Canon Eos Rebel t3 Eos 1100d Manual de Usuario

 

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@bsgo Gnstruotgdn Lbnubj ]fgs `bsgo lbnubj odvhrs dnjy tfh ldst `bsgo dphrbtgdns. Adr dtfhr ahbturhs bnm ldrh mhtbgjs, shh tfh Oblhrb Gnstruotgdn Lbnubj pma agjh gn tfh OM-PDL.

Ldmh m‗hlpjdg mh `bsh

H

Oh lbnuhj mh `bsh nh oduvrh quh jhs dpçrbtgdns jhs pjus çjçlhntbgrhs. Ydur m‗butrhs adnotgdns ht mhs gnadrlbtgdns pjus mçtbgjjçhs, vdgr jh ldmh m‗hlpjdg mh j‗bppbrhgj pfdtd bu adrlbt pma sur jh OM-PDL.

Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs

A _

Hsth lbnubj `âsgod ou`rh sdjblhnth jbs dphrbogdnhs lâs `âsgobs. Ybrb vhr dtrbs aunogdnhs h gnadrlbogÿn lâs mhtbjjbmb, odnsujth hj brofgvd pma mhj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb hn hj OM-PDL.

     n      b      r        A        j      d       ò      b      p      s        H

 

       j      d       ò      b      p      s        H

Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs Hsth lbnubj `âsgod ou`rh sdjblhnth jbs dphrbogdnhs lâs `âsgobs. Ybrb vhr dtrbs aunogdnhs h gnadrlbogÿn lâs mhtbjjbmb, odnsujth hj brofgvd YMA mhj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb hn hj OM-PDL.

 

Gntrdmuoogÿn Jb HD_ PH@HJ ]?/HD_ 2299M hs unb oâlbrb _JP mgegtbj mh bjtd rhnmglghntd, quh gnodrpdrb un shnsdr OLD_ mh hjhvbmd ngvhj mh mhtbjjh odn bprdxglbmblhnth 20,0 lhebpìxhjhs hahotgvds, MGEGO =, BA mh 7 puntds mh bjtb prhogsgÿn y bjtb vhjdogmbm, mgspbrds hn shrgh b bprdxglbmblhnth ? aps, mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd y erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd hn bjtb mhagngogÿn (FM). Jb oâlbrb rhspdnmh râpgmblhnth bj adtderbagbr hn oubjqughr ldlhntd, prdpdrogdnb luofbs aunogdnhs bmhoubmbs pbrb jb adtderbaìb bvbnzbmb y darhoh luofbs dtrbs obrbothrìstgobs.

Odnsujth hsth lbnubj lghntrbs utgjgzb jb oâlbrb pbrb odndohrjb lhcdr  Odn unb oâlbrb mgegtbj, puhmh vhr gnlhmgbtblh gnlhmgbtblhnth nth jb glbehn obptbmb. Fbeb bjeunds mgspbrds mh pruh`b lghntrbs jhh hsth lbnubj y d`shrvh jds rhsujtbmds. Mh hsth ldmd hnthnmhrâ lhcdr oÿld aunogdnb jb oâlbrb. Ybrb hvgtbr boogmhnths y adtderbaìbs lhmgdorhs, jhb jbs ‚Bmvhrthnogbs mh sheurgmbm“ (p. 69, 62) y jbs ‚Yrhobuogdnhs mh lbnhcd“ (p. 6, 7). Yruh`b mh jb oâlbrb bnths mh usbrjb y rhspdnsb`gjgmbm Mhspuçs mh adtderbagbr, rhprdmuzob y rhvgsh sg jbs glâehnhs sh rhegstrbrdn odrrhotblhnth. _g jb oâlbrb d jb tbrchtb mh lhldrgb abjjbn y jbs glâehnhs nd sh puhmhn erb`br d mhsobrebr hn un drmhnbmdr, Obndn nd sh fbrâ rhspdnsb`jh mh jbs pçrmgmbs d mh jds gnodnvhnghnths quh puhmb obusbr.

Mhrhofds mh butdr  Jbs jhyhs sd`rh jds mhrhofds mh butdr mh su pbìs puhmhn prdfg`gr hj usd mh glâehnhs erb`bmbs mh bjeunds ldtgvds d mh phrsdnbs auhrb mhj usd prgvbmd. Bsglgsld, mh`h thnhr hn ouhntb quh hn bjeunbs

rhprhshntbogdnhs pó`jgobs, hxpdsgogdnhs, hto., sh prdfì`h tdlbr adtderbaìbs gnojusd pbrb usd prgvbmd. Hstb oâlbrb hs odlpbtg`jh odn tbrchtbs mh lhldrgb _M, tbrchtbs mh lhldrgb _MFO y tbrchtbs mh lhldrgb _MVO. Hsth lbnubj sh rhaghrh b tdmbs hstbs tbrchtbs odld, sglpjhlhnth, ‚tbrchtb“. * Jb oâlbrb nd gnojuyh g nojuyh unb tbrchtb pbrb jb erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs. Mh`h bmqugrgrjb pdr shpbrbmd.

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Lbnubjhs mh gnstruoogdnhs Hsth Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs hxpjgob sÿjd jbs dphrbogdnhs y aunogdnhs `âsgobs mh jb oâlbrb. Ybrb d`thnhr gnstruoogdnhs lâs mhtbjjbmbs, prdohmglghntds bvbnzbmds pbrb adtderbagbrmh y pbrb rhprdmuogr glâehnhs, gnadrlbogÿn sd`rh jb glprhsgÿn adtds y sd`rh aunogdnhs phrsdnbjgzbmbs, y lâs gnadrlbogÿn, odnsujth hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb. Jds lbnubjhs mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb HD_ PH@HJ ]?/HD_ 2299M odnstbn mh jd sgeughnth3 

Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb

Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb lbnubj) oâlbrb (hsth

Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (OM-PDL)

Odnthngmd mhj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs (Brofgvd mh jb oâlbrb YMA) Hxpjgob tdmbs jbs aunogdnhs y prdohmglghntds prdohmglgh ntds dphrbtgvds mh jb oâlbrb. ]bl`gçn gnojuyh tdmd hj odnthngmd mh hsth Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs. Euìb mh rhahrhnogb (Brofgvd YMA) râpgmb Euìb shnogjjb ohntrbmb hn jds prdohmglghntds mh mgspbrd. _u tblbòd B= abogjgtb su glprhsgÿn pbrb quh jb jjhvh odnsged.

Odnsujth jb pâegnb 5= sd`rh oÿld vhr hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (YMA) hn hj OM-PDL.



_datwbrh y Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mhj sdatwbrh Odnsujth jbs pâegnbs 51 b 56 pbrb vhr gnadrlbogÿn ehnhrbj

HD_ MGEG]BJ _djutgdn Mgsk (OM-PDL mh sdatwbrh)

sd`rh jds prderblbs mh sdatwbrh, hj prdohmglghntd mh gnstbjbogÿn hn un drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj y oÿld vhr hj OM-PDL _datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDNH_ _datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDNH_. (OM-PDL)

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Jgstb mh odlprd`bogÿn mh hjhlhntds  Bnths mh hlphzbr, hlphzbr, odlpruh`h sg jds sgeughnths hjhlhntds bodlpbòbn b jb oâlbrb. _g abjtb bjeund, pÿnebsh pÿneb sh hn odntbotd odn hj mgstrg`ugmdr.

Oâlbrb (odn lbrod mhj doujbr y tbpb mhj ouhrpd)

Odrrhb bnofb HU-099M

@bthrìb  JY-H29 (odn tbpb prdthotdrb)

Obrebmdr mh `bthrìb JO-H29/JO-H29H*

Ob`jh mh gnthrabz

Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (OM-PDL)

HD_ MGEG]BJ _djutgdn Mgsk (OM-PDL mh sdatwbrh)

_datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDNH_ (OM-PDL)

Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (hsth lbnubj)

* _h prdpdrogdnb prdpdrogdnb hj obrebmdr obrebmdr mh `bthrìb `bthrìb JO-H29 d JO-H29H. JO-H29H. (Hj JO-H29H JO-H29H gnojuyh gnojuyh un ob`jh mh bjglhntbogÿn.)  

_g bmqugrgÿ un kgt odn d`chtgvd, odlpruh`h quh sh fbyb gnojugmd hj d`chtgvd. Yrdourh nd phrmhr ngneund mh jds hjhlhntds lhnogdnbmds.

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_ìl`djds utgjgzbmds hn hsth lbnubj Godnds :1> mh hsth lbnubj 3 Gnmgob hj mgbj prgnogpbj. :Q> :X> 3 Gnmgob jbs thojbs hn oruz :_>. :9> 3 Gnmgob hj `dtÿn mh bcusth. 9, 7, 5, 6 3 Gnmgob quh jb aunogÿn odrrhspdnmghnth phrlbnhoh botgvb murbnth =, 1, 29 ÿ 21 sheunmds, rhsphotgvblhnth, trbs sdjtbr hj `dtÿn. * Hn hsth lbn lbnubj, ubj, jds godnds godnds y jbs lbrobs lbrobs quh rhajhcb rhajhcbn n jds `dtdnhs, `dtdnhs, mgbjhs mgbjhs y bcusths mh jb oâlbrb odrrhspdnmhn b jds godnds y jbs lbrobs mh jb oâlbrb y mhj ldngtdr JOM.

? 3 Gnmgob unb aunogÿn quh sh puhmh obl`gbr prhsgdnbnmd hj `dtÿn :L> y obl`gbnmd hj bcusth. (p. **) 3 Nól Nólhrds hrds mh pâ pâegn egnbs bs mh rha rhahrhn hrhnogb ogb pbrb pbrb d`thnh d`thnhrr lâ lâss gnadrlbogÿn. (← )3 Gnmgob quh quh fby lâs gn gnadrlbo adrlbogÿn gÿn hn hj Lb Lbnubj nubj mh gnstruoogdnh gnstruoogdnhss

3 3 3 3

mh mh jb jb oâlbrb oâlbrb.(YMA), hn hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs _uehrhnogb _uehrhnogb d odn odnshcd shcd p pbrb brb adtderbag adtderbagbr br lhcdr lhcdr.. Odnshcd Odnshcd p pbrb brb sdj sdjuog uogdnbr dnbr pr prd`jh d`jhlbs lbs.. Bmvhrthnogb Bmvhrthnogb pb pbrb rb hvgt hvgtbr br prd`jh prd`jhlbs lbs bj adtderbagbr adtderbagbr.. Gnadrlbogÿn odlpjhlhntbrgb.

_upuhstds Hn tdmbs jbs`âsgods dphrbogdnhs quh sh hxpjgobn hn hsth lbnubj sh bsulh

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quh yb sh fb sgtubmd hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn hn :2> (p. 08).  _h bsulh quh tdmds jds bcusths mhj lhnó y jbs aunogdnhs phrsdnbjgzbmbs sdn jds prhmhthrlgnbmds.  Hn jbs hxpjgobogdnhs, jbs gnstruoogdnhs luhstrbn jb oâlbrb odn un d`chtgvd HA-_26-88ll a/?,8-8,1 G_ GG ldntbmd.

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Odnthngmd Gntrdmuoogÿn

0

Lbnubjhs mh gnstruoogdnhs.................. gnstruoogdnhs ...................................... ......................................... ......................................... ...................... ? Jgstb mh odlprd`bogÿn mh hjhlhntds................................ hjhlhntds........... .......................................... ................................ ........... = _ìl`djds utgjgzbmds hn hsth lbnubj.................... lbnubj ........................................ ......................................... .......................... ..... 8 Yrhobuogdnhs mh lbnhcd.................. lbnhcd ...................................... ........................................ ......................................... ......................... .... 6 Euìb mh gngogbogÿn râpgmb................... râpgmb ........................................ .......................................... ......................................... .................... 29 Ndlhnojbtu Ndlh nojbturb rb ................. ......................... .................. .................. ................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ............. ..... 20

2

Ybrb hlphzbr

27

Obreb mh jb `bthrìb.......................... `bthrìb...... ........................................ ......................................... ......................................... ....................... ... 09 Gnshrogÿn y hxtrboogÿn hxtrboogÿn mh jb `bthrìb y jb tbrchtb ................... ........................................ ............................ ....... 00 Hnohnmgmd mh jb bjglhntbogÿn...................................................... bjglhntbogÿn................................. ......................................... .................... 08  Bcusth mh jb ahofb y jb fdrb ........................................ ................... .......................................... ..................................... ................ 05 _hjhoogÿn mhj gmgdlb mh jb gnthrabz..................... gnthrabz .......................................... .......................................... ........................ ... 06

Ldntbch y mhsldntbch mh un d`chtgvd.................... d`chtgvd ......................................... .......................................... ..................... 07  Bohrob mhj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn mhj d`chtgvd .......................................... ..................... ........................ ... ?2 Aunogdnblghntd `âsgod........................ `âsgod............................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................... ?0 Dphrbogdnhs nhs mh lhnó........ lhnó ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ................. ................. ................ ........ ?= ? Dphrbogd Adrlbthbmd Adrl bthbmd mh jb tbrchtb tbrchtb .................. .......................... ................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ............. ..... ?1 Obl`gd mh jb pbntbjjb mhj ldngtdr JOM.......................... JOM..... .......................................... ................................. ............ ?6 Euìb mh aunogdnhs aunogdnhs ................. ......................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ............... ....... ?7

0

Adtderbaìb `âsgob

=2

2 ]dlb mh adtderbaìbs tdtbjlhnth butdlâtgob..................... butdlâtgob .......................................... ......................... .... =0 2 ]çongobs ]çongobs mh adtderbaìb adtderbaìb tdtbjlhnth tdtbjlhnth butdlâtgob butdlâtgob ................ ......................... ................. ................. ......... == 5 Mhsbotgvbogÿn mhj ajbsf............................... ajbsf........... ........................................ ......................................... ........................... ...... =8 O Mgspbrd butdlâtgod orhbtgvd.......................... orhbtgvd..... ......................................... ......................................... ........................ ... =1

0 Adtderbaìb mh rhtrbtds.................. rhtrbtds ....................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..................... =7 ? Adtderbaìb mh pbgsbchs....................... pbgsbchs... ........................................ ......................................... .................................... ............... 89 = Adtderbaìb Adtderbaìb mh prglhrds prglhrds pjbnds .................. ........................... ................. ............... ................. .................. ............... ....... 82 8 Adtderbaìb mh d`chtds hn ldvglghntd.................. ldvglghntd ....................................... ...................................... ................. 80 1 Adtderbaìb Adtderbaìb mh rhtrbtds rhtrbtds ndoturnds ndoturnds ................ ......................... ................. ................. ................. ................ .............. ...... 8? R Odntrdj Odntrdj râpgmd râpgmd ................ ........................ .................. .................. ................. ................. ................ ................. ................. ................ ........ 8=

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Odnthngmd

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Adtder Adt derbaì baìb b odn hj hj ldngtdr ldngtdr JOM JOM (Mgsp (Mgspbrd brd odn odn Qgsgÿ Qgsgÿn n hn Mgrho Mgrhotd) td) 88 B Adtderbaìb odn hj ldngtdr JOM...................................................................81

Obl`gd mhj ldmd mh hnadquh butdlâtgod ........................................ ................... .................................... ...............87 87 LA3 Hnadquh lbnubj........................................................................................1=

 = Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd

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k Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd....................................................................................11

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Phprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs

17

.................... ......................................... ...............................59 ..........59 x Phprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs ........................................ k Phprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhds ........................................ ................... .......................................... .................................... ...............52 52

1

Qhr hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb / Euìb mh gngogbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh

5?

Qhr hj OM-PDL Lbnubj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb ..................... .................................. .............5= 5= Euìb mh gngogbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh ......................................... ..................... ......................................... ...............................51 ..........51  Bmvhrthnogbs mh sheurgmbm................................................ sheurgmbm............................ ......................................... ...............................69 ..........69

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Yrhobuogdnhs mh lbnhcd Ougmbmd mh jb oâlbrb Jb oâlbrb hs un gnstrulhntd mh prhogsgÿn. Nd jb mhch obhr ng jb sdlhtb b edjphs.  Jb oâlbrb nd hs sulhreg`jh s ulhreg`jh y, y, pdr tbntd, nd sh puhmh utgjgzbr pbrb adtderbaìb su`lbrgnb. _g jb oâlbrb obh bj beub boogmhntbjlhnth, pÿnebsh hn odntbotd odn hj ohntrd mh bsgsthnogb mh Obndn lâs prÿxgld. Hjglgnh jbs edtbs mh beub bmfhrgmbs b jb oâlbrb odn un pbòd shod. _g jb oâlbrb fb hstbmd hxpuhstb bj sbjgtrh prdpgd mh un hntdrnd lbrgnd, jìlpghjb odn un pbòd fólhmd `ghn hsourrgmd.  Nunob mhch jb oâlbrb cuntd b mgspdsgtgvds odn un oblpd lbençtgod auhrth, 

odld un glân d un ldtdr hjçotrgod. Hvgth usbrmh d mhcbr oâlbrb mhmh oubjqughr mgspdsgtgvd quh hlgtb auhrths dnmbs rbmgd,jbodld unbohrob bnthnb

erbnmhs mglhnsgdnhs. Jds oblpds lbençtgods auhrths puhmhn obusbr abjjds hn hj aunogdnblghntd mh jb oâlbrb d mhstrugr jds mbtds mh jbs glâehnhs.  Nd mhch jb oâlbrb hn juebrhs mhlbsgbmd objurdsds, odld hj gnthrgdr mh un odofh hxpuhstd b jb juz mgrhotb mhj sdj. Jbs bjtbs thlphrbturbs puhmhn prdmuogr bvhrìbs.  Jb oâlbrb odntghnh un sgsthlb mh ogrougtds hjhotrÿngods mh prhogsgÿn. Nd gnthnth nunob mhsldntbrjb.  Xtgjgoh un sdpjbmdr pbrb hjglgnbr hj pdjvd mhj d`chtgvd, hj vgsdr, hj hsphcd rçajhx y jb pbntbjjb mh hnadquh. Nd utgjgoh jglpgbmdrhs odn mgsdjvhnths dreângods pbrb jglpgbr hj d`chtgvd d hj ouhrpd mh jb oâlbrb. _gohntrd sh hnouhntrb odn bjeón tgpd mhlâs suoghmbm mh mgaìogj hjglgnbogÿn, jjhvh oâlbrb bj mh bsgsthnogb mh Obndn prÿxgld.  Nd tdquh jds odntbotds hjçotrgods mh jb oâlbrb odn jds mhmds. Bsì hvgtbrâ quh jds odntbotds sh odrrdbn. Jb odrrdsgÿn mh jds odntbotds puhmh prdvdobr quh jb oâlbrb mhch mh aunogdnbr odrrhotblhnth.  _g jb oâlbrb sh trbsjbmb rhphntgnblhnth mh un hntdrnd arìd b und objghnth, puhmh prdmuogrsh odnmhnsbogÿn mh beub hn jb oâlbrb y hn hj gnthrgdr mh jb lgslb. Ybrb hvgtbr jb odnmhnsbogÿn, odjdquh jb oâlbrb hn unb `djsb mh pjâstgod odn oghrrh fhrlçtgod y phrlgtb quh sh bmbpth b hsb thlphrbturb lâs oâjgmb bnths mh sbobrjb.  _g sh adrlb odnmhnsbogÿn mh beub hn jb oâlbrb, nd jb utgjgoh. Bsì hvgtbrâ obusbr mbòds hn jb oâlbrb. _g fby odnmhnsbogÿn, hxtrbgeb hj d`chtgvd, jb tbrchtb y jb `bthrìb mh jb oâlbrb; hsphrh b quh sh fbyb hvbpdrbmd tdtbjlhnth bnths mh vdjvhr b utgjgzbrjb.  _g nd vb b utgjgzbr jb oâlbrb murbnth un phrgdmd mh tghlpd prdjdnebmd, hxtrbgeb jb `bthrìb y eubrmh jb oâlbrb hn un juebr arhsod, shod y odn `uhnb vhntgjbogÿn.  Bunquh jb oâlbrb hstç eubrmbmb, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr unbs oubntbs vhohs mh vhz hn oubnmd pbrb odlprd`br quh jb oâlbrb bón aunogdnb.  Hvgth bjlbohnbr jb oâlbrb hn juebrhs mdnmh sh utgjgohn prdmuotds quìlgods odrrdsgvds, odld un oubrtd dsourd d un jb`drbtdrgd.  _g jb oâlbrb nd sh fb utgjgzbmd murbnth un phrgdmd mh tghlpd prdjdnebmd, odlpruh`h sus aunogdnhs bnths mh utgjgzbrjb. _g nd fb utgjgzbmd jb oâlbrb murbnth oghrtd tghlpd d tghnh prhvgstb unb shsgÿn adtderâagob glpdrtbnth, jjçvhjb b un mgstrg`ugmdr mh Obndn pbrb quh jb rhvgshn d odlpruh`h usthm lgsld quh aunogdnb odrrhotblhnth.

