Capacitacion Maquinaria Praderas

 

Qlslto kujst kujstr` r` bc`g jkm`ktroros mljkt`s hj clbr`s y ortåmuc`s hj pr`hummlýk okleoc fttp>//z``tjmkloclbr`sgrotls.w`rhprjss.m`e/

  opo opomlt mltomlýk omlýk jk eoqulkorlo poro jc jstobcjmleljkt` y eokjn` hj prohjros

 

Mopomltomlýk jk eoqulkorlo poro jc jstobcjmleljkt` y eokjn` hj prohjros

 

Out`rjs

Glcbjrt` Oc`ks` Eurmlo M`ktrjros. L.O., Yf.H Njsþs Fjrkïk Moeomf` Xoeoy`. L.O., E.]m

Rjvlslýk tjxt`s

Fìmt`r N`sj Okz`co Qïzqujz. Ajhjgïk- AKG Moelc` Orlos Zsmïtjgul. Ajhjgïk- AKG

L]BK • Lklmlocejktj, sj hjbj hjtjrelkor jc jstoh` hj hjgrohomlýk hj co prohjro. ]l js sjvjr`, co `pmlýk eïs vlobcj jk tìrelk`s hj m`st`s y jmomlo js co prjporomlýk hjc tjrrjk` y jc jstobcjmleljkt` hj uko kujvo prohjro. • Moromtjrlzor aåslmo y quåelmoejktj c`s sujc`s poro co rjspjmtlvo ajrtlclzomlýk. • Hjtjrelkor jc tlp` y co pr`aukhlhoh o co muoc sj prjsjkto co m`epomtomlýk jk co prohjro poro hjmlhlr co pr`aukhlhoh hj cob`rj`, jc tlp` hj lepcjejkt` o utlclzor y jc groh` hj prjporomlýk hjc sujc` rjqujrlh`. O så else`, jc tlp` hj lepcjejkt`s o utlclzor hjpjkhj hj cos moromtjråstlmos aåslmos hjc sujc`, hj co pr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` y hj co t`p`groaåo hjc tjrrjk`. • Rje`vjr c`s jxmjs`s hj vjgjtomlýk js euy lep`rtoktj poro uko jxlt`so rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros, jktrj c`s muocjs js arjmujktj co prjsjkmlo hj eocjzos orbustlvos ` orbýrjos, ohjeïs hj a`rronj s`brjeohur` y hj octo hjkslhoh quj hlmuctok cos `pjroml`kjs hj cobrokzo, jst` sj pujhj c`gror m`k s`brjpost`rj`, js hjmlr octos morgos hj okleocjs quj rjeujvok jc jxmjs` hj post`, ` ejhloktj eoqulkos hjsbr`zoh`tos ` m`rtoeocjzos. • R`epjr cos mopos jkhurjmlhos m`k lepcjejkt`s m`e` jc rjk`voh`r hj prohjros, jk aukmlýk hj c`s klvjcjs y pr`aukhlhoh hj co m`epomtomlýk, sl sj troto hj rjk`vomlýk. Yoro jc jstobcjmleljkt` hj prohjros, jc r`epleljkt` hj jstos mopos slk lkvjrtlr jc sujc` sj pujhj rjoclzor m`k lepcjejkt`s m`e` c`s oroh`s hj mlkmjc råglh` ` vlbrot`rl` o uko vjc`mlhoh ohjmuoho hj hjspcozoeljkt`. Co rostro hj hlsm`s ejn`ro cos m`khlml`kjs hjc sujc` poro jc jstobcjmleljkt` hj co sjelcco, ` muokh` co m`epomtomlýk js supjrmloc. Jk z`kos hj cohjro js rjm`ejkhobcj jc us` hj jqulp`s hj trommlýk okleoc m`e` oroh` hj bujyjs, jktrj `tr`s. Jk t`h`s c`s mos`s, jc sujc` hjbj jstor jk m`khlml`kjs hj arloblclhoh, js hjmlr, quj sj hjsejkumj aïmlcejktj. • Ajrtlclzor sjgþk cos rjm`ejkhoml`kjs. ]j fok hlsjÿoh` jqulp`s poro co rjk`vomlýk

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hj prohjros, c`s muocjs pujhjk m`rtor jc sujc`/mjspjhýk, r`epjr co mopo m`epomtoho poro olrjor jc sujc` y opclmor ob`k`s y sjelccos poro rjsljebro.

Jc pr`mjs` hj jstobcjmleljkt` ` rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros mucelko m`k co sljebro hjc kujv` eotjrloc ` lktjrsljebro. Co sljebro sj hjbj fomjr lkejhlotoejktj hjspuìs hj co cobrokzo. • Opclmor rljg` sl jc sujc` sujc` k` tljkj sumljktj sumljktj fuejhoh. fuejhoh.

8. YR@YLJHOHJ] AÅ]LMO] HJ C@] ]ZJC@]. Jc sujc` js jc rjsuctoh` hj lktjromml`kjs hlkïelmos tokt` hj m`ep`kjktjs `rgïklm`s m`e` lk`rgïklm`s, muyo aukmlýk eïs lep`rtoktj js co hj m`kstltulr jc ejhl` poro jc hjsorr`cc` hj cos pcoktos. Jc m`ep`rtoeljkt` ejmïklm` hj co aosj s`clho hjtjrelko cos pr`pljhohjs aåslmos hjc sujc`, cos muocjs jk os`ml` m`k cos moromtjråstlmos quåelmos, gjkjrok co foblclhoh hj pr`humlr m`sjmfos, hjpjkhljkh` hj c`s kutrljktjs prjsjktjs jk jc sujc`. Cos moromtjråstlmos aåslmos, s`k jk eumf`s mo-

s`s cos hjtjrelkoktjs m`k co pr`hummlýk hj c`s muctlv`s, y ocgukos os`mlohos o co jstrumturo, fok slh` ccoeohos co mcovj hj co pr`humtlvlhoh hjc sujc`4 k` `bstoktj, k` foy quj hjsm`k`mjr quj jxlstj uko jstrjmfo rjcomlýk jktrj cos pr`pljhohjs quåelmos y aåslmos hjc sujc`. Ocgukos hj cos moromtjråstlmos aåslmos aukhoejktocjs y hjrlvohos, jvocuohos jk c`s prlejr`s =9 me hj pr`aukhlhoh, s`k cos slguljktjs>

8.? Jstoblclhoh jstrumturoc. Co jstrumturo hjc sujc` fomj rjajrjkmlo o co ogrjgomlýk hj portåmucos prleorlos jk portåmucos m`epujstos y ogrjgoh`s, c`s muocjs sj sjporok p`r supjrmljs hj rupturo. Co jstrumturo sj jvocþo muoktltotlvoejktj o trovìs hj co jstoblclhoh, co muoc sj hjkj, m`e` co rjslstjkmlo hj c`s ogrjgoh`s hjc sujc` o hjslktjgrorsj p`r co ommlýk hjc oguo y p`r jc eoklpucj`, m`e` co ejmoklzomlýk ogråm`co, pjreltljkh` m`k`mjr jc groh` hj ogrjgomlýk hjc sujc`, jc muoc js uko moromtjråstlmo

quj moeblo m`k jc tlp` hj cobrokzo y c`s slstjeos hj muctlv` jepcjoh`s. Eljktros eoy`r sjo co jstoblclhoh, eoy`r sjrï co rjslstjkmlo hj uk sujc` o co jr`slýk. Co vorlomlýk hj co jstoblclhoh jstrumturoc js okoclzoho, `bsjrvokh` jc hlïejtr` p`khjroh` ejhl` (HYE) y mcoslmoho sjgþk co lktjrprjtomlýk hj co Xobco ?. Zk sujc` sj m`kslhjro jstrumturocejktj hjgrohoh` muokh` co eoy`råo hj c`s ogrjgoh`s s`k ejk`rjs ` lguocjs o 9,: ee hj hlïejtr`.

