E@]@EHC@C E@BN[HDHE@ CG WL UNBHCN `
C`lhgb Snrrgs @==5;=511 y k T`bglthl` ]`lea`ln @==55?;13 `
ctnrrgs01=5Moi`hb.eni y kv`bglgse`bbnlMoi`hb.eni
` y k Wlhvgrshc`c Hegsh, D`eubt`c cg Ehgleh`s L`tur`bgs, ]rnor`i` cg Puéihe` D`ri`eèuthe`, B`knr`tnrhn cg Dhshenquéihe` U`lth`on cg E`bh, Enbnikh` I`rzn 50 cg ;=0?-0
[GUWBS@CNU
Gl gb prnegsn gxpgrhiglt`b sg cgtgrihlõ cgtgrihlõ b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` cgb e`bnréigtrn y bns rgsubt`cns pugcgl sgr `prgeh`cns ` enlthlu`ehõl S`kb` S`kb ` 0. C`tns igchcns p`r` b` e`bhkr`ehõl cg b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` cgb e`bnréigtrn us`cn. E`r`etgrésthe`s @ou` dré` @ou` e`bhgltg Igzeb`
I`s` (o) 0==,== 0==,=7 ;==,=7
Sgipgr`tur` (¶E) ;4,== 73,?= 3=,5= ]rnigchn cg tgipgr`tur`s Grrnr ]nregltu`b
Sgipgr`tur` (J) ;88,07 5;?,17 505,37 505,7 =,=0%
]rnigchn cg tgipgr`tur`s
qo`l`cn 9∛qegchcni 0 e 0 ( Sgq ∛ Sd ) ) 9∛i ; e ; ( Sgq ∛Se ) Se + Sd Sgq ∛Sd 9∛ 9∛Sgq+ SeSgq9
; Geu`ehõl Geu`ehõ l0
T`bnr tgõrhen6
x³ 9
;88.07 J + 5;?.17 J ;
9505.7= J
T`bnr gxpgrhiglt`b6
T`bnr tgnrhen∛T`bnr gxpgrhiglt`b %Grrnr9 Geu`ehnl ; Geu`ehnl T`bnr tgnrhen
|
|
ie ( Sgq∛Sd ) ) ∛ ie ( Sgq∛Sd ) ) 9 ie ie
|
%Grrnr9
|
505.7= J ∛505.37 J 505.7= J
x x 0==% 9=,=0%
@ enlthlu`ehõl sg prgsglt`l b`s t`kb`s qug rgprgsglt`l b` gst`khbhz`ehõl cgb `ou` ` chdgrgltgs tgipgr`tur`s S`kb` ;. C`tns cg thgipn y tgipgr`tur` p`r` b` tgri`bhz`ehõl cgb `ou` e`bhgltg. Ihlutn 0 t (s) 0= ;= 5= 3= 7= 4= Ihlutn 7
S (½E) 45,1 45,3 45,5 45,0 4;,1 4;,4
t (s) S (½E) ;7= 4=,5 ;4= 4=,; ;?= 4=,0 ;1= 4=,0 ;8= 4=,= 5== 78,8 Ihlutn 8 t (s) S (½E) 38= 71,; 7== 71,0 70= 71,0 7;= 71,= 75= 7?,8 73= 7?,1 Ihlutn 05 t (s) S (½E) ?5= 74,4 ?3= 74,7 ?7= 74,3 ?4= 74,3 ??= 74,5 ?1= 74,;
Shgipn y tgipgr`tur`s cgb `ou` e`bhgltg Ihlutn ; Ihlutn 5 t (s) S (½E) t (s) S (½E) ?= 4;,7 05= 40,7 1= 4;,5 03= 40,3 8= 4;,= 07= 40,5 0== 04= 40,8 40,; 00= 40,1 0?= 40,0 0;= 40,? 01= 4=,8 Ihlutn 4 Ihlutn ?
