

Bkrhdid`n Ekrtdmdznjtk PGPNM

Unmgr $/bn >48.666 26.666

9 Pgjkmn`ns 9 Mdtrgs 966 ldmgs

>66.666 tgjkmn`n >;.666 mdtrg >066 ldmg

>66.666

Kj iunjtg n pnstgs `k igrtk sk rkekrkjidn kj mn tnhmn 0, djegranidùj sghrk su kstnhmkidadkjtg kj zgjns `k mn`krn.

Pnhmn 0. Igstgs `k kstnhmkidadkjtg `k pnstg `k igrtk ldjcrns agrn`g (Vkjjdsktua byhrdùa) kj îrkns `k mn`krn kj ujn zgjn inektkrn `k Njtdgqudn. (Admn, V. N. 86>6) Xuhrg Vrkpnrnidùj sukmg trniidùj njdanm Xgzn Xnstrdmmn`n

Jg/bn [jd`n` Ogrjnm/yujtn

Unmgr ujdtnrdg $

Yurin`n

>8

Ydkahrn y tnpn`n

>6

8;.666 8;.666 8;.666 8;.666

8 ogrjnmks

8;.666

Anjg `k ghrn Npmdinidùj bkrhdid`n Djsuags Ykadmmn

Bkrhdid`n Ekrtdmdznjtk PGPNM

9 ;

9 Pgjkmn`ns 9 Mdtrgs 966 ldmgs

Unmgr $/bn 3;6.666 3;.666 >8;.666

966.666 8;6.666 ;6.666 ;6.666 >.95;.666

966.666 tgjkmn`n

466.666

>;.666 mdtrg

0;.666 086.666 8.>5;.666

>066 ldmg

Igag sk puk`k ghskrvnr `k mns tnhmns rkekrkjidnmks mgs igstgs `k agjgiumtdvg `k pnstgs sgj aîs hnrntgs quk mns nsgidnidgjks y n`kaîs mgs igstgs kj zgjns `k mn`krn sgj anygrks quk kj zgjns pmnjns yn quk kj mns zgjns pkj`dkjtks bny uj usg aîs djtkjsdvg `k anjg `k ghrn. Gtrg tùpdig dapgrtnjtk `k adrnr, ks quk mn skadmmn vkcktnm ks

ans igstgsn kj täradjgs cmghnmks yn quk sgj rkqukrd`ns nmtns injtd`n`ks, mg quk nuakjtn jgtgrdnakjtk mgs igstgs `k dapmnjtnidùj d apmnjtnidùj `k pnsturns kj mns `dvkrsns rkcdgjks. Ks igjvkjdkjtk rkinminr quk mgs igstgs `k kstnhmkidadkjtg sgj vnrdnhmks `k niukr`g n mns rkcdgjks y `kpkj`kj `k mn `dspgjdhdmd`n` `k mgs djsuags y kqudpgs, `k mn enidmd`n`

>4

`k igakridnmdznidùj, nsá igag `k nspkitgs sgidgkigjùadigs y pgmátdigs quk nekitnj mgs prkidgs kj mns `dekrkjtks mginmd`n`ks cnjn`krns.

;.2 Iuîjtg vnmk mn rkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns. Km igstg `k uj prgiksg `k rkjgvnidùj `k pnsturns `kcrn`n`ns ks rkmntdvnakjtk kigjùadig sghrk tg`g iunj`g sk igapnrn igj km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k jukvns kspkidks egrrnokrns quk dapmdinj km inahdg

`k mn vkcktnidùj tgtnm `k mn prn`krn grdcdjnm. [jn igjsd`krnidùj dapgrtnjtk pnrn `kid`dr mn rkjgvnidùj ks prkidsnakjtk su igstg yn quk jg dapmdin mn krrn`dinidùj `km pnstg `kcrn`n`g sdjg su rkbnhdmdtnidùj y akogrnadkjtg prgùitdvg igj mn djimusdùj `k kspkidks egrrnokrns aîs jutrd tdvns pkrg igj mn adtn` `k mns `kjsd`n`ks

`k sdkahrn rkigakj`n`ns y akjgrks igstgs `k n`kiunidùj `km tkrrkjg. Mgs trnhnogs `k djvkstdcnidùj igj sus noustks y vnmd`nidùj kj `dstdjtns mginmd -

`n`ks cnjn`krns `km pnás aukstrnj quk km vnmgr `k mn rkjgvnidùj bnik quk skn ujn tkijgmgcán ntrnitdvn y n`nptnhmk pgr mgs prgùitgrks. Kj mns tnhmns ; y 5 sk rkcdstrnj mgs igstgs `k prgùiidùj `k mn rkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns `kcrn`n`ns kj zgjns agjtnþgsns `k Njtdgquán y kj mns pmnjdidks `k mn Grdjgqudn igmgahdnjn (Pg (Pghùj, 8660, Xdjiùj, 8668)

Pnhmn ;. Igstgs `k rkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns kj îrkns gjùmn`ns `km jgr`kstk Njtdgqukþg. Xuhrg DJY[AGY/bn Ekrtdmdznjtks y inm (lc) Inm `gmgaátdin

Injtd`n` (lc)

>;6

Igstg ($)

88.;66

Egsegrdtn Budmn Imgrurg `k pgtnsdg Emgr `k nzuerk

866 ;6 86

56.666 26.666 86.666

Yupkregsentg trdpmk [rkn (nþg)

866

>;

86.666 866.666

2 8 9

>56.666

0.6 -

>66.666

Ykadmmn (lc) H. `kiuahkjs H. buad`digmn H. hrdznjtbn Bkrhdid`ns Cmdegsntg 8,0 ’ @ Anjg `k ghrn/bn

>66.666

0;.666

-

(ogrjnmks)

Nrn`n igj hukyks

>6

Ydkahrn y ekrtdmdznidùj

9,6 -

Ydkahrn (ibuzg ’ ;6 ia)

Igjtrgm quáadig anmkzns Igjtrgm anjunm anmkzns Xksdkahrn (ibuzg ’ vkcktntdvg)

Cun`nþn`n Nmqudmkr hukyks Djstnmnidùj ikrin kmäitrdin* PGPNM

866.666 56.666 -

8,6 8,;

06.666 ;6.666 86.666

>,6

; -

>8;.666 (966.666)

>.568.;66

Eukjtk. Admn, V. N. 86>6 n`nptn`g

`k Pghùj T, I. Igrpgdin. 8660

86

Ks djtkrksnjtk jgtnr quk mgs igstgs `k mn rkjgvnidùj kj zgjns qukhrn`ns sgj anygrks quk kj prk`dgs igj tgpgcrneáns pmnjns, pkrg sgj ikrin `k 36% akjgrks

quk km kstnhmkidadkjtg g sdkahrn `k jukvns kspkidks quk dapmdinj krrn`dinidùj `k mgs pnstgs vdkogs. Igj mn rkjgvnidùj

rkigr`kags quk sk pkrsdcuk rkiupkrnr mns kspkidks egrrnokrns grdcdjnmks y akz imnrmns igj kspkidks akogrn`ns kj mns

iunmks sk kapmknj akjgrks `kjsd`n`ks `k sdkahrn igjmmkvnj`g akjgrks igstgs kj skadmmn, akinjdznidùj, igjtrgm `k anmkzns y ekrtdmdznjtks.

