Canoe and Boat Building 1000738069
April 24, 2017 | Author: adiseif | Category: N/A
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canoe...
Description
PREFACE.
Thb
title page. of
The
in
latter
do
craft
becomes
and
a
nuisance
eminent her
every
year.
This
varnish
on
class
of
great
what
not
the
latter
they
to
whom,
as
have
a
class
are
acquired
sails
and
years
skill
of
with
so
to
much
than
half
next
her
his
owner
"
know
one
cellar
and of
most
way,
of
due, usually labor for of
such
shop
work and
only acquired
careful
unwilling
seasons.
their
fiftyweeks
by the
outfit
of the
to
for
time
Their
of
the
in
are
result
We
canoe
screws
proper
practical knowledge after
fine
and
for
friends.
brass
disadvantages.
professional builder the
a
men,
in boats
limited; they have the
and
boatiDg
improvements
under
keeps
from
ssport afloat
pleasure
and
family
who
canoeist
feeds
his
to
unlindted
of
source
edly undoubt-
pleasure
the
and
dismantled,
up,
of
with
interfere
not
building, improving
independent
on,
delight
who
pet craft, and
pride in
a
in
pleasure merely
amount
greater
ice
canoes.
those
their
its
on
ance practical assist-
planning,
on
only feel
and
hauled a
the
the
own
with
forth
set
are
find
who
in
pleasure goes
cold
is
year
not
their
men
well
as
derive
their
but
sooner
and
build
compared
but
They
sport.
work,
nor
for
"tinkering" generally
the
the
designed to
is small
boat
book
boating
handling,
or
the
wish
of
this
of
object
manual
a
who
number
only
No
It is
those
sailing a
the
and
character
and
is
tools,
by the
patient labor;
communicate
freely
difficulty,and
are
4
PREFACE,
only other
the
of hoats, there
use
the instructions
needed
experienced
Having
fall to the lot of the of
proved
has
hy
quiredan
We
described.
and
at the
even patience,
given
are
those which
make
mentary elethat
enable
proved
best
tions opera-
for it by extra the
adapted
to
in
who,
the amateur
up
aC'
him
of the
many
of time, and
expense
have
the
seem
may
that dexterity,
default of this training,must
To
by long practicehas
writing for
ara
help
be remembered
dispense altogetherwith
to
that
such
pages
ourselves.
to
it must
him, who
of eye and
accuracy
shorten, or
but
building. mishaps
of the instructions
for
writing
not
are
we
boat
offer in these
unnecessary;
there
giving precisely
none
greatest value
the
while
largevessels,and
the trials and
of
tyro,we
builder,some profissional and
are
of
His
advice.
reading,and
heginner in
the
most
with
even
treating of the construction
others of
as
is
of information
source
hooks
are
assist the amateur,
willingto
seldom
care
methods
to his peculiar
requirements. building
Canoe are care
and
skill than
ordinary work;
appliedto
be
simplercraft,such It has been for many such
we
as
rowboats
and
the
return
and
thanks
and
and
which
volved in-
once principles,
of any
of the
skiffs. credit to the
inventions
in behalf
in sailors,
the
processes
requiringgreater
the construction
impossibleto give due
of the devices
builders
detail,as
to all boatbuilding, only
common
mastered, may
is treated in
of the we
originators
described;but great army claim
a
of
place.
to
all
teur ama-
CONTENTS. Page.
Intboduction, Designing, Model
n
-
Making,
19
Down,
21
Laying Methods
op
Tools
7
Building, Materials,
and
27 81
Building,
40
Wells,
67
Apbons,
63
Paddles,
67
Sails
Rigging,
and
70
Centbbboabds,
88
Rudders,
94
Tabernacles,
97
Tents
and
Stotbsand
100
Lamps, Canoes,
Canvas Boat
Beds,
Ill
Building,
115
Appendix, Description
106
123 op
Plates,
137
INTRODUCTION. word
^HE -*-
applied,
long and
has
canoe
for
how
the
to
islands has
as
small
to
well
used
general
Canada
similar and
the
for
propelled by
refer
only
importance given
to
will
Canadian
the
cruises
and
divided
into
which
models, Blue,
that
be
may
books,
said
models
applied
to
a
decks, will
pages of
as
the
one
as
the
instructions
and
simpler
and
such
There named
date
most
complicated
less
and
6
7,
no are
as
Nautilus,
definite now
Nautilus,
no
idea
six
early
multiplied
so
than
named
the
years
but
added,
boat's
nine
model
widely
Pearl,
to
the the
Jersey
Pearl, Shadow, of
less
years
Nautilus,
and
Roy
have
its
in
afterward
was
some
MacGregor's
Hr.
was
classes. Bob
for
use
from
improvements names
in
although to
1865,
distinct
two
etc., convey
dimension.
the
which,
canoe
changes
many
to
third, Ringleader,
a
and
deck
a
exclusively.
used been
given,
main
the
sails and
following
The
builder,
amateur
exploring,
and
fishing, without
and
meaning
limited
more
canoe.
modern
previously,
time
long
a
the
word
the
pleasure boat,
paddle being
hunting
apply equally open
The
a
above, while
for
second
the
to
America
a
of
long,
years
single paddle.
a
feet
in
mau, Esqui-
of the
past twenty
of
double
has
term
100
to
racing, traveling
for
mentioned the
used
boat,
and
purposes
those
being
the
England
usually added,
are
Within
craft
the
as
essentials
In
in
applied
80
pelled pro-
family
great
kayak
the
and
Jiaiedfulcrum,
a
of this
from
canoes,
Pacific.
icithout
of
boats
to
ends
both
at
members
model,
war
knows,
one
no
hand,
the The
size and
long
of the
been
sense,
in
held
having been
meanings,
proportions, sharp
in
greatly
time
a
facing forward.
crew
vary
long
narrow
by paddles the
distinct
two
the
or
ent differ-
Jersey
8
INTRODUCTION,
Blae
and changed entirely,
has
offer
a
so
sprung up, Modem manner,
Shadow,
different
that such
canoes
while
half
dozens
division
a
however,
may,
is
dozen
a
builders models
of other
have
longer possible.
no
classed
be
in
different
a
according to the relative proportions of and sailing thus: qualities,
their
Paddling (7a""?^a" Propelled solelyby paddle. /SatiablePaddUnffSail being used as auxiliary, as early Rob
Both
being qualities
Sailin^f"Ylttedmainly for sailing,as English boats, the paddle being auxiliary. Sailing Larger boats for as the Mersey canoes. "
racing
first
two
with
point in building
his canoe,
she will
the water
similar
details. The
a
basis for modification and
The
following small
For
the
made,
and
14ft.x37in. is most no
with ,
model
full
2 to Sin.
waters,
a
or
the
on
for himself, will
use
ent differas
to suit the builder. the
novice
in deciding
little
but
used.
portages have
importance, She should
a
have
keel, ends well rounded, little sheer. under
sail and
*paddle,a
canoe
be
to canoe a
flat For
14ft.x
flat floor, good
enough a
to
bearings,stempost nearlyupright, and stores easily, a keel of carry crew For
centerboard.
canoe
centerboard
he
pendix. Ap-
of his craft:
commonly
generalcruisingwork 80in.
been
in the
be selected
can
aid
rivers,where
sailing is of
has
all the
cover
one
will
iliaries, aux-
load to be carried,
improvement,
features
streams
floor,little or
them
general directions
the main
on
sail .on, the
later
as
do
for which
purpose
from
given
must
man
designs given
and
classes of canoes,
oars
is to decide
canoe
a
this each
consideringcarefullythe and
the
the
classification
English, is
the
dimensions, and
and
three, using
or
different
a
purposes
adopted here, which,
model
in
equal,as
about
Paddleable
The
dling pad-
Roy.
Sailingand Paddling" in most cruisingcanoes.
For
each
of
14ft.x33in.
greateror
or
less
large rivers,bays and fitted with a 15ftx31iin.,
weight.
The
open metal
tyro will be safe
AMATEUR in as
9
BUILDING,
CANOE
types, according to hia purpose, thoy are the ones usuallypreferredby canoeists. Any objectfloatingin water will sink until it displacesa
followingeither of
these
weight, thus with a equal to its own 181b6. sails and spars weighs 901bs. fittings
of water
weight
if the hull
cubic g2~5""^
feet,as
62.5lbs.
If in salt water, the divisor
the latter
being S^lbs. heavier
Now,
if that
portion of
waterline cut
the
This
fault is found
lines,as
loaded
hard
be
to
as
when
in
the
way
17.5 contains This
boat
wide
CTL
a
cu.
model,
water
yachts
to
the
it varies
draft.
with
canoes
fine
capacitythey sink so deep To unsafe in rough water. is desirable for
largerboats.
of wood
called
the
^^^
a
solid
beam
on
of
outside
and
28 of the
between
bottom
latter
next
former
tain con-
this block,
block. original the
ment, displaceof the
the bulk
dimensions
whose
.40, the
the
of
leadline,and
the
.25 to
**lightdisplacement"
.
the coeflacient
proportion
and
from
or
largeeach
as
cut from
model, when
our
14in.
taken
be
water. It will
below
canoe
cruisiDg,
hardly necessary
with
is done
block
a
14ft.
a
lengthon loadline,the leadline
the smaller
tended, in-
was
Increasingthe
and
posed pro-
ft.,through being
cu.
\m. thick, or one-twelfth
fraction,.28, is below
her
is below
be carried, it being
in. , itwill be
expresses
foot of
a
sink deeper than
rather full model
and
and
5
be 65,
to their full
in., and if
but 5
of
some
portion of
the
as
which
displacement, as
If, in making
long, ^in.
canoe
freeboard
stores, etc., must
to calculate
fresh.
paddle, and
to
guard againstit,a where
than
will
boat
diminishingthe
would
less than
contains
much,
too
away
our
weighs
foot of fresh water
cubic
one
weight
displaces313 lbs. of water,
being SlSlbs.,it will sink until it or
total
tent, stores, ets., 501bs., the
1451bs.,and
,
,
,
crew
canoe,
151bs.
the
depth
the
the
are
from
keel.
being
In
called
"heavy displacement**
boats. The
displacement
weighing the weighing
can
entire block, and
that also, the
coefilcient of
be
ratio
obtained, if desired, by first after cutting out the model of one to the other being the
displacement mentioned
above.
INTRODUCTION.
10
In the firstclass of the draft
have
4J
over
5in., the
or
class
of the second
Canoes
keel, which
varies
and
the
freeboard
in most
and
freeboard,"
point of
not
more.
of
6in. exclusive
The
rules.
larger
draw
from
6 to
be
decided
on
should
fixed in the
treme ex-
design,and
the
nearlyas possibleat first,changes made
the deck, may
if
from
it is less than
the distance
or
draft
is the distance
canoes
lin.
about
boats, and
The
afterward
ballastingbeing
The
Association
the waterline
to it as
trimmed
canoe
need
they
to
often
8in., the latter belDg the
to
outside keel.
no
positionof
the
adding usually draw
used
are
flat floor
a
keel
the
by
important
to, it is
as possible, thty
mostly centerboard
are
7in. with
1
from
limit allowed canoes
is
If built with
shoal waters.
in very draw
light as
as
referred
canoos
they
the water
it should the
from
be 4, 5, and
seem
6in.
necessary. the
to
be.
water
in
deck,
The
"least lowest
the
to
for respectively
each
of the classes. The
of the
curve
middle
of
sheer.
The
the boat, and
freeboard and
lower
height
is least,is
than
The
the bow
rocker
line,and
load
on
a
a
in room
a
round
80 to
is
its
on
be
about
2in.
the
across
model
carry
or
boat, the
made
be
may as
a
sail with
Sin. in
deck to it.
crown
the
straight
boat
at its
of the boat
little ballast, a flat
be vertical
rollingin
high
a
largely comparatively heavy
a
sides should
home"
from
14ft. boat.
a
and being of stability,
below, frees
objectioncan
upward
section
shape must
The
of deck
88in.
a
must
"tumble
detractingfrom The
2in. for
lightdraft, and
the flaring,
being
stem
of the keel
curve
canoe
floor is desirable.
the
in each.
section
and
greatestbeam, depends. As
pointwhere
the
the first class of canoes,
in
latter two, the
be about
midship
The
to the
stern, is called the
the
above
bow
usually 8m.
is the
should
the
downward
the bow
again at
up
of
7in. in the
6 to
from
gunwale
a
no
of the
or
slightly streak
upper
use.
S7in. boat, and adds
Z\m,
greatlyto
quickly of water,
and
no
the
valid
DESIGNING.
'T^O -^
of of
the
method do
to
also
will
intelligent
and
tools
used,
him
hours,
to
enable
small
a
the and
boat,
fascinating
importance
the
progressive
will
most
a
tion descrip-
short
a
for
necessary
introduce leisure
but
yachtsman
of
which
boat
or
ployment em-
to
sailor
is
generally admitted.
now
The
need
long,
be
right angle
to
wide,
and
hand
each
pair of dividers of
curves
drawing
weights to
various
at
scales
had
with
convenient
They
and
by small those
printed
long, costing twenty any
desired
scale
for
number a
canoe
of
of
inch
an
and
bard
at
and
driven
and into
strips of
parts
to
is two
latter for
place by lead cheaper
The
board,
They inch.
inches
may The
ta
is
way
board.
bristol
the
ship
used
are
the
each.
cents
drawing
in
held
easier
a
rubber,
These
splines.
rubber,
an
on
of
thirty-sixinches
better
and
or
pins
feet
pencil points, several
usually
are
canoe
three
straight
about or
scales
intervals, but
them
inches
wood,
plain
pine
being
square
of
for
three-quarters
edges
strips of wood
short
are
and
X
a
patterns,
curves.
confine
best
other;
with
long flexible
are
left
triangles
two
or
one
piece of white
smooth
a
which
drawing-board,
a
six inches
lower
the
require
only
foot
one
thick;
long,
will
amateur
work
a
his
work
is outside
length
at any
work,
and
drawing
the
to
serve
present
our
of all
for the
of
scope
the
beginner
subject of desigmng
the
into
go
the
teen eighbe most
foot
DESIGNING.
12
(one-sixthfull size), or a
two-foot
common
eighth of the
sail
the
foot.
inch
an
rule
may
scale
half inches, in which
a
be
be
may
represent
one
one-quarter of
five feet in width
or
also needed
and
to
detail
"roll
had
be
length. Some
of any
For
inch
an
good
four
one-
inch.
paper for working drawings is the paper" which is strong, buff in color and may A
case
division of
used, each
will
which
on
the
plan
and
one
of
drawing
paper to the board, or if it is to remain be tacks may there for some time" small copper them over used, as the square and trianglewill work more
pins are
A
to fasten
the
pencils and an India rubber will complete the necessary ings outfit,a drawing pen being added if the drawto be inked in when are completed, as they should be. If much be added, is proposed a few more work curves may a pair of small spacing dividers,bow pen and pencil. easily.
Three
few
views in
shown half
used
always
are
Plate
These
I.
in
plan, and body section, lengthwise of
stem
and
ahCy
and
stem, the
1, 2, 3, 4, and
lines,Nos.
the boat,
lines, as
curved
frame
the
the
The
plan.
lines, the
rabbet
the buttock
called
are
breadth
vertical
delineating a
sheer
showing sheer
is
the curve
or
lines;and to
plan,
plan
sheer
lines,1
vessel,as
deck
a
of line
the water
13, as straight
lines. half breadth
The
at the
boat
deck
and
plan
the width
shows
at each
of
the
of
water
one
side of the
lines,these
lines
(aswell as the diagonals Nos. 1 and 2),the frame and buttock lines being straight. The body plan shows the line or square station (1 to 13); section at every frame cross also,the line of the deck, a " c, as it appears from a point The lines in the right-hand directlyin front of the boat.
being curved
half (1 to X)
are
the sections
(X to 13) the diagonals are
to the left
lines and The out
general type
a
follows:
table
of
of
of the forward
body, and
those
body. The water lines,buttock all straightin this plan. after
canoe
dimensions
being
decided
for
reference
on,
in
we
will make
drafting,as
CANOE
AMATEUR
DIMENSIONS
OANOB.
eztrem6
Beam, Draft
CBT7ISIKG
OF
13
all
LeDfrth, over Beam,
BUILDING.
line
at water of
14
ft.
80
io.
S9
in.
7
in.
6
in.
2
in.
11
in.
water
Depth, water line to rabbet Depth of keel
(distance fh)
bow
Freeboard,
(distance a e) midships (distance b/) stem (distance c 9)
Freeboard, Freeboard, Sheeratbow Sheer
at
Bound
stem.
of deck
(or crown),
Thickness
of piank and
of stem
With
the
board
coming in
base
a
line,A
lay off numbering them vertical
at
a
a
half breadth
on
in.
2
in.
before
light
the
us,
of the paper,
comer
tlio
we
edge of the paper scale,using the T square
our
dividers
the
fiom
1 to 14
as
14
in the
of 1ft.
spaces
drawing, and,
each, ing shift-
draw edge of the board, we point of division,or 15 in all,prolonging
to the lower
each
distance
from
^
case
little
plan
or
and
apart, the
in firstthe load water
the sheer plan above.
equal to draw 15in.,we the
sheer
water
line at
lines, Nos. a
the
extreme
horizontal
a
upper
plan, we parallel to it,and
the
half
B
A
betwe^i
space
of the latter,C D, and distance
1
the lower
to cross sufficiently
beam, in this
Leaving
height
near
with
square lines at
them Now
in.
firmly against the left-hand edge of the startingat 0, the right-hand end of the base
line,we
the X
in.
held
Now
board.
B,
to 14ft.
in.
4
tightlyas possible,and
left hand
upper
6
1
as
convenient
of
length equal
its head
with
stretched
the
from
first draw and
table
a
on
in.
2^iii.
post
paper
in.
9
SHin. }4in.
deck
Keel, sided (thickness) Keel, moulded (depth) and stem, sided (thickness) Stem Bake
5
draw
limit
of
line. the
the base line
at any
convenient
1, 2, etc., drawing
distance/ A, above
C
D, equal
to 5in.
The water
other water
lines,are
Unes,
spaced
one
above
2in. apart
and as
two
the
below most
the
load
convenient
14
LBSIQNING,
division
in this
and
others that may
aoy
half
breadth
drawn
llie middle
case,
bo necessary,
body
and
avoid
confusion
well to draw work
plans, and of the
the
the
bow
lines,
drawn
now
in the
diagonalsare
also
completed, breadth plan arc
the half
drawn
are
supposed
in full black
boat, exclusive
canoes,
be the bottom
of
red; then
The
The
and
lines in
blue, the
remaining
base line 0 D
point point, plankmg
the
in
drawn
is
of the hull of
lowest
keel, which
of
the frame
are
water
full.
lines.
the
through
to pass
would
former
the
it is
necessary,
constructed,
is
latter lines being broken, the outlines
lines
lines,"which
is
drawing
drawiug
diagonalsin
in
nearly
all
midships,
at
the keel.
next
Having the paper laid off,we stations plan,laying off between 5in,, making
or
bow
at the
that
and
points a
will
begin with
7 and
8 the least
circle to mark a
"
time
same
stem,
measure
Taking
c.
a
line
the water
measuring
in
of
the rabbet,
up
9in. and
long spline,we these
the sheer
freeboard, place. Now
the
llin. from
or
is to be, outside the
similarlyat
up
the
line,at stem
our
small
a
measure
we
to the deck
the
the
many
these ''construction
which
on
when
bf
are
and
in the latter.
To
the
buttock
the width in. ; and
1^ in
will
lin. to
lay it
on
three
fining spots, condrawing so as pass through it by lead weights or by small pins on either side of without it at each point. If i^does not take a "fair" curve abrupt bends, other pins or weights must be added at any various points until it is true and fair throughout, when the in with a pencil. line may be drawn
the
to
Next
the
be drawn
outline of the bow,
in with
line,showing
a
of the deck
crown
middle
at
further
on,
to half the extreme
drawn.
The
is E F. and
on
beam,
each the a
and
The
stem
may
also the rabbet
The
also be
may
of
manner
then, using a small splineor
plank.
the
midships
line of the deck
section
given
spline
the curves,
or
ending of
the
of keel and
bottom
height of
laid off,and
the
the
line of the midship
center
findingits positionbeing
side of it at
a
distance
equal
perpendiculars8 8 are drawn; curve, the midship section is
AMATEUR
CANOE
drawn, accordingto at rabbet
is,of
high
other
from
E
as
ing correspond-
the
midship section is
pleted com-
half, measuring with the F on each water line, and
to the
them transferring
opposite side, afterward drawing a The round of the through all the points thus foimd. in the body plan, joiningthe two also be drawn may
curve
deck
of the midship
extremes
Now
proceeding half
in the
draw a
keel
i
to
lin.,but in
width
section.
breadth
of
allow
and stem
parallelto
A
B,
it is called.
keel,as
side of E F in the
to
is
be wider
this
boat the
lay off iin. and draw **half siding" of the
we
distance
same
In
stem.
must
In
trunk.
represent the
The
and
the keel
lin.,so
will first
we
throughout,from
same
boat
for the
room
plan
the keel, stem
centerboard
a
breadth
will be the
at the bow
line
half
the
to
the breadths
canoe
amidships, to a
line
The
plan.
breadths
the
the line beginning designer, which the at ending pointh,
the water
in the
by drawing dividers
above
in the sheer
point
15
the taste of the
in the keel, and as
course,
BUILDING.
body plan, being other
is laid off views
on
of the
each same
line. The
from
taken
laid off,the
being
keel
the
half
and
body plan
breadth
set off at
at
X
deck
the on
the
is
half
plan. The side line of the deck, of course, passes through this point,its ends meeting the side of the keel at the pointsa and c, the distances of these pointsfrom stations 0 and 14 respectively, being the widths of the stem piece and breadth
stem
post outside of
points so
the three
stem, and
the
planking.
A
splineis bent through
give the desired fulness at line,"or half breadth, on deck
as
the "side
to
bow
and
is drawn
in. breadth
The
endingsof the points
in
breadth
sheer and
plan.
obtain
we
laid off at X
by squaring down No.
where
to the
2 water
siding of
will
run
the water
line
refer to Table
are
in some
now
I. in the
and the
from
those
line cuts
the
the keel in the half
the-body plan, begiimingwith
points of others
plan
stern
To test it we
sections in Three
line is now
line determined
the
of bow
rabbet
No. 2 water
on
of the intermediate No.
4.
determined, and
Appendix
and
to
find
Ifl
DESIGNING.
that in first,
section is in
most
of the
placed
at about
boat would
our
be
described
there
canoes
the middle aft
2^1n.
load line, which
of the Station
of
midship
the
7, the
length on
being 13ft. 4iin., the fore body,being 6ft. 8iin. and body 6ft. Sin. An inspectionof the tables shows that
loadline after the
lengthof
''middle
the
type is about line.
Taking
half
breadths
For
37
36i per at the
(k I)in
ordinate"
of 29in.
cent
middle
of the fore
lOiin. as
have
we
a
dium me-
at the water
of the beam
cent,
per
of
canoes
the
body
a comparison of the various canoes, dividingbuttock and body line is also used, being drawn in the body and half breadth the center plans,midway between
and
of
purposes
the extreme
The
beam.
of this line with of
measure
for the bow
which
length of
tlie fore
of the after
cent,
cent
as
the
the
body, body, For
an
of
average
of
degree from
ranges
finer boat.
a
sections {rs"t v) of the interload water parative line,afford a com-
distances
29
of the boats,
fullness 47
to
for the
the
larger fraction, of
the
fore
the
25 to 46 per
from
and
stern
of
cent,
per
cating indi-
course,
will take 36 per cruisingboats, then 36 per cent, of
body
we
6ft. 8i^in."=2ft. 6in.,which, laid off
along the bow line from the fore side of the stem at water line,gives a point on the water line,and similarly,taking 40 per cent, (a rather large but the boat in question has a very fine run) we have figure, 40 per after
of Oft. 8in.-=2ft. Sin., which
cent,
side of stern
at
splineis readilyset to 'I'urningnow
I
w
and
With
these
is laid off from
five
points given
line drawn
the water
the a
in.
body plan (the right hand side of which represents the frames of the fore body, and the left those of the afterbody)the sheer or deck line,a be, is drawn. The TT square is laid across the board at the height of the to the half -siding stem ; a in the sheer plan is squared across of the stem at a in the body plan, and similarlythe heights the half breadth at Stations 2, 4, 6, are squared in. Now at
Station
6 is taken
dividers and then a
4 and
curve
the
from
set off to the 2
are
is drawn
treated from
X
the
half
right of in the
E
breadth
F at the proper
same
through
plan with
mr.nner, the
spots
height,
after to a,
the
which
showing
AMATEUB
BUILDING.
lioe of the port side of the canoe,
the deck a
CANOE
point directlyin front, after which
17
from
it appears
as
is drawn
the Kne
in the
in the
after
Of course this line gives the same manner. body all the frame lines,1 to 18. upper endings of of these is drawn Only every other one in, the moulds 2ft. but thus being by layingoff the stations 1ft. apart, apart,
bulkheads, masts, etc.,are
the
The
ends
lower
of keel in
the
4 and
Stations
line
water
thus
the
Now
being
are
the side line
on
plans, the heights being each station in the sheer plan. completed, the breadths on the
at
now
transferred
from
drawn
curves
linos will be
breadth
half
the
through
breadth
the three
to
the
points in
each
obtained.
remaining water
in the
drawn
rabbet
10
body plan, and frame
and
body
along
taken
half
easilylocated.
more
all frame
of
half breadth
lines, Nos. 1, 8 and
4, may
plan, their endings being
be
found
by squaring down from their intersections with the rabbet in the sheer plan and the breadths at 4, X and 10 beingtaken from all the water lines are fair,the frame lines the body plan. When if necessary, to correspond, at 4 and 10 being altered slightly, be completed. the remaining stations,2, 6, 8 and 12, may The design is now ready for the final fairing,for which the
No. ''diagonals'* lines should
These
be
so
No.
2
are
drawn
as
in the
drawn
to intersect
body plan.
all the frame
rightangle as possible.The distances along diagonal from the point i to the intersection of each
lines at the
1 and
near
as
a
line, are taken
frame
in
stations
laid off
off in turn, and the half
breadth
their
on
plan,
and
a
ponding corres-
line
is
be through the points. If the line is unfair it must and frame altered, the corresponding points in the water lines being changed at the same time, until all coincide, the intersection being the same in breadths and heights of every drawn
all three
plans, when
it may
be assumed
that the
drawing
is
fair. The from
endings of the diagonalsare found by squaring across the siding the points in the body plan where they cross
of stem sheer
and
stem
plan, and
to the
then
rabbet
line
squaringdown
on
stem
these
and
stem
points to
the
in the
siding
DEBIGNUfG.
18
in the half breadth two
either
ways,
'level"
plan. The diagonalsmay be laid off "expanded/' as already described,or
an
diagonal,in
body plan to
each
which
distances
the
intersection
measured
are
F
E
from
in a
in the
horizontallyas
qd. As be
additional
an
These
in.
run
test of fairness other
drawn
are
in
''buttock''lines may
body
the
half
and
breadth
plans,parallelto the center lines,and are transferred to the sheer plan by taking the heightof each intersection in the body plan and settingit oft on the correspondingstation, the curve being drawn through the "spots"afterward. The endings of the buttock lines are found by squaring up from
the
the deck The
points line,to
process
of
in
the deck
and
breadths
bieadth
line in the
"fairing"may
all the curved
when
half
the
lines
of every
are
plan where sheer plan.
be considered
true
and
intersection
the
cross
completed
as
fair,and
are
they
the
heights
in each
same
of
the three
plans. Tliis completes the "construction drawing." from which if any, are made. the calculations, Plate II. represents the showing canoe, completed "working drawing" of the same dimensions
This added are
may
of be
to the
inked
keel,ribs,etc.,and a
the
separate drawing,
"construction
or
of position the
all
details
drawing," after which
in, as before directed.
fittings. may
be
all lines
MODEL
20 Bions marked
it and
on
each
of the four sides.
plan
is drawn,
MAKING.
numbered On
and
the
lines
drawn
of the block
the back
the
on
sheer
afterward.
omittingthe keel,if any, which wiU be added The half breadths on deck are now taken with
the dividers
from
the half breadth
top of the block,
the
to the
spots, and
The
lines the
across
the
of the block
a
the sheer
line A
cut
D E
plan
drawn
to this
away
same
the bow, The
is
squared
now
up
block
cut
gide and
it is intended
as
line representing
back, leavingof
the
on
the
of the block
is cut
course
the deck
that
to the lines of
bottom.
now or
the curved
on
the back
and
latter is nailed
firmly,and
are
their proper stations, and is now spots. The wood
on
the
of the deck
Next
stem
block
splinepinned
a
2.
set oft
through
to the
crown
shall have.
and
line
the middle the
to
face, Fig.2, the heightsof the deck line taken
new
Fig.
from
transferred
is cut to the line ABC.
the bottom
on
and
in with
run
curve
the block
plan
screwed
screwed
to the
to the
shape
piece of board, which work-bench., so as to hold it
fast to
desired
a
by
the builder, the midship
being first roughed out, then the ends being cut and all finally finished off with sandpaper. To com away, ing on a board, the keel added, bepletethe model it is mounted glued to the board, it is varnished, and screw eyes put in The model to hang it up by. itselfshould be sciewed to the board so as to be easilyremoyed. section
To
take the lines from and
the
each
the
laid in turn
block on
model
the
edge traced thereon, givingthe
the
pieces are
half breadth
water
screwed un-
plan and
lines,from
which
AMATEUR tliebody plan may model
from
a
reversed, the off,the
trinmied each
drawing already completed, piecesor "lifts" are planed to the of the
Ihie,all
line
drawn, and the piece line. After a piece is prepared for screwed together and the edges
are
off,forming
fair surface.
a
It is sometimes
model,
to
half breadths
oft by the
deck, dividers,and
the frame
lines
and
the
The
is traced deck
heightsto
the lines drawn
by bending a tracing the outline
and
proper
on
thin
the
taken
arc
paper,
then
stripof
lead
of it on
the deck
solid
a
paper,
line
the
on
obtained
are
lines from
the
plan
shown position, by drawing being completed,the
the
in
on
the model
around
take
to necessary which the sheer
do
a
operation is
ness, proper thickthe half breadths
each, and
across
water
the
to
away
roonded
to make
the
curve
water
21
If it is desired
in.
drawn
be
the stations laid oft set
BUILDING,
CANOE
and
the
paper
sheer lines.
operationis laying
next
down.