Ihlutn 3 t (s) 08= ;== ;0= ;;= ;5= ;3= Ihlutn 1
t (s) S (½E) 50= 78,1 5;= 78,? 55= 78,4 53= 78,3 57= 78,5 54= 78,; Ihlutn 0= t (s) S (½E) 77= 7?,1 74= 7?,? 7?= 7?,? 71= 7?,4 78= 7?,7 4== 7?,7 Ihlutn 03 t (s) S (½E) ?8= 74,0 1== 74,= 10= 74,= 1;= 77,8 15= 77,1 13= 77,1
t (s) 35= 33= 37= 34= 3?= 31= Ihlutn 0; t (s) 4?= 41= 48= ?== ?0= ?;= Ihlutn 04 t (s) 80= 8;= 85= 83= 87= 84=
t (s) 5?= 51= 58= 3== 30= 3;= Ihlutn 00 t (s) 40= 4;= 45= 43= 47= 44= Ihlutn 07 t (s) 17= 14= 1?= 11= 18= 8==
S (½E) 78,; 78,0 78,= 71,8 71,1 71,? S (½E) 7?,3 7?,5 7?,; 7?,; 7?,0 7?,= S (½E) 77,7 77,3 77,5 77,0 77,= 77,=
S (½E) 4=,8 4=,1 4=,4 4=,4 4=,7 4=,3 S (½E) 71,4 71,7 71,7 71,3 71,5 71,5 S (½E) 7?,= 74,8 74,1 74,? 74,? 74,4 S (½E) 73,8 73,? 73,? 73,? 73,? 73,?
S`kb` 5. C`tns cg thgipn y tgipgr`tur` p`r` b` tgri`bhz`ehõl cg b` igzeb` cg `ou` e`bhgltg y dré`. Shgipns y Sgipgr`tur`s cg b` igzeb` Ihlutn 0 t (s) S (¶E) 0= 30,0
3=,5 3=,5 3=,5 3=,5 3=,5
;= 5= 3= 7= 4=
Gstns c`tns sg uthbhz`l p`r` e`beub`r b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` cgb e`bnréigtrn cg b` shouhgltg i`lgr`6 q|¾|9∛q ¾ egc
(i ¾ ¾ d e A ;;N + Ej ) ( S Igzeb`∛S d ) 9∛ie e A ; N ( S igzeb` ∛S e ) Geu`ehn Geu`ehnl l5¾ 0==,== o∟ 3,01
((
F
+ Ej ( 505,37 J ∛;88.07 J )9∛0==.=7 o∟3,01
o∟ J
301
F
( 505,37 J ∛5;?,17 J )
o∟ J
)
F F + Ej ) (03.5 J ) 9301,;0 ( 03.3 J ) J J 78??.3 F + 03.5 JEj 94=;;,;; F
Ej 9
33,1; F 03,5 J
Ej 95,05
F J
]nr ntr` p`rtg, sg cgtgrihlõ b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` cg ul sõbhcn, `rrnf`lcn bns shouhgltgs rgsubt`cns S`kb` 3. C`tns igchcns p`r` b` cgtgrihl`ehõl cg b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` cgb sõbhcn. Shgipns y Sgipgr`tur`s cgb @ou` E`bhgltg Ihlutn 0 Ihlutn ; Ihlutn 5 Ihlutn 3 Ihlutn 7 t (s) S (½E) t (s) S (½E) t (s) S (½E) t (s) S (½E) t (s) S (½E) 0= ?= 05= 08= ;7= 40,8 40,3 4=,8 4=,7 4=,= ;= 40,8 1= 40,5 03= 4=,8 ;== 4=,3 ;4= 78,8 5= 40,1 8= 40,; 07= 4=,1 ;0= 4=,5 ;?= 78,8 3= 40,? 0== 40,; 04= 4=,? ;;= 4=,5 ;1= 78,1 7= 40,4 00= 40,0 0?= 4=,4 ;5= 4=,; ;8= 78,1 4= 40,7 0;= 40,= 01= 4=,4 ;3= 4=,0 5== 78,? Ihlutn 4 Ihlutn ? Ihlutn 1 Ihlutn 8 t (s)
S (½E)
t (s)
S (½E)
t (s)
S (½E)
t (s)
S (½E)
50= 5;= 55= 53= 57= 54=
78,? 78,4 78,7 78,3 78,5 78,5
5?= 51= 58= 3== 30= 3;=
78,; 78,; 78,; 78,= 78,= 78,=
35= 33= 37= 34= 3?= 31=
71,8 71,1 71,1 71,? 71,? 71,4
71,7 71,7 71,7 71,7 71,7 71,7
38= 7== 70= 7;= 75= 73=
S`kb` 7. Shgipns y tgipgr`tur`s cgb `ou` y gb g b igt`b Shgipns y Sgipgr`tur` cgb @ou` y gb Igt`b I`s` cg @ou` ]gs`c` (o) ;==,=4 71,7 Sgipgr`tur` cgb @ou` E`bhgltg (℅E ¾ I`s`s cgb Igt`b pgs`cn (o) ;=,=4 Sgipgr`tur` cgb @ou` Dré` qug ;7,5 enlthglg gb Igt`b (℅E ¾ Ihlutn 0 Ihlutn ; Ihlutn 5 Ihlutn 3 Ihlutn 7 t (s) S t (s) S t (s) S t (s) S t (s) S (½E) (½E) (½E) (½E) (½E) 0= 7?,? ?= 7?,3 05= 7?,= 08= 74,1 ;7= 74,7 ;= 7?,? 5= 7?,4 3= 7?,4 7= 7?,7 4= 7?,3 Ihlutn 4 t (s) S (½E) 50= 74,0 5;= 74,0 55= 74,= 53= 74,= 57= 54=
