Cap 5 Ciclos de Motores de Combustion Interna
September 18, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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MOQBP^DK > >.?.- IKPKVN] @N MKIF^]PBÝJ BJPNVJO, I.M.B. @NGBJBMBÝJ.- ]n ddoio iktkr `n mkifustbýj bjtnrjo, I.M.B. o ujo iïqubjo târibmo nj muyk mbdbj`rk `n trofock tbnjn dueor do qunio `n uj morfurojtn y do trojsgkriombýj `nd modkr nj trofock. MDO]BGBMOMBÝJ.- Dks iktkrns `n mkifustbýj bjtnrjo nj dks muodns dks prkmnsks `n do rnommbýj quéibmo y do `n njnreéo modkrégbmo nj mbdbj`rk trofock inmïjbmk sn rnodbzoj `njtrk `ndtrojsgkriombýj mbdbj`rk (nj do movb`o` ufbmo`o `njtrk `nd skfrn nd pbstýj). ]n mdosbgbmoj nj3 o) Iktkrns `n âifkdk k p pbstkjns bstkjns odtnrjotbvks3 mbmdk Kttk, mbmdk @bâsnd y mbmdk @uod. f) Iktkrns `n pbs pbstýj týj rkto rktotbvk3 tbvk3 iktkr Uojhnd.
>.6.- G^JMBKJOIBNJPK G^JMBKJOIBNJPK @N DK] I.M.B. Nj uj iktkr `n mkifustbýj bjtnrjo tnj`rï dueor ujo snrbn `n kpnrombkjns ddoio`o mbmdk inmïjbmk, nd muod lo `n rnpntbrsn mkjtbjuoinjtn poro qun nd iktkr gujmbkjn toifbâj `n iojnro mkjtbjuo. Nstn mbmdk `n kpnrombkjns ns nd sbeubnjtn3 ?. ]n `nfn bjtrk`umbr (k ospbror) ujo moreo nj nd mbdbj`rk 6. Mkiprnjsbýj `n do moreo =. Njmnj`b`k `ndo ibsio 0. Nxpojsbýj `n dks eosns od q quniorsn uniorsn y rno rnodbzombýj dbzombýj `n trof trofock ock skfrn nd âifk âifkdk dk y pkr su trojsibsbýj skfrn do moreo omkpdo`o >. Nxpudsbýj `n dks eosns qu qunio`ks nio`ks `nd mbdbj` mbdbj`rk rk y mkibnjzk `nd junvk mbmdk. Nd mbmdk pun`n rnodbzorsn nj `ks k muotrk tbnipks `nd âifkdk.
>.=.- QOVÏINPVK] MKJ]PV^MPBWK] @N DK] I.M.B. Dks porïintrks mkjstrumtbvks `n dks I.M.B., skj târibjks utbdbzo`ks poro `nsmrbfbr nd mbmdk `n gujmbkjoibnjtk `n dks iktkrns i ktkrns `n mkifustbýj bjtnrjo odtnrjotbvks odtnrjotbvks.. Dks porïintrks mkjstrumtbvks `n dks I.M.B. pun`nj snr `nsmrbtks nj do Gbe. >.? y skj dks sbeubnjtns3 - Q^JPK I^NVPK ]^QNVBKV (Q.I.].).- Ns do portn iïs odto o do qun ddneo nd
pbstýj k âifkdk. - Q^JPK I^NVPK BJGNVBKV (Q.I.B.).- Ns do portn iïs foco o do qun ddneo nd pbstýj k âifkdk. Nj nstos `ks pksbmbkjns nd pbstýj bjvbnrtn su ikvbibnjtk.
?
Gbe. >.?.- Nsqunio `n uj I.M.B. bj`bmoj`k sus porïintrks mkjstrumtbvks.
- MOVVNVO (]).- Ns do `bstojmbo rnmkrrb`o pkr nd pbstýj muoj`k sn `nspdozo
`ns`n nd Q.I.]. od Q.I.B. k vbmnvnrso. ], sn nxprnso enjnrodinjtn nj ii.
-
MODBFVN K pbstýj). ODN]OCN (@).- Ns nd `bïintrk bjtnrbkr `nd mbdbj`rk (oprkx. beuod od `bïintrk `nd @, sn nx nxprnso prnso n nj j ii e enjnrodinjtn. njnrodinjtn.
- VNDOMBÝJ MOVVNVO @BÏINPVK (]/@).- Do morrnro `nd pbstýj y nd `bïintrk
`nd mbdbj`rk `n uj iktkr euor`oj njtrn sb ujo rndombýj `ntnribjo`o qun rnmbfn nd jkifrn `n rndombýj morrnro o `bïintrk.
]4@ Iktkr `n morrnro mkrto.
]9@ Iktkr muo`ro`k.
]:@ Iktkr `n morrnro doreo.
Gbe.>.6.- Nsqunio `n do rndombýj morrnro-`bïi m orrnro-`bïintrk ntrk `n uj I.M.B.
- ÏVNO @ND MBDBJ@VK (O).- Ns nd ïrno `nd mérmudk k snmmbýj `nd mbdbj`rk. ρ@6 O9
0
6
(>.?)
- MBDBJ@VO@O ^JBPOVBO (Wl).- Ns nd vkduinj forrb`k pkr nd pbstýj, muoj`k nd
âifkdk poso `nd Q.I.]. od Q.I.B. qun Ns do mufbmombýj `n uj mbdbj`rk.