LAYING
DOWN.
is the enlarging of the
This
drawing
boat, and is necessary in all boat and large vessels, the drawing is made
to the full size of the
ship building. For on
the
floor
of
the
length,or in the case of very long vessels,in two portionsoverlapping each other. board will answer, 16ft. long and 2ft. For small work a wide wide, or less,according to the size of the boat. loft,"either in
"mould
On and
this
except
plan a
that
to
oft,as
of offsets"
lines
heightsabove
was
plan
will
Referring now
room.
is made.
vertical coliunns, one horizontal
paper is laid and tacked, described for the detail drawing,
drawing
half breadth
the
save
"table
roll
common
it is divided
continuous
one
as
follows.
base line of
In the
to
the
overlap the detail
sheer
drawing,
sheet of
is ruled
in
square this table
also
in
A
for each
now
stem,
paper station, and
rabbet
is
set
and
down
the
sheer, and
MODEL
22 breadth
the half
at the
MAKUSTQ.
deck,
each
on
waterlinCiand
on
the
on
the
diagonals: Half
Breadths.
t-
"
"?"
O
"
I
.
I ^
"
y
jg
^
g
g
^
g
oR
iiS? ^
^
^
^
"
y
i_
Q^"
^
"
^
or
0^
y
y
jS
S
d^
oj\
oK
wv.
iy"
I
^
I
I
I
"
^
^
;"
i_
S
table the lines
distance
line,and
water
a
the spots thus found. scale to
a
1^
^
this each
li
^
y
g
paper,
i^
g
"
From
S
9"
f
I I
larger,aD
i
are
laid
down
full size
off on its proper frame being measured long,thin batten of pine run through As we are now working from a smaller errors
are
increased in the
same
ratio.
AMATEXm and
the
though wUl
there
these the
be
CANOE
small
some
same
drawing of
; running
in all three
the
remaining details,such
are
drawn
in their proper
lines of the
plank,
of the
planking.
are
iatter is
lines
fair
are
over
the
only, then
surface
the
inner
is often
model
the
outside
the which
is
boat
surface made
of
to the
taken breadths,when If the working drawings made the plank, the thickness of the to include deducted at some stage of the draftingprior to layIn
our
all include the
^in.,must
the
the actual size of the frame.
ing down.
To
show
now
correspond with
outside of the frames
off,show
lines,and
and
moulds
large work
In
all the curved
fore be-
was
places.
the
built must, of course,
as
lines,frame
masts, bulkheads, floor,etc.,
as
drawing
but
to correct
heightsof every point the drawing is faired plans. When
are
The
accurate
and
is necessary,
in the water
the
same
been
large one,
"fairing"
diagonalswith the battens until the breadths and regular,and
28
have
may
in the
errors
process
described
BUILDmQ.
for convenience, the
canoe,
in
plank, so
the moulds
making
y^ .
drawings will
'"
t
its thickness,
be deducted. the frame
board lines,a piece of thin board or cardis XIX., BCD, slippedunder the paper of the the line to be copied, and large drawing, adjusted under held in placeby a couple of tacks. Settingthe pointsof the ^in. apart, a row of spots is pricked through the compasses the board, Jin. inside the frame into line,shown by paper in time pointson the the small circles Fig. 8. At the same line and the diagonalsDl and center line,E F, load water
copy
also marked.
D2
are
nm
through
the
The
and laid
batten
held on
is then
spots,and the wood
.^^ If the drawing is made Itakenoff,as in Fig. 4. A
board
about down
a
board
f x^in. is bent
by
top of the
on
flat-headed
batten
and
a
removed,
trimmed or
along
the line
nails.
A
mark
^
i
.'jI
^^ I c~"^^ (^
batten
lines may
on
piece of
scratched
" \r
to the line.
away
floor the
a
I
^^
Hate
A
''^^
^
on
the
be
floor
boarcf is
WLiDofluLJt ^^A;Jj
its under
num.wv .
side with
the
piece of
bent
wire
shown
at A.
In this case,
-
.. .
cuttingto the inside the edge, and after
mark a
another
second
cut
line must
made
to
be
gauged Jin.
it,after which
it
,
24
MODEL
is laid
on
the
MAKING,
drawing and
diagonalslaid off
on
the
make
the
planed up on one at right angles
4
complete mould, edge, H I,Fig, 5, to
line and
it.
PiQ.
To
line,water
center
it,and also
a a
piece center
the load
of
lin.
pine
is
line E F, is drawn
water
line,then
the
pattern is laid on this boaid, adjusted to the center and water lines,and one-half marked off; then the pattern is turned over, adjusted on the other side of E F, and that side also marked time.
off,the diagonalsbeing
marked
at
the
same
AMATEUR
JL
CANOE
I
Fig. 6,
BXnLDING.
25 L
30
MODEL
As
the boat
evident
tapers from
the
that
after
than larp^cr slightly with
case
Ishow.
6 must
the
complete to admit
mould made
and
depth
each
portion of the keel explained later.
of the deck
may
which
bar the boat
the
drawings are amidships than are
allowed
they have great care
to
not
in
a
from
These
is taken.
so
beam
when
should
a
similar moulds
be made
racing,the one
deck
as previously,
beams
often
curve
of
^in^ f
methods,
width
small
about
stem
mould
rabbet
a
of the canoe, the
inside of
requireda
spread in
where
made
sometimes
done
if to
her class in
spread
keelson
either of the above
canoe,
the desired
or
the
at
cut
mould, showing the
beam
off
a
be
is curved
stern
by pine. They are The tendency of lightboats to avoid
must
there will be
beams.
taken
each
outline of the stem,
(ifthe
it)and
K
notch
a
described
line
2, 4,
diagonal carpenter's and the of the above points, accordingly.
tbat
required for
the
the marlis
iin. larger than
mould,
to the rabbet
sides
both
having
the
the moulds
will be the
reverse
for this bevel, moulds
out
trimmed
(Fig.6) givingthe
will be
the
be
will be
moulds
height and on drawing with a common
to
are
X
allow
sawed
the
will be
rabbet,as
Besides
be
turn
of the mould
bottom
To
from
taken
To
the fore sides,and
No.
ends, it will
to the
forward
the
bevels at the deck
bevel, applied in
edges
side of
canoes.
The
larenow
midships
after moulds,
the
I same in most I and perhaps
MAKING.
excess
model inch
in building, of beam and
all
narrower
and
the sides
are
put in, if
happens unless
28
METHODS
OF
kept perfectly clean, if not, will wash
out
down
under
all dirt.
from
of water
stream
a
The
BUILDING. hose
a
third
phasized point is the one most emthe of but the look overby opponents lapstreak, they the fact that the laps, or lands, as they are usually called in England, are the not with very nearly parallel, Water of the water, which is largely lines,bat with the course
and
the boat.
At
the ends
lands
the
ished dimin-
are
nothing, if the boat is properly built,and that they detract nothing from the speed is well proved by the fact that a very large majorityof all canoe been won have races by lapstreakboats. to
As
their
light,easily repaired when damaged and they will stand harder and rougher usage than any other boats of their weight without injury. The lands on the bottom ashore, and if protect it greatly when tD the initial stability. anything they add slightly The oyster skiffs of Staten Island Sound and Princess Bay, boats from 18 to 26ft. long,lapstreak,of |in.plank, are considered the fishermen and rise be to stiffer to more by quickly to
advantages,they
than smooth-built boats of
experience with on
the
same
different modes
of
to
obtain
built,as
this cannot
describe
on
smooth
a
model.
after
As
building,we
for canoes,
best
the
shall later
we
In order carvel
the
lapstreakas
amateurs,
are
and
have
some
settled
easiest for
the
it in detail.
skin, canoes
sometimes
are
described, but of iin. stuff,and
before
be caulked,
a
stripof
wood
about
as
^in. thick and
between the placed on the inside of each seam timbers, the edges of the planks being nailed to it. This is called the "rib and batten" plan,and is largelyused in Oanad ". Another and similar plan, the ribbon, or more properly setts ribband in Massachucarvel (not **rib and carvel")is used and Connccticul for whaleboats, and in England for
lin.
wide,
is
iin.,slightlyrounded
They
the ribbands
In these boats
canoes.
are
screwed
just where plank
is laid on,
entire
length.
seams
the
as
oak
long
nailed
ribs
are
ash, l^x
or as
the boat.
the latter are
in
tion, posi-
and
as
each
of the planks come,
its edges ar" When
back
moulds, when
to the
the
the
on
of
are
and
to the ribbands
put
on
they
for their must
be
AMATEUR
CANOE
"jogged''or
notched
methods
boat
the
muslin
painted
BUILDING,
the ribbaDds.
over
the
yacht
improved if a strip of laid along the seam, under
is
each
Triton
are
fine surface
very
lapstreak,and In another
a
these more
are
method
In
ribband boats
of wood.
layer,crossing the
second
first layer sometimes to stem to cross
it nearlyat
outer
and
also in
both
in the
fore and
run
of the
all the
The
one.
edges,
the
together. While heavy, and when
of
seams
of
the
canoes,
skin
one
of the other, rivets
method
a
"Herald"
aft,the
planks
boat, and
being
buildingfollowed
largestcutter yachts.
our
paint between
^in. boards
inner
the
across
well-known
either of these methods
With in
runs
centers
of
some
skin
aft,as
coming in the placed along
the
lifeboats.
the inner
sometimes
the
diagonally,slopingaft from bow layer sloping the other way, so as used in U. S. right angles; a method
and
fore and
first planked with
a
second
the
Sometimes
having
is laid
with
launches
While
usuallynot as tightas easilydamaged. sometimes employed for canoes,
and
Navy
or
the ribband,
are
being
a
varniahed
a
skin is double, the boat then with
of these
similar way the boats of smoolli built,with a stripof brass inside
instead of
seam
In both
is
but this is often difficult to do. "
20
thickness
skins, and
two
making water
a
both
of muslin are
is laid
well
nailed
strong boat, it is often the skins, penetrates between
a
very
once
(with the thin plank used in boat building), will soon the wood rot. be stopped, and the leaks cannot serious objection to it is the great difficulty of Another making repairs. in time
it win
as
and
Boats
are
canoes
sometimes and
galvanizediron, soldered usually
confined
riveted
ships' boats
to
built
and
of tin, copper
together,a lifeboats.
or
method Two
tin
in 1880, and seemed present at the first meet strong, lightand serviceable, though of poor shape. Ko canoes
were
doubt would and
an
excellent
could
leak, and would
not
weight
In order
canoe
would
be built of sheet copper,
be
indestructible;but
that
the cost
be considerable.
to obtain
a
smooth
skin with
the
advantage
of the
80
METHODS
the planks are lapetreak,
edges,half
BUILDINO,
OF
rabbeted
sometimes
the
thickness
taken
being
joining ad-
their
on
each
from
plank, leavingsmooth surfaces, inside and out, but thicker plank must be used than in the lapstreak,and the working is
difficult. In another mode
more
plankingis in
the
strips,perhaps Ixfin. One of these nailed through from edge to edge, into is laid
it and
alongsideof
until the
is
boat
stiffen the boat In the are strips
tongued stripsin some running around
boats
Paper
the boat, from
has
ased
been
in three
veneer
their great
weight,
long immersed
when
as
before
frame
length
one
the
boats
of
of the boat, transverse
two
or
canoes. a
as
years
terial ma-
strong, tight,
are
lapstreak,they
have
not
process of tools and experience The
little used.
requiresboth
no
glue or
in water
the oldest modes
of wickeiwork method
or
cement
be
a
same
on
tions objecof time
matter
they are practioaUyruined. a to make of boat building was with it similar material, covering which
This
mode
easiest of all for the amateur, it further
depended
open to the
they are
still followed, except that
for the leather.
to specially
can
boats, it is only
leakagebegins,after of
;
of paper, but, besides
instead
thicknesses
all double-skinned
leather,a the
but
wale. gunis of much
Spanish pieces,joining
six
past thirteen the
patented,and
is
to
have been Canoes beyond the reach of the amateur. during the last five years on a similar system, using
built
One
than are
gunwale
strong enough for
although
but
aft,and
or
in the
forced
fore and
the skin is made
and
for the
popular, and
construction
thin
is not
and
fine surface
very
twice
or
little heavier
but
become
a
longitudinalseam
for canoes, and
once
but this method
ones;
to
these
Company
steamed
iin. thick, laid in four
the keel, and one
needed
are
Boat
running
in canoes,
than
greater importance cedar, about
another
in succession
so
frames
grooved, then
In shell boats, where
making
keel,then
few
Ontario
by the
together,the
on
the
and
place
the masts.
made and
in others
laid in
it,and
to
A
completed.
near
boats
nailed
is
narrow
on.
and
is substituted
canvas
is
of
building
we
shall devote
perliaps a chapter
TOOLS
In small
AND
lightness and
boats, where it is necessary
importance,
carefully selected, both each
for
kind
splinters and
direction
one
lies smooth that be
end
the
of
The
noticed.
be
between
not
nails
will
two
used For
in
a
the
will
make
boat,
by
a
from
into
sawn
stern.
out
of
to
the
rib
it will
looking
layers will in such
the
in
layers, keel
a
it
Next
length and
fore
nails of
the
aft, thus
either
oak,
to
which
ash
or
never
be
may
to ten
inches
are
straight plank.
thick,
be
or
almost
of
larger. For
if of full thickness
used,
will and
had, the
stem
and
be
stem
and
good,
but
a
very
any
canoes
it may
make are
the
it is sometimes
as
in knees
of which
also
cannot
as
or
had
curved,
usually
are
is hackmatack,
far
ribs, the
decays rapidly.
slabs, each
knees
running
the
should
i^"od keel, but hickory should
is the best,
If knees
heavier. cut
three
Oak
right angles
stem,
three
knee
three-inch
as
which
called, tamarack, curvature,
the
each
a
and
stem
material
best
at
layers in
of
it
boat
the
In
through
true
is
same
to split. liability
avoiding any
yellow pine
the
being
the
boat, and
in
concentric
instance,
in
other
mostly vertical, so the layers of the wood
be
them
through
in the
ground.
pass
for
the
wood
the
possible,be placed
it will
in
of them,
horizontally,and
lie
be
nails
of
with
a/", otherwise
of
if
of
placed
so
rough
series
a
piece should,
the
position that
and
wood,
very
clear, straightgrain.
while
point and
rocks
over
be
first
the fitness
to
grain
up, be
ends
should
as
a
the
roughs
rough
or
dragging
in
torn
that
of
are
Beginning
oak, with
should
keel
the
splinters
the
at the
a
and
material
purpose.
found
be
the
strength
quality and
to
as
is white
it will
planing
that
required
the
keel, the best wood In
MATERIALS.
stem
may
be
TOOLS
33 For
the sides of
MATERIALS.
A2W
centerboard
a
trunk, clear,dry white
is good, but mahoprany is better,though The
timbers
ribs
or
usually of
are
much
pine
costly.
more
lent oak, though elm is excel-
for this purpose. The wood be clear and must of the best quality in order to bend easily. The for this best oak ia found
purpose
for the staves five feet
being
in the
of barrels.
planking,the
of which
are
of stave timber used
should
coopers three to
best material
very
found
These
along the
12 to 20 feet
from
be clear from
and
sap
is white
entire
seaboard. It is usually sold in boards boat work, and
by
pieces are from about two by five inches square, an ordinary lapstreakboat.
long, and
sufficient for
For
shape
For
knots, but
painted, the latter,if hard much, in fact,the knotty cedar
and
the Atlantic
thick and^l^in.
,
long.
that is
ties cedar, varie-
lengthof
f 1
one
small
for
for it
boats
larger work
sound, do
is considered
matter
not
tougher
and
stronger than the clear. cedar
Where
be had, white
cannot
advantage ; in fact,the amateur thick cedar in
Where
neither of these
working,
it is inferior.
Most
more.
oak
for
a
of
source
are
and
to
the
up
change
its
cedar.
trouble with
be used, but spruce may Spanish cedar make excellent than
better
no
of the
much
work
to
easier
be had
can
Mahogany
planking,but they much
will often find it much
of
shape
be used
can
iin.alreadyplaned than to himself, while pine is not so apt
buy pine
to
pine
English books
planking, but
it is never
white on
cedar
and
cost
mend canoeing recom-
used here, being too
heavy. For
the
bulkheads, floor boards
and
inside
work
white
pine is the best; for decks, rudder and upper streak of planking, and carlings, mahogany, and for deck beams spruce. The gunwale may be of spruce or pine, or, if outside, as will be shown, of mahogany, oak or yellow pine, the coamings of the cockpit being of oak. Paddles and spars made
are
stiffer and
The etc.
"
either of white
stronger,but
a
pine or
spruce, littleheavier.
other necessary materials in detail will be mentioned "
the
nails,screws, as
are
latter
being
metal work,
required.
AMATEUR The
exceUence the
on
and
of amiiteur
devoted
few
very
much
If the amateur
outlayfor
as
many
hand, but
on
the
caio
may
be
done
can
be
done
at
The
best work it
hand,
but
one
boat,
at
small
as
to the
$100 8 00
inch
40
saw^lSin
1 00
Jack
plane, double iron Smoothing plane,double Thumb
iron
plane
Claw
85 85
;
hammer
76
Riveting hammer
40
Cutting pliers,Stubbs*8
85c. to
Hall's
or
1 25
Small
screwdriver
Three
gimlets, 1-16, J6,J41n
60
Three
brad
25
60
awls
86
Six-inch
try-square Spokeshave
60
Marking
10
gauge
Chisels,J^,^, lin
76
Two-
26
rule
foot
60
Gauges, H-"lin" iiisiclebevel
1 00
Oilstone
4d
6in
Compasses,
200
iron clamps, 4tD
Four Chalk
25
awl
scratch
line and
$16 The
above
cheap
ones
of small
being worth
not
save
and
pricesof the buying, and
best with
be built,but the addition
can some
Eight-inch ratchet Center
the
about
are
boat
tools will
and
time
them
any
of the
trouble: $1 85
bits,various
1 60
sizes
SSH 60
Babbetplane Draw
60
plane, one-quarter inch knife, nine-inch
Screwdriver,
kind
following
brace
German
26
quality tools,
Countersink
Bead
an
be sufficient:
16in.,8 teethtotbeinch
Compass
agine, im-
largernumber.
a
possible,the following will
as
28ixiM 6 teeth
saw,
88
depends not,
the other
on
desires to build
tools
Panelsaw,
Bip
tools to it.
tools; but,
quickly with
more
BUILDING,
work
of
number
perseverance
with
CANOE
wide
1 60
blade
66
ten-inch
Twenty-six-inchhand "ight-mch back saw
saw
of sixteeni Instead f inch panel saw
j
\
1 76 1 10
TOOLS
84
will be
These two
the
as
all that
stemband,
though by Two-foot Bench
MATERIALS.
needed, except
are
drills to fit the brace, for
three
or
AND
but
no
there
are
brass work,
the
others
some
that
are
such ful, use-
very
follows:
indispensable,as
means
and files,
few
a
steel square. axe.
Expansion bit, seven-eighthsto three-inch. Level. Convex
spokeshave,for
Mortise
and paddles.
oars
gauge.
Adze, for largerboats. Small
hand-drill
Two
or
Besides called
or
brass
round
these
tools there will
in
some
wooden
by
clamps,
to hold
and
against the head is a piece of iron
long and The
the back,
solid
The
lin. thick,
others bolt
a
size,
In
other ends
closingthe
are
same
rivet.
or
ones
strengthened
of the
are
small
a
nails,and
to the
on
iron
of
block
long, with
Fig. 7.
through two pieces, joined by in
Sin.
the burrs
in
shown
them.
is driven
wedge
a
'*burr starter,"which
of oak, 6 to 8in.
rivet in
but
spars.
needed
be
fin. in diameter end, used to drive
one
out
a
sole
riveting;a
rod
hole
sawed
planes for
three
nail in
a
drills.
''set,'* or riveting iron, used
a
of
with
stock
use
a
of the
jaws. work
A form
bench
being
several feet for
room
a
boards.
of
plank 2in. longer than a
vise
This
plank
boards, making smooth, A an
iron
answer,
some
one
and
being
intended well
as
be
space
securely with
to
as
plane
fastened
its outer
to allow
long
up
along edge
to be
must
be
planed placed
cheaper.
on near
common
a
20in.
being fiUed in with 20in. wide, the top being level
the best, but the
is much
as
boat, so
at the back
bench
kind
be
must
floor and
the
the material
as
vise of
a
the
should
wall, the space
the
had, the simplest thick, lOin. wide, and, if possible,
end,
one
on
wall, 2ft. Sin. above from
kind
some
lin. and
be very
thin.
the left hand
end,
it wiU
wooden
one
will
TOOLS
"6
MATERIALS.
AND
permaDent bench fastened to the wall. The be 24in. wide, and at lop is Sin. thick, of oak, and should
Fig.
8 shows
least 10ft.
long,a piece of
righthand stuff.
a
end
by
2in. of
way
plank beins: fastened
series of fin. holes about
A
leg, a peg being inserted in
each
boards, in bolted and
pieces,one end being restingon the bracket.
other
Drawers
At
etc.
screws,
wide, carries small
tools, above
uprightboard 12in. chisels, gouges, gimlets and
for the
rack
a
it,
an
the wall,
on
the
spokeshave, brace, etc., are hung, planes,and another for sandpaper boxes
for such
Two
saw
2ft.
long.
driven
screws
as
benches
are
thick, 6in. wide
and
Two
or
of
pins
tightlyinto
holes
When
in
benches. .
horses
Sin.
being
nails and
hard
18in. and
on
top and
the other
18in.
small
the
small
is fastened, also .most
are
also
quired. frequentlyre-
necessary,
Sft.
wood
about
for
rack
a
draw-knife,
saws,
long,
lin.
in
and
liin. apart in
use
high, one-half
the
tops
the
legs
diameter
they are driven down in slitting the top, but long boards, they are and the board wedged between them. useful piece of furniture is a stool Another not
is
tools, nails,
for
bench
of the bench
the back
stuff and
2in.
spars, paddles in the vise, and the
held
the
under
provided
are
placed
(a) is
support
to
similar
in
long
to support
of
out
cut
bored
are
hook
bench
bench, being used
to the
apart
of them
one
A
planing the edges. vise;the bracket {c)is
the
near
Sin.
planinglong
for
extension
an
the
at
of the top
of
one
are
the
flush with driven
about
being a
up
1ft.x seat
half,the
right hand side, making a tray to hold nails, screws, hammer, pliers,and other small tools in fastening the plank, thus used avoiding the necessity of stooping over the work, and also keeping the tools off the floor. A
framework
of
support the boat the keel is laid
or on
blocks
work, the "stocks," set on
edge, at
descriptionis always necessary to vessel in building. If a ship or yacht,
some
such
a
short
they
as
a
are
distance apart, but
called, are
height above
the
in boat
usuallya plank floor as will bring
AMATEUR
CANOE
BUILDING.
37
TOOLS
88 in
the boat
AND
convenient
a
MATERIALS,
pine or sprnco board, lin. thick. 8 18ft. and long,tlie upper edge being cut to the keel, as taken from the drawing. This board a
common
Pig.
three
on
legs
being 20in. garboards. Another
and
the floor,so
18ft.
in breadth; the
level.
A
to
stoc;ks is shown
styleof
built about
as
in
is
supported
to work
give room in
Fig. 10,
a
the
being canoe
floor,is perfectly
the center, while
down
on
table
a
like
the
is 20in. from
line is drawn
of the
rocker
all directions,the top
long and 80in. wide, somewhat top, which
lOin. wide
or
9.
securely braced
from
piece(a)is
The
position(Fig.9).
across
PiQ. 10. the
board, battens, lin. wide
apart, to each course,
This
being
of
which
when
to
be once
of
screw-holes
nailed,2ft.
are
is screwed, the
or
will pay set of moulds
in
its
that
best, but involves
of the table
built,it a
mould
upward. building(similarto
boats) is the easiest and
are
l^in.deep,
boat, of
built keel
method
construction
a
and
employed for
stocks;however, to are
make made
a
labor
more
shell
in the
if several boats
strong level table, as
and
each
respective crosspiece,they
fltted to the
may
be set in
AMATEUR
place in
minutes
few
a
CANOE
correctlyplaced^and tahle makes
a
Finallya
which
may
box
the work
requiredfor
a
that
convenient
steam
on
with
canoe
be done
BUILDING.
certaintythat they
every
they
89
remain
must
so, while
are
the
placeto lay tools.
of
kind
some
is necessary, its size depending
to be done.
Usually all the steaming is the timbers, perhaps i or V^in.thick, in a trough of boilingwater, with care
anything largeris to be bent, akettle, holding a couple of pailsof water, should be arranged over a stove,or roughly bricked in if out of doors, a top of 2in. plank being fitted closelyto it with a pipe leading from the top to the steambut if
box, which inside and
is of li
or
even
lin. boards, and
7ft. long, supported
kettle,and
fitted
tightly,or
the end
on
may
one
end
trestles
on
with
be closed
a
with
may or
hinged a
bundle
be
1"^ door
8x6in.
near
the
to
close
of rags.
BUILDING.
drawing
^HE -*-
made
the
of
from
it and
previously described, is
building,
the
centerboard thickness
depth iin.,
below the
the
rabbet
l^in. deep, the
made
up
for the
wood
shoal
water,
as
keel
the
varieties in the
shown
flat keel of
the
and
stem
keel
the
keel,
than
the
latter
^in.
planed fore moulds The
|
up
edge,
rabbet
moved re-
should
lie
or
for
lin.
out
thick,
and
a
is cut
from
for
bearding
rabbet
the
length
the
size
of the
an
lines
of the
length. as
and
for
marked
wider the
garboards.
the
on
thekeeL and
knee, canoe,
on
in
shown
lin.
directly
ordinary
a
for
hackmatack
a
of
overlapping
nailed, thus
rabbet
the
its
Jin. thick,
be
section
thickness
or
used
be
must
is necessary,
batten
will
to
of the
one
or
cross
width,
lin. throughout
it is
sawed
the
depth
side, forming
is used,
rabbet
made
be
selecting
layers
flat keel
a
Hie
the
keel
a
which
to
is next
stem
In
form,
top, tapering
on
to
This
each
on
flat keel
The
fin.
sectioa
trunk,
a
ends,
its
usual
the
trunk.
edge keel,
cross
If the
at
uniform,
the
With
the
be
may
may
11.
Fig.
represents
S^in.
be
of
which
plate,
stem
being
batten,
requiring
will
trunk,
keel
either
centerboard
and
in
and
If f or'a centerboard,
as
shown
and
required, being
is
it, which
to
its
length,
keel
or
shown.
horizontally, as patented
screwed
no
siding
drawing
The
more
of
has
boat
same
the
as
work
its entiie
added. if
the
the
from
taken
depth,
keel
of
made
plank,
extra
false
a
for
the
If
stern, for
being
of
made
b^
and
stem
thickness
is
actual
the
keel
the
moulds
the
being ready
stocks in
step
of
keel
the
the
rs
first
the
shaping
trunk,
and
bench
the
completed,
being
boat
and
the
it, using
the
each.
line of
a
boat, marked
a
in the
drawing,
is the
AMATEUR
CANOE
BUILDING.
%acJUc/w^fXal
Tig.
11.
41
3C44X'
42
BUILDING.
line where
the outer
of the shin
surface
of the stem, stem, and
surface
h, shown
by
side of
dotted
the
plankingJoinsthe
or
keel; the inner
line,is the line
back
or
which
along
rabbet, the inner
edge or ends of the same, and the shown by a broken line,is where the inner surface of the skin joins the dead woods, keel, stem The rabbet is found by squaring in from and stem. back the rabbet line, a distance equal to the thickness of the plank. After the rabbet and beardinglines are laid off,the rabbet the
lower
joinsthe
plank bearding line,c,
^in. thick piece of wood being used, applied to the rabbet to test its depth and shape. The is cut,
its full
depth
at
being
curved
there is
most
the
junction of keel
by
a
for
reason
cut,
2iin.
secured
further
quite to
cut
of
so
seldom
knee, the rabbet
a
of the the
Dot), but
rake and
the case,
of the better
a
the
and
marked
is not
rabbet
stempost of a straightpiece,as shown, forming a right angle or a littlemore, at the keel and post. This piece is planed up, the rabbet
make
rabbet
cutting progresses
(see drawing doing, unless
bow
stempost is excessive,as is now
plan is to
the
is made
canoes
the
at
as
good
no
as
long
present.
stempost in
The
several inches
and
a
in
as
of oak
chock
a
stem, and into
passing up
screw
by
the
nailed
fastened
shown, and
it,as or
the
to
screwed
in the
an^^le. in
shown driven
the
through
keel
together,a scarf is cut drawing, about 8in. long, copper and
fasten stem
To
the keel and
stem, and
The
the top of the former.
keel batten
of keel, buttingagainstthe stem The
bearding the
across
at
drawing,
from
these
the
trunk, etc., on If
a
is drawn
scarf forward
trimmed
stern, and
line
and
points
which
rivetted
and
the water
forward
is
chock
aft, and laid
line is marked
on
the chock
it has
frame
being
burrs
nailed
in where
the
shape
nails
over
now
and
of the
the
on
rabbet
the stem
positionsof moulds, bulkheads, mast both
centerboard
being constructed
top and bottom trunk as
large and
steps,
of keel.
required,it must be put in shown by the sectional views. is
top aft.
omitted
been
on
on
now;
The
44
BUILDING, of positions
the down
bulkheads
ribs
and
which
bored
are
They
should
be
where
the
bored
between
seam
jointcrosses
or
the inner
lines.Fig. 12, so as to be covered by large boat, or by the edge of the plank This should caulked, as in a canoe. where
is liable to follow
water
Pig.