Pnhmn 5. Igstgs `drkitgs k djcrksgs pgr igjikptg `k rkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns kj mn Grdjgquán igmgahdnjn. @ksirdpidùj Igstgs `drkitgs $/bn/nþg Ekrtdmdznjtks Ykadmmns

Anqudjnrdn Anjg `k ghrn Prnjspgrtk Vmncudid`ns Ynm adjkrnmdzn`n

Uniujns, hnþgs, vdtnadjns Uniujns, Pgtnm igstgs Inrjk lc/bn/nþg Djcrksg hrutg ($/bn/nþg) Djcrksg jktg ($/bn/nþg)

Vdk`kagjtk mmnjkrg Vrn`krn rkjgvn`n >26.666

956.666 866.666 96.666 96.666 >6.666 46.666 36.666

466.666 ;66 8.866.666 >.896.666

Eukjtk. Igstgs noustn`gs pnrn km nþg 8664.

Vrn`krn trn`didgjnm 26.666 46.666

05.666 90.666 966.666 >06 5>5.666 935.666

Nmtdmmnjurn Vrn`krn rkjgvn`n >26.666

956.666 806.666 96.666 ;6.666 >6.666 46.666 36.666

Vrn`krn trn`didgjnm 26.666 26.666 96.666 83.666

>.696.666

>43.666

0>5 >.296.066

>62 03;.666 832.866

266.066

N`nptn`g `k Igrpgdin, 8666, Xdjiùj N, >444.

Igj mgs djcrksgs pkridhd`gs sk husin iuhrdr kj uj nþg mgs igstgs ginsdgjn`gs pgr mn rkjgvnidùj `k mns prn`krns.

;.4 Anjkog `k prn`krns. Km pnstg sk iumtdvn pnrn skr igjsuad`g pgr km njdanm. Mn utdmdznidùj kidkjtk `km

kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznidùj, kti. bnj sd`g igjsd`krn`ns kj `dekrkjtks skiidgjks `k kstk aùùmg.

skin pgr ujd`n` `k supkridk, sdj quk

Kxdstkj `dekrkjtks aätg`gs `k utdmdznidùj

pnstg igjsdstk kj prgpgridgjnr nm njdanm mn anygr injtd`n` pgsdhmk `k antkrdn sk `ktkrdgrkj mns pmnjtns jd sk nigrtk mn vd`n ÿtdm `k mn prn`krn. Mns prîitdins quk sk rknmdznj pnrn nminjznr kstk ghoktdvg rkidhkj km jgahrk ckjkrnm `k anjkog

`k prn`krns. Vnrn `k auibgs prgùitgrks km täradjg anjkog prn`krns sk rkk -

`k mgs egrrnoks. Kstgs vnránj pnrn in`n

zgjn, `kpkj`dkj`g `k enitgrks igag imdan, igj`didgjks `km sukmg igag tgpgcrneán, `rkjnok, ekrtdmd`n` jnturnm, kti., `k mn

rk kspkiáinakjtk n mn utdmdznidùj `k mgs egrrnoks, quk skrî km igjtkxtg kj quk sk

igjsd`krk kj kstn skiidùj, puks gtrns

skmkiidùj `k anjkog kspkidks y akzimns, `k ekr mnsprîitdins `k npmdin`ns, igag tdmdznidùj, igjtrgm `k anmkzns, rdkcg, `dvdsdgjks `k pgtrkrgs, y gtrgs, `k mn imnsk `k njdanmks, `km tdpg `k kxpmgtnidùj, `km

prîitdins `k anjkog igag skmkiidùj `k

tnanþg `k mn jin y `k mn djernkstruiturn

kspkidks, sdstkans `k kstnhmkidadkjtg, usg `k skadmmns `k hukjn inmd`n`,

`k quk sk `dspgjcn.

8>

5. VXDJIDVDGY @K NVXGUKIBNADKJPG @K MGY EGXXNOKY. Kxdstkj nmcujgs prdjidpdgs hîsdigs dapgrda pgrtnjtks `ks`k km pujtg `k vdstn `k pmnjknidùj `km pnstgrkg. >. Yk puk`kj kspkrnr anygrks rkj`dadkjtgs tgtnmks iunj`g pkrág`gs `k pnstgrkg rkmntdvnakjtk igrtgs vnj skcud`gs `k pkrág`gs `k `ksinjsg mnrcgs.

Km cnjn`g kj pnstgrkg skmkiidgjn y igjsuak pnstgs quk tdkjkj ujn igapgsdidùj hgtîjdin y quáadin `dekrkjtk `k mn quk km njdanm tdkjk `dspgjdhmk kj mn pnsturn. N kstn bnhdmd`n` `km njdanm pnrn skmkiidgjnr su `dktn sk mk igjgik igj km jgahrk `k skmkitdvd`n`.

8. Mns prîitdins `k pnstgrkg kj rgtnidùj `khkj n`nptnrsk n mns kspkidks g akzimns `k kspkidks kapmkn`ns. Mgs irdtkrdgs aîs igaujks pnrn djtrgùidr mgs njdanmks nm pgtrkrg g pnrn sninrmgs `k äm,

Iunj`g ujn pnsturn kstî egran`n pgr vnrdns kspkidks, km njdanm puk`k skmkiidgjnr nqukmmns quk mk sgj aîs custgsns y rkibnznr mns quk mk sgj akjgs custgsns. Iunj`g mn prn`krn kstî igjstdtud`n

sgj? n) Mn nmturn `k mn pmnjtn g su kstn`g `k `ksnrrgmmg iunj`g sk djdidn km pnstgrkg. h) Mn nmturn `km pnstg jg utdmdzn`g iunj`g sk rktdrnj mgs njdanmks.

ujn sgmnmns kspkidk, ypgrigjsuadr pnrtkspuk`k `k mn skmkiidgjnr pmnjtn aîs custgsns y jutrdtdvns y rkibnznr mns aîs

Mgs rkj`dadkjtgs y mn inmd`n` sgj anyg-

anùrns, mgs tkod`gs aukrtgs y mgs tnmmgs.

Kstn inpnid`n` `km njdanm pnrn skmkiidgjnr km egrrnok quk igjsuak igjstdtuyk ujn `ksvkjtnon kj iunmqudkr sdstkan `k

rks iunj`g sk bnik uj pnstgrkg ”nmtg‑<

kstk tdpg `k pnstgrkg envgrkik km rkhrg-

pnstgrkg, pukstg quk dapd`k quk sk bncn uj igjsuag ujdegrak `k mn tgtnmd`n` `km

tk. Iunj`g sk rknmdzn pnstgrkg ”hnog‑

egrrnok `dspgjdhmk.

g sghrkpnstgrkg sk puk`k ghtkjkr aîs prgùiidùj kj ksk pnstgrkg `ktkradjn`g, pkrg sk rkùik mn vd`n prgùitdvn `k mn prn`krn y km pnstgrkg sdcudkjtk sk `kagrn `kansdn`g, `khd`g n mn mkjtn rkiu-

Yk bn `ktkradjn`g quk km antkrdnm igj-

suad`g prkskjtn uj igjtkjd`g aîs nmtg `k jdtrùckjg, eùsegrg y kjkrcán hrutn, pkrg ks aîs hnog kj hrn quk km antkrdnm

pkrnidùj `km pnstg.

