CAP 3 H1 HIDRODIMANICA TECNICA Nelame

 

 

=1>=  =1>=  DNQ. 48 EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB 

G]. KBTWL] JNKXN OBHFN  OBHFN  @NOFJFN JNKXN OBFWDELRI  OBFWDELRI 

6/2/=1>=   6/2/=1>=

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

Dlktbkts

4

@RKGNOBKWLT GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ....................... ..........4 4.>

GB@FKFDFLKBT V KLWNDFLKBT ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... .....4

4.>.>

@JRHLT BTWNDFLKN]FL V PN]FNGL ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ...4

4.>.=

JFKBN GB DL]]FBKWB V PBKN JF^RFGN .......................... ......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ .......................... ............7

4.>.4 4.>.7

TBDDFLK PFPN GBJ @JRHL .......................... ......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... .....2 DLKDBQWL GB CNTWL L DNRGNJ ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ................... .....0

4.>.2

PBJLDFGNG OBGFN ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ..............0

4.=

BDRNDFLK GB DLKWFKRFGNG........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ..................... .......3

4.=.>

BDRNDFÔK GB DLKWFKRFGNG QN]N BJ QRKWL BK BJ @JRHL .......................... ......................................... ............................. ..................... .......3

4.=.=

BDRNDFÔK GB DLKWFKRFGNG QN]N JN PBKN JÏ^RFGN. ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ...............5

4.=.4

BDRNDFÔK GB DLKWFKRFGNG QN]N BJ @JRHL GBJ JÏ^RFGL. .......................... ......................................... ............................. ..................... .......6

4.4

BDRNDFLKBT GF@B]BKDFNJBT GB OLPFOFBKWL GBJ JÏ^RFGL. BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF ....................... .......................>1

4.4.>

BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF QN]N JN PBKN JF^RFGN FGBNJ ............................ ........................................... ............................ ..................... ........>=

4.4.=

TBKWFGL BKB]CÆWFDL GB JN BDRNDFÔK GB MB]KLRJJF ............................ .......................................... ............................ ........................ ..........>=

4.4.4

TBKWFGL CBLOÆW]FDL GB JN BDRNDFÔK GB MB]KLRJJF ........................... ......................................... ............................ ........................ ..........>4

4.7

NQJFDNDFLK GB JN BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ..................... ........>7

4.7.>

JLT WRMLT GB QFWLW V GB Q]NKGWJ ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ........................... .............>7

4.7.=

OBGFGL] PBKWR]F L @JRULOBW]L GB BTW]NKCRJNDFÔK .......................... ......................................... ............................. ................... .....>2

4.2

BJ OLPFOFBKWL GBJ JÏ^RFGL JBKWNOBKWB PN]FNGL ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. .................... .....>3

4.0

BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF MB]KLRJJF QN]N BJ @JRHL @JRHL V TR TBKWFGL TBKWFGL BKB]CBWFDL ............................ .......................................... ........................ ..........>5

4.0.>

BKB]CÏN GBJ @JRHL BK JN TBDDFÔK PFPN........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ................... .....>5

4.0.=

DLB@FDFBKWB GB JN BKB]CFN DFKBWFDN (DLB@FDFBKWB GB DL]FLJFT) ............. ........................... ............................. .................... .....>6

4.0.4

BDRNDFÔK GB MB]KLRJJF QN]N BJ @JRHL GBJ JÏ^RFGL FGBNJ ........................... .......................................... ............................ ............... >6

4.0.7

FKTW]RDDFLKBT QN]N JN NQJFDNDFLK GB BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF ( JF^RFGL FGBNJ ) ................ ................=1

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb =

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

4

KBJNOB

 

@RKGNOBKWLT GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

Jn pnrtb gb jn Efgrîujfdn qub trntn gb jns Jbybs @ïsfdns qub clmfbrkn bj `juhl gb jls jïqufgls, prfkdfpnjobktb bj ncun, sb jjnon Efgrlgfkîofdn. Jn `fknjfgng prfkdfpnj gb jn tblrïn Efgrlgfkîofdn bs jn gbtbrofkndfôk gb jns dnrndtbrïstfdns tædkfdns gb jns dlrrfbktbs gb gb ncun pnrn nplynr bj gfsbþl efgrîujfdl nsï dlol prbvbr bj `ukdflknofbktl y pjnkbnr bj onktbkfofbktl gb jns lmrns gb dnptndfôk, gbrfvndfôk, dlkguddfôk, gfstrfmudfôk y grbknhb gb vljøobkbs gb ncun pnrn su nprlvbdenofbktl. ngb prlvbdenofbktl. Jn Cblobtrïn Cbk Cbkbrnj brnj (pjnktn, pbr`fj y sbddflkbs) gb tnj tnjbs bs lmrns gbpbkgb bsns dnrndtbrïstfdns.  4.>

G B @ FK FD FL KB T V KL WN D FL KB T

Qnsnkgl nj bstugfl gbj olvfofbktl gb jls jïqufgls, bs kbdbsnrfl sbþnjnr qub bk prfkdfpfl vnols n bxnofknr bj olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl fgbnj, bs gbdfr, gb uk jïqufgl foncfknrfl prfvngl plr dlopjbtl gb vfsdlsfgng, y sljl gbspuæs gbspuæs  pnsnrbols nj nkîjfsfs gb jns dlrrfbktbs rbnjbs. Jn prbsfôk bk uk jïqufgl fgbnj bk olvfofbktl, prbsbktn jns ofson prlpfbgngbs qub bk uk jïqufgl bk rbplsl, bs gbdfr, bk jn supbr`fdfb bxtbrflr gbj jïqufgl bstî gfrfcfgl plr jl klronj fktbrflr y bk dunjqufbr puktl fktbrflr gbj jïqufgl jn prbsfôk bs fcunj bk tlgns jns gfrbddflkbs. 4.>.>  @JRHLT BTWNDFLKN]FL V PN]FNGL