Xobco ?. Rokg`s hj co Jstoblclhoh Jstrumturoc m`k rjcomlýk oc Hlïejtr` Y`khjroh` Ejhl` HYE. HYE (ee) 3 9,: 9,: ” ?,: ?,: ” =,9 =,9 ” :,9 ; :,9

Lktjrprjtomlýk Lkjstobcj Clgjroejktj Jstobcj E`hjrohoejktj Jstobcj Jstobcj Euy jstobcj

Xobco 2. A`reos y toeoÿ`s hj co jstrumturo hjc sujc`. Hjk`elkomlýk Euy ko Alko Ejhlo Grujso Euy grujso

Coelkor 3? ?-2 2-: : - ?9 ; ?9

A`reo y toeoÿ` (ee) Yrlseotlmo m`cuekor Bc`m`so 3 ?9 3: ?9 - 29 : - ?9 29 - :9 ?9 - 29 :9 - ?99 29 - :9 ; ?99 ; :9

Grokucor 3? ?-2 2-: : - ?9 ; ?9

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8.2 Rjslstjkmlo o co pjkjtromlýk. Js co aujrzo quj jc sujc` `p`kj o uk lkstruejkt` hj prujbo, sljkh` su voc`r uk åkhlmj lktjgroh` hj co m`epomtomlýk, hj co fuejhoh, tjxturo, hjc m`ktjklh` hj eotjrlo `rgïklmo y hj su jstrumturo. Jc åkhlmj hj m`k` k`s pjreltj jstobcjmjr co jxlstjkmlo

hj mopos m`epomtohos y co pr`aukhlhoh o quj sj jkmujktrok. Lkvjstlgoh`rjs m`e` A`rsytfjj y Oeìzqulto, fok rjoclzoh` trobon`s tjkhljktjs o mcoslmor co m`epomtomlýk A`rsytf hj c`s sujc`s jk aukmlýk hj co cleltomlýk oc hjsorr`cc` hj cos roåmjs, roå mjs, cos muocjs sj prjsjktok jk co Xobco =.

Xobco =. Mcoslmomlýk poro cos mcosjs hj m`epomtomlýk. (A`rsytfj) Hjk` Hj k`el elko koml mlýk ýk Jxmjcjktj Omjptobcj K` omjptobcj Lkflblmlýk rohlmucor

Rjs jsls lstj tjkm kmlo lo o co co pj pjkj kjtr trom omlý lýkk (dg me-²) 9 ” 7,?8 7,?8 ” ?=,21 ?=,21 ” 2:,: ; 2:,:

Rjslstjkmlo o co pjkjtromlýk - Epo 9 ” 9,7 9,7 ” ?,= ?,= ” 2,: ; 2,:

Aujktj> A`rsytfj (?

Cobrokzo M`kvjkml`koc> Lkmcuyj co prjporomlýk hjc sujc` m`k cos `pjroml`kjs trohlml`kocjs quj m`ktljkj gjkjrocejktj cos omtlvlhohjs hj> M`rto eocjzos, oroho yo sjo m`k oroh` hj hlsm`s ` hj mlkmjc råglh`, rostrlccohos, puclho y sljebro, gjkjrocejktj m`k v`cjoh`ro, sjgþk guro K`.?.

Alg. K`.?> Oroh` y rostro hj hlsm`s usoh`s jk jc eokjn` m`kvjkml`koc hj prohjros.

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Cobrokzo Eåkleo>

Eïs quj uk slstjeo hj cobrokzo tljkj m`e` prlkmlpl` rjhumlr co jkjrgåo, hlselkulr co m`epomtomlýk jk aukmlýk hjc ejk`r kþejr` hj posjs hj tromt`r, m`ksjrvor co fuejhoh y m`ktr`cor co jr`slýk, kocejktj, rjhumlr c`s m`st`s. ]j moromtjrlzo p`r rjhumlr jc kþejr` hj cob`rjs suprleljkh` ocgukos prïmtlmos j lktjgrokh` jqulp`s.

]ljebro hlrjmto (]lk cobrokzo)> M`kslstj jk co sljebro ejmoklzoho, hlrjmtoejktj s`brj rostr`n`, post` ` rjslhu`s hj co m`sjmfo oktjrl`r. Yoro co

ogråm`co, ejk`s m`epomtomlýk jk aukmlýk hjc ejk`r kþejr` hj posjs, of`rr` hj tljep`, c` quj pjreltj muctlvor eos ïrjo,

sljebrorjstrlmml`kjs hlrjmto, jc sujc` prjsjktor aåslmosk`kl hjbj quåelmos. Ejhloktj jstj slstjeo sj m`ktr`co ` rjhumj co jr`slýk, sj ejn`ro co fuejhoh hjc sujc` hlselkuyjkh` cos kjmjslhohjs hj rljg`, sj rjhumj jc us` hj eoqulkorlo

y kocejktj, rjhummlýk hj c`s m`st`s. Co sljebro hlrjmto sj fomj gjkjrocejktj m`k uko sjebroh`ro jspjmloclzoho poro toc k, moromtjrlzoho p`r obrlr uk pjqujpjqujÿ` surm` jk jc muoc sj hjp`slto co sjelcco.

1. EO_ZLKORLO YORO CO RJK@QOMLÝK HJ YROHJRO]. 1.? Hjsbr`zoh`ros. Co hjsbr`zoh`ro hj co guro K` 2, js uko eïqulko omml`koho p`r jc t`eo hj aujrzo hjc tromt`r, pr`vlsto hj mumflccos hj m`rtj grohuobcjs. Co `pjromlýk m`k jsto eïqulko m`kslstj jk hjstrulr jc m`cmfýk hj eotjrloc vjgjtoc, hjnokh` jk jc sujc` uko mopo hj arogejkt`s pjqujÿ`s hj co vjgjtomlýk. Jst`s rjslhu`s pr`tjgjk jc sujc` y cj op`rtok kutrljktjs4 slk jeborg`, muokh` foy uko octo moktlhoh hj jst`s, `bstomuclzok jc trobon` hj co sjebroHjsbr`zoh`ro. `ro. h`ro poro hjp`sltor jk a`reo opr`ploho Alg. K`. 2> Hjsbr`zoh co sjelcco jk jc sujc`. Co lkhustrlo broslcjro hj eoqulkorlo ogråm`co hjsorr`ccý jsto fjrroeljkto hjshj ?,2 o 8,1 e hj okmf` poro muocquljr tlp` hj vjgjtomlýk. O klvjc koml`koc s`k pr`humlhos cos hjsbr`zoh`ros E@KXOKO (Lktocc-Lktjrogr`) y OGR@XJM, oukquj oukquj js hj omcoror omc oror quj jc hlsjÿ` hj jst`s jqulp`s m`ejrmloclzoh`s p`r jstos jeprjsos tljkjk c`s else`s prlkmlpl`s, quj c`s m`ejrmloclzoh`s o klvjc lktjrkoml`koc.

1.2 Rjk`voh`r hj prohjros. Gjkjrocejktj, jc rjk`voh`r hj prohjros hj co guro K`. =, jstï a`reoh` p`r uk oroh` hj mlkmjcjs, pr`vlst` hj uk`s hlsm`s m`rtoh`rjs m`c`moh`s hjcoktj hj c`s mlkmjcjs quj pjreltjk quj jst`s pjkjtrjk jc sujc` slk cjvoktor jc mìspjh. Jxlstjk vorloml`kjs hj jstj e`hjc` y ocguk`s rjk`voh`rjs p`sjjk uko t`cvo poro co opclmomlýk sleuctïkjo hj m`rrjmtlv`s y ajrtlclzoktjs. Jstj jqulp` js opt` poro jclelkor co mopo m`epomto hjc sujc` slk hjspjrhlmlor c`s rjst`s hj muctlv`s `

m`bjrturo s`brj jc sujc`. Gjkjrocejktj co hlstokmlo jktrj broz`s js vorlobcj y co pr`aukhlhoh pujhj ccjgor o c`s 89 me, eljktros c`s okmf`s hj `pjromlýk pujhjk ocmokzor c`s 8,89 e. Y`r `tro portj, sj tljkjk e`hjc`s m`k rujhos cleltoh`ros hj pr`aukhlhoh y ejhloktj omml`koeljkt` flhrïuclm`. Gjkjrocejktj, jst`s jqulp`s s`k opt`s poro rjoclzor cobrokzo eåkleo oc sujc` y pujhjk sjr pr`vlst`s hj r`cc` hjstjrr`koh`r quj sj ohopto o t`h` tlp` hj tjrrjk`.

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Alguro K`. => Rjk`voh`r hj prohjros.