The
is
rabbet
enough
to
across
moulds,
the wood
cut
of stem
13, which
be 5in.. with
each seen
end
the ribs
end, and marked inside
squared down
be done
a
is not
scam
all scarfs,
at
This
of
a
stripand
canoe,
a
long down
rabbet, and the outside
laid off,as shown
now
are
of the
and
is held the
being applied to
with
out
in
set
up
Fig. on
a
distance apart of the ribs will
The
intermediate rivet through each lap between
an
laid off toward
from
the
in
13.
fore end
bench.
pair of timbers.
are
caulking, if
wbere
moulds.
two
represents the or
the
rabbet
outer
seam.
until the surface away and stern coincide.
buildingtable every
one
positionsof
The
and
trimming it guide,a strip Ix^in.
a
as
at least
cross
the
a
the rabbet.
completed by
now
sharp chisel, using
5in.
or
prerent any leakage through the scarfs, stopwaters are put in. These are small plugs of dry pine,the holes for
next
or
squared up
are
to them.
on
To
the
on
or
Beginning at bow on
and
station 7 the to
stern
top and bottom
outside when
the ribband.
the
within of keel
plank
a so
spaces
of
foot
of
as
is on, and
to be
also
AMATEUB
Perhaps the In order
part, and
one
shape,
to
attain
twisted, it must
a
which
durability,each piece it will bring no strain on
or
are
"sprung" edgeways
it
can
be
bent
in the
or
made
unnatural
an
or
tion direc-
to fit properly.
"sprung on" by experienced
sometimes
the framework
be
never
should
amateur
into
it may
ends, though
be
not
Althoughstrakes
that
way
buildhig,certainly novice, is the planking.
will not itself be forced
of its breadth,
builders,the
plain to a strength and
both
in such
on
45
difficult part of boat
most
to obtain
be put
any
BUILDING,
difficult to make
the most
must
CANOE
not
attempt it,as
chances
the
pulled out of shape. Before commencing obtain an to plank, the beginner can idea of how the planks must lie by taking a piece of board the boat, 4 or 5in. wide and iin. thick, tackingthe as long as middle on moulds 6 and 8 at about the turn of the bilge,and then bending the plank until it lies on all the other moulds, The ends but not forcing it edgeways to or from the keel. will come and stern than of course bow the up higher on middle, and it the piece be laid in a similar manner along the keel they will also be higher. The garboard streak, or are
that
that then
the
next
marking
moulds
6
and
will be
off the width
8,
the
from mould
the keel and and
the board
the
the
stem
crosses,
desired, 4iin., for
board
straightedge, is laid over
in
be 4 to 5in. wide
kcd, will
mentioned
most
instance,on
nbove, having one edge 4iin.
the moulds, its straight
ends
down
bent
stern, and
and
showing
the
and mark
a
positionof
tacked
somewhat
from
some
models
it will
this line,of which
the
where
the upper
garboard. By upper edp:eis meant the edge the boat is built gunwale, in all cases, whether With
to each
is made
the
otherwise.
canoes;
be
keel
must
up
to
of
the
nearest
better
builder
edge
or
vary
judge
of the case. according to the circumstances Next, to lay off the upper streak, we will take a width of and Ifin. at stern, marking 8iin. at midships, 2in. at bow off these distances the upper (Fig. 13) from edge of the streak already marked by a ribband, and putting a similar ing ribband through these three points,bending it fair and markfor himself,
where
it
crosses
each
mould.
There
should
be
six
46
BUILDING.
streaks to do
each
on
which,
streak
the
as
edge
into
width
same
the widths
course
from
on
on
of
the upper
toward
differ from
those
another,
on
and
ends, the girthsat bow
the
being-much less than amidships. planks being laid off.the next operation is to get
stern
The
shape
off;
edge garboard on bow, stem and four equal parts, making the any given mould, though of
mould
one
planks taper
the lower
of the
is divided
planks all the
four to be laid
there stillremain
the distance
to the upper
mould
each
side,so
the
of the
garboard, to do which a ''staff" is necessary. four or five inches wide, one-quarter a piece of board and or thick, as long as the boat, several having more
This is inch
less curvature,
being
necessary
For
for the different strakes.
help at hand, it is best to have two short pieces,each foot longer about one than half the boat's length. One of these piecsis cut roughly and fastened in place to the shape of the forward rabbet with a screw clamp, or a small piece of wood with a nail (I)Fig. 13. It is then bent through it called a hutchock over carefully
the moulds
with
to each
thickness cut
A
so
as
similar
preserve moulds. the
manner
needed to
qualityso
to lie in the
as
no
it will reach, and
as
The
hutchock.
a
and
staff should
to
bend
fitted aft, lapping some
the two
are
nailed
be
of
and fairly,
rabbet, though it need
piece is now
the former, and
far
as
is
there
where work, especially
accurate
not
ened fastform uni-
is best
fit closely.
two
feet
firmly together, so
over as
to
removed from the positions when As the fitting of the garboard depends mainly on in which the is spiling is taken, great care prevent the staff springing or bucklingin applying
their
relative
it. When with also is
the
made are adjusteda series of marks the line the rabbet on frame, and pencilon
it is properly rule and
across
curved,
the staff,about as
at
straighteralong
the the
two
inches
stem, and keel.
These
four
apart where inches
marks
are
the line
where to insure
it is the
points in taking the spiling, being set at the same compasses and in tnmsf erringfrom the staff to the plank afterward,as will be under"tood
later.
AMATEUR
OANOE
BUILDING.
47
48
BUILDING.
I^ow, with usually from
the compasses to three
two
staff, to
reset
point
applied
with
is
the
the
on
called
The
a
Before
of
each
sirmark, by removing mould
which the
the
board
for the
is
plank
at each
If it
is
the
marked
selected
now
line
marked
staff from be
must
the
on
rabbet
the
line,as
to
made
marks
X
(m m)
being
finallyadjusted. moulds the position the
it, as
on
and, line,at o
succession
and
X
one
at n,
same
applied in
are
the stem
on
will be laid off afterward A
is made
compasses
line
rabbet
the
on
pointson
staff,one
4
mark
the
on
then
accidentally changed;
other, a prick mark
staff.
the
a
distance,
circle is first swept
inches, a
if
by
to
of the other
each on
them
coovenient
set to any
breadths
mould.-^
free from
knots, sap
or
checks
be had
planed to the thickness, this is not trouble will be avoided, but where ^in., much both on possible,a board f or lin. thick is planed smooth sides,the staff is taken carefullyfrom the moulds, laid on it and held by a few tacks, then with the compasses still set garboard.
to the same
can
distance, the
measurements
on point of the compasses measuring out on the board. performed, will give the exact the garboard.
The
sirmaik
positionof a
batten
is
being
drawn
upper
edge, the
as
through
run
in
with
previouslymarked
the
on
staff,and
operation,if accurately shape of the lower edge of to the
board, and
also the
the staff is removed
which
and
tlie ends on spots, the curves rabbet moulds.-\-To lay off thel
the
the
breadths
reversed,placing
This
transferred
moulds, after
the
is
now
marks
the
a
are
and
each
mould,
transferred
to the
the stem, stem
on
off,are
and
taken
respectivepoints on the board, an extra width added for the lap,and a line drawn through
of
|in. being
them
with
a
batten.-|r Some
change if this
woods,
cedar
their
and
especially,will spring or stripis sawed off one edge, and
the difficult to make very drawn down of the center
then
oak
shape when a happens, the shape may
tested
after
one
edge
be
so
plank the is
altered
sawn
to
it will be
straightline is before sawing, and
fit. If
board
that
|
a
shape, it will show
AMATEUR whether
the
should
be
sawn
than
off
instance, after which If the board lines
are
piece
if it has,
will
strake from
anew
the
edges may springing.
of further
danger
all, and
49
edge, leaving the
finished
the
be laid
BUILDING, at
off the other
should
plank
has sprung
plank
little wider
CANOE
planed
with
little
be
up,
strakea, gauge each
side, the
on
the two
uprightpieces previouslymentioned,
through, using
benches,
saw
end
one
wedged
fast between and
it is
held
rip saw
the
the first
is laid
the
then
a
in the
two enough to make the ed^es ^in. from around
run
still
the staff,as
is thick
now
board
be, and
strip
a
nearly vertical,a few from one edge, then the piecebeing turned inches being sawn and sawn for a short distance from the other edge, this over being repeated until the sawing is finished,as the process win certainlyrun if used entirelyfrom one side saw the board is sawn in two, the piecesare each planed When the edges must the inside, after which be on to thickness sawn
beveled to fit the rabbet. of two
made
The
wood
piecesof
best bevel
fin. wide
for this purpose and
cut in one piece,iin. thick, having a saw other piece,^^m. thick, is slipped. The
different and
the
points of the rabbet angles transferred
strake, after which
liin. iou^r,one
end,
in which
the
l^pvelis applied
to
6in. apart in succession,
about the
respectivepoints on the edge is planed to con'espond to
to
entire
the
is
these spots. second
"'TThe
at the ends
but first, of both
planks
beginning about until about stem
and
half
thick, a T^fiin. but
the
feather
upper
edge.
18in
of the
from
is taken This
The
each
may
stem
of end
with
of
the
edge
at the rabbet. are
beveled
To
off,
increasingin depth
piece
be done
the
until the surface
both
and
each
from
lower
at
a
the
rabbet
rabbet
broad
of
plane
or
strake is left
garboard to receive it, edge of the garboard is simply planed to a Before cutting this rabbet the width of ihe
rabbet
lap,fin., should outside
the
with
lap over
course,
diminish
laps must
is flush
stem.
sharp chisel.
the
will, of
strake
adjoining surfaces
this the
secure
broad
or
be
being
marked
garboard as
a
cut
in the
with
a
guide
for
scratch
gauge
settingthe
next
on
the
plank. 4
50
BUILDINCf.
All
being ready,the garboard is now each part of help of an assistant,
the
rabbet, to the
plank end
held it
place, with
in
being
tried in the
test the
In doing this, of the bevels. accuracy put in place for its entire length at once, but
is not
is tried,then
middle, and finallythe other end. The fittingbeing complete, the stop waters in, and the hole bored for the centerboard bolt,if any; the garboard is one
fitted in after
end. adjustedby the sirmark, tbe well up by an assistant,and one or
part being held
countersunk and
the fore
place on
clamps
more
the
the
put
are
on
for the
garboard
to hold
screws,
is screwed
it,then holes
which
will be
fast
far
as
bored
are
iin.
and
No^5^brass,| H
iHics in place.
as
lightplank, great care is needed to avoid before the screw it; the pieces must be in contact splitting them nail is put in, otherwise, if it is attempted to draw or togetherwith the screws, the plank will usuallysplit.Screws be nails cannot are ends, where only used at the extreme latter driven througlfand riveted,but along the keel the are laid in is put in. After the fore end is fastened,the plank In fastening such
place along the middle of the nail being omitted to be put in after which
the
and
operationsdescribed have been garboard should fit exactlywithout
greatestcare should be taken it is very difllcult not fit at first,
cuttingitafterward. is taken
similar manner, After
When
broad
for the
the
the rows
The
on
to
staff,however, in this
the
strake is in
of nails
keel
on
put
by
spiling on
in
a
being in one
screwed
at
of positions the
the
the
timbers, are
the boat, from
around the
a
so
ribband^
to
insure
being straight.
nails for this work
the holes for them
those
to
it do on.
case
and
bent
if the strake
and
strake; it is got out
the
the
as
make
garboards are
both
off,using a thin batten
marks
place,
correctly, further cutting,
length. place fore end, it is fastened with clamps, and the nails,omitting all that will pass through marked
are
carried out
any to do so,
the
does
in
fast.
If the the
other
nailed, every
after the timbers
is screwed
stem
and
boat
are
in which hold at first,
are
of copper,
bored, they case
a
block
may
f
or
lin.
sometimes
long.
As
refuse t^
of soft wood, lin. square
53
by
BUILDING. bent
one,
of the boat, then driven
lightlyinto
using a nail
it
as
driven
As
and
the knee
over
the nails,which
the
on
up
in
the others
nail
lowest
into the bottom
previouslybeen ber, through the timalongsideof the must always be
the top of latter
through. The
then first,
down
have
holes, are driven
set to hold
comes
pressed
keel to gunwale.
succession from
possible should be put in before the moulds ever, are removed, those alongsideof the bulkheads, howbeing omitted entirely.A nail must be put through ribs
many
middle
the
After
all
of
as
garboard and
the
into
broad
timber.
each
in, the boat is kept from spreading by means of cross spalls, pieces holding the gunwales together,and the moulds removed then pulled off the are are ; the blocks the ends of nails,and the rivetingup begins. A copper burr or washer driven is slipped over a nail and with a burr starter, an attendant home outside holding the are
the head
set on
the nail
of
of the nsil.
is cut off close
is headed (about -^^^in.)
After
down.
put
are
These
should
inside
of the timbers, but
outside, making The
mahogany. also
the
ena
projectingpart
from
a
ing light rivet-
merely having rivetingis completed
formerly put
were
is t J put them
serve
a
the
blows
few
is on, the
their ends the
wales gun-
on.
the heads
over
it,and
to
with
burr
the
the tacks at the ends
hammer, turned
When
a
boat, being jogged
the
stronger and of
them
a
is screwed
deck
hard
to
wood, erably prefthem, and they sides.
chafing battens, protecting the
as
be about
after
ends, and
of
canoe.
If in. wide
at
middle, 1^
plan
neater
at
fore and
They 1^
at
rivet is put
through the stem another and both fore ends, and through the stem, thus what was points formerly one of the weakest strengthening a
upper
fin. thick.
Nails
streak
and
are
the
A
also driven head
of
each
stifter side than the making a much gunwales are in, the cross spallsmay until and
the
curves
of both
symmetrical.
sides of
through old
them
timber method.
and
and
the
riveted, After
the
be shifted if necessary the boat are perfectlyfair
CANOE
AMATEUR
place in order
to
which,
piece of
a
bein^ marked the timber
this means,
ing
it,the
These
the latter is put
cut
are
operationrepeated until
the
of the timber; it is then
pressedinto place,and or
""(| I
if
strake,with
wide
a
boat, and
side
that
placed on
riveted
are
in the bulkhead a
hatch.
deck
they
never
are
in
case
of
a
deck,
there
is the least
plan,
shown
in
garboards from
in
^1
'I
The
face sur-
thick white
lead, through
nails
or
of each
strake,
A
door
end
the
nearest
to the
are
of
the
is sometimes
cut
apt
to
in
compartment
all below, while
wet
a
tight,is only exposed
the
leakage or a Plate IV., is to
place
to
canoes
many
timbers, giving
the
1^
and on
entire
the
on
the
to
complete capsize. little more
a
to
cover
wave
is
shipped
raise the
space
floor if
the
water
to
floor
the
A
better
floor above
2in.,according to the depth of
boat, thus giving space water
paint.
pine,fin. thick; they
if not
even
allowing
but
below
crew
them.
are
waves,
directlyon
keeping
remov
with
replaced,and
screws
timbers
the
It is still customary boards
pressed
on
nails.
two
give access
in the bulkhead,
water
and
also in the middle
to
where
placeof These latter are to be avoided if possible, as as to be relied on posed water-tight,and being exto
to rain and
door
of
ately accur-
tightly
place and
in
piece
by
will be of white
bulkheads
The
on
paint shows painted with
fastened
lap and
at each
planks
the
as
paint is laid
will be marked
the slightly,
away
fitted
fitted
are
aft movement,
it touches
pointswhere
be
must
littledark
slightfore and
a
hackmatack
water-tight joint,to do to fit closely, the timbers
a
is cut
a
53
from
it. After the timbers
will come,
with
down,
thin board
from
possibleby
They
make
to
sawed
be
fin. deep and iin. wide.
knees
as
will
timbers
Thcbalkhead
^^^^^^^
BUILDING,
stores
below
for ballast if desired, and
dry, even
the
also
is considerable
there
though
the
board.
floor is carried
on
ledges,z
by fin. wide, fitted closelyto the I screws through the laps. Small in each piece to permit the free pieces also serve to strengthen
l^in.deep at the middle planking, and secured by
",
limbcrholes passage the
should
of water.
bottom
of
the
be cut These canoe
54
BUILDING.
materially.The
floor boards,
in lliree widths,
n, are
n
thick, of pine, the side piecesbeing screwed the middle
while below.
^1
An
knees
of
**^beams
oval
the
lifted
be
can
hole in the latter holds
crew,
a
pine, spruce
of
"
piece
ballast
stow
under
the
bailing. The
for
hackmatack
or
to
out
piece,about
sponge
fin. ledges,
to the
marked
are
"
deck out
'"
beam
|from a The
mould, which
is made
of
be
amount
decided for
much
the
by
on
to
crown
herself from
a
be
wave
Before
cut oft level with
until the sheer
beam
mould
about
21n. brass
Iby into
a
each
is
being used gunwales
the
spaced
are
with
the
deck
must
be
not
too
S^in. is
8 to
below, for air and
stow-
a
at the to suit
The
will
beams
guide by
a
and
and
latter
fastened
upper
deep
which
The
drawing, being
be lin.
planed
end, the
to
beams.
through gunwale
screw
end
as
the deck
in the
the latter
from
time
same
the timbers
beams and
gunwale,
fair perfectly
shown
as
end.
large drawing.
the
in the deck
putting
down
to bevel
the
flat deck ; the boat will free quicker, and there is nothingto be said
greater than
must
to
From
the space
as
ago, is much
against it.
given
builder.
80-in. boat,
a
from
streak
iin. wide,
except the partner beam that supports the mainmast, which for the mast will be 4in. wide, so to take a 2iin. hole as tube, and
under
the beams
will
butts of the deck, which
the
liin.wide.
be
Canoe one
seam
decks
only, down deck
handsome deck
six
to do this or
are
made
to open
one
lapping fin. on piecesare fitted of the well.
the
They
the are
deck
beams
but
and
At
center
3
very half
to be made.
are
compartments,
very
often laid in forward
the
head bulk-
the
of
these
beams the
to 4in.
are
deck
and
in, ridge
fore and
aft
wide, according to
fin.thick, being halved
bulkheads
a
pointsthe beams fin. deep, each piece of deck
After
from
the size of the masts, and
the
of the end
over
beam.
down
alterations
joint being one.
this makes off the entire
take
are
and
l^in. wide
to
now
the after
over
one
decks
quicklythe
pieces,one
more
and
repairs or
that
desirable
It is often and
it is necessary
time
every
center, but while
the
pieces,with
laid in but two
sometimes
are
nailed
down
to them.
into The
CANOE
AMATEUR holes for the mast fitted and
tubes
are
BUILDING.
bored, the steps of oak
now
securely screwed
riveted
or
put in place. These
mast
tubes
ends
soldered
the
to
of copper
are
keel or
and
are
the
brass, the
that
they are perfectlywatertight. The flanged oyer the ridge pieces,with a slightly and paint under the flangeto make a tight
up
upper ends are little lamp wick
65
so
to drain put in the bulkheads joint. Plugs are sometimes off any leakage, and the holes for them should be bored I inow,as low down as possible. The frame work of the well, ""^-^consists V fore and aft piecesof spruce, v v, Ixl^in. of two %prung partly to the shape of the well, the ends nailed to'*
the
deck
bulkhea(l, and
and
beams
also
of
curved;^
two
chocks, r r, at the forward end, completing the pointed form side decks are also supported by four of the cockpit. The
knees, p screwed
or
side,
each
p, on
from
sawn
oak
riveted to the
passing through the pieces,i) fj, are screwed
to the inner
while
the
side
ends.
coaming, the decks, which will be of iin.mahogany or Spanish cedar,should be cut and fitted roughly to the outline of the well, the final fitting beingdone Before
Iafter ^
the
putting in
planking, a brass gunwale into each,
|in. thick and screw l^in.long
coamings
the
are
in.
(white oak, iin. thick.
fthin hhe now
These
Their
should
shape
be
is taken
of
clear
tough
by
means
of
into the well, the upper and lower it. The side piecesbeing marked on pointed staff sprung
generallypreferredare
from
8
to
a
edges of
coamings ftiin.high forward,
slopingto liin.amidships and aft,the after end beingeither round or square. The coamings are riveted to the side pieces and the after piece to the deck beam or bulkhead, a piece of |in. mahogany, q, being fitted in the angle forward, to strengthenit,and also to hold cleats and belayingpins. described in the followingchapter,such The other fittings, as side fiaps, footgear,tabernacle, etc.,ate now put in, then the boat is turned
fine
sandpaper i\in.half-round are are
over
and
a
and
file on
the outside smoothed the nail
heads;
brass,is driDed and put fitted and riveted fast,and sometimes
stripsof
hard
oak
fin. square
and
down, using band, of
the stem
on, the rudder
braces
bilgekeels,which about
4ft. long, are
BUILDING.
66 screwed
to the bottom
the boat in The
the
the
lead and
lead color.
the
boat
floor,and
inside of well has
the deck
floor,and
securelyblocked bulkhead
each
the boat, and been
a
frame, is painted
up
short distance
a
in turn
filled with
water, the After
marked.
end
above
the
be bailed into the middle of may also. When the leaks there marked these have
tested,the
are
now
the Inside of the compartments,
leaks,if any, being carefullynoted ends
lap,protectbig
oil,sufQclent black beingadded to make should the bulkheads be tested,to do
Now,
the boat is
the
and
linseed oil,and
raw
with white a
of the
bottom, under
which
the second
over
hauling up.
outside
of
coat
about
water
tight,the
made
first fitted,and
decks
may
the under
then
laid,the piecesbeing
be
side of
them
being painted, and the edges of the gunwales, ridge piecesand bulkheads While this being also covered with thick paint or varnish. is fresh the piecesof deck are laid in placeand fastened with fin.Ko. 6 brass screws, placed 3in. apart, along the gunwales, fI3ge pieces,deck beams, bulkheads and side pieces of
the
well.
In all the
them
screw
If
show. the
puttied
decks
hard
flush
will be
deck
the
mahogany
to do
is on, be
must
half-round, to
deck.
These
The and
decks other
are
are
IS
varnished
are
cover
half-inch
oiled,the
some
mast
and
thoroughlydry, a
coat
allowed full time
to
them, and
clearingout
the
no
weU,
and
brass
or
also
of the
the center
nails.
copper
rudder, hatches, etc.
of hull and
This has
the
plates,cleats,screw-eyes,
fast, the
varietyof
several in the market.
grainof the wood, and
go around down the seam to
all the outside
with
only
now
the head
quarter-roundbeading of
enough
fittingsscrewed
completed, and
were
so.
nailed with
neict
remove
in
less defaced
out
got
some
wood, allowing
the
or
more
heads
screw
but it is customary
it is difficult to
over
putty in order
After
with
the
canoes
puttied over,
and
countersunk to
older
wood
inside of the well
of which filler,
first coat is
merely
polishof its own.
there
to fillthe
After
of spar composition should be to dry before using the boat.
it is
given,
CANOE
the
T^HILE
and
signed
minor
requisite
constructed
and
is
canoe
essential
properly-de-
a
would
be
feature
As
and
the
there
must
be
deck,
and,
86in. above This
tings/' 'Fit-
*
make
word
the
and
for
term
up
thesD
fittings
Rob
deck,
necessity,
long
being
taking
the
covered
more
but,
in
bent
boat
the
one
piece,
that
of so
was
other
the low
of
32
to
lin.
\(as
in
wet
high
drawing.
the
kayak, and
wells
and
coaming, in
hand,
below
The wide
as
better;
sleeping,
hatches
to
access
are
stowage
permit
to
companion.
a
hatch,
no
the
on
say-
consid-
well, the
the
elliptical, 20in.
well, resembling as
important
enough
giving
its canoes
savage
are
stronger;
were
requiring
long,
small
Ro\s
is
there
below,
occasion,
kayak,
smaller
rule, the
opening
spars
the
from
canoe
position
is much
an
on
early
the
shape
boat
long
and
get below,
can
room,
storing
rigging,
but
modem
the
excepting
general
a
water
as,
its
and
undecked,
less
of
YTELL.
distinguishes
progenitors,
eratioDS.
head
and
equipment,
THE
age
the
of
used.
generally
This
a
correct
more
a
number
are
safety, comfort
to
sails
the
Perhaps
details
there
under
up
with
which,
craft.
complete
numerous
a
a
hull,
less
hardly
are
convenience,
as
ia
summed
parts, generally that
is
first
*
^
a
FITTINGS.
almost
rough
water.
A from 16^n.
step
in
4ft.
being
advance Sin. shut
to
off
the
was
5ft.
by
long, a
old and
movable
Nautilus 20in.
well, wide,
bulkhead
a
which
length
just abaft
was
of the
68
CANOE
FITTINGS.
by a movable hatch, end, leaving an opening
crew's
back; this portionbeing covered
with
similar hatch
a
of 2ft.
little
a
or
at the forward
for
more
ugly octagonal form, while ways,
than
more
the a
decided
other feature
any
well, with
This
crew.
in many
improvement for the
earned
its
canoe
the
dismal
so epithet of coffin,once frequently applied to it; it gave besides which, owing to the number of pieces(eight) no strengthto the deck, and the jointssoon opened and leaked,
while
the almost
from
deck, but
the
In 1878
sent
the Shadow
did not throw
end forward
square
spray canoe
back
the
over
crew.
well elliptical
within
out
came
the water
20in.
by 6ft.,covered by four hatches, so arranged as to close well entirelyin shipping the canoe by removing one ; or
the
hatches, making
two
or
first point
cruising below
was
that
with
when
a
decided a
on
hatches
they were the
time
same
it
there and
was
no
was
found
in
very
hot
became
fittingcloselyaround
removed
afloat. The
when
crew
advantage, but day the canoe
warm
piledthree high forward, At
for the
room
the
canoeist, and unless
for tliem
room
liable to be lost overboard.
the first Jersey Blue
canoe
appeared
with
rectangularwell 18in. by 6ft.,1ft. being abaft the crew, deck the coaming at sides of well extending over the forward be and could forming slides for a sliding hatch, which quicklypulled aft,covering as much of the well as desired, a
while
a
rubber
completed hatch
the
of
purpose
the
kept
covering.
rolled
This
up
top of
on
arrangement
same
time
a
canoe
built
was
in
the hatch,
answered and
protection,but the square corners clumsy and heavy in appearance.
were
At
apron,
Hailcm
the
sliding
having
a
slight flare,the first of its and in 1880 the Sandy Hook at least,and kind, in America fitted with were pointed coamings, but Jersey Blue canoes the fiist of the stylenow not fiaring, so common being put in the Dot in place of the Shadow well in 1881.
pointedcoaming forward,
This similar
form to
a
of
with
in
well, shown
Gothic
a
arch, and
in
outward, throwing off all spray end
is
made
either
round
or
Plate
IV,, is in outline
addition at
the
square,
the
sides. the
sides The
latter
fiare after
giving
60
CANOE
more
when
room
(g) in
the
drawing, being sometimes
no
put
beat in
can
spray
chock
mahogany angle, belaying pins
the
the
apron, the
of
This
it.
on
coaming is well fitted to hold an which, being fitted to the point of off,and
A
carried.
are
is fitted in
cleats
or
two
FITIINQS,
it.
The
end
fore
coaming,
under
well
and shoal boat, such
narrow
a
18in. will be enough, water
will
out
windward,
to
danger of above
come
water
the side decks
as
but in the
over
side,and
the floor will interfere with
therefore
should
differs almost
crew
can
deeper boat
the
which canoe.
width
a
of
and
less
still lean there is less
coaming being higher
the crew
leaning over,
and
wider, the usual width
being 201n. especiallyin racing, sailing,
be made
American
I
the
and
Wider
a
Roy,
be
may
will be wider
side,while
the
over
the Rob
as
of
wash
cannot
covered by hatches, as desired. partly or entirely Another important feature in a well is its width, be regulatedby the size and intended must of the use In
of
form
practicein canoe materiallyfrom the English ; the
invariably being seated
crew,
in America,
ing deck, in sailto windward, the feet braced under the lee deck, the body leaning well to windward, and the steering being done by of a tiller on the after deck, but in England the crew means is seated low down in the canoe, a portionof the deck abreast the body being cut away and the opening closed at will by a one being closed and the lee one hinged flap,the weather opened at the end of each tack, only the head and shoulders being above deck, offeringbut little surface to the wind. this arrangement
With That
canoeists may
a
the
judge for
canoe
Messrs.
The
former
of fittings
not
admit
Where very
in and
a
useful ; but
out
as
Tredwen
side deck
Field
ing concern-
describingthe flapsmust not
important, but at least not
travelingcanoe, where
to the value of
the London
"In
says:
it is all
the chief work
is to
and
day, the
sailingcanoe
in its great utility
generalwork. flapswill be
jumping
a
quote from
gentleman
the present
In
be omitted.
we
themselves
Baden-PoweU
opinions of them.
well is allowable.
narrow
this feature for their work,
the weather
on
1 do for
side is to be lake sailing, much
be the order
hauling out and day, side flaps
of the
AMATEUR
BUILDING,
61
utterlyout of place. The side flapwas the Bob Roy in 1868, hat did not appear
are
in
of that
It has, however,
name.
favorite,and fitted to the
it is to
of the
stronglyhinged fitted in every
breeze
at
mile
a
designed
have
:
"It has
not
been
of
the
and
beam,
body
in
two
after
and
to
a
if
canoe,
If
flapshould
it should
be
of
case
sudden
a
Jump
discarded, and
at the time
in
a
of the canoes that he describingsome the during tinues past fifteen years, con-
built
observed
alreadybeen built with that
caught
laitd.''
from
fitted to all the Pearl
has been
canoe
or
Tredweu,
Mr. has
general
ed^; and, in short,strongly just about the place that one's
of to raise the
dangerous mishap
a
it is
a
tion edi-
broken, and perhaps lost overboard,fiapwould
A
out.
or
as
in the next
sailingcanoe.
the after end
outer
first introduced
become
now
in every
backboard
the
at
way,
lay hold
bands
found
be
traveling canoe,
just forward
be
up be
CANOE
the
subsequentlybeen
that the
canoes,
tbem, they
next
have
that where
been
the addition of
by
a
subsequently
built without
canoe
altered
flapside decks
and
them
has
this contrivance.
result of this varied
The
experience is to establish if propthem as a very valuable adjunct to a cruisingcanoe erly and o therwise better omitted. fitted, are they applied There are two essentials besides the flapsthemselves, consisting of two The
deck. across
the
coamings around the openingscut in the first coamings are paralleland close to the cuts
sets of
deck, and consequently at right angles with
ordinarywell coamings, deck, and their inboard
and
ends
screwed
are
butt
on
to the
the
securely to the well coamings.
ward They entirelyprevent any leakage along the deck from forinto the side deck. or aft, openings of the flap "'The second set of coamings are placed transversely, hinged to the
deck, and when
againstthe are
serve
catches
prevent any must cover
sea
therefore when
their
beading or coaming
not intended as
raised
to exclude
around
the
breaking into
ends
of the hatch
leakage along
which
projectabout they are raised.
inboard
half
Many
an
inch canoes
closely
and
cover;
the deck, but
mackintosh
the well.
fit
The
coat
inboard
above have
they they
to fits,
ends
the hatch
had
these
62
CANOE
hinged coamings
fitted without
sufficient width
the fixed
project above water running
the
to
they neither exclude provide a holdfast
for the
!New
and
hatch
back
and
cover,
along the deck,
mackintosh,
In this country the first step in this
Elfin,a
out with-
coamings, and
the
as
nor
oontri-
whole
condemned."
has been
vance
FITTIXOS.