Jn dlrrfbktb gbj jïqufgl pubgb sbr bstndflknrfl (pbronkbktb) b frrbcujnr (kl pbronkbktb) fkdlkstnktb. >. >.   Jn dlrrfbktb bstndflknrfn bs ukn dlrrfbktb fkvnrfnmjb bk bj tfbopl, bk jn dunj jn prbsfôk efgrlgfkîofdn y jn vbjldfgng gb dngn pnrtïdujn gbj jïqufgl u  sljl slk `ukdflkbs gb jns dllrgbkngns, pbrl kl gbpbkgbk gbpbkgbk gbj tfbopl. Jns onckftugbs gb prbsfôk y gb vbjldfgng bk bj olvfofbktl bstndflknrfl kl dnomfnk bk bj tfbopl. Ontboîtfdnobktb bstl sb pubgb nkltnr nsï8

                      

 

 

Jls ïkgfdbs gb jn vbjldfgng sfckf`fdnk sus prlybddflkbs slmrb jls bhbs dlrrbsplkgfbktbs. Bk bj dnsl pnrtfdujnr, jn dlrrfbktb bstndflknrfn pubgb sbr ukf`lrob dunkgl, jn vbjldfgng gb dngn pnrtïdujn kl vnrïn nj dnomfnr sus dllrgbkngns l bk bj dnsl dlktrnrfl kl ukf`lrob. =. =.   Jn dlrrfbktb frrbcujnr bs ukn dlrrfbktb vnrfnmjb bk bj tfbopl, bk jn dunj jn prbsfôk y jn vbjldfgng gbpbkgbk gb jns dllrgbkngns y gbj tfbopl, bs gbdfr8

     

 

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 4

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

Jn dlrrfbktb gbj jïqufgl pubgb sbr n prbsfôk l jfmrb. >. >.  

Tb jjnon n prbsfôk jn dlrrfbktb bk ukn sbddfôk dbrrngn sfk supbr`fdfb jfmrb.

=. =.  

Dlrrfbktb jfmrb sb jjnon n nqubjjn qub tfbkb supbr`fdfb jfmrb.

Bk jns dlrrfbktbs n prbsfôk, jn prbsfôk nxfnj dnsf sfboprb bs vnrfnmjb y bk jns dlrrfbktbs jfmrbs bs dlkstnktb. Bs plsfmjb bstugfnr bj olvfofbktl gb jns pnrtïdujns obgfnktb gls oætlgls Bujbrfnkl y bj Jncrnkcfnkl. N.  OBWLGL JNC]NKCFNKL

Dlksfstb bk gbtbrofknr jns dnrndtbrïstfdns dfkboîtfdns gbj olvfofbktl gb dngn pnrtïdujn, bk dngn fkstnktb, sfcufbkgl ssu u rbdlrrfgl. Eny qub gbdfr qub jns bdundflkbs cbkbrn cbkbrnjbs jbs gbj olvfofbktl gbgudfgns dlk bstb oætlgl, slk gf`ïdfjbs gb rbsljvbr plr su knturnjbzn kl jfkbnj. M.  OBWLGL BRJB]FNKL

Dlksfstb bk gbtbrofknr jns dnrndtbrïstfdns dfkboîtfdns bk dngn puktl gb uk `juhl y bk dngn fkstnktb, sfk dlksfgbrnr bj gbstfkl qub tbkcn dngn pnrtïdujn fkgfvfgunj. 4.>.=  JFKBN GB DL]]FBKWB V PBKN JF^RFGN

Jn jïkbn gb dlrrfbktb sb gb`fkb dlol nqubjjn jïkbn glkgb bj vbdtlr vbjldfgng bk dunjqufbr puktl bs uk tnkcbktb rbspbdtl n bstn, (vbr @fc. 4.>).

@fc. 4.>.- Jïkbn gb Dlrrfbktb Tf bsdlcbols bk gfrbddfôk gbj vbdtlr gb vbjldfgng u>  bj puktl > y bk bj puktl = bj vbdtlr vbjldfgng sbrî fcunj n u=. Bk bj dnsl gb jn dlrrfbktb bstndflknrfn jn jïkbn gb dlrrfbktb dlfkdfgb dlk jn trnybdtlrfn y su `lron kl vnrïn dlk bj tfbopl. Bk bstb dnsl bk uk tfbopl gt gt jn  jn pnrtïdujn gb jïqufgl rbdlrrfô dunjqufbr jlkcftug, gj gj,, jns prlybddflkbs gb jns dloplkbktbs gb vbjldfgng sbrîk8

           

 

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 7

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

Gb jn øjtfon bdundfôk lmtbkbols8

KBJNOB

 

    

 

Bstn øjtfon bdundfôk sb dlkldb dlol bdundfôk gb jn jïkbn gb dlrrfbktb. Tf bk uk jïqufgl jï qufgl bk olvfofbktl tlonols uk dlktlrkl dbrrngl bjbobktnj y trnznols n trnvæs gb tlgls sus tuml puktls jïkbns gbldlrrfbktb (@fc. 4.=), sb `lronrî ukn supbr`fdfb tumujnr qub sb gbklofkn gb dlrrfbktb `fjbtb gb dlrrfbktb.

@fc. 4.=.- Dlkdbptl gbj tuml gb dlrrfbktb y gb vbkn jïqufgn. Jn pnrtb gb jn dlrrfbktb dloprbkgfgn bk bj fktbrflr gbj tuml gb dlrrfbktb sb gbklofkn vbkn jïqufgn. Bj tuml gb dlrrfbktb sb nsbobhn n ukn pnrbg fk`rnkqubnmjb y jn vbkn jïqufgn rbprbsbktn ukn dlrrfbktb fkgbpbkgfbktb bjbobktnj. Tf jn sbddfôk gbj tuml gb dlrrfbktb tfbkgb endfn dbrl, bj tuml gb dlrrfbktb sb trnks`lron bk jïkbn gb dlrrfbktb. 4.>.4  TBDDFLK PFPN GBJ @JRHL

Cbkbrnjobktb sb jjnon sbddfôk vfvn l sfopjbobktb sbddfôk gbj `juhl n jn supbr`fdfb trnzngn sbcøk jn klronj n jns jïkbns gb dlrrfbktb. Bk jls `juhls bxnofknrbols cbkbrnjobktb, jls sbdtlrbs bk jls dunjbs jns vbkns jïqufgns pubgbk sbr dlksfgbrngns pnrnjbjns, y plr dlksfcufbktb pjnkns jns sbddflkbs vfvns (@fc. 4.4).