1= 8= 0== 00= 0;=
7?,5 7?,; 7?,; 7?,0 7?,0
03= 07= 04= 0?= 01=
7?,= 74,8 74,8 74,8 74,1
;== ;0= ;;= ;5= ;3=
74,? 74,? 74,? 74,7 74,7
;4= ;?= ;1= ;8= 5==
74,5 74,5 74,5 74,; 74,;
74,= 74,=
B` geu`ehõl 5 sudrg ul` pgqugð` v`rh`ehõl, p`r` `sh pncgr cgtgrihl`r b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` gspgehdhe` cgb sõbhcn. q|¾|9∛q ¾ egc
(i ¾ ¾ i ei + Ej )( S Igzeb`∛S i )9∛ie e A ;; N ( S igzeb`∛S e ) Geu`ehnl 3 ¾
(
;=,=4 o e i + 5,05
)
F F ( 5;8.07 J ∛550.47 J ) ( 5;8,07 J ∛ ;81.37 J ) 9∛;==,=4 o∟3,01 J o∟ J 407.13 oJ ∟e i + 84.=8 F 9;=8=.45 F 407.13 oJ ∟e i9;=8=.45 F ∛ 84.=8 F
ei9
0883.73 F 407.13 oJ
e i 95.;3
F oJ
]nreglt`fg cg grrnr6
C`c` b` geu`ehõl ; sg kuse` cgtgrihl`r enl qug igt`b sg tr`k`fõ. Bhthn
|
5,58
%Grrnr9
|
F F ∛5.;3 oJ oJ 93,3;% F 5,58 oJ
@buihlhn =,18
%Grrnr9
| |
F F ∛5.;3 oJ oJ =,18 F
oJ
@b-Io-Uh
1,8;
%Grrnr9
9;43%
| |
F F ∛5.;3 oJ oJ 945,41 F 1,8; oJ
Ehle
|
=,58
%Grrnr9
|
F F ∛5.;3 oJ oJ 9?5= ?5=,?? ,?? % F =,58 oJ
CHUEWUHNL
Wl e`bnréigtrn gs ul hlstruigltn cg igchehõl qug sg dulc`iglt` gl ul shstgi` `ch`kàthen gb eu`b pgrihtg cgtgrihl`r b`s e`p`ehc`cgs e`bnrédhe`s gspgehdhe`s t`ltn cg béquhcns enin cg
snbhcns enin dug gb e`sn cg b` pr`ethe` 7.B` geu`ehõl 0 surog p`r` cgtgrihl`r gb v`bnr tgõrhen cg b`s tgipgr`tur`s, gl gbb` sg us` gb prnigchn cg b`s tgipgr`tur`s, cgkhcn ` qug sg gstà tr`k`f`lcn enl `ou` pnr glcg su i`s` y e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` snl hou`bgs bn qug pgrihtg shipbhdhe`r. Enl rgspgetn ` bn `ltgrhnr b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` gs ul` v`rh`kbg gxtglshv` y sg glthglcg enin b` glgroé` e`bnrédhe` qug a`y qug suihlhstr`r ` ul eugrpn p`r` `uiglt`r ul or`cn su tgipgr`tur`0 , pnr ntr` p`rtg b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` gspgehdhe` cg ul eugrpn gs b` igchc` cg glgroé` rgqugrhc` p`r` gbgv`r ul jgbvhl ul` ulhc`c cg i`s`, cgscg gb pultn cg vhst` tgrinchl`ihen gs gb e`ikhn cg glgroé`s gltrg cns eugrpns gl dulehõl cg ul e`ikhn cg b`s tgipgr`tur`s;: b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` cgb `ou` gs ul` cg b`s i`s `bt`s cgkhcn `b glb`eg ahcrnogln, gs cgehr qug p`r` `uiglt`r b` glgroé` prnigchn cg sus inbèeub`s sg cgkgl rnipgr iueans pugltgs hltgrinbgeub`rgs, gs cgehr qug b` or`l e`lthc`c cg glgroé` qug `ksrnkg gb `ou` gl i`ynr prnpnrehõl gs us`cn p`r` rnipgr bns pugltgs cg ahcrnogln y ln p`r` `uiglt`r n chsihluhr su tgipgr`tur`, gst` prnphgc`c gs cg b`s i`s hipnrt`ltgs gl bns sgrgs vhvns y` qug `etu` enin ul gxegbgltg rggoub`cnr tèrihen `yuc`lcn `sh ` i`ltglgr ul gquhbhkrhn y ul` gst`khbhc`c rgspgetn ` b` tgipgr`tur` enrpnr`b5.