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Yrhobuogdnhs mh lbnhcd

Ldngtdr JOM  Bunquh hj ldngtdr l dngtdr JOM hs hstâ tâ ab`rgobmd odn thondjdeìb thondjdeì b mh bjtb prhogsgÿn y lâs mhj 77,77% mh jds pìxhjhs hahotgvds, hn hj 9,92% d lhnds rhstbnths puhmh fb`hr bjeunds vboìds. Jds pìxhjhs vboìds quh bpbrhohn hn nherd, rdcd, hto., nd supdnhn unb bvhrìb. Hstds pìxhjhs nd bahotbn b jbs glâehnhs erb`bmbs.  _g sh mhcb hnohnmgmd hj ldngtdr JOM murbnth un phrgdmd prdjdnebmd mh tghlpd puhmh quh fbyb quhmbmd lbrobmb jb pbntbjjb, sg vh rhstds mh jd j d quh 

sh ldstrbnmd. d`stbnth, nd hstb`b sh utgjgzb jb oâlbrbNd murbnth undshstd mìbs.hs sÿjd thlpdrbj y mhsbpbrhohrâ sg  B `bcbs d bjtbs thlphrbturbs, hs pdsg`jh quh hj ldngtdr JOM pbrhzob pbrhzob jhntd d sh quhmh hn nherd. Qdjvhrâ b jb ndrlbjgmbm b thlphrbturb bl`ghnth.

]brchtbs Ybrb prdthehr jb tbrchtb y sus mbtds erb`bmds, thneb hn ouhntb jd sgeughnth3  Nd mhch obhr jb tbrchtb, nd jb md`jh ng jb ldch. Nd jb sdlhtb b unb auhrzb hxohsgvb, b glpbotds aìsgods ng b vg`rbogdnhs.  Nd tdquh jds odntbotds hjhotrÿngods mh jb tbrchtb odn jds mhmds ng odn nbmb lhtâjgod.  Nd bjlbohnh ng utgjgoh unb tbrchtb ohrob mh mgspdsgtgvds odn un auhrth oblpd lbençtgod, odld un thjhvgsdr, unds bjtbvdohs d un glân. Hvgth tbl`gçn jds juebrhs quh puhmbn thnhr hjhotrgogmbm hstâtgob.  Nd mhch jb tbrchtb hn jb juz mgrhotb mhj sdj ng ohrob mh unb auhnth mh objdr.  Eubrmh jb tbrchtb hn un hstuofh.  Nd bjlbohnh jbs tbrchtbs hn juebrhs odn pdjvd, fólhmds d mhlbsgbmd objurdsds.

D`chtgvd Mhspuçs mh mhsldntbr hj d`chtgvd mh jb oâlbrb, odjdquh jbs tbpbs mhj d`chtgvd d odjÿquhjd odn hj hxtrhld pdsthrgdr fbogb brrg`b pbrb hvgtbr quh sh rbyhn jb suphragogh y jds odntbotds hjçotrgods.

Odntbotds

Yrhobuogdnhs murbnth un usd prdjdnebmd _g utgjgzb jds mgspbrds hn shrgh, hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd d jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd murbnth un phrgdmd prdjdnebmd, hs pdsg`jh quh jb oâlbrb sh objghnth. Bunquh nd shb unb bvhrìb, sg suchtb jb oâlbrb objghnth murbnth luofd tghlpd puhmh suargr quhlbmurbs jhvhs. Bohrob mh jbs lbnofbs quh sh bmfghrhn b jb pbrth ardntbj mhj shnsdr   Bmhlâs mhj pdjvd quh hntrb hn jb oâlbrb mhsmh hj hxthrgdr, h hn n rbrbs dobsgdnhs hj ju`rgobnth mh jbs pghzbs gnthrnbs mh jb oâlbrb puhmh lbnofbr jb pbrth ardntbj mhj shnsdr. _g odntgnóbn bpbrhoghnmd puntds vgsg`jhs hn jb j b glbehn, hs rhodlhnmb`jh quh un ohntrd mh bsgsthnogb bsg sthnogb mh Obndn jglpgh jglpg h hj shnsdr.

7  

Euìb mh gngogbogÿn râpgmb

2

Gnshrth jb `bthrìb. (p. 00) 

Ybrb obrebr jb `bthrìb, odnsujth jb

pâegnb 09.

Gntrdmuzob jb tbrcht tbrchtb. b. (p. 00)

0

?  =

8



Ìnmgoh `jbnod

Ìnmgoh rdcd

Odn jb htgquhtb mh jb tbrchtb drghntbmb fbogb jb pbrth trbshrb mh jb oâlbrb, gnsçrthjb hn jb rbnurb.

(p. 07) Ldnth hj d`chtgvd.  Bjgnhh hj ìnmgoh `jbnod d rdcd mhj d`chtgvd odn hj ìnmgoh mh jb oâlbrb mhj odjdr odrrhspdnmghnth.

_gtóh hj odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd hn :BA>. (p. 07)

_gtóh hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn bjglhntbog ÿn hn :2>. (p. 08) 

Oubnmd sh luhstrh hn hj ldngtdr JOM jb pbntbjjb mh bcusth mh Ahofb/ Fdrb, odnsujth jb pâegnb 05.

29  

Euìb mh gngogbogÿn râpgmb

1

_gtóh hj mgbj mh ldmd hn :2> (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod). (p. =0) ]dmds jds bcusths nhohsbrgds mh jb oâlbrb sh rhbjgzbrân



butdlâtgoblhnth.

5 

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd. (p. ??) Lgrh pdr hj vgsdr y sgtóh hj h j ldtgvd mh ldmd quh quhmh hnoubmrbmd hn hj ohntrd mhj vgsdr. vgsdr. Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm y jb oâlbrb hnadobrâ hj ldtgvd. 



_g hs nhohsbrgd, shhjjhvbntbrâ butdlâtgoblhnth ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd.

6

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. (p. ??)

7

Phvgsh jb glbehn. (←







Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb.

) Jb glbehn obptbmb bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM murbnth bprdxglbmblhnth 0 sheunmds. Ybrb vdjvhr b vgsubjgzbr jb glbehn, prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :x> (p. 59).

Ybrb mgspbrbr lghntrbs d`shrvb hj ldngtdr JOM, odnsujth ‚Mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd“ (p. 88). Ybrb vhr jbs glâehnhs obptbmbs, vhb ‚Phprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs“ (p. 59).

22  

Ndlhnojbturb Mgbj mh ldmd (p. 21) Gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn (p. 08) :M> @dtÿn mh

Ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd/Juz mh byumb bj BA Ìnmgoh mh ldntbch pbrb d`chtgvds HA (p. 07) Ìnmgoh mh ldntbch pbrb d`chtgvds HA-_ (p. 07) Odntbotds mh sgnordngzbogÿn mhj ajbsf Sbpbtb pbrb boohsdrgds

ajbsf :1> Mgbj prgnogpbj

:Q> Lbrob mhj pjbnd adobj (p. 82) Mgspbrbmdr (p. ??)

Ldnturb mh jb odrrhb (p. 27) Lgorÿadnd

Jâlpbrb mh rhm rhmuoo uoogÿn gÿn mh dcds rdcds/ mhj butdmgspbrbmdr

(p. 11)

Hlpuòbmurb ]bpb mh thrlgnbjhs

Hsphcd Odntbotds (p. 7)

@dtÿn mh mhs`jdquhd mhj d`chtgvd (p. ?9)

Ldnturb mhj d`chtgvd Ojbvgcb mh `jdquhd mhj d`chtgvd

]hrlgnbj mh mgspbrbmdr rhldtd ]hrlgnbj mgegtbj

]bpb mhj ouhrpd (p. 07)

]hrlgnbj FMLG lgng DX]

Ybrb jds odntrdjhs mh jb oâlbrb quh nd thnebn nólhrds mh pâegnb mh rhahrhnogb, odnsujth hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (YMA) hn hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb.

20  

Ndlhnojbturb

:D/J> @dtÿn mh b`hrturb/ odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn/ @dtÿn mh `drrbmd Puhmb mh bcusth mgÿptrgod (p. ?0)

:@> @dtÿn mh pbntbjjb  (p. ?6 ?6,86 ,86,15 ,15,59 ,59)) :B/G> @dtÿn mh `jdquhd BH/`jdquhd AH/ ìnmgoh/rhmuoogÿn

Lbrod mhj doujbr  Doujbr mhj vgsdr 

:_/u> @dtÿn mh shjhoogÿn mhj puntd BA/@dtÿn mh blpjgbogÿn

 Bjtbvdz (p. (p. 52 52))

Ldngtdr JOM (p. ?=)

Drgagogd mhj ob`jh mh OO :B> @dtÿn mh mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd/ erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd (p. 81/11) :R/j> @dtÿn mh odntrdj râpgmd/ @dtÿn mh glprhsgÿn mgrhotb (p. 8=) Pdsob mh trìpdmh :L> @dtÿn mh lhnó (p. ?=) :9> @dtÿn mh bcusth (p. ?=) :_> ]hojbs hn oruz (p. ?=) :US> @dtÿn mh bcusth mh jb shnsg`gjgmbm G_D

]bpb mhj odlpbrtglhntd mh jb tbrchtb/`bthrìb (p. 00) Jâlpbrb mh boohsd (p. 0=) Ybjbnob mh jg`hrbogÿn mh jb tbpb mhj odlpbrtglhntd mh jb tbrchtb/`bthrìb (p. 00) :x> @dtÿn mh rhprdmuoogÿn (p. 59)

:V@> @dtÿ @dtÿnn mmhh sshj hjho hoog ogÿn ÿn mh mhjj `bj `bjbbno nohh mmhh ``jb jbno nods ds :Wg/c> @dtÿ @dtÿnn mh shjho shjhoogÿn ogÿn mhj l ldmd dmd mh bbvbno vbnohh Pbnurb mh jb :SH> @dtÿn mmhh sshhjhoogÿn mmhhj l lddmd B BA A tbrchtb (p. 00) Odlpbrtglghntd mh jb `bthrìb (p. 00)

2?  

Ndlhnojbturb

Qgsubjgzbogÿn mh bcusths mh mgspbrd o Yunthrd mhj mgbj prgnogpbj Ldmd mh mgspbrd Gnmgobmdr mhj ngvhj mh hxp hxpdsg dsgogÿ ogÿnn Obntgmbm mh odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn Gnthrvbjd BH@

Hstgjd mh glbehn

Ldmd BA

Qhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn  B`hrturb Julgndsgmbm Butdlâtgob _hnsg`gjgmbm G_D Yrgdrgmbm tdnds bjtbs juohs y Odlphnsbogÿn mh jb

hxpdsgogÿn odn ajbsf 9 Odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn odn ajbsf hxthrnd

V

Jhvbntbr hj ajbsf

 BA adtd b adtd

gnodrpdrbmd Objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs  5? Erbnmh/Agnb  6? Erbnmh/Ndrlbj  5= Lhmgbnb/Agnb  6= Lhmgbnb/Ndrlbj  5b Yhquhòb 2/Agnb Yhquhòb 2/Ndrlbj  6b  ` Yhquhòb 0 (Agnb)  o Yhquhòb ? (Agnb)  2 PBU  2+5? PBU+Erbnmh/Agnb

7

 BA BG Adod

S

 BA BG _hrvd e

Hnadquh lbnubj Godnd mh jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd (p. 8=)

@bjbnoh mh `jbnods R Butd U Juz mìb H _dl`rb P Nu`jbmd W ]unesthnd X Juz ajudrhsohnth `jbnob G Ajbsf D Yhrsdnbjgzbmd Odlprd`bogÿn mhj ngvhj mh obreb mh jb `bthrìb (p. 01) zxon

Nólhrd mh mgspbrds pdsg`jhs Nólhrd mh mgspbrds pdsg`jhs murbnth hj bfdrqugjjbmd mhj `bjbnoh mh `jbnods

Ouhntb btrâs mhj butdmgspbrbmd butdmgspbrbmdr  r  0 Odrrhoogÿn mhj `bjbnoh mh `jbnods @ Bfdrqugjjbmd mhj `bjbnoh mh `jbnods

Ldmd mh lhmgogÿn q Lhmgogÿn hvbjubtgvb

Ldmd mh bvbnoh u Mgspbrd óngod g Mgspbrds hn shrgh c  Butdmgspbrb  Butdmgspbrbmdr3 mdr3 29 she. j  Butdmgspbrbm  Butdmgspbrbmdr3 dr3 0 she. q  Butdmgspbrbm  Butdmgspbrbmdr3 dr3 Hn shrgh

w Lhmgogÿn pbrogbj h Lhmgogÿn prdlhmgbmb odn

prhpdnmhrbnogb ohntrbj Hstbmd mh trbnslgsgÿn Hyh-Ag (_h luhstrb sg sh utgjgzb ut gjgzb unb tbrchtb Hyh-Ag.)

Jb pbntbjjb sÿjd ldstrbrâ jds bcusths bpjgobmds botubjlhnth.

2=  

Ndlhnojbturb

Gnadrlbogÿn mhj vgsdr  Gnmgobmdr mh botgvbogÿn mh puntd BA : > Ybntbjjb mh hnadquh

Yuntds BA

:S> _hnsg`gjgmbm G_D :0> Odrrhoogÿn mhj `bjbnoh mh `jbnods :B> @jdquhd BH/  BH@ hn oursd :M> Bvgsd Ajbsf jgstd mh `jdquhd `jdquhd AH gnodrrhotd :h> _gnordngzbogÿn mh bjtb vhjdogmbm (ajbsf AY) :m> @jdquhd AH/  Bfdrqugjjbmd mh jb hxpdsgogÿn ajbsf hn

:d> Juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh Pâabeb lâxglb :9> Mgspbrd ldndordld

_hnsg`gjgmbm G_D :B> Yrgdrgmbm tdnds bjtbs juohs

Gnmgobmdr mhj ngvhj mh hxpdsgogÿn   Obntgmbm mh odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hx hxpdsgogÿn pdsgogÿn   Gnthrvbjd BH@

oursd :y> Odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn odn ajbsf

Gnmgobmdr rhmuoogÿnmh mhhnohnmgmd dcds rdcds mh jb jâlpbrb mh  B`hrturb

Qhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn @jdquhd AH (AHJ) Doupbmd (`u_W) Phobreb mhj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd  gnodrpdrbmd (M `u_W)

 Bvgsd mh tbrchtb jjhnb jjhnb (AuJJ)  Bvgsd mh hrrdr mh tbrchtb tbrchtb (Obrm)  Bvgsd mh tbrchtb bushnth bushnth (Obrm)

Jb pbntbjjb sÿjd ldstrbrâ jds bcusths bpjgobmds botubjlhnth.

28  

Ndlhnojbturb

Mgbj mh ldmd Hj mgbjorhbtgvb mh ldmd gnojuyh mh jb `âsgob, jds ldmds mh jb zdnb y hj ldmdjds mh ldmds erb`bogÿn mhzdnb vìmhd.

Sdnb orhbtgvb (← ) Hstds ldmds darhohn lâs odntrdj pbrb adtderbagbr mgvhrsds ldtgvds. 3 BH prderblbmb s 3 BH odn prgdrgmbm b jb m

vhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn a 3 BH odn prgdrgmbm b jb b`hrturb b 3 Hxpdsgogÿn lbnubj 63BH odn prdaunmgmbm mh oblpd butdlâtgob

Sdnb `âsgob _ÿjd hs nhohsbrgd prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr. Jb oâlbrb hstb`jhoh tdmds jds bcusths bmhoubmds pbrb hj

ldtgvd. 23 ]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod (p. =0) 53 Ajbsf mhsodnhotbmd (p. =8) O3 Butdlâtgod orhbtgvd (p. =1)

k3 Erb`bogÿn mh

vìmhd (p. 18)

Sdnb mh glbehn 0 3 Phtrbtds (p. =7) ?3 Ybgsbchs (p. 89) = 3 Yrglhrds pjbnds (p. 82) 83 Mhpdrths (p. 80) 1 3 Phtrbtds ndoturnds (p. 8?)