Wl 9
@6 ] 0
(>.6)
`kj`n3 Wl , mbdbj`ro`o ujbtorbo nj mi½ k dbtrks. @ , `bïintrk `nd mbdbj`rk nj mi. ] , morrnro morrnro `nd pbstýj nj mi. - MBDBJ@VO@O PKPOD (WL).- Ns nd vkduinj forrb`k nj tk`ks dks mbdbj`rks `nd
iktkr muoj`k nd pbstýj sn `nspdozo `ns`n nd Q.I.]. od Q.I.B. k vbmnvnrso. WL 9 Wl b
(>.=)
`kj`n3 WL , mbdbj`ro`o tktod nj mi½ k dbtrks. b , jóinrk `n mbdbj`rks - WKD^INJ @N DO MÏIOVO @N MKIF^]PBÝJ (Wm).- Muoj`k nd pbstýj sn
loddo Q.I.]. Ns nxbstn uj pnqunÿk nspombk njtrn do mofnzo `nd âifkdk y do mudotonj `ndndmbdbj`rk. nd ddoio`k nspombk iunrtk, k mïioro `n mkifustbýj. - WKD^INJ PKPOD @ND MBDBJ@VK (Wo).- Nd vkduinj tktod `nd mbdbj`rk ns do
suio `n do mbdbj`ro`o ujbtorbo y nd vkduinj `n do mïioro `n mkifustbýj. Wo 9 Wl + Wm
(>.0)
- VNDOMBÝJ @N MKIQVNJ]BÝJ ( ).- Jks bj`bmo muojtos vnmns ns ioykr nd
vkduinj tktod `nd mbdbj`rk qun nd vkduinj `n do mïioro `n mkifustbýj. Bj`bmo pkr tojtk, o muojtk sn rn`umn pkr mkiprnsbýj nd vkduinj tktod `nd mbdbj`rk8 `n do inzmdo mkifustbfdn k obrn purk.
ξ9
o
(>.>)
m
ξ9
+ m m
(>.7)
Gbe. >.=.- Nsqunio `n do rndombýj `n mkiprnsbýj `n uj I.M.B. =
- WNDKMB@O@ IN@BO @ND QB]PÝJ (Wip).- Do vndkmb`o` in`bo `nd pbstýj, ns do
qun mkrrnspkj`n o uj ikvbibnjtk ujbgkrin supunstk, mkj nd muod nd pbstýj tor`oréo dk ibsik nj lomnr do morrnro qun mkj su vndkmb`o` vorbofdn. Nso vndkmb`o` in`bo ns puns do vndkmb`o` prkin`bk `nd pbstýj.
Wip 9
j =1
(>.5)
`kj`n3 Wip , vndkmb`o` in`bo `nd p pbstýj bstýj nj i/s ] , do morrnro `nd pbstýj nj i j , dos rnvkdumbkjn rnvkdumbkjnss `nd iktkr pkr ibjutk r.p.i. - VO@BK @ND MBEÔNßOD (V).- Ns do dkjebtu` `n do iojbvndo k `bstojmbo `ns`n nd
puÿk `n fojmo`o losto nd puÿk `n fbndo `nd mbeônÿod. Nj do Gbe. ?.?1 sn kfsnrvo qun do morrnro ns `ks vnmns ioykr qun nd ro`bk `nd mbeônÿod dunek3 ]96V
(>..2)
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`kj`n3 V ro`bk `nd`nd mbeônÿod nj ii ii ] , morrnro pbstýj nj - VNMKVVB@K K QNVÉINPVK @ND MBEÔNßOD (Dmb).- Ns do dkjebtu` k
pnréintrk `nd mbeônÿod rnmkrrb`k nj su ebrk od `or ujo vundto, dunek8 sneój do Gbe. >.0. Dmb 9 6 ρ V
(>.?1)
Dmb 9 ρ ]
(>.??)
`kj`n3 Dmb , rnmkrrb`k k pnréintrk `nd mbeônÿod, nj ii V , ro`bk `nd mbeônÿod, nj ii ] , morrnro `nd mbeônÿod, nj ii.
Gbe. >.0.- Ktrk nsqunio `n dks porïintrks mkjstrumtbvks `n uj I.M.B.
0
>.0.- MBMDK @N G^JMBKJOIBNJPK @ND I.M.B. @N 0 PBNIQK] Nd mbmdk `n gujmbkjoibnjtk mkiprnj`n do bjtrk`ummbýj `n ujo moreo nj nd mbdbj`rk, su mkiprnsbýj do prkvkmombýj `n su njmnj`b`k, do nxpojsbýj `n dks eosns `n do mkifustbýj y do nxpudsbýj `n dks eosns qunio`ks. Nj do Gbe. >.> sn kfsnrvo qun nstn mbmdk sn ddnvo o ngnmtk nj muotrk tbnipks k morrnros, ns `nmbr nj `ks rnvkdumbkjns `nd ncn `nd mbeônÿod.
PBNIQK @N O@IB]BÝJ.- Nj (o) `n do Gbe. >.>, muoj`k nd pbstýj sn njmunjtro nj nd Q.I.]. bjin`botoinjtn mkibnjzo o focor, nj nsn bjstojtn sn ofrn do vïdvudo `n o`ibsbýj, mrnïj`ksn mkjgkrin ujo mkibnjzo o `nsmnj`nr pbstýj, nd +vkduinj mbdbj`rk ouinjto, `nprnsbýj, njtkjmns dondmoreo (obrn eoskdbjo `nd k obrn purk) mkibnjzo o bjernsor `nfb`k o do `bgnrnjmbo `n prnsbkjns. Nstn tbnipk tnribjo muoj`k nd pbstýj ddneo od Q.I.B.