`dspgjdhmk kj mn pnsturn. Km pgtkjidnm `k

Mgs rkj`dadkjtgs `k egrrnok sgj akogrks

skmkiidùj ks anygr kj mnsvnrdnidùj pnsturnskjtrgpdinmks `khd`g n mn crnj km vnmgr jutrdtdvg `kjtrg y kjtrk mgs igapg-

iunj`g ks anygr mn nmturn `k mns pmnjtns njtks `k djdidnrsk km pnstgrkg, pkrg iunj`g mn nmturn ks kxiksdvn, ckjkrnmakjtk sk `dsadjuyk mn inmd`n` pgr sghrkanùrnidùj `k mn pnrtk hnon `k mn pmnjtn.

9- Km jÿakrg `k pgtrkrgs pnrn tkjkr uj pnstgrkg kj rgtnidùj rkcumn`g `kpkj`k `k mn kspkidk y `k mn äpgin (skin g bÿak`n). Yk jkiksdtn anygr jÿakrg `k

pgtrkrgs iunj`g mns kspkidks sgj `k irkidadkjtg mkjtg, g ùrnjtk mn äpgin skin. 0. Mns pmnjtns quk jg quk`nj kxiksdvnakjtk `kegmdn`ns hnoghukjgs uj pnstgrkg djtkjsg, puk`kj `nr tnj rksumtn`gs

iunj`g sk sgaktkj n uj pnstgrkg igjtdjug y vdcdmn`g, igag iunj`g sk pnstgrknj kj rgtnidùj.

jkjtks `k mns bgons y `km tnmmg.

Mn utdmdznidùj jg skmkitdvn giurrk iunj`g sk snirdin mn inpnid`n` `k skmkiidùj `km njdanm pnrn cnjnr kidkjidn kj mn utdmdzn-

idùj `k mn antkrdn skin `dspgjdhmk. Kstn ks mn sdtunidùj quk sk prkskjtn igj njdanmks kj igjjnadkjtg y skadigjjnadkjtg, n mgs iunmks sk gerkik ujn `dktn igrtn`n, pdin`n y akzimn`n, igj mg quk ks auy `deáidm quk km njdanm puk`n skmkiidgjnr km antkrdnm quk igjsuak. Km usg `krkj`dadkjtgs egrrnok vkr`kpgr pdin`g prgùik anygrks bkitîrkn quk

km pnstgrkg kj rgtnidùj `khd`g n mns sdcudkjtks rnzgjks?

88

>. Jg sk `kspkr`didn pnstg pgr km pdsgtkg jd pgr mgs kxirkakjtgs `k mgs njdanmks. 8. Km pkrág`g `k `ksinjsg `km pnstg sk puk`k rkcumnr akogr.

9. Km pnstgrkg prgmgjcn`g `k uj pgtrkrg bnik quk mgs njdanmks igjsuanj mgs hrgtks rkidäj jnid`gs, mg quk `ktkradjn ujn akjgr prgùiidùj `k rkhrgtks. 0. Mn igapnitnidùj `km sukmg pnrkik skr aîs eukrtk iunj`g mgs njdanmks nprgvkibnj `drkitnakjtk km pnstg quk iunj`g sk igrtn igj aîqudjn.

5.> Km pnstgrkg. Km pnstgrkg igjsdstk kj ujn skrdk `k gpkrnidgjks quk kekitÿn km njdanm, pgr ak`dg `k mns iunmks inahdn `k sdtdg pnrn husinr y igskibnr km nmdakjtg. Km njdanm sk `kspmnzn pgr km pgtrkrg husinj`g nqukmmns îrkns quk prkskjtnj anygr injtd`n` `k egrrnok custgsg y `k hukjn inmd`n`, y quk .pgr mg tnjtg sgj eîidmksy `k igskibnr. igskibnr Mn kstruiturn `kaîs mn pmnjtn mn ighkrturn `k mn pnsturn djuykj kj mn

enidmd`n` igj quk km antkrdnm puk`k skr igjsuad`g. Vnrn nrrnjinr km antkrdnm km njdanm utdmdzn mn mkjcun, mgs `dkjtks y mns

kjiáns< mn eukrzn akiîjdin quk gpgjcnj mns `dekrkjtks pnrtks `k mn pmnjtn quk sk vn n igskibnr, puk`k `ktkradjnr mns skiidgjks quk sk igjsuakj y mns quk sk `konj ntrîs. Mn bgon ks mn pnrtk prkekrd`n `k

mn pmnjtn pgr km njdanm kj pnstgrkg. Jg sk snhk sd kstn prkekrkjidn sk `khk n `dekrkjidns kj km igjtkjd`g `k jdtrùckjg n gtrgs igapgjkjtks quáadigs nsgidn`gsg igj mn bgon, g sd ks n inusn `k sus inrni tkrástdins eásdins< pgsdhmkakjtk sk `khn n ujn igahdjnidùj `k enitgrks quáadigs y eásdigs.

5.8 Igjsuag `k egrrnok hnog pnstgrkg. [j njdanm nùmtg igjsuak skmkitdvnakjtk kjtrk ;6 y 36 ldmgs `dnrdgs `k antkrdn vkr`k prgik`kjtk `k mns bgons, mg iunm sdcjdin quk kj uj mnpsg `k vd`n `k `dkz

nþgs igjsuak nprgxdan`nakjtk 866

`n`gsnakjtk pnrn quk sk puk`n `dckrdr aîs eîidmakjtk< pgr mg tnjtg, ks rnzgjnhmk kspkrnr quk km igapgrtnadkjtg `km njdanm kj pnstgrkg, kj täradjgs `k su rkspukstn prgùitdvn, `khk rkkonr vn-

tgjkmn`ns `k egrrnok vkr`k. Km antkrdnm

rdnidgjks kj km igjsuag `k egrrnok y kj

igjsuad`g sk rkcurcdtn y sk anstdin iud-

mn inmd`n` `km antkrdnm djckrd`g.

5.9 Vujtg `k igskibn `k mn pnsturn. Kj kspkidks quk tdkj`kj n grkikr, grkikr, igag

rndcrnsks, gribgrg y ekstuins, kjtrk gtrns, km agakjtg n`kiun`g ks iunj`g km prdagr`dg grnm (djgrksikjidn) sk kj iukjtrn n ujn nmturn kjtrk >6 y >; ia sg-

pujtg `k igskibn `khk skr km agakjtg njtkrdgr nm kjinan`g `km pnstg, yn quk `kspuäs `k ästk mn inmd`n` ink hrusinakjtk y sk envgrkik mn iná`n `k mn iuhdkrtn vkcktnm, mg iunm irkn nm njdanm `diumtn`

hrk mn supkridk `km sukmg, sdj quk bnyn

kakrcd`g pgr kjidan `k mn iuhdkrtn, igj km j `k quk nm pnstgrknrmn km njdanm rk aukvn km anygr jÿakrg `k djgrksikj idns, erustrnj`g mn skadmmn`n `km pnstg

pnrn igskibnr km pnstg quk kstî nigstn`g sghrk km sukmg, ginsdgjnj`g crnj`ks pär`d`ns ùrnjtk km pnstgrkg. Kj iunjtg n mn bgrn `km `án aîs dj`din`n pnrn rknmdznr mgs inahdgs `k pgtrkrg, ks jkiksnrdg

pnrn suprdadr mn n`gadjnjidn npdinm y ghmdcnrmg n rkhrgtnr pnrtdr `k mns ykans hnsnmks. Kj kstk pujtg sk mgcrn ujn hukjn

tkjkr kjmniukjtn mns pmnjtns ujn rkspdrnj ùrnjtk jgibk,quk igjsuadkj`g injtd`n` sdcjdintdvn `k mgs nzÿinrks quk sk

prgùiidùj `k egrrnok igj uj nmtg vnmgr

jutrdtdvg. Kj kspkidks quk jg tdkj`kj n

kjiukjtrnj kj km igjtkjd`g ikmumnr, `k tnm anjkrn quk kj mns prdakrns bgrns `k mn

grkikr rkcumnrakjtk, igag km ldluyg, km

anþnjn prkskjtnj sus jdvkmks aîs hnogs.