York
in
which
canoe,
direction
1878 had
in the
was
her
coamings
side
fiaps being put in the in 1881, since which they have been tried in Sandy Hook Their into general use. various but have not come canoes, construction is shown in the drawings. cut
hinged; the
In the Pearl
is covered
by
as
to lie fiat on
skirt also
body, being hinged the skirt of the
being held, by
to a
similar
a
forward
part, so
its after end
U
ing, bead-
a
this
jacket is drawn,
band the
on
to the
canoe
rubber
beading
parts,the after poition,
On
opened.
rectangular,
is almost
in two
hatch
it,when
which
over
edge^
forward
a
well, which
the
canoe,
the
extending to
first real
run
around
its lower
after hatch, and
the
to
hinged coamings described;the deck fiapsopening inside wide
skirt,so
Where covered shown
by
a
that
there
it is desired
to
three
four
by
or
in the bar
drawing running over
is inserted in to
a
an
is
entrance
no
close the
the
below.
the well is entirely, as hatches, fittingcloselytogether, cjmoe
These
of the Shadow. them
eyebolt
for water
fore and
at fore end
aft, one of well,
are
held down of which
end the
other
locking pad-
similar bolt aft.
APRONS.
rough water it is necessary to cover either by hatches the well entirely, or by an apron fitting closelyaround the body. The simplest form of apron, and one especiallyadapted to the pointed coaming, is a cover of on cloth, cut to the shape of the coaming and turned down heads in the latter,near the the edges, to button over screw In rainy weather
deck.
or
It also extends
immediately
behind
in
aft about
the back.
6in. A
over
the hatch
hole is cut
for the
or
deck
body
of
AMA
TEUR
canoeist, and around
the
stitched,bo
the
a
long enough to lap, as at if),and button on portion of the apron abaft the body is held fast to deals
{c)made
being
buttoned
or
screweyes
coaming
to
to which (df), is nailed,keeps it arched
A
In
to it.
under
abreast
so
of
case
deck, the apron
not
by
body.
justforward
of the
be may part will
is free, the
body,
If
all water.
after
cord, and the canoeist
the
cord
down
ward for-
from
pull
remain*
apron
ing on the coaming. Instead of a buttonhole on loop of lighttwine should be used, so as to break
a
buttoned
of apron
capsize,the
a
is
That
side.
one
ia
a
of the
shed
to
as
is used, the fore end
hatch
on
the apron,
beam
63
piece (a) Gin. wide Thi3 piece the body.
edge
around
to be drawn
as
B TTILDINO.
CANOE
flap,a
the at
once,
if
necessary. Another
which
Famham,
telescope,and soldered
framework
by Mr.
covered
with
composed of several brass slidingin another, as in a (e\ one carlins (/) of ^m, springbrass wire,
framework
also of
brazed,
or
of
ends
wire
a
devised
is
silver tubes
German
or
consists of
This
oiled cloth.
telescopicapron
is Ihe
device
to collars
shown,
as
these carlins
turned,
are
shown,
as
of
the outer
(g)on the
The
tubes.
under
to engaoro
coaming, and are also beading on edge On the after end bent into loops to avoid cutting the cloth. a pieceof -f^wire (A),bent to a curve, is brazed, being also the
to the after carlin.
braced
slidingbulkhead
of the
This
to it the
screwed
to the
universal
joint,permitting
as
When
shown.
forward, the
frame
ends of the
it may
or
than
being cover comers
the
piece (h) hook
coaming, so
in the
run
to the or
hem
to
frame, the
edges
are
as
ends covered
cut
to turn
draw
is
be
into
the with
a
block a
framework,
held
by a strap, the ends position,
over
it down,
blocks
about
down,
Sin. an
it tis^ht. Before of
3ln. aft
pivotedby
to the
beading, hold
the
side,keeping all in position. is of stout The cover muslin, way
extend
of the well is
first tube
is drawn
of the carlins,hooking under the curved
should
motion
side
a
holdingit down
but
wire
Forward
to ".
deck, and
the
carlins
and
leather,so
(t)on
and each
largereach elastic cord
sewing the all sharp as
to avoid
64
APRONS,
cuttingthe under
apron lower
is used,
down
extra
the after end
on
also
runs
being a
at if)
of
the
across
skirt is drawn
the
For
rough water under the skirt,fitting
cover.
short
these
over
apron
down
by
a
on
a
and
apron,
after
knobs
two
over
held is sometimes Roy or small canoe wood (w) on either side of the coaming, is tacked, each striphaving a flat brass
strip of
down
also
holdingall in place.
the apron in) to hold it to the coaming,
being held
and
coaming edge of the
lower
Bob
to which
hook
wooden
a
The
hatch.
coamings,
the sides,the elastic
The
by
rubber
a
end
the forward
passing around
cord
of apron the fore
of well.
The after well
matecial
for
being cut
and
dampened,
an
and
should
apron
with
coated
linseed oil three
laid
thin, a second
on
very
To
perfectlydry. hatches
either with
in the
made
in front, the elastic. when
or
form
sleeves
The
and
parts, and
To
put
have
in
quickly over
the
to allow
the head, the
which
it may be in putting it on,
adjustedat as
an
the
latter
fioor
coamings, are
or
used, the
opened inside of into a ring,slipped
into the sleeves, after
thrust
leisure.
upset while
the
to be
them
arms
touch
with
outside, ju6t under
over
it is rolled
coat
at the wrists to
flounce
a
to fasten
long enough
on
oil six parts,
coat
if the the side flaps,
it.
turpentineone
raw
just long enough
hinged piecesof coat being full enough
of
tightly,
the first being given when complete the covering 'of the well, sary, aprons, a waterproof coat is necesof a loose shirt,opening about 6in.
seated,and it should
the arms,
mixture
a
muslin, and
stout
be stretched
being gathered
is
coat
be
it should
sewed
part, boiled is
the
side,
the lower
on
sewn
An edge gathered in by an elastic cord. wire ijc) is attached to the framework, forming a coaming the
arms,
end
stripsare
carlins,to hold
the
extra
an
Extra
cover.
Care
should
entangled
be taken
in it would
be
serious.
be
kind
seat of some
A
low
possible,in stillhigh enough to be as
boat
of
as
llin.
or
more
is necessary order
to
keep
comfortable
depth
in
the
a
canoe;
it should
the
weight down,
when
paddling.
crew
must
but In
a
sit several
CANOE
AMATEUR
"r
3
// n
r\
BUILDINQ.
!
HI.
M CL
I
CANOE
APROKS.
65
66
APE0N8. ^
inches a
above
boat
in
but cushion
tent, clothes
though
out
fitted with
in
covered
some
with
all
necessary is
small
a
seat is
lOin. square or
is
that
such
and
Some
a
below
canoes
is used
as
simply Sin.
stowed
be
moisture.
of any
the
cases
should
seat,
a
as
serve
may
bedding
pressed wood,
canvas,
feature
blankets
or
of the reach
about
bottom, A
bag
seat of
a
seats, and
is
all that
boat
it is better that
deck and
or
shoal
a
the floor boards.
on
The
to
seat allows
high
a
paddle comfortably,and in such ward; the body to lean further to wind-
the bottom
are
for chair-
without
box
deep, the
top
top being
leather straps.
peculiar to
greatly to the comfort of with usually a framework as shown at o, crosspieces,
the
the
canoe,
and
adds
that
canoeist, is the backboard, vertical
stripsjoined by two head and hung from the shiftingbulkand by a strap. The vertical pieces are 2^in. wide rounded the fore side,and are placed 2i on f thick, slightly inches apart, thus supporting the back on either side of the and the backbone, crosspieces are ri vetted to them. Sometimes flat board, about a 8xl2in., is used, either with
or
without
a
paddling double,
two
the
cushion; but an
extra
beam
frame
is used
is better. the
across
For
cockpit,
backboard
or a seat hung on it for the forward man. is made of two pieces of board hinged together,one forming the back, being supported by a brace hinged to it (p). This
with
a
back
may
be used
of the well
changed when
and
in
increase
To
point desired, being independent
any
coaming,
will,while
at
not
at
and
it is
the
angle
of the back
easilyfolded
and
may
stowed
be
away
use.
the
stowage
room
and
to secure
a
better
sition dispo-
of
cut in weights fore and aft, hatches are sometimes the decK, but to.be reallyvaluable,two points are essential have which never be quickly yet been obtained; they must and As good a closed. when closed, and airtight opened method as to the opening a regularcoaming any is to make deck lin. in the to this coaming on f to high, the hatch fitting
with
being
used
a
beading projectingdown, two thumb it. Its water-tight qualitiesmay
to secure
screws
be im-
PADDLES,
68
but
forms
two
single blade, plate, and the also shown.
of so
the
blade, various
maple, beech,
or
The
forms
of wliiich. are
is used
American and
Sin. wide,
The the
North
the
end
upper
is
is fashioned
fingersbeingdoubled continuouslyon the hands, is
skilled
its motion, in
boat, and
the
accompanying
blade
a
hand,
singlepaddle
the
from
spruce.
in the to fit easily
as
of
center
S^ft.long, with
canoeists,the
modern
to
former, derived
about
side of
same
in
double
the top.
over
known
are
shown
The
Indians, is made
only
noiseless. The
double
modem
from
canoes
directlyfrom varies with size
paddle, the
Esquimau
the
the beam
being the
in
of
and
length has
MacGregor, his kayak.
with
and
of late many canoeists have formerly,for boats of 30in. beam
small
the
been
The
length but
canoes,
for
going on
some
a
years,
Oft. instead
adopted and
is derived
7 to 9ft.,the former
from
of the canoe, first used
one
gradual increase
time
the
with
in connection
best known
one
of 8,
as
Various patterns
over.
in the by different builders, are shown plate,half of each paddle only being given. The blades vary in width from 6 to 7in.,and in length from 18 to 20in. the Paddles 7ft. are usuallycut in two and jointed, of over jointconsistingof two brass lubes, the largerone 5iin.long and from Ij'Vto If^ outside diameter; the smaller one 2-|in. The short piece long, and fitting tightlyinside the former. is sometimes in the notches fitted with a small pin,fitting the paddle is set, either with both \ongerpiece,so that when blades in the same plane, or if paddling againstthe wlnd^ of
paddles,as
made
is permitted in rightangles,no further motion the joint the joint;but this plan is not advisable, as when the parts to to turn sticks,as it often will,it is necessary of course loosen them, which the pin prevents. the blades
Tips
of sheet brass
them off.
Pine
style. rubber
at
from or
or
copper
put
are
injury against stones
spruce
are
the best materials
dripping prevent the water washers used, or two round rubber are
end, about
2in. apart, will
answer
the
logs in
for
down
To
the ends
on
and
same
to preserve
pushing
paddles of on
this
the hands,
bands
on
purpose.
each One
AMATEUR
CANOE
CANOE
PADDLEB.
BUILDING.
69
70
SAILS
half of the double
paddle is sometimes
piece,similar to the head
extra
an
RIOQUfG,
AJSD
used
shown
as
singleblade,
a
the double
on
blade,
one half, being inserted in the ferrule; or when sailing, lengthened out by a handle 18in. long, may be carried on the other half being stowed deck, ready for any emergency, below. The half paddle, in this case, is held with the blade
under
cord
a
being
held
latter
are
stretched
the forward
over
deck, the after end
cleat abreast the body. a looped over For racing and lightpaddling, spoon blades are used, the as the straight blades,but the general outline being the same
by
cord
a
stronger and better for cruisingwork.
AND
SAILS The
work
to be done"
all
the
Before
a
have
the
sails to
the
boat
a
on
tried
been
been
sail to with
shape
carry? the
be calculated
of sail may
are
known
to-daybut
the
and
their
tion perfecevery
having
the
canoe
to
question
be decided
rigs. Attempts which
the dimensions a
the
types are at leg of mutton, the lateen,
expressions by
; but in
ad
three
question only
a
when
few
a
of the sails,the first
boats
to formulate
made
of the boat
the
all but
canoes,
canoeists"
lug. decidingon
comparison
on
that
rejected,so
much
is,How
by
has
rig in time
popular with
and
of
sailingcraft depends largely
a
as
canoe
their proper and on the fitting, of all the smaller details of the rigging. Almost
known been
a
proportioning
the
on
of
success
RIGGING.
the
and
area
weight
greatest elements
carrying sail are the personalqualitiesof the canoeist,his skill,activity,daring, prudence and good judgment; and when the same their value is easilyappreciated on one canoe in
man
carry 100 be safe with
can
hardly
to calculate
with the canoeist
feet of
square
fifty. This
what
area
a
similar boats will
making
will suit his individual
such
an
wants.
sail,while
being
canoe
the
wDl
give the addition
case
another it is
carry, but
average to it as
will
sible imposa
parison com-
cruisingrig, he considers
CANOE
AMATEUR
uncertain element
Another of a
the
river
water
which
on
furlingand reefingthem open large sail may
is done.
If
and
sudden
squalls are
on
complete
as
the wind
reliable
and
possibk*; steady,a
as
is strong but
reef for
ample
an
weather.
rough
Whatever with
sail is the character
the work
carried,fitted with
be
71
small, and the arrangements for
be
water, where
on
carrying of
most
violent,the sails should if
in
hills,where
lake, among
or
BUILDING.
canoeists is to
carry
practice cat rig,though largeboom and
The
sails.
two
universal
almost
chosen, the
be
area
simple,requireslargerand heavier spars, a difficult to handle, as far of effort,and is more a high center as setting,furling and stowing sail,than the main and mizzen rig; and, on the other hand, a jibhas been proved to be of little use,
as
go forward;
cannot
benefit when
of
power
and
and
be
can
while luffing,
is
where
the
crew
needed, it requires
are
of
little
of the sail
always in sight,draws
quickly spilledwithout the mizzen aft requires promptly and keeps way
do can if^neglected,
even
boat
running, and By having the bulk
easilyreached,
running,
a
when
luffs the boat little attention,
ner,
on
its best.
be
can
when
losing the very
number
a
doing
it
forward, well
of lines
attention,is useless
constant
in
it is difficult to set
littlebut
bring her
into
the wind. In
a
boat
long,narrow
like the
the
canoe,
sail should
spread well fore and aft,long and low, rather than will be as great, and high, as the propellingpower less,and this end heeling or capsizingpower much attained with the main and mizzen rig. to obtain
In order
their
that
force
center
common
or
of the the
and
the
is best
sails,it is
point at which,
cessary ne-
if
a
applied,it would balance the pressure of the wind sails,which point is called the center of effort,should
the
be
nearly in
resistance a
balance
proper
narrow
were
on
the
vertical line with
attached, and
centerboards
advance
same
at
down,
the center
latter is the
of the hull, which
stringwere
and
a
be
the boat, with were
rightangles to the
drawn
of
lateral
point at which, rudder
if
amidships sideways, it would
string, neither
bow
nor
stem
72
SAILS
BIQGINQ.
AND
being ahead. These points would be described in technical center of gravityof the sails,and language as the common the center of gravity of the immersed vertical longitudinal section,includingrudder and centerboard. The
of
center
lateral resistance
drawing accurately to scale,on outline of that
then stuck
in
To
cork.
a
ascertain A
hull and
the
is drawn
is the
balance
calculation is necessary. some effort, showing the sails,masts, the scale being usually resistance,
a canoe
small
or
boat.
sail,if triangular,a line one angle perpendicular to the opposite side, will be equal to the area produced. Then
determine
from
to that side
one-half of the side to the
fine needle
a
of
center
of lateral
center
First,to or
it will
sheerplan,
sail draft is firstmade
iin. to the foot for
or
balancing it on which
cluding line,in-
water
the
the
of lateral resistance.
center
i
piece and The point on
the
cuttingout
the
board, taking it from
or
by
of cardboard
below
the hull
portion of
rudder, keel
piece
a
ascertained
bo
can
the
of the
area
multipliedby
angle; for instance,in
the
triangleBCD
in the
which figure,
of
square
would
represents the calculations feet,JEiline perpendicular to 0 D
through B;
C D
so
is
produced of
-"91.87.H2--45.9ft.,area it may
be divided
to g
then
into several
first
sail of
a
not
89
pass
12ft. 3in.x7ft. 6in.
If the
BCD.
the side
from
the distance
sail is not
each triangles,
angular tri-
being
sail shown will first be divided computed separately.The by the line C D from throat to clew; the area of B C D has been ascertained to be 45.9ft.,and similarlythe area of A
C D
is 43.9, then
rule, and
that
one
multiply the
product,but
in
in this case,
or
an
B
where
will be 88.8ft.
sails is
A
shorter
correct, sufficiently
by C D, and
high,narrow
to
take
sail,this would
16ft. 4in.xl2ft. 3in."
being known,
area
is next
the
A
area
half not
of
is to the
answer,
100ft.,
200+3
of 1 1ft.
error
side to the
a
3ntire
in most
distance
as
The
the
the center
of
gravity of
each
angle tri-
found
by drawing a line from the middle of one oppositeangle,and laying off ^^of this line,as in
BCD, triangle,
where
half of C D
is taken
at a,
a
line.
CANOE
AMATEUR a
of the
and on
and
B, drawn,
we
the line
c
point
that their d.
78
^ of it taken, givingthe point d, the
triangle.The
know
BUILDING,
Now,
c
common
is found
in
center
dividingthe
sail
a
center
similar manner,
of
grayity must
hy
a
he
line,A B, into
74
SAILS
another
of
set at
e
with
d
will
c
center
To
of
triangles,ABC
and/,
centers
BIOOING,
AND
and
drawing
the
center
be
A
and
B
the line
e
D,
its intersection
f,
gravity,and
of
their
find
we
consequently
effort,of the entire sail
determine
the
Ycrtical line is drawn
just ahead
distance
of each
of the center
of two
center
common
sails,a
more
or
sail,and
of the forward
the
this line is measured
sail from
and
of the sail. In the drawing, multiplied by the area showing two balance lugs of 45 and 20ft.,the cruisiagrig. for a 14x80 canoe, these figureswould be 40x5ft. 2iD." -232, and 20xl8f t. 7in." 273, or 505. Now, dividing this sum by the total area of the sails, or 65ft.,we have W""7.77, or 7ft 9in.,the distance of the center of effort from the vertical
line.
In
center
of lateral resistance
this
the
case,
of
center
of
effort of the sails and hull will fall in the
the
the same
vertical. To helm
should
be safe, a boat to luff
or easily, leverageof
wind, the
that the helm
always
in other
the after sail should
be carried
free she will luff that the center
hull
of effort should
both
curved
over
the
aided
by
to shove
and
calculations and ahead
greaterweather
a
with
of effort may
of the center
It will be
seen
left
of lateral that both
in
reality they are distributed unequally wave
the lee bow,
on
quarter, tend windward, independentlyof her sails,so
show, varying
the center
under
of pressure
the boat to
that she will have
if it be
it is assumed
is pressure the pressure of the
decrease
a
quire re-
side
weather
the
be aft of the center
wind
sails;while
to
the
requires in theory
this
plane surfaces, while the
enough
wind, then
do
instantly.To
are
be
slightlyon
resistance,but in the calculations sails and
on fcailing
words, when
prevent her coming up into the
to
sufiicient weather
carry
the
helm
lee
in any
the fullness
often be
placed
case
of
than
her
some
the
bows,
distance
of lateral resistance.
from
this
that
calculations
such
are
not
guides we have, and if the calculated centers, and actual working in practiceof what different boats are recorded, a comparison will show absolutelyexact,
allowance
but
is necessary
they
are
in the
the
case
best
of
a
similar
boat.
76
8AIL8
board up under
down,
or
it,the center
and
should
board
it
with
of lateral resistance
center
come
at once
lowered, on raising aft,and the moves
ward, of effort being unchanged, the greater leverageis forand the boat's head falls off.
it when
the board
tried with
proper
of the
center
the boat balances
If it is necessary be done by using
and
the
of lateral resistance,otherwise, if the board
the center
be forward
RIQQING,
AND
to a
place the
small
mizzen,
is raised.
A
well
board a
reef
mainsail
forward, it may in
being shaken
out
is sometimes
rigged
cheaply made mizzen of any shape until the is obtained,when is rig^'d a suitable mizzen
a
balance
permanently. The
leg of mutton, or, as angular called, sharpie rig, consistingof two trisails,requiringonly mast, boom, halliard and sheet,
simplestrigfor
a
canoe
is the
it is sometimes
and
on
a
boat, where
narrow
but
a
small
area
can
be carried,
will
a they answer large spread is well, but where very the be so long as to be unmanageable; needed, spars must for instance,to spread 60 square 8ft. boom, feet,with an
vantage disadAnother requirea mast 16ft. above the deck. is the necessityof using rings on the mast, as they are liable to Jam in hoistingand lowering. A simple sail,once but it used on canoes, is the spritsail, of handling the abandoned of the difficulty was account on The ordinary boom in so small a boat. and gaff sail is iiprit also objectionableas it requirestwo halliards and the rings would
the mast.
on
The on
lateen
canoes,
of but the furled for
a
yard or
used sail,as adapted by Lord Ross, is much It has the advantages especiallythe smaller ones. short mast, low and
reefed
boom when
must
before
center be very
of effort,and
long, the
the wind,
and
few
lines;
sail cannot
it is not
be
suited
The lateens introduced large areas. by the Cincinnati C. C. are practicallyleg of mutton sails,the yard peaking in the drawing. up into the positionof a topmast, as shown The ordinary lateen rig consists of a triangular sail laced to a yard and boom, both spars being jointed together at the tack, and a pole mast with a spike several inches long on
AMATEXTB
CANOE
BUILDING,
77
78
SAILS
A brass
top. and
jaw
a
short distance the
ringis lashed
(a) of wood from
the mast, then
on
or
yard
to the
forward
the
end.
is drawn
end,
the
boom, a setting the sail,
to
In
be hooked
ring can
the boom
its lower
near
is fastened
metal
is lifted until the
yard
RIGOING,
AND
spike yard,
the
over
liftingthe
back,
the mast, the dropped place jaw ation operin sail. reversed in being taking The followingmethod of reefingthe lateen (seep. 83) was de vised by Gen. Oliver, of the Mohican C. C. The fore end of the boom is fitted with a jaw (5)which encircles the mast when the saii is set, making a leg of mutton sail,while on the boom is a jaw (a). In reefing, from the mast, the jaw (p)is removed the mast, forward until a touches allowing the boom to come the slack of the sail being taken in by a reef line,ddd.
and
the
One
end
is
in the
the leach, the slack a
over
screweye Another similar the boom, the first,
fast at the tack, it is then
of this line is made
through grommets on
around
in
being
second
a
sail
details of reef line,etc., the
being
the end
boom
of the
near
little different,but the
same.
sail,is intended
in reefingof facility
a
th^
on
aft.
another
by Gen. Oliver, and calledby him
sail devised
"Mohican"
jaw
the cord
by hooking
forward, and (e)on the boom plan dispenseswith the jaw on
using instead shape of the
Another
in
taken
fast
made
end
the other
sail,and
rove
the
to combine
the balance
lug with
and
boom
short
short
the
the
of
mast
the lateen.
Fig. A represents the and
spars toggled the addition of a jaw at the end
set in the usual a
bamboo
lateen manner,
B
and
high mast, battens
are
the sail is attached from
taken The
short
that
point to
a
batten
to hand.
The
sail
can
far up
as
(a),and
off mast. A, in the usual first reef is taken
B,
be
sail is
as
tually vir-
light
the area, and the ring, and
this batten is attached block
through
passes
The
of boom.
pin, used
lateen, are
put in the sail to increase
to the spar,
with
mast
the spar, B, becomes Four very such. as
and
is treated
by halliard,b, which
back
The
together of the Ross
the
with
sail set.
lowered
manner
by lettinggo
by
to
foot
halliard
to
and
(p)or
of lateens. halliard
and
pullingin
CANOE
AMATEUR
reef line (one touches
being the
boom.
instance, and
Fig.
by unshipping A by the jaw. is taken up by
boom
continuation
The
works
BUILDING,
Dot's
of
Batten
No.
reef line,as
mast
A
is used
ten bat-
in this
reef is taken
Sail. and
drops to shown, and 2
second
The
"Mohican"
C from
other)until
reefinggear
admirably.
a."
the
79
hooking
it
againto
No.
4, and the slack
the
sail becomes
an
80
SAILS
ordinary lateen. fast
on
This
and
boom,
Fig. sail
lateen,and
The
B."
BIQGING.
AND
should
be
so
**Mohican"
can
be
with
the
unshipped same
and
haUiard
-when
Sail and
reef
line may
sail is stowed
Singlb stowed
advantages.
It is
be
made
away.
Reef.
exactly as the always gtowcd
AMATEUR on
advanta/?esof
ropes
and
Fig. C. A
is the
J'ig.B First
reef
high
jaw;
shows can
with
of
none
it has the
reefinf^ height disadvantages as to
the
and
the
masts.
"MoHiCAK*^
"
81
lug, the short boom,
the balance
lightwinds,
to catch
BUILDING,
fast to side of coaming; and
deck, made
many
CANOE
B,
the
sail with be taken
Double
Sail.
or
spar one
topmast;
reef and
in before
the
Reef
C,
the
Fig. C, wind; second
boom.
with reef
two. can
83
SAILS
not, unless In
first r^^f
leg o' reduced, but case
sail made in
as
The
form
all but
No.
hoist
to
the sail. Several
on
introduced
times,
at
effectiveness
the
to
but
the
is much
area
omitted, and
be
may
by rings, and
lower
or
parallel batten.
a
of sail is used 4 batten
B
spar
with
repeated
ordinary leg o' mutton old slidinggunter is
either wind
is
mutton
fast to
RIOQINa.
AND
hoisted
the
and
lowered
was
difficult
sails. no
longer used,
the
topmast with
any
been
simplicity and
inferior in
are
of
pressure
varieties of gunter have
other
they
it
as
lug. the sails
approach a square, the and yard they require for any given area, and shorter boom and All things conto handle stow. the easier they are sidered, furled as the there is no sail so easilyset, reefed or simple standing lug. The head of the sail is laced to a yard On
a
the
canoe,
nearer
.
which
on
a
ring h
end
in the forward is
a
An
brazed. which
the hook
splicedto lead
halliard
halliard
thence
of
deck; thence
upper is spliced,while
c
downhaul
eye in
through
the
on
endless
double
traveler block
through
line
foot of the mast
through
at foot
double
through
rove
and
togglesplicedinto
which
boom,
the mast is
hook
a
in
part of the hook downhaul
the
a
it.
screweye To
sometimes
are
block
traveler,the latter part forming an
On
spliced.
ring to
a
to a
e
is
itself.
and
being from
eye is
an
eye is formed
the
The
of which
traveler a, formed
brass
the foot is laced
is lashed, while
a a
of
in
block mast
again
near
masthead,
at
and
to
The on
from
hook tack
deck
the well, and
set sail it is taken
side
to cleat on
downhaul.
singleblock
piece,the
one
of d is
at the
having
a
below, the
toggled to the tack, hauled out and to the the ring hooked on belayed, then the yard is lifted, and taut traveler,and the halliard hauled belayed. The downhaul is led outside of the sail,the latter always being on eye in the end
the
same
of boom
side of the mast.
large area is to be carried,as in racing,the best of sail is,beyond all question,the balance lug, a modification introduced to sails long in use in China, which the was In this sail a portion profifteen years ago. canoeists some Where
a
84
SAILS
BIGGING.
AND
of the mast^ greatlylessening the outboard jectflforward weight when running free,as well as the length of the boom. The sail is spread on a yard and boom, as the standinglug, but is so hung that a portion hangs forward of the mast, about one-seventh to one-eighthof the boom being forward ; sail of 7ft. foot will have the thus, a on no longer boom when running free than an ordinary sail of 6ft. on the foot. To
handle
lines
needed,
are
will of the One the
large sail quickly
a
some
skipper,but
of peculiarity
Chinese, is that the sail at every
on
of which
the
will
we
and
of certainlya number maybe dispensed with at the give all in the description.
sails,a feature also derived
these
they have
a
light batten
sewn
from a
hem
flat,and permitting reefordinary
sail very of reefing gear instead of the
use
in
reef, keeping the
points. The
sail
either
just the eye
on
the
same
side of
the mast,
on
tack, being permanently
forward
eye in
an
always remains of
end, and
one
is
mast
a
wooden
thimble, k. The end of the halliard has an it,then in settingsail" supposing,as is usually
a
splicedin
the case,
is a
the mast
hung there. On the yard short piece of line {g),having toggle in the other,and abaft
that
sail is
the
on
the
port side
"
halliard
the
is
the sta/rboard side of the passed through the eye k, around mast, and toggled to the eye in the line g. The boom with thimble is rigged in a similar manner, (k) and tack, the latter,about 5ft. long,being splicedto the boom starboard side of mast at I,and throu^^h k leading around and
block
lead
through
through
m
deck,
on a
thimble
eye k and
to
cleat; or the tack may
lashed
to cleat on
at starboard boom.
be set up very taut to keep them halliard gear must be strong. must
be fast at I,
side of mast, then
In these
flat,so
sails the luS. the
tack
and
{o),called a parrel,is made fast just forward of the mast, fasteningwith a toggle to an eye (p) on the batten abaft the mast, allowing such play as Is in lowering sail or reefing. These parrelsconfine necessary and the sail to the mast, keeping it flatter, distributingits On
each
batten
a
short line
AMATEUB
\Si^
CANOE
BUILDINO.