PBNIQK @N MKIQVN]BÝJ.- Nj (f) `n do Gbe. >.>, muoj`k nj nd tbnipk `n o`ibsbýj nd pbstýj ddneo od Q.I.B. bjin`botoinjtn mkibnj mkibnjzo zo o sufbr, nj nsn bjstojtn sn mbnrro do vïdvudo `n o`ibsbýj, mkik toifbâj do vïdvudo `n nsmopn pnriojnmn mnrro`o, do moreo ns mkiprbib`o. Nstn tbnipk tnribjo muoj`k nd pbstýj ddneo nd Q.I.]. PBNIQK @N N\QDK]BÝJ K BEJBMBÝJ.- Nj (m) `n do Gbe. >.>, muoj`k nj nd tbnipk `n mkiprnsbýj, nd pbstýj ddneo od Q.I.]. nj nsn bjstojtn in`bojtn nd sodtk `n ujo mlbspo ndâmtrbmo k do bjtrk`ummbýj `n uj mkifustbfdn déqub`k gbjoinjtn pudvnrbzo`k, sn prk`umn do mkifustbýj `n do moreo, mkik oifos vïdvudos pnriojnmnj mnrro`os, do prnsbýj `n dks eosns `n do mkifustbýj nipucoj od pbstýj losto qun ddneun od Q.I.B. PBNIQK @N N]MOQN.- Nj (`) `n do Gbe.>.>, muoj`k nj nd tbnipk `n nxpdksbýj k bejbmbýj nd pbstýj ddneo od Q.I.B., mkibnjzo o sufbr bjin`botoinjtn y nj nsn bjstojtn sn ofrn do vïdvudo `n nsmopn, mkik nd pbstýj sufn, do prnsbýj `n dks eosns qunio`ks ouinjto, sodbnj`k lombo nd nxtnrbkr. Nstn tbnipk tnribjo muoj`k nd pbstýj ddneo od Q.I.].
Gbe. >.>.- Nsqunio `nd gujmbkjoibn gujmbkjoibnjtk jtk `nd iktkr `n 0 tbnipks.
>
Nstn tbnipk mkipdnto nd mbmdk y nd iktkr sn loddo nj `bspksbmbýj `n rnmbfbr ujo junvo moreo, poro rnpntbr junvoinjtn do snrbn `n kpnrombkjns injmbkjo`os ojtnrbkrinjtn. ]n lo kfsnrvo`k qun nd mbmdk sn lo mkipdnto`k nj muotrk tbnipks8 uj iktkr qun gujmbkjo `n nsto iojnro sn `bmn qun trofoco nj uj mbmdk `n muotrk tbnipks y sn ddoio iktkr `n muotrk tbnipks. Muoj`k nj nd iktkr do moreo qun sn bjtrk`umn ns ujo inzmdo `n obrn y mkifustbfdn y do mkifustbýj sn prk`umn in`bojtn nd sodtk `n ujo mlbspo ndâmtrbmo, sn dn ddoio mbmdk KPPK. Nstn mbmdk gun bjvnjto`k nj ?.>.- ND IKPKV VKPOPBWK @N MKIF^]PBÝJ BJPNVJO.- Nd prkernsk rnodbzo`k nj nd moipk `n do tnmjkdkeéo `n do turfbjo o eos, pun`n pkjnrsn `n iojbgbnstk pkr nd lnmlk `n qun nj injks `n `bnz oÿks, `ns`n nd `nsorrkddk `n do ibsio poro do prkpudsbýj oârno `urojtn do sneuj`o Eunrro Iuj`bod, sn pusbnrkj nj gujmbkjoibnjtk pkr tk`k nd iuj`k iumlos pdojtos bj`ustrbodns, pnrk losto nd ikinjtk, tk`ovéo jk sn lo rnodbzo`k do prk`ummbýj nj eroj nsmodo `n turfbjos o eos poro do trommbýj `n vnl vnlémudks émudks `n troj trojspkrtn spkrtn pkr morrntnro. Ns mbnrtk qun sn lo lnmlk iumlk trofock ótbd mkj nd gbj `n rnskdvnr dks prkfdnios pdojtno`ks poro mkjsneubr turfbjos pnqunÿos y o`nmuo`os8 pnrk iumlks bjenjbnrks kpbjoj qun do turfbjo `n eos coiïs mkipntbrï sotbsgomtkrboinjtn nj nstn tnrrnjk y pkr olkro nd iktkr odtnrjotbvk sbeun sbnj`k nd iïs o`nmuo`k y nmkjýibmk.
Gbe. >.7.- Ndninjtks `n uj iktkr Uojhnd.
Nd iktkr pun`n mdosbgbmorsn mkik bjtnrin`bk turfbjo o eos nd iktkr `n UOJHND âifkdk odtnrjotbvk. ]u mbmdk tnýrbmk ns pornmb`knjtrn od `ndonstn ódtbik8 yo yqun
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nstï gkrio`k pkr muotrk prkmnsks3 o`ibsbýj, mkiprnsbýj, nxpojsbýj y nsmopn, nj ngnmtk nj nd iktkr sn o`ibtn ujo inzmdo obrn-mkifustbfdn, sn do mkiprbin nj uj nspombk mnrro`k y sn prkvkmo su njmnj`b`k in`bojtn ujo mlbspo. Dks eosns, od quniorsn sn nxpojsbkjoj nj ujo mïioro muyk vkduinj ouinjto od ebror nd rktkr y dunek do moreo qunio`o ns nxpudso`o `nd iktkr. Dos `binjsbkjns rnodns `n do mïioro qun mkjtbnjn nd gdub`k `n trofock voréoj `n omunr`k od ikvbibnjtk `nd âifkdk nd muod ebro nj dueor `n tnjnr nd ikvbibnjtk odtnrjotbvk `n dks iktkrns tro`bmbkjodns. Qkr dk tojtk, do snincojzo njtrn uj iktkr Uojhnd y ujk odtnrjotbvk rnsb`n nj qun nj oifks do vorbombýj `n dos `binjsbkjns `n mïioro mkjtbnjnj do moreo, do rnodbzo pkr ktrodo portn nd qun iktkr UOJHND sn osninco o nd do ikvbibnjtk turfbjo `n `nd eosâifkdk. nj qunQnrk oifks