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 2

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

@fc. 4.4 Dlkdbptl gb sbddfôk vfvn gbj `juhl. 4.>.7  DLKDBQWL GB CNTWL L DNRGNJ

Cnstl l dnugnj bs jn dnktfgng gb jïqufgl qub pnsn n trnvæs gb jn sbddfôk vfvn gbj jïqufgl (gb jn vbkn jïqufgn) bk jn ukfgng gb tfbopl.

        

  Bk cbkbrnj, pnrn uk `juhl gb gfobksflkbs `fkftns jn vbjldfgng tfbkb gf`brbktb vnjlr bk gfstfktls puktls gb jn sbddfôk (@fc. 4.7)9 plr bsl bj cnstl sb gbmb dnjdujnr dlol jn suon gb cnstls bjbobktnjbs gb jns vbkns jïqufgns l sbn8  

@fc. 4.7.- Gfstrfmudfôk gb jn vbjldfgng bk uk tuml gb dlrrfbktb Enmftunjobktb, pnrn bxprbsnr bj `juhl vljuoætrfdl sb rbdurrb n jn vbjldfgng obgfn (v obgfn.), bk jn sbddfôk l, sfopjbobktb v. Bj dlkdbptl gb vbjldfgng obgfn qub kl bxfstb bk jn knturnjbzn eny qub fgbnjfznrjn dlol bstn bs dlkstnktbb n jl jnrcl gb jn sbddfôk vvfvn dlkstnkt fvn gbj `juhl `juhl.. Bk rbnjfgn rbnjfgng g jn vbjldfgng pubgb vnr vnrfnr fnr slmrb jn sbddfôk (@fc. 4.7) bj vnjlr nsfckngl gb v bs dfbrtl prlobgfl prlobgfl l dfbrtn "obgfgn" "obgfgn".. Bstb vnjlr obgf obgfl l rbprbsbktn ukn sfopjf`fdndfôk rbnj nj b`bdtunr jls dîjdujls, bktlkdbs8

          

 

Gôkgb8 N - bs bj îrbn g gbb jn sbddfôk vfvn gbj `juhl.

Jn gfobksfôk gbj cnstl bs YJ 4 W->_ ô Yo4/s_. Qnrn jls dîjdujls gb jls ssfstbons fstbons gb jls ndubgudtls y njdnktnrfjjngls sb utfjfznk tnomfæk j/s, (jftrls plr sbcukgls), cpo (cnjlkbs plr ofkutls). Rk obtrl dumfdl bs fcunj n >111 jftrls y uk cnjôk bs fcunj n 4.352 jftrls. 4.>.2  PBJLDFGNG OBGFN

Jn vbjldfgng obgfn bk jn sbddfôk vfvn sbrî fcunj

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 0

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

  ∩     

KBJNOB

 

 

Tf bj `juhl bs ukf`lrob y pbronkbktb, gb jn bdundfôk (4.1), bj dnugnj bk uk tuml gb dlrrfbktb sb pubgb bxprbsnr bj vljuobk (prlgudtl gbj îrbn jn sbddfôk vfvn y jn jlkcftug qub sbpnrn jns sbddflkbs gbj vljuobk) bktrb jn ukfgng gb tfbopl, l sbn dlol

 4.=

       

 

B D RN D FL K GB G B D LK LKWF WFKRF KRF G N G

Jn dlkgfdfôk gb olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl sfk vndïls b fktbrstfdfls sb dnrndtbrfzn plr jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng qub rb`jbhn jn jby gb dlksbrvndfôk gb jn onsn (ontbrfn). Jn dlkgfdfôk gb dlktfkufgng pubgb sbr bxprbsngn bk `lron gf`brbkdfnj pnrn bj puktl bk bj `juhl pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn y pnrn pnrn bj `juhl. Bxnofkbols dlksbdubktbobktb tlgn tlgnss jns trbs `lrons. 4.=.>  BDRNDFÔK GB DLKWFKRFGNG QN]N BJ QRKWL BK BJ @JRHL

Tuplkbols qub bk uk puktl N, jns dloplkbktbs gb vbjldfgng gbj jïqufgl slk u x, uy, uz. Bsdlhnols njrbgbglr gb bstb puktl bj dlktlrkl dbrrngl bjbobktnj bk `lron gb pnrnjbjbpïpbgl rbdtnkcujnr dlk nrfstns gx, gy, gz  gz  (@fc. 4.2).

@fc. 4.2 .- Dlkdbptl gb jn bdundfôk gf`brbkdfnj gb dlktfkufgng. Bxnofkbols bk prfobr jucnr bj dnomfl gb onsn gbj jïqufgl n jl jnrcl gbj bhb x. Nj pnsnr n jns dnrns klronjbs nj bhb x qub jfoftnk nj bjbobktl gb jïqufgl, jn dloplkbktb gb vbjldfgng bk bj puktl  puktl M bk bj dnsl cbkbrnj sbrî fcunj

y bk bj puktl D,

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

   

   

 

 

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 3

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

  ⁇

Bk ltrns pnjnmrns jn dloplkbktb gb jn vbjldfgng ux sb fkdrbobktn y sb gbdrbobktn bk jn ofson dnktfgng. Gb bstb olgl dlksfgbrnkgl jn gbksfgng gbj jïqufgl dlkstnktb,   , plgbols gbdfr qub jn onsn gb jïqufgl, fzqufbrgn sbrî fcunj

  ⁇

  bk uk fkdrbobktl gbj tfbopl qub bktrn bk jn ddnrn nrn

            Y    _Y     _                

y jn onsn gb jïqufgl qub snjb bk jn dnrn gbrbden

 

Bktlkdbs, jn dnktfgng gb onsn qub ntrnvfbsn bstns dnrns bs

 

 

Qlr uk rnzlknofbktl sbobhnktb pnrn jls bhbs y y z lmtbkbols jl sfcufbktb  

 

Tf sb dlksfgbrn bj `juhl gb bktrngn dlol plsftfvl y bj gb snjfgn dlol kbcntfvl bj cnstl tltnj bk onsn gbj `juhl n trnvæs trnvæs gbj jïoftb dbrrngl gbmb sbr dbrl. Nsï pubs, jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng dlktfkufgng bk trbs gfobksflkbs sb rbgudb n

      

 

Jn bdundfôk (4.7) bxprbsn jn bdundfôk gb`brbkdfnj gb dlktfkufgng, qub bs jn oîs cbkbrnj pnrn uk `juhl fkdloprbsfmjb frrbcujnr. 4.=.=  BDRNDFÔK GB DLKWFKRFGNG QN]N JN PBKN JÏ^RFGN.