86
t.
8AIL8
86
AKD
BIOOINQ.
uniformly over the entire length of the mast, weight more thus easing the strain on the masthead. A topping lift is usually fitted,being in two parts, one on side of the
each
the main
shown,
head,
lines
uniting in
and
and
at the deck
case
of
and
leads
a
an
on
upset.
It
through
a
fast to
the span,
of the latter
it may
or
led
be
Its purpose
mast
block
a
or
screweye a
span,
for
or
the sheet
an
eye
block
a
fast to the
through
ble thim-
a
is to hold
in
a
is it.
on
the
up
cleat
deck.
bringing
main
in
up
closehauled
when
the afterdcck, and
on
The
large sail a singleblock rove through it,one end When running free,the
length of sheet is used, the eye block and preventing it unreeving. but over
to the masthead,
A downreefingand loweringsaU. in gather in the sail quickly, especially is made fast to the yard near the eye, h,
entire
used
at the
through
Jackstay,is made fast of the sail,and is made
cleat.
and
having
eye is hooked
block
a
as
in
rigged to
sheet is made travels
to
of the boom
is also
a
outside
the boom
haul
''crowsfeet/'
are
leads
part, which
one
the boom,
lust above
fore end
ends
to a cleat.
leads down
on
lower
leading through
line,t, called
Another
mast
The
sail.
the the
sheet is
the
double, givinga greater purchase and taking in the slack.
For
racing
with
large sails,backstays
very
are
times some-
the masthead to the deck leading from each side, one on being slacked off,and the other set up, in not in use, the slack is taken up by a rubber jibing. When In riggingthe mizzen, the Jackstay and backstay are band. omitted, and the topping liftis a standing one, made fast to necessary,
and
being single. of handling a balance lugsail,writThe following method ten by Mr. E. B. Tredwen, and published in the London FIM time since, refers both to the large racing sails,and to a some which is experienced by difficulty cruisingrig also: "The masthead
boom,
the sheet
canoeists,appeal's
many
taking
off the sail every
always found
it best to
mast
and
taken
off their masts
a
racing
to
arise from
time
keep
mast, and
a
the mast
the
the
canoe
for
needless
is housed. each
saU,
respective sails
except for washing
labor of
or
I have a
cruising
are
never
repairing. Simi-
TJSirii CANOED
AMA
larlythe
which
mast
always put away laying it on deck,
has
with or
lettingit lie with
and
If, however, the
been
on
deck; then
and
tack
the
either
sail,which
must
reeflines should
be
be
used)
it is
open,
is very
the after end
sary neces-
easilydone.
the boat
house,
of the boom
be slacked,
or
slacked
few
be
is
canoe
unstepping it,and
alongside
come
must
fixture,the jackstay a
the
on
be left in the
must
canoe
lift is let go and
topping
87
lowering it (ifa lowering mast a lashing to keep it in place.
Having finished sailingi^nd the
last used
the canoe,
the mast
to remove
B UILDING,
a
comes
if the tack
is
inches.
The
a
into gathered together,and stowed fold of the sail,the halliard and hauling part of the ping topin a fold on the opposite side of stowed lift,similarly
sail,and
the
next
the
main
sheet cast
three
or
four
times
around
all. All the lines
etc.) should above sail
and
now
be
the whole boat
then
deck
can
let
the masthead
leadingto
gathered
be
tyer put around. brought up to the mast into a long bag and
run
about
mast
The
a
going out
next
end
tie of the boom to the
down
for
to the
deck,
after
and
feet
two
of the
end
tied there, and
stowed
end
in the fore sail may
in the
away
appears
through
to be
a
detail
and
If the mast
of the sail,there
by
put away
is not
two
when
screweyes,
taken
off the boat
the trouble When
stranger, I
my
of
set
way ting knot-
places, the
at
end
the knots
sails have
canoe
up,
and
untying
ajways get
can
to lie
under
their
them
not
even
lines. a
trouble
the
allowed
jackstay being
of
are
brought
around
in keeping discussion. scarcely worth
sail
of the
saiJ
from
the reeflines The
stepped, the
the
cleared
The
once.
for the sake
ends
and
well.
reeflines
two
in the ends
at
is
mast
let go, and
mast
up,
the
be hoisted
reeving the
of
sail,the
a
mainsheet
the
sail,the topping lift set
been
to
house.
When
of
(topping lift,halliards, the
under
not
sail in
five minutes.
In
a
along
cruising sail the
cruised with
deck, a
or
there even
fixed tack
is
no
necessityfor
along
the
a^bout 6in.
the
I have
boom.
long,
tack
made
fast
to lead
always to
the
88
CENTERBOARDS.
lag of
triplepulley on through. The
the mast
a
only
occasion
to lead
reefinggear
which
the tack
need
be
is veiy
lightand
the
canoe
on
racing,when the wind between high banks.
for the
started is in is
sailing
up until the yard is hoisted cbock ablock, so as to get the sail as high out will do withas possible;at all other times a standing tack any
part
on
The
tack may
be eased
then
deck."
CENTERBOARDS. In all decked
of classes A
canoes
include
B, which
and
in America, used probably two-thirds of the canoes of even qualitieshave of late been considered as of importance than paddling,and the sailing powers boats
have
been
developed
the first canoeists. is its lateral to
things is
Almost
resistance, by and
windward,
lo
a
fixed
extent
a
of which
can
enough keel, or
in
being too clumsy a device to though at one time occasionally used. be made
here to the double
leeboard
canoes,
which
handled
but will not
be
may for
answer
of considerations
on
centerboard,and
as
a
both
of
be
of the
of two
in
a
on an
the
resistance centerboard
and
handling
boat
canoe,
canoe,
open a
are
question is possible, we
of
number keel
more
and easily,
the double
vs.
notice cide to de-
lateral
if the keel be rockered, otherwise
will turn
may
Canadian
will general rule the leadingpoints on either side,leaving the canoeist for himself after weighing them. First" efficiency; the two about are equal as to no
by
sailed
exception
There
sides
be one
use
An
on
one.
of
sailingboat
canoe
used
decked
these
centerboard; the .lee
a
board
it
a
more
thought
never
the first quality in reason
to secure
necessary,
an
ing sail-
the
board
decidedly better than the keel when running free. Second strength and weight; the keel boat will be stronger and lighterthan any centerboard boat can be, but the latter can be built strong enough without being too heavy. Third durability ; the keel is not liable to accident and derangement as is
"
"
AMATEUR all boards
arc, and
will stand
there is less danger of Fourth
rough usage. usuallyfrom |15 to $25
cost
more
Fifth"
Btmction.
stand
not
centerboard
board
a
keel
upright
will, which
is
the boat
; the keel will
expense
"
the
89
leakage,while
less than
convenience;
inside, but will
room
bottomed
BUILDING,
CANOE
of proper
boat
gives
shore
on
con-
more
the
as
flat-
great disadvantage in
a
landing, sleeping on shore and in packing stores aboard, and sometimes dangerous In running aground. On the other hand,
a
flat keel, in
rest
to
canoe
as
built
now
for
centerboard, allows
upright positionwhen
an
land,
on
the
a
very-
great convenience. Whatever
style of
results
best
it must
in.
comes
with
The
the center
center
of lateral resistance
of this if
a
in consequence. the
the board
down,
not
a
with
the boat.
in order
canoe,
board
board
need
the
of effort for sitting
room
considerably forward
when larger mizzcn avoid this disadvantage
To
up.
place
aft, or
to
large trunk, and
Of
the center
to obtain
be
must
she would
board
requirea
possible in
nearly as question of
as
of the hull and
adopted, either to
second
the
secure
ward forrequired for it,and it may be moved much harm, provided the aftersail is reduced The be only detriment to this plan would boat would balance properly on a wind with
that while
shoal water
to
is
trunk
without
plans are
a
sleeping,the
and
add
placed
but
the sails;but in
of
be
adopted,
be
may
accommodation again the best position for a board is,in most boats, of its immersed portion a little forward of the
position;
proper
board
use
may
the
board
well forward
folding board
a
be
the latter class of boards
patented. The question of weight in a Most one. sailing canoes
in
a
placed there
and will
that
in any
part of
several
are
two
eties, vari-
all of them
this form
it
be carried
can
drop of 18in. weight being so a
than
below low
insifie ballast
running, weight is
as
it will
centerboard
is also
in any
than
the keel is allowed down can,
will make and
steady
of little account
in
ballast,and
require some
lower
by
the
other
much
stiffer
boat
be found
the
greatly. as
as
way,
The
will
handling,
in
the rules.
its value boat
ant import-
an
The
the boards
when extra
may
be
90
CENTEBB0ABD8,
lifted out no
than
moie
have
landing so
on
occurred
a
with
canoe
of
that the
fixed
trunks Several
board.
will
weigh
instances
capsizingunder well, but coming up
heavy boards
with
canoes
and
canoe
racing sail until water poured safelyand continuing.
into the
advantages for a plan presents many the center of the boat is entirelyclear of trunk, lever canoe, two for sleeping; with or gear, Icavirg plenty of room be handled to perboards, if properly worked, the boat may fection in tacking, the canoe the fallingoff quickly when and it is lowered forward board is raised,and luffingwhen the after one raised, while in running free the after board of steadies the boat greatly. The objection on the score weight is but small, as both boards may be lifted out easily, The
double
when
the
from
7 to
board
than that of weight of the two trunks is no more most folding boards, while the boards themselves are ballast in its best shape. The smaller or after board will weigh
or
boards
121bs.,the for
are
removed, The boat
forward
lightwinds
also made as
that
trunk
portion of further in
importance
for
the
15
board.
to
be made
even
a
will bo described
first point of is the
it may
so
from
one
601bs.,as
These
of wood.
the
weight
sired, de-
be
may
on.
building In
a
boat
a
centerboard of any
size, a
be sloop or catboat. of 16ft. or upward, the trunk would of two composed piecesof oak called bed pieces as long as and for the trunk, a small sailboat,2x4in. placed on edge and bolted to the keel on each side of the slot,stripsof canton with thick white laid between flannel,painted lead, being and the keel. At each end of the slot are ''headledges" them also of oak, 2 as
thick
as
or
8in. wide, in
the width
enough to allow being cut in the
of
the
for the board keel the
a
fore
and
aft direction,and
slot,which
swellingwhen
should wet.
be
The
large slot
hcadledges are driven into it at each end and a rivet put through each and the keel, then the bedand bolted pieces are put in place with the flannel between to the down keel, rivets being also driven through their ends and the headledges. The sides of the trunk are made for a sailboat,riveted at of dry pine from 1 to liins. thick
92
CBNTERBOABDS.
^^^^
AMATEUR after
trunk
CANOE
will
come
in
BUILDING. and
deadwoods,
the
on
98
solid
it may be the trunk is
bedpiece, on which set, as above, the sides,however, being thinner. Trunks sometimes made of galvanized iron, but are are liable to rust and not as good as wood. If the sides of are the trunk are thick enough holes are sometimes bored through to
necessary
from
them
set
top
a
from
keel, preventing them
usuallyopen
are
\\n. thick, about
stripsof both
and
riveted
to
sphced runs
into
over
and
a
weight
board within to
first cut
and
each
a
rivet
the top
they lower
a
is usual
as
in
at the top, to avoid
the
is cut
case
board
side
of
through are
both
board, boing
of
until
away
in the case,
of boiler
out
of
thickness
of Muntz
wrought
two
plate iron galvanized, latter weighing 60 pounds. sailboats,would bring too that portion of the which
usually
are
used, but it is liable Another
per cop-
lifted out
be
the
is left.
plate of the
at
form
to
metal,
break. one
The
of 68
Pearl
cient suffi-
arm,
board
is
ness, required thickduced angles and re-
the
after
upper
pounds
lower is
canoe
corner
forward
galvanized
cast-iron has
is
two
for racing. work
is of
sides of sheet iron, leaving a space
inside
of board, in which
iron, with
an
The
and
at all comers
A^n.
only
the
boards
they
may
liftinggear is fastened, and at the the pin hole is. Next the board where then it is ready for the fittings. Sometimes
where comer
on
by
At
to raise and
it is filed smooth
to
fastened
are
\ to iin. thick, the
steady the to shape
then
be lifted out.
This cord brass eye in the after upper corner. is also movable. brass pulleyfitted on deck, which
board,
square
trunks
a
from
are
much
is used
the
may
thinner, one
the
through
galvanized iron or long. It is hung by
handle, by which
heavy boards
The
the boards
of the board.
corner
cord
canoes
even
they
small
a
braided
A
A
to which
the
splitting. In
15 to 18in.
brass fxiin., or
board,
the
down
of zinc,
be
may
bolts driven
that
top, so
on
after board
The
and
to bottom
the
frame
in th3 plate of lead can be inserted,is shown be By this device a light or heavy boai-d can Appendix. had, while the weight is divided for carrying. If the board be fixed in the canoe, a brass bolt is put through it and the in
which
a
94
CEIfTEBBOARDS,
trunk,
which
on
to lift out.
it turns, but the usual
The
board
is
hung
from
brass
brass rod,
a
stripp(//), as described top having a handle (g\ and also liftingrod from pulling forward.
for the
is screwed
to
two
to the inside of the trunk
slippingaft. the lower
A
end
thirtypounds braided
cord.
side
the
of
rivet is also put
of the rod.
Two
board,
thimble
in which
through
their upper
which
the cord
For of
u
end
heavier
as
a
board
runs
and
a
block
chock
(Ji)
liftingrod
the
the
through
keel to retain
does not
weigh over by a singlepennant of rivetted,one on each and
after corner,
brass
a
cleat.
rubber
sheave
ball is then
a
as
square to slide
slipped on
to the
made
groove into
to
is lashed
to the
which
the chain
take
the chain,
place on the
rod lifting;
deck, and
at
by
to the chain
taking it off
without
is also lashed
chain
a
to the centerboard
singlebrass block deck pulley (k)over
with so
fastened
a
The
is also fitted
be used,
purchase must
a
buffer, and
readilyremoved,
a
by side, is
of the chain. has
brass
liftingline is spliced,plays on a rivet ends. A pulley is placed on deck, from
leads to
largelinks,a
to act
small
the
flat links side
two
A
lowered
its upper
at
prevent the
to
prevent
between
board, the
small
catch
plates are
brass
or
a
If the board
it is raised and
fit the board
plan is to
deck,
chain.
A
or
be
brass
the line is
by making one end fast to the tail of this block, leading through the other block, on the chain, and back through the first block, thence to a cleat. By taking hold of the chain the near hand, and of the liftinghandle pulley with one with the other, the pulley may be disengagedand the board readilybfted out.
rove
RUDDERS. It is most
that there shall safetyof a canoe be some of steering besides the paddle. The boat means is FO long that it cannot the be turned quickly by the latter, leverage being comparatively short, and on all but the smallest Rob Roys a rudder is a prime necessity.The first built with stem and stem were canoes nearlyalike,both with essential to the
to which
long curve, One plan was
a
such
turn, but
itself
unship
to
false stem
use
rudder.
a
fitted to
only difficult to ship but will provocation. In another plan a
is cot
least
made
was
95
very difficult to fit rudder and braces
was
curved
a
the
on
it
rudder
a
BUILDINO,
CANOE
AMATEUR
fittingthe sternpost, to
which
it
was
straighton its after edge, to which the rudder was hung. This plan also was clumsy and unsatisfactory, Another and finallydiscarded. plan was to use a long arm for the lower br"ce, projectingthree or four inches from the stempost, so that the rudder hung vertically;but this,too, fastened, but
is
For
littleused.
now
many
the stemposts have
years
straight, though mostly set at an angle to the keel, as old Shadows, giving a good support for a rudder. decided a was objection to thia plan, however, as difficult to launch
very water
the
from
canoe
sticking in
shoal, the stempost
was
addition, it made
the
hard
canoe
objections and yet allow the without causing a drag, as it will
rudder
from
nearly so,
or
the
rudder,
form
the
drop below a good hold
sternpost
at
raised
in
parts
is not
recent
tis
by coming the
date, Mr. into
obviate
To
to 9in.
heel
to
port supis rounded
without
stickingfast,and
of
ease
water,
With a
canoes,
new, one
of the
running of
The
Stoddard
a
rudder,
which
idea
of
a
over
the
to have
as
is
pitching in the
shown
used, being in the
sheave rudder
a
are
in
1883.
made
portionbeing
of
These
in two
fitted
on
is of Atalan-
mdders,
sheet brass, a
be
may
rudder
drop practicalapplicationto canoes first having been fitted to the
general use,
drawing,
of
the boat
should
its
but
R.
form
inches, so
tricingline is sometimes
means
water.
when
even
this
deck, by
S.
and, in
turning. rudder, especiallyfor rouph water,
shoal
if the
of the keel, allowing the boat
first into mud
fast to the rudder, and
made
was
cal, siernpost verti-
the
the
water
it
hang properly curved or raking
giving 7
up,
the
rocker
the
the
on
largeplatesof
in
below
had
level of the keel several
the
waves.
among
the water
but
quickly away into to be pushed stern also increasingthe In
of late have
canoes
some
There
to
a
on
mud
the
in the
dock
or
round.
to turn
these
stempost,
bank
a
been
as
now
shown
pivot like
SUDDBB8,
96
This nidder
the well.
acts, to
raised
be
forward
this it has
a
removing
the
line from
a
after
an
as
placed
to be
proper
otherwise
would
than
by
certain extent,
a
ccnterboard,allowing the centerboard further
to rise on
to a distance or
ceoterboard,aUowing it to drop strikingany obstacle, while it may a
possible. Besides
be
it may advantage, that on most canoes be so proportioned as to fold up, leavingnothing below the for water-line,thus obviating to a great extent the necessity
the rudder
further
rudder
all,as
at
and
yoke
The
canoe.
of
stock
are
inside the
of
The
of the
piece of
one
rudder
the
shown.
tom. to strike bot-
after end
is made
which
with
stronglymade, they
to lift the
on as
seam
not
as
both
rudder
the
sheet brass doubled, the rod down
so
up
offer excellent handles by which
be launched
boat may
folded
attached,but
If the rudder
the
hangs
ning run-
side
top of each
horizontally,and to the two the rudder-yoke the The drop portion of the rudder fitsbetween is rivetted. two sides,a bolt or rivet passing through the three. of hanging the common The usual way rudder by pintles and also. A better plan is to have two braces, is shown is turned
braces a
down
on
the
rudder,
iin.brass ruuDing
rod of
rudder to rise
plan
is shown
with
a
hole through
into it. with
it.
on
similar on
one
in it, as
braces, each
two
are
is screwed
rod
is
placed
below
on
riveted ently permanof the rod is held by a brace
end
upper
shown,
so
as
or
to
allow
the
lower
through it. A somewhat device is that patented by Captain Knight, while different plan has a latelybeen perfected by the the
rudder
rudder
similar brace
A
stempost, with
the
on
through them, allowingthe unship. An old but very good
the
brass
a
The
slot cut
a
brace
On
"t m.
two
as
down
but not to
up,
stempost, and
the
well
as
to
pass
writer. rudder
The as
be
yoke
receives
it sometimes
4^
over
to
Sin.
power
enough. is fitted to This
be
long each, the rudder
gives
strong and well proportioned,
heavy
Sometimes
wheel
groove.
should
control
as
the shorter
instead
head, of
The
blows.
of
a
not
length will yoke
the lines
the rudder
need
arms
a
give grooved
running
in any
in the
position.
mizzcQ or
backing, and
when
even
sheet cannot
BUILDING,
CANOE
AMATEUR
advantage
has another
foul and
the
97
yoke
in that the in lines
catch
cannot
bashes.
TABERNACLES. It is
considered
now
necessary
in order to spar
a
to
canoe
advantage, to place the masts so near the ends that it is very difficult, or even impossible to unship them when The requirements,both of afloat,especiallyin rough water. be convenience and safety,however, dictate that they must capable of being lowered, both for bridges,trees, warps and in very rough water. when The arrancrements by which this end is attained are called tabernacles, several stylesof
the best
which
heel of the mast
2^xiin. above 4i deck
above
bolt of it.
deck, fastened
to
5in. above
with
the deck
with
the
goes
same
These
keel
pieces
and
are
jecting procovered
the heel
of
the
splitting.A pin or three, the mast turning on
to prevent
the
through
deck,
the
i^u^* thick, and
after side of the tabernacle
l|in. above
cut, but the
is not
piecesof oak, (p) each
two
securelyto
deck.
sheet brass
fin.brass
The
form
one
is pivoted between
is bound
mast
In
shown.
are
is also of iin. oak, jecting proto catch the heel of the
enough The mast going forward. the is raised and supported by a forestayand tackle from stemhead, to permit which, the sail,if a balance lug, must have a great peak. Another in 1880 by the simple form was fitted to a canoe writer. A triangularbox was set in the forward part of the
mast
and
canoe,
or
prevent the later from
fastened
at the bottom
the deck, in which 1ft.
a
slot
was
to the
cut,
as
keel, and wide
as
at the
the mast
top
to
and
width long, the box, of course, being of the same in the well, could practice,the canoeist,seated the in the for mast box, leaving it, place paddling,lying at 45 desired of but when to raise it,by going an angle degrees, the knees the mast could be thrown on easilyinto an upright the a nd held wooden chock into a (o)slipped position, by slot behind it. This chock, with its ^des projectingover about
inside.
In
98
TABERNACLES.
TENTS
A
of
tent
kind
some
he
every
canoeist, as
even
on
storm
may
make
it
place
and
force
the
from
short
a
rain
the
Tents
for
merely
for
enough
to
improvised
from
paddle,
end
in
kept
down
or
shelter
used
on
a
ridge
has
tent or
cleat
to
the
piece
mizzenmast of
hem
sheeting
foot, and
the
with.
tic down
shelter
good
three little
up
riding A
head
better
a
running
and
sheds
to
tent
on
after
the
and
in
and
canoe,
made
fast
cover
is
is
rope
run.
across
edges
the
makes
is
roomy
hardly
is done. and
a
edge?, with
flap open,
well, but
being easily set
eye
to
It has, however
taking
stowed,
oftering little
surface
when
wind.
to
stick
rain
the
ridge
the
This
to an
The
along
with
is the
end, running
intervals
sleeping aboard
in the
the which
tent, shown
advantages,
room
at
sewn
tied
be
device
being
the
the
to
is hooked
after
or
drawing.
arotmd
the
boom
a
need
deck.
in which
all is
of
mizzenmast
end
8ft. above
to
over
the
which
shelter,
tent, high
better
in
other
small
simplest
will
A
shown
the
This
much
where
enough
well,
sides
of
end
center
are
or
in; third, shore
the
to
stones. :
is fitted
tapes
The
drilling hemmed
the
triangular piece
A
a
down
also
night
a
square
hung
The
about or
sudden
or
for
read
or
is lashed
one
of
end
at fore
a
three.
Windward
rope,
needed,
proposed stopping
First, a
blanket
place by
the
be
tide
refuge
:
cook
deck.
the
seek
second,
or
rubber which
on
the
reach
kinds
to
for two
of
resting
other
a
and
a
foul
outfit of
possible.
as
under;
under
it maj
wind,
to
of three
arc
sit
head
canoeist
sleeping
one
A
the
of
part
when
knows
lmi)06sible to
canoes
BEDa
essential
an
never
trip.
large enough
tents
is
quickly
as
CAMP
AOT)
the
end,
about
is inserted, mast.
the
sides
plan
same
The are
a
is made
20in. cord
from
after
end
wide, each
with
having end
is square
triangular,
all
the
gular, top trian-
of
the
instead
coming
in
hem
a
to
stick of
a
angular, tri-
point
AMATEUR
CANOE
BUILDING.
6"tvu"e "4eCt4v
JTwfe ''*j^*'
^
%i"i^vaAHi/
101
103 at the fore end.
is
easilyset Of
the
known
This
and
class
This
80in. wide
of
bottom,
at
sides
These
making
curtains
provided
with
under
by
lap
the
to have
CiUkI
J^
'JT^ ^^ circular For
use
rain and
former, but
is that
commonly
may 1ft.
beading
sides
a
The
hook
the
near
shore
on
a
The
sides
wind
under
comes
tent is
bottom
than
only
and little, of
small
over
tent is
to
shown.
as
bottom
The
are
the
screw-
supported
It is sometimes
masts.
ends
The
is sewed
side
fast.
which
to
ners, together at the cor-
in the tent, which
windows
and
be rolled up,
of the deck.
to the
on
6
round
a
stuff,which
longer
adjoining
to tie them
sides
The
sewed
may
is also
and
in, to take
be used.
each
which
the
C. L. Norton
221n. wide
long.
are
on
Mr.
able desirbe made
may
pieces of glass 2iin. diameter, each
holes drilled
the tent.
about
grommets
small
by
canvas,
22in.
ends
over
roi)es fastened
two
the
its present form
is turned
hem
breadth
tapes
tent is fitted with
heads
in
is of
and
curtain
a
one
stripedawning
and
but the middle the top,
favorite first used
that three breadths
so
The
top.
on
made
are
wide,
than
tent
top piece long. At each end a stick,fin. in diameter and 7ft.
29in.
is roomier
but
The
of the tent
BEDS,
the
Mohican,
Eittiwake.
shown.
tent
CAMP
stowed.
second the
as
the
on
AND
TENTB
having
two
fast. edge by which it is sewn ground cloth 2^x7f t. may be used under should be about 5in. high, to keep out the
sides.
The
floor cloth
should
be
waterproofed. In another end
of
rounded
are
like
for over
tent
wagon.
being square, with a A ridgepole,jointed
supported
the
on
these, and the top extended
oak, let into hems
is fitted with
a
stowage, is
across
the
at each
uprights,one
bamboo
used, the
top, somewhat
spread
of bent
of tent two
the well,
in the middle tent
form
top.
uprights,the by
The
four
Pearl
strips canoe
this
the uprights being description, in two pieces,one made tending sliding in the other, so that by ex^ them the tent is raised,for cooking or reading, but let down, making the tent lower and less at night they are exposed to the wind. An
a
tent
of
A tent is sometimes
fitted to
a
canoe,
using
an
upright
AMATEUR at each
but
of the well, or
end
with
zenmast,
wider
a
For
CANOE
the
top,
shore
use
at the
one
painterstretched shown
as
or
tent, made
6ft.
It is
The
103 end and as
across
usually carried
three persons.
ordinary A
fore
in the Mohican
tent is
a
two
BUILDING,
the mlz-
ridge
a
rope,
tent, is better.
largeenough simplestform
about
to accommodate
is the
at the bottom, and
6ift.square supported by two upright poles and a ridge high. pole, or the latter may be dispensed with and a ridge rope used, the ends being made fast to stakes in the ground. form A better and roomier is the wall tent, a very good devised that of the style being by some Clyde C. 0. This 6ft. wide, 7ft. long, and 6ft. high, the tent is usually about walls being 2ft. high. The bottom is sewn to the sides and ends, except the flap,which a door, thus preserves as venting It is well
aU drafts.
laid inside
lightstuff so
it may
that and
pole
join
this
four
or
The
tent
out
the roof,
end
hem
a
cleaningthe
In
ground and pins for the
comer
each
not
fast,
sewn
tent.
used.
is sewn,
take
set to
of
bottom
second and
one,
2in. wide
are
A
ridge
Where and
in
the tent ropes.
galvanized, lOin. long, into a ring to draw them
made
in each
setting this tent, it fastened
ropes
comer
its comer,
the tent is set and
turned
sometimes
flapis
for ventilation.
for future
a
of iron rod iin.,
are
upper
from
main for
five grommets
pins A
by.
have
upright poles, all jointed,are
two
the
lifted out
be
the walls
with
the
over
to
are
which
marked
measurement;
with
of
is imfolded
pin, then
a
the
roof
on
the
the four
driven, each
at
will be found
the firsttime
that
of
poles
permanently the
side
corner
on
ropes to hoist
the
one are
proper
made
the
tance dis-
fast to
the tent, then the pins,allowing slack enough ridgepole is run through, the canoeist goes inside the tent, raises the after end, slipsthe upright under the ridge pole, other walks to the end, holding up the latter,and slipsin Now the corner the other pole. be looked over ropes may made t he and and tightened, the ropes remaining pegs driven the
fust
to
entire
them,
and
operation,if by one man
the the in
ground sheet spread inside. The be pertent is properly folded, can formed five minutes. the Sometimes ridge
104
TENTS
BEDS,
CAMP
AND
I)oleis made to extend about 18in. beyond the front of the tent, thus keeping the upright out of the way of the door. It is a3 well to have the rear upright inside, as it is useful to in it. It will hang clothes on, a few hooks being screwed also be convenient to hare canvas a few pockets hung to the walls for brush, and
comb,
Canosists in America
etc.
have
used
the- past few
for
years a The "Marquee."
known as good tent, of the form ground space may be 7x7ft.,the height to peak being about the same. But one pole is needed, wliicli is in the center of very
the tent.
The
extended to each
down, the is
by
four
The
four
lower
the
pole is slippedinto then the four sticks latter^ a
These
ground
For
and
portion may be 2ift. on small sticks running from
corner.
ready.
but
roof
small for
tents
are
cloth should
the
center
are
of
in any
tents, heavy unbleached
pole
first staked
place,and
without
usually made
is
the roof, raising
into
pushed
be used
the central are
comers
side, and
each
a
all
bottom,
case.
be
sheeting may
used,
To render a larger ones light drill or duck. them waterproof they may be coated with boiled linseed oil and terebin,one gillof the latter to two quarts of oil,two The Mohican coats being suflBcient. tent has a top of heavy and sides of awning stuff,neither being waterproofed, canvas and the marquees of the latter material. are generallymade If a stay is made in any place for some time, the shanty in Wood craft,"is probably tent, described by "Nessmuk" the best known, but in canoeing the halts are usuallybut for a day or two, and often for a night,so the tent must be the
**
quicklyset Kext
to
and the
specialinterest year sleepin a
Many
canoes
stowed.
question of to most
makes
9 life preserver.
This
Famham,
an
for
a
point
of
of the
fiftyweeks
at home.
furnished
now
shavings,which
bed
the bed,
comes
canoeists,who
comfortable are
shelter
excellent
with
a
mattress
bed, and also
mattress, the invention
is 50in. long, 18io. wide
and
of
cork
answers
as
of Mr.