21  

Ndlhnojbturb

D`chtgvd D`chtgvd sgn hsobjb mh mgstbnogb  Bngjjd mh hnadquh (p. 1=) 1=) Ldnturb mhj pbrbsdj

Odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh hnadquh (p. 07)  Bngjjd mh zddl (p. ?9) Ìnmgoh mh pdsgogÿn mhj zddl (p. ?9)

Pdsob mh agjtrd (pbrth ardntbj mhj d`chtgvd)

Odnlutbmdr mhj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn (p. ?2)

Ìnmgoh mh ldntbch mhj d`chtgvd (p. 07)

Odntbotds (p. 7)

25  

Ndlhnojbturb

Obrebmdr mh `bthrìb JO-H29 Obrebmdr pbrb `bthrìb JY-H29 (p. 09). Ojbvgcb mh bjglhntbogÿn Jâlpbrb mh obreb Jâlpbrb mh obreb odlpjhtb Pbnurb mh jb `bthrìb

Obrebmdr mh `bthrìb JO-H29H Obrebmdr pbrb `bthrìb JY-H29 (p. 09). Pbnurb mh jb `bthrìb

Ob`jh mh Jâlpbrb mh obreb odlpjhtb

Jâlpbrb mh obreb

bjglhntbogÿn

]dlb mhj ob`jh mh bjglhntbogÿn

26  

2 Ybrb hlphzbr 

Hn hsth obpìtujd sh hxpjgobn jds pbsds prhpbrbtdrgds prhpbrbtdrgds bnths mh hlphzbr b mgspbrbr m gspbrbr,, bsì odld jbs dphrbogdnhs `âsgobs mh jb oâlbrb. Odjdobogÿn mh jb odrrhb Ybsh hj hxtrhld mh jb odrrhb b trbvçs mhj dcbj mh jb ldnturb mh jb oâlbrb, mhsmh b`bcd. _heugmblhnth, pâshjd b trbvçs mh jb fh`gjjb mh jb odrrhb, odld sh luhstrb hn jb gjustrbogÿn. ]grh mh jb odrrhb pbrb quh quhmh thnsb y bsheórhsh mh quh nd sh bajdcb hn jb fh`gjjb.  Jb tbpb mhj doujbr tbl`gçn hstâ suchtb b jb odrrhb (← ).

]bpb mhj doujbr 

27  

Obreb mh jb `bthrìbPhtgrh jb tbpb prdthotdrb. 2 Rugth jb tbpb prdthotdrb quh sh 

prdpdrogdnb odn jb `bthrìb.

0

Ldnth jb `bthrìb. 

Ldnth jb `bthrìb agrlhlhnth hn hj obrebmdr, odld sh luhstrb hn jb gjustrbogÿn.



JO-H29

?

Ybrb rhtgrbr jb `bthrìb, sgeb hj prdohmglghntd bnthrgdr hn drmhn gnvhrsd.

Phobreuh jb `bthrìb. Ybrb hj JO-H29 

]bj odld gnmgob jb ajhofb, sbqu sbquh h jbs pbtgjjbs mhj obrebmdr mh `bthrìb h gnsçrthjbs hn jb tdlb mh hjhotrgogmbm.

Ybrb hj JO-H29H JO-H29H











Odnhoth hj ob`jh mh bjglhntbogÿn bj obrebmdr h gnshrth jb ojbvgcb hn jb tdlb mh hjhotrgogmbm. Jb rhobreb sh gngogb butdlâtgoblhnth y jb jâlpbrb mh obreb sh gjulgnb hn nbrbncb. Oubnmd jb `bthrìb hstâ odlpjhtblhnth rhobrebmb, jb jâlpbrb mh obreb odlpjhtb sh gjulgnb hn vhrmh.

Jb rhobreb mh unb `bthrìb odlpjhtblhnth bedtbmb tbrmb tbrmb bprdx. 0 fdrbs b 0?¹O / 5?¹A 5?¹A.. Hj tghlpd nhohsbrgd pbrb pbrb rhobrebr jb `bthrìb `bthrìb mhphnmh mh jb thlphrbturb bl`ghnth y mh su ngvhj mh obreb.

Ydr ldtgvds mh sheurgmbm, jb rhobreb b `bcbs thlphrbturbs (1¹O 29¹O / =?¹A - 89¹A) tbrmbrâ lâs tghlpd (fbstb = fdrbs).

09  

Obreb mh jb `bthrìb

_uehrhnogbs pbrb usbr jb `bthrìb y hj obrebmdr  



]rbs jb odlprb, jb `bthrìb nd hstâ obrebmb pdr odlpjhtd. Phobreuh jb `bthrìb bnths mh utgjgzbrjb. Phobreuh jb `bthrìb hj mìb bnths d hj lgsld mìb hn hj quh vbyb b utgjgzbrjb.

Gnojusd lghntrbs hstç eubrmbmb, unb `bthrìb obrebmb sh mhsobrebrâ erbmubjlhnth y phrmhrâ su hnhreìb. 







Xnb vhz quh sh fbyb rhobrebmd jb `bthrìb, mhslÿnthjb y mhshnofuah hj obrebmdr. obrebmdr. Oubnmd nd utgjgoh jb oâlbrb, rhtgrh jb `bthrìb. _g sh mhcb jb `bthrìb hn jb oâlbrb murbnth m urbnth un phrgdmd prdjdnebmd mh tghlpd, sh jg`hrb unb phquhòb obntgmbm mh odrrghnth quh mhsobreb jb `bthrìb hn hxohsd y bodrtb su murbogÿn. Odnshrvh jb `bthrìb odn jb tbpb prdthotdrb (sulgngstrbmb) puhstb. Bjlbohnbr jb `bthrìb odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb puhmh rhmuogr su rhnmglghntd. Hj obrebmdr mh `bthrìb puhmh utgjgzbrsh tbl`gçn hn dtrds pbìshs. Hj obrebmdr mh `bthrìb hs odlpbtg`jh odn unb auhnth mh bjglhntbogÿn mh 299 Q OB b 0=9 Q OB 89/19 Fz. _g hs nhohsbrgd, ldnth un bmbptbmdr mh ojbvgcb odlhrogbj pbrb hsh pbìs d hsb rhegÿn odrrhspdnmghnth. Nd odnhoth ngneón trbnsadrlbmdr mh thnsgÿn pdrtâtgj bj obrebmdr mh `bthrìb. _g jd fboh puhmh mbòbr hj obrebmdr mh `bthrìb. _g jb `bthrìb sh bedtb râpgmblhnth, gnojusd trbs obrebrjb pdr odlpjhtd, fb bjobnzbmd hj agnbj mh su vgmb ótgj.  Bmqughrb unb nuhvb `bthrìb. 

 

Mhspuçs mh mhsodnhotbr jb ojbvgcb ojbvgc b mh bjglhntbogÿn mhj obrebmdr, nd tdquh hj hnofuah murbnth, bj lhnds, ? she. Nd obreuh ngneunb `bthrìb mgahrhnth mh jb `bthrìb JY-H29. Jb `bthrìb JY-H29 sdjblhnth puhmh usbrsh odn gnodlpbtg`jh, prdmuotds Obndn. _g jb utgjgzb odn un obrebmdr mh `bthrìb d un prdmuotd puhmh prdvdobr bvhrìbs d boogmhnths mh jds quh Obndn nd sh fboh rhspdnsb`jh.

02  

Gnshrogÿn y hxtrboogÿn mh jb `bthrìb y jb tbrchtb Obreuh hn jb oâlbrb unb `bthrìb JY-H29 odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb. Jb tbrchtb (quh sh vhnmh pdr shpbrbmd) puhmh shr unb tbrchtb mh lhldrgb _M, _MFO d _MVO. Jbs glâehnhs obptbmbs sh erb`bn hn jb tbrchtb. Bsheórhsh mh quh hj odnlutbmdr mh prdthoogÿn odntrb

hsorgturb mh jb obrphtb hstç fbogb brrg`b pbrb phrlgtgr jb hsorgturb y hj `drrbmd.

Gnshrogÿn mh jb `bthrìb/tbrchtb B`rb jb tbpb.

2



0

Gnshrth jb `bthrìb.  Gnshrth hj hxtrhld odn jds odntbotds 

Odnlutbmdr mh prdthoogÿn odntrb hsorgturb

?

mh jb `bthrìb. Gnshrth jb `bthrìb fbstb quh quhmh hnobcbmb hn su sgtgd.

Gnshrth jb tbrchtb. 



 =

Mhsjgoh jb pbjbnob odld gnmgobn jbs ajhofbs y b`rb jb tbpb.

Odld sh luhstrb hn jb gjustrbogÿn, drghnth hj jbmd mh jb htgquhtb mh jb tbrchtb fbogb jb pbrth trbshrb mh jb tbrchtb oâlbrb. Gntrdmuzob odlpjhtblhnth jb tbrchtb.

Oghrrh jb tbpb. 



Yrhsgdnh jb tbpb pbrb ohrrbrjb fbstb quh hnobch hn su juebr. Oubnmd sgtóh hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn hn :2>, sh ldstrbrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds m gspbrds pdsg`jhs (p. 01).

00  

Gnshrogÿn y hxtrboogÿn mh jb `bthrìb y jb tbrchtb

Xnb vhz b`ghrtb jb tbpb mhj odlpbrtglghntd mh jb tbrchtb/`bthrìb, thneb ougmbmd mh nd hlpucbrjb lâs fbogb btrâs. _g jd fboh, jb `gsberb pdmrìb rdlphrsh. 



Hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds pdsg`jhs mhphnmh mh jb obpbogmbm quh jh quhmh b jb tbrchtb, mh jb objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs, mh jb shnsg`gjgmbm G_D, hto. _g bcustb [2 Mgspbrbr sgn tbrchtb\ hn [Mhsbotgvbr \ hvgtbrâ djvgmbrsh mh gnshrtbr unb tbrchtb (← ).

Hxtrboogÿn mh jb `bthrìb/tbrchtb hj gnthrruptdr mh 2 _gtóh bjglhntbogÿn bjglhntbo gÿn hn :0>. (p. 08)

0

B`rb jb tbpb.  Odlpruh`h quh jb jâlpbrb jâlpbrb mh boohsd hstâ bpbebmb y b`rb jb tbpb. 

?

 =

Phtgrh jb `bthrìb. 

Yrhsgdnh jb pbjbnob mh jg`hrbogÿn mh jb `bthrìb, odld gnmgob jb ajhofb, y hxtrbgeb jb `bthrìb.



Ybrb hvgtbr odrtdogrougtds odrtdogrougt ds mh jds odntbotds mh jb `bthrìb, nd djvgmh odjdobr jb tbpb prdthotdrb (sulgngstrbmb, p. 09) hn jb `bthrìb.

Hxtrbgeb jb tbrchtb. 



8

_g sh luhstrb ‚Erb`bnmd...“, oghrrh jb tbpb.

Hlpuch subvhlhnth jb tbrchtb y juhed suçjthjb. Jb tbrchtb sh hxpujsbrâ. ]grh mgrhotblhnth fbogb auhrb mh jb tbrchtb.

Oghrrh jb tbpb. 

Yrhsgdnh jb tbpb pbrb ohrrbrjb fbstb quh hnobch hn su juebr.

0?  

Gnshrogÿn y hxtrboogÿn mh jb `bthrìb y jb tbrchtb









Oubnmd jb jâlpbrb mh boohsd hstâ gjulgnbmb d pbrpbmhbnmd, gnmgob quh jb tbrchtb hstâ hsorg`ghnmd d jhyhnmd glâehnhs, quh sh hstâ `drrbnmd glâehnhs d quh sh hstâ trbnsagrghnmd mbtds. Oubnmd jb jâlpbrb mh boohsd hstç gjulgnbmb d pbrpbmhbnmd, nd b`rb jb tbpb mhj odlpbrtglhntd mh jb tbrchtb/`bthrìb ng fbeb nunob nbmb mh jd sgeughnth. Mh jd odntrbrgd, hs pdsg`jh quh jds mbtds mh glbehn sh mhstruybn, d quh sh mbòh jb tbrchtb d jb oâlbrb.

• Hxtrbhr jb tbrchtb. • Hxtrbhr jb `bthrìb. • Begtbr d edjphbr jb oâlbrb. _g jb tbrchtb yb odntghnh glâehnhs erb`bmbs, hs pdsg`jh quh hj nólhrd mh glbehn nd sh gngogh mhsmh 9992 (← ). Nd tdquh jds odntbotds mh jb tbrchtb odn jds mhmds ng odn d`chtds lhtâjgods. _g sh luhstrb un hrrdr rhjbtgvd b jb tbrchtb hn hj ldngtdr JOM, rhtgrh h gnshrth mh nuhvd jb tbrchtb. _g hj hrrdr phrsgsth, utgjgoh unb tbrchtb mgahrhnth. _g puhmh trbnsahrgr tdmbs jbs glâehnhs mh jb tbrchtb b un drmhnbmdr,, trbnsaghrb tdmbs jbs glâehnhs drmhnbmdr gl âehnhs y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, odntg nubogÿn, adrlbthh jb tbrchtb odn jb oâlbrb (p. ?1). Mhspuçs puhmh quh jb tbrchtb vuhjvb b jb ndrlbjgmbm.

0=  

Hnohnmgmd mh jb bjglhntbogÿn _g bpbrhoh jb pbntbjjb pbntbjjb mh odnageurbogÿn mh ahofb/fdrb bj hnohnmhr hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn, odnsujth jb pâegnb 05 pbrb bcustbr jb ahofb y jb fdrb. 2>> 33 J :0 b oâl oâ lbrb brb hh bp hnpbe og ogh hbnmyhnd . : Jb Jb oâl oâlbr b sssh bhn beb aunogdnb. Bcusth hj gnthrruptdr hn hstb pdsgogÿn oubnmd nd utgjgoh jb oâlbrb.

? Bohrob mh jb mhsodnhxgÿn butdlâtgob 



Ybrb bfdrrbr hnhreìb mh jb `bthrìb, jb oâlbrb sh bpbeb butdlâtgoblhnth mhspuçs mh bprdxglbmblhnth ?9 sheunmds mh gnbotgvgmbm. Ybrb hnohnmhr mh nuhvd jb oâlbrb, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm (p. ??). Yuhmh obl`gbr hj tghlpd mh bpbebmd butdlâtgod odn hj bcusth [8  Mhsodn. butd\ (← ).

_g sgtób hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn bjg lhntbogÿn hn :0> lghntrbs sh hstâ erb`bnmd unb glbehn hn jb tbrchtb, sh ldstrbrâ [Erb`bnmd...\ y sh bpbebrâ jb bjglhntbogÿn unb vhz quh jb tbrchtb thrlgnh mh erb`br jb glbehn.

08  

Hnohnmgmd mh jb bjglhntbogÿn

zOdlprd`bogÿn mhj ngvhj mh obreb mh jb `bthrìb Oubnmd hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn hstâ sgtubmd hn :2>, sh gnmgob hj ngvhj mh jb `bthrìb hn oubtrd ngvhjhs3 z 3 Hj ngvhj mh jb `bthrìb hs odrrhotd. x 3 Hj ngvhj mh jb `bthrìb hs gnahrgdr b jb lgtbm. o 3 Jb `bthrìb sh bedtbrâ prdntd.

(pbrpbmhb) n 3 Jb `bthrìb sh mh`h rhobrebr.

Murbogÿn mh jb `bthrìb ]hlphrbturb B 0?¹O / 5?¹A _gn ajbsf Bprdx. 699 mgspbrds Xsd mhj ajbs bsf f bj 89% Bprdx dx.. 5 59 99 m mgs gsp pbrds 

B 9¹O / ?0¹A Bprdx. 589 mgspbrds Bprdx. 189 189 mgsp spbr brds ds

Jbs ogarbs bnthrgdrhs sdn vâjgmbs sg sh utgjgzb unb `bthrìb JY-H29 odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb y nd sh mgspbrb odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, y sh `bsbn hn jds orgthrgds mh pruh`b mh jb OGYB (Oblhrb & Glbegne Yrdmuots Bssdogbtgdn).



Hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds pdsg`jhs sh rhmuogrâ odn oubjqughrb mh jbs dphrbogdnhs sgeughnths3 • Yrhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm l gtbm murbnth un phrìdmd prdjdnebmd. • Botgvbr odn arhouhnogb hj BA sgn tdlbr unb adtderbaìb.





• Xsbr odn arhouhnogb hj ldngtdr JOM. • Xsbr hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn mhj d`chtgvd. Hj d`chtgvd sh bjglhntb mh jb hnhreìb mh jb `bthrìb mh jb oâlbrb. _heón hj d`chtgvd utgjgzbmd, hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds pdsg`jhs puhmh shr gnahrgdr. Ybrb vhr hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds pdsg`jhs oubnmd sh usb hj mg mgspbrd spbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, odnsujth jb pâegnb 85.

01  

? Bcusth mh jb ahofb y jb fdrb Oubnmd hnoghnmb jb bjglhntbogÿn pdr prglhrb vhz, d sg sh fb rhgngogbmd jb ahofb y jb fdrb, bpbrhohrâ jb pbntbjjb mh bcusth mh Ahofb/Fdrb. _geb jds pbsds ? y = pbrb bcustbr jb ahofb y jb fdrb. ]hneb hn ouhntb quh jb ahofb y fdrb quh sh bòbmbn b jbs glâehnhs erb`bmbs sh `bsbrân hn hsth bcusth mh ahofb/fdrb. Nd djvgmh bcustbr jb ahofb y jb fdrb odrrhotbs. odrrhotbs.

2

Luhstrh jb pbntbjjb mh lhnó. 

0

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :L> pbrb ldstrbr jb pbntbjjb mh lhnó.

@bcd jb agofb [1\, shjhoogdnh [Ahofb/Fdrb\. 



Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbr jb agofb [1\. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb shjhoogdnbr [Ahofb/Fdrb\ y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>.

Bcusth jb ahofb y jb fdrb.

?



 

Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj nólhrd mh jb ahofb d jb fdrb. Yrhsgdnh :9> pbrb ldstrbr :b>. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb bcustbr hj nólhrd y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>. (Quhjvh b `.)

_bjeb mhj bcusth.

 = 



Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbr [DK\ y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh : 9>.

_h bcustbrâ jb ahofb y jb fdrb.

_g eubrmb jb oâlbrb sgn jb `bthrìb, d sg jb `bthrìb mh jb oâlbrb sh bedtb, hs pdsg`jh quh sh rhgngogh jb ahofb y jb fdrb. _g dourrh bsì, bcusth mh nuhvd jb ahofb y jb fdrb. Jb ahofb y fdrb sh gngogbrân hn hj ldlhntd hn quh prhsgdnh : 9> hn hj pbsd =.

05  

? _hjhoogÿn mhj gmgdlb mh jb gnthrabz

2

Luhstrh jb pbntbjjb mh lhnó. 

0

@bcd jb agofb [1\, shjhoogdnh [GmgdlbK\. 



?

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :L> pbrb ldstrbr jb pbntbjjb mh lhnó.

Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbr jb agofb [1\. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q >\pbrb shjhoogdnbr [Gmgdlb K (hj oubrtd hjhlhntd mhsmh brrg`b) br rg`b) yy,, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>.

Bcusth hj gmgdlb mhshbmd. 

Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :_> pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj gmgdlb yy,, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>.



Hj gmgdlb mh jb gnthrabz obl`gbrâ.