Bsdlcbols bk jn vbkn jïqufgn gls sbddflkbs (>->) y (=-=) (@fc. 4.0) dlk jns vbjldfgngbs fcunjbs n v> y v=  rbspbdtfvnobktb. Bk bj tfbopl gt jns gls sbddflkbs sb trns trnsjngnk jngnk n jns gfstnkdfns gj>  y gj=  y qub ldupnrnk jns sbddflkbs (>' ->') y (=' -=').

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 5

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

@FCR]N 4.0 Dlkdbptl gb jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng pnrn jn vbkns jïqufgns. Mnsîkglsb bk jn jby gb jn dlksbrvndfôk gb jn ontbrfn y bk jn suplsfdfôk gb jn dlktfkufgng gb jn dlrrfbktb, sb pubgb n`fronr qub pnrn ukn dlrrfbktb bstndflknrfn gb jïqufgl fkdloprbsfmjb elolcækbl, jns onsns gb jïqufgl bktrb jns sbddflkbs (>->) y (>' ->') y jns sbddflkbs (=-=) y (='-=') sbrîk fcunjbs, bktlkdbs

          ⁇                               

Gôkgb8 gN> y gN = slk jns îrbns gb jns sbddflkbs vfvns gb jn vbkn jïqufgn. Tf mfbk rbdlrgnkgl qub  

 

Gfvfgfbkgl jn bdundfôk lmtbkfgn plr bj prlgudtl gb jn gbksfgng y gt lmtbkbols8  

Jn bdundfôk (4.2) sb jjnon jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn, l mfbk, bj dnugnj gb jn vbkn jïqufgn bs dlkstnktb bk tlgns jns sbddflkbs gb jn vbkn jïqufgn bjbobktnj, l sbn8  

4.=.4  BDRNDFÔK GB DLKWFKRFGNG QN]N BJ @JRHL GBJ JÏ^RFGL.

Tb pubgb lmtbkbr ukn bdundfôk nkîjlcn n jn bd. (4.0), pnrn bj `juhl gb gfobksflkbs `fknjbs (@fc. 4.3) jfoftngl plr pnrbgbs fk`rnkqubnmjbs, bs gbdfr8

          

 

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb 6

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

@FCR]N 4.3

KBJNOB

 

Dlkdbptl gb jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng pnrn bj `juhl gbj jïqufg jïqufgl. l.

Gb bstn bdundfôk sb gbgudb, qub jns vbjldfgngbs obgfns bk uk `juhl gb jïqufgl fkdloprbsfmjb slk fkvbrsnobktb prlplrdflknjbs n jns supbr`fdfbs gb jns sbddflkbs, l sbn

     



 

Tb pubgb gbdfr, sf bj îrbn gb jn sbddfôk gbj `juhl gfsofkuyb, jn vbjldfgng obgfn bk bsn sbddfôk gbj `juhl nuobktn, sf bs jl dlktrnrfl, bstn gfsofkuyb. Rk bhbopjl djîsfdl bs dunkgl sb bstî rbcnkgl dlkpnrdfnjobktb ukn onkcubrn y sb qufbrb nuobktnr bj njdnkdb gbj delrrl, bstl sb lmstruybkgl bj gfîobtrl gbj delrrl pnrn nuobktnr jn vbjldfgng gb snjfgn gbjjlcrn `juhl gb jn onkcubrn.

 4.4

B D RN D FL KB T G F@ B ] B KD FN J B T GB OLP FOF B KW KWL L GB j J Ï^ Ï^RF RFGL GL . B D RN D FL K GB MB]KLRJJf

Qnrn lmtbkbr jns bdundflkbs gf`brbkdfnjbs gb olvfofbktl gb uk jïqufgl npjfdnols jns bdundflkbs gf`brbkdfnjbs gb bqufjfmrfl gbj jïqufgl suonkgl n bjjns sbcøk bj prfkdfpfl gb G' NJNOMB]W jns `ubrzns gb fkbrdfn. Bstns `ubrzns tfbkbk qub qub sbr rb`brfgns n jn ukf ukfgng gng gb onsn. Jns `ubrzns gb fkbrdfn slk fcunjbs nj prlgudtl gb jn onsn plr jn ndbjbrndfôk, tlonkgl dlk sfckl obkls y jn ndbjbrndfôk ukftnrfn. Jns prlybddflkbs gb gfd gfdens ens `ubrzns slmrb jls bhbs gb jn jnss dllrgbkngns

               ̃          ̃          ̃      

Gb jn ofson `lron gb nkîjfsfs pnrn jns dlkgfdflkbs Efgrlstîtfdns, sb tfbkb



Bj sfstbon lmtbkfgl gb bdundflkbs gf`brbkdfnjbs gb olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl fgbnj sb gbklofkn bdundflkbs gb Bujbr. Bujbr. Jls tærofkls dlrrbspl dlrrbsplkgfbktbs kgfbktbs y bj sbktfgl gb dngn ukn gb jns bdundflkbs dlksfstb bk jl sfcufbktb8 Jn ndbjbrndfôk tltnj gb jn pnrtïdujn n jl jnrcl gbj bhb gb dllrgbkngns dlkstn gb jn ndbjbrndfôk gb jns `ubrzns gb onsn y gb jns `ubrzns gb prbsfôk. G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >1

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

Jns bdundflkbs gb Bujbr Bujbr   bk bstn `lron slk hustns tnktl pnrn bj jïqufgl fkdloprbsfmjb, dlol pnrn bj dloprbsfmjb. Bxnofknkgl bj olvfofbktl bstndflknrfl gbj jïqufgl, oujtfpjfqubols dngn ukn gb jns bdundflkbs plr plr jns prlybddflkbs dlrrbsplkgfbktbs gb jn trnksjndfôk bjbobktnj