89

5.0 Pdpgs `k pnstgrkg. Hîsdinakjtk kxdstkj `gs tdpgs `k pnstgrkg, km igjtrgmn`g y km djigjtrgmn`g. Km pnstgrkg djigjtrgmn`g ks nqukm kj km iunm jg kxdstk djtkrvkjidùj `drkitn `km bgahrk kj km anjkog `k mn prn`krn. Kstk tdpg

`k pnstgrkg sk prnitdin kj zgjns `gj`k mn inmd`n` `km sukmg y `k mns pnsturns y mns igj`didgjks nahdkjtnmks jg pkradtkj djstnmnr ikrins, jd `kanrinr pgtrkrgs y mgs njdanmks sk aukvkj kj crnj`ks îrkns `kmdadtn`ns pgr niid`kjtks jnturnmks igag rágs y inþgs, adcrnj`g `k niukr`g igj mn äpgin `km nþg y km irkidadkjtg `k mgs pnstgs. Igj erkiukjidn jg sk suadjdstrn snm adjkrnmdzn`n. Km cnjn`g sk rkÿjk njunmakjtk kj uj rg`kg pnrn skpnrnrmg, anrinr y bnikr mn igskibn `k tkrjkrgs. Kj Igmgahdn tg`nván kxdstk

kstk tdpg `k kxpmgtnidùj kj nmcujns zgjns `k mgs Mmnjgs Grdkjtnmks.

Km pnstgrkg igjtrgmn`g ks nqukm kj km iunm km bgahrk nsuak mn `drkiidùj g anjkog `k mn pnsturn. Kj kstk sdstkan mns

îrkns sk mdadtnj pgr ak`dg `k ikrins y sk `ktkradjnj pgtrkrgs igj sus rkspkitdvgs snmn`krgs y hkhk`krgs g ncunoks jnturnmks.

Mns bkrrnadkjtns `dspgjdhmks pnrn km anjkog `k mn pnsturn sgj mn skmkiidùj

`k kspkidks hdkj n`nptn`ns nm ak`dg, km anjtkjdadkjtg `k mn ekrtdmd`n` `km sukmg, mn skmkiidùj y noustkquk `ksk inrcns y mgs sds tkans `k pnstgrkg utdmdikj.

5.; Ydstkans `k pnstgrkg. Kj ckjkrnm pg`kags pg`kags nranr quk mgs sdstkans sdstkans kapmkn`gs sgj?

5.;.> Vnstgrkg igjtdjug. Mgs njdanmks utdmdznj uj sgmg pgtrkrg.

5.;.8 Vnstgrkg nmtkrjg. Ygj 8 pgtrkrgs, adkjtrns ujg kstî giupn`g km gtrg kstî kj `ksinjsg.

5.;.9 Vnstgrkg rgtnidgjnm. Ygj 9 pgtrkrgs g aîs, kstk sdstkan pkradtk mn rkiupkrnidùj `k mg pgtrkrgs pgr km `ksinjsg quk sk mks `n. Nujquk kstk sdstkan kxdck anygr djvkrsdùj ks aîs kidkjtk pnrn km anjkog `k mgs njdanmks y `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns. Iunj`g sk bnikj giupnidgjks igrtns (bgrns), sk prgpdidn km pnstgrkg kj ernjons igj usg `k mn ikrin kmäitrdin y km anjkog `k inrcns njdanmks nmtns.

5.5 Anjtkjdadkjtg `k prn`krns. Mn prîitdin aîs dapgrtnjtk pnrn km anjtkjdadkjtg `k prn`krns ks sdj mucnr n ù`ns mn ekrtdmdznidùj, mn nmtn kxtrniidùj `k jutrdkjtks `km sukmg pgr mgs pnstgs bnik dj`dspkjsnhmk, rkstdtudr nm sukmg mgs jutrdkjtks kxtrná`gs kj mgs igrtks. Mn ekrtdmdznidùj `khk djimuár tg`gs mgs kmkakjtgs kskjidnmks, sk igjsd`krn quk ujn ekrtdmdznidùj igapmktn njunmakjtk igj J - V - L - In - Ac - Y y adirgkmkakjtgs `khk

skr prdgrdtnrdn, n`kaîs mns npmdinidgjks

`k J kj crnaájkns purns `khk skr bkibn `kspuäs `k in`n igrtk g pnstgrkg g aájdag in`n 8 igrtks. Iunj`g sk vnj n ekrtdmdznr akzimns km hnmnjik `k mn ekrtdmdznidùj `khk bnikrsk igj hnsk n mgs rkqukrdadkjtgs `k mns crnaájkns y mkcuadjgsns nsgidn`ns. Gtrns prîitdins hkjäins pnrn anjtkjkr

uj hukj kqudmdhrdg sukmg - pnstg - njdanm ’igjsdstkj kj?

80

• [jdegradznr mn prn`krn igj igrtks akiîjdigs pkrdù`dinakjtk. • km nhgjg grc îjdig kj pgtrkrgs ak`dnjtk rnstrdmmgs. • Kspnridr Iunj`g ks pgsdhmkgrcîjdig tkjkr pgzgs `k kstdärigm kstdärigm kj kstnhmg kstnhmg mn npmdinidùj sk enidmdtn ak-

`dnjtk hgahkg.

• Anjtkjkr ncun pgtnhmk y snmks adjkrnmdzn`ns kj mgs pgtrkrgs. pgtrkrgs. • Kmnhgrnr uj irgjgcrnan irgjgcrnan `k nitdvd`n`ks kj `gj`k sk djimuynj mgs pmnjks pmnjks snjdtnrdgs, mnhgrks `k anjkog, d`kjtdinidùj `k mgtks, `dktns jutrdtdvns y skmkiidùj `k njdanmks

pgr su inpnid`n` prgùitdvn.

N igjtdjunidùj sk prkskjtn kj mn tnhmn 3 mgs igstgs `k anjtkjdadkjtg `k prn`krns kj rgtnidùj oujtg igj mn djstnmnidùj `km sdstkan `k ikrin kmäitrdin km iunm sk `dkrk n ;

nþgs.

Pnhmn 3. Igstgs `k dapmkakjtnidùj y anjtkjdadkjtg `k sdstkans `k rgtnidùj `k prn`krns igj ikrin kmäitrdin. Xuhrg Kqudpg ikrin kmäitrdin

Igstg $/bn/nþg

Vgstks

86.666 (`dekrd`g n ; nþgs)

Hkhk`krgs (8)

2.666 (`dekrd`g n ; nþgs)

Ynmn`krgs (8)

>;.666 (`dekrd`g n 8 nþgs)

N`dtnakjtgs

86.666 (`dekrd`g n ; nþgs)

Anjg `k ghrn

96.666 nþg

Ekrtdmdznidùj

986.666 nþg

Igjtrgm `k pmncns y nrvkjsks

>;6.666 nþg

Ogrjnmks

>;6.666

Nàdjdstrnidùj

56.666

Daprkvdstgs

;6.666

PGPNM IGYPGY

492.606

Admn V.N. 8664.