06  

Ldntbch y mhsldntbch mh un d`chtgvd Ldntbch mh un d`chtgvd

2

Rugth jbs tbpbs. 

nmgoh `jbnod

Rugth jb tbpb pdsthrgdr mhj d`chtgvd y jb tbpb mhj ouhrpd egrânmdjbs mh jb adrlb quh gnmgobn jbs ajhofbs.

0

Ldnth hj d`chtgvd.

?

Hn hj d`chtgvd, bcusth hj odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh



 Bjgnhh hj ìnmgoh rdcd d `jbnod mhj d`chtgvd odn hj ìnmgoh mh jb oâlbrb mhj lgsld odjdr. Egrh hj d`chtgvd odld luhstrb jb ajhofb fbstb quh hnobch hn su juebr juebr..

Ìnmgoh rdcd

hnadquh b jb pdsgogÿn :BA> (hnadquh butdlâtgod).



 =

_g sh bcustb hn :LA> (hnadquh lbnubj), hj hnadquh butdlâtgod nd aunogdnbrâ.

Rugth jb tbpb mh jb pbrth ardntbj mhj d`chtgvd.

Lgnglgzbmd mhj pdjvd  Oubnmd obl`gh mh d`chtgvd, fâebjd hn un juebr odn hj lìngld pdjvd pdsg`jh.  Oubnmd eubrmh jb oâlbrb sgn un d`chtgvd ldntbmd, nd djvgmh odjdobr jb tbpb mhj ouhrpd hn jb oâlbrb.  Rugth hj pdjvd mh jb tbpb mhj ouhrpd bnths mh odjdobrjb.

07  

Ldntbch y mhsldntbch mh un d`chtgvd

Bohrob mhj zddl Ybrb usbr hj zddl, egrh odn jds mhmds hj bngjjd mh zddl mhj d`chtgvd. _g mhshb utgjgzbr hj zddl, fâebjd bnths mh hnadobr. _g egrb hj bngjjd mh zddl mhspuçs mh fb`hr hnadobmd, hs pdsg`jh quh pghrmb jgehrblhnth hj hnadquh.

Mhsldntbch mhj d`chtgvd Lbnthneb prhsgdnbmd hj `dtÿn mh mhs`jdquhd mhj d`chtgvd y egrh hj d`chtgvd odld gnmgobn jbs ajhofbs. 

Egrh hj d`chtgvd fbstb quh sh mhthneb







y mhslÿnthjd. Odjdquh jb tbpb pdsthrgdr mhj d`chtgvd hn hj d`chtgvd mhsldntbmd.

Nd lgrh bj sdj mgrhotblhnth b trbvçs mh ngneón d`chtgvd. _G jd fboh bsì puhmh prdvdobrsh unb pçrmgmb mh vgsgÿn. _g jb pbrth mhjbnthrb (hj bngjjd mh hnadquh) mhj d`chtgvd egrb murbnth hj hnadquh butdlâtgod, nd tdquh jb pbrth quh egrb.

Abotdr mh odnvhrsgÿn mh glbehn

]blbòd mhj shnsdr mh glbehn (Bprdx.)

Mbmd quh hj tblbòd mhj shnsdr mh glbehn hs lhndr quh hn hj adrlbtd mh phjìoujb mh ?8 ll, jb jdnegtum adobj bpbrhnth bulhntbrâ bprdxglbmblhnth

(00,9 x 2=,5ll / 9,65 x 9,86 puje.)

]blbòd mh glbehn mh ?8 ll (?1 x 0= ll / 2,=0 x 9,7= puje.)

2,1 vhohs.

?9  

Bohrob mhj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn mhj d`chtgvd Oubnmd utgjgoh hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn gntherbmd hn un d`chtgvd G_, jbs trhpgmbogdnhs sh odrrhegrân pbrb d`thnhr glâehnhs lâs nìtgmbs. Hj prdohmglghntd quh sh hxpjgob bquì sh `bsb, odld hchlpjd, hn hj d`chtgvd HA-_26-88 ll a/?,8-8,1 G_ GG. * G_ sgengagob ‚Glbeh _tb`gjgzhr“ (hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn).

2

_gtóh hj odnlutbmdr G_ hn :2>. 

0

_gtóh tbl`gçn hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn mh jb oâlbrb hn : 2>.

Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm.



Hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn hntrbrâ hn aunogdnblghntd.

]dlh jb adtderbaìb.

?







Oubnmd jb glbehn pbrhzob hstb`jh hn hj vgsdr, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr pdr odlpjhtd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb.

Hs pdsg`jh quh hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn nd thneb hahotd sg hj ldtgvd sh luhvh hn hj ldlhntd mh jb hxpdsgogÿn. Hs pdsg`jh quh hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn nd shb hagobz oubnmd jb trhpgmbogÿn shb hxohsgvb, pdr hchlpjd hn un `brod quh dsogjb.

Hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn puhmh aunogdnbr odn hj odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh hnadquh bcustbmd hn :a> d :e>.  _g jb oâlbrb hstâ ldntbmb hn un trìpdmh, puhmh bfdrrbr hnhreìb mh jb `bthrìb sgtubnmd hj odnlutbmdr G_ hn :0>.  Hj hstb`gjgzbmdr mh glbehn hs hahotgvd gnojusd oubnmd jb oâlbrb hstâ ldntbmb hn un ldndpgç.   Bjeunds d`chtgvds G_ phrlgthn odnlutbr lbnubjlhnth hj ldmd G_ pbrb bcustbrjd b jbs odnmgogdnhs adtderâagobs. _gn hl`bred, hj d`chtgvd HA_26-88ll a/?,8-8,1 G_ GG odnlutb hj ldmd G_ butdlâtgoblhnth. 

?2  

Aunogdnblghntd `âsgod

Bcusth mh jb ojbrgmbm mhj vgsdr  Egrh jb ruhmb mh bcusth mgÿptrgod. 

Egrh jb ruhmb b jb mhrhofb d jb gzqughrmb fbstb quh jds nuhvh puntds  BA mhj vgsdr bpbrhzobn nìtgmblhnth.

_g trbs hj bcusth mgÿptrgod mh jb oâlbrb bón nd odnsgeuh vhr nìtgmblhnth b trbvçs mhj vgsdr, hs rhodlhnmb`jh quh utgjgoh d`chtgvds mh bcusth mgÿptrgod mg ÿptrgod mh jb shrgh H (29 tgpds, sh vhnmhn pdr shpbrbmd).

_uchogÿn mh jb oâlbrb Ybrb d`thnhr glâehnhs nìtgmbs, suchth agrlhlhnth jb oâlbrb pbrb lgnglgzbr jbs trhpgmbogdnhs.

Odn jb oâlbrb hn fdrgzdntbj

Odn jb oâlbrb hn vhrtgobj

2. _uchth agrlhlhnth odn jb lbnd mhrhofb jb hlpuòbmurb mh jb oâlbrb. 0. _uchth hj d`chtgvd mhsmh b`bcd odn jb lbnd gzqughrmb. ?. Yrhsgdnh jgehrblhnth hj mgspbrbmdr odn hj mhmd ìnmgoh mh jb lbnd mhrhofb. =. Bp  Bprgh rghth th jds `r `rbz bzds ds y jds jds oodm dmds ds jge jgehrb hrbl lhn hnth th od odnt ntrb rb jb pb pbrth rth mh mhjbn jbnthr thrbb mh mhjj oouh uhrpd rpd.. 8. Ybrb lbnthnhr unb pdsturb hstb`jh, pdneb un pgh mhjbnth mhj dtrd. 1. Boçrquhsh jb oâlbrb b jb obrb y lgrh b trbvçs mhj vgsdr. Ybrb mgspbrbr lghntrbs d`shrvb hj ldngtdr JOM, odnsujth jb pâegnb 88.

?0  

Aunogdnblghntd `âsgod

Mgspbrbmdr  Hj mgspbrbmdr tghnh mds pdsgogdnhs. Yuhmh prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm. B odntgnubogÿn, puhmh prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd.

Yrhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm Mh hsth ldmd sh botgvb hj hnadquh

butdlâtgod y hj sgsthlb butdlâtgod mh hxpdsgogÿn, quh bcustb jb vhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn y jb b`hrturb. Hn hj vgsdr bpbrhoh hj bcusth mh jb hxpdsgogÿn (vhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn y b`hrturb) (9). Lghntrbs prhsgdnb hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm, hj ldngtdr JOM sh bpbebrâ.

Yrhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd Hstb boogÿn mgspbrb hj d`turbmdr y tdlb jb adtderbaìb.

Yrhvhnogÿn mh trhpgmbogdnhs Hj ldvglghntd mh jb oâlbrb oubnmd sh sdstghnh b lbnd murbnth hj ldlhntd mh jb hxpdsgogÿn sh mhndlgnb trhpgmbogÿn. Yuhmh obusbr glâehnhs `drrdsbs. Ybrb hvgtbr trhpgmbogdnhs, thneb hn ouhntb jd sgeughnth3 • _uchth y hst hstb`gjgoh b`gjgoh jb oâlbrb odld sh luhstrb hn hn jb pâegnb bnthrgdr. bnthrgdr. • Yrhsgdnh hj mgsp mgspbrbmdr brbmdr fbstb fbstb jb lgtbm lgtbm pbrb pbrb hnadobr butdlâtgoblhnth butdlâtgoblhnth y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh jhntblhnth hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj aadnmd. dnmd. 



_g prhsgdnb hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd sgn bnths prhsgdnbrjd fbstb jb lgtbm, d sg jd prhsgdnb fbstb jb lgtbm h gnlhmgbtblhnth mhspuçs jd prhsgdnb b adnmd, pbsbrâ bjeón tghlpd bnths mh quh jb oâlbrb tdlh jb adtderbaìb.

Yuhmh vdjvhr bj ldmd jgstd pbrb mgspbrd gnstbntânhblhnth prhsgdnbnmd hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm, gnojusd lghntrbs sh luhstrb hj lhnó, d sh rhprdmuoh d sh erb`b glâehnhs.

??  

? Dphrbogdnhs mh lhnó Odn jds lhnós, puhmh hstb`jhohr mgvhrsbs aunogdnhs tbjhs odld jb objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs, jb ahofb y fdrb, hto. Lghntrbs d`shrvb hj ldngtdr JOM, utgjgoh hj `dtÿn :L>, jbs thojbs hn oruz :_> y hj `dtÿn :9> mh jb pbrth pdsthrgdr mh jb oâlbrb pbrb nbvhebr jds lhnós.

@dtÿn :9> :_> ]hojbs hn oruz

Ldngtdr JOM

@dtÿn :L>

Ybntbjjb mh lhnó Hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob, mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd, y mh jb zdnb orhbtgvb, jbs agofbs y dpogdnhs mh lhnó quh sh luhstrbn shrân mgahrhnths.

Ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob

Ldmds mh jb zdnb orhbtgvb ? Phprdmuoogÿn

Ldmd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd

8 Odnageurbogÿn

2 Mgspbrd

7 Lg lhnó

Agofb

Hjhlhntds mh lhnó

 Bcusths mh lhnó

?=  

? Dphrbogdnhs mh lhnó

Yrdohmglghntd mh bcusth mh jds lhnós

2

Luhstrh jb pbntbjjb mh lhnó. 

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :L> pbrb ldstrbr jb pbntbjjb mh lhnó.

0

_hjhoogdnh unb agofb.

?

_hjhoogdnh hj hjhlhntd quh mhshh.





Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbr unb agofb mh lhnó.

Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj hjhlhntd yy,, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>.

hj bcusth.  = _hjhoogdnh Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> d :X> 

pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj bcusth quh mhshh. (Bjeunds bcusths rhqughrhn quh sh prhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> d :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbrjds.) 

8

Hstb`jhzob Hstb`jh zob hj bcusth mhshbmd. 

1



Yrhsgdnh :9> pbrb hstb`jhohrjd.

_bjeb mhj bcusth. 



Hj bcusth botubj sh gnmgob hn bzuj.

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :L> pbrb vdjvhr b jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh jds bcusths mh mgspbrd.

Hn hj pbsd 0, tbl`gçn puhmh egrbr hj mgbj :1> pbrb shjhoogdnbr unb agofb mh lhnó. Jbs hxpjgobogdnhs mh jbs aunogdnhs mh lhnó odnthngmbs hn hsth lbnubj bsulhn quh fb prhsgdnbmd hj `dtÿn :L> pbrb vgsubjgzbr jb pbntbjjb mhj lhnó.

?8  

? Adrlbthbmd mh jb tbrchtb _g jb tbrchtb hs nuhvb d auh adrlbthbmb prhvgblhnth pdr dtrb oâlbrb u drmhnbmdr, adrlbthh jb tbrchtb odn jb oâlbrb. Oubnmd sh adrlbthb jb tbrchtb, tdmbs jbs glâehnhs y jds mbtds mh jb tbrchtb sh `drrbn. _h `drrbrân gnojusd jbs glâehnhs prdthegmbs, bsì quh mh`h bsheurbrsh mh quh nd fbyb nbmb quh mhshh odnshrvbr. _g hs nhohsbrgd, trbnsaghrb jbs glâehnhs b un drmhnbmdr,, hto. bnths mh adrlbthbr jb tbrcht drmhnbmdr tbrchtb. b.

2

_hjhoogdnh [Adrlbthbr\. 

0

Adrlbthh jb tbrchtb. 

 



?1

@bcd jb agofb [8\, shjhoogdnh [Adrlbthbr \ y, y, b odn odntgnubogÿn, tgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>.

_hjhoogdnh [DK\ y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, od ntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>. _h adrlbthbrâ jb tbrchtb. Xnb vhz quh agnbjgoh hj adrlbthbmd, vdjvhrâ b bpbrhohr hj lhnó. Ybrb hj adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj, prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :J> pbrb botgvbr [Adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj\ odn :V> y, y, b odntgnubogÿ odntgnubogÿn, n, shjhoogdnh [DK\.

 

? Adrlbthbmd mh jb tbrchtb

Hchouth [Adrlbthbr\ hn jds obsds sgeughnths3  

 

Jb tbrchtb hs nuhvb. Jb tbrchtb auh adrlbthbmb pdr unb oâlbrb mgahrhnth d un drmhnbmdr. Jb tbrchtb hstâ jjhnb mh glâehnhs d mbtds. _h luhstrb un hrrdr h rrdr rhjbogdnbmd odn jb tbrchtb tbrchtb (←

).

Bohrob mhj adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj 





Fbeb un adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj sg jb vhjdogmbm vhjdog mbm mh erb`bogÿn d mh jhoturb mh jb tbrchtb pbrhoh jhntb, d sg mhshb `drrbr odlpjhtblhnth tdmds jds mbtds mh jb tbrchtb. Mbmd quh hj adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj `drrbrâ tdmds jds shotdrhs erb`b`jhs mh jb tbrchtb, hj adrlbthbmd tbrmbrâ bjed lâs quh hj adrlbthbmd ndrlbj. Yuhmh mhthnhr hj adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj shjhoogdnbnmd [Obnohjbr \\.. Gnojusd hn hsth obsd, hj adrlbthbmd ndrlbj sh fb`râ odlpjhtbmd y pdmrâ usbr jb tbrchtb mh jb lbnhrb fb`gtubj.





Oubnmd sh adrlbthb jb tbrchtb d sh `drrbn jds mbtds, sdjblhnth sh obl`gb jb gnadrlbogÿn mh bmlgngstrbogÿn mh jds brofgvds. Jds mbtds rhbjhs nd sh `drrbn pdr odlpjhtd. ]hneb hstd hn ouhntb oubnmd vhnmb d mhshofh jb tbrchtb. Oubnmd mhshofh jb tbrchtb, hchouth un adrlbthbmd mh `bcd ngvhj d mhstruyb jb tbrchtb aìsgoblhnth pbrb hvgtbr jb agjtrbogÿn mh jds mbtds. Bnths mh utgjgzbr unb tbrchtb Hyh-Ag nuhvb, mh`h gnstbjbr hn hj

drmhnbmdr tbrchtb odn hj jb sdatwbrh oâlbrb. mh jb tbrchtb. B odntgnubogÿn, adrlbthh jb 

Jb obpbogmbm mh jb tbrchtb quh sh luhstrb hn jb pbntbjjb mh adrlbthbmd



mh jb tbrchtb puhmh shr gnahrgdr b jb obpbogmbm gnmgobmb hn jb tbrchtb. Hsth mgspdsgtgvd gnodrpdrb thondjdeìb hxAB hxAB] ] odn jgohnogb mh Lgordsdat.

?5  

Obl`gd mh jb pbntbjjb mhj ldngtdr JOM Hj ldngtdr JOM puhmh ldstrbr jb pbntbjjb mh bcusths mh mgspbrd, jb pbntbjjb mhj lhnó, glâehnhs obptbmbs, hto.

Bcusths mh mgspbrd







Oubnmd hnoghnmb hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn, sh ldstrbrân jds bcusths mh mgspbrd. Oubnmd prhsgdnh hj h j mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm, jb pbntbjjb sh bpbebrâ. Oubnmd suhjth hj mgspbrbmdr, jb pbntbjjb pbnt bjjb sh hnohnmhrâ mh m h nuhvd.

]bl`gçn puhmh bpbebr:@ jb pbntbjjb prhsgdnbnmd hj `dtÿn >. Yrhsgdnh mh nuhvd hj `dtÿn pbrb hnohnmhr jb pbntbjjb.

Aunogdnhs mhj lhnó



 Bpbrhoh oubnmd sh prhsgdnb hj `dtÿn :L>. Yrhsgdnh mh nuhvd hj `dtÿn pbrb vdjvhr b jb pbntbjjb mh bcusths mh mgspbrd.

Glbehn obptbmb



 Bpbrhoh oubnmd sh prhsgdnb hj `dtÿn :x>. Yrhsgdnh mh nuhvd hj `dtÿn pbrb vdjvhr b jb pbntbjjb mh bcusths mh mgspbrd.

Yuhmh bcustbr [1 @tn JOM daa/dn\ pbrb quh jb pbntbjjb mh bcusths bcust hs mh mgspbrd mhch mh bpbebrsh y hnohnmhrsh (← ).   Bunquh sh luhstrh jb pbntbjjb mh lhnós d jb glbehn obptbmb, sg prhsgdnb hj mgspbrbmdr pdmrâ mgspbrbr gnlhmgbtblhnth. 

?6  

Euìb mh aunogdnhs Jb Euìb mh aunogdnhs odnsgsth hn unb shnogjjb shno gjjb mhsorgpogÿn mh jb aunogÿn u dpogÿn rhsphotgvb. _h luhstrb oubnmd ou bnmd sh obl`gb hj ldmd mh mgspbrd d sh utgjgzb jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd pbrb bcustbr unb aunogÿn mh mgspbrd, hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd d jb rhprdmuoogÿn. Oubnmd shjhoogdnh unb aunogÿn d unb dpogÿn hn jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd, sh ldstrbrâ jb mhsorgpogÿn mh jb Euìb mh aunogdnhs. Jb Euìb mh aunogdnhs sh bpbeb oubnmd sh odntgnób rhbjgzbnmd oubjqughr dphrbogÿn. 