mornmnj `n ndninjtks odtnrjotbvks, yo qun su ikvbibnjtk ns njtnroinjtn rktotbvk. Nd iktkr Uojhnd tbnjn `ks ndninjtks iývbdns nsnjmbodns y ujk gbck, qun ns do oriozýj k mbdbj`rk. Âstn pksnn ujo movb`o` bjtnrjo muyo snmmbýj tbnjn gkrio npbtrkmkb`n8 tod mkik sn vn nj do Gbe. >.7. Dks ndninjtks iývbdns skj nd âifkdk rktotbvk, muyk mkjtkrjk tbnjn do gkrio `n uj trbïjeudk mkj dks do`ks murvks y nd ïrfkd k ncn qun sn njdozo mkj nd krbgbmbk bjtnrbkr `nd âifkdk pkr in`bk `n ujo nxmâjtrbmo skdb`orbo `nd ïrfkd. Nd krbgbmbk bjtnrbkr `nd âifkdk tbnjn toifbâj nj uj nxtrnik ujo mkrkjo `njto`o qun njerojo mkj ujo run`o `njto`o gbco bjstodo`o réeb`oinjtn nj do moro bjtnrbkr `nd mbdbj`rk. Qkr mkjsbeubnjtn nd rktkr ebro odrn`n`kr `n su ncn y toifbâj odrn`n`kr `nd ncn `n do run`o gbco. Dks trns vârtbmns `nd âifkdk voj prkvbstks `n cujtos nspnmbodns poro eos, nstu`bo`os pkr UOJHND, y nstïj nj mkjtomtk mkjtbjuk mkj do supnrgbmbn bjtnrbkr `nd mbdbj`rk. Do `bspksbmbýj `nd âifkdk rktotbvk nj nd mbdbj`rk npbtrkmkb`nk ns tod, qun sn gkrioj trns mïioros njtrn dos porn`ns `nd mbdbj`rk y dks do`ks murvo`ks `nd âifkdk, vorboj`k su vkduinj od ebror nd âifkdk. Nj nd iktkr qun sn `nsmrbfn, nd njerojocn gbck tbnjn uj jóinrk iéjbik `n `bnjtns beuodns o dks `ks tnrmbks `n dks `n do mkrkjo bjtnrbkr `nd âifkdk `n gkrio qun od ebror âstn ujo rnvkdumbýj skfrn su ncn, nd ïrfkd prbjmbpod `o trns rnvkdumbkjns. Nd mbdbj`rk `nd iktkr vo prkvbstk `n ujo duifrnro `n o`ibsbýj y ktro `n nsmopn, sbtuo`os mkik bj`bmo do gbeuro, y `n ujo fucéo bjstodo`o nj do porn` `nd mbdbj`rk kpunstk o do `n dos duifrnros. Qkr nxbstbr trns mïioros, nj vbrtu` `n do gkrio `nd âifkdk y mbdbj`rk, tbnjnj dueor sbiudtïjnoinjtn trns prkmnsks `bstbjtks ibnjtros nd iktkr nstï nj iormlo. Muoj`k nj muodqubnro `n dos trns mïioros sn prk`umn do nxpojsbýj, qun`o opdbmo`o nj do mkrrnspkj`bnjtn moro `nd âifkdk ujo gunrzo qun sn tro`umn nj uj por opdbmo`k od rktkr. Nstn por sn trojsibtn od ïrfkd in`bojtn do nxmâjtrbmo. O`niïs `urojtn nd tbnipk nj nd qun uj vârtbmn `nsmrbfn uj forrb`k mkipdntk o dk dorek `n dos porn`ns `nd mbdbj`rk, tbnjn dueor uj mbmdk mkipdntk njmo`o ujo `n dos trns mïioros ns `nmbr, o`ibsbýj, mkiprnsbýj, nxpojsbýj y nsmopn.
>.7.- QVBJMBQBK @N DK] IKPKVN] @N @K] PBNIQK] Nj do Gbe. >.5, sn iunstro ujo `bspksbmbýj âifkdk mbdbj`rk odek sbibdor o do `nsmrbto losto olkro, o nxmnpmbýj `n qun nd mbdbj`rk tbnjn ofnrturos k duifrnros, nj sus porn`ns, nj dueor `n vïdvudos. Nj do gbeuro sn kfsnrvo qun nstos ofnrturos pun`nj mnrrorsn pkr in`bk `nd âifkdk, sneój do pksbmbýj `nd ibsik. O ns do duifrnro `n ospbrombýj k o`ibsbýj, y muoj`k nstï `nsmufbnrto njtro pkr nddo ujo moreo od mïrtnr, nj vbrtu` `n do `bgnrnjmbo `n prnsbýj nxbstnjtn njtrn do mïioro nxtnrbkr o do duifrnro y mïrtnr.
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Gbe.>.5.- Nsqunio `nd gujmbkjoibnjtk gujmbkjoibnjtk `n uj iktkr `n 6 tbnipks. M ns
do duifrnro `n trojsgnrnjmbo k trojsvosoibnjtk qun, od qun`or `nstopo`o, pkjn nj mkiujbmombýj od mïrtnr mkj nd nspombk @ `nd mbdbj`rk. Do duifrnro F ns do duifrnro `n nsmopn, o trovâs `n do muod skj nxpudso`ks o do otiýsgnro dks eosns prkvnjbnjtns `n ujo moreo yo utbdbzo`o. Mkjsb`nroiks olkro dos mkj`bmbkjns nj ( o), Gbe. >.5. Nd âifkdk lo odmojzo`k nd O qun`o ofbnrto. Bjstojtns ojtns `n odmojzor nsto pksbmbýj nd Q.I.]. ysn do duifrnro âifkdk loddofo osmnj`bnj`k nj ujo pksbmbýj tod mkik do (`), nj do qun sn pun`n kfsnrvor qun tk`os dos duifrnros nstïj mnrro`os. ]n mkiprnj`n njtkjmns qun od ddneor o do pksbmbýj (o) do prnsbýj nj nd mïrtnr snrï injkr qun nj O , pkr dk qun od ofrbrsn nsto duifrnro pnjntro rïpb`oinjtn pkr nddo do inzmdo i nzmdo mkifustbfdn.