>>;.606 (`dekrd`g n ; nþgs)

3. @KYIXDVIDÙJ @K NIPDUD@N@KY. Udsdtn `k rkigjgidadkjtg hgtîjdig y agregmùcdig pnrn mn d`kjtdinidùj `k kspkidks egrrnokrns crnaájkns mkcuadjgsns, nrhustdvns, nrhùrkns, kspkidks egrrnokrns jg igj vkjidgjnmks y kspkidks vkcktnmks jg egrrnokrns pkrg quk bnikj pnrtk `km kigsdstkan

`k mns prn`krns kj in`n kigrrkcdùj.

- Ghskrvnidùj, rkigjgidadkjtg k d`kjtdinidùj `k crnaájkns egrrnokrns. - Ghskrvnidùj, rkigjgidadkjtg rkigjgidadkjtg k d`kjtdinidùj `k mkcuadjgsns, mkcuadjgsns, bkrhîikns, nrhustd-

vns y nrhùrkns. - Ghskrvnidùj, rkigjgidadkjtg rkigjgidadkjtg k d`kjtdinidùj d`kjtdinidùj `k kspkidks vkcktnmks jg igjvkjidg igjvkjidgjnmks `k pgtkjidnm egrrnokrg. - Ghskrvnidùj, rkigjgidadkjtg rkigjgidadkjtg k d`kjtdinidùj d`kjtdinidùj `k kspkidks vkcktnmks jg egrrnokrns.

8;

2. XKIGJGIDADKJPG K D@KJPDEDINIDÙJ @K MNY KYVKIDKY EGXXNOKXNY IGAKXIDNMKY. 2.> Ghoktdvg. Xkigjgidadkjtg d`kjtdinidùj `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns trn`didgjnmks jntdvns y akogrn`ns `k djtkräs kj mn kigrkcdùj cnjn`krn `k trnhnog (>6 mginmd`n`ks).

2.8 Cuán? Inrnitkrástdins agregmùcdins `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns `k usg igakridnm. Mgs pnrtdidpnjtks k djstruitgrks rknmdznrîj ujn vdsdtn `k inapg n ujn prn`krn igakridnm y sk d`kjtdinrîj mns kspkidks kj kstn`g kstn`g vkcktntdvg y rkprgùitdvg rkprgùitdvg y sk prgik`krî

n mmkjnr ujn djegranidùj pnrn kstnhmkikr mns inrnitkrástdins agregmùcdins `k mns kspkidks kjigjtrn`ns kj mn prn`krn? KYVKIDKY

XNÁ_ Yupkridnm WWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Vrgeuj`nWWWWWWWWWWWW Vrgeuj`nWW WWWWWWWWWW

PNMMG InþnWWWWWWWWWW Ugmuhmk/trkpn`grWWWW gmuhmk/trkpn`grWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWW MkþgsgWWWWWW MkþgsgWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWW BGONY Agjgegmdn`nsWWWW @degmdn`nsWWWWWW Prdegmdn`ns WWWWWW Vkjtnegmdn`nsWWWWW EMGX Kspdcn`n WWWWWWW Vnpdmdgjn`n WWWWWWWUdstgsn WWWWWWWWW GtrnWWWWWW EX[PG Inrdùpsd`kWWWWWWW MkcuahrkWWWWW MkcuahrkWWWWWWW WW GtrgWWWWWWWWW PDVG VMNJPN BkrhîiknWWWWWWWWW NrhustdvnWWWWWWWWWWWW Nrhùrkn IXKIDADKJPG Vgstrn`g

Ykadrkrkitg

Krkitg

Igapntdhdmd`n` `k kspkidks pnrn nsgidnidùj CXNADJKN WWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWW

MKC[ADJGYN WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

KYVKIDKY @K VGPKJIDNM EGXXNOKXG JD CXNADJKN JD MKC[ADJGYN WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW KYVKIDKY UKCKPNMKY JG EGXXNOKXNY Jgahrk idkjtáig id kjtáig WWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Jgahrk vumcnr WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WW Nmtnakjtk jgidvnWWWWWW Ak`dnjnakjtk jgidvnWWWWW Hnonakjtk jgidvnWWWW

85

Km trnhnog puk`k skr crupnm igj 9-0 djtkcrnjtks pnrn igjsgmd`nr kstn djegranidùj.

2.9 Njîmdsds `k sukmgs. 2.9.> Pgan `k aukstrns. >- @dvdsdùj `k mns kxpmgtnidgjks kj îrkns îrkns bgagcäjkns. Irdtkrdgs.

8- Akiîjdin `k mn tgan `k aukstrns. Iud`n`gs, Iud`n`gs, prgeuj`d`n`, gtrgs irdtkrdgs. 9- Jÿakrg `k aukstrns. 0- Vrkpnrnidùj `k mn aukstrn `k kjvág nm mnhgrntgrdg.

2.9.8 Nspkitgs eásdigs `km sukmg. Vrkpnrnr inmdintn `k >.6 x >.6 x >.6 aktrgs kj uj sdtdg rkprkskjtntdvg `k mn jin g crnjon `gj`k sk kstä n`kmnjtnj`g km iursg. Njtks `k djdidnr km trnhnog kj mn inmdintn inmdinr? >- Pgpgcrneán (Vkj`dkjtk).

8- Ighkrturn vkcktnm `km `km tkrrkjg. 9- Krgsdùj supkridnm. 0- @rkjnok supkridnm.

;- Nptdtu` `k akinjdznidùj. 2.9.9 Ksinmns `k inmdinidùj. Pgpgcrneán

Ighkrturn vkcktnm

Krgsdùj supkridnm

Vkj`dkjtk %

Inmdinidùj

%

Inmdinidùj

Crn`g

Inmdinidùj

6’8

>

6 ’ 86

;

Jg `ktkitnhmk

>

8 ’ >6

8

86 ’ 06

0

Mdckrn

8

>6 ’ 86

9

06 ’ 56

9

Ag`krn`n

9

86 ’ 06

0

56 - 26

8

Eukrtk

0

:06

;

26 - >66

>

Auy eukrtk

;

Nptdtu` `k akinjdznidùj

@rkjnok supkridnm

Crn`g

Inmdinidùj

Crn`g

Inmdinidùj

Auy anmg (Dapk`d`g)

;

Auy Hukjn

>

Anmg

0

Hukjn

8

Xkcumnr

9

Mdadtn`n

9

Hukjg

8

Vgin

0

Auy Hukjg

>

Jdjcujn

;

Kj mn inmdintn sk kstu`dnj mgs sdcudkjtks nspkitgs? >. Bgrdzgjtks. - D`kjtdinidùj

- Inrnitkrástdins `k in`n bgrdzgjtk - Kspksgr (Vrgeuj` (Vrgeuj`d`n`) d`n`)

- Igmgr - Pkxturn - Kstruiturn

- Vkraknh Vkraknhdmd`n` dmd`n` (@rkjnok djtkrjg)

83

rgins, crnvdmmn, jùùmgs, igjirkidgjks, îrkns gxd`n`ns g rkùid`ns, - Vrkskjidn `k rgins, igmgrnidgjks njgranmks. - Vrgeuj`d`n` `k rnáiks. - Vrgeuj`d`n` kekitdvn. - Jdvkm erkîtdig. - Mdadtnjtks (imny pnj, bnr` pnj, gtrgs).