C. H.
4in. thick, made
of
lightmaterial,such as burlaps or Japanese canvas. of muslin sewn It is divided by two each made partitions,
some
AMATEXm to top, bottom and
in each
placed.
CANOE
BUILDING.
105
and
ends, into tliree parts, each of these about 1^ pounds of cork
The
partitionsare and evenly. Hooks
intended
to
keep
50x6x4in.,
shavings is
the
cork
tributed dis-
rings at the ends, with straps it easilyadjustableas a life pre^ for the shoulders, make server, as it is long enough to encircle the body. In connection
with
this mattress, Mr.
Farnham,
much
of
canceing has been done in cold climates, has devised The quilt,when a sleepingbag or quiltand cover. extended, is nearly heart-shaped,being 7ft. long and 7ft. at the widest quite to a point,but an part. The small end does not come oval end piece is sewn in. The quiltis made of silk or silesia, staffed with 2^ pounds of down, evenly quiltedin, the edges the being strengthened with a binding of tape. Around buttons which and buttonholes, by the quilt may edges are be converted into a closed bag, in which a man sleep may weather. in coldest the A of the cover same warmly shape is made of fine muslin, coated with boiled oil, and being with be buttoned buttonholes, may closely, keeping provided rain. off entirelythe dampness of the ground or even The of oiled entire weight of the quiltis 4i pounds, and and both may 2 pounds 6 ounces, be rolled into a very cover The amount small bundle for stowage. of covering may be regulatedto suit the weather, the canoeist sleeping with either oiled cover, quilt,or both over him, or if very cold, The cork rollingup in both and lying on the cork mattress. is used in several ways as a cushion during the day. mattress a good pair of blankets,1 Canoeists usually carry in summer of a quilt or blanket 1 a sleepingbag, made and sometimes doubled and sewn togetherat the edges and across one end, I * the other being kept open for ingress. short summer If weight and space are of importance on blanket be with cruises, a singlegood a liningof taken, may sheetingor drill sewed to one edge and buttoning along the and other edge. In very warm weather the canoeist bottom the drilling only,or if cooler,under the blanket; sleeps under whose
.
but in stillcolder warm
as
a
double
weather one,
and
the lined blanket much
will be almost
lighter.A
rubber
as
water^
106
BTO
bed
is sometimes
but
they
One
carried
rubber
and outfit, from
and
comfortable
is very
are
blankets very
sleepon,
to
usually found
are
useful, as
; it is necessary
one
LAMPS.
AND
quite expensive.
are
two
or
VES
on
a
tent
be
may
ground
damp
in
in
or
a
a
ist's canoe-
improvised wet
canoe,
ever Whatday bedding may bedding is carried,it is highly necessary that it should be kept dry, which is best accomplished by wrapping in a and carryor bag, strapping it very tightly, waterproof cover ing and
y
the
it well under
the deck
localities it may
as
be rolled in it.
during the
scribed.
a
few
in
or
a
compartment.
In
many
yards of mosquito netting are indispensable,
be used
in
connection
Several
varieties
of
with camp
any cot
of the tents
de-
sold
the
are
sporting goods stores, but, though good in they are too heavy and bulky for a canoe. camp,
STOVES
AND
a
in
permanent
LAMPS.
length cooking apparatus of kind is of course short but on some a necessity, tripsit is usually dispensed with, a supply of cold provisionsbeing of making tea, coffee or hot soup is carried. Some means if even always necessary, however, and should be at hand the tripin prospect is to last but a few hours. Delays are always possibleon the water, and the prudent canoeist will For lightcooking an alcohol stove is the prepare for them. cleanest and most compact, the best being that known the as "flamme ford," which gives a hot flame in a littlewhile, On
and
a
may
canoe
cruise
be used
of
afloat.
any
With
this stove,
a
little coffee
or
pilotbread and a can of prepared soup, a good meal be quickly prepared. The only objectionis the cost of may the fueL be used instead of alcohol, and Wood spirits may is much sene cheaper; but the odor is very disagreeable. Kerostoves have no place on a canoe, as they are so dirty, besides being quite heavy, and the oil is difficult to carry
tea, some
without
over spilling
the boat.
Alcohol
for the
stove spirit
108 riveted in.
LAMPS,
AND
STOVES
legs are of iin. round iron, 6ln. long, the ends being flattened down and turned over to fit on upper wire staples. These staplespass through holes in the end in use pieces of the gridiron,and are riveted fast. When The
firo is made
the
coffee pot,
pailsand
When
Mr.
to
in
a
legs bag.
canvas
and
compact
rest without
will
pans
in use, the
not
gridironstowed very
down
to burn
a
of
mass
convenient
of upsetting. and
down
stove
camp
in
wliich
on
danger
folded
are
hot
stack
the
ground
A
allowed
legs of the gridironare opened and it, making a level framework, over
ashes, then the
and
the
used
was
by
spring. It was made of sheet iron, the top being about 10zl5in., or largerif desired, in the shape of a flat pan, the edges turning up lin all around. The sides were two pieces of sheet iron 6in. wide and t7in. long, lin. at each end being turned at a right angle, as ends and
of
Smith,
shown,
2ia. wide
put the
were
making a square together. In the door,
was
end
hole
a
made
18in. long.
At
which
The
15in. long.
sides
each
lOin.
long, a strip 6in. long end
each
across
shown,
as
on
stove
front end,
to
or
through, and
communicate
oval
the bottom slides in the
hole, covered
circular
a
put in the wood
cut
was
round
after end,
and
last
camp
together,the projecting pieces the stripson the ends, pushed in between box, and the lid was laid on top, holding all
to
latter is of
square,
the
making
being riveted To
the sides
the
at
6in. wide
each
were
the inside. on
Newburg,
with
section,about it is riveted two
extra
to
by
a
in the other
the
pipe.
This
^in.
across,
and
a
flat
piece Sin.
strips riveted
on
the
in the
drawing. easilyand cheaply made; it is lightand may compact for stowage, all folding into a flat package 10xl5xl^in., except the pipe, and it is quickly set up and taken bottom is needed, the stove being set on the apart. No This
shown
as
be
stove
ground. In another that when a
canvas
form
not
bag,
quarters of
an
in
the use
two
inch
body
of stove
the stove,
feet
long, one thick,which
covers
is
hinged together,so
and
foot wide can
be
funnel and
stowed
all go into about
under
three-
floor
CANOE
AMATEUR of
entirelyout of
is
and
canoe,
Iron; the top is 24x12, with and
sheet iron covers,
chimney ends
The
12x10, hinged
heavier such
top in
to
manner
be
it
projections,so acting both as Tho
and
The
for fuel and
fittinginto
utensils
8till another
the hole
stove, cut
to serve
as
in
being
have
not
stove these
thereby
stove, draft.
a
top of
on
and
stove.
holes,as
6x7
and
opening
smoko*
free from
the
At
when
the the
is cut
are
the
a
same
stretched
cooking utensils.
bottom
from
and
end
one
rest
is the
the
used, consistingof
Across
draft.
small
^ therdoor, another
end
settingup
121n. in diameter
about
door
a
stripsof
one
respects without
which
end, which
opening
an
in
from
out
is sometimes
stove
other
and
does
kept clean,
stiff wires, upon
the
At
top, and
of stove, and
to create
cut
some
cylinderof sheet iron, 10 to in length,open at both ends. several
to
pieces hinged together,two half inch projecting additional
then
are
to hold
of four
top is better in
cooking
end
propped
23ix2i, tho
two
and
below
door
a
end
small
sides
on
front
be
can
is made
funnel
23x3
riveted
The
one
manner;
project below bottom pushed into the ground
to Iiold all Arm.
as
same
to
as
can
hole at
24x10, hinged
are
of sheet
Sin. diameter, with
holes
2z8in.
sides
iron,iin.thick, are
pointed, so
funneL
or
It is made
the way.
two
small
a
109
BUILDING,
used
a
edge is end, opposite
bottom
same
give a
to
as
draft
to the
other side.
When
a
as
a
bucket, and
wire
a
it is reversed, the wires
stove
it to hold
enables
bottom
a
as
used
not
handle
serving
all the utensils,plates,etc., as
being
fitted to the
bottom
for
that purpose. Its advantages with
even
the heat
and
carry the tin wood or
which
are
fire
can
in
an
the usual
and
made
open cross
it is also very
one
to
fire,and
have
a
good
renders
fire of
ing the hunt-
piece for hanging
the pots
cheap. provisions in and keep them dry, a chest is used, generally about 10xl5x6in., in such as packed tin cans with large screw covers,
unnecessary, To
of
to use
cutting of
as
a
fuel, enables
saves
too small
wood
by
wood,
poor and
be
very quickly, the draft is tremendous; it confines
that
are
+
used
are
vaseline
on
LAMPS
VE8
AND
cans,
for ooftee, tea, sugar,
STO
110
baking powder, rice,and keep dry. If the largebox
to
articles
be, such
but drilling,
the
stowed it
where
forward
of
easily reached, cooking on board,
In
a
waterproof, as it should carried in bags of light
the
This box
best.
the
ally usu-
spiritlamp being is drawn
the box
hatch. Is laid
i"
the deck, but
feet,under
the
be
sometimes
lid, or
usuaUy
vre
cans
Just
can
by.
near
sometimes
are
other articles itis desired
any be
meal, flour,oat-
the
across
also
out, the for
coaming
a
For cooking on shore, a spiritstove set up. kettle for boiling water, say two quarts, a smaller one for oatmeal, etc., to pack inside the large one, a coffee pot, and other articles being added if a frying pan are indispensable, there is room. A very handy implement in a camp kitchen is a pair of lightblacksmith's tongs, with which plates and
table,and
pans
may
the
be lifted when
lightof some equipment, as the A
darkness, in which his
showing
by many red, the lard
or
forward
a
kind
hot. is
important part of a canoe*s canoeist may on any triphe overtaken by his safety may case depend largelyon
light. A having
kerosene.
deck,
visible from
astern.
for the colored
box
side
having
around
white
This makes
most
square
canoeists,one front
a
lamp, an
small
white
When
green
glassand
lens.
The
The
light ouly,and serving for use under way at nightit is hung
slides of
The
kerosene
candle
from
is
tent
on
the
is not
a
vantage, disad-
C. 0. carry
is used,
in the
a
is
be substituted
may
Mohican
one
oil used
signal light,but
use
it is difficult to carry. brass lantern in which a
brass is used
is fitted to slides
white
as
a
a
excellent
In camp, ones.
of
which
lantern
or
giving in camp.
the mizzenmast.
a
CANVAS
T
ONG
before
the
following
-"
astride
paratively
work,
called,
was
from
woven over
covering,
was
in
so
canoe
fashioned
that
of labor
of
it
and
and
appearance
boat
for
to
all the
nothing
the a
but a
a
cedar
with
boat 50
to
and
so
and
still
it
smaller
of
of
be
tools, and
less expense
similar in
is still
The
and
the
boat
good
very
skin
canvas
in
to
the
light
or
canoe,
only, even a
frame
weigh
or
the
carrying
lighter than size
14x30,
as
be
must more
sequently, con-
which If
strength.
is
adds
cedar
entire will
a
watertight, and
variety, for paddUng as
weight, strength
requires,
a
a
excellence.
boat, which
than
built
of
great
both
to
as
the
sail, the
the
three
equal stiffness, but if of such
90ft.
simplest
possesses
of
boat
greatly
be
the
in
canoeist.
prepared
add
required
course
rival, but
the
frame
similar
considerably
though
of
by the
log.
any
strength
of basket
some
of
use,
of
sail,it may
strongly braced, cedar.
or
com-
coracle,
implements
being few
its wooden
planking
small
the
usually inferior
stronger
is of the
canoe
bullock,
a
still in
than
purposes
when
and
form,
is
quite heavy
decks
is
boat
The frame
open
requires less skill, fewer
canoe
to
of
hollow
of
out
saplings gathered
sewn;
craft
a
material
canvas
and
a
from
improved
advantages,
The
such
an
it, in all probability, antedates
style
greatly
hide
the
step, by which
tools.
without
and
of several
obtained
was
simply
was
stretched
form,
boat
a
branches
which
constructing
This
of
tion naviga-
at
form
intermediate
the
came
material, and
raw
riverside,
step in the
second
the
proportion
craft
this
as
boards, and
of
closely after the primitive attempt
together,
and
form
constructed
of boats
era
log, and
a
logs lashed the
CANOES.
than
very one
of
CANOES,
CANVAS
113
first steps of the
buildingare similar to those previously Tbe moulds described for a lapstreakcanoe. cut out in are the same the stem and stem are manner, prepared, a rabbet The iin.deep being cut to take the edge of the canvas. inner keel,/, is fin. thick, 2^ to Sin. wide at middle, and It is planed up, without rabbet, a tapers to "}at the ends. The
and
to it the stem
and
a
fin. wide, and fin. It is planed is
when The in
up,
keel and
is put
canvas
frame
is
place and
all
f zf
are
on
the surface
with
be
not
cut
used and
The
drawn
taken
one
very
one,
keel to
only.
o
may
be
Ixfin., is
Ixfin.,and
fitted. are
placed as
and
cut
in
planed quite pliable, are
keel, and then is nailed
each
temporarily to keep the
or
all the
is necessary lumps. After faired up,
where
now
a
the nails
copper
they
cross,
ribs
being
nail is driven and
riveted,
the
put inside of each gunwale, heads of the ribs, all three
together. When
They
six being
elastic frame.
strong and
riveted
11,
Care
after which
ribband
or
ash
the knee, and while
to the
and
over
until
over
gunwale,
hollows
be looked
n,
bent
down
A, being jogged to fit over
being well
or
elm, f x^in. They
by
out, if necessary,
inwale,
oak
should
rivets to the dead woods.
boiling water
nail
each rib and
An
notches
ends, which, like the gunwales,
or or
flush
surface
marked
d d
in
nailed
fair,without
they must
their
oak
one
in turn, from
through making a
Strips of jogs
screws
soaked
or
to the lib with
in
the
to receive
stillhot the middle
ribbands
are
ash,
or
in the stem
cut
These
stem.
rabbets.
ribs k will be of
ribband
and
each side,and
up, steamed and then are
are
jogs or
secured with
are
gunwales notches
shored
h, of oak
nailed lightlyto the moulds, five
stem
removed
be
them, leaving their outer the
now
on
it must
as
screwed
the stocks, the moulds
on
of the stem
across
IJxJin.,are stem
and
to receive
stern
stern,
then the adjusted,
tacked
keel
outer
on.
set up
now
,
and
The
d:cp as may be desired,not less than the grain pointingaft,as described for
as
temporarilyto stem, the
screwed.
and is fittedto the scaif of stem, and
cedar canoe,
a
h are
stern
are
cut
out
this is in, the deck beams of
directed for
oak a
or
wooden
hackmatack, canoe,
the
AMATEUR frame
deck The
and is
frame
The
from
gunwales.
twine, with
manner.
rounded
that
off, then
do this
To
entire frame.
At
in, and
the
The
along the keel,with drawn
canvas
the effectively,
together,using
tightened
closely woven,
it
a
the
two
frame and
few
the
tacks,
strong
edge.
This
lies flat
be cut
is
and
sail needle
canvas
it must
ends
a
wide
tigbtlj over edges of the
6in. apart along each until
'
keel removed,
outer
the
stitches about
lacing is now turned
same
a]l comers
gunwale.
to
tbe
and
over,
laced
are
and
and
gunwale
fastened
canvas
it is turned
canvas
hard
be
upside down,
of the
the stocks, and
smoothed
are
should
first turned
then
from
over.
to i^each
enough
the
canvas
canvas
middle
taken
113
in in the
coamings being put
now
might cut the is painted all
BUILDING.
CANOE
over
the
neatly,the edge
tacked
is first tightly in the rabbet, which well painted with thick paint. When the ends are finished of tacks driven the lacing is agrin tightened up, and a row and the lacing is removed along the gunwale, after which the
trimmed
canvas
down,
to the inside of
tack
moulds
The
are
the
leaving enough
in and
inwale.
removed,
now
turn
to
and
a
keelson,
e, is
put
in
stiengthcnthe bottom, being of oak, fin. deep and lin. It is slipped in, one or two of the deck beams wide. being to
removed, if necessary, and the positionof each lib marked, the ribs, then it is removed, and over jogs cut to fit down after
which
it is
enough foiward strengthenit. the mast for or
a
tubes
wooden
cedar,
over
the
and
screwed
down,
running
far
lap well over the scarfs and The deck frame and coaming is next finished, set, and all preparations for decking made as on
canoe.
which
stem
A the
to
deck canvas
is sometimes
laid of
is stretched, or
^in. pine
the
canvas
The canvas for the deck directlyon the beams. maybe about 6oz. weight, and is stretched tightlydown and tacked along the gunwales and around the well. After round it is on, half strips m m, are screwed around the edge of the deck, and an outside keel piece of oak iin. thick, is the the fitted to screws bottom, passing through into keelson stiff. all e, making very may
be laid
replaced
CAJfVAS
114 The
should
canvas
in, after which
mixed
a
color will finish it off. rub
painted oftener
than
be
paintmust
The
it may
spots where bo
painted with two a little turpentine and japan dryer of paint of any desired coat or two wetted, and
be
now
boiled oil,with
of
coats
CANOES.
off in use,
but
necessary,
as
the
renewed
on
any
should
canoe
not
its weight is much
creased in-
thereby. method
Another
by
a
writer
in
Forest
model
whatever
of
boat, but
attempt being made
to have
frame
is then
paint,causing it to
adhere
watertightsurface.
Such
who
have
wooden
cheap.
not
the
boat, and
th6
boat
skill and
it would
seams
covered
be
to build
manner
using
the
a
was
same
to the
boat,
canvas
a
Stream,
and
desired,in
carvel built wooden
This
building
very in
with
as
thin the
canvas
as
the boat, of
ordinary planking, no an
latter watertight^ laid in thick
wood, and making can
be
described
a
smooth,
easilybuilt by
training necessary to strong and durable, as
those
build well
a
as
BOAT
116 down
of stem lines
about
BUILDING,
finer,the
become
the
to
waterline,near itself will
stem
which, thick
be
the
as
for
enough
The
deadwoods.
be from \\ to 2in. in a fore apron may aft direction,its width depending on the fullness of the
and
bows.
The
in
stempost
after side
is of
boat
a
shown
shape
the
/, the
at
to receive h. the stem transom or away to the keel, and in the stempost is nailed or screwed
The
being
the
angle
between
which
the rabbet
d will
from
run
cut
is cut.
In
a
the chock
",
or
after deadwood
and
The
frame
is fitted the
two
deadwood
after
^, in
lapstreak boat, the keel batten from
the stem,
top of keel
on
to the stern.
being fastened
togetherand
the
rabbets
cut, it
is set upon the stocks, the keel is held in place by a few nails driven through into the stocks (to be cut off when boat is
removed)
plumb,
and from
shores
and
above
A
cut
h.
board
of sufficient of
out
below; from
see
hard
some
the
at its lower
size,and
stempost
off
is set
wood,
down
end,
on
of
of
breadth in now
both
top of
the
to
marked
side and
one
the stem
using
is
nailed
now
the
of
a
2, the half
at
side.
A
line is the the
this line is laid off the
points 1, then
the
1.
The
other, and
mould when
is cut out,
the fore side will, of course, stem
on
stern, giving the
the
applied are
the stern, and
by The
the center
each
up
secured
88, Fig. 9.
page
the
lined
are
at
upper round
The
sternpost
aft rake, and
rightangles to this center line at the heightof side of the gunwales, allowing enough above for
drawn
as
and
stem
vertical line is first drawn
mould
breadth
the
the*properfore and
is next
transom
and
with
iron
or
be
allowing enough bevel, larger than the after side.
screwed
to
the
pleting sternpost, com-
the frame. moulds
The
ceilingor stem
to
from
stern
next
are
put in place,and
the floor,and and
nailed
to
keeping all in position. of planking The operation as
in
The
a
canoe
(see page
plankingshould
shored
from
the
ridge piece is stretched from each as well as to the moulds, a
is
proceeded with precisely 45),the stop waters being first put in. be of cedar, in singlelengths if possinow
AMATEUR
ble,but
whero
cedar
hard
wood, oak, walnut
than
the lower
The
streak
upper
and
mahogany,
or
117
obtained, white
be
is
is sometimes
planking,and
A
in the sectional view.
shown
as
BUILDING.
cannot
be used.
may
spruce
even
CANOE
bead
is a
pine
or
usuallyof
littlethicker
rabbeted
it,
over
is sometimes
worked
edge, and just above the bead, if a gold stripe is desired, a shallow depression a?, called a "cove." is plowed, lower
the
near
in which
put in
and
made
are
planking
the
After
gold is laid
the
as
in
a
if
or
canoe,
heels, each
the
at
job
neater
a
are
planed
up
is desired, they
extending
one
gunwale, and are steamed and bent and cut to fit then each is fitted to its place,marked first, in the section, after down closelyto the planks, as shown it is riveted in. Between which each pair of timbers a the
from
only
keel
injury.
is completed, the timbers
little heavier
a
protect it from
to
to
"*floor'*is fitted,similar to the timber, but the keel
as
high
After the timbers
is to set the
9
of the
the turn
as
in and
are
gunwales.
extending across either side.
bilgeon
nails riveted the next
These
are
piecesof
ash
or
operation
ouk, i t, run-
iringinside
of the upper streak,and covering the heads of the in the secare jogged into them as shown tion timbers, which The gunwales, of upper streak, gunwale and timbers. called be at inwales, may sometimes |in. deep, 1\ wide and
center
taper to fin. at each steamed
they
if necessary are put in
which
latter have
and
and
the
and each
After a
the
iron is put At
the
riveted streak.
by or
more
gunwales the
the
after
An
the oak
transom
the
timbers,
top of upper streak, is marked. The gunwales
in,
a
of
breasthook
the
apron
transom
and
bead, half
inner
knees
k
at
k,
from
sides of the
throat
also to the round
I,worked A
apron.
and
placed re-
timbers.
the
fittingthe
side
through stem,
of
heads
the
between
are
bow,
after corners, to
they
planed up, easily;then
are
bend
jogs cut, after which they are nail through the streak upper
a
one
knee, is put in and
the
They will
iin. below
timber
each
and
and
cut off
been
fastened
timber
until
place resting on
positionof
then removed
are
end.
are
rivet
of
wales gun-
^in.
of breasthook.
put in, being
gunwale
in section,is
and
upper
usuallyrun
118
BOA
rouDd
the
BUILDING.
T
edge of the upper streak to complete it, being nailed through into the gnnwale. The interior arrangements of the boat depend on the taste of the builder,but that shown is the usual one in rowboats. upper
In the bows or
thwarts
more
aft
is a small, o
o,
called the
height to
benches
or
and risings,
one
size of the boat, and
2xiin., which
about
fastened
are
are
p.
stripsm,
two
on
amidships
n,
the
according to
the stemsheets
are
All of these rest
Eeat triangular
to the timbers
support the seats, which
should
bo about
are
at
a proper Tin. below
the top of
and also stem are gunwale. The seats in bow supported by ledges,and the forward ends of the latter are either long enough to rest on the after thwart as shown, or The thwarts should be strengthare supported by brackets. ened by knees of wood j, well riveted. Sometimes a single knee
is used
in the center
down;
and
thwart
in which
fastened.
sometimes
two
the mast
Lockers
their construction
of
are
used,
are
is
it and riveted
thwart, fitted on
a
near
one
each
edge.
The
stepped should
be very strongly built under the seats, but
sometimes
simple, and requiresno specialdirection. usuallycomposed of several pieces, in the center the "bottom board," q, of about 12in. wide, restingon the ribs and held down by buttons or staplesin the keelson ; The
is
floor is
outside of this the button and
the under
across
side
of these
which
stripsproject iin. from
below
the bottom
board
and
r, H to 5in. wide
r
at center
stripsare nailed keep them from splitting, inner edge, so as to enter
Several
the ends.
at
narrower
boards
to the
small
hold down
r
r.
Outside
of these
Sin. wide, and screwed to stripss ", about the timbers. They are called the footlines,and on each are the outer edges of the button two buttons, which turn over Outside of each footline,and boards,holding them down.
pieces are
two
also screwed stretchers up
being
to
for
in the
the
the feet when stern
flttcd,rest on
There
are
timbers,
many
iron, and
are
racks
a
one little,
ledges screwed
patterns of rowlock the old wooden
t t, to hold
Where
rowing.
it is raised two
the
the floor
wide
the rows nar-
piece,u,
to the bottom.
in use, of brass
thole
pins
are
or
vanized gal-
littleused
u'
AMATEUR for
CANOE
pleasureboats.
The
center
BUILDING,
119
of the rowlocks
should
be
The rudder from 9 to lOio. aft of the edge of the thwart. in and fittedwith as a a joke and lines hung canoe,
will be
rowing and
tiller for
ally sailing.A backboard, ", is usufittedacross the stern,making a back to the seat. The of the boat may be paintedor carved on it. The stem name of half-round iron or copper, is protectedby a stemband well down the to on keel,and the angleat the heel running of the stempost is usuallyprotectedby a similar piece, and called a scagband. The final processes of finishing ^minting have all been described in canoe building.
for
V*'^ *
The
a
construction
of
a
carvel built boat varies somewhat
those emthe operations ployed resemblingmore lapstreak, j'n shipbuilding. The frame is preparedas for a lapstreakboat, except that no keel batten is needed. The rabbets beingcut and the frame set up, the moulds are put in placeand a number ot thin ribbands tacked over them. Now, instead of the plankingbeinglaid the frame is firstset up complete. If the timbers are to bo bent,as is usual for
from
a
small boats up to sailboats of 25ft. or over, a timber block is than the midship mould. made of a littlegreater curvature The
ends
are
cut from
nailed to them,
making
a a
10-inch board width
and
piecesare stripis nailed
cross
of 2 to 8ft. A
few inches,and to these two each end, projecting a across to insert the heels ends another pieceis nailed,leavingroom of the timbers to be bent.
The
timbers
sawed
are
out and
planedup, each beinglongenough to reach from the keel the gunwale. They are about one-third deeperat the heel
to or
lower end than at the head; for instance,^in.deep at heel, It is well to get them out and bend them and iin.at head. if timber is to be fin.thick,|in.deep at t hat the is, pairs,
in
heel,and iin.at head, the piecewill be Ifin. wide by ^in.at and one end, and iin.at the other. Tills piece is steamed bent
on
making
the trap, then sawed in half and two pieceseach fin.thicks
A steam-box
of
size depending on be made
in
an
some
kind
is necessary
the dimensions
the
edges planed,
for this work, the
of the boat.
iron kettlesupportedover
a
wood
Steam
may firein any
120
BOAT
convenient
BUIL1"INQ,
A
manner.
lid is
wooden
with fitted,
pipe also
a
of
wood, leading to the steam chesfc. This may be made of four pine boards, being 8ft. long and 8xl0in. square inside. A lightraclc of lath is made to slide inside,on which to lay the pieces to be steamed. One end is closed permanently, and
the other
is fitted with
stuffed in, to confine
they are
laid
a
door,
the steam.
The
They
then
are
block, the
removed
with
a
cord, a
being ready,
timbers
slid into the
box, which
left there until
they
and
bent
is
must
easily.
will bend
the timber
by one being inserted under the cross-piece, slowly and carefullybent down, and fastened the timbers screw-clamp or a nail. Of course
heels
then the heads
and
the rack
on
be full of hot steam, and
of rags
bundle
a
or
one
over
first
in various
parts of the boat will vary in curvature, but all be bent on the one block, some being pressed down
may closer than
they are cold they are from before recovering their shape bolted, a stripcalled a stay-latchbeing nailed across the piecestraighteningout. All
the timbers
pair
must
The
timbers
be
join them
in
marked do not
thus, and left
treated
are
some
fl(K)rtimber
plac(d next straightstuff
each
floors may from be sawed toward the ends, and at the
in
some
taken proper round
from
iron
grown
down
the mould
on
the lines
shape
middle
cut from
and
(not
are
in
and
fltted in their
place, the
on
the
fastened a
timbers
bent
to
and timber
must
a
in
sharp,
has been
boat
being
floor,each to the
keel
by
a
sawed
nail
nut). After
or
to
are
the
bolt of
the
floors
taken, one pair at a time, cide respectivepositions. Some will not coinbfi the lines of the ribbons,but they may are
little greater curvature allowed
out to
a
little.
strai";htenout, than
the
so
ribbands
all quire, re-
straighten a little. Every all the ribbands, or there will be an un-
are fitting
touch
If the
but
cases,
floor,the floor timbers
exactlywith them to do so by straightening made is The tendency of bent timbers are
pair. The
also if the boat is
knees.
bolt with
screw
Each
prevent confusion. keel, but meet on it,and to to
they mu^t be properly laid
to prevent
to
wny
the
cross
stay-
are
to cool.
is
a
removed
When
others.
the block, and
to
AMATEUR
CANOE
fair spot that cannot
lightto allow
BUILDING,
remedied,
be
any cutting away. the floor timbers, and
the keel end to hold
in
them
place, all
square to the keel. The widths of the planks
121
the
as
The
timbers
timbers
also to
are
few
a
too
are
nailed
of the
to
bands rib-
being carefullyset phunb,
and
and
and
stem
and
course;
the wale
stem,
the
from
is taken
streak.
upper
timbers, and
allowance
no
spilingis taken,
a
or
next
are
on
the stocks, turned
timbers,
lap being necessary, for the garboard, but
is got out
and
it is also put on;
streak below
the
for
not
This
laid off
and
nailed then
of for the
to
the boat
the
garboardsput The on. planking will be thicker than for lapstreak,not is as thin as will stand caulking. After less than fin.,which the garboards are laid, the broadstreaks follow, then tha until plankingis continued from top and bottom alternately, is an opening is left on the bilgefor the last plank, which called the
shutter. this
When and
home
over,
is
in
and
riveted, the
fastened,
inside work
the
nails
driven
are
completed, the bottom are ready for caulking.
roughly planed off,when the seams This operation is performed with a wide, blunt chisel mallet. The iron is called a caulking iron, and a wooden the it into t hen driven thread of a slightly, opening seam, driven is the iron and mallet. On small cotton in,using raw instead used is of cotton. raw To work, cotton lampwick and boat and caulk a the properly requires care practice, default of in will do well amateur, practicalinstructions, employ
to
should
be
After
caulker.
a
well
painted
over
paint will
the
the
scams
are
caulked
cotton, using
a very in the cotton.
they
narrow
help keep smooth, sandpapered and painted, planed and nail holes are all seams after which puttied,all is well sandpapered again, and painted with two coats.
brush, The
as the
to
hull is next
If the boat
a
deck
and
waterways,
as
shown
in
designs,no gunwale will be necessary; but the upper streak will be heavy enough to take the fasteningsat the edge of the deck. A in clamp or shelf will be worked place of a gunwale along the timbers inside,and low enough some
of
is to have
the
for the deck to about
beams
upper
the
14ft. ; beam
streak The
covered
the
and
clamp
with
deck with
may
knees
be of f
or
The
canvas. are
beams
as
will be on
each
beam
^in.pine, eitber
dimensions
follows:
ened fast-
of the
Length ovier all,
ward, extreme, 4ft. ; depth amidships. 17in. ; sheer for-
are
actual
l^in. aft.