      

 

Tuonkgl jns bdundflkbs (4.6), sb tfbkb

( ̃   ̃    ̃) )                      ̃ ̃ ̃  ) )         (     ̃     ̃       ̃              (    )   

Rk nkîjfsfs gb jls tærofkls gb jn bdundfôk (4.>>), sb tfbkb

  bs uk gf`brbkdfnj dlopjbtl gb dfbrtn `ukdfôk >. >.   Bj tbrofkl , gbklofkngn `ukdfôk pltbkdfnj l `ukdfôk gb `ubrzn, bstn `ukdfôk gbmb tbkbr jn sfcufbktb prlpfbgng, sus gbrfvngns pnrdfnjbs bk jns dllrgbkngns x,y,z, x,y,z,   tfbkbk qub sbr fcunjbs rbspbdtfvnobktb,  

=. =.   Bj tærofkl

, bs fcunj uk gf`brbkdfnj dlopjbtl gb prbsfôk.

4. 4.   Bj øjtfol tbrofkl sb pubgb bxprbsnr dlol

 

     

Jn bdundfôk (4.>>) sb pubgb bsdrfmfr bk jn `lron sfcufbktb8

   ̃    ̃     ̃                

B`bdtunols jn fktbcrndfôk gb bstn bdundfôk pnrn bj prfkdfpnj dnsl pnrtfdujnr gb olvfofbktl bstndflknrfl gbj jïqufgl fgbnj, dunkgl slmrb bstb bstb ndtøn sljl ukn `ubrz `ubrznn gb onsn crnvbgng, l sbn, pnrn bstb dnsl nj gfrfcfr bj bhb plr jn vbrtfdnj endfn nrrfmn   Tustftuybkgl bstls vnjlrbs bk jn bdundfôk (4.>=) lmtbkgrbols

Bstn bdundfôk sfckf`fdn qub bj fkdrbobktl gb jn suon gb jls trbs tærofkls dloprbkgfgls bktrb pnræktbsfs, nj gbspjnznrsb ukn pnrtïdujn gb jïqufgl n jl jnrcl gb jn jïkbn gb dlrrfbktb, bs fcunj n dbrl. Rkn vbz fktbcrngn bstn `ôroujn, tbkgrbols

                 

 

Gb bstb olgl ebols jjbcngl n jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf, pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn gbj jïqufgl fgbnj.

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >>

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

4.4.>  BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF QN]N JN PBKN JF^RFGN FGBNJ

Bsdlcbols n jl jnrcl gb jn vbkn jïqufgn gls sbddflkbs (>->) (> ->) y (=-=) (@fc. 4.5), bktlkdbs pnrn bstns sbddflkbs plgbols bsdrfmfr jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf l sbn8

@FCR]N 4.5

           

Dlkdbptl gb jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn fgbnj.



 

4.4.=  TBKWFGL BKB]CÆWFDL GB JN BDRNDFÔK GB MB]KLRJJF

Pnols n dnjdujnr jn bkbrcïn obdîkfdn gb jn pnrtïdujn fk`fkftbsfonj dlk onsn o y bj dbktrl bk bj puktl N (@fc. 4.5). Gbklofknrbols n jn bkbrcïn qub dlrrbsplkgb n jn ukfgng gb `ubrzn gb crnvbgng, bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn gb gbjj jïqufgl, l sbn8  

                   

Jn bkbrcïn pltbkdfnj Bp sb gbtbrofkn dlol bj prlgudtl gb jn `ubrzn gb crnvbgng plr jn njturn gb plsfdfôk gb gfden pnrtïdujn. Eny qub tbkbr bk dubktn qub bstn njturn tfbkb qub fkdlrplrnr kl sljl jn njturn cbloætrfdn z, sfkl tnomfæk jn njturn pfbzlobtrfdn, bktlkdbs  

Jn bkbrcïn dfkætfdn gb jn pnrtïdujn fk`fkftbsfonj

 

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >=

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

Jn bkbrcïn tltnj fcunj n

          

 

Tbcøk jn bdundfôk (4.>3), jn bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn gb jn vbkn jïqufgn jïqufgn fgbnj tfbkb qub sbr

        



  Gb tnj onkbrn, bj sbktfgl bkbrcætfdl gb jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn ukn vbkn jïqufgn bjbobktnj gb jïqufgl fgbnj dlksfstb bk qub jn bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn tltnj gbj jïqufgl sb onktfbkb dlkstnktb n jl jnrcl gb jn vbkn jïqufgn. Jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf bxprbsn plr dlksfcufbktb, jn jby gb dlksbrvndfôk gb jn bkbrcïn obdîkfdn pnrn uk jïqufgl fgbnj bk olvfofbktl. Jn bkbrcïn obdîkfdn gbj jïqufgl bk olvfofbktl pubgb prbsbktnrsb bk trbs `lrons sbcøk jn bdundfôk (4.>5) >. >.   =. =.   4. 4.  

                

 

 

Jn prfobrn y tbrdbrn `lrons gb jn bkbrcïn obdîkfdn slk dlkldfgns gb jn obdîkfdn y slk prlpfns, tnktl gb jls dubrpls sôjfgls, dlol gb jls jïqufgls. Bk dunktl n jn bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn gb jn prbsfôk, dnmb sbþnjnr, qub bstn `lron gb bkbrcïn bs dnrndtbrïstfdn pnrn jïqufgls bk olvfofbktl. Gurnktb bj olvfofbktl gb uk jïqufgl fgbnj ukn `lron gb bkbrcïn pubgb trnks`lronrsb bk ltrn, pbrl jn bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn tltnj, dlol sb gbgudb gb jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf, qubgn sfboprb fkvnrfnmjb. 4.4.4  TBKWFGL CBLOÆW]FDL GB JN BDRNDFÔK GB MB]KLRJJF

                



Gbsgb jn efgrlstîtfdn snmbols qub jn suon

 bs jn njturn gb dnrcn pfbzloætrfdn qub

dlksfstb bk qub z bs jn dltn tlplcrî`fdn gb uk puktl y

 bs jn njturn prbsfôk. Bj tærofkl

tfbkb tnomfæk gfobksfôk jfkbnj y sb jjnon jn njturn gb vbjldfgng. Bktlkdbs jls tærofkls gb jn bdundfôk (4.>5) tfbkbk gfobksflkbs jfkbnjbs. Bj trfklofl gb jn bxprbsfôk bk jn bdundfôk (4.>6) Tb jjnon njturn gb dnrcn tltnj.  

Jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf (4.>7) bstî bkukdfngn pnrn gls sbddflkbs nrmftrnrfns gb jn vbkn jïqufgn y bxprbsn jn fcunjgng gb jns njturns tltnjbs E l  bk bstns bstns sbddflkbs. Qubstl qu qubb bstns sbddflkbs slk tlongns n vljuktng, pnrn dunjqufbr ltrn sbddfôk gb jn ofson vbkn jïqufgn jn njturn tltnj tbkgrî bj ofsol vnjlr. Gb bstb olgl, pnrn bj jïqufgl fgbnj bk olvfofbktl jn suon gb jns trbs G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >4

 

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

njturns9 jn tlplcrî`fdn, jn pfbzloætrfdn y jn vbjldfgng bs ukn onckftug dlkstnktb n jl jnrcl gb jn vbkn jïqufgn. Gb jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf y gbj dnugnj sb gbgudb qub, sf bj îrbn gb jn sbddfôk trnksvbrsnj gb jn vbkn jïqufgn gfsofkuyb, bs gbdfr, sf jn vbkn jïqufgn sb dlktrn dlktrnb, b, jn vbjldfgng gb jn dlr dlrrfbktb rfbktb gbj jïqufgl nuobktn y jn prbsfôk gfsofkuyb y nj dlktrnrfl, sf jn vbkn jïqufgn sb bksnkden, jn vbjldfgng gfsofkuyb y jn prbsfôk nuobktn.  4.7

N Q J FD N D FL K GB G B J N B D RN D FL K GB G B M B ] KL RJ RJJ JF

Jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf, bs jn jby `ukgnobktnj gbj olvfofbktl bstndflknrfl gbj jïqufgl y pbroftb bxnofknr y dloprbkgbr bj `ukdflknofbktl gb gfvbrsls gfsplsftfvls qub sb mnsnk bk jn npjfdndfôk gb bstn jby `ukgnobktnj. 4.7.>  JLT WRMLT GB QFWLW V GB Q]NKGWJ

Rk tuml glmjngl, dlol bj gb jn `fc. (4.6) sb dlkldb tuml gb Qftlt. Bj bxtrbol nmfbrtl gbj tuml sb dljldn bk uk puktl gbktrl gb uk jïqufgl jïqufgl bk olvfofbktl, bk gfrbddfôk klronj n jn dlrrfbktb. Bj tuml gb Qftlt trnmnhn dlkhuktl dlk uk pfbzôobtrl (`fc. (`f c. 4.6).

@FCR]N 4.6

Dlkdbptl gb obgfdfôk gb jn vbjldfgng bk uk puktl.

Bktlkdbs bj jïqufgl sb bjbvnrn bk bj tuml gb QFWLW slmrb jn njturn pfbzloætrfdn n ukn njturn fcunj n jn njturn gb vbjldfgng. vbjldfgng. Bsl sb bxpjfdn plrqub jn vbjldfgn vbjldfgng g gb jns pnrtïdujns gbj jïqufgl qub bktrnk bk bj lrf`fdfl gbj tuml gfsofkuyb enstn dbrl, y jn prbsfôk, plr dlksfcufbktb, nuobktn bk jn onckftug fcunj n jn njturn gb vbjldfgng. Bsdrfmnols jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn jns sbddflkbs (>->) y (=-=) qub bstîk dljldngls n jl jnrcl gbj bhb dbktrnj gbj tuml gb Qftlt, bktlkdbs

                      

Jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf sb en bsdrftl pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn plrq plrqub ub bj tuml gb Qftlt ofgb jn vbjldfgng jldnj y jn prbsfôk onkloætrfdn, snmbols qub u= ? l bktlkdbs



G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

 

       

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >7

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

Gbsgb jn øjtfon bdundfôk sb gbsprbkgb

             ∘ 

Rk npnrntl qub pbroftb endbr jn obgfdfôk gfrbdtn gb jn vbjldfgng jldnj bk bj puktl gngl gbj `juhl, bs bj dlkldfgl tuml gb Q]NKGWJ qub dlomfkn bj `ukdflknofbktl gbj pfbzôobtrl gb prbsfôk y gbj tuml gb Qftlt, gb onkbrn qub sb pubgb obgfr gfrbdtnobktb jn njturn gb vbjldfgng



 (uk obgfglr gf`brbkdfnj bk jns dlkbxflkbs y prbsfôk bstîtfdn y prbsfôk tltnj gnrî jn prbsfôk

gfkîofdn gfrbdtnobktb). 4.7.=  OBGFGL] PBKWR]F L @JRULOBW]L GB BTW]NKCRJNDFÔK

Bj `juxôobtrl dlkstn gb uk tuml (tlmbrn) qub vn bstrbdeîkglsb pnujntfknobktb y gb ltrl (gf`uslr) qub sb bksnkden crngunjobktb (@fc. 4.>>)

@FCR]N 4.>>

Obgfglr Pbkturf (Pbkturfobtrl)

Jn vbjldfgng gbj `juhl bk jn pnrtb bstrbden nuobktn y jn prbsfôk gfsofkuyb. Turcb ukn gf`brbkdfn (crngfbktb) gb prbsflkbs qub sb ofgb dlk gls pfbzôobtrls y qub bstî jfcngn jf cngn gb olgl gbtbrofkngl dlk bj dnugnj. Npjfdnkgl Mbrklujjf pnrn jns sbddflkbs (>->) y (=-=), dlksfgbrnkgl bj bhb gb jn tumbrïn dlol bj pjnkl gb rb`brbkdfn. Bktlkdbs

                                         

 

Wbkfbkgl bk dubktn, qub z> ? z= y gbsprbdfnkgl jns pærgfgns, lmtbkgrbols  

Gb jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng, tbkbols8 N>v> ? N=v= 

Gb jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng sb lmtfbkb G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >2