Ldmd mh mgspbrd (Hchlpjd)



Odntrdj râpgmd (Hchlpjd)

Aunogdnhs mh mgspbrd

Mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd

? Mhsbotgvbr jb Euìb mh aunogdnhs

Phprdmuoogÿn

_hjhoogdnh [Euìb mh aunogdnhs\. 

@bcd jb agofb [1\, shjhoogdnh [Euìb mh aunogdnhs\ y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>. _hjhoogdnh [Mhsbotgvbmb\ y, y, b od odntgnubogÿn, ntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>.

?7  

=9  

0 Adtderbaìb `âsgob Hn hsth obpìtujd sh mhsorg`h oÿld utgjgzbr jds ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob hn hj mgbj mh ldmd pbrb d`thnhr jds lhcdrhs rhsujtbmds, y oÿld rhprdmuogr glâehnhs. Odn jds, ldmds `âsgob, tdmdbutdlâtgoblhnth jd quh tghnh quh fbohr hs bpuntbr, bpuntbr mgspbrbrmhy jb jjbb zdnb oâlbrb rhbjgzbrâ tdmds jds bcusths (p. 8=). Bmhlâs, pbrb hvgtbr adtderbaìbs lhmgdorhs mh`gmd

b dphrbogdnhs hqugvdobmbs, hn jds ldmds tdtbjlhnth butdlâtgods nd hs pdsg`jh obl`gbr jds prgnogpbjhs p rgnogpbjhs bcusths mh mgspbrd.

S    d  

 ` â sgob 

n  b 

Bohrob mh jb Julgndsgmbm Butdlâtgob Hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob, jb Julgndsgmbm butdlâtgob (← ) bcustb butdlâtgoblhnthh jb glbehn pbrb d`thnhr hj `rgjjd y hj odntrbsth ÿptglds. ] butdlâtgoblhnt ]bl`gçn bl`gçn sh botgvb mh adrlb prhmhthrlgnbmb hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb orhbtgvb.

=2  

2 ]dlb mh adtderbaìbs tdtbjlhnth butdlâtgob

Yuntd BA

2

Bcusth hj mgbj mh ldmd hn :2>.

0

_gtóh oubjqughr puntd BA sd`rh hj ldtgvd. 



?

Ybrb hnadobr sh utgjgzb tdmds jds puntds BA y, y, hn ehnhrbj, ssh h hnadob hj d`chtd lâs ohrobnd.  Bpuntbr hj puntd BA ohntrbj sd`rh hj ldtgvd abogjgtb hj hnadquh.

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd. 



Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm y hj bngjjd mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd egrbrâ pbrb hnadobr. hnadobr. Hj puntd mhntrd mhj puntd BA quh



rhbjgoh hj hnadquh pbrpbmhbrâ `rhvhlhnth hn rdcd. Bj lgsld tghlpd, sdnbrâ un bvgsd sdndrd y sh gjulgnbrâ hn hj vgsdr jb juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh :d>. _g hs nhohsbrgd, sh jhvbntbrâ butdlâtgoblhnth hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd.

Juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh

 =

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 





Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb. Jb glbehn obptbmb bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM murbnth bprdxglbmblhnth 0 sheunmds. _g sbjtb hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd, puhmh ohrrbrjd mh nuhvd odn jds mhmds.

=0  

2 ]dlb mh adtderbaìbs tdtbjlhnth butdlâtgob

Yrheuntbs arhouhnths 

Jb juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh :d> pbrpbmhb y nd sh odnsgeuh hnadobr.

 Bpunth hj puntd BA sd`rh unb zdnb quh thneb un `uhn odntrbsth odntrbs th yy,, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm (p. ??). _g hstâ mhlbsgbmd ohrob mhj ldtgvd, bjçchsh h gntçnthjd mh nuhvd.  B vhohs pbrp pbrpbmhbn bmhbn ssglujtânhblhnth glujtânhblhnth vbrgds puntds BA. BA.



Hstd gnmgobhjquh sh BA fb hnadobmd puntdstdlh BA. Oubnmd pbrpbmhh puntd quh ou`rhhn hj tdmds ldtgvdhsds mhshbmd, jb adtderbaìb. Hj bvgsd sdndrd odntgnób sdnbnmd subvhlhnth. (]blpdod (]blpdod sh gjulgnb jb juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh :d>.) Gnmgob quh jb oâlbrb hstâ hnadobnmd mh adrlb odntgnub un ldtgvd hn ldvglghntd. (]blpdod sh gjulgnb jb juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh :d>.) Yuhmh tdlbr adtds nìtgmbs mh m h ldtgvds hn ldvglghntd.







Yrhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm nd hnadob hj ldtgvd. _g hj >odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh hnadquh hnadqu h mhj d`chtgvd :LA (Lbnubj Adous, hnadquh lbnubj), bcósthjd hnhstâ :BAbcustbmd > (Butd hn Adous, hnadquh butdlâtgod). Bunquh fby juz mh mìb, hj ajbsf sbjtb. Hs pdsg`jh quh hj ajbsf sbjth pbrb ldtgvds sgtubmds b odntrbjuz, pbrb byumbr b bojbrbr jbs zdnbs dsourbs mhj ldtgvd. Odn pdob juz, hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd mgspbrb unb shrgh mh mhsthjjds. Hs pdsg`jh quh bj prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd mgspbrh unbjuzshrgh mh mhsthjjds pbrb byumbrhahotgvd bj hnadquh butdlâtgod. Hstd sh pghs. mhndlgnb mh byumb bj BA. _u bjobnoh hs mh unds = lhtrds/2?,2





Bunquh sh usÿ hj ajbsf, jb adtderbaìb sbjgÿ dsourb. Hj ldtgvd hstb`b mhlbsgbmd jhcds. Hj ldtgvd mh`h hstbr b lhnds mh 8 lhtrds/21,= pghs mh jb oâlbrb. Xsbnmd hj ajbsf, jb pbrth gnahrgdr mh jb glbehn sbjgÿ bndrlbjlhnth dsourb.

Hj ldtgvd hstb`b mhlbsgbmd ohrobnd b jb oâlbrb, y hj `brrgj mhj d`chtgvd orhÿ unb sdl`rb. Hj ldtgvd mh`h hstbr bj lhnds b 2 lhtrd/ ?,? pghs mh mgstbnogb mh jb oâlbrb. _g gnstbjÿ un pbrbsdj hn hj d`chtgvd, quìthjd bnths mh tdlbr jb adtderbaìb odn ajbsf.

=?  

2 ]çongobs mh adtderbaìb tdtbjlhnth butdlâtgob Phodlpdsgogÿn mh jb tdlb

_heón jb hsohnb, odjdquh hj ldtgvd b jb gzqughrmb d b jb mhrhofb pbrb

orhbr un adnmd hqugjg`rbmd y unb `uhnb phrsphotgvb. Hn hj ldmd :2> (]dtbjlhnth (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod), hj hnadquh quhmbrâ `jdquhbmd lghntrbs prhsgdnb hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm pbrb hnadobr un d`chtd d`c htd hstâtgod. B odntgnubogÿn puhmh rhodlpdnhr jb tdlb y prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb. Hstb tçongob sh mhndlgnb ‚`jdquhd mhj hnadquh“. Hj `jdquhd mh hnadquh tbl`gçn sh puhmh bpjgobr hn jds dtrds ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob (hxohptd hn :8> Mhpdrths).

Adtderbaìb mh ldtgvds hn ldvglghntd

Hn hj ldmd :2> (]dtbjlhnth (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod), sg hj ldtgvd sh luhvh (sg obl`gb jb mgstbnogb b jb oâlbrb) murbnth d mhspuçs mhj hnadquh, sh botgvbrâ hj BA BG _hrvd pbrb hnadobr hj ldtgvd mh adrlb odntgnub. Lghntrbs lbnthneb hj puntd BA bpuntbmd bj ldtgvd, odn hj mgspbrbmdr prhsgdnbmd fbstb jbprhsgdnh lgtbm, hjhjhnadquh shrâfbstb odntgnud. Oubnmd mhshh tdlbr jb adtderbaìb, mgspbrbmdr hj adnmd.

==  

5 Mhsbotgvbogÿn mhj ajbsf Hn juebrhs hn jds quh hstç prdfg`gmb jb adtderbaìb odn ajbsf, utgjgoh hj ldmd :5> (Ajbsf mhsodnhotbmd). Hsth ldmd hs tbl`gçn hagobz pbrb obptbr hj bl`ghnth pbrtgoujbr mh unb hsohnb, tbj odld unb hsohnb b jb juz mh jbs vhjbs.

_uehrhnogbs pbrb adtderbagbr  



_g jb gnmgobogÿn nulçrgob mhj vgsdr pbrpbmhb, thneb ougmbmd pbrb hvgtbr trhpgmbogdnhs. Oubnmd fbyb pdob juz, y shb prd`b`jh quh sh prdmuzob trhpgmbogÿn, pbrpbmhbrâ jb gnmgobogÿn mh vhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn hn hj vgsdr. _uchth agrlhlhnth jb oâlbrb d utgjgoh un trìpdmh. Oubnmd ush un d`chtgvd zddl, utgjgoh hj hxtrhld erbn bneujbr pbrb rhmuogr jb `drrdsgmbm mh`gmb b jb trhpgmbogÿn. Adtderbaìb mh rhtrbtds sgn ajbsf. Hn odnmgogdnhs mh pdob juz, pgmb bj suchtd adtderbagbmd quh phrlbnhzob gnlÿvgj lghntrbs tdlb jb adtderbaìb. _g jb phrsdnb sh luhvh murbnth jb hxpdsgogÿn, puhmh bpbrhohr `drrdsb hn jb adtderbaìb.

=8  

O Mgspbrd butdlâtgod orhbtgvd  B mgahrhno mgahrhnogb gb mhj ldmd :2> ]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod, hn hj quh jb oâlbrb jd bcustb tdmd, hj ldmd :O> Butdlâtgod orhbtgvd phrlgth obl`gbr aâogjlhnth jb prdaunmgmbm mh oblpd, hj ldmd mh bvbnoh y hj mgspbrd mhj ajbsf. ]bl`gçn puhmh hjhegr hj bl`ghnth quh mhshh hxprhsbr hn jbs glâehnhs. Hj bcusth prhmhthrlgnbmd hs hj lgsld quh hj mhj ldmd :2> (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod).

* OB sgengagob ‚Orhbtgvh Butd“ (butdlâtgod orhbtgvd).

2

Bcusth hj mgbj mh ldmd hn :O>.

0

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :R>. (5)   Bpbrhohrâ

jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj

râpgmd.

?

Bcusth jb aunogÿn quh mhshh. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb shjhoogdnbr unb aunogÿn.   Bpbrhohrân jb aunogÿn shjhoogdnbmb y jb Euìb mh aunogdnhs (p. ?7).





 =

Ybrb vhr gnadrlbogÿn mhtbjjbmb bohrob mh jds bcusths mh obmb aunogÿn, odnsujth jbs pâegnbs =5-=6.

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 

Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb.

_g obl`gb hj ldmd mh mgspbrd d sgtób hj gnthrruptdr mh bjglhntbogÿn hn :0>, jbs aunogdnhs bcustbmbs hn hstb pbntbjjb vdjvhrân b jds bcusths prhmhthrlgnbmds.. Nd d`stbnth, hj bcusth mhj butdmgspbrbmdr prhmhthrlgnbmds butdmgspbrbmdr sh odnshrvbrâ.

=1  

O Mgspbrd butdlâtgod orhbtgvd

Qhjdogmbm Qh jdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn

(2)

 B`hrturb _hnsg`gjgmbm G_D

(0) (?)

Odlprd`bogÿn mhj ngvhj mh obreb mh jb `bthrìb

Mgspbrds pdsg`jhs

Objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs

_g prhsgdnb hj `dtÿn :R> pdmrâ bcustbr jd sgeughnth3 (2) Yuhmh Mgspbrd Mgspbrdbcustbr odn shjhoog shjhoogÿn ÿn mhquh bl`ghnth hj bl`ghnth mhshh hxprhsbr hn jbs glâehnhs. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> d egrh hj mgbj : 1> pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj bl`ghnth mhshbmd. ]bl`gçn puhmh sh shjhoogdnbrjd jhoogdnbrjd hn unb jgstb prhsgdnbnmd :9>. Ybrb vhr gnadrlbogÿn mhtbjjbmb, odnsujth hj OMPDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb. (0) Mgaulgnbmd/ Mgaulgnbmd/mhagngo mhagngogÿn gÿn mhj adnmd _g luhvh jb lbrob mh ìnmgoh fbogb jb gzqughrmb, hj adnmd bpbrhohrâ lâs mgaulgnbmd. _g jd luhvh fbogb jb mhrhofb, hj adnmd pbrhohrâ lâs hnadobmd. _g mhshb mgaulgnbr hj adnmd, odnsujth ‚Adtderbaìb mh rhtrbtds“ hn jb pâegnb =7. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> d egrh hj mgbj :1> pbrb bcustbrjd odld mhshh. _heón ouâj shb hj d`chtgvd y jbs odnmgogdnhs mh mgspbrd, hs pdsg`jh quh hj adnmd nd bpbrhzob tbn mgaulgnbmd. Hstb aunogÿn nd puhmh bcustbrsh (bpbrhoh hn ergs) sg sh fb bcustbmd :r> d sh fb jhvbntbmd hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd bpjgobrâ hsth bcusth. :b> bcustbmd. _g sh utgjgzb hj ajbsf nd sh

=5  

O Mgspbrd butdlâtgod orhbtgvd

(?)Ldmd mh bvbnoh/Ajbsf Oubnmd prhsgdnh :9> bpbrhohrâ jb pbntbjjb mh bcusth mhj ldmd mh bvbnoh d mhj mgspbrd mhj ajbsf. Fbeb jds bcusths quh mhshh y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9> pbrb agnbjgzbr hj bcusth y vdjvhr b jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd.

Ldmd mh bvbnoh3 Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> d egrh hj mgbj :1> pbrb bcustbrjd odld mhshh. :u> Mgspbrd óngod 3 Jbs aadtd dtdss sh ttdlbn dlbn mh u unb nb hn unb. :g> Mgspbrds hn shrgh3 Oubn Oubnmd md sh lbntg lbntghnh hnh prhsgd prhsgdnbmd nbmd hj mgsp mgspbrbmd brbmdrr fbstb hj adnmd, sh tdlbn mgspbrds hn shrgh. Yuhmh tdlbr fbstb ? mgspbrds pdr sheunmd. :c> Butdmgspbrbmdr 3 29 sh she3 Jb adtd sh tdlb 29 sheunmds mhspuçs mh prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr mgspbrbmdr.. tdmgsp spbr brbbmdr 3 Hn shr shrgh3 :q> Butdmg Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb bcustbr hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds hn shrgh (0 b 29) quh tdlbr odn hj butdmgspbrbmdr. 29 sheunmds mhspuçs mh prhsgdnbr hj mgspbrbmdr mgspbrbmdr,, sh tdlbrâ hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds hn shrgh quh sh fbyb bcustbmd.

Ajbsf3 Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> d egrh hj mgbj :1> pbrb bcustbrjd odld mhshh. :b> Ajbsf butdlâtgod3 Hj aajbsf jbsf ssh h mgsp mgspbrb brb bu butdlât tdlâtgoblhn goblhnth th oubnmd shb nhohsbrgd. :G> Ajbsf botgvd 3 Hj aajbsf jbsf sh mg mgspb spbrb rb ssghl ghlprh. prh. :`> Ajbsf gnbotgvd 3 Hj ajb ajbsf sf hstâ hstâ mhsbo mhsbotgv tgvbmd bmd.. 



=6  

_g jb objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs hs 2 d 2+5? (← ), jb vhjdogmbm mh mgspbrds hn shrgh shrâ, odld lâxgld, mh bprdxglbmblhnth 0 aps y bprdxglbmblhnth 9,6 aps (vbjdr prdlhmgbmd), rhsphotgvblhnth. Oubnmd utgjgoh :`>, odnsujth ‚Mhsbotgvbogÿn mhj ajbsf“ hn jb pâegnb =8.

0 Adtderbaìb mh rhtrbtds Hj ldmd :0> (Phtrbtds) mhshnadob hj adnmd pbrb fbohr rhsbjtbr b jbs phrsdnbs quh sdn hj ldtgvd mh jb glbehn. ] ]bl`gçn bl`gçn fboh quh jds tdnds mh jjbb pghj y hj phj phjdd bpbrhzobn lâs subvhs quh odn hj ldmd :2> (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod).

_uehrhnogbs pbrb adtderbagbr  

Oubntd lbydr shb jb mgstbnogb hntrh hj h j ldtgvd y hj adnmd, lhcdr lhcdr.. Oubntd lbydr shb jb mgstbnogb hntrh hj ldtgvd y hj adnmd, lâs mgaulgnbmd bpbrhohrâ hj adnmd. Hj ldtgvd mhstbobrâ tbl`gçn lhcdr arhnth b un adnmd shnogjjd y dsourd.





Xtgjgoh un thjhd`chtgvd. _g tghnh un d`chtgvd zddl, utgjgoh hj hxtrhld thjhd`chtgvd pbrb fbohr quh hj ldtgvd douph hj hnoubmrh mh ognturb fbogb brrg`b. Boçrquhsh sg hs nhohsbrgd. Hnadquh jb obrb. Odlpruh`h quh hj puntd BA quh ou`rh jb obrb pbrpbmhh hn rdcd. 

_g lbntghnh prhsgdnbmd hj mgspbrbmdr, puhmh mgspbrbr mh adrlb odntgnub pbrb d`thnhr mgahrhnths pdshs y hxprhsgdnhs abogbjhs. (Fbstb bprdxglbmblhnth ? mgspbrds pdr sheunmd hn objgmbm CYHE.) CYHE.)



_g hs nhohsbrgd, sh jhvbntbrâ butdlâtgoblhnth hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd.

=7  

? Adtderbaìb mh pbgsbchs Xtgjgoh hj ldmd :?> (Ybgsbchs) pbrb adtderbagbr erbnmhs pbgsbchs, hsohnbs ndoturnbs d pbrb quh tdmd quhmh hnadobmd, mh jd lâs ohrobnd b jd lâs jhcbnd. Jds vhrmhs y bzujhs bpbrhohn bmhlâs lâs vgvds y jb glbehn lâs nìtgmb quh odn :2> (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod).