Jc rjk`voh`r hj prohjros m`k –Yorotlcc― ` –Yoropc`w―, jstï m`kstltulh` p`r uk m`knukt` hj broz`s jstoml`korl`s quj sj onustok o co borro p`rtofjrroeljktos, h`khj cos puktos jstïk clgjroejktj hjsvlohos hjc broz`. Jk arjktj hj jst`s sj tljkj uk hlsm` m`rtoh`r quj poso o trovìs hjc mìspjh y hj c`s rjslhu`s vjgjtocjs. C`s trobon`s hj lkvjstlgomlýk fok e`stroh` quj jstj tlp` hj lepcjejkt` hjno uko supjrmlj hj sujc` oþk eïs suovj quj co `arjmlho p`r uk oroh` hj mlkmjcjs ` uk subs`coh`r porobýclm`. Jc Yorotlcc cjvokto jc sujc` jk vjz hj prjsl`korc` y ho ejn`r rjsuctoh` muokh` foy uk m`ktjklh` hj fuejhoh jk jc sujc` ejk`r quj jc m`rrjsp`khljktj o co mopomlhoh hj moep`, m`k uk sujc` bljk hrjkoh` pjr` k` euy sjm`. M`k uk sujc` eïs sjm` fobrï tjrr`kjs eïs grokhjs, pjr` sl jstï euy fþejh`, fobrï omueucomlýk hj rostr`n` arjktj oc porotlcc y k` fobrï jstocclh` hjc sujc`. Jstj jqulp` sujcto jc sujc` slk hjstrulr su jstrumturo y js mopoz hj trobonor jk tjrrjk`s pjhrjg`s`s. Mokohï `arjmj uko tjmk`c`gåo poro co rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros jc –Yosturj M`eb Qjrtldot`r―. Jstj jqulp` js opt` poro co rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros slk kjmjslhoh hj

oror yo quj lkmcuyj co p`slblclhoh hj rjsjebror jk uk s`c` posj. Xljkj uko rostro hj hljktjs jk m`kjxlýk m`k uko borro, quj pjreltjk oc lepcjejkt` klvjcor, klvjcor, ob`kor y olrjor jc mìspjh. Jstj jqulp` jstï hlsp`klbcj m`k ` slk r`cc` hj prjslýk. Nopýk hlsp`kj hj uko tjmk`c`gåo poro co rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros quj lkmcuyj vorlos `pjroml`kjs> Yrjporo uko bokho okg`sto s`brj co muoc opclmo ajrtlclzoktjs, rjsljebro y mubrj jc sujc`, m`epomtïkh`c`. Co prjporomlýk sj fomj fosto ?9 me ejhloktj uk ejmoklse` hj mumflccos r`totlvos nos o uk jnj r`totlv`. O klvjc koml`koc, cos eïqulkos j lepcjejkt`s ogråm`cos `arjmlh`s poro co rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros tljkj c`s else`s prlkmlpl`s, quj c`s m`ejrmloclzoh`s o klvjc lktjrkoml`koc. Jc rjk`voh`r hj prohjros E`ktoko (Lktocc ” Lktjrogr`) j LKOEJM, s`k toc vjz co prlkmlpoc `ajrto koml`koc poro jsto omtlvlhoh. ]j tljkj toeblìk jc r`t`vot`r m`k mumflccos pcokos, muyo aukmlýk js m`rtor rjslhu`s y jc sujc` poro olrjorc`, m`k eåkle` e`vleljkt` hj sujc`, ohjeïs poro topor sjelccos pjqujÿos hj post`, usoh` prlkmlpocejktj jk cos z`kos gokohjros hj Oktl`qulo, hj co soboko hj B`g`tï y Qoccjs hj Zbotì y Mflqulkqulrï.

1.= ]jebroh`ros. Jc pr`mjs` hj jstobcjmleljkt` ` rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros mucelko m`k co sljebro hjc kujv` eotjrloc ` lktjrsljebro o trovìs hj co sjebroh`ro hj co guro K`.8. Co sljebro sj hjbj fomjr lkejhlotoejktj hjspuìs hj co cobrokzo y eïs ouk sl sj troto hj cjguelk`sos. Jc sjrvlml` Cltuok` M`ksuctlv` Ogråm`co mltoh` p`r C`zok` (2998), rjm`eljkho jc us` hj sjebroh`ros jspjmåmos poro post`s,

oukquj ejkml`kok quj sj pujhj usor uko sjebroh`ro hj grok` k` jqulpoho m`k m`rtoh`rjs y hj 1 o 6 me jktrj cos. Jk co rjk`vomlýk hj prohjros, co lktjrsljebro tljkj p`r `bnjt` lktr`humlr kujv`s eotjrlocjs a`rronjr`s hjp`sltokh` co moktlhoh hj sjelcco rjm`ejkhoho hj eokjro ukla`rej jk t`h` jc tjrrjk`, eoktjkljkh` lktomt` jc rjst` hj co prohjro

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vjgjtoc. Jc jqulp` jqulp` utlclzoh` poro jsto cob`r js uko sjebroh`ro hj grok` k` quj pjreltj co h`slmomlýk y m`c`momlýk hj co sjelcco hj eokjro ukla`rej y o uko pr`aukhlhoh pr`aukhlhoh ohjmuoho. Jst`s jquljqulp`s gjkjrocejktj m`kstok hj uko t`cvo poro sjelcco, uko t`cvo poro ajrtlclzoktj, uk pjqujÿ` hlsm` poro r`epjr jc mìspjh, h`s hlsm`s jk ïkguc` ` uk mlkmjc pjqujÿ` poro obrlr jc elmr`surm` h`khj sj hjp`-

Gosporh`, Nuelc, Xotu-Eormfjsok, Dufk Ejtoso, ]jejot`, Qjkmj Xuh` y Bochok. Jstos jeprjsos m`ejrmloclzok sjebroh`ros poro grok` k`, hj sljebro hlrjmto jk su grok eoy`råo, m`k ajrtlclzoh`rjs y grok vjrsotlclhoh poro om`e`horsj o c`s rjqujrleljkt`s hj c`s hlajrjktjs pr`humt`rjs, yo quj ocgukos hj jstos pujhjk fomjr cob`rjs hj rjk`vomlýk hj prohjro, lktjrsljebro hj jspjmljs a`rronjros poro

slto co sjelcco, y ocguk`s jqulp`s p`sjjk uk ejmoklse` poro jc topoh` hj co sjelcco. Hjpjkhljkh` hj co os`mlomlýk jsm`glho ` eotjrloc vjgjtoc o lepcoktor, js p`slbcj rjoclzor `tr`s tlp`s hj sljebro m`e` p`r aroknos ` oc v`cj`, poro jsto cob`r jxlstjk sjebroh`ros quj sujcjk sjr hj m`kstrummlýk euy slepcj, hlstlkgulìkh`sj h`s tlp`s> mjktråaugos y hj hjsmorgo clbrj. cl brj. Jk jc ejrmoh` lktjrkoml`koc, poro co sljebro hj a`rronjs sj `arjmjk jk su grok eoy`råo ]jebroh`ros hj grok` k`, quj toetoe blìk s`k optos poro `tr` tlp` hj muctlv`s y ocgukos p`mos poro sljebro oc v`cj` j lktjrsjebroh`ros4 hjktr` hj cos eormos eïs rjm`k`mlhos y tjkljkh` jk mujkto co tjkhjkmlo m`ksjrvoml`klsto, sj tljkjk cos slguljktjs> Xruox M`epoky Lkm hj Z]O, Ogr` @rgo ] O hj Jspoÿo, Bjam` Lkm hj Z]O. Broslc `arjmj uko oepclo goeo hj jstj tlp` hj sjebroh`ros.

ejn`ror cos prohjros ` m`eblkor co sljebro hj grok`s k`s y grujs`s jk uko s`co cob`r. O klvjc koml`koc þklmoejktj co jeprjso Eoqulkorlo Ogråm`co E`ktoko aobrlmo sjebroh`ros hj grok` k`. @arjmj h`s e`hjc`s uk` hj ?: y `tr` hj 29 surm`s, m`k t`cvo poro ajrtlclzoktj quj pujhj sjr utlclzoho m`k sjelcco poro ouejktor co mopomlhoh, sl sj rjquljrj. Yr`vlsto m`k h`slmoh`r Grjot Ycolks y bokhos `pml``pml` kocjs poro jc m`ktr`c hj pr`aukhlhoh.

Alguro K`. 8> ]jebroh`ro hj grok` k`.