O in`b`o qun nd âifkdk `nsmbnj`n `n su Q.I.]., mnrrorï do duifrnro O , qun`oj`k mnrro`os tk`os dos duifrnros, pkr dk qun nd âifkdk mkiprbibrï dbenroinjtn do moreo mkjtnjb`o nj nd mïrtnr. Nj uj pujtk mnrmojk od Q.I.B. custoinjtn ojtns qun âstn, sn ofrn do duifrnro `n trojsvosoibnjtk k trojsgnrnjmbo, M , mkj dk qun do inzmdo posorï `nd mïrtnr od prkpbk mbdbj`rk. Do gkrio `nd âifkdk (qun `nfb`k o nddo sn ddoio âifkdk `nsvbo`kr k `ngdnmtkr) lomn qun do inzmdo sufo lombo do mudoto. Nsto gosn sn loddo nsquniotbzo`o nj (m). ]n pun`n kfsnrvor qun do duifrnro `n nsmopn nstï toifbâj ofbnrto, pnrk, pkr nd ikinjtk jk tnj`rniks nj munjto nsto mbrmujstojmbo.
<
Dunek, o in`b`o qun nd âifkdk osmbnj`n sn vnrbgbmo do mkiprnsbýj `n do moreo nj nd mbdbj`rk, posoj`k pkr ujo pksbmbýj tod mkik do (`), nj do qun tk`os dos duifrnros nstïj mnrro`os. Nj nd Q.I.]. k mnrmo `nd âd, sn njmbnj`n do moreo, mkj dk qun ropb`ésbioinjtn y o vkduinj mosb mkjstojtn ouinjto do prnsbýj `n dks eosns nj nd mbdbj`rk. Nstk krbebjo do nxpojsbýj `n dks d ks eosns, qun nipucoj od âifkdk lombo ofock, sbnj`k âstn nd tbnipk `n trofock, od gbjod `nd muod sn ofrn do duifrnro `n nsmopn nxpudsïj`ksn nxpudsïj`ks n dks eosns tod mkik sn bj`bmo nj (m). Wkdvbnj`k o mkjsb`nror dk nxpunstk mkj iïs `ntnjbibnjtk sn kfsnrvorï qun `urojtn mo`o tbnipk kmurrnj sbiudtïjnoinjtn vorbks prkmnsks. @urojtn nd tbnipk `n trofock (âifkdk focoj`k) dks eosns sn nxpojsbkjoj nj nd mbdbj`rk od ibsik tbnipk qun do moreo mkjtnjb`k nj nd mïrtnr sn vo mkiprbibnj`k. @bmlo moreo pnjntrý nj nd mïrtnr pkr `nfock `nd âifkdk, muoj`k âstn sn loddofo mnrmo `nd Q.I.]., bjin`botoinjtn ojtns `n bjbmborsn nd tbnipk `n trofock. Beuodinjtn `urojtn nd tbnipk `n mkiprnsbýj (ikvbibnjtk osmnj`njtn), do prnsbýj nj nd mïrtnr `bsibjuyn, `n gkrio qun od gbjodbzor `bmlk tbnipk y ofrbrsn do duifrnro `n ospbrombýj k `n o`ibsbýj sn bjtrk`umn ujo junvo moreo nj nd mïrtnr. Gbcïj`kjks junvoinjtn nj (m), kfsnrvoiks qun muoj`k sn nstï trojsgbrbnj`k do moreo `nd mïrtnr od mbdbj`rk, sn prk`umn sbiudtïjnoinjtn do nxpudsbýj `n dks eosns qunio`ks, oyu`oj`k o nsto nxpudsbýj do njtro`o `n do moreo junvo, y nd prkmnsk sn mkjkmn mkj nd jkifrn `n forrb`k. Dos muotrk `nd gosns `nd mbmdk KPPK sn rnodbzoj, puns, nj `ks tbnipks, ns `nmbr nj ujo rnvkdumbýj mbeônÿod. Jk tk`ks dks iktkrns `n `ks tbnipks ddnvoj âifkdks `n tbpk `nsvbo`kr k `ngdnmtkr. Qkr ncnipdk, dks iktkrns pnqunÿks mkj rngrbenrombýj pkr obrn tbnjnj do mofnzo `nd âifkdk pdojo k mkjvnxo.
>.5.- MBMDK] B@NODN] @N DK] IKPKVN] @N 6 R 0 PBNIQK] @N MKIF^]PBÝJ BJPNVJO MKJ ÂIFKDK, VNJ@BIBNJPK PÂVIBMK R QVN]BÝJ IN@BO @ND MBMDK. Dks prkmnsks `n trojsgkriombýj `nd modkr nj trofock pun`nj rnodbzorsn nj `bgnrnjtns iktkrns târibmks, ujk `n dks muodns ns nd I.M.B. `n pbstýj. Nd mbmdk tnrik`bjïibmk b`nod, ns uj prkmnsk mbrmudor rnvnrsbfdn nj nd muod nd modkr sn trojsgkrio nj trofock mkj nd `n iéjbik `n pâr`b`os biprnsmbj`bfdns mkjgkrin od sneuj`k prbjmbpbk guj`oinjtod do tnrik`bjïibmo. Nd ojïdbsbs `n dks mbmdks tnrik`bjïibmks `n dks I.M.B. `n pbstýj supkjbnj`k qun3 ?) @urojtn tk`k nd mbmdk jk vo voréoj réoj jb do mkipksbmbýj quéibmo, jb do mojtb`o` mojtb`o` `n gdub`k `n trofock (eos). 6) Dks prkmn prkmnsks sks `n mkipr mkiprnsbýj nsbýj y nxp nxpojsbýj ojsbýj sn n ngnmtóoj gnmtóoj nj gkrio o o`bofïtbmo. `bofïtbmo. =) Do mopom mopomb`o` b`o` modkrégbmo `nd gdub`k `n trofock jk `npnj`n `n do tnipnroturo. tnipnroturo.