_uehrhnogbs pbrb adtderbagbr  



Odn un d`chtgvd zddl, ush hxtrhld bn bneujbr eujbr. . Oubnmd utgjgoh hj hxtrhld erbnhjbneujbr mherbn un d`chtgvd zddl, jds d`chtds ohrobnds y jhcbnds hstbrân lhcdr hnadobmds quh hn hj hxtrhld thjhd`chtgvd. ]bl`gçn ]bl`gçn mbrâ blpjgtum b jds pbgsbchs. Adtderbaìb mh hsohnbs ndoturnbs. Mbmd quh hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd quhmb mhsbotgvbmd, hsth ldmd :?> hs `uhnd tbl`gçn pbrb hsohnbs ndoturnbs. Xtgjgoh un trìpdmhadtderbagbr pbrb hvgtbrunb jb trhpgmbogÿn. _g mhshb phrsdnb arhnth b unb hsohnb ndoturnb, bcusth hj mgbj mh

ldmd hn :1> (Phtrbtds ndoturnds) y utgjgoh un trìpdmh (p. 8?).

89  

= Adtderbaìb mh prglhrds pjbnds _g mhshb adtderbagbr prglhrds pjbnds mh ajdrhs d odsbs phquhòbs, utgjgoh hj ldmd :=> (Yrglhrds pjbnds). Ybrb fbohr quh jbs odsbs phquhòbs bpbrhzobn luofd lâs erbnmhs, utgjgoh un d`chtgvd lbord (sh vhnmh pdr shpbrbmd).

_uehrhnogbs pbrb adtderbagbr  



Xtgjgoh un adnmd shnogjjd. Xn adnmd shnogjjd shno gjjd fboh qu quh h jb ajdr, hto. rhsbjth lhcdr. Boçrquhsh jd lâs pdsg`jh bj ldtgvd. Odlpruh`h quh utgjgzb jb mgstbnogb lìnglb mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd.  Bjeunds d`chtgvds tghnhn gnmgobogdnhs tbjhs odld :=9.08l/9.6at>. Jb mgstbnogb lìnglb mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd sh lgmh mhsmh jb lbrob :Q> (pjbnd adobj) mh jb hsqugnb suphrgdr gzqughrmb mh jb oâlbrb fbstb hj ldtgvd. _g sh bohrob mhlbsgbmd bj ldtgvd, jb juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh :d> pbrpbmhbrâ.

_g fby pdob juz, sh mgspbrbrâ hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd. _g hstâ mhlbsgbmd ohrob mhj ldtgvd y jb pbrth gnahrgdr mh jb adtderbaìb pbrhoh dsourb, bjçchsh mhj ldtgvd. 

Odn un d`chtgvd zddl, utgjgoh hj hxtrhld thjhd`chtgvd. _g tghnh un d`chtgvd zddl, hj usd mhj hxtrhld thjhd`chtgvd fbrâ quh hj ldtgvd bpbrhzob lâs erbnmh.

82  

8 Adtderbaìb mh d`chtds hn ldvglghntd Ybrb adtderbagbr un ldtgvd hn ldvglghntd, yb shb un ngòd odrrghnmd d un vhfìoujd hn ldvglghntd, utgjgoh hj ldmd :8> (Mhpdrths).

_uehrhnogbs pbrb adtderbagbr  



Xtgjgoh un thjhd`chtgvd. Hs rhodlhnmb`jh utgjgzbr un thjhd`chtgvd, pbrb pdmhr mgspbrbr mhsmh jhcds. Xtgjgoh hj puntd BA ohntrbj oh ntrbj pbrb hnadobr. _gtóh hj puntd BA ohntrbj sd`rh hj ldtgvd y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm pbrb hnadobr butdlâtgoblhnth. Murbnth hj hnadquh butdlâtgod, hj bvgsd sdndrd odntgnubrâ sdnbnmd

subvhlhnth. _g nd hs pdsg`jh hnadobr, jb juz mh odnagrlbogÿn mh hnadquh :d> pbrpbmhbrâ. Oubnmd mhshh tdlbr jb adtderbaìb, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd. _g lbntghnh prhsgdnbmd hj mgspbrbmdr, sh hnadobrâ butdlâtgoblhnth y sh rhbjgzbrân mgspbrds hn shrgh (lâx. bprdx. ? mgspbrds pdr sheunmd hn objgmbm CYHE). Oubnmd fbyb pdob juz, y shb prd`b`jh quh sh prdmuzob trhpgmbogÿn, pbrpbmhbrâ jb gnmgobogÿn mh vhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn hn jb hsqugnb gnahrgdr gzqughrmb mhj vgsdr. _uchth jb oâlbrb odn agrlhzb y mgspbrh.

 

80

1 Adtderbaìb mh rhtrbtds ndoturnds Ybrb adtderbagbr b bjeughn mh ndofh y d`thnhr unb hxpdsgogÿn mh bsphotd nbturbj hn hj adnmd, utgjgoh hj ldmd :1> (Phtrbtds ndoturnds).

_uehrhnogbs pbrb adtderbagbr  

Xtgjgoh d`chtgvd erbn bneujbr y un Oubnmdun utgjgoh un d`chtgvd zddl, ush hj trìpdmh. hxtrhld erbn bneujbr pbrb d`thnhr unb vgstb ndoturnb blpjgb. Bmhlâs, utgjgoh un trìpdmh pbrb hvgtbr trhpgmbogdnhs hn jb oâlbrb.





_gtóh jb phrsdnb b lhnds mh 8 lhtrds/21,= pghs mh m mgstbnogb gstbnogb mh jb oâlbrb. Odn pdob juz, hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd sh mgspbrbrâ butdlâtgoblhnth pbrb d`thnhr unb `uhnb hxpdsgogÿn mh jb phrsdnb. Jb mgstbnogb lâxglb b jb quh hs hahotgvd hj ajbsf gnodrpdrbmd hs mh 8 lhtrds/21,= pghs mhsmh jb oâlbrb. ]bl`gçn puhmh mgspbrbr odn : 2> (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod). Mbmd quh hs prd`b`jh quh bj mgspbrbr mh ndofh sh prdmuzob trhpgmbogÿn, hs rhodlhnmb`jh mgspbrbr tbl`gçn odn :2> (]dtbjlhnth butdlâtgod).  

Gnmgquh bj ldtgvd quh mh`h hstbr qughtd gnojusd mhspuçs mh quh sh mgspbrh hj ajbsf.

_g utgjgzb hj butdmgspbrbmdr cuntd odn hj ajbsf, jb jâlpbrb mhj butdmgspbrbmdr sh gjulgnbrâ `rhvhlhnth mhspuçs mh tdlbr jb adtderbaìb.

8?  

R Odntrdj râpgmd Hchlpjd3 Ldmd Phtrbtds

Hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob, oubnmd sh luhstrh jb pbntbjjb mh bcusths, puhmh prhsgdnbr hj `dtÿn :R> pbrb ldstrbr jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd. Hn jb tb`jb sgeughnth sh gnmgobn jbs aunogdnhs quh sh puhmhn bcustbr odn jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd hn obmb ldmd mh jb zdnb `âsgob.

ld md mh jb zdnb `âsgob. 2 Bcusth hj mgbj mh ldmd hn( un ldmd 0 Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :R>. 5) 

 Bpbrhohrâ jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd.

? Bcusth jb aunogÿn. Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb shjhoogdnbr unb aunogÿn. (Hsth pbsd nd hs nhohsbrgd hn jds ldmds 2/5.)   Bpbrhohrân jb aunogÿn shjhoogdnbmb y jb Euìb mh aunogdnhs





(p (p. . ?7). jb thojb :X> d egrh hj mgbj :1> pbrb obl`gbr hj bcusth. Yrhsgdnh

Aunogdnhs bcustb`jhs hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb zd nb `âsgob d3

Bcusth butdlâtgod k3 Bcusth pdr hj usubrgd

Aunogÿn u3 Mgspbrd óngod

Ldmd g3 Mgspbrds hn shrgh mh bvbnoh  Butdmgs- c3 29 she. pbrbmdr  q3 Hn shrgh*

 

2 5 O 0 ? = 8 1 (p. =0) (p. =8) (p. =1) (p. =7) (p. 89) (p. 82) (p. 80) (p. 8?)

 

k

k

       

Mgspbrd butdlâtgod Ajbsf

3 Nd shjhoogdnb`jh

Mgspbrd pdr tgpd mh juz d hsohnb ( ← Mgaulgnbmd/mhagngogÿn mhj adnmd (p. =5)

k

k

k

k k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

d

d  

 

Mgspbrd odn shjhoogÿn mh bl`ghnth (←

k

k

Ajbsf botgvd (sh mgspbrb sghlprh)

Ajbsf gnbotgvd

k

 

k k

 

)  

d

k d

)

d

d

d

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

k

* Xt Xtgjg gjgoh oh jb th thoj ojb b :Q> pbrb bcustbr hj nólhrd mh mgspbrds mg spbrds hn shrgh.

8=  

? Adtderbaìb odn hj ldngtdr JOM (Mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd) Yuhmh mgspbrbr lghntrbs vh jb glbehn hn hj ldngtdr

k

JOM mh jb oâlbrb. Hstd sh mhndlgnb mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd“.

Hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd hs hagobz ha gobz pbrb ldtgvds hstâtgods, quh nd sh luhvbn. _g suchtb jb oâlbrb b lbnd y mgspbrb lghntrbs d`shrvb hj ldngtdr JOM, jb trhpgmbogÿn mh jb oâlbrb puhmh prdmuogr glâehnhs `drrdsbs. Hs rhodlhnmb`jh utgjgzbr un trìpdmh. Ybrb vhr dtrbs aunogdnhs, gnadrlbogÿn lâs mhtbjjbmb y prhobuogdnhs rhjbogdnbmbs odn hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, odnsujth hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (YMA) hn hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb.

Bohrob mhj mgspbrd odn vgsgÿn mgrhotb rhldtb Odn HD_ Xtgjgty (sdatwbrh sulgngstrbmd, p. 51) gnstbjbmd hn un drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj, hs pdsg`jh odnhotbr jb oâlbrb bj drmhnbmdr y mgspbrbr b mgstbnogb lghntrbs sh d`shrvb jb pbntbjjb mhj drmhnbmdr. Ybrb vhr gnadrlbogÿn mhtbjjbmb, odnsujth hj lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mhj sdatwbrh (p. 56) hn hj OM-PDL.

88  

B Adtderbaìb odn hj ldngtdr JOM

2

Luhstrh jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd. 

 

0

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :B>. Jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM. Jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd rhajhcbrâ aghjlhnth hj ngvhj mh julgndsgmbm mh jb glbehn rhbj quh obpturh.

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd. 

Oubnmd prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm, jb oâlbrb hnadobrâ odn hj

ldmd BA botubj (p. 87-1?).

?

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 

 









Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb hj adnmd. _h tdlbrâ jb glbehn y sh ldstrbrâ jb glbehn obptbmb hn hj ldngtdr JOM. Oubnmd thrlgnh jb rhvgsgÿn mh glâehnhs, jb oâlbrb vdjvhrâ butdlâtgoblhnth bj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd. Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :B> pbrb sbjgr mhj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd.

Hj oblpd mh vgsgÿn mh jb glbehn hs mh, bprdxglbmblhnth, hj 77% (oubnmd jb objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs hstâ bcustbmb hn CYHE 5?). Hj ldmd mh lhmgogÿn sh agcbrâ agcbr â hn lhmgogÿn hvbjubtgvb pbrb hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd. Murbnth jds mgspbrds hn shrgh, jb hxpdsgogÿn bcustbmb pbrb hj prglhr mgspbrd sh bpjgobrâ tbl`gçn b jds mgspbrds mg spbrds su`sgeughnths.

81  

B Adtderbaìb odn hj ldngtdr JOM

Botgvbr hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd  Bcusth [Mgsp. Qgsgÿn mgr.\ hn [Botgvbmd\. Hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb `âsgob, [Mgsp. Qgsgÿn mgr.\ sh ldstrbrâ `bcd [0\ y, hn jds ldmds mh jb zdnb orhbtgvb, sh ldstrbrâ `bcd [z\.

Murbogÿn mh jb `bthrìb odn hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd  [Nólhrd bprdxglbmd mh mgspbrds\ ]hlphrbturb  B 0?¹O / 5?¹A  B 9¹O / ?0¹A 

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Odnmgogdnhs mh mgspbrd _gn ajbsf Xsd mhj ajbsf bj 89% 0=9 009 0?9 029

Jbs ogarbs bnthrgdrhs sdn vâjgmbs sg sh utgjgzb unb `bthrìb JY-H29 odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb y sh `bsbn hn jds lçtdmds mh odlprd`bogÿn hstânmbr mh jb OGYB (Oblhrb & Glbegne Yrdmuots Bssdogbtgdn). Bssdog btgdn). Odn unb `bthrìb JY-H29 odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb, hs pdsg`jh mgspbrbr odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd murbnth, bprdxglbmblhnth, 0 fr. b 0?¹O / 5?¹A y bprdxglbmblhnth, 2 fr. =9 lgn. b 9¹O / ?0¹A. ?0¹A.

Murbnth hj mgspbrd odn Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, nd bpunth fbogb hj sdj odn hj d`chtgvd. Hj objdr mhj sdj puhmh mbòbr jds odlpdnhnths gnthrnds mh jb oâlbrb. 

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Oubnmd sh utgjgoh hj ajbsf fb`râ mds sdngmds mhj d`turbmdr, phrd sdjblhnth sh tdlbrâ unb adtderbaìb. _g nd sh utgjgzb utgjgz b jb oâlbrb murbnth un phrgdmd prdjdnebmd, jb bjglhntbogÿn sh bpbebrâ butdlâtgoblhnth sheón jd bcustbmd odn [8 Mhsodn. butd\ (← ). _g sh bcustb [8 Mhsodn. butd\ hn [Daa \,\, jb aunogÿn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd thrlgnbrâ butdlâtgoblhnth mhspuçs mh ?9 lgn. (jb bjglhntbogÿn mh oâlbrb botgvb). Odnjbun ob`jh phrlbnhohrâ FMLG (sh vhnmh pdr shpbrbmd), puhmh ldstrbr jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd hn un thjhvgsdr (← ).

85  

B Adtderbaìb odn hj ldngtdr JOM

Bohrob mh jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh gnadrlbogÿn 

Obmb vhz quh prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :@>, jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh gnadrlbogÿn obl`gbrâ.

Ldmd BA • m 3 Ldmd Mgrhotd • o 3 Ldmd mgrhotd mh mhthoogÿn mh obrbs • a 3 Ldmd Pâpgmd

Yuntd BA (Ldmd Pâpgmd) Lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn Fgstderblb

Ldmd mh mgspbrd Hstbmd mh trbnslgsgÿn mh jb tbrchtb Hyh-Ag

Ldmd mh bvbnoh @bjbnoh mh `jbnods Julgndsgmbm  Butdlâtgob

AH@  BH@

Objgmbm mh erb`bogÿn mh glâehnhs

_glujbogÿn mh

@jdquhd BH r  Ajbsf jgstd ` Ajbsf mhsbotgvbmd y Odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn odn ajbsf 9 Odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn odn ajbsf hxthrnd h _gnordngzbogÿn mh bjtb vhjdogmbm

Qhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn Hstgjd mh glbehn

hxpdsgogÿn Odlprd`bogÿn mhj ngvhj mh obreb mh jb `bthrìb

Yrgdrgmbm tdnds bjtbs juohs _hnsg`gjgmbm G_D Mgspbrds pdsg`jhs

Gnmgobmdr mhj ngvhj mhBH@ hxpdsgogÿn/Gnthrvbjd

 B`hrturb

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Oubnmd :e> sh luhstrb hn `jbnod, gnmgob quh jb julgndsgmbm mh jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd hstâ ohrobnb b jb quh ldstrbrâ jb glbehn obptbmb. _g :e> pbrpbmhb, gnmgob quh jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd nd sh hstâ hs tâ ldstrbnmd odn jb julgndsgmbm bmhoubmb, mh`gmd b odnmgogdnhs mh `bcb d bjtb julgndsgmbm. Nd d`stbnth, jbs glâehnhs rhbjhs erb`bmbs rhajhcbrân hj bcusth mh hxpdsgogÿn. _g sh utgjgzb hj ajbsf d sh bcustb bcus tb jb hxpdsgogÿn ‚@uj`“, hj godn godndd :e> y hj fgstderblb bpbrhohrân gnbotgvbmds hn ergs (pbrb su rhahrhnogb). Hs pdsg`jh quh hj fgstderblb nd sh luhstrh odrrhotblhnth hn odnmgogdnhs mh `bcb d bjtb gjulgnbogÿn.

86  

Obl`gd mhj ldmd mh hnadquh butdlâtgod _hjhoogÿn mhj ldmd BA Jds ldmds BA mgspdng`jhs sdn [Ldmd Mgrhotd\, [Ldmd u mgr.\

(mhthoogÿn mh obrbs, p. 19) y [Ldmd Pâpgmd\ (p. 10). _g mhshb d`thnhr un hnadquh prhogsd, bcusth hj odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd hn :LA>, blpjìh jb glbehn y hnadquh lbnubjlhnth (p. 1=).

_hjhoogdnh hj ldmd BA.

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Hn jb agofb [z\, shjhoogdnh [Ldmd BA\. _hjhoogdnh hj ldmd BA mhshbmd y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>. Lghntrbs sh luhstrb jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, puhmh prhsgdnbr hj `dtÿn :R> pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj ldmd BA hn jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd (← ).

Ldmd Mgrhotd3 m Ybrb hnadobr sh utgjgzb hj shnsdr mh glbehn. Bunquh hj BA hs pdsg`jh lghntrbs sh luhstrb jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd, jb dphrbogÿn mh BA tbrmbrâ lâs quh odn hj ldmd Pâpgmd. Bmhlâs, puhmh quh shb lâs mgaìogj jderbr hj hnadquh quh odn hj ldmd Pâpgmd.

2

Luhstrh jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd. Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :B>.  Jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM.   Bpbrhohrâ hj puntd BA : >.

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Yuntd BA

0

Luhvb hj puntd BA. 

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Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :_> pbrb ldvhr hj puntd BA mdnmh mhshh hnadobr (nd puhmh gr b jds `drmhs mh jb glbehn). Ybrb mhvdjvhr hj puntd BA bj ohntrd, prhsgdnh :9>.

87  

Obl`gd mhj ldmd mh hnadquh butdlâtgod

?

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd.  Bpunth hj puntd BA fbogb hj ldtgvd y prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm.  Oubnmd sh jderh hj hnadquh, hj puntd  BA sh gjulgnbrâ hn vhrmh y sdnbrâ un bvgsd sdndrd.  _g nd sh jderb hnadobr, hj puntd BA sh gjulgnb hn nbrbncb.

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 =

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 

Phvgsh hj hnadquh y jb hxpdsgogÿn hx pdsgogÿn y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr b adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb (p. 81). 81).