Co lkhustrlo broslcjro p`r su portj fo fjmf` jc eoy`r hjsorr`cc` jk jstj tlp` hj eoqulkorlo, jnjrmljkh` s`brj M`c`eblo grok lkujkmlo, hj toc e`h` quj eueu mfos hj jstos eormos tljkjk rjprjsjktomlýk jk jc jc poås. Cos eïs m`k`mlhos m`k`mlhos s`k>

7. EO_ZLKORLO YORO CO YRJYOROMLÝK HJ ]ZJC@]. Co `ajrto hj subs`coh`rjs eujstro jqulp`s euy slelcorjs quj supcjk c`s rjqujrleljkt`s hjc ejrmoh`, js hjmlr, uko fjrroeljkto vjrsïtlc quj pujhj pjkjtror fosto :9 me, toc js jc mos` hj c`s subs`coh`rjs quj m`k uk slstjeo hj ocos rjhumj co hjkslhoh hjc sujc`, pr`humljkh` p`m` sujc` hlsturboh`, sljkh` p`slbcj rje`vjr jc oco poro subs`cor jktrj flcjros, js hjmlr hjmlr,, opt` poro vorl`s tlp`s hj muctlv`s. Xoeblìk sj jkmujktro jc subs`coh`r porobýclm`, quj

pujhj muepclr trjs torjos hlajrjktjs> arogejktomlýk lktjkslvo hjc sujc`, clepljzo jktrj flcjros y uko m`eblkomlýk hj c`s h`s, jsto fjrroeljkto pujhj trobonor jktrj flcjros huroktj co m`sjmfo, a`ejktokh` olrjomlýk y ouejkt` hj roåmjs. C`s oroh`s hj mlkmjc råglh` muepcjk co elseo aukmlýk quj c`s subs`coh`rjs oukquj o ejk`r pr`aukhlhoh, usoh`s poro r`epjr mopos m`epomtohos m`e` p`r jnjepc`, jc plj hj oroh` pr`humlh` p`r oÿ`s hj

??

 

us` hj lepcjejkt`s o co elseo pr`aukhlhoh. ]j rjm`eljkho su us` jk sujc` m`k p`mo m`bjrturo vjgjtoc y jk m`khlml`kjs hj arloblclhoh, jst` js, m`k uk m`ktjklh` hj fuejhoh jk jc sujc` quj pjrelto hjsejkuzorc` m`k aomlclhoh. @tr` lepcjejkt` utlclzoh` jk co prjporomlýk hj c`s sujc`s poro jc jstobcjmleljkt` hj prohjros s`k cos rostros hj hlsm`s, moromtjrlzohos p`r tjkjr h`s mujrp`s hj hlsm`s hlspujst`s sleìtrlmoejktj rjspjmt` o co cåkjo hj trommlýk. Moho

subs`coho, poro lkm`rp`ror ajrtlclzoktjs y sjelccos, poro jc m`ktr`c hj eocjzos y kocejktj, poro jc eoktjkleljkt` hj c`s p`trjr`s. C`s puclh`rjs s`k rostros quj tljkjk hlsm`s eïs pjqujÿ`s4 slk jeborg`, uk pr`bcjeo hj jstos rostros hj hlsm`s js quj jc sujc` lkejhlotoejktj hjbon` sj vo m`epomtokh` p`r co arlmmlýk hjc hlsm`, y ouk eos grovj sl jc sujc` jsto fþejh`. Y`r jsto rozýk js m`kvjkljktj octjrkor jc us` hj cos rostros m`k `tr`s lepcjejkt`s

mujrp` pujhj ccjvor hj o 29 ` eïs hlsm`s gjkjrocejktj hj 628 pucgohos, hjpjkhljkh` co p`tjkmlo hlsp`klbcj jk jc tromt`r. Cos rostros hj hlsm`s sj usok prlkmlpocejktj poro rjhumlr jc toeoÿ` hj c`s tjrr`kjs hjspuìs hj co mlkmjcoho `

quj mousjk jstj pr`bcjeo ` quj bonjkk`eïs pr`aukh`. Jc hlïejtr` hjtroc`s hlsm`s puclh`rjs pujhjk sjr hj 29 pucgohos, y jc kþejr` hj hlsm`s pujhj jstor jktrj 29 y 69, sjgþk jc e`hjc`, m`k okmf` hj `pjromlýk fosto hj 7,= e.

6. J_ZLY@] YORO HL]XRLBZMLÝK HJ AJRXLCL^OKXJ] \ M@RRJMXLQ@]. Yoro jc eokjn` y eoktjkleljkt` hj co pr`humtlvlhoh hj prohjros y hj pr`hummlýk hj a`rronjs, js kjmjsorlo co hlstrlbumlýk hj ajrtlclzoktjs y m`rrjmtlv`s, m`k mljrto pjrl`hlmlhoh. Muokh` sj vo o jstobcjmjr uko prohjro, co hlstrlbumlýk hj m`rrjmtlv`s m`e` co moc ogråm`co, sj pujhj rjoclzor oktjs ` huroktj co cob`r hj co cobrokzo, m`k jc k hj lkm`rp`rorc` oc sujc` y eokjnor p`slbcjs pr`bcjeos hj omlhjz jk uk mopo jktrj c`s 9 y 29 me. Jsto hlstrlbumlýk sj pujhj rjoclzor m`k jkmocoh`rjs ` v`cjoh`rjs, quj hjp`sltok jc ajrtlclzoka jrtlclzoktj jk co supjrmlj. Hj lguoc eokjro, uko vjz rjoclzoho co cobrokzo jk jc pr`mjs` hj jstobcjmleljkt` hj co prohjro, huroktj co

sljebro, js p`slbcj rjoclzor co hlstrlbumlýk j lkm`rp`romlýk hj ajrtlclzoktjs jk jc sujc`. \o poro prohjros jstobcjmlhos, jxlstj co p`slblclhoh hj lkm`rp`ror jc pr`humt` m`knuktoejktj m`k cob`rjs hj jsmorlmomlýk poro eokjnor pr`bcjeos hj m`epomtomlýk hjc sujc`, c` quj sj pujhj rjoclzor m`k jc us` hjc rjk`voh`r hj prohjros. ]l jc sujc` k` prjsjkto pr`bcjeos hj m`epomtomlýk, pujhj `ptorsj p`r rjoclzor co hlstrlbumlýk supjrmloc. Jk muocmuoc quljr sltuomlýk, js m`kvjkljktj quj hlmfo hlstrlbumlýk sj rjoclmj oc lklml` ` lktjrejhl` hj c`s pjrl`h`s ccuvl`s`s, pujs jst` goroktlzo uk ejn`r opr`vjmfoeljkt` hj c`s kutrljktjs p`r portj hj co prohjro.

sj hjbjk tjkjr jk mujkto c`s slguljktjs

• Jqulp` hj ospjrslýk onustoh` m`rrjmtoejktj poro hjsmorgor jc pr`humt` jk a`reo ukla`rej y jk co h`sls rjqujrlho, m`k b`qulccos ohjmuohos, ogltomlýk ukla`rej y borro hj pucvjrlzomlýk porocjco oc sujc`. • Moclhoh hjc oguo hj opclmomlýk (pF, hurjzo y portåmucos jk suspjkslýk) • Yrjslýk hj `pjromlýk hj co ospjrs`ro. • Qjc`mlhoh hj `pjromlýk m`kstoktj y ohjmuoho o cos m`khlml`kjs hjc tjrrjk`. • Moktlhoh hj ejzmco (oguo y pr`humt`) quj sj kjmjslto poro co opclmomlýk.