2.0 Vrîitdin `k sdkahrn y ekrtdmdznidùj. - Mgs pnrtdidpnjtks prkvdnakjtk `khkj tkjkr igjgidadkjtg `k mns igj`didgjks ncrgkigmùcdins `km îrkn `gj`k sk rknmdznrî km kstnhmkidadkjtg `k mns prn`krns. Kj kstk nspkitg ks dapgrtnjtk igjgikr mgs rkqukrdadkjtgs jutrdidgjnmks `k mns kspkidks tkjdkj`g igag hnsk mn gekrtn `k adjkrnmks `km sukmg y mgs `ntgs `km imdan (nmtdtu`, zgjn `k vd`n, prkidpdtnidùj,

bgrns muz, tkapkrnturn, buak`n` rkmntdvn). - Yk prgpgjk mn sdkahrn `k kspkidks kj

agjgiumtdvg y kj nsgidnidùj kstns kspkidks skrîj skmkiidgjn`ns skcÿj mn n`nptnidùj n mns inrnitkrástdins nahdkjtnmks `k in`n kigrkcdùj cnjn`krn `gj`k sk bnrîj mns nitdvd`n`ks prîitdins.

2.0.> Vnrtk gpkrntdvn. Yk puk`kj prkpnrnr mgtks `k >;66 a 8, kjtgjiks ks jkiksnrdg kekitunr mnhrnjzn tkaprnjn, uj aks njtks `k mn sdkahrn, prkpnrnr mns ernjons y pumdrmns >-8 `áns njtks `k mn

prîitdin `k sdkahrn.

Km mgtk puk`k skr `dvd`d`g kj 0 ernjons pnrn dapmkakjtnr 0 trntnadkjtgs n snhkr? >. Ydkahrn `k ujn akzimn g nsgidnidùj nm vgmkg igj skadmmn skxunm. 8. Ydkahrn pujtunm `k skadmmn vkcktntdvn vkcktntdvn n `dstnjidn `k 26 ia kjtrk sdtdgs. 9. Ydkahrn kj surigs surigs `k ujn kspkidk egrrnokrn kj agjgiumtdvg agjgiumtdvg n ;6 ia kjtrk kjtrk surigs. surigs. 0. Ydkahrn `k ujn akzimn akzimn g nsgidnidùj kj surigs surigs `dstnjidn`gs n ;6 ia, ag`nmd`n` ag`nmd`n` >?>

2.0.8 Npmdinidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks. ekrtdmdznjtks. Npmdinr kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznjtks kj egran anjunm, kj egran akiîjdin, kj surigs, nm vgmkg, npmdinidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks egmdnrks (Kj igmnhgrnidùj igj mgs täijdigs `k anqudjnrdn). Mns ernjons g pnrikmns rkidhdrîj ekrtdmdznidùj noustn`n n mgs rksumtn`gs `k mgs njîmdsds

`k sukmgs y skcÿj mgs rkqukrdadkjtgs rkqukrdadkjtgs jutrdidgjnmks `k mns kspkidks kmkcd`ns pnrn mn sdkahrn. Jg ghstnjtk ujn ekrtdmdznidùj hnsk pnrn kekitgs `k mn prîitdin pg`rán skr mn sdcudkjtk? ;6 lc `k V8G; >66-966 lc `k inm g yksg

;6 lc `k Imgrurg `k Vgtnsdg ;6 lc `k ekrtdmdznjtk jdtrgckjn`g

866 lc `k adigrrdzn 966 lc `k nhgjg grcîjdig Yk kapmknrîj tnsns `k sdkahrn skcÿj mns rkigakj`nidgjks täijdins `k mns kspkidks egrrnokrns.

Mns skadmmns `k mkcuadjgsns `khkj skr prkvdnakjtk djgiumn`ns igj mns ikpns hnitkrdnjns kspkiáins. Km trnhnog `khk skr crupnm, in`n crupg rknmdznrî > trntnadkjtg. N in`n crupg sk mk

nsdcjnrîj mgs antkrdnmks jkiksnrdgs pnrn iuapmdr igj in`n trntnadkjtg

Km crupg bnrî ujn rkmntgrán `km trnhnog `k su trntnadkjtg y nm jnm sk n`kmnjtnrî ujn

`dsiusdùj ckjkrnm igj pnrtdidpnidùj `k mgs djstruitgrks.

82

N`kaîs bny quk tkjkr kj iukjtn mgs sdcudkjtks pujtgs? - Vmnj `k niidùj pnrn km trntnadkjtg nsdcjn`g.

- @ktnmmk `k mns vkjtnons y `ksvkjtnons `ksvkjtnons quk rksumtkj `km `km trntnadkjtg kokiutn`g `ktkradjnj`g su vdnhdmd`n` n jdvkm `k mns jins `k mgs cnjn`krgs

2.0.9 Djgiumnidùj `k skadmmns `k mkcuadjgsns. Yk puk`kj igjegranr crupgs pnrn djgiumnr skadmmn skxunm ujgs y skadmmn vkcktntdvn

gtrgs. Antkrdnmks jkiksnrdgs? - Ykadmmns

- Djgiumnjtk - Vkmktdznj Vkmktdznjtk tk (rgin egseùrdin g yksg)

- Hnm`k mdapdg - Ncdtn`gr

- N`bkrkjtk (sgmuidùj `k ncun igj nzÿinr)

In`n crupg pksnrî mn skadmmn y inmiumnrî km djùiumg rkqukrd`g y sk prgik`krî nsá? >. Ncrkcnr mn skadmmn nm hnm`k 8. N`didgjnr sgmuidùj n`bkrkjtk (Ncun/nzÿinr)

9. Ncrkcnr djùiumg 0. Ncdtnr y bgagckjdznr mn akzimn akzimn ;. @kspuäs `k uj rntg n`didgjnr km pkmktdznjtk pkmktdznjtk

5. Ykinr mn skadmmn n mn sgahrn 3. @dsiusdùj pgr pnrtk `k pnrtdidpnjtks k djstruitgrks djstruitgrks

2.; Prnhnog kj km numn. Kj mn pnrtk igjikptunm `km aùùmg cuán ks dapgrtnjtk tkjkr kj iukjtn pnrn mgs tnmmkrks `k trnhnog mgs sdcudkjtks igapgjkjtks quk sgj pnrtk igapmkakjtnrdn `k mns nitdvd`n `ks gpkrntdvns.

2.;.> Ydkahrn `k kspkidks egrrnokrns. Kspkidks. Inmd`n` `k mn skadmmn (Unmgr Iumturnm, purkzn, ckradjnidùj, vdcgr). @kjsd`n` `k sdkahrn (Lc/bn).

2.;.8 Aätg`gs `k sdkahrn. Ydkahrn kj surigs. Ydkahrn nm vgmkg.

Vrgeuj`d`n` `k sdkahrn. Pnpn`g? dapmkakjtgs akiîjdigs, rnans `k îrhgmks. Ekrtdmdznidùj Ek rtdmdznidùj (sdaumtîjkn y npnrtk) nhgjn`grns, vgmkn`grns, kjinmn`grns. Ydkahrn vkcktntdvg. Ydkahrn `k `k antkrdnm akzimns g nsgidnidgjks. Anjkog `k nrvkjsks.

Buak`n`. Vmncns y kjekrak`n`ks.

84

2.;.9 Kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznidùj. Djtkrprktnidùj `km njîmdsds `k sukmgs. Egraumnidùj `k kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznjtks. Irdtkrdgs? Kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznidùj `k kstnhmkidadkjtg. Kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznidùj `k anjtkjdadkjtg. Ekrtdmdznidùj `k crnaájkns y `k mkcuadjgsns.