Ldmd u mgr. (mhthoogÿn mh obrbs)3 o Odn hj lgsld lçtdmd BA quh hj ldmd Mgrhotd, sh mhthotb y sh hnadob jbs obrbs fulbnbs. Fbeb quh jb phrsdnb quh vb b adtderbagbr lgrh fbogb jb oâlbrb.

2

Luhstrh jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd. 

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19  

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :B>. Jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM. Oubnmd sh mhthoth unb obrb, bpbrhohrâ hj lbrod :p> sd`rh jb obrb quh sh vb b hnadobr. _g sh mhthotbn obrbs, luhstrb :q>.vbrgbs Yrhsgdnh jb sh thojb :X> pbrb ldvhr hj lbrod :q> sd`rh jb obrb quh mhshh.

Obl`gd mhj ldmd mh hnadquh butdlâtgod

0

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd. 

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Oubnmd sh jderh hj hnadquh, hj puntd BA sh gjulgnbrâ hn vhrmh y sdnbrâ un bvgsd sdndrd.

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_g nd sh jderb hnadobr, hj puntd BA sh gjulgnb hn nbrbncb. _g nd sh puhmh mhthotbr unb obrb, sh ldst ld strb rbrâ râ hj punt puntd d BA BA : > y sh hchoutbrâ hj BA hn hj ohntrd.

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?

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 

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Yrhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb fbs tb jb lgtbm y jb oâlbrb hnadobrâ jb obrb ou`ghrtb pdr hj lbrod :p>.

Phvgsh hj hnadquh y jb hxpdsgogÿn y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr b adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb (p. 81).

_g jb glbehn hstâ luy mhshnadobmb, jb mhthoogÿn mh obrbs nd shrâ pdsg`jh. _g hj d`chtgvd hj hnadquh lbnubjhn gnojusd odnlutbmdr mh ldmds hnadquh phrlgth mhj d`chtgvd hstâ bcustbmd :aoubnmd >, egrh hjhj bngjjd mh hnadquh pbrb mh hnadobr mh lbnhrb bprdxglbmb. _h mhthotbrâ jb obrb y sh ldstrbrâ : p>. Yuhmh quh sh mhthoth odld unb obrb un d`chtd mgahrhnth mh unb obrb fulbnb. Jb mhthoogÿn mh obrbs nd aunogdnbrâ sg jb obrb hs luy phquhòb d luy erbnmh hn jb glbehn, mhlbsgbmd julgndsb d mhlbsgbmd dsourb, sg hstâ gnojgnbmb fdrgzdntbj d mgbednbjlhnth, d sg hstâ pbrogbjlhnth doujtb. Hj lbrod mh hnadquh :p> puhmh ou`rgr sdjblhnth unb pbrth mh jb obrb.

Oubnmd prhsgdnhjb:9 >, :hj_ ldmd BAldvhr obl`gbrâ bj ldmd Mgrhotd (p.mh87). Yuhmh prhsgdnbr thojb > pbrb hj puntd BA BA.. Yrhsgdnh nuhvd :9> pbrb vdjvhr bj Ldmd u mgr. (mhthoogÿn mh obrbs). Mbmd quh nd hs pdsg`jh usbr BA oubnmd sh mhthotb unb obrb ohrob mhj `drmh mh jb glbehn, :p> bpbrhohrâ gnbotgvbmd hn ergs. Hntdnohs, sg prhsgdnb hj mgspbrbmdr mgspb rbmdr fbstb fbstb jb lgtbm, lgtbm, sh utgjgzbrâ hj hj puntd BA BA ohntrbj ohntrbj : > pbrb pbrb hnadobr hnadobr..

12  

Obl`gd mhj ldmd mh hnadquh butdlâtgod

Ldmd Pâpgmd3 a Hj shnsdr BA mhmgobmd sh utgjgzb utgjgzb pbrb hnadobr hn hj ldmd BA adtd b adtd (← usbnmd hj lgsld lçtdmd BA quh oubnmd sh mgspbrb usbnmd hj vgsdr.

)

 Bunquh puhmh hnadobr râpgmblhnth hj ârhb ârh b mhshbmb, jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd sh gnthrrulpgrâ ldlhntânhblhnth murbnth jb dphrbogÿn mh BA. Yuntd BA

2

Luhstrh jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd. 

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Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :B>. Jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM. Jds oubmrds phquhòds mh jb pbntbjjb sdn jds puntds BA, BA, y hj ou oubmrd bmrd lbydr hs hj lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn.

Lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn

0

_hjhoogdnh hj puntd BA. 

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :R> (5) pbrb ldstrbr jb pbntbjjb mh odntrdj râpgmd.

Jbs aunogdnhs sh jb ldstrbrân b jb bcustb`jhs gzqughrmb mh pbntbjjb.  Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :Q> pbrb fbohr quh sh puhmb shjhoogdnbr hj puntd  BA..  BA  Egrh hj mgbj :1> pbrb shjhoogdnbr hj puntd BA. 

10  

Obl`gd mhj ldmd mh hnadquh butdlâtgod

?

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd.  Bpunth hj puntd BA fbogb hj ldtgvd y prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm.  Jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd sh bpbebrâ, hj hsphcd rçajhx vdjvhrâ b `bcbr y sh hchoutbrâ hj BA.  Oubnmd sh jderh hj hnadquh, hj puntd  BA quh jderh hj hnadquh sh gjulgnbrâ hn vhrmh y rhbpbrhohrâ jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd.  _g nd sh jderb hnadobr, hj puntd BA sh

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gjulgnbrâ hn nbrbncb y pbrpbmhbrâ.

 =

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 

Phvgsh hj hnadquh y jb hxpdsgogÿn y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr b adnmd pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb (p. 81).

Nd hs pdsg`jh tdlbr unb adtderbaìb murbnth hj hnadquh butdlâtgod. ]dlh ]dlh jb adtderbaìb lghntrbs sh luhstrb jb glbehn mh Qgsgÿn hn Mgrhotd.

1?  

LA3 Hnadquh lbnubj Yuhmh blpjgbr jb glbehn y hnadobr odn prhogsgÿn lbnubjlhnth.

2

_gtóh hj odnlutbmdr mh ldmds mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd hn :LA>.

0

Luhvb hj lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn.

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Lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn

?

Egrh hj bngjjd mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd pbrb hnadobr bprdxglbmblhnth.

Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :_> pbrb ldvhr hj lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn b jb pdsgogÿn mdnmhmhvdjvhr mhshh hnadobr hnadobr. . mh blpjgbogÿn Ybrb hj lbrod bj ohntrd, prhsgdnh :9>.

Blpjìh jb glbehn. 

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Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :u>. Hj ârhb quh sh hnouhntrh mhntrd mhj lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn sh blpjgbrâ. Obmb vhz quh prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn : >, jb u vgstb obl`gbrâ mh jb lbnhrb sgeughnth3 8x

 =

29x

Qgstb ndrlbj

Hnadquh lbnubjlhnth. 

Lghntrbs d`shrvb jb glbehn

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@jdquhd BH Ydsgogÿn mhj ârhb blpjgbmb  Blpjgbogÿn

8

blpjgbmb, egrh hj bngjjd mh hnadquh mhj d`chtgvd pbrb hnadobr h nadobr.. Xnb vhz jderbmd hj hnadquh, prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :u> pbrb vdjvhr b jb vgstb ndrlbj.

]dlh jb adtderbaìb. 

Phvgsh hj hnadquh y jb hxpdsgogÿn hx pdsgogÿn y, y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr pbrb tdlbr jb adtderbaìb (p. 81).

1=  

 = Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd _g bcustb hj mgbj mh ldmd hn :k>, puhmh erb`br vìmhds mh bjtb mhagngogÿn (FM). Hj adrlbtd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd shrâ LDQ. Ybrb vhr dtrbs aunogdnhs, gnadrlbogÿn lâs mhtbjjbmb y prhobuogdnhs rhjbogdnbmbs odn jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd,

odnsujth hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (YMA) hn hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb.

]brchtbs quh puhmhn erb`br vìmhds Oubnmd erb`h vìmhd, utgjgoh unb tbrchtb _M mh erbn obpbogmbm odn jb ojbsh mh vhjdogmbm 1 ‚ “ d suphrgdr. _g utgjgzb unb tbrchtb odn unb vhjdogmbm mh hsorgturb jhntb pbrb erb`br vìmhds, hs pdsg`jh quh hj vìmhd nd sh erb`h odrrhotblhnth.  Bmhlâs, sg rhprdmuoh un vìmhd hn unb tbrchtb quh thneb unb vhjdogmbm mh jhoturb jhntb, hs pdsg`jh quh hj vìmhd nd sh rhprdmuzob odrrhotblhnth. Ybrb odlprd`br jb vhjdogmbm mh jhoturb/hsorgturb mh jb tbrchtb, odnsujth hj sgtgd Uh` mhj ab`rgobnth mh jb tbrchtb.

18  

k Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd _g bcustb hj mgbj mh ldmd hn : k>, puhmh erb`br aâogjlhnth vìmhds mh bjtb mhagngogÿn (FM) odn hxpdsgogÿn butdlâtgob. Ybrb rhprdmuogr vìmhds, vìmh ds, sh rhodlghnmb odnhotbr jb oâlbrb b un thjhvgsdr ( ← ).

2

Bcusth hj mgbj mh ldmd hn :k>.

0

Hnadquh hj ldtgvd.



Hj hsphcd rçajhx prdmuogrâ un sdngmd y, b odntgnubogÿn, jb glbehn bpbrhohrâ hn hj ldngtdr JOM.

 Bnths mh erb`br und vìmhd, hnadquh butdlâtgoblhnth odn hj hnadquh lbnubj (p. 87-1=).  Oubnmd prhsgdnh hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm, jb oâlbrb hnadobrâ odn hj ldmd BA botubj. 

?

Erb`h hj vìmhd. 

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :B> pbrb hlphzbr erb`br un mhj vìmhd. Ybrb mhthnhr jbberb`bogÿn vìmhd,

Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd



prhsgdnh mh nuhvd :B>. Lghntrbs sh hstâ erb`bnmd hj vìmhd, hn jb hsqugnb suphrgdr mhrhofb mh jb pbntbjjb sh luhstrb jb lbrob ‚d“.

Lgorÿadnd

11  

k Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd

Bohrob mh jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh gnadrlbogÿn 

Obmb vhz quh prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :@>, jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh gnadrlbogÿn obl`gbrâ.

Ldmd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd Ldmd BA • m 3 Ldmd Ldmd Mgrh Mgrhot otd d • o 3 Ldmd Ldmd mgrh mgrhot otd d mh mh mhthoogÿn mh obrbs • a 3 Ldmd Pâ Pâpgm gmd d

@bjbnoh mh `jbnods Hstgjd mh glbehn Julgndsgmbm

Arhouhnogb mh oubmrds ]ghlpd rhstbnth/tghlpd trbnsourrgmd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd Yuntd BA (Ldmd Pâpgmd) Lbrod mh blpjgbogÿn Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd

 Butdlâtgob ]blbòd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd @jdquhd BH

Odlprd`bogÿn mhj ngvhj mh obreb mh jb `bthrìb Hxpdsgogÿn butdlâtgob mh vìmhd

Juz JHM Qhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn

Hstbmd mh trbnslgsgÿn mh jb tbrchtb Hyh-Ag

 B`hrturb

_hnsg`gjgmbm G_D

Obntgmbm mh odlphnsbogÿn mh jb hxpdsgogÿn

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_g nd fby ngneunb tbrchtb hn jb oâlbrb, hj tghlpd rhstbnth mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd sh ldstrbrâ hn rdcd. Oubnmd sh gngogh jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd, hj tghlpd rhstbnth mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd obl`gbrâ bj tghlpd trbnsourrgmd.

15  

k Erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd

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Hn hj ldmd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd, nd sh puhmh tdlbr adtds bunquh sh prhsgdnh pdr odlpjhtd hj mgspbrbmdr. Murbnth jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd, nd bpunth fbogb hj sdj odn hj d`chtgvd. Hj objdr mhj sdj puhmh mbòbr jds odlpdnhnths gnthrnds mh jb oâlbrb. Obmb vhz quh erb`h un vìmhd sh erb`brâ un brofgvd mh vìmhd. Hj oblpd mh vgsgÿn mh jb glbehn hs mh, bprdxglbmblhnth, hj 77%. Jb shnsg`gjgmbm G_D, jb vhjdogmbm mh d`turbogÿn y jb b`hrturb sh bcustbn



butdlâtgoblhnth. Oubnmd sh prhsgdnb hj mgspbrbmdr fbstb jb lgtbm, hj bcusth mh hxpdsgogÿn quh sh luhstrb hn jb pbrth gnahrgdr mh jb pbntbjjb sgrvh odld rhahrhnogb.



Hj sdngmd sh erb`b lhmgbnth hj lgorÿadnd ldndburbj gntherbmd mh jb oâlbrb (p. 11).

 

Hj ngvhj mh erb`bogÿn mhj sdngmd sh bcustbrâ butdlâtgoblhnth. Odn unb `bthrìb JY-H29 odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb, hj tghlpd tdtbj mh erb`bogÿn

shrâ hj sgeughnth3 B 0? O/5? A3 Bprdx. 2 fr. 89 lgn. B 9 O/?0 A3 Bprdx. 2.fr. ?9 lgn.

]ghlpd tdtbj mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd y tblbòd mh brofgvd pdr lgnutd 



Mh`gmd bj sgsthlb mh brofgvds, jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd sh mhthnmrâ butdlâtgoblhnth sg hj tblbòd mh glbehn mh un óngod ojgp mh vìmhd bjobnzb = E@.

Yuhmh rhbnumbr gnlhmgbtblhnth gnlhmgbtblhnth jb erb`bogÿn mh dtrd vìmhd prhsgdnbnmd hj `dtÿn :B>. (_h gngogb jb erb`bogÿn mh un nuhvd brofgvd mh vìmhd.)

]ghlpd tdtbj mh erb`bogÿn (bprdx.) ]blbòd mh ]blbòd mh erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd ]brch brchtb tb = E@ ]brch brchttb 6 E@ E@ ]brchtb 21 E@ brofgvd (bprdx.) [2069x509\ 18





25 lgn.

?= lgn.

2 fr. 6 lgn.

000,1 L@/lgn.

Xn bulhntd mh jb thlphrbturb gnthrnb g nthrnb mh jb oâlbrb puhmh prdvdobr quh sh mhthneb jb erb`bogÿn mh vìmhd bnths mhj tghlpd lâxgld mh erb`bogÿn gnmgobmd hn jb tb`jb bnthrgdr (← ). Hj tghlpd lâxgld mh erb`bogÿn mh un ojgp mh vìmhd hs mh 07 lgn. 87 she.

Nd pdsg`jh erb`br vìmhd odn objgmbm Aujj FM (bjtb mhagngogÿn odlpjhtb) d _M hs (mhagngogÿn hstânmbr).

16  

8

Phprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs Hn hsth obpìtujd sh hxpjgobn jds prdohmglghntds `âsgods pbrb glâehnhsgnadrlbogÿn y vìmhds. lâs mhtbjjbmb y Ybrb rhprdmuogr vhr dtrbs aunogdnhs, prhobuogdnhs rhjbogdnbmbs odn jbs dphrbogdnhs mh rhprdmuoogÿn, odnsujth hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (YMA) hn hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb

Bohrob mh jbs glâehnhs tdlbmbs odn dtrb oâlbrb3 Hs pdsg`jhobptbmbs quh jb oâlbrb nd oâlbrb puhmb ldstrbr jbs glâehnhs odn unb mgstgntb,odrrhotblhnth hmgtbmbs odn un drmhnbmdr d ouyd ndl`rh mh brofgvd sh fbyb obl`gbmd.

17  

x Phprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs

2

Phprdmuzob jb glbehn. 

0

Oubnmd prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :x>, sh ldstrbrâ jb ójtglb glbehn obptbmb.

_hjhoogdnh unb glbehn. 

Ybrb vhr jbs glâehnhs hlphzbnmd pdr jb ójtglb, prhsgdnh jb thojb :W>.



Ybrb vhr glâehnhs hlphzbnmd pdr jb prglhrb glbehn (jb lâs bntgeub), prhsgdnh jb thojb :S>. Obmb vhz quh prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :@>, hj adrlbtd mh vgsubjgzbogÿn obl`gbrâ.

Odn gnadrlbogÿn `âsgob

Gnadrlbogÿn `âsgob + Objgmbm mh glbehn/Nólhrd mh rhprdmuoogÿn

Fgstderblb

Qgsubjgzbogÿn mh gnadrlbogÿn sd`rh hj mgspbrd

?

_bjeb mh jb rhprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs.  Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn : x> pbrb sbjgr mh

jb rhprdmuoogÿn mh glâehnhs y vdjvhr b jb pbntbjjb mh bcusths mh mgspbrd. Ybrb `drrbr unb glbehn , prhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :J>, shjhoogdnh [@drrbr \ y prhsgdnh :9>.

59  

k Phprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhds

2

Phprdmuzob jb glbehn. 

Yrhsgdnh hj `dtÿn :x> pbrb ldstrbr glâehnhs.

0

_hjhoogdnh un vìmhd.  



Yrhsgdnh jb thojb :X> pbrb shjhoogdnbr un vìmhd.

Murbnth jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh glbehn glbehn óngob, hj godnd :2s> quh sh luhstrb brrg`b b jb gzqughrmb gnmgob un vìmhd. Hn jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh ìnmgoh, jb phradrbogÿn mhj `drmh gzqughrmd mh jb glbehn gnmgob un vìmhd. Mbmd quh jds vìmhds nd sh puhmhn rhprdmuogr jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh ìnmgoh, prhsgdnh hjhn `dtÿn :9> pbrb obl`gbr b jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh unb glbehn óngob.

?

Hn jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh glbehn óngob, prhsgdnh :9>.   Bpbrhohrâ hn

jb pbrth gnahrgdr hj pbnhj mh rhprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhds.

 =

Phprdmuzob hj vìmhd. 

 



 Bjtbvdz 

_hjhoogdnh [5\ (Phprdmuogr) y, b odntgnubogÿn, prhsgdnh :9>. _h gngogbrâ jb rhprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhd. Yuhmh mhthnhr jb rhprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhd prhsgdnbnmd :9>. Murbnth jb rhprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhd, puhmh egrbr hj mgbj :1> pbrb bcustbr hj vdjulhn mhj sdngmd mhj bjtbvdz gntherbmd. Ybrb d`thnhr gnadrlbogÿn mhtbjjbmb sd`rh hj prdohmglghntd mh rhprdmuoogÿn, odnsujth jb pâegnb sgeughnth.

52  

k Phprdmuoogÿn mh vìmhds

Aunogÿn

Mhsorgpogÿn mh jb rhprdmuoogÿn

0 _bjgr 

Quhjvh b jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh glbehn óngob.

5 Phprdmuogr 

 Bj prhsgdnbr :9> sh bjthrnb hntrh jb rhprdmuoogÿn y jb pbrbmb.

