Cap.7 Cubiertas y Techos

 

GKEWSQYGG@KE CI IC@F@G@KW 

GYA@IQSBW P SIGMKW 

>.2. @ESQKCYGG@KE

Ih tigmk is hb pbrti guho`ebeti ci hb istrugturb ci hb v`v`iecb. Wi iegbrnb ci obetieir ue`cbs hbs gkhuoebs, hbs v`nbs y hks ourks, bsï gkok hb ci trbeso`t`r ih pisk ci hb istrugturb b àstks. Hks tigmks istâe gkopuistks pkr v`nbs, hksbs, gua`irtbs oitâh`gbs y gua`irtbs ci obcirb.

F`nurb E´24  S`pk ci gua`irtb

@en. OWg. OWg. E`gbekr \kh k Gruz

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GKEWSQYGG@KE CI IC@F@G@KW 

GYA@IQSBW P SIGMKW 

Hbs v`nbs puicie sir ci tris t`pks4 ci gkef`ebo`ietk, qui vbe bpkybcbs skari hks ourks: pirbhtbcbs, guyk ispiskr is obykr bh ci hb hksb ci tigmk: y v`nbs phbebs, guyk ispiskr is `nubh bh cih tigmk.

F`nurb E´24  C`spks`g`÷e ci v`nbs ie gua`irtb >.1. CIWGQ@\G@KE

Gua`irtb is tkcb istrugturb mkr`zketbh ua`gbcb ie hb pbrti supir`kr ci ueb v`v`iecb, ic`f`g`k k gkestrugg`÷e. Wu o`s`÷e is hb ci suo`e`strbr prktigg`÷e prktigg`÷e gketrb tkcks hks bnietis ixtireks. \kr su ixpks`g`÷e c`rigtb b hb `etiopir`i eigis`tb istbr fkrobcb pkr obtir`bhis ci nrbe ris`stieg`b b hbs vbr`bg`keis tàro`gbs y bnietis m`crâuh`gks ci hb bto÷sfirb. Hks ihioietks pr`eg`pbhis ci gubhqu`ir gua`irtb ske4 hb istrugturb qui hk skpkrtb y hks ihioietks qui s`rvie gkok abrrirb `opiroibahi.

F`nurb E´24  S`pks ci gua`irtb ci gua`irtb

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GKEWSQYGG@KE CI IC@F@G@KW 

GYA@IQSBW P SIGMKW 

F@NYQB 94  Fkrob nikoàtr`gb ci hb gua`irtb

>.7. GBQNBW B WIQ WIQ GKEW@CIQBCBW GKEW@CIQBCBW IE GYA@IQSBW

Hb ist`obg`÷e prig`sb ci hbs gbrnbs qui rig`a`râ hb istrugturb curbeti su v`cb ôt`h is qu`zâs hb pbrti oâs `opkrtbeti y gkoph`gbcb cih beâh`s`s qui ciai iefrietbr ih @en. OWg. OWg. E`gbekr \kh k Gruz

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GKEWSQYGG@KE CI IC@F@G@KW 

GYA@IQSBW P SIGMKW 

prkyigt`stb. Ek ciai cidbrsi ci gkes`cirbr gubhqu`ir gbrnb qui puicb hhinbr b prisietbrsi. Cispuàs ci qui mbe ist`obck hbs gbrnbs is eigisbr`k `evist`nbr hbs gkoa`ebg`keis oâs cisfbvkrbahis qui puicie kgurr`r ie ue okoietk cbck. Ih prkp÷s`tk ci istb sigg`÷e is ih cbr ueb `cib nieirbh ci hbs gbrnbs qui puicie prisietbrsi. Ie nieirbh hbs gbrnbs si c`v`cie ie gbrnbs ouirtbs y gbrnbs v`vbs. >.7.2. GBQNBW OYIQSBW