VNJ@BIBNJPK PÂVIBMK (t).- Nd éj`bmn `n nmkjkiéo `nd mbmdk tnrik`bjïibmk ns nd rnj`bibnjtk târibmk t, qun rnprnsnjto do rndombýj njtrn do mojtb`o` `nd modkr trojsgkrio`k nj trofock jntk `nd mbmdk y do mojtb`o` `n modkr mkiujbmo`k od gdub`k `n trofock3
2
t bjr
q q6 q d J db jr ? ? 6 q? q? q? q?
(>.?6)
`kj`n3 q?, ns do mojtb`o` `n modkr mkiujbmo`k o ? he `n eos nj C/he. q 6 , ns do mojtb`o` `n modkr nxtroé`k `n ? he `n eos nj C/he.
dJ9 dbjr 9
q?
q6
(>.?=)
dJ, ns trofock jntk, nj C/he.
QVN]BÝJ IN@BO BJ@BMO@O PNKVBMO @ND MBMDK (Qb jr ).).- Ns ujo prnsbýj mkjstojtn lbpktâtbmo, qun omtuoj`k `urojtn do morrnro `n nxpojsbýj, rnodbzoréo uj trofock nqubvodnjtn od trofock `nd mbmdk. ]n dn nvodóo mkik nd trofock `nd mbmdk rngnrb`o o do mbdbj`ro`o ujbtorbo `n trofock.
Qbjr
Dbjr W l
Dbjr Wo Wm
Dnxp Dmkip W l
(>.?0)
Gbe. >.< >.< Nsqunio `n do prnsbýj in`bo bj`bmo`o
>..?>)
toifbâj3 9 9 ? ∖ |6 |
(>.?7)
- QKPNJMBO JNPO K QKPNJMBO ÓPBD (Jbjr ).).- Ddoio`o toifbâj Qktnjmbo
bj`bmo`o tnýrbmo, ns do pktnjmbo rnodinjtn bjtnero`o pkr dks eosns nj nd iktkr. i ktkr. µ
µ
Jbjr J J _? _ 6
(>.?5)
PÂVIBMK (t).- Vnprnsnjto do mojtb`o` `n modkr trojsgkrio`k - VNJ@BIBNJPK nj trofock jntk, nj nd mbmdk tnýrbmk.
?1
t b jr
D J _?
Db jr _?
_? _6
_?
(>.?.?2)
_?
sofniks qun nj nd mbmdk tnýrbmk3 _? 9 Eo Mv-p P _6 9 Eo Mv P µ
µ
_? Eo M v p P µ
µ
_ 6 Eo M v P - QK@NV MODKVÉGBM MODKVÉGBMK K (Lu).- Ns do mojtb`o` `n modkr qun sn `nsprnj`n nj do
mkifustbýj `n ? He. `n mkifustbfdn.
- QKPNJMBO BJ@BMO@O (Jb).- Ns do pktnjmbo ngnmtuo`o pkr dks eosns `njtrk `nd
mbdbj`rk, skfrn nd pbstýj.
Jb
Q b W l b j
(>.61)
`kj`n3 Jb , nj U Qb , nj Qo Wl , nj i = j , nj s-? , jóinrk `n tbnipks Gbe. >.2.- Qorïintrks bj`bmo`ks y orïintrks ngnmtbvks nj uj I.M.B.
9 ? ,
poro iktkr `n 6 tbnipks
9 6 ,
poro iktkr `n 0 tbnipks
toifbâj pk`niks usor3 Jb
`kj`n3
Q b W l b j 71
(>.6?)
Jb , nj hU ??
Qb , nj IQo Wl , nj d k `i= j , nj r.p.i. k ibj-? µ
- MKJ]^IK LKVOVBK @N MKIF^]PBFDN ( Em ).- Ns do mojtb`o` `n
mkifustbfdn mkjsuib`k pkr nd iktkr ibnjtros i bnjtros nstn gujmbkjoj`k.
- MODKV PKPOD _^N ]N QVK@^MN NJ DO MÏIOVO @N MKIF^]PBÝJ ( µ
_? ).- Ns do mojtb`o` tktod `n modkr bjtrk`umb`k nj nd mkifustbfdn od iktkr nj nd
râebinj `o`k.
µ
µ
_? Em Lu
(>.66)
`kj`n3 µ
_? , nj hU µ
Em , nj he/s
Lu , nj hC/he - VNJ@BIBNJPK BJ@BMO@K (b).- Jks bj`bmo nd ero`k `n oprkvnmloibnjtk `nd
modkr `n dks eosns `n do mkifustbýj. b
Jb µ
(>.6=)
_?
- MKJ]^IK N]QNMÉGBMK BJ@BMO@K @N MKIF^]PBFDN (eb).- Ns do
nmkjkiéo `nd mbmdk `nd mkifustbfdn prk`umb`k pkr dks eosns `n do mkifustbýj `njtrk `nd mbdbj`rk. µ
eb
?111 Em Jb
(>.60)
`kj`n3 eb , nj
e hU - l
µ
Em , nj he/l
Jb , nj hU toifbâj3 eb
=711 b Lu
(>.6>)
`kj`n3
?6
Lu , nj IC/he eb , nj
e hU l
- GOMPKV @N @BOEVOIO K MKNGBMBNJPN @ @N N QDNJBP^@ @ND @BOEVOIO
(p.`.).- Ns do rndombýj njtrn nd ïrno `nd `boeroio bj`bmo`k rnod y nd ïrno `nd `boeroio bj`bmo`k tnýrbmk8 pkr dk tojtk toifbâj ns do rndombýj njtrn nd trofock bj`bmo`k rnod y nd trofock jntk `nd mbmdk tnýrbmk.
p.` .
O`r O` P
Db
Dbjr
Jb Jbjr
Qb Qbjr
b bjr
(>.67)
Gbe. >.?1.- Nsqunio `nd `boeroio `nd bj`bmo`kr `n uj I.M.B.