?9. M@KMJYX@] Z]OH@] JK CO @YJROMLÝK @YJRO MLÝK HJ EÏ_ZLKO] OGRÅM@CO]. Ïrjo hj trobon` jk moep` (Om, fo)> Ïrjo h`khj sj rjoclzorï uko cob`r jspjmåmo. Octuro hj m`rtj (Om`, me)> Octuro ejhlo hjc a`rronj hjspuìs hj co `pjromlýk hj m`rtj ` hjsbr`zoh`, ejhlho hjshj jc sujc`. Qjc`mlhoh hj ovokmj tjýrlmo (Qt, de)> Qjc`mlhoh lkhlmoho jk jc tromt`r, quj k` m`kslhjro jc potlkoeljkt` jk uko `pjromlýk hj moep`. Qjc`mlhoh hj `pjromlýk (Q`, de)> Qjc`mlhoh jk co muoc sj rjoclzo uko cob`r hj eokjro m`ktlkuo. ]j hjtjrelko jk moep` y m`kslhjro jc potlkoeljkt`, hj omujrh` o cos m`khlml`kjs hjc tjrrjk`. Yr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` (Yt, e)>  Yr`aukhlhoh o co muoc sj rjoclzo uko cob`r jk jc sujc`. Okmf` hjc lepcjejkt` (Ol, e)> Js jc okmf` quj prjsjkto uk lepcjejkt`, poro uko cob`r jspjmåmo. Okmf` tjýrlm` hj trobon` (Ot, e)> C`kgltuh jstobcjmlho jk co portj omtlvo hjc lepcjejkt`. Yoro c`s oroh`s hj mlkmjcjs sjrï jc kþejr` hj mlkmjcjs p`r co hlstokmlo jktrj jst`s. Yoro uko sjebroh`ro sjrï jc kþejr` hj uklhohjs hj sljebro p`r co hlstokmlo jktrj cos uklhohjs. Okmf` jajmtlv` hj trobon` (Oj, e)>  C`kgltuh s`brj co muoc sj rjoclzo co cob`r. Jk ocgukos cob`rjs, jc okmf` hj trobon` m`rrjsp`khj oc okmf` hjc jqulp`. Xljep` tjýrlm` hj trobon` (Xt, f)>  Xljep` jk jc muoc sj rjoclzoråo uko cob`r hj a`reo m`ktlkuo, slk m`kslhjror jc oclstoeljkt` hjc lepcjejkt` (p.j. ccjkoh` hj cos t`cvos), eokl`bros jk cos mobjmjros hj c`s c`tjs, hjspcozoeljkt`s y onustjs, jktrj `tr`s.

?=

 

Xljep`s eujrt`s (Xe, f)> Xljep` jk jc muoc k` sj fomj co cob`r quj sj hjbj rjoclzor, rjoclzor, pjr` kjmjsorl` poro co rjoclzomlýk hj uko cob`r c ob`r jspjmåmo. M`kslhjro trobon`s kjmjsokjmjsorl`s poro co rjoclzomlýk hj uko cob`r jk moep`, m`e` c`s tljep`s hj prjporomlýk hjc lepcjejkt` y hjc tromt`r, rjm`rrlh` hj lho y vujcto, ccjkoh` hj t`cvos y/` tokqujs, hj eoktjkleljkt` y hjc `pjroh`r `pjroh`r,, prlkmlpocejktj. Xljep` rjoc hj trobon` trob on` (Xr (Xr, f)>  Js jc tljep` rjoc poro co rjoclzomlýk hj co cob`r, h`khj sj m`kslhjro jc tljep` tjýrlm` hj trobon` y c`s tljep`s eujrt`s. Mopomlhoh hj morgo (Mm, dg ` C)> Lkhlmo co mopomlhoh hj co t`cvo ` tokquj poro jc oceomjkoeljkt` y troksp`rtj hj lksue`s sýclh`s ` cåqulh`s, y su p`stjrl`r hlstrlbumlýk jk moep`. M opomlhoh hj moep` fo/f)> Xosovjc`mlhoh hj rjkhleljkt` `btjklh` sl uko eïqulko rjoclzo su cob`rtjýrlmo oc ?99%(MMX, hjc tljep` o  uko hjtjrelkoho, utlclzokh` jc ?99% hj su okmf` tjýrlm` hj trobon`. Jstï hjklho p`r> MMX 5 Ot x Q`

Mopomlhoh hj moep` rjoc (MMR, fo/f)> Xoso hj rjkhleljkt` `btjklh` hj uko cob`r jspjmåmo, jk uk ïrjo hj trobon` jk moep` p`r jc tljep` rjoc hj trobon`, js hjmlr Om/X Om/Xrr. Jmljkmlo hj moep` (JM, %)> Lkhlmo co moktlhoh hj tljep` jk co quj rjocejktj sj rjoclzý co cob`r. Js hjklho m`e` co rjcomlýk jktrj co mopomlhoh hj moep` tjýrlmo y co mopomlhoh hj moep` rjoc (?99*MMR/MMX).   Xoso hj hlstrlbumlýk ` h`slmomlýk (Xh, dg/fo ` C/fo)> Moktlhoh hj pr`humt` o hlstrlbulrsj, p`r uklhoh hj ïrjo. Yotlkoeljkt` (Yo, %)> Js jc rjsbocoeljkt` quj suarjk cos rujhos hjc tromt`r oc troksltor s`brj uko supjrmlj y rjprjsjkto uko pìrhlho hj p`tjkmlo. Jstï m`khlml`koho p`r

cos moromtjråstlmos hjc sujc` p`rjch`khj jc tromt`r. Jk m`khlml`kjs k`reocjs, uk tromt`r hj `rugos potlko jktrj 8 y jctrokslto 6%, eljktros uk tromt`r hj kjueïtlm`s potlko jktrj jc 6 y ?:%.

??. M@K]LHJROML@KJ] HJ MOEY@ YORO OCGZK@] LEYCJEJKX@]. ??.? M`rtoeocjzos y hjsbr`zoh`ro. ??.?.? Hjtoccjs hjc jqulp`. Huroktj co cob`r jk moep`, jst`s lepcjejkt`s ejrjmjk jspjmloc mulhoh` p`r cos pljhros ` tocc`s quj pujhjk orr`nor cos mumflccos, jk co portj hjcoktjro ` trosjro. Y`r jst`, js m`kvjkljktj eoktjkjrsj ocjnoh` hjc lepcjejkt`. Aobrlmoktj PPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP PPP Rjajrjkmlo PPPPPPPPPPR.Y PPPPPPPPP PR.Y.E .E rjqujrlhos hjc XHA PPPPPPPPP Xlp` hj jkgokmfj PPPPPP Motjg`råo PPPPPPPPP Okmf` tjýrlm` hj trobon` PPPPPP- me. C`kgltuh mumflccos mumflccos PPPPPP me. K`. hj c`s PPPPP ]lstjeo hj pr`tjmmlýk PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPP Xlp` hj trokselslýk PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Cubrlmoktjs quj utlclzo PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

??.?.2 Jkgokmfj y moclbromlýk hjc jqulp`. • Jkgokmfj jc lepcjejkt` oc tromt`r hj toc eokjro quj qujhj oclkjoh` rjspjmt` oc mjktr` hjc tromt`r. • Lkstocj jc morhok, hj eokjro quj qujhj bljk osjguroh` y oclkjoh`. • Klvjcj troksvjrsoc y c`kgltuhlkocejktj jc lepcjejkt` p`r ejhl` hj c`s broz`s y co m`rboto.

?8

 

• Klvjcj o co octuro hj trobon` quj sj usorï jk moep`, hjspcozokh` co pocokmo hj m`ktr`c hjc flhrïuclm`.

??.?.= Xrobon` jk jc moep`. • Jk jc ïrjo sjcjmml`koho p`kgo o trobonor jc m`rtoeocjzos ` co hjsbr`zoh`ro y hjtjrelkj> o) Octuro hj m`rtj (Om) (Om) PPPP- me. Okmf` jajmtlv` hj hj trobon` (Oj, ejhl`) ejhl`) PPPPP me. b) Xlp` hj m`rtj PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. m) Alnj uko hlstokmlo hlstokmlo y elho jc tljep` quj t`eo jc tromt`r jk rjm`rrjrco muokh` muokh` trobono m`k jc lepcjejkt`. H?> PPPPPPPPPPPPP e X?> PPPPPPPPPPPPP Q?> PPPPPPPPPPPPP de f-? H2> PPPPPPPPPPPPP e X2> PPPPPPPPPPPPP Q2> PPPPPPPPPPPPP de f-? • Mocmucj co mopomlhoh hj moep` y jmljkmlo hjc jqulp`, m`e` sj eujstro eujstro o m`ktlkuomlýk> o) Jstobcjzmo uk ïrjo rjmtokgucor rjmtokgucor hj omujrh` o cos moromtjråstlmos hjc tjrrjk` y jc okmf` hjc lepcjejkt`.

Corg`> PPPPPPPPP e Okmf`> PPPPPPPPP e Om> PPPPPPPPP e2. b) Elho jc tljep` tjýrlm` hj trobon` poro mubrlr jc ïrjo hjeormoho XtPPPPPPPPPPPPPP XtPPPPPPPPPPPPPP y jc tljep` eujrt` jk co `pjromlýk XePPPPPPPPPPP m) Mocmucj co mopomlhoh (jk fo/f) hj omujrh` o cos slguljktjs aýreucos>   MMX 5 Ot*Q` MMR 5 Om / Xr JM (%) 5 (MMR / MMX) x ?99

??.2 Lepcjejkt`s hj cobrokzo. ??.2.? Oroh`s hj hlsm` y vjrtjhjro. Rjglstrj cos jspjmlmoml`kjs tìmklmos hjc lepcjejkt` jk jc slguljktj a`reot`> JCJEJKX@]

OROH@ ?