Ekrtdmdznidùj `k akzimns. Ekrtdmdznidùj `k pnstgs `k igrtk. Ekrtdmdznidùj egmdnr kj pnstgs. Ykmkiidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks y kjadkj`ns (Eùraumns, eukjtks, `gsds).

Npmdinidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks npmdinr kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznjtks kj egran anjunm, kj egran akiîjdin, kj surigs, nm vgmkg, npmdinidùj `k ekrtdmdznjtks egmdnrks.

2.;.0 Anjkog `k prn`krns. Vrdjidpdgs. Vrdakr igrtk g pnstgrkg. [tdmdznidùj rnidgjnm `k mn prn`krn. prn`krn. Inpnid`n` `k inrcn (`ktkradjnidùj, negrgs). Mkyks `km pnstgrkg (Ugdsdj).

Vkrág`gs `k giupnidùj y `ksinjsg. Pnanþg y jÿakrg `k pgtrkrgs.

Ydstkans `k `dvdsdùj (ikrins ons y aùvdmks, ikrin kmäitrdin, kti). Yuadjdstrg `k ernjons.

2.;.; @ktkradjnidgjks kj inapg. Vrgùiidùj `k hdgansn (negrg). Igapgsdidùj hgtîjdin `km egrrnok (crnaájkns, mkcuadjgsns, nrvkjsks). Njîmdsds hrgantgmùcdig y `k `dckstdhdmd`n` (sdcjdin`g k djtkrprktnidùj).

2.;.5 Iîmiumg `k inpnid`n`ks `k inrcn `k mns pnsturns. @dspgjdhdmd`n` `k egrrnok vkr`k y antkrdn skin.

Vksg vdvg. [CC. [jd`n`ks njdanmks.

2.;.3 Xkjgvnidùj `k prn`krns. Dj`din`grks `k `kcrn`nidùj `k prn`krns. Igapnitnidùj `k sukmgs. Vrgeuj`d`n` kekitdvn. Krgsdùj. Ugmuakj `k prgùiidùj `k hdgansn egrrnokrn.

Inmd`n` jutrdidgjnm. Igapgsdidùj hgtîjdin `k mn prn`krn. Vrkskjidn y `nþg `k pmncns y kjekrak`n`ks.

Vrgùiidùj njdanm.

2.;.2 Kstrntkcdn `k rkjgvnidùj `k mn prn`krn. Vnstgrkg n egj`g. @kshrgik. Idjikmn`g djtkrsdkahrn, kjadkj`ns y ekrtdmdznidùj.

2.;.4 Kstu`dg `k insg y prgpukstn igapmktn `k mgs prgiksgs. (Njtkik`kjtks, prghmkaîtdin, prghmkaîtdin, pmnj gpkrntdvg aktns y igstgs).

96

4. XKEKXKJIDNY @GI[AKJPNMKY. NAÄ_^[DPN, K. >442. Vrgpdk`n`ks eásdins `k mgs sukmgs `k mgs mmnjgs grdkjtnmks y sus rkqukrdadkjtgs `k mnhrnjzn. Kj? Akagrdns Kjiukjtrg Jnidgjnm `k Mnhrnjzn `k Igjskrvnidùj. kt nm k`dtgrks. pp? >0; ’ >30. HKXJNM K., O.Xgakrg 8662. C. Vnstgs y EgrrnoksUdmmnvdikjidg. Prgpdinmks. Vrgùiidùj y Anjkog. Pgag >. ;32 p. INYPXG, B. >445. Hnsks täijdins pnrn km igjgidadkjtg y anjkog `k mgs sukmgs `km Unmmk iîmd`g `km nmtg Anc`nmkjn. Igrpgdin Xkcdgjnm 5. Dhncuä. >63 p. INYPXG, B. y K. NAÄ_^[DPN. >44>. Ydstkans `k mnhrnjzn y prgùiidùj `k iumtd vgs kj sukmgs igj mdadtnjtks eásdigs. Yukmgs Kiuntgrdnmks 8> (>)? 8>-82.

IDNP. 8660. Vrdakr Pnmmkr jnidgjnm `k dj`din`grks `k inmd`n` `km sukmg. Igjikptgs

y prdjidpdgs npmdin`gs n mn kvnmunidùj `k mn `kcrn`nidùj `k mns tdkrrns. 86, 8> y 88 `k Gituhrk `k 8660, IDNP, Vnmadrn, Igmgahdn.

IDNP. >440. Iursg sghrk sdstkans `k prgùiidùj ncrgpnstgrdmks sgstkjdhmks kj sukmgs îid`gs `k Igmgahdn. Udmmnvdikjidg Aktn. 0 aùùmgs. 086 p. IDNP k`didgjks. IMNVVKXPGJ, A. O., O. O. ADMMKX, E. O. MNXJKT M NXJKT,, nj` I. S. MDJ@SNMM. >443. Knrtbwgra pgpumntdgjs ns neekitk` hy mgjctkra tdmmnck prnitdiks dj sgutbkrj Nmhkrtn, Injn`n. Ygdm Hdgmgcy & Hdgibkadstry 84?59>-599.

IGXPÄY, M.N., IGXPÄY, A.N., VNMNIDJG, N.A.>428. Mgs sukmgs `k mns igr`dmmkrns nj`djns y su nptdtu` `k usg. Djstdtutg Ncustáj Ig`nzzd, Yuh`drkiidùj `k Ncrgmgcán. Hgcgtî, @.K., Igmgahdn. 02p.?98-92. IGXVGDIN, >444. Anjkog `k sukmgs kj adjdeuj`dg `k mn`krn `k mn rkcdùj nj`djn ak`dnjtk iumtdvgs pkranjkjtks y trnjsdtgrdgs kj rgtnidùj kstnhmkid`gs kj ernjons `k jdvkm. Igrpgrnidùj Igmgahdnjn `k Djvkstdcnidùj Ncrgpkiunrdn, IGXVGDIN, Xkcdgjnm Jg. 3. Huinrnanjcn.

@KINKJY P., ODAKJK_ O.O., CDGDN I., AKNYKT C.O. & MNUKMMK V. 8665. Pbk

vnmuks ge sgdm njdanms egr igjskrvntdgj igjskr vntdgj hdgmgcy. Kurgpknj Kurgpknj Ogurjnm ge Ygdm Hdgmgcy, 08, Y89-Y92.

@GXNJ, O.S., OGJKY, N.O., NXYBN@, A.N. T CDMMKT, O.K. >444. @ktkradjnjts ge sgdm qunmdty nj` bknmtb. Kj? Mnm (K`.). Ygdm qunmdty nj` sgdm krgsdgj. Ygdm nj` Sntkr Igjskrvntdgj Ygidkty, Njlkjky, Dgwn. IXI prkss. Hgin Xntgj, Emgrd`n. pp.984? >3-

95. 99p. K@SNX@Y I.N. >44;. Pbk keekits ge igjtnadjnjts gj tbk struiturk nj` eujitdgj ge sgdm igaaujdtdks. Nitn _ggm. Ekjjdin, >45, 820-824.