- QKPNJMBO NGNMPBWO (Jn).- Ns do qun ddneo od vkdojtn `n bipudsbýj `n`umb`os
dos pâr`b`os inmïjbmos `nfb`os od rkzoibnjtk, ommbkjoibnjtk `n inmojbsiks ouxbdborns mkik do fkifo `n omnbtn, do `bstrbfumbýj `n vïdvudos, ntm. Jn 9 Jb ” Ji
(>.65)
`kj`n3 Ji, ns do pktnjmbo `n pâr`b`os inmïjbmos. toifbâj3 Jn
In j 2>>1
(>.6.62)
Wl , nj d k `i = j , nj r.p.i. k ibj ”? - VNJ@BIBNJPK K NGBMBNJMBO INMÏJBMO ( i ).- Vnprnsnjto do ngbmbnjmbo
poro mkjvnrtbr inmïjbmoinjtn, do pktnjmbo bj`bmo`o njtrneo`o pkr dks eosns `n do mkifustbýj, nj pktnjmbo ngnmtbvo nj nd ncn `n sodb`o `nd iktkr k vkdojtn. Jn
i
Jb
(>.=1)
- VNJ@BIBNJPK K NGBMBNJMBO NGNMPBWO ( n ).- Ns do portn `nd modkr tktod
trojsgnrb`k pkr nd mkifustbfdn y mkjvnrtb`k nj pktnjmbo ngnmtbvo. n
Jn µ
(>.=?)
_?
toifbâj3 n 9 i b
(>.=6)
- MKJ]^IK N]QNMÉGBMK NGNMPBWK @N MKIF^]PBFDN (en).- Ns do mojtb`o`
`n mkifustbfdn qun jnmnsbto uj iktkr poro qun gujmbkjn ujo lkro mkj ujo pktnjmbo `n ? hU. µ
en
?111 Em Jn
(>.==)
`kj`n3 µ
E m , nj he/l
Jn , nj hU en , nj
e hU l
toifbâj3 en
=711
n Lu
(>.=0)
`kj`n3 Lu , nj IC/he en , nj
e hU l
toifbâj3 en e n eb
(>.=>)
i
?0
- MOJPB@O@ @N EO] J^NWK (Wh).- Ns nd vkduinj k mojtb`o` `n moreo junvo
ospbro`o pkr mbdbj`rk `nd iktkr. .
- MO^@OD @N OBVN ( W h ).- Ns nd mou`od `n obrn, vkduinj k mojtb`o` `n eos
junvk ospbro`k pkr nd iktkr ibnjtros nstn gujmbkjoj`k.
- NGBMBNJMBO WKD^INPVBMO K MKNGBMBNJPN @N DDNJO@K ( v).- Ns do
mojtb`o` `n moreo junvo ospbro`o pkr mbdbj`rk `nd iktkr mkj rnspnmtk o do mbdbj`ro`o ujbtorbo. Poifbâj sn dn `ngbjn mkik do rndombýj njtrn do ioso `n obrn rnod ospbro`o pkr mbdbj`rk y do ioso `n obrn tnýrbmo qun nj dos mkj`bmbkjns oifbnjtodns mofrbo nj nd vkduinj `nspdozo`k. v
v
Mojtb`o` `n eo eoss junvk Mbdbj`ro`o ujbtorbo
(>.=7)
W h
(>.=5)
W l
toifbâj3 .
v
W h
(>.=.=2)
Eo EoP
`kj`n3 Eo, ns do ioso `nd obrn rnod EoP, ns do ioso `nd obrn tnýrbmk nj nd troik k-o, mbmdk b`nod sbj pâr`b`os.
Gbe. >.??.- Qrkmnsks tnýrbmks nj nd mbmdk Kttk
ojodbzoj`k dos nmuombkjns >.=7, >.=5, >.=.01)
h .
W
l
(>.0?)
h
`kj`n3 ?>
h ,
ns do `njsb`o` `nd obrn.
.
E o , ns do moreo grnsmo qun nstï mkjsuibnj`k nd iktkr ibnjtros nstn gujmbkjoj`k.
Nj mbmdks b`nodns jk loy pâr`b`os, njtkjmns sn `nfn mkjsb`nror qun3 Qo 9 Qk, Po 9 Pk, o 9 k 9 h njtkjmns3 EoP Qk W l Qo W l V Pk V Po
(>.06)
dunek3 v
V Po Eo Qo Wl
(>.0=)
`kj`n3 V, ns do mkjstojtn ujbvnrsod `n dks eosns. - MOJPB@O@
@N MOVEO LKVOVBO GVN]MO _^N NJPVO O DK] ̅ ).- Ns do mojtb`o` `n moreo grnsmo ospbro`o nj MBDBJ@VK] @ND IKPKV ( vkduinj pkr ibjutk, pkr nd iktkr, ibnjtros ib njtros nstn gujmbkjoj`k. gujmbkjoj`k. Eo b j
µ
Eo
(>.00)
- MOJPB@O@ @N WKD^INJ @N]QDOSO@K LKVOVBK ( ̅ ).- Ns do mojtb`o` `n
moreo grnsmo ospbro`o nj vkduinj pkr ibjutk, pkr nd iktkr, ibnjtros nstn gujmbkjoj`k.. Ns nd mou`od tnýrbmk. gujmbkjoj`k µ
W l b j
W l
(>.0>)
`kj`n3 µ
=
W l , nj d/ibj , mi /ibj
toifbâj3
µ µ
W l
V Po Eo v Qo
(>.07)
- MOJPB@O@ @N MO MOVEO VEO GVN]MO _^N BJEVN]O OD MBDBJ@VK @ND
IKPKV NJ MO@O MBMDK (Eo).- Ns do ioso `n moreo grnsmo qun bjernso od mbdbj`rk `nd iktkr nj uj mbmdk. Eo
v W l Qo
V Po
`kj`n3
?7
(>.05)
Eo , nj he Wl , nj i= Qo , nj hQo Po , nj ³H - MOJPB@O@ @N MKIF^]PBFDN _^N BJEVN]O OD MBDBJ@VK @ND IKPKV
NJ MO@O MBMDK (Em).- Ns do ioso `n mkifustbfdn qun bjernso od mbdbj`rk `nd iktkr nj uj mbmdk.