Hbs gbrnbs ouirtbs ske gbrnbs ci obne`tuc gkestbeti qui pirobeigie f`dbs ie ue o`sok hunbr. Istbs ske ih pisk prkp`k ci hb istrugturb y ktrbs gbrnbs pirobeietioieti ue`cbs b àstb. \brb ue ic`f`g`k ci istrugturb ci bgirk bhnuebs gbrnbs ouirtbs si ciaie b4 hb istrugturb ie sï, hks ourks, hks p`sks, hb gua`irtb, hb phkoirïb, itg. \brb c`siòbr ueb istrugturb is eigisbr`k ist`obr hks pisks k gbrnbs ouirtbs ci sus pbrtis. Hks tbobòks tbobòks y pisks ixbgtks ci hbs pbrtis ek ssii gkekgie mbstb qui si mbgi ih beâh`s`s istrugturbh y si sihigg`kebe hks ihioietks ci hb istrugturb. Hks pisks, citiro`ebcks ci bguirck gke ih c`siòk, ciaie gkopbrbrsi gke hks pisks ist`obcks. W` si t`iei nrbecis c`sgripbeg`bs, c`sgripbeg`bs, sirâ eigisbr`k ripit`r ih beâh`s`s y ifigtubr ih c`siòk gke hb ist`obg`÷e oâs prig`sb ci hbs gbrnbs. Hks ihioietks qui `eg`cie ie hb gua`irtb ske4   Ihioietks istrugturbhis cci i hb gua`irtb (Girgmbs, gkrribs, tieskris, itg.)

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  Qivist`o`ietk ci hb gua`irtb

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  Bggiskr`ks (Ihioietks ci sudig`÷e y ue`÷e.)

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  Ixtrbs (Qifhigtk (Qifhigtkris, ris, huo`ebr`bs, huo`ebr`bs, tuairïbs, itg.)

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Hks vbhkris bckptbcks pbrb istks gbsks ske hks s`nu`ietis   Ihioietks istrugturbhis (\.\.) ………….Gbhguhbck pkr ih prknrbob •

⁃     Qivist`o`ietk gua`irtb……………..……2.9< 

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⁃     Bggiskr`ks……...…………………….....… 2< 

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  Ixtrbs………………………………………. 2< ⁃  

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Sktbh 12.9 ? 19 ⁃   Istb gbrnb sirâ bph`gbcb skari hbs gkrribs k hbrnuirks ci hb istrugturb ci hb gua`irtb. Hbs gkrribs si ieguietrbe sipbrbcbs b ueb c`stbeg`b ci = 0 2<

GYA@IQSB CI CI \KH@GB \KH@GBQAKEBSK QAKEBSK GKE IWSQYGS IWSQYGSYQB YQB OISBH@GB i ? 6 oo IWSQYGSYQB OISBH@GB P/K S@ENHBCK \BQB NBH\KEIW GYA@IQSB CI GBHBO@EB E´ 1=, EK @EGHYPI OBCIQBOIE GYA@IQSB CI GBHBO@EB GKE GIQGMB OISBH@GB (FKQOB GYQVB)  

@en. OWg. OWg. E`gbekr \kh k Gruz

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GKEWSQYGG@KE CI IC@F@G@KW  22 21 27 23 29 26 2> 2= 20 1< 12 11 17 13 19

16 1> 1= 10

7< 72 71 77 73 79

GYA@IQSB CI GBHBO@EB GKE GIQGMB OISBH@GB GYA@IQSB \HBGB KECYHBCB - W/ IWSQYGSYQB GYA@IQSB CI GBHBO@EB GKE IWSQYGSYQB OI OISBH@GB SBH@GB @@ @@ \QKV P GKHKG CI GBHBO@EB E´ E ´ 1= \BQB IWSQYGSYQB OISBH@GB CI GYA@IQSB \QKV P GKHKG CI GBHBO@EB \HBWS@GB \BQB IWSQYGSYQB OISBH@GB CI GYA@IQSB GYA@IQSB CI GBHBO@EB E´ 1= @EGHYPI OBCIQBOIE P GIQGMBW IWSQYGSYQB OISBH@GB S@\K GIQGMB GYA@IQSB GYA@IQ SB CI GBHB GBHBO@EB O@EB E´ 1= WKAQI GIQGMBW OI OISBH@GBW SBH@GBW (GKWSBEIQBW) (GKWSBE IQBW) GYA@IQSB CI GBHBO@EB SQB\ITK@CBH E¼ 1= GYA@IQSB GYA@IQ SB CI GBHB GBHBO@EB O@EB E´ 1= @EGHYPI GKQQIBW GKWSBEIQBW 2 Gubcrk ci Isgucr`bs >.=. BEBH @W@W CI \IWKW >.=.2. BEBH @W@W CI \IWK CI CQIEBD CQIEBDI I (GBEBHISBW) (GBEBHISB W)

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GKEWSQYGG@KE CI IC@F@G@KW 

GYA@IQSBW P SIGMKW 

>.=.1. BEBH @W@W CI \IWK CI GYOAQIQB GYOAQIQB

>.0. CISBHHIW CISBH HIW GKEWSQGS@VKW GKEWSQGS@VKW

F`nurb E´2= Citbhhi ci akrci ci gua`irtb

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