Uhl gik`ron `ulqug gb v`bnr gxpgrhiglt`b nktglhcn p`r` gb igt`b gs iuy or`lcg `ul gs hldgrhnr `b cgb `ou` bn eu`b gs r`znl`kbg cgkhcn ul igt`b purn ln prgsglt` glb`egs hltgrinbgeub`rgs, inthvn pnr gb eu`b b` glgroé` suihlhstr`c` sgrà us`c` lgt`igltg p`r` `uiglt`r b` tgipgr`tur`. E`kg rgs`bt`r qug b` bgy egrn cg b` tgrinchlàihe` b` eu`b `dhri` qug sh cns eugrpns gstàl gl gquhbhkrhn gltrg sh `b `ð`chrsg ul tgregrn gstg gst`rà gl gquhbhkrhn gltrg sh, ig pgrihtg cgtgrihl`r b`s geu`ehnlgs 5 y 3 b`s eu`bgs ig `yuc`l ` glenltr`r b`s e`p`ehc`cgs e`bnrédhe`s t`ltn p`r` gb e`bnréigtrn enin p`r` gb igt`b. ]nr öbthin b` e`p`ehc`c e`bnrédhe` nktglhc` sg gleugltr` egre`l` `b v`bnr cgb bhthn gb eu`b dug cgse`rt`cn cgkhcn ` qug b` rg`eehõl enl gb `ou` gs iuy vhnbglt` y pnr glcg hlvh`kbg gl eu`ltn `b pb`ltg`ihgltn cgb gxpgrhigltn, bugon sg ergyn qug gr` `buihlhn pnr gb `spgetn déshen pgrn t`ikhgl dug cgse`rt`cn cgkhcn ` qug gb igt`b qug sg usn gr` np`en ihlgtr`s qug gb `buihlhn gs@b: krhbb`ltg, ntr` cgUh) b`s3 qug ahpõtgshs gs gb usn cg b` `bg`ehõl cgb`s `buihlhn,i`olgshn y shbhehn(8?% 0% Io: 0% khgl enin sg chfn prgvh`igltg `bg`ehnlgs `b prgsglt`r glb`egs hltgrinbgeub`rgs `uiglt`l b` glgroé` qug `ksnrkgl bns glb`egs y pnr glcg b` `bt` rgshstgleh` ` gbgv`r su tgipgr`tur`. Uhl gik`ron gb igt`b gl eugsthõl sg tr`t`k` cg zhle `rrnf`lcn enin rgsubt`cn ul pnreglt`fg cg grrnr cg ?5=,??%. [GDG[GLEH@U
0.
0.
[email protected] [email protected]`i nchl`ihe` he` y dhshe` dhshe` gst`chs gst`chsthe` the` b. I [`ins .ZGl bélg`Y. bélg`Y. Chspnlh Chspnlhkbg kbg gl 6 attp6//www.u`i.gs/pgrsnl`b^pch/ehgleh`s/ir`ins/Cnegleh`^`reahvns/Sgrinchl`ihe` ^5.pcd ;. Ognehgleh`s Ognehgleh`s.. WL@I. WL@I. @lodsntn @lodsntn ZGl bhlg`Y bhlg`Y Chspnlhkbg Chspnlhkbg gl6
attp6//www.ognehgleh`s.ul`i.ix/~`lodsntn/dhshe`incgrl`/prgsglt`ehnlgs/Gst`cn^ snbhcn.pcd 5. _nrc]rgss. _nrc]rgss. _`tgr _`tgr `lc `lc hts prnpgrt prnpgrthgs. hgs. ZGl ZGl bhlg`Y bhlg`Y Chspnlhkb Chspnlhkbgg gl6 attps6//w`tgr`lchtsprnpgrthgs.wnrcprgss.eni/;=07/=?/;1/`btn-e`bnr-gspgehdhen/ 3. S`kb`s. S`kb`s. Hloglhgrh` Hloglhgrh` Sgrih Sgrihe`.]dgr e`.]dgrl`lcgz l`lcgz ZGl ZGl bhlg`Y bhlg`Y Chspnlhkb Chspnlhkbgg gl6 attp6//dhbgs.pdgrl`lcgzchgz.gs/Hloglhgrh`Sgrihe`/S`kb`s/]CDs/S`kb`s.pcd