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

               *+      * +  

Gbsfcknols

 

Bktlkdbs, jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf plgbols bsdrfmfr gb tnj onkbrn  

Gbsgb bstn øjtfon bdundfôk

 

Bj dnugnj bk jn tumbrïn sbrî fcunj

      * +

 

Jns prbsflkbs bk jn sbddfôk ncuns nrrfmn (>->) y bk jn cnrcnktn (=-=) gbj Pbkturfobtrl (@fc. 4.>>) slk prbsflkbs rbnjbs y jns vbjldfgngbs gb jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf sfk bj tærofkl gb pærgfgn slk vbjldfgngbs tbôrfdns. Dunkgl sb dlksfgbrnk jns pærgfgns bk jn bdundfôk gb jn bkbrcïn, jns vbjldfgngbs slk vbjldfgngbs rbnjbs. Tf lmtfbkb jn vbjldfgng tbôrfdn bk jn cnrcnktn (bj cnstl tbôrfdl). Oujtfpjfdnkgl bstb cnstl tbôrfdl plr bj dlb`fdfbktb g gbj bj ccnstl nstl sb lmtfbkb bj ccnstl nstl rbnj. Bktlkdbs bj cnstl rbnj bs fcunj



Gôkgb8

 

   * ++    

- bs dlb`fdfbktb gb cnstl gbj Pbkturfobtrl

Bstb dlb`fdfbktb tfbkb bk dubktn jn gfsofkudfôk gbj cnstl plr dlksbdubkdfn gb jns pærgfgns gb njturn gb dnrcn9 bk jn prfobrn nprlxfondfôk plgbols tlo tlonr nr ? 1,659 dlkldfbkgl jn onckftug gb  y lmsbrvnkgl jns fkgfdndflkbs gb jls pfbzôobtrls, bs `îdfj gbtbrofknr bj cnstl bk jn tumbrïn pnrn dunjqufbr olobktl sbcøk jn `ôroujn (4.=>). Jn dlkstnktb   sb pubgb dnjdujnr tbôrfdnobktb, pbrl dlk onylr bxndtftug sb enjjn bxpbrfobktnjobktb, bs gbdfr dnjfmrnkgl bj obgfglr.

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >0

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

 4.2

KBJNOB

 

B J OL P FOF B KW KWL L GB J J Ï^ RFG L JB J B KW KWN N OB KW KWB B P N ] FN GL

Tuplkbols qub gurnktb bj olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl, jns gf`brbktbs vbkns jïqufgns ndtønk bk gfrbddfôk trnksvbrsnj ukn slmrb ltrn dlk jn ofson prbsfôk pfbzloætrfdn qub jn dnpn gb jïqufgl bk bstngl gb rbplsl. rbplsl. Bstl dlrrbsplkgbrî n jn rbnjfgng y pubgb pubgb gbolstrnrsb tbôrfdnobk tbôrfdnobktb tb dunkgl jn dlrrfbktb bk jns sbddflkbs trnksvbrsnjbs gngns sbn gb PBKNT JF^RFGNT QN]NJBJNT (@fc. 4.>=).

@fc. 4.>=.- Olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl jbktnobktb vnrfngl Lmsbrvbols gb gfdel `juhl dlk jns jïkbns gb dlrrfbktb pnrnjbjns n ukl gb jls bhbs gb dllrgbkngns, plr bhbopjl bhbopjl bj bhb x. Bk bstb dnsl (@fc. 4>=) kl en enyy olvfofbktl n jl jnrcl gb jls bhbs V y X. Bktlkdbs jns ndbjbrndflkbs gb olvfofbktl n jl jnrcl gb bhbs y y z, glkgb guy/gt y guz/gt slk fcunjbs n dbrl.

    ̃           ̃        ̃  

Gb tnj onkbrn, jns bdundflkbs gb Bujbr (4.>1) bk bstb dnsl sbrîk fcunjbs

 

Jns gls øjtfons bdundflkbs slk bdundflkbs gf`brbkdfnjbs gb bqufjfmrfl gbj jïqufgl pnrn jls bhbs y  y z. Bktlkdbs jn gfstr gfstrfmudfôk fmudfôk gb jn prbsfôk bk bj pjnkl y l z prldbgb sbcøk jn jby `ukgnobktnj gb jn efgrlstîtfdn. efgrlstîtfdn. Bk bstb dnsl bj pjnkl y y z dlfkdfgb dlk jn sbddfôk vfvn gbj `juhl, qub pbroftb `lroujnr jn prlpfbgng prfkdfpnj gbj olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl jbktnobktb vnrfngl8 bk prbsbkdfn gbj olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl jbktnobktb vnrfngl jns prbsflkbs bk jns sbddflkbs vfvns sb gfstrfmuybk sbcøk jn jby gb jn efgrlstîtfdn. efgrlstîtfdn. Bktlkdbs pnrn dngn sbddfôk

   



 

Bk jn `fcurn (4.>4) slk gbolstrngns jns sbddflkbs pnrn jls dunjbs sb duopjbk jns dlkgfdflkbs gb olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl jbktnobktb vnrfngl y jns qub kl sb duopjbk.

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >3

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

@fcurn 4.>4.- Jns sbddflkbs (>->) y (=-=) jns dlkgfdflkbs gbj olvfofbktl jbktnobktb jbktnobktb vnrfngl.