These
in the illustration
7iin.; sheer waterlines
it.
to rest on
mast.
painted or boat given
but
BUILDmO.
BOAT
123
Keel
drawn
aft. Sin.
Waterlines, 81n. apart. The for convenience parallelto the keel,
draft of
the
boat
will
outside, lin.; keel,
be
7in. forward and
and
sided, Hin.; keel batten, |x2iin.; timbers, fxfln.; spaced 12in., with bent floors between each pair of timbers; planking, ships, |in.; uppcrstreak, iin. ; gunwale, lin. deep, 1^ wide amidfin.at ends. stem
stem
of
OF
COMPARISON
124
the
aflerbody. By
lines may
be
in
run
decimals.
Elxkknts
ov
Canoss.
Nautilus, Crulslng,1880 NautUusNo. 8, Bacln^, 1879
Nautflns
No.
9. Racing
Cruising,
and
1881. .
.
No. 6. Racing Nautilus and Cruising, 1874... Pearl No. 8, Cruising, 1882
Pearl and
Pearl and
No! 6,'Racing Cruising, 1880... No. 6, Racing Cruising, 1882.
Clyde Wreu,
.
.
Cruising.
1879
Clyde and
Laloo, Racing Cruising, 1881...
Shadow,
Cruising, 1878
Rob Roy, Cruising, 1867 Blue No. 1, Jersey
Cruising,
1878
No. 2, Jersey Blue Cruising, 1880 Cruising, Raritania, 1883 EiU
Ton
EuU, 1880
ELEMENTS,
aid of these three columns
readilyin
the
for the convenience
measurements, and
CANOE
the water-
preliminarydrawing. of calculation,are
All
in feet
AMATEUR
BUILDING.
CANOE
RULES.
MEASUREMENT
AMERICAN Rule
A
1.
"
be
must
ASSOCIATION.
compete in any race of the A. C. A., som, ends, with no counter stem, or tran-
to
at both
sharp
and
CANOE
canoe
126
capable of being efficiently paddled by one To compete in A. C. A. paddling races, it must man. come within the limits of one of the numbered classes,I.,II..III., within rV., and to compete in sailingraces, it must come be
must
the limits of either Class A Class
I.
Class
II.
PaddUng,
"
under
28in.
17.
Class
30in.
under
"
over
under
"
Paddling. ^Length not Depth as in Class III. "
not
15ft., beam
not
16ft., beam
not
Sin. over
9in. over
over
16ft.,beam
not
16ft., beam
not
28in.
over
B."JSaUing.^Lengih.
Class limit
of
increased
end
of
shall band
each
^in. for
well,from
garboardnext In
for
28iin. beam
centerboard not
of
exceed not
centerboards
they must
a
over
shall
keel, shall the
canoes,
ISio.
17in.,
over
with
length. The beam may of length decreased. in Classes A
canoe
not
keel
and
amidships
exceed
B,
a
be
at
fore
to inner
side
16in.
outside
of the
garboard
l^in. in depth, including a metal keel total weight of all iin. deep. The not
exceed
not project below
than
not
side of deck
under to
that
full inch
greatest depth of
The
more
not
PaddUng. ^Length not Depth as above, not under
A."SaiHng. ^Length
Class
of
canoe.
"
lU.."
Class
Any
"
Paddling. Length Depth as above not
"
26in.
under
B.
or
below
the the
60
pounds; when hauled up keel,or they must not drop onegarboard, nor if over
126 of
third
the
canoe*s
garboard. In but not
or
total
not
weighing more
the
beam
the
stem; which
shall
depth,
The
beam.
length
fore
side of stem
beading
any
word
*
paddling
built with
'beam"
shall
Class
B,
The
class may
one
not
CLASSES
length,not construction First Second decked
set out
Class.
greatestbeam Third
and
in the
Any
"
CiiASs" with
these
not
Class"
the
the waterline
in
proportionto
the
shall have
the above the
allowed
in
measuring come
well
out of another.
ruled
must
must
be
not
of the
be
of greater
nutterial and
following classes:
canoe.
Roy). Any greatest length
more
"
than
material not
more
or
than
"
not
build,
15ft.,
26tn.
Clinker built, of (Rob Roy). with wood; greatestlength not more
material,decked loft.,greatest beam
in
maximum
built to
canoe
As
rules.
PADDLmG.
races
(Rob
wood;
in the
CLUB.
CAIVOE8
less beam
of
a
CANOE
eligiblefor
Canoes
that
FOB
formed
Committee
with
be
to
thereby be
ROYAL
l^in. in
which, in their opinion, is
canoe
^in. is
of
pendiculars per-
by
near
reasonable
a
Regatta
classes,in order
for these within
margin
a
at and
the beam
Class lY. coincides
in
carried
included
the breadth
intention to evade
evident
the minimum
not
between
exceed
B,
depth being
mean
classes shall bear
an
may
and
includingbeading,
not
and
A
this
over
gunwale. disqualifyany
to
power
15
at the aft side of
and
part
classes
at the
beam
shall be taken
widest
fair lines of the boat, and the
centerboards
without
The
in
not,
parts,
exceed
deep from.garboards, be pounds. Lceboards may
the
at
not
centerboards.
having
at
movable
must
cases,
ballast,
without
races
Sin. 85
Meabubbmknt."
or
Canoes
over
than
not
canoes
trunks
weight.
keels,
to
the
below
6iD.
than
more
boards, including bolt and
includingfixed
pounds carry
length,
to be admitted
order
the centerboard
by
B ULE8.
MEASUREMENT
less than
26in.
any than
AMATEUR
CANOE
CLASSES
CANOB8
FOB
eligiblefor
Canoes
these
dimensions, viz. : Class."
PmsT '
all,from
over
limit
"
whole
foot of
board, not
more
metal
a
the center
boards
more
exceeding exceeding half
Fixed
16in.
than
deep;
not
band
are
to the garmore
exceeding ^in. in depth, keel, in which case the depth not
must
not
exceed
if
length; depth
fixed
the
greatestdeplii
keel of wood, not
allowed of any
the canoe's
;
of the deck
fin.; length,combined
18in. below hauled
build; greatest length
length decreased
be added to the wooden may of band keel inclusive of the or
and not
of well, under
One
the following
over
than 20ft.,with a more stempost, of 2ft.,but the beam may be increased by
each
2in.
shall not be
races
to
at fore end
than
127
SiJLIKa.
material
Any
stem
of beam
l^in.for
BUILDING.
keel
or
2in.
material,thickness than
more
of
drop
its metal
one,
not
not exceeding
band.
When
completelyhoused within the canoe. All ballast,anchors or other metal weights (except centerboard and keelband before described,and metal deck fittings) shaU be carried within the canoe, above the garboards. Ballast shifted be but all ballast on board at during a race, may carried be the must throughout race. starting up
Second shall not
they must
be
Class Crumng exceed
centerboards
as
all spars, gear,
the
Canoes."
dimensions
in First Class. and fitting
The
canoes
in
of First Class.
this
class
Keels and
Weight of canoe, including not over 200 pounds. ballast,
STEERING
detail
lyrO "^^
of
the
and
safety and
GEAR.
comfort, is
part
no
of
fittings
that
as
for
important
as
which
by
the
ill-contrived
often
so
is
canoes
is
rudder
trolled, con-
badly
fitted
be
used,
of the
boat,
and
up.
The
owing and
and
strong the
to
also
hands
distance
the
to
strong,
as
a
of
be
powerful
briDg disaster The
action
without heels
be
of the
as
lean as
upright until
swinging
a
second
the
second
From
man
the
McGregor, in the
hands
footgear
days
the or
the
is
to
also
often
while
paddle only resting
a
in
was a
the
leg
great relief, the
out
gear, foot-
the
the
is settled
body
ened short-
footgear it for
a
arranged
so
be
so
or
to
loDg, as
to
carry
fitted that
paddling.
earliest
the
the
paddling slowly,
or
be
of
length
firmly against must
for
steering, and
sleeping, stowing luggage,
steer
of
in
in prospect, and
certain
bearing
slacken
sailiDg
braced
and
prompt
and, if possible, it should can
ure fail-
the
rapids, might
in
firm
a
it
backboard,
The for
be
must
and
knees,
cen-
it involuntarily
on
or
suit
to
is
are
removed
person,
the
footgear
of the foot
long time,
feet
the
stroke.
readily
baU
know,
paddle
against
the
the
steering,
thrown
be be
must
easily while
hard
a
a
for
crew.
for the
for
back
the
water
must
canoeists
canoe
soon
up
and
As
and
rough
and
there
feet
is often
readily adjustable
crew.
in the
use,
rudder
the
paddling,
must
when*
of
real
in
boat
lost motion, in
both
to the
the
toggle-jointsof
part, when
any
stern
sheets, paddle and
with
strain
cannot
the
the
using
any
heavy
very
the
of
sailboat
from
crew
of
necessity
To
by
be
of the
being fully occupied
terboard.
but
tiller of the
simple
used
small
canoeist for rowlock
to
the
time
steering, either on
either
of
held
side.
AMATEUR called small
crutcli
a
CANOE
Yig, 1
"
sail then
used ; but
with
of sails
something more fitted,controlled by deck
and
side hands
around
a
hitherto been
further a
gave
the
apt
to
slip off
the lines
might
canoeist's
addition
and
sensitive there
A
much
spindleof the
wood
In
run
still
arrangement
an
metal
stirrups. This not
in
defects
in
was
while
in
of
case
an
set up-
would
and
entangle case a canoeist,forgettingto fiat thrown suddenly and was
one
lines" devised As
canoe.
end
upper
were
paddling,the stirrups it was impossibleto stop
when
by
Mr.
shown end
has its lower
keelson, the
the
loopstied in the ends
free themselves
-by the rudder better plan was
his first Nautilus
lines
it gear, and serious some
replacethem,
feet.
on
for the feet in
at times
not
thrown
rudder
of
were
loosen his feet,leaped ashore in the water
the
the
the
and
either
on
spinnaker, steeringto the feet,
inserted,
were
brace
no
lean forward
the
idle,so
in the least,but
it; there being and
feet
pull
a
work
into the well, and
improved by very powerful
the way
were
to transfer
coaming
which
area
of ballast,centerboard,
which
into
of the well, increased
The
it necessary
through
and
the
necessary, and rudders were continuous lino passing along the
etc., made
the
well with
answered
that
the greater number
fore end
the
12d
became
steeringthe boat. by the addition had
plan
a
"
BUILDING.
in
Baden-Powell
Fig. 8,
fitted to turn
running through
in the
for
vertical
a
step on deck, the a
Below the deck a crossbar, projectingportion being square. fitted to the spindle, and above called the **foot yoke," was the **deck yoke," was fitted to the deck a second crosspiecc, head, the rudder lines running along the deck to it. square and all used for a long time on This gear was the Nautilus its descendants, and
defects,there fixed,could or
too
short
be
for
changed, the
crew,
brass
there, and
bushings
Several of these
at
the the
with.
met
It had
it was
position,once usuallyjust too long the way in stowing,
was
in
lines
the
on
added
deck
parts required careful
joints,or
were objections
many
paddling, its
so
it
sleeping,or carrying double, confusion
in
brace
no
was
not
is still often
they
removed
soon
by
and fitting,
worked some
to the
loose.
ingenious
130
STEERING
canoeist,who yoke and ran
aside
cast
GEAR,
the declL
yoke, lengthened
foot
the
the well, to the extremities
the lines inside
of
tbe latter. The
gear shown Janctte, in 1877. lOin.
long, were keel,running
in
Fig.
Two
4
of
pieces
screwed
to
first fitted to
was
the
hottom
side of tbe
each
on
canoe
l^zliin. and
each
wood,
the
piece having four vertical notches to receive the stretcher,a piece of oak ^in. thick. On the foreside of the stretcher a piece of oak lin. square was screwed, the upper end rounded for the foot yoke to The stretcher could be slippedinto either of the pivot on. four pairsof notches, and was then held down hy a hook and
a
fore
in
screweye
and
aft, each
keel.
the
This
gear
a
gave
strong in construction, there motion, and it could be quickly shifted (to make
paddling, it was second
person)to
An
improvement
pair of similar notches
a
was
lost
no
for
room
a
forward.
placed Fig. 5, in
in
which plan the two fore and aft piecesare grooved on the sides facing each other, and a piece of oak {in. thick and 6in. wide To this piece the is fitted to slide freely between them. stretcher or footpiece is fastened,and in the angle between is
them
a
of which
forms
this
on
knee
of
the top separately, footyoke. An eye is cast
brace, shown
or
for
pivot
a
afterside
the
on
brass
is shown
finn rest in
the
brace, in which
the
a
short
lanyard
spliced. This lanyard reeves through a screweye in the keel, and by it the gear may be held in any position,or by be removed. Another castingit off,the entire piece may is
pair of slides can for carrying two.
This
Raven
canoe
has
of two 6, consisting a
brass rod,
of on
each. the
A
a
stout
is
the rudder
the rudder The
line
is
so
desired
requisite,
tried. in
arrangement, shown
Fig.
pedals hinged at the bottom being attached to the outer comer
spring maintains formed
lines
are
as
in two
a
to hold
cast
off.
always kept amidship
brass rod is held
be
aft,as may
to fulfillevery
seems
novel
a
brass
or
well wherever
wooden
rudder
pedals,and
floor when
gear
far answered
and has thus The
be fitted forward
to
coi^stant tension flat
them
By when
holes in the fore
on
the
this arrangement left to itself. and
aft
cleats,
it from
keeps is used from
GEAR
STEERING
183
goiog adrift
if
in the left hand, and
dropped suddenly. is not well adapted
This
gear
steering
to
deck.
Another
device, only mentioned
canoeists
against it.has a singlestirrup on one side,with a powerful spring tbe foot be suddenly removed from the other. Should on the stirrupthe rudder is drawn quickly to one side and held there. The proper material for rudder lines has long been a canoeists, and is still undecided, subjectof dispute among a some chain, some advocating copper wire, some rope of brass
or
the last
wire, and
copper
to
braided
a
some
warn
hard-laid
or
cord,
being probably the best, if well stretched and oiled. the disagreeableclang of easily and without
It will work
wire, and will
kink
not
is used, it sliould lead
The
smooth. brass
they
are
best
Some
those used
in around
led
be used
in use, the
kept
in
receive
perfect
away,
as
and
mishaps
a
and
perfectly
be
cases
small
Fig. 4.
through
run
Before
required,and of
to
care
justsuch
is
often, all parts it will
course,
parts that appear
the lack of
sary, neces-
yokes.
examined
be
race,
Such
ing. coam-
If obtainable, small
should
a
and
similar
"fiddle"
the lines to the
in if
the occasion.
occur.
some
to attach
lines put
order.
it is from
holes
the slack in the line is
in
special attention,any
strengthenedfor
gear foot-
necessary, the after side of the well
steeringgear
the parts oiled,new
the
this is seldom
taking up being to use
for tent ropes,
snap-hooks should When
in
of way
should
passes
are
deck, but
means
the usual
it
lines
rudder
tubes below
material
Whatever
as
which
through
screweyes
will do.
directlyas possiblefrom rudder, with no sharp turns, and
the
to
chain
as
weak
never
attention
bdng thrown
that provoking
THE
FARNHAM
FARNHAM
MR.
offers the
wires
beading
of
beading,
for
the
free in
forward
The
latch
just
forward
The
5.
apron
the
two
thicknesses the
where
wear
THE
sides
in
meet
the
this
from
ing com-
the
ing, coam-
far
pushed of
enough
hem
and
/,
the
top
hem. must
i.
at
not
The
at *.
larger each
way^
enough
give
wide
is then
along
the carlines
stretched
to 6 inches
4^
the
of
to
coaming,
greatest. CANOE
the
being
TENT.
described
one
sides
The
2ft.
on
The
at after ends.
now
triangle, the
a
also
are
fore ends
is fastened
point, which
100 is
page
top is
The
the Windward.
a
apron
free if fastened
cloth
2ift. wide
about
under
the apron
carline
cut
The
after end
at the
hook
the elastic in the
by
keep
last
is better
of
but
to
the
tent than
on
outside
the ends
by
WINDWARD
ABETTER used width
of
is
hook
directlyto be
not
down
kept
catch
coaming.
than
63.
page
cockpit.
readily come
will not
apron
a
the
fastened
could
beading,
or
on
not
prevent
were
all the
the
they do
but
apron
is not
under
to form
as
then
tube
the
described
tions instruc-
capsize.
a
forward
apron
hooking be
of
to uncover
8. The
4
would
they
shown,
as
so
coaming,
case
2. If the
bent
are
additional
following
the apron
concerning 1. Carline
APRON.
to the
lar, triangu-
of top and bow
of
the
canoe.
The
after
edge
upper
part of is
hem,
in which
from
the
ends
of
should out
of
a
small
mizzenmast the
be
stick
sewn
shape.
to
to to a
the
is square,
tent
the
to
sewn
is
the
after end
stick. this
The
tent
stick.
bow, where
light
of
rope,
or
The
2x2ift., and the is
top, making
hung
seams,
the sides the
the
by from
Join
sides will
a
a
line the
the roof,
be
drawn
COMPOSITE
'T^HE
CENTERBOARDS.
following plan
^
is iUustrated The
sailing
of
canoes
frequently carried fifty or have
this
on
forms
been
side
of
built
excellent
most
especially if
latter
wharf.
makes
When
roll.
to
Acting
Stephens, have
of
the
lower
part
first
made,
Qeorge
iron
i^^in. thick.
of the
This
makes
of fin.
and
iron
frames, -,Vi^*wide,
into
the lower
thus
-total
the
fully
loaded.
possess
The
board I
with
making
when to
part of
loaded
are
the
weight gives
hope
carrying
power
I have
the
lead, and
board
new
Two
will,
of a
light to fit
These
pounds,
13
centerboard I
is
of
made
are
weighs
then
the
sheet
a
centerboard.
the
each
of
weight
This
of
iron
bar
pounds.
28
long handles,
inside
of
and
in the
centerboard
hollow
P.
lead, in
with
riveted
is
canoe
W.
is concentrated
this a
the
designed,
frame
it
box,
Mr.
by
me
by
water
helps
loaded
weighing
with
broken
49
think,
pounds
be
found
following advantages: being
better
that
to
some
of the canoe,
out
and
skeleton of
it has
but
centerboard
August,
side
each
,
frames
given
A
centerboard
on
the
centerboard
a
board.
on
total thickness
in
last
iron
and
about
part of the weight
greater
and
bobbing
hint
a
constructed
which
to lift in
housed
centerboards
lowered,
when
top-heavy weight,
on
at Lake
had
is
heavy
heavy
A
unhandy
fully
deal
good
a
similar
carry
ballast
It is
the
to
plate, weighing
chiefly 'Tearls/'
canoes,
Atlantic.
the
disadvantages.
a
Several
iron
England,
of
Club,
Canoe
of thick
centerboards
centerboard
a
:
Royal
the
sixty pounds.
recently
XVIII.
in Plate
of
construction
for the
ballasting 49
my as
concentrated
a
pound
power board
65-pound
iron
in the
bottom
with
less
will
give
plate
would.
of the centeractual as
much
weight. sail-
AMATEUR The
]ead-]oaded
boosed
in the
BUILDING,
CANOE board
will
the greater part of the
as
ballast
make
the
act
will
and
canoo,
not
135
weight is then
within
when
even
roll,as
canoe
6 inches
of the
line of the keel.
bottom For
the
same
rightingthe slipback
into the
the
across
when
canoe
slot
box
shipped in the event When sailingin lead
can
Sin.
only.
shallow the
board
lowered.
turningbottom whole
the
water
in
lostead
of
beiog
lui-
up. of the
the centerboard
it from
removing
button
weight
by lowering
keel
in
should
A
prevent the board
canoe
easier to handle it
if the
been
not
will
of the
be got below
It is much
had
or
is afforded
help
capsized,even
deck
on
valuable
most
reason,
the
canoe
lift of 60
putting heavy 13 of first then lift another remove lead, pounds, you pounds 13, and finish with a liftof 23 pounds. When a light centerboard only is wanted, leave the lead or
board.
on
This
at home.
will
In
the
shown
E,
at
comer
side
one
to
C,
but
doubles
back
gives
doubled
strain is.
and
D
removed,
a
of
sort
strength dotted
The
as
frame
the
a
is welded
loop, and
at
M
line A
and B
up
Bb,
shows
where the
is
internal to
to the top
M, continuing
to
across
board
is continued
It is not continued
L.
is taken
in
figure 1, the to bring the
at
so
Startingat F,
to view.
thence
of necessity
the
save
cases
drawing,
accompanying
with
economy
some
centerboards.
keepingtwo
man
in
one
at
the
to
N.
I, it This
greatest
line of the
keel
portion of the frdme from of bar iron i deep by ^in. thick. M is made E to about off to an E to L it is chamfered From edge, as shown by the line B R R, so as to cut the water easily. A hook is hooks Where to the king bolt. welded at P, which on on the sheet iron
with
sheet
give a The
is,the frame
iron"
uniform sheet
Startingat P, is level with
The
is lowered.
the board
when
is iin. thick; where
G, I, A, and
F to O"
not
covered
it is f thick, so
as
to
throughout. by the lightly shaded part. and G where Aa to it edge passes H,
thickness iron
is shown
its outer the
outer
edge
of
the
centerboard.
It
con-
186 tinues half
M
past inch
an
along the The
CBNTERBOARDR
COMPOSITE
C to L, whore
and
B
line B
to the
of the board
bottom
M
B.
a
jog inward
It follows E
to near
and
chamfer
the up
for
to P
again.
composed merely of the two thicknesses of sheet iron, and is only an eighth of an inch it approaches the bar out thick, except where it widens as for L H. This, while giving plenty of strength,gives room the chain shackle down and ing weakenwithout at 0 thinning somewhat the top-heavy the frame, and it also reduces comer
upper
weight of
L C
it takes
frame
the
at
riveted
shown, and
chamfered
correspond with
edges of
the
sharp edge. Figure rivets.
made
the sheets
The
off from
chamfer
the
are
2
sheets of iron,
rivets as copper to D and D to E, to
by L
frame.
of the
From
0 to L
brought togetherso as to gives a full-sized section which
frames
two
two
frame
the
to
the
the
These
comer.
"^^in.thick, are are
is
contain
the
continue of
at one
lead
are
of
the edge down to iV, on ixi^^in. iron, hammered increases the thickness at slightly. They are shown and O. The lead is held by pieces of X, Y, Z, B, T, U, V,
which
wire which
stout
lead is
poured
lines.
The
which
into them.
frames
terminate
K, working below.
To
are
in on
is
These
fitted with
eyes I and
J.
wires
are
long
it impossiblefor
the
The
the melted
shown
by
two
lead
dotted
Y I and
the eye J is
Above
by
upside down.
before
handles
bolt F, secured
a
This makes
the centerboard
above
riveted in the frames
are
O a
jammed
nuts
to fall out
eyes I and
J,
ton but-
if
J project
the deck. take out the lead when
the board
is housed
in its box,
K, put your fingerin the eye J, and lift out the forward lead fiame, then by means of the eye I, drag aft frame the forward, and lift it out. turn
the button
BoBBBT The
smaller sketch with
the
same
is
Tyson, Toronto
Canoe
Club.
suggestion of Mr. King's,in design. a
nection con-
DESCRIPTION
Plate The Mr. for
P.
Cbuising
"
sheer, long hatches,
deck
with
schooner,
and
boom
two
subsequently changed model
The
lug. in 1880
the
for and
cruising,
them
putting
lines
on
paper
as
In
22.
45ft., with
cruising
as
explained table
will
canoe
in
method
of
ing. design-
on
given
racing,
it.
from
also
carry
was
general
one,
built
are
rig
a
as
designed
chapter
of offsets
the
to balance
was
preceding
in the
of 18 to 20, and
mizzen
II.
boats, and
and
The
later
been
fitted
rigged
jib.
I. and
the
same
was
was
and
have
of
this
and
the
canoes
and
dimensions
The 13 and
of
the
I. shows
Plate
Plate
purpose
number
sails
of mutton,
in
shown same
a
leg
to
and
XVII.,
gaff
She
well, rudder,
to
Plate
Fig. 4,
in
shown
footgear
the
quite different,with
quarters.
hatch
sliding
nearly
were was
full
built
by being intended
of 1877-78,
model
and
bow
desi":ned and
was
dimensions
the
Blub."
"Jbbsby
winter
The
boat.
present boat, but
greater
Dame
in the
Stephens
PLATES.
Canoe
this
of
canoe
cruising
a
the
as
I.
first
W.
OF
on
pages
a
mainsail
of
a
mainsail
of
65 to 70 sq. ft. Plate This
II.
drawing
and
etc.
the
Blue,"
''Jersey
"
the
shows
general
Constbuction
of decks,
arrangement
construction
of
Dbawtng.
the
same
bulkheads, and
canoe,
is
,
described
on
Plate This for
work
III.
on
can
small can
be
River
"
rivers
and
be fitted with screwed
on.
**Raritania."
Canoe,
designed by
was
canoe
flat keel, and of wood
52-55.
pages
Mr.
W.
streams. a
The
P.
Stephens She
centerboard floor
in
1882,
is built with or
a
is flat,the
a
false
keel
keel
pro-
138
jecU
LBBCRIPTION but
square.
iin.,and On
side
each
on
the
and
these
to
OF
PLATE8, oak
are
mahi
keel
bilge keels fin. the
boat
rests
squarely,and are
be dragged without injury. Two sails may latter being the used" either leg of mutton or lateen,the
better.
Their
areas
Length 14ft.,beam bow
8iin.,sheer
at
Half
15
be
may
and
80ft.
for
cruising.
27in.,depth amidships 9iin., sheer of deck Sin. stern ^in., crown
Breadths.
at
Heights.
1 1 f " I f 1 f '" '^ " " M 1 1 1 I f I S
I
nil
w
y
S
y
i^
i^ S
y
y
is
oR S
pg
y
^
gggg^f'ysig S g
'
g
HA
O
I
I-*
Jjj!_l_?_l_l "
J.J_i_iJU_2. g ^ g
^
ii ^ ^
^
i"
"
"
^ g g "
"
I II
"
"
yu.
t-i.
t-k
t~k
o
"8
00
ee
"R "
y
y
5 s
" ii
i" ^ "
X
of
e
e
l^gyg^ggygg --$
g""^^#
Googl^
DESCRIPTION
140
OF
TABLE
OF
OFFSETS
PLATES,
FOB
Half
OANOE
''DOT.*
Breftdtbs.
Diagonals.
K Deck.
W.
L
L.
No. 8.
No.S.
A. B.
C. D
11 18-
I The
keel,stem streak, 5 planks on
and
stem
each
lin. thick;
are
ribs of oak, izfin., spaced 6in. been
in the boat
made
the
necessary; been
removed,
fore the
as
Many
apart. has
experience
planking (lap-
and
side),^in,; decks
hatches, ^in. ;
changes
have
them
to be
shown
by dotted lines,has permanently fastened down,
bulkhead, shown
fore
hatch
Sin. of keel added, foremast
shifted
tube
larged from If
to
deck
below, replaced by
forward
2in.,the old steeringgear, with
a
and
en.
yoke
on
yoke below deck on a vertical pivot,and well entirelycovered with the elliptical hatches changed to one with a pointed, flaringcoaming, with an The paddle used for several seasons apron. past has been 9ft long. and
one
Plate The
Y."
Racing
racing rig of
the Dot
70ft. and
25ft.,the
largerof DIMENSIONS
Sail
a
consists of which OF
"Dot."
the
of
two
is shown
balance in Plate
Y.
BAIIiS.
Main. Luff
6f t.
Leach
lues, of
;pin.
10ft, 9in.
Mizzen. 4ft. 6ft. 4In.
Foot
flft. 8in.
6ft.9in.
Head
7ft.
4ft. 4iii.
Tack
to
peak
8in.
18ft.
7ft. Sin.
Clewtothroat
10ft.
Area
TOsqft.
Battens
94in. apart
on
leach
and
221n.
on
7iii.
luff.
6ft. Sin. SS sq.ft.
AMATEUR
CANOE
the sail is taut the
When
littlefurther into
hooked
ring on
raisingthe yard
in to the mast,
forward an
than
and
141
the
tack
hhi%
which
it leads to
seized to the boom
leads
through
hook
in the deck, and
The
hook
a
parrelse
on
made
fast to
which a
it leads
block
abaft
boom
the
made
and aft of the mast, and
deadeyes,///,
mast, under
fast to the battens in
when
place,hold
a
just forward
the sail in to tho
relievingthe masthead reefinggear is rigged as follows
The
seized to the
the leach, is in two
line hf from
The
mast, and
and mast, keeping it flatter,
are
near
to its cleats.
e, are
strain.
the
d, at
to the mast,
of the
a
a, is
a
cleat abreast the well.
a
just forward
the
end
halliard
parrel,"j, (the latter
of the mast) from yard just forward through a ring on the yard, thence through mast head, and down through a ring lashed
close
the fore
The
the
the deck, from
is drawn
yard throwing
it is shown.
the
on
eye
BVILDING.
boom
as
the
:
siderable con-
Three
The
shown.
parts from
of
batten
reef to the
deadeye, one part on each side of the sail. At the deadeye, along the boom, they unite into one part, leadingforward through the middle deadeye, thence through the block f',on This
fore reef line.
line g also
deadeye, and
down
runs
is then
each
lashed
side
of the
siDgle A pull on the hauling part (the halliard being first block e. and batten snugly together,the slacked away) brings boom line is belayed to the cleat on the boom, and the middle reefpoints I hooked together,or a third line may be added in place of the points. A similar arrangement may be rigged reef. The points on the batten, drawing down a second on down it is belayed when reef is hauled the halliard where a sail,through
marked
are
with
the proper
away and
the
belayed.
to the boom.