OROH@ 2

Xlp` hj oroh` Aobrlmoktj Rjajrjkmlo Xlp` hj jkgokmfj Motjg`råo hj jkgokmfj K`. hj uklhohjs aukml`kocjs Hlïejtr` ` toeoÿ` hj uklhohjs ]jporomlýk jktrj uklhohjs Ïkguc` hj otoquj (Hj hlsm` ` hj vjrtjhjro) Ïkguc` vjrtlmoc Ïkguc` k`elkoc

??.2.2 Oktjs hj lklmlor cob`rjs jk moep`. Jkgokmfj jc jqulp` y rjoclmj cos moclbroml`kjs hjc lepcjejkt`, oktjs hj soclr o moep`. Yoro jst`, pujhj sjgulr jc slguljktj pr`mjhleljkt`> o) Zblquj h`s bc`qujs (eohjro, ejtoc, pljhros) quj tjkgok uko octuro slelcor o co pr`aukhlhoh trobon` quj sj hjsjo fomjr jk moep`. b) ]`brj uko supjrmlj f`rlz`ktoc f`rlz`ktoc y rej, sltþj cos rujhos lzquljrhos hjc tromt`r s`s`brj c`s bc`qujs. Hj jsto eokjro sj sleuco co p`slmlýk hj oroho. m) M`k uko tlzo, tromj uko uko cåkjo s`brj jc pls` hj co porjh porjh hjc surm` (t`eokh` m`e` m`e` rjajrjkmlo co uklhoh hj hlsm` hjrjmfo), quj sjo porocjco o cos rujhos trosjros hjc tromt`r.

?:

 

h) Zblquj jc oroh` porocjcoejktj o co cåkjo trozoho. trozoho. M`eprujbj co oclkjomlýk c`kgltuc`kgltuhlkoc, hj toc a`reo quj co uklhoh hjcoktjro hjc lepcjejkt` jstì t`eokh` jc m`rtj ohjmuoh` jk okmf` y p`slmlýk. j) Yr`mjho o klvjcor jc oroh`, tokt` c`kgltuhlkoc c`kgltuhlkoc m`e` troksvjrsocejktj. troksvjrsocejktj. a) Klvjcj o co octuro hj trobon` quj sj usorï jk moep`, hjspcozokh` hjspcozokh` co pocokmo hj m`ktr`c hjc flhrïuclm`. g) Js m`kvjkljktj vjrlmor jc onustj onustj hj co rujho hj surm` y `tr`s `tr`s ommjs`rl`s hjc oroh`, m`e` jc hjsborroh`r hjsborroh`r..

??.2.= Xrobon` jk jc moep`. Eokl`brj jc oroh` jk uk surm` oktjrl`rejktj jajmtuoh` m`k jc þctle` hlsm`, y vjrlquj su oclkjomlýk, klvjcomlýk, okmf` y p`slmlýk hjc m`rtj hjc prlejr jcjejkt`, oså m`e` co pr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` `btjklho. Hj sjr kjmjsorl`, jajmtþj c`s onustjs oc oroh` fosto `btjkjr cos m`khlml`kjs hj `pjromlýk hjsjohos.

but`s m`e` co lkctromlýk, jsm`rrjktåo supjrmloc, prjsjkmlo hj eocjzos, fuejfuejhoh hjc sujc` y rjslhu`s vjgjtocjs jk co supjrmlj. Jk jc slguljktj a`reot` rjglstrj co lka`reomlýk hj moep`, o portlr hj `bsjrvoml`kjs y ejhlml`kjs quj sj rjoclmjk.

Okoclmj y m`kslhjrj ospjmt`s rjcotlv`s o co cob`r rjoclzoho jk moep`, m`e` co m`eporomlýk hjc toeoÿ` y a`reo hjc sujc` rje`vlh` ` octjroh` p`r cos uklhohjs aukml`kocjs hjc oroh`, hjsogrjgomlýk j lkvjrslýk hjc sujc`, lkm`rp`romlýk hj rjslhu`s supjrmlocjs. Rjoclmj toeblìk uko rjjxlýk s`brj jc rjqujrleljkt` hj p`tjkmlo, jajmt` s`brj co jstrumturo y moclhoh hjc sujc`, jk jspjmloc s`brj otrlJCJEJKX@] LKA@REOMLÝK HJ MOEY@ Okmf` hj m`rtj Yr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` Moclhoh hj co cob`r > Groh` hj hjsogrjgomlýk Lkvjrslýk hjc sujc`   Lkm`rp`romlýk hj rjslhu`s vjgjtocjs

Yoro moho lka`reomlýk sj sugljrj t`eor oc ejk`s trjs ejhlhos y pr`ejhlor. Yoro hjtjrelkor jc potlkoeljkt`, m`kslhjrj co hlstokmlo rjm`rrlho p`r cos rujhos trosjros hjc tromt`r, jk ?9 vujctos, tokt` slk morgo (sl rjoclzoro co cob`r), m`e` m`k morgo, js hjmlr muokh` sj rjoclzo co cob`r hj oroho. Hj jsto eokjro sj pujhj jstleor jc potlkoeljkt` p`r co cob`r hj oroh`. Xoeblìk elho jc tljep`, poro hjtjrelkor co vjc`mlhoh hj `pjromlýk. OROH@ ?

OROH@ 2 @B]JRQOML@KJ]

Yotlkoeljkt` (%) 5 (H]M - HMM) * ?99 / H]M Qjc`mlhoh (de f-?)   H.M.M. / X (?)   H.M.M. / X (?)    

Hlstok. slk morgo

H.M.M. / X (?) H.M.M. / X (?)

??.= Oroh` r`totlv` (R`t`vot`r). Huroktj co cob`r jk moep`, jst`s lepcjejkt`s ejrjmjk jspjmloc mulhoh` p`r cos pljhros, tjrr`kjs ` tocc`s quj pujhjk orr`nor cos mumflccos, jk co portj hjcoktjro ` trosjro. Y`r jst`, js m`kvjkljktj eoktjkjrsj ocjnoh` hjc lepcjejkt`.

?1

 

??.=.? Jspjmlmoml`kjs hjc jqulp`. Huroktj co cob`r jk moep`, jst`s lepcjejkt`s ejrjmjk jspjmloc mulhoh` p`r cos pljhros ` tocc`s quj pujhjk orr`nor cos mumflccos, jk co portj hjcoktjro ` trosjro. Y`r jst`, js m`kvjkljktj eoktjkjrsj ocjnoh` hjc lepcjejkt`. Aobrlmoktj PPPPPPPP Rjajrjkmlo PPPPPPPPP R.Y.E. rjqujrlhos hjc XHA PPPPPPPPPP Xlp` hj jkgokmfj jkgokmfj PPPPPPPPPPP Motjg`råo PPPPPPPPPPP Okmf` hj m`rtj PPPPPP PPPPPP me K`. hj pcomos PPPPPP K`. hj mumflccos/pcomoPPPP K`. hj flcjros hj mumflccosPPPPPP Mcosj hj mumflccos y hlsp`slmlýkPPPPPPPPPP hlsp`slmlýkPPPPPPPPPP Ejmoklse` hj pr`tjmmlýk pr`tjmmlýk PPPPPPPPPP Xlp` hj trokselslýk PPPPPPPPPP Xlp` hj m`ktr`c hj pr`aukhlhoh PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP °Mýe` jstï jc onustj hj cos mumflccos0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PP Rjvlsj jc klvjc hjc omjltj, °js jc lkhlmoh` p`r jc aobrlmoktj0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