 4.0

B D RN D FL K GB G B M B ] KL KLRJ RJJ J F Q N ] N B J @ J RH L V T R T B KW KWFG FG L B KB ] C B WF D L

4.0.>  BKB]CÏN GBJ @JRHL BK JN TBDDFÔK PFPN

Bk bj pîrrn`l (4.2>) sb en bstnmjbdfgl qub jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn sb dnrndtbrfzn plr jn bkbrcïn bk jn sbddfôk gb jn vbkn jïqufgn (4.>5). Bvfgbktbobktb, jn bkbrcïn gbj `juhl bk jn sbddfôk vfvn B, bstnrî dlopubstl gb jn suon gb jns bkbrcïns gb tlgns jns vbkns jïqufgns (4.>3). Bktlk Bktlkdbs dbs

        

 

Jn onsn gb jïqufgl qub pnsn plr jn sbddfôk vfvn bk jn ukfgng gb tfbopl sb pubgb bsdrfmfr  

Tustftuybkgl bk jn bdundfôk (4.=7)



 

    

Qnrn bj olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl jbktnobktb vnrfngl sbcøk jn dlkdlrgnkdfn gb bdundfôk (4.=4) y sbcøk jn `ôroujn (4.=). Qlr bstn dnusn, jn prfobrn fktbcrnj bk jn bdundfôk (4.=2) sb pubgb rbsljvbr `îdfjobktb. Tf kl dlkldbols jn jby gb vnrfndfôk gb jns vbjldfgngbs plr jn sbddfôk, jn sbcukgn fktbcrnj (4.=2) kl sbrî `îdfj gb rbsljvbr. Qbrl bstn øjtfon fktbcr fktbcrnj nj bxprbsn jn onckft onckftug ug gb jn bkbrcïn dfkætfdn. Jn bkbrcïn dfkætfdn jn plgbols bxprbsnr dlk nyugn gb jn vbjldfgng obgfn

       

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >5

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

4.0.=  DLB@FDFBKWB GB JN BKB]CFN DFKBWFDN (DLB@FDFBKWB GB DL]FLJFT)

Bj Dlb`fdfbktb gb dlrfljfs bs bj dlb`fdfbktb ngfobksflknj qub rb`jbhn jn frrbcujnrfgng gb jn gfstrfmudfôk gb jn vbjldfgng y bs fcunj n

 ∩   ∩           

 

Bk ltrns pnjnmrns bj dlb`fdfbktb   bs jn rbjndfôk bktrb jn bkbrcïn dfkætfdn rbnj gbj `juhl bk jn sbddfôk gngn y gbj ofsol `juhl y bk jn ofson sbddfôk dlk jn gfstrfmudfôk ukf`lrob gb vbjldfgngbs. Bk jls dnsls dlrrfbktbs gb gfstrfmudfôk gb jn vbjldfgng bj dlb`fdfbktb  bs sfboprb onylr qub jn ukfgng (bstl sb pubgb gbolstrnr, sf bk jn `ôroujn (4.=3) bxprbsnols jn vbjldfgng v bk `lron gb suon

    

 

y jn fktbcrnj jn gfvfgfols bk duntrl y nknjfznols nknjfznols bj vnjlr kuoærfdl gb dngn ukn gb bjjn). Bk cbkbrnj pnrn jns tumbrïns y jls dnudbs  ? >.12 - >.> y dun dunkgl kgl jn gfstrfmudfôk g gbb vbjldfgngbs bs ukf`lrob,  bs fcunj n jn ukfgng. 4.0.4  BDRNDFÔK GB MB]KLRJJF QN]N BJ @JRHL GBJ JÏ^RFGL FGBNJ

Qlr nknjlcïn dlk sbktfgl bkbrcætfdl gb jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn (4.2.>) vnols n prlplrdflknr jn bxprbsfôk gb jn bkbrcïn gbj `juhl (4.=0) n jn ukfgng gb jn `ubrzn gb crnvbgng. Gb tnj olgl lmtb lmtbkgrbols kgrbols jn bdundfôk gb jn bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn

                           

 

Qubstl qub sbcøk jn jby gb dlksbrvndfôk gb jn bkbrcïn bspbdï`fdn tltnj gbj jïqufgl sb onktfbkb dlkstnktb n jl jnrcl gbj `juhl, jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn bj `juhl gbj jïqufgl kl vfsdlsl plgbols bsdrfmfr

                                     

Qnrn jns gls sbddflkbs n dnjdujnr

 

Qlr nknjlcïn dlk jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf pnrn jn vbkn jïqufgn (4.2.>) tlgls jls tærofkls gb jn bdundfôk (4.=3) tfbkbk bj sbktfgl bkbrcætfdl Qnrn jns oudens tnrbns prîdtfdns jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf sb utfjfzn huktl dlk jn bdundfôk gb dlktfkufgng (4.5). G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb >6

 

@RKGNOBKWL GB JN EFG]LGFKNOFDN WBDKFDN

KBJNOB

 

4.0.7  FKTW]RDDFLKBT QN]N JN NQJFDNDFLK GB BDRNDFLK GB MB]KLRJJF ( JF^RFGL FGBNJ )

Jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf lmtbkfgn bk jls pîrrn`ls nktbrflrbs bs jn jby `ukgnobktnj gbj olvfofbktl bstndflknrfl gbj jïqufgl, jn dunj pbroftb bxnofknr y dloprbkgbr bj `ukdflknofbktl gb gfvbrsls gfsplsftfvls qub sb mnsnk bk jn npjfdndfôk gb bstn jby `ukgnobktnj. Nj rbsljvbr jns tnrbns bk jn bdundfôk gb Mbrklujjf eny qub cufnrsb plr jns rbcjns sfcufbktbs, n snmbr8 >. >.  

Wrnznr uk pjnkl elrfzlktnj gb rb`brbkdfn (Gntuo).

=. =.  

Bjbcfr gls sbddflkbs vfvns gb `juhl8 n) ukn gb bstns sb npjfdn bk nqubj dnsl, glkgb endb `njtn gbtbrofknr jn vbjldfgng l prbsfôk, ltrn, m) dunkgl sb gnk jn prbsfôk y vbjldfgng ( bk onylrïn gb jls dnsls bk su kfvbj gb ncun bk bj tnkqub, glkgb njturn pfbzloætrfdn bs fcunj n dbrl y njturn gb vbjldfgng tnomfæk bs fcunj nprlxfongnobktb n dbrl.

4. 4.  

Jns sbddflkbs vfvns gb `juhl sb bjfcbk sudbsfvnobktb n jl jnrcl gbj olvfofbktl gbj ofsol plr jn gfrbddfôk gbj `jufgl.

7. 7.  

Jns sbddflkbs vfvns gb `juhl bjbcfgns gbmbk gb sntfs`ndbr jns bxfcbkdfns gbj olvfofbktl gbj jïqufgl jbktnobktb vnrfngl.

G]. KBTWL] HNPFB] JNKXN OBHFN

sîmngl, =5 gb sbptfbomrb gb =1>4

=847873 QO 

Qncb =1