A On
colored thread, so the halliard distance, made
fast,and
the
to
be slacked
can
the reef hauled
sling about 18in. long has this a deadeye travels,to
both
ends
which
the
in
seized sheet
is fastened.
Plate The
VI.
"
Clyde
following descriptionof was
furnished
by
Mr.
Cawob the
C. G. Y.
*'Laloo."
Laloo, with
King,
of the
the
ings, draw-
Clyde
C.
O., a well-koowD builder. The
PLATES.
OF
DESCRIPTION
142
well
canoeist,as
designer and
amateur
as an
in many respects from Americaa been tried in competition with them.
designdiffers
models, and
has
never
It will be noticed
in
narrowed
planking,are
lines,which
the
that
show
the boat
allow
amidships to
inside of
the
to
spread in building. Mr. King says: Talking one evening over a quiet pipe with an old canoeing friend, Chailie Livingstone,of Liver was neces. design of canoe pool,we both agreed that a new and if not actually promoting canoeing, sary (toour ideas), it would
give us
new
some
sketching free-hand
to work
the idea of
hit upon
canoe
a
experience in designs,and having very
the floor well forward, bow
which
fine.
aim
to build
was
be the stiffestunder We
dry seaboat. drawing are To
time
at the same
Our
to
as
would a
or
do not
set
we
of time
course
full lines aft,carrying basis of
give the as
if it
full
a
extra
were
that would, for her size,
canoe
succeeded.
in
look
under
sail,quickest
the inside
those who
so
So
canoes.
paddle, and a good lines of accompanying
The
skin lines.
understand
what
that
means,
few
a
explain. The principal dimensions of the canoe are: Length, 16ft. ; beam, Sl^Jn.; depth from inside of garboards to top of top-streakamidships, ll|in.; depth of keel, includingmetal band, 2^in. In settingup the frames it is a lin. less beam at most wise thing to cut them amidship than beam finished,as the thickness of the requiredwhen will
words
planks each dead
side has to be allowed
down
screwing drawings give
to
The
lines A
The
plan.
waterlines
The
8, 6, 6, 7. is
Shadow lies over The
or
cross
what
has too
sheer
a
and
are
is almost
removed
plan, a body plan
B in all three
vious pre-
midship
buttock
are
and
a
deck
lines. The
in the
sections in
body and deck plans by 1., body and deck plans by 1, 2,
section is somewhat
the writer knows much
tie beams
the boat
the deck.
indicated
are
2,,8,,4" and what
after the
certain to fall out
for, and
tumble
as
home
different from
the Shadow and
loses
model.
as stability
The she
to a breeze.
Laloo
has her
greatest beam
at the
gunwale,
and
has
CANOE
AMATEUR from
tumble
no
waterline
her
from
143
thereby increasingher stability deck, and enabling her to carry an sail power He is by calculution
to stem, to her
of
amount
extra
bow
BUILDING.
sail.
last. bal5S sq. ft.,and she is able to carry that spread without She can carry safelyfor racing purposes 114 pounds she can of lead, and with that amount carry 85 sq. ft.sail. The
style of
best
sail to have,
sail with
the batten
in especially
running reefing gear,
a
the canoeist to reef his sail close down without
exertion
more
arranged for
while
hauling
than
on
waters, is
which under
a
enables way,
cord
and
specially
the purpose.
Laloo's
The
Scotch
rig is one lug sail of cruisingor racing, and
handy size for pounds placed at ger.r, and
fore end
is a sq. ft.,which 70 pounds of lead, 40
65
in front
of well
of the foot-steering
80
come
at pounds placed aft the slidingbulkhead To those who might contemplate building craft few over-all a dimensions of deck fittings a might in handy. Lengt.hover bow from to all, sternpost,16ft. ;
from
bow
aft end
such
of well.
to center
of mast
step, 2ft. lOin. ; from center of fore end of well of well, 4ft. ; from
step to fore end
mast
to aft end
of well, 3ft. 5iin. from
aft end
of well to aft end
of hatch, 1ft. 6iin. ; from aft end of hatch to sternpost,4ft.; of well at aft end, width of well at fore end, 1ft. ; width /.ft.; width locker
of locker
hatch
fore end, 1ft. Sin. ; width of aft end, 1ft. lin. ; height of well coaminpcs,
at
l^in.; diameter
hatch
of mast
head, liin., height of
studying these
lines and
craft,the difference
by
those
who
saw
at
at
deck, 2iin.; diameter
mast
comparing
will be very the
deck, 10ft.
from
canoe
them
marked.
under
with
It
of To
those was
construction
mast
at
anyone of other
predicted that
she "
She heavy drag aft,but such is not the case. with and leaves it without enters the water perfect sweetness when a ripple even running before a good breeze in a and sail-carrying Her leave no calm stability sea. powers loophole for adverse criticism. To Mr. Livingstone is all for insistingon the credit due carrying out and building She is easy to padthese strange lines for a canoe to have. dle considering her 81iin. beam, and her stowage capacity
would
have
a
OF
DBSCBIPTION
144
iB most
for
ample
long
a
PLATB8,
She
cruise.
is
down
perfectly open
water-tight bulkheads, but has instead probably India rubber air bags fitted to her shape (beforedeck is screwed down at bow and stem). These bags will be about a couple of feet long, and be inflated at can than enough, buoyancy to float the canoe will,and have more below, fore and aft; has
no
full of water, and
when At
it and made
of well
aft end
the
for
a
with
her
is
of two;
crew
tent a comfortable
oouch
Plate
be obtained
Sail
H,
Plan
in
a
by
moving re-
be
can
room
cruising alone
when
can
VIL"
hatch-lid
the
or
and
slidingbulkhead,
a
folding back
board.
on
crew
withaut
few
a
seconds.
"Laloo."
of
of "0 sq. ft. ; the first reef has 16 sq. ft. for a close reef ft. ; second reef, 15 sq. ft. ; leaving 29 'sq. when Figure 1 is a full sail plan,showing all blowing hard. This
the
sail has
an
area
halliard
blocks
being complicated. A
without
rigging necessary
and
at masthead
block for
toppinglift;K J S, jackstay;M H, main
foot
of
mast;
main
are
is double
D
to secure
singlesmall block for jackstay; halliard;T L, topping lifts" one side of sail ; B, reefingbattens; R, reef points; RC, reef cord; R C 3, after reef cord; P, loop and toggle lower end of topping lift;C, cleat to receive R C
2 when
reef is hauled
on
each
forward
S
parrel on
"
is fastened
the block
is at
strain
on
boom; when
S and
main
on
to mast
block.
so
on
that
each
it won't
bag
2 illustrates
yard so
T at the throat is which
passes
a
free
a
toggle on
8
deadeye or block, lying close hauled helps to distribute
block
is at fore
in the water.
are
with on
a
the
large scale
how
to
which then
to fasten a
The
the oppositeside of the mast, passes round yard and sail are, is reeved through block B on
through
block
A
at
masthead,
then
down
eler. trav-
yard through
of the halliard.
then
W
O, jack
services of the
of
sail close up W
the
end
mast.
"
wind.
loop fastened the end
M
parrelsto keep
dispense with
to
as
When
of S, and
running not drag batten
a
runs
sheet.
the after end
Figure
halliard to
which
on
main
sheet does
and
boom
down.
boom,
to which
is
liard halfrom
yard,
to block
at
AMATEUR foot and
"ANOE
BXIILDING.
145
topping lifts are toggled to boom so as to he easilydespatched when spinnaker is to he hoisted, spinnaker head lying ready to be fastened to either the other topping lift remaining in its place. as required, The jackstay is rigged on the outside of the sail, so that sail is lowered when the triangularpart at boom, T Z, prevents the deck on the one the sail from floppingover side, mast
4
while
prevents it on
the mast
the
masthead
the
sail
for
the writer
shown
at the back
and
wherever
handiest
several
brass rod at
a
plans by which
to work
back, and
at the
is
here
one
Let
the best.
the first reef all round.
follow
is secured
are
is
"instantaneously."The
has found
the cord
X
the other.
fly. There
a
reefed
be
can
The
to cleat.
thence
start
us
One
end
of
through brass sail where sewn on shown, then through rings -^ diameter block at luff of first batten, then through block in line of to a deadeye at mast foot,then to cleat mast, then down looked and
on
C
Then
owner.
in
Rig cord
to.
cleat
for
the
at boom.
the after part has to be
startingat the clew gives a very handy plan for squall while racing. When
same
This
rove
way,
reefing quickly if caught in a the squall has passed slack out reef cords and hoist yard at For a good, deliberate reef while cruising it would be once. reef points as well to tie down weU, as the extra time it It is a capital plan to have all blocks takes is not wasted. for
about
use
deck,
so
the
that when
one
rigging can
sail and
fastened
mast
the mast
to
ashore
comes
be removed
to
and
and
to the
not
dismantle, the mast, returned
without
the
"!" always re-rigs:ing. to^be Laloo The sailed without a mizzen, was designed although an aft sail is of great service in mostly all weather.
bother
of
Plate For
VIII. the
ones,
and
Boat
Nautilus
"
Raging
drawings of this and
the
canoe
Sailing." This
Powell, for open
as
canoe,
yawls, we canoe
and
was
well are
Cruising as
Canoe.
the two
indebted
to
ing follow*
'Yacht
designed by Mr. Baden-
cruising and for racing under the objects in view were sleepingroom, and lines Centerboard of platc"iron, draft. good sailing light R. C. C, rules.
The
water
main
88 llML
PLATEB.
Length, 14ft. ; beam, dSin. ; depth amidship,14iiD.;
sheer at bow, AA"
OF
DE8CRIPTI0N
146
Mast
7}in.; do.
;
keel,lin.
D" Fore O-Centerboard. Headledges. F" Footyoke. pipes to compartment. of I" Hauling up gear centerboard.
BB"
tubes.
5iin.; draft,7m.
at stem,
B" bulkhead, with door. G" Deckyoke. H -Handle
Drain of
hatch. Lr"After K" Fore hatch. cleats. boards. O" FloorAfter bulkhead, with door. for paddling. S" Sheer for rudder tridngline.
centerboard. J" Rack M" Seat for paddUng. P" Backboard
for N"
Half
Breeulths.
Ml n
Depths.
it
g 3
f i "u
i-i
jg
jg
00
" S f i^ CO
\JT
ct
o
lO
g:
i(^
": "
g
ilK i^
_^
.S
a"
;ig
g
is;
^ ^
"
g
Ol
~
^
t(^
;^
y
iS_^_"_^ i^ .o
g "
t^
y or
O)
y
g:
^
'
o"
i^ g"
g
f
g
*
g
a"
o
"o
g^ ^g
The
sails are
two
^
g
g g
^
y
y
y
:
:
s;
balance
lugs of
95 and
25sq. ft.
148
DESCRIPTION Plate
This
canoe
bat in the canoes,
th( m
of Muntz thick.
own
metal,
been class.
the
Length
sheer at bow
No.
Canos
6.
only
not
gigs,boats much
remarkably
successful
She is fitted with
forward
one
of 68
two
being
14ft., beam
7in., at stem
with
canoes,
largerthan both
with
centerboards
pounds, being fin.
sail carried is 105ft. in mainsail, and
in mizs'^n, the latter boom.
PLATES.
designedto compete
she has
her
The
X.--Pbarl
of the Thames
races
and
and
was
OF
about
40ft.
rollingon the SSin., depth amidships, 14in.,
fitted to reef, by
4in.
AMATEUR Plate
This New
canoe
York
XI."
C.
Association The
Ambricait
of
boats
in the club
the and and
races.
in
for
Canoe.
similar dimensions
in
America,
the
properly,the
details from
some
the
length on waterline,with and
Obttibing
149
designed by Mr. W. P. Stephens, of C, for general cruisingabout New York,
design differs
conmion
BUILDING.
was
also 'iXisail with '
CANOE
as
the type heretofore
being plumb to gain the little over all length as possible; well as as to hang the rudder
stem
same
reason,
stern
is vertical
above
waterline, while
the
boldly away into a rocker of 2in. in the keel, by which ease in turning is secured; there is no sharp keel to dig in the mud when launching stem on, and there is no deadwood outside to warp, or as large they scag do. The section little has a always midship deadrise, as below
it is rounded
the boat is intended under sides the
boat
bottom open
are
the
to
carry
floor; the
ballast,for which
bilge has
an
home. straightwirh no tumble are nearly straight,with veiy than i" usual resembling more
Canadian
centerboard
boats.
either of
The
keel
room
is provided
easy turn, and the of The waterlines
slighthollow, in
is wide
our
and
canoes,
the the
flat,for
a
plate iron or of the foldingvarieties, and projectsonly ^in. outside of the garboards. This is a little deeper amidships than is usual, with less canoe to the deck. sheer, and a high crown The movable is placed 8ft. Sin. from the bow, bulkhead and shapes aft,giving an easier positionto the body than when vertical. The after bulkhead is placed 9ft. 9in. from is fitted so as to be watertight up to the top the bow" and of the coaming, which aft 15in. further,the bulkhead runs the thickness of the hatches,above the or projecting-f^in,, On the of this is screwed bulkhead a stripof coaming. top flatbrass d, Ain. thick (seePlate XVIII.) and wide enough to is thus, if the bulkhead projectfin. on each side of the latter; iin. thick, the brass should be IJin. The cuddy hatch h is Vein, thick, flat,with from the and extends no crown, fore side of the bulkhead to the shiftingbulkhead, and may projecta littleover the latter. In width it extends fin. over
DESCRIPTION
150 the
coaming
each
on
be nailed to it,the should
grain
run
strengthenedby fore and
aft.
The
as-well
meet
at the
Both
to a
the under
is made
side,running
in
a
similar
ner, man-
fin.,with a piece across the The side piecesof both hatches
jointshftwn. turn
flat brass
on
riveted to thu brass
are
with
fastened
after hatch
the sides.
on
hatches
which
and
as
screwed
aft of the well
but extends end
PLATES,
side,aHowing side piecesiin. thick to latter extending down to the deck. The the hatch be athwartship, and may
batten
a
OF
hooks
and
hingeswith
The
deck,
on
screwcyes
brass
the hatches
strip,and
or
pins, be
may
with
hasps
hatch
is
both
hatches, covering the strip
cuddy opened by forward, each when open lying flat The side pieces,reaching to the deck, on top of the other. and the brass strip,if not perkeep out any spray or waves, fectlymade be of rubber a so strip water-light, by may padlocks.
while
the after one
cloth
Sin. wide
and
its
turns
tacked
joints. Of
all water
turning it aft,
to
neither
course
of these
batches
will
keep dryer
capsized,but they will be much ordinary deck hatches, they cannot be lost or left the behind, cuddy hatch is quickly turned over out of the easilyopened and shut and cannot drop off way, they are and allow the contents to fall out if capsized,while being be made flat,they can as aU very strong and will not warp out
when
the
than
hatches
curved Now
do.
make
after
water-tight. The coaming inside wiU be probably 2iin. deep or little more, and a its lower cround the bulkhead, a edge, as well as across beading made of four stripsg, g, each iin. square, is screwed strongly,and on this beading is laid a small tube or band of The inner hatch "; is a board soft rubber. fin. thick, with side to prevent warping, and is battens the under on two inside the coaming, restingon the largeenough to fit neatly to
tube
rubber beam brass
e
or
washer.
is used, of
thumbscrew/
thick at the ends. the
the
coandng
to
oak
To
hold
lin. square
passes It is lin.
the
one
this hatch at
and
through, longer than
bulkhead.
the
This
down,
middle, lin. wide
the distance beam
a T^
cross
here
a
by fin. between
slipsinto
two
AMATEUR
CANOE
BUILDING,
151
in
bulkhead, and one in the coaming at after end of well, at such a height that it can be slippedin freely, the hatch c is in place,when when of the turns a couple of thumbscrew / brings the hatch down firmly on the rubber. this inner is a flat board, and is completely prohatch As tected from sun and water, it cannot hatches as exposed warp do, and it is so covered by the outer hatch, that no water notches,
one
reach
can
it unless
As
water.
the
boat
quickly worked, the outer over, making a flat table on is turned
the thumbscrew
in the
and
a
the
hatch
hatch, thus made
lanyard
the curved
folding flat on not
should
have
and
opened with
and
thumbscrew
hatch
into
run
may latter and the
a
the
on
other
is less ful gracehand it can be
a
a
like
socket
small
pin. The fore end beading to prevent
Plate
AVlII.
shows
opened,
side views
closed, and
details of
crossbeam
parts.
but
a
after hatch
the outer
lay articles in packing,
not
over
into the welL with
turned
that the flat hatch
tilleris used, it will fit ia
hatch
and
warp, and will certainlybe dryer, when top, it takes little room opened.
while
fastening and
long explanationit
the beam, attaching but long enough to allow inside, off,will prevent either being lost,so
one,
stronger, it will
a
The
be made
much
If
to
twice, the
detached
no
objectionmay
than
the
the
fast
lifted
be
to
that there will be Tbo
which
all is open.
level with
masts
is unhooked
hatch
is
socket
her
in spiteof simplicity,
for
lifted out, aud
has
a
vertical section
and
beam
a
the
of the any
view
from
through
cuddy
water
with
and
thumbscrew
whiffletree
ning run-
above,
the
same
the center,
brass-covered
joint. With devoted be
this
division
of
boat, the
the
clothingand
bedding, extra kept dry, usually the lighterportion
forward heavier The
to
will be stowed articles until masts
canoeists, and
a
the
mess
proper
trim
after
end
articles which of the
will
be
must
load, while
chest, cooking traps, and is obtained.
stepped according to the latest practice of if it were not for the necessity of sometimes
are
while afloat,it would be better to unstepping the mainmast place it 9in. further forward, or 15in. from the bow, and for
racing it sbould size,2in.
same
be used may cf the new
be
PLATES.
placed. Both
so
and
at deck
in
forward
1^ high
tabes
bottom,
at
that the
so
The
winds.
of fh"
shown
are
rodder
mizzen be
may
drop form, or of fin. mahogany, and will tain quickly oft from the watcrline, so that it will not re-
curve
weeds The differ be
OF
DESCRIPTION
153
so
or
lines which bulkhead
forward so
much
is not
in their ideas to leave
placed as being made
drift under
may
as
it.
shown,
as
to its proper
it and
7ft. between
canoeists
now
It may after bulkhead,
place. the
be omitted tightas possible,or it may air tanks being used instead. entirely, The rig for cruising will be about 50 and 20 ft.,and for racing,70ft. in the mainsail and about 25 in mizzen. is recommended The following construction as being the will fastened and be strong best,andif properly light.8tem and knees with proper grain lin. thick (sided); stem, hackmatack keel %t white oak fin. thick (iin.outside, ^in. for rabbet^ width at center 2in. outside and 8in. inside. and iin.inside); keel batten will be needed, the entire rabbet No being The will in the keel. be of clear worked white planking laid with cedar m, thick, fin. lap, the lands outside being
rounded
down
as
at
ends.
the
The
upper
streak, shown
in
plans,will be of mahogany, fin. thick, and should be of This streak will be rabbeted its on strong, tough wood. The lower the streak below. ribs edge, lapping fin. over will be of white oak stave timber ixfin.,spaced Sin. apart, from gunwale to gunwale, except at the each running across trunk. ends and abreast the centerboard extreme They are the
fastened
with
copper
nails cut
off and
copper tacks, except at the extreme point of a canoe, especiallythose with not
of the bottom,
which
in this boat
ends.
over
The
burrs, weakest
flat keels, is the middle
is stiffened
by
the floor
placed on each alternate fin. thick, and deep rib, are of oak, or better,hackmatack be enough to raise the floor 2 or 2iin. They will of course and will fit the rib on straighton top, where the floor lies, fastened with slim the lower side. long, They are copper riveted and side the ribs, on nails,through the laps upper ledgesz
e, Plate II.
These, which
riveted
are
of the
CANOE
This
construction
ledge. the
than
AMATEUR
of
use
a
thicker
BUILDING. is both
stronger and lighter
The
keel.
153
decks
^ill
of
be
mahogany iin.thick, and will be screwed to the upper edge of the gunwale, which takes the place of the inner wale and beading, making a strong, light top. The general arrangement of deck frame and coaming has been fullydescribed on pages In
52-58.
the inside below decks is painted finishingthe canoe inside of well, and entire outside is yarnished, and a gold stripefin. wide is laid along the mahogany upper streak ^in. from the lower edge. This gold stripeshould be slightly below the surface of the streak, to protect it, a "cove" or groove being ploughed to receive it ( Plate XVT.). Plate
Perhaps
boat taxes
no
than
modern
a
qualitiesto combine narrow
task
as
canoe,
in
there
boat, and
a
the
Such
a
canoe
many
conflicting
is
very
difficultas
draft,but
expected points to others
should
the designer
whole, within
be
can
desirable
sacrificing many
so
it is still harder
single canoe, best that
are
harmonious
one
skill of
severelythe
more
limits of size,weight and is with
Canoe.
XII."- Tandem
with a
still
a
the
double
compromise,
tant. impor-
more
ment have, first,sufficient displace-
of average weight with their easilytwo men for both men ing to sit in comfort, allowstores; secondly,room around and stretch the legs; third, room to move room for their stores and clothing;fourth,a foot-steering gear by also either can steer. which Such a boat is usuallyintended if required,to accomplish which to be paddled by one man, to
no
float
greater length is admissible and
16ft. both
than
on
account
increased
weight. for a long cruise,where much If the boat is intended gage lugof 82in. be carried, a length of 17ft. with a beam must be better, but the same would plans may be used, laying the sections 29iD. apart in the working drawing, down of handiness
and
placing the the
the
beam
the
heights at
moulds boat
stem
may and
at
the
be stem
distance.
same
made
lin.
being
the
To
increase
deeper amidships, same
; then
when
timbered, bat
and
planked deck
OF
PLATES.
before
patting
DESCRIPTION
154
be
the sides may
tube.
A.
Floorboards.
i.
Middle
a.
Mainmast
h.
Fore
c.
Slides for steerins gear.
Jb. After
d.
Fore
I.
Door
m.
After
bulkhead.
hatch.
Backboards.
e".
/.
Bhding hatch.
g.
Footgear
for after man. TABLE
OF
inches.
I... U
No.l. W.L.
Deck.
or
out with-
hatch. hatch. in bulkhead,
n.
Mizzen
o.
Rudder
bulkhead, mast
tubes,
lines.
OFFSETS.
Half
Helffhts
inches
two
apart sprung the lines. of fairness the affecting beams,
in bulkheads
Breadths.
No. 8. W.L.
L.W.L.
DiaiT.1. Diag.2.
la'*
)n
IV. v..
16 15
12JI
14
10
18
6"
VI.
Distance To
from
fore
mainmast,
side of stem: Mi2zen
8ft.
bulkbead,
Fore
To
2ft. Oin.
end of weU, 6ft. Slidhig bulkhead, 8ft. Fore
Sections measured
rabbet
18ft.
After
bulkhead, 12ft.
After
bulkhead,
27iin. centers, waterlines from
bulkhead,
6in.
Sin.
12ft.
apart, heights
line at
midships, planking ^in.lap of planks fin.,timbers -i^xfin., spaced 6in.,keel, stem and stem sided lin.,keelson or keel batten -}\x2in.,deck ^in. A yoke is provided on the afterside of the slidingbulkhead, that the after man so steer, while another styleof foot may in the body plan, is fitted to the slides forward, gear, shown which be used either by the forward can man or by a man In the latter case who is sailing alone. the hatch is % removed fore
and
edge
closed
stowed
of hatch
with
painted,and
a
below, the bulkhead
k, and
canvas
fits down
the
opening This
cover. over
the
shifted aft to the
at after end
cover
coaming
is made and
the
of the well of duck,
edge
of the
DEaCRIPTION
156
is lashed
and
The the
mizzen
leads to
Tbe
mizzen
and
also
mizzen
in
terminates
crowfeet
allowed
XIV."
Canvas
canvas
XV."
on
is of the
fishingon
of the
sail),
ends.
The
in it.
111-114.
pages
of
for
pleasure boat Full
rivers.
details
ing row-
given
are
115-122.
pages
Plate
XVI."
Rowikq
Sailiko
and
Boat.
designed for sailingin a small bay, where distance the frequently happens that after sailing some
This it
wind
boat
dry
was
falls and
keep
to
and
Her
it is necessary
her in
a
ready length
over
to her
iron, and handle
removed of oak
the
It is of oak
top.
mast
for
This
when
is
desired
be
always
aft when
1ft.Sin. , at stem which as
bolted
1ft. 4in.
is rather much
out
long, of the
through with ^in.
liftingrod of fin. brass, with rod is so hinged as to turn down a
the board
stepped This
rowiog. 8x2iin. at deck,
might
4ft.,draft
thwarts, and
two
well be.
top of the trunk The
1ft.,at bow
is fitted with
at the
that she
depth, the centerboard,
entirely under as
home, and it was
all is 18ft., beam
Owing way
row
required.
when
use
lOin., freeboard
it can
to
in order
boathouse
for
loaded
is
of the well,
Rowboat.
ordinary type
lakes and
sheet
Oahob.
building are given on
canoe
Plate boat
lower
hang
to
after
mizzen
The
the
on
and
be lowered
Details of
and
ride.
near
the
near
the
on
Plate
This
cleat
a
deck
single block
a
coaming on the port side toppingliftis doubled (on both sides
may
jackstay,
the
on
through
belayed to
the starboard
on
cleat
a
is
cleat
a
leads
halliard
the
the well
of
end
lowering
toppingliftand
tbe
leads direct to
mast, and
lashe"l to the
In
the boom.
saO,
of the
fallingoverboard.
tack
and
mast,
portsideoutside
the
sail,it lies in
prevent its
which
PLATES,
just above
to tLe mast
setting the
or
leads down
masthead,
at the
OF
in
a
is up, being held by tabernacle so as to be
tabernacle
above
which
a
a on
ton. but-
easily pieces they projectliin. At is made
of two
AMATEUR the bottom is
they
CANOE Fecured
are
BUILDING.
to
heei of the
mortise for the
oak
an
157
step, in which
mast
mast, and
at deck
they are let into a piece of board 5in. wide, running athwartship,and the mast to the bow screwed firmly to each gunwale. From is laid which, with of iin.mahogany its framing, a deck holds the tabernacle firmly,and prevents any strainingof a
forward
The
the boat.
side of the tabernacle
is closed from
the step up to within Sin. of the deck, so that the mast will when not slip forward being stepped. The heel is slipped
tabernacle,the mast raised up, fallinginto the step, brass the catch, pivoted at one end, is thrown across
into the and
a
and
after side at deck
sail is
The
shown.
fastened a
with
balance
a
of the thumb
turn
lug, fitted with
nut
batten:
one
Foot, 18ft. ; head, 9ft. 6in. ; luff,6ft. ; leach, 14ft. 6in. ; tack to
peak,
15ft. ; clew
9in.
"2ft.
The
The
throat, I3ft. Sin. on
leach ; mast
; batten
at
above
deck, Sin. ;
boom
at
head,
which
it is
heel to truck, 13ft. Sin. in
is square
mast
round.
luJZ,8ft.
on
l^in.; mast,
to
the
tabernacle,above
of tbe sail is cut with
head
a
round
of 9in.,the
yard being bent to fit it. The sail is hoisted by a halliard running through a strap on the yard Just aft the mast, and it Below hooking into a similar strap forward of the mast. block brass snatch heel the of the mast, on is led through a and The
aft to
a
cleat
the trunk, within
on
tack is
through
a
splicedto the bullseyelashed
to a cleat on
the
easilytaken
from
cannot
be done
keel
the
with
a
of the helmsman.
Just forward
boom
of mast, leads
abaft the mast, and
to boom
after side of
reacn
the
mast.
The
down
sail may
be
mast
and
stowed, for rowing, which
boom
and
gaff sail.
of white oak, the
former
The sided
stem, stem
l^in.,the Iin. The planking is latter sided 4in. outside and moulded of white cedar, lapstreak,i^in.thick, the upper streak being ribs are The of fin.mahogany. f x^in.,spaced 9in.,being and the to plank copper riveted,the thwarts Jogged down rudder 15in. wide, of Iin. mahogany, are of fin. mahogany; tiller and fitted with yoke. The gunwales, of oak, are The sides of the Ixl^in. at midships and Ixfin. at ends. trunk, which is covered on top, are of dry white pine,liin. and
are
two
158
DESCRIPTION
At bottom
and
stripof
canton
fastened
with
fin. at top. flannel well
fin. brass
ballast is of graTol" in Half
p
"-
19
4
They
are
Depths.
fTi s. s. s
^
^
^
^
I
III s
I
^
s
I
tit IFI
^ ^ ;S
s-j jp^ y
y
y
^_
jR
y
1^
oK
M^
oK
2
OB
^
tys
QP^
oK
g
I
^
^
I
y
I
y
s
I ?
"
y
y
i^
y
ws
oK
off^
g^'
:
y
^
^
the keel" a
laid between,
outside of keel.
from
80-pottndcanvas
'^
set fiat on
painted being
screws
Breadths.
p
PLATES.
OF
g ^ 5 f ^ ;^
bags.
and The
AMATEUR
XVIL"
Platb The
by Com.
sail of the
result
Oliver.
of the Stoddard
by
for
time
come
the sail
and
sail,from
to find
somewhat
by Mr. S.
used
Oliver
Com.
have
described,
now
sail resembles
made
fitted
was
This
Albany,
their work, river Baling
to
being
Gear,
of
C,
haye labored
Alatantis,as it
but
C.
sail unsuited
lug and cruising,and something better, the
159
Sail"Stbbrikg
Mohican
the
the balance
devised
BUILDING.
MomcAN of
members
found
CANOE
without
the
R.
dard, Stod-
edge knowl-
any
the idea of
which, however,
reefinggear was afterwards taken. In shape