??.=.2 Oktjs hj moep`. • Hjtjrelkj co vjc`mlhoh hj glr` hjc XHA hjc tromt`r o co vjc`mlhoh hj rìglejk hjc e`t`r hjc else`, usokh` uk tomýejtr`. Qjc`mlhoh Qjc`mlhoh ejhlho> PPPPPPP- RYE • Jkgokmfj jc oroh` r`totlv` y jajmtþj co oclkjomlýk hjc lepcjejkt`, oså m`e` co

klvjcomlýk troksvjrsoc y c`kgltuhlkoc. Lhjktlquj cos rjcoml`kjs hj trokselslýk quj sj pujhjk utlclzor m`k c`s plÿ`kjs jktrjgoh`s p`r jc aobrlmoktj. Jsto lka`reomlýk sj jkmujktro gjkjrocejktj jk co mono hj trokselslýk y jk jc   eokuoc hj `pjromlýk hjc lepcjejkt`. Ylÿ`kjs m`khumt`rjs ^? 5 PPPP hljktjs Ylÿ`kjs m`khumlh`s ^? 5 PPPP hljktjs ^2 5 PPPP hljktjs ^2 5 PPPP hljktjs • Hjtjrelkj co vjc`mlhoh hj glr` hjc jnj r`t`r p`rtomumflccos hjc jqulp`, m`k uk Qjc`mlhoh Qjc`mlhoh ejhlho> PPPPPPPPP co elseo hj c`s tomýejtr`. plÿ`kjs, m`eporj jsto vjc`mlhoh ejhlho RYE. m`k coYoro lkhlmoho p`r jcrjcomlýk aobrlmoktj, co muoc hjbj jstor jk jc eokuoc hjc lepcjejkt`. Qjc`mlhoh sjgþk motïc`g`PPPPPPP RYE

??.=.= Xrobon` hj moep`. • @pjrj jc lepcjejkt`, rjgucj rjgucj co pr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` y vjrlquj vjrlquj co cob`r rjoclzoho p`r cos mumflccos y co topo s`brj jc sujc` trobonoh`. • Okmf` hj m`rtj> PPPPPPPP e   Yr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` PPPPPPPPP me • M`k uko rjcomlýk hj trokselslýk prjjstobcjmlho, rjoclmj co cob`r o h`s vjc`mlhohjs hj trobon` hlajrjktjs (Qo y Qb) y m`k moho uko hj jstos vjc`mlhohjs utlclmj h`s p`slml`kjs hj co topo trosjro hjc oroh` r`totlv` (orrlbo y obon`). Rjcomlýk hj trokselslýk (m`khumt`r / m`khumlh`)> PPPPPPPPP / PPPPPPPPPP Lhjktlquj jc groh` hj hjsogrjgomlýk hjc sujc` jk moho uko hj cos m`eblkoml`kjs oktjrl`rjs, y m`kslhjrokh` co ejn`r m`e` co kþejr` ?, jkuejrj jc groh` hj hjsogrjgomlýk hj cos muotr` m`eblkoml`kjs jk jc muohr` hj obon`. Alkocejktj mocmucj jc potlkoeljkt` poro moho vjc`mlhoh, m`k co topo orrlbo ` obon`. Xlp` hj sujc`> PPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP Groh` hj fuejhoh> PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

?7

 

Qjc jc`m `mlh lhoh oh hj hj trob trobon on`` Qo

Y`s `slm lmlý lýkk hj co co topo topo Orrlbo Obon`

Qb

Orrlbo Obon`

Groh Gr oh`` hj hjs hjsog ogrj rjgo goml mlýk ýk

H.M.M / X (?)> PPPPPPPP / PPPPPPPPP H.M.M / X (2)> PPPPPPPP / PPPPPPPPP Qjc`mlhoh Qb 5 PPPPPPPPPPPP de f-?

H.].M (?)> PPPPPPPP / PPPPPPPPP H.].M (2)> PPPPPPPP / PPPPPPPPP

??.8 Oroh`s hj mlkmjcjs, subs`coh`rjs y rjk`voh`rjs. ??.8.? hjc J]YJspjmlmoml`kjs JMLALMOML@KJ] MLKjqulp`. MJCJ] RÅGLH@] Aobrlmoktj Kþejr` hj mlkmjcjs A`reo hjc mlkmjc ]jporomlýk jktrj mlkmjcjs

MLKMJCJ] QLBROX@RL@]

]ZB]@COH@R

Okmf` tjýrlm` hj trobon` Xlp` hj borro p`rtofjrroeljktos Octuro clbrj hj c`s mlkmjcjs Ejmoklse` hj sjgurlhoh

??.8.2 Moclbromlýk hjc jqulp`. Jkgokmfj jc lepcjejkt` oc tromt`r y pr`mjho o oclkjorc` c`kgltuhlkoc y troksvjrsocejktj. Klvjcj jc lepcjejkt`, lepcjejkt`, hj omujrh` o su p`slmlýk hj trobon`. Jstobcjzmo jc potlkoeljkt`, hj omujrh` oc pr`mjhleljkt` hjsmrlt` oktjrl`rejktj poro `tr`s lepcjejkt`s.

??.8.= Hot`s hj moep`. EJHLML@KJ]

MLKMJCJ] MLKMJCJ] RJK@QOH@R RÅGLH@] QLBROX@RL@] HJ YROHJRO]

Yr`aukhlhoh hj trobon` Okmf` jajmtlv` hj trobon` Okmf` hj lkujkmlo o moho coh` hjc broz` Groh` hj aromturo ` hjsogrjgomlýk hjc sujc` Fuejhoh hjc sujc` Yotlkoeljkt` (%)    

H.M.M. / X H.M.M. / X

   

H.].M. H.].M.

/ /

(?) (2)

/ /

(?) (2)

Qjc`mlhoh hj `pjromlýk (de f-?)

?6

 

??.:. Rostro y puclh`ro. ??.:.? Jspjmlmoml`kjs hjc jqulp`. Rjglstrj cos jspjmlmoml`kjs tìmklmos hjc lepcjejkt` jk jc slguljktj a`reot`> RO]XRO ? Xlp` hj rostro ` rotrlcc` Aobrlmoktj Rjajrjkmlo Kþejr` hj hlsm`s ` uklhohjs Xoeoÿ` hj hlsm`s ` uklhohjs Yjs` (dg) Xlp` hj jkgokmfj Motjg`råo ]lstjeo hj troksp`rtj Qorlomlýk hj co trobo Okmf` k`elkoc hj trobon`

RO]XRO 2

RO]XRO =

/ /

]jporomlýk jktrj hlsm`s Kþejr` hj mfueomjros ` r`hoeljkt`s

??.:.2 Xrobon` hj moep`. • Jkgokmfj jc lepcjejkt` y rjoclmj co oclkjomlýk y klvjcomlýk hjc else`. • Qjrlquj cos vorloml`kjs jk co mopomlhoh hj hjsogrjgomlýk hjc sujc` quj tljkj jc lepcjejkt` `pjrïkh`c` m`k trobo eïxleo y eåkleo, o h`s vjc`mlhohjs hj `pjromlýk Qo y Qb.   Qo 5 PPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP PPP de f-?  Qb 5 PPPPPPPPPPPPPP de f-? • Yoro lepcjejkt`s m`k jkgokmfj o co borro hj tlr` (m`e` cos rostros pjsohos), js p`slbcj ejhlr m`k uk hlkoeýejtr` jc rjqujrleljkt` hj aujrzo eïxle` y jc pr`ejhl`. O portlr hj jst`s hot`s sj pujhj hjtjrelkor jc rjqujrleljkt` hj p`tjkmlo jk co borro hj tlr`, poro uko hj cos h`s vjc`mlhohjs hj trobon`, m`e` sj hjsmrlbj hjsmrlbj o m`ktlkuomlýk. Y`tjkmlo 5 Aujrzo x Qjc`mlh jc`mlhoh oh Hjsogrjgomlýk hjc sujc`

(? fp 5 278,= dg. de f-?)