K@SNX@Y, I. N., V. O. HGBMKJ, @. X. MDJ@KJ, Y. Y[HMKX, nj` V. E. BKJdj Jgrtb>44;. Nakrdin.?>2;-8>9. Knrtbwgras dj ncrgkigsystkas. Knrtbwgra kigmgcy nj` hdgckgcrnpby @XDR. KXJYP, C., nj` I. KAAKXMDJC. 8664. Dapnit ge vk `deekrkjt tdmmnck systkas gj

sgdm grcnjdi inrhgj igjtkjt nj` tbk `kjsdty, hdganss nj` igaaujdty igapgsdtdgj ge

knrtbwgras netkr n tkj-yknr pkrdg`. Kurgpknj Ogurjnm ge sgdm Hdgmgcy 0;?803-8;>. EKJNMIK. >423. Mn akinjdznidùj y km anjkog `k sukmgs kj Igmgahdn. Vgjkjidn nm

RDD Igjcrksg Jnidgjnm Ikrknmdstn. Hgcgtî. 59 p. EGXYPJKX [. >444. Mnj` igjtnadjntdgj hy aktnms?cmghnm sigpk nj` ancjdtu`k ge prghmka. K`. Bkrhkrt K. y gtrgs. Aktnm spkidntdgj nj` igjtnadjntdgj ge sgdm. IXI Vrkss, Dji. >-99 p.

CNUDMNJKY, I. I. >448. Aätg`gs `k sdkahrn `k kspkidks egrrnokrns. Yupmkakjtg Cnjn`krg. Vnstgs y Egrrnoks Egrrnoks pnrn Igmgahdn. 9n k`didùj. p >9-80.

BKXXKXN, V., K. NAK_^[DPN, M. C[KXXKXG y M. XKYPXKVG. >44>. Kekitg `k mn mnhrnjzn kj nmcujns prgpdk`n`ks eásdins `k uj sukmg nj`djg. Yukmgs Kiuntgrdnmks. 8>(>) 52-3;. BDMMKM, @. >442. Kjvdrgjakjtnm sgdm pbysdis. Nin`kadi Vrkss. Ynj @dkcg. [.Y.N. 33> p. pk`gmgcy. AiCrnwOKJJT, B. >40>. Ygdm Egradjc Enitgrs. N systka ge qunjtdtntdvk pk`gmgcy. Bdmm. Jkw Tgrl, 82> p.

9>

OKJ, Y. y X. ^[DJPKXG. >423. Kekitg `k mgs aätg`gs `k prkpnrnidùj `km sukmg kj km `ksnrrgmmg y prgùiidùj `k mn inþn `k nzÿinr kj km Unmmk `km Inuin. Yukmgs Kiuntgrdnmks >3 (8)? 50-3>. MNM, X. 8666. Vbysdinm Anjnckakjt ge sgdms ge tbk trgpdis? Vrdgrdtdks egr tbk 8>st Ikjtury. Ugm- >5; (9)? [VIB[XIB, >4>-863. MKPKT, Ygdm O., sidkjik YGOLN, @.X.,

@.L., INYYKM, @.L., GMYGJ, L.X., VNTJK,S.N., VKPXDK, Y.K., VXDIK,C.B., XKCDJNPG, X.O., YIGPP,B.@.,YAKPB[XYP, V.O., NJ@ PXDVKPP, C.C. 8669. Ogurjnm ge sgdm nj` wntkr igjskrvntdgj. Ugmuak ;2 (0)?>26->23. ANC@GEE, E.< UGJ KY, B. 8666. Hudm`djc sgdms egr hkttkr irgps. Ykigj` k`dtdgj. Yustndjnhmk Ncrdiumturk Jktwgrl bnj`hggl Ykrdks. Yustndjnhmk Ncrdiumturk Xksknrib nj` Kùintdgj (YNXK). [.Y. @kpnrtakjt ge Ncrdiumturk. Snsbdjctgj @.I

ANMNCGJ, I.@. >442. Km rkiursg sukmg kj Igmgahdn. Djvkjtnrdg y prghmkaîtdin.

Xkv.. Nin`. Igmgah. Idkji. 88(28)? >9-;8. Xkv ADMN V, N. 86>6. Aùùmg Vnstgs y Kspkidks Egrrnok Egrrnokrns. rns. Vrgcrnan Nsdstkcnj. Ek`krnidùj Igmgahdnjn `k Cnjn`krgs. Ek`kcnj. Ek`kcnj. >86 p. Kj daprkjtn. ADMN, V. N. 8664. ”Kstnhmkidadkjtg `k pnsturns‑. Kj igapkj`dg pnstgs y egrrnoks Ugm >. V 0-95.. Nmad K`didgjks. ADMN V, N. 8664. ” Kigsdgmgcán `k mns pmnjtns egrrnokrns‑ Kj igapkj`dg pnstgs y egrrnoks. Ugmuakj Ugmuakj 9. Vîcdjn 0-9;. Nmad k`didgjks.

ADMN, p 2->0.V. N. 8663. [sg y anjkog `k kspkidks egrrnokrns. Xkvdstn Nigvkz. (93)? >65. AGJPKJKCXG, B. y @. ANMNCÙJ. >446. Vrgpdk`n`ks eásdins `k mgs sukmgs. Djstdtutg Ckgcrîig Ncustáj Ig`nzzd (DCNI). Hgcgtî. 2>9 p. GHNJ@G A., E.B. 8664. Anjkog y igjskrvnidùj `k mn inmd`n` eásdin `km sukmg. Kj? YIIY. Ykadjnrdg Jnidgjnm. Nþg `k mgs sukmgs kj Igmgahdn. Hgcgtî. Git. 96, 8664. XG@XÁC[K_, N, M. X. T XG@XÁC[K_. P @K O, @. >423. ”Kigsdgmgcán `k pmnjtns egrrnckdrns‑. Vîcdjns 869-896 kj? Kigsdgmgcdn `n prgùing ncrdigmn. Nssgidning. Hrnsdmkdrn pnrn Vksqudsn. Mn Vgtnssn k `gegsentg. Vdrnidinhn. Yp.

YDR, O., B. HGYY[TP, Y. @KCXT_K, nj` L. @KJKE. 8660. N bdstgry ge rksknrib

gj tbk mdjl hktwkkj (adirg)nccrkcntks, sgdm hdgtn, nj` sgdm grcnjdi anttkr `yjnadis. Ygdm & Pdmmnck Xksknrib 34?3-9>. YPGILDJC, A.N. 8665. P Prgpdinm rgpdinm sgdms nj` egg` skiurdty. Pbk jkxt ety yknrs. Dj? D j? Lkjjk`y,, @. (K`). Ytntk ge Vmnjkt. Dsmnj`s Vrkss. Snsbdjctgj @.I. pp. 04-;2. ([p`ntk` jk`y vkrsdùj ge Yidkjik pnpkr, 8669). UKMNY^[K_ K., MNUKMMK, V. 8664. @kcrn`nidùj hdgmùcdin `km sukmg. Kj? YIIY. Ykadjnrdg Jnidgjnm. Nþg `k mgs sukmgs kj Igmgahdn. Hgcgtî. Git. jg 96,ks 866. Igjtnadjnidùj quáadin `km sukmg. Km sukmg uj hnsurkrg. _NVNPN B., X. 8664. 8664. Kj? YIIY. Ykadjnrdg Jnidgjnm. Nþg `k mgs sukmgs kj Igmgahdn. Hgcgtî. Git. 96, 8664.

Skhcrneán. www.din.cgv.ig www.igrpgdin.grc.ig www.kahrnpn.hr www.dpjd.jkz

www.idpnv.grc.ig www.idnt.icdnr.grc

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