6 Oâlbrb jhntb

 Bcusth jb vhjdogmbm mh oâl oâlbrb brb jhnt jhntb b pujsbnm pujsbnmd d jb thojb :X>. Jb vhjdogmbm mh oâlbrb jhntb sh gnmgob brrg`b b jb mhrhofb.

8 Yrglhr oubmrd

Luhstrb hj prglhr oubmrd mhj vìmhd.

Obmb vhz quh prhsgdnh :9>, sh ldstrbrâ un óngod ? Oubmrd bnthrgdr  oubmrd bnthrgdr. _g lbntghnh prhsgdnbmd :9>, rh`d`gnbrâ hj vìmhd. 1 Oubmrd

Obmb vhz quh prhsgdnh :9>, hj vìmhd sh

sgeughnth

rhprdmuogrâ oubmrd. _g lbntghnh prhsgdnbmd :oubmrd 9>, hjpdr vìmhd bvbnzbrâ râpgmblhnth.

= Ójtgld oubmrd

Luhstrb hj ójtgld oubmrd mhj vìmhd.

V Hmgtbr 

Luhstrb jb pbntbjjb mh hmgogÿn (←

).

Ydsgogÿn mh rhprdmuoogÿn

ll‗ ss“ 7 Qdjulhn

]ghlpd ]ghl pd mh rhprdmuoogÿn (lgnutds3sheunmds) Yuhmh bcustbr hj vdjulhn mhj sdngmd mhj bjtbvdz gnodrpdrbmd (p. 52) egrbnmd hj mgbj :1>.









50  

Odn unb `bthrìb JY-H29 odlpjhtblhnth obrebmb, hj tghlpd mh rhprdmuoogÿn odntgnub b 0?¹O/5?¹A shrâ hj sgeughnth3 Bprdx. = fr. Murbnth jb vgsubjgzbogÿn mh unb óngob glbehn, puhmh prhsgdnbr hj `dtÿn :@> pbrb obl`gbr hj adrlbtd mh vgsubjgzbogÿn. _g odnhotb jb oâlbrb b un thjhvgsdr (← ) pbrb rhprdmuogr un vìmhd, bcusth hj vdjulhn mhj sdngmd odn hj thjhvgsdr. (Egrbr hj mgbj :1> nd bcustbrâ hj vdjulhn mhj sdngmd.) Hstb oâlbrb nd puhmh rhprdmuogr vìmhds Aujj FM (mh bjtb mhagngogÿn odlpjhtb) ng FM (mh bjtb mhagngogÿn) (arhouhnogb mh oubmrds 19/89 aps) tdlbmds odn dtrb oâlbrb HD_. Hstb oâlbrb sdjd puhmh rhprdmuogr vìmhds FM (mh bjtb mhagngogÿn) y _M (mh mhagngogÿn hstânmbr) ouyb arhouhnogb mh oubmrds shb mh ?9/08 aps.

1

Qhr hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb / Euìb mh gngogbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh Hn hsth obpìtujd sh hxpjgob oÿld vhr jds brofgvds YMA mhj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb y hj OM-PDL _datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDNH_. ]bl`gçn sh prdpdrogdnb gnadrlbogÿn ehnhrbj sd`rh hj sdatwbrh mhj OM-PDL HD_ MGEG]BJ _djutgdn Mgsk y sh hxpjgob oÿld gnstbjbrjd hn un drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj.

Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs oâlbrb mh jb

HD_ MGEG]BJ _djutgdn Mgsk (_datwbrh)

_datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDNH_

5?

 

Qhr hj OM-PDL Lbnubj Lbnubj mh ggnstruoogdnhs nstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb Hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb odntghnh hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb y jb Euìb mh rhahrhnogb râpgmb.

Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb (Brofgvd YMA) Hxpjgob tdmbs jbs aunogdnhs y jds prdohmglghntds dphrbtgvds mh jb oâlbrb, h gnojuyh tbl`gçn tdmd hj odnthngmd mh hsth Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs. Odnsujth hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb hn hsth OM-PDL pbrb d`thnhr gnadrlbogÿn y mhtbjjhs quh nd sh hnouhntrbn hn hj Lbnubj `âsgod mh gnstruoogdnhs, prdohmglghntds bvbnzbmds pbrb adtderbagbr y pbrb rhprdmuogr glâehnhs, g lâehnhs, gnadrlbogÿn sd`rh jb gglprhsgÿn lprhsgÿn mh adtds y sd`rh aunogdnhs phrsdnbjgzbmbs, y lâs gnadrlbogÿn.

Euìb mh rhahrhnogb râpgmb (Brofgvd YMA) Euìb shnogjjb ohntrbmb hn jds prdohmglghntds mh mgspbrd. _u tblbòd B= abogjgtb su glprhsgÿn pbrb quh jb jjhvh odnsged.

Qhr hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb Ybrb vhr hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb y jb Euìb mh rhahrhnogb râpgmb, hj drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj mh`h thnhr gnstbjbmd Bmd`h Phbmhr (vhrsgÿn 1.9 d suphrgdr). Yuhmh mhsobrebr Bmd`h Phbmhr mh Gnthrnht mh lbnhrb erbtugtb. Mhspuçs mh gnstbjbr Bmd`h Phbmhr, sgeb hsth prdohmglghntd.

hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs 2 Gnshrth mh jb oâlbrb hn hj drmhnbmdr. Fbeb md`jh ojgo hn hj godnd mh OM-PDL.

0





Ybrb Ugnmdws, hj godnd sh ldstrbrâ hn [Lg YO (Hqugpd)\. Ybrb Lbogntdsf, hj godnd sh ldstrbrâ hn hj hsorgtdrgd.



Hj godnd quh bpbrhoh vbrgbrâ hn aunogÿn mh su drmhnbmdr.

5=  

Qhr hj OM-PDL Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb

?

Fbeb md`jh ojgo hn hj brofgvd ‚_]BP]“. ‚_]BP]“.   Bpbrhohrâ 

jb pbntbjjb quh sh luhstrb hn hj pbsd =. Hj godnd godnd quh bpbrhoh vbrgbrâ hn aunogÿn aunogÿn mh su drmhnbmdr.

Fbeb ojgo hn hj ndl`rh mhj lbnubj mh  = gnstruoogdnhs quh mhshb vhr. vhr. 



Fbeb ojgo hn hj ndl`rh mhj lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs `bcd hj gmgdlb quh mhshh.

_h ldstrbrâ hj Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb/ Euìb mh rhahrhnogb râpgmb hn hj gmgdlb mhshbmd.

Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb



Euìb mh rhahrhnogb râpgmb

Yuhmh odpgbr y eubrmbr jds brofgvds YMA hn hj drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj.





Hj YMA Lbnubj mh gnstruoogdnhs mh jb oâlbrb gnodrpdrb vìnoujds vìnouj ds mh pâegnb, pbrb quh puhmb gr râpgmblhnth b jb pâegnb quh mhshh. Hn jb pâegnb Odnthngmd d Ìnmgoh, sdjd tghnh quh fbohr ojgo hn hj nólhrd mh pâegnb pbrb sbjtbr b hsb pâegnb. Ybrb d`thnhr lâs gnadrlbogÿn sd`rh oÿld utgjgzbr utgjgz br Bmd`h Phbmhr Phbmhr,, vhb hj lhnó Byumb mh Bmd`h Phbmhr. Phbmhr.

58  

Euìb mh gngogbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh HD_ MGEG]BJ _djutgdn Mgsk Hsth mgsod odntghnh mgvhrsds sdatwbrh pbrb jbs oâlbrbs HD_ MGEG]BJ.

HD_ Xtgjgty Odn jb oâlbrb odnhotbmb b un drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj, phrs dnbj, HD_ Xtgjgty phrlgth trbnsahrgr bj drmhnbmdr adtds y vìmhds tdlbmds odn jb oâlbrb. ]bl`gçn puhmh utgjgzbr hj drmhnbmdr phrsdnbj pbrb hstb`jhohr mgvhrsds bcusths mh jb oâlbrb y mgspbrbr mh lbnhrb lbnhr b rhldtb odn hj drmhnbmdr odnhotbmd b jb oâlbrb.

Mgegtbj Yfdtd Yrdahssgdnbj Hsth sdatwbrh hstâ rhodlhnmbmd pbrb usubrgds quh tdlbn, lbydrgtbrgblhnth, glâehnhs PBU. PBU. Xsthm puhmh vhr vhr,, hmgtbr, prdohsbr, y glprglgr glâehnhs PBU b bjtb vhjdogmbm. ]bl`gçn puhmh hmgtbr glâehnhs CYHE lghntrbs rhtghnh jbs glâehnhs drgegnbjhs.

Sddl@rdwshr HV (Ugn) / Glbeh@rdwshr (Lbo) Hsth sdatwbrh hstâ rhodlhnmbmd pbrb usubrgds quh tdlbn, lbydrgtbrgblhnth, glâehnhs CYHE CYHE.. Xsthm puhmh vhr, hmgtbr hmgtbr,, drebngzbr drebn gzbr,, y glprglgr aâogjlhnth glâehnhs CYHE. CYHE. ] ]bl`gçn bl`gçn puhmh rhprdmuogr y hmgtbr vìmhds LDQ y hxtrbhr adtds mh jds vìmhds.

Ygoturh _tyjh Hmgtdr  Yuhmh hmgtbr hstgjds mh glbehn, bsì odld orhbr y eubrmbr brofgvds mh hstgjd mh glbehn drgegnbjhs. Hsth sdatwbrh hstâ mhstgnbmd b usubrgds bvbnzbmds odn hxphrghnogb hn hj prdohsblghntd mh glâehnhs.

51  

Euìb mh gngogbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh

Gnstbjbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh Nunob odnhoth jb oâlbrb bj drmhnbmdr bnths mh gnstbjbr hj sdatwbrh. Hj lgsld nd sh gnstbjbrâ odrrhotblhnth.   Bunquh thneb gnstbjbmb unb vhrsgÿn bnthrgdr mhj sdatwbrh, gnstbjh hj sdatwbrh sgeughnmd hstds pbsds (jb vhrsgÿn nuhvb sd`rhsorg`grâ jb vhrsgÿn bnthrgdr). 

2 Gnshrth hj mgsod HD_ MGEG]BJ _djutgdn Mgsk (OM-PDL). 

Ybrb Lbogntdsf, fbeb md`jh ojgo pbrb b`rgr hj godnd mhj OM-PDL quh sh luhstrb hj hsorgtdrgd y,\\..b odntgnubogÿn, fbeb md`jh ojgo hn [Obndn HD_hn Mgegtbj Gnstbjjhr 

0 Fbeb ojgo hn [Gnstbjbogÿn sglpjh\ y sgeb jbs gnstruoogdnhs quh bpbrhohn hn jb pbntbjjb pbrb rhbjgzbr jb gnstbjbogÿn. 

Ybrb Lbogntdsf, fbeb ojgo hn [Gnstbjbr \\..

? Fbeb ojgo hn [Phgngogbr\ y rhtgrh hj OM-PDL unb vhz quh sh Jb rhgngogh hj drmhnbmdr drmhnbmdr.. gnstbjbogÿn agnbjgzb oubnmd sh rhgngogb hj drmhnbmdr.



55  

Euìb mh gngogbogÿn mhj sdatwbrh

_datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDN GN_]PXOOGDNH_ H_ Odntghnh jds lbnubjhs mh gnstruoogdnhs mhj sdatwbrh.

Odpgbr y vhr jds YMA mh jbs Gnstruoogdnhs

2 Gnshrth hj OM-PDL [_datwbrh GN_]PXOOGDNH_\ hn su drmhnbmdr.

0 Fbeb md`jh ojgo hn hj godnd mh OM-PDL.  

Ybrb Ugnmdws, hj godnd sh luhstrb hn [Lg YO (Hqugpd)\. Ybrb Lbogntdsf, hj godnd sh luhstrb hn hj hsorgtdrgd.

? Odpgh jb obrphtb [_pbngsf\ hn su drmhnbmdr. 

_h odpgbn jds YMA mh Gnstruoogdnhs odn jds ndl`rhs sgeughnths.

HD_ Xtgjgty Mgegtbj Yf Yfdtd Yr Yrdahssgdnbj Sddl@rdwshr HV / Glbeh@rdwshr 

Ugnmdws HXx.xUT_Txx

Lbogntdsf HXx.xLT_Txx

MYYx.xUT_Txx

MYYx.xLT_Txx

[email protected]_Txx

[email protected]_Txx

Ygoturh _tyjh Hmgtdr

Y_Hx.xUT_Txx

Y_Hx.xLT_Txx

 = Fbeb md`jh ojgo hn hj brofgvd YMA odpgbmd.  Bmd`h Phbmhr (vhrsgÿn 1.9 d pdsthrgdr) mh`h mh hstbr gnstbjbmd hn su drmhnbmdr drmhn bmdr..   Bmd`h Phbmhr sh puhmh mhsobrebr mhsobr ebr erbtgs mhsmh hj Gnthrnht. 

56  

Lbrobs hs unb lbrob odlhrogbj mh Bmd`h _ysthls Gnodrpdrbthm.  Bmd`h odlhrogbjhs Ugnmdws hs unb lbrob odlhrogbj d unb lbrob odlhrogbj rhegstrbmb mh Lgordsdat Odrpdrbtgdn hn HH.XX. y dtrds pbìshs.  Lbogntdsf y Lbo D_ sdn lbrobs odlhrogbjhs d lbrobs odlhrogbjhs rhegstrbmbs mh Bppjh Gno. hn jds Hstbmds Xngmds y dtrds pbìshs.  Hj jdedtgpd mh _MVO hs unb lbrob odlhrogbj mh _M-?O, JJO.  FMLG, hj jdedtgpd FMLG y Fgef-Mhagngtgdn Lujtglhmgb Gnthraboh sdn lbrobs odlhrogbjhs d lbrobs odlhrogbjhs rhegstrbmbs mh FMLG Jgohnsgne JJO. 



]dmds jds mhlâs ndl`rhs mh prdmuotd, rbzdnhs sdogbjhs y lbrobs odlhrogbjhs lhnogdnbmds hn hsth lbnubj phrthnhohn b sus rhsphotgvds prdpghtbrgds.

Bohrob mh jb jgohnogb LYHE-= ‚]fgs prdmuot gs jgohnshm unmhr B]&] pbthnts pbthnts adr tfh LYHE-= stbnmbrm bnm lby `h ushm adr hnodmgne LYHE-= odlpjgbnt vgmhd bnm/dr mhodmgne LYHE-= odlpjgbnt vgmhd tfbt wbs hnodmhm dnjy (2) adr b phrsdnbj bnm ndn-odllhrogbj purpdsh dr (0) `y b

vgmhd prdvgmhr jgohnshm t fhadrB]&] tfh B]&] pbthnts prdvgmh LYHE-= odlpjgbnt vgmhd. Nd jgohnsh gs erbnthm drunmhr glpjghm bny dtfhr ushtdadr LYHE-= stbnmbrm.“ * Bvgsd ldstrbmd hn gnejçs sheón jd rhquhrgmd.

_h rhodlghnmb hj usd mh boohsdrgds drgegnbjhs mh Obndn Hsth prdmuotd hstâ mgshòbmd pbrb bjobnzbr un hxohjhnth rhnmglghntd sg sh utgjgzb odn boohsdrgds drgegnbjhs mh Obndn. Obndn nd shrâ rhspdnsb`jh mh ngneón mbòd hn hj prdmuotd ng boogmhnths odld auhed, hto., prdvdobmds pdr un aunogdnblghntd gnodrrhotd mh boohsdrgds quh nd shbn drgegnbjhs mh Obndn (pdr hchlpjd, auebs y/d hxpjdsgdnhs mh jb `bthrìb). ]hneb ]hneb hn ouhntb quh hstb ebrbntìb nd sh bpjgob b rhpbrbogdnhs odld odnshouhnogb mh un aunogdnblghntd gnodrrhotd mh boohsdrgds quh nd shbn drgegnbjhs mh Obndn. Nd d`stbnth, pdmrâ sdjgogtbr mgofbs rhpbrbogdnhs quh hstbrân suchtbs b un rhobred.

57  

Bmvhrthnogbs mh sheurgmbm _geb hstbs lhmgmbs mh sheurgmbm y utgjgoh odrrhotblhnth hj hqugpd pbrb hvgtbr fhrgmbs, abtbjgmbmhs y mbòds lbthrgbjhs.

Oÿld hvgtbr fhrgmbs erbvhs d abtbjgmbmhs • _geb hst hstbs bs lhmgmbs mh sheurgmbm sheurgmbm pbrb pbrb hvgtbr hvgtbr gnohnmgds, objhntblghntd hxohsgvd, auebs mh prdmuotds quìlgods y hxpjdsgdnhs3 - Nd utgjgoh `bt `bthrìbs hrìbs,, auhnths mh bjglhntbo bjglhntbogÿn gÿn ng boohsdrgds boohsdrgds quh nd sh hsphogagquhn hsphogagquhn hn hsth lbnubj. Nd utgjgoh `bthrìbs ldmgagobmbs ng mh ab`rgobogÿn obshrb. - Nd odrtd odrtdogroug ogrougth, th, mhsldnth mhsldnth ng ldmgagquh ldmgagquh jb `bthrìb `bthrìb ng jb pgjb mh rhshrvb. Nd bpjgquh bpjgquh objdr b jb `bthrìb ng b jb pgjb mh rhshrvb, ng jbs suhjmh. Nd hxpdneb jb `bthrìb ng jb pgjb mh rhshrvb bj auhed d bj beub. Nd sdlhtb jb `bthrìb ng jb pgjb mh rhshrvb b edjphs auhrths. - Nd gnstbjh jb `bthrìb ng jb pgjb mh rhshrvb odn jb pdjbrgmbm pdjbrgmbm gnvhrtgmb (+ ‟). Nd lhzojh `bthrìbs nuhvbs odn bntgeubs ng mgahrhnths tgpds t gpds mh `bthrìbs. - Nd rhobreuh jb `bthrìb auhrb mhj gnthrvbjd bmhoubmd bmhoubmd mh thlphrbturb b bl`ghnth3 l`ghnth3 9 9¹O ¹O =9¹O (?0¹A - 29=¹A). ]blpdod ]blpdod suphrh hj tghlpd mh rhobreb. - Nd gnshrt gnshrth h d`chtds d`chtds lhtâjgods lhtâjgods hxtrbòds hxtrbòds hn jds odntbotds odntbotds hjçotrgods hjçotrgods mh jb oâlbr oâlbrb, b, boohsdrgds, ob`jhs mh odnhxgÿn, hto. • Lbnthneb jb pgjb mh rhshrvb jhcds mhj bjobnoh mh jds ngòds. ngòds. _g un ngòd sh trbeb jb pgjb, pgjb,