- MODKV BJPVK@^MB@K NJ ^J MBMDK MKJ ND MKIF^]PBFDN OD
MBDBJ@VK @ND IKPKV (_?).- Ns do mojtb`o` `n modkr qun prk`umn nd mkifustbfdn nj uj mbmdk nj nd mbdbj`rk `nd iktkr. _? 9 Em Lu
(>.0.02)
Wm
6. Ero`k `n ndnvombýj `n do prnsbýj ( ), qun ns do rndombýj `n do prnsbýj iïxbio `nd mbmdk Qz o do prnsbýj Qm od gbjod `n do mkiprnsbýj.
Qz Qm
(>.>1)
=. Ero`k `n nxpojsbýj prndbibjor k mkngbmbnjtn `n prn-nxpojsbýj ( ), qun ns do rndombýj njtrn dks vkdóinjns od gbjod `nd suibjbstrk `n modkr Wz y od gbjod `n do mkiprnsbýj Wm.
Wz Wm
(>.>?)
0. Ero`k `n nxpojsbýj pkstnrbkr k mkngbmbnjtn `n pkst-nxpojsbýj ( ), qun ns do rndombýj njtrn dks vkdóinjns od gbjod `n do nxpojsbýj Wf y od gbjod `nd suibjbstrk `n modkr Wz.
Wf Wz
(>.>6)
Prns porïintrks `n âstks nstïj vbjmudo`ks njtrn sb in`bojtn do mkrrndombýj3 9
(>.>=)
- MBMDK @N ]^IBJB]PVK @N MODKV O WKD^INJ MKJ]POJPN.- Nstn mbmdk
ns nd prktktbpk `nd mbmdk rnod `nd iktkr `n morfuro`kr y mkjsto `n dos o`bofïtbmos `n mkiprnsbýj (om) y `n nxpojsbýj (zf) y `n dos bskmkros mkj suibjbstrk (mz) y nxtrommbýj (fo) `nd modkr Gbe. >.?6.
?5
Gbe. >.?6.- Mbmdk Pnrik`bjïibmk mkj nd modkr suibjbstro`k o vkduinj mkjstojtn
Ro qun nd modkr nj nstn mbmdk skdk sn trojsibtn o W 9 mtn., sn tbnjn qun 9 ?, dunek tnjniks3 t
?
?
h ?
(>.>0)
h Qo Q Qbjr Qt t ( ?) h ? ?
(>.>>)
J
tnjbnj`k nj munjto qun3 Mv
V h ?
V 9 Mp ” Mv ,
, Mp
Qo h V h ?
V Po Wo
,
QWh 9
,
h
mtn. ,
PWh-? 9
Mp Mv
mtn. ,
Q h ? P h
mtn
- MBMDK MKJ ]^IBJB]PVK @N MODKV O QVN]BÝJ MKJ]POJPN.- Nj do Gbe.
>.?6 sn nxpkjn nd mbmdk mkj suibjbstrk `n modkr q ? o prnsbýj mkjstojtn, ns nd prktktbpk `n dks iktkrns @bâsnd `n focos rnvkdumbkjns y eroj pktnjmbo.
Gbe. >.?6.- Mbmdk `n uj iktkr odtnrjotbvk mkj suibjbstrk `n modkr o prnsbýj mkjstojtn
Qoro nstn mosk
9 ?
?<
h ? ? t ? h ? ( ? ) h
(>.>7)
h Qo t h ( ?) Q J Qbjr Qt ? ? h
(>.>5)
- MBMDK MKJ ]^IBJB]PVK IB\PK @N MODKV.- Nstn mbmdk sbrvn `n prktktbpk
`nd mbmdk rnod `nd iktkr @bâsnd `n odtos rnvkdumbkjns. Mkjgkrin sn iunstro nj do Gbe. >.?= nj dos mkkr`njo`os Q-W y P-], od prk`umbrsn do mkiprnsbýj o`bofïtbmo
`n ? he. `n eos (om) od ibsik sn dn suibjbstro, o vkduinj mkjstojtn nd modkr q?' "
(mz‒) y dunek o prnsbýj mkjstojtn, nd modkr q? (z‒z). ]neub`oinjtn nd eos sn
nxpoj`n nj gkrio o`bofïtbmo (zf), tros dk muod, o vkduinj mkjstojtn, sn dn nxtron nd modkr q6 (fo). Qoro do rnodbzombýj `n nstn mbmdk sn rnqubnrnj `ks morrnros `nd pbstýj, sbnj`k `n bipkrtojmbo qun nd modkr qun sn suibjbstro pormbodinjtn o W 9 mtn., nstoj`k nd pbstýj nj nd pujtk iunrtk supnrbkr (Q.I.].) y pormbodinjtn o Q 9 mtn., pkr dk muod nstn mbmdk sn ddoio mbmdk mkj suibjbstrk IB\PK @N MODKV.
Gbe. >.?= Mbmdk tnrik`bjïibmk mkj suibjbstrk ibxtk `n modkr
@n do tnrik`bjïibmo sn mkjkmn qun nd rnj`bibnjtk târibmk y do prnsbýj in`bo `nd mbmdk mkj suibjbstrk ibxtk `n modkr snrïj rnspnmtbvoinjtn. h ? ? t b jr ? h ? ? h ( ?)
(>.>.>2)
`kj`n3 h, ns nd n nxpkjnjtn xpkjnjtn o`bofïtbmk `nd obrn.
?2
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