Oj (e)

Yt (me)

Aujrzo (dg) FY jk co BX

Xrobo Eïxleo Qo Xrobo Eïxleo Qb Xrobo Eåkleo Qo Xrobo Eåkleo Qb

?<

 

??.1. ]jebroh`ro p`r sltl`. (grok` grujs`) ??.1.? Jspjmlmoml`kjs hjc jqulp`. Rjglstrj cos jspjmlmoml`kjs tìmklmos hjc lepcjejkt` jk jc slguljktj a`reot`> Xlp` Aobrlmoktj Rjajrjkmlo Okmf` hjc lepcjejkt` Kþejr` hj surm`s ]jporomlýk eïxleo jktrj t`cvos ]jporomlýk eåkleo jktrj t`cvos Xlp` hj pcot`s ]lstjeo obrjsurm`s Mocsj hj ejmoklse` hj topoh` hj sjelcco Xlp` hj rujho e`trlz Hlïejtr` hj rujho e`trlz ]lstjeo hj rjgucomlýk hj pr`aukhlhoh Hlstokmlo hj co guåo oc mjktr` hj sjebroh`ro

??.1.2 M`kslhjroml`kjs poro co moclbromlýk. • Okoclmj jc slstjeo hj trokselslýk hj p`tjkmlo hj co sjebroh`ro, hjshj co rujho

e`trlz fosto co m`r`ko hjc pcot` hj sljebro. X`ej uko uklhoh hj sljebro y hjsïr ejco poro `bsjrvor c`s hlajrjktjs ohltoejkt`s, m`e` jc hlsp`sltlv` hj jkrosoh`, jc hlsporoh`r,, jc pcot` y co m`r`ko. hlsporoh`r • Hj omujrh` o co sjelcco quj sj vo o sjebror, sjcjmml`kj jc pcot` ohjmuoh`, hj toc eokjro quj sj oc`nj uko sjelcco p`r mjcho. Qljrto sjelcco jk co t`cvo y bc`qujj otrïs jc mujrp` hj sljebro poro quj co rujho e`trlz sj pujho glror eokuocejktj, poro rjoclzor co moclbromlýk tjýrlmo. Glrj co rujho 29 vujctos4 m`ktoblclmj y pjsj cos sjelccos jxpucsohos jk jsj kþejr` hj vujctos. M`ktoblclmj jc kþejr` hj sjelccos hoÿohos p`r jc jqulp`. Mocmucj jkt`kmjs jc kþejr` hj sjelccos p`r vujcto, co hlstokmlo jktrj sjelccos. Jkgokmfj jc jqulp`. Fogo cos moclbroml`kjs hj oclkjomlýk y klvjcomlýk, y c`s onustjs kjmjsorl`s poro sjebror o : me hj pr`aukhlhoh. @pjrj co sjebroh`ro jk jc moep` ovokzokh` jc tromt`r cjktoejktj y elho jc kþejr` hj sltl`s p`r vujcto y co hlstokmlo jktrj sltl`s. X`cvo K`. (Hj lzquljrho o hjrjmfo) Hlstokmlo jktrj surm`s Rjcomlýk hj trokselslýk (m`khumt`r ” m`khumlh`) K`. hj sjelccos p`r vujcto hj co rujho Mocmucoh`   Ejhlho Hlstokmlo jktrj sjelccos> Mocmucoh`   Ejhlho Hoÿ` ejmïklm` (sjelccos hoÿohos p`r co sjebroh`ro, %) Hjkslhoh hj sljebro tjýrlmo (sjelccos fo -?  ` dg fo-?) Hjkslhoh hj sljebro jstleoho jk co moclbromlýk (sjelccos fo -? ` dg fo -?)

29

 

??.7. Q`cjoh`ro. ??.7.? Jspjmlmoml`kjs hjc jqulp`. Aobrlmoktj Rjajrjkmlo Xlp` hj jkgokmfj Motjg`råo hjc jkgokmfj Xlp` hj ocjtos ` pìkhuc` (hlrjmmlýk y a`reo) Xlp` hj onustj hj co hjsmorgo A`reo hj t`cvo Mopomlhoh hj t`cvo (Cltr` ` dg) Xlp` hj trokselslýk oc pcot` hlstrlbulh`r Qjc`mlhoh Qjc` mlhoh (RYE) rjqujrlho jk jc XHA

??.7.2 Moclbromlýk. • Jkgokmfj co v`cjoh`ro o c`s trjs pukt`s hjc tromt`r, om`pcj jc morhok oc XHA y rjoclmj c`s onustjs hj oclkjomlýk y klvjcomlýk. • Qljrto uko moktlhoh m`k`mlho hj ajrtlclzoktj jk co t`cvo> PPPPPPPPPPP dg. Y`kgo jk aukml`koeljkt` jc XHA m`k jc tromt`r jstoml`koh`, y jstobcjzmo jc okmf` hj hlstrlbumlýk hjc ajrtlclzoktj PPPPPPP (e) (e) y tljep` hj hjsmorgo> PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPP (sjg ` elk). Qjrlquj Qjrlquj c`s hot`s m`k co lka`reomlýk suelklstroho p`r jc aobrlmoktj. Mocmucj co

h`sls hj opclmomlýk hjc ajrtlclzoktjs (dg fo ?) sl co `pjromlýk sj rjoclzo o cos slguljktjs vjc`mlhohjs hj eormfo hjc tromt`r> Objrturo hj co m`epujrto ? 2

8 de f-?

1 de f-?

6 de f-?

??.6. Jqulp` hj ospjrslýk ` pucvjrlzomlýk. ??.6.? Jspjmlmoml`kjs hjc jqulp`. Xlp` Aobrlmoktj Rjajrjkmlo

Aujktj hj p`tjkmlo K`. hj b`qulccos Hlstokmlo jktrj b`qulccos

Q`cuejk hjc tokquj Mcosj hj b`ebo Xlp` hj ogltomlýk Rjgucoh`r hj co prjslýk Yrjslýk eïxleo Xlp` hj eokýejtr`

Okmf` hj m`bjrturo Octuro hj ogulcýk s`brj jc sujc` Xlp` hj b`qulccos Y`slmlýk b`qulccos jk jc ogulcýk K`. hj ctr`s

2?

 

-?) opclmohoprjsl`kjs Rjoclmj h`s prujbos hj hjsmorgo hj cos b`qulccos o hlajrjktjs (vjr Xobco), m`k jc tromt`r jstoml`koh`, y mocmucj co h`sls (C fo poro cos vjc`mlhohjs lkhlmohos. Yoro jst`, jkuejrj m`ksjmutlvoejktj co p`slmlýk hj cos b`qulccos hjshj uk jxtrje` oc `tr` hjc ogulcýk, jcob`rj uk hlogroeo hj hjsmorgo (jnj \) m`ktro p`slmlýk hj b`qulcco (jnj V), poro moho uko hj cos trjs prjsl`kjs trobonohos, y jxpclquj co lktjrprjtomlýk hj c`s else`s. Qjrlquj sl sj prjsjktok hlajrjkmlos grokhjs hj mouhoc hj ukos b`qulccos o `tros y hj quj eogkltuh.

Eormo Ospjrs`ro Xlp` hj b`qulccos =9 psl B`qulcco K`. ? 2 = 8 : 1 7 6 < ?9 ?? ?2 ?= ?8 ?:

?

2

]jporomlýk jktrj b`qulccos Ajmfo jvocuomlýk 89 psl :9 psl ? 2 ? 2

?1 ?7 ?6 ?< 29 2? 22 2= 28

Hjspuìs hj rjoclzor c`s jksoy`s hj hjsmorgo, jstlej cos ejhlos p`r prjslýk y m`kslgkj c`s voc`rjs jk co slguljktj tobco, h`khj toeblìk p`hrï jstleor co moktlhoh hj s`cumlýk quj hlstrlbulrï o h`s vjc`mlhohjs. Jståejcos y m`eporj, lkhlmokh` p`rquj sj prjsjktok hlajrjkmlos. Yrujbo

Yrjslýk

?

=9 psl

2

89 psl

=

:9 psl

Xljep` (]jg)

Hjsmorgo (me=) (*)

Hjsmorgo (C fo-?) (Yoro Q5 : de f-?)

(*) YR@EJHL@ hj co hjsmorgo hj cos b`qulccos jvocuohos.

22

 

?2. BLBCL@GROAÅO. O & B JOGCJ CLKJ J_ZLYEJKX, LKM.  www.ob-jogcjclkj.m`e OJRWO\ Og. www.ojrwoy.m`e OGM@ OCCL] www. www.ogm`occls.m`e.or ogm`occls.m`e.or OGRLXLCCOGJ HJ BRO]LC LKH. J M@E. HJ EO_ZLKO] J LEYCJEJKX@] OGRLM@CO] CXHO. www.bochok.m`e.br OGR@ @RGO ] O. fttp>//www fttp>//www.tlkjt.`rg/~og .tlkjt.`rg/~ogr``rgo/ r``rgo/ OGR@EJXOC. www.ogr`ejtoc.m`e OEJ^_ZLXO, J. Cos pr`pljhohjs aåslmos y jc eokjn` pr`humtlv` hj c`s sujc`s. Murs` toccjr hj omtuoclzomlýk jk eoqulkoråo ogråm`co. Mocl, M`c`eblo, sjpt.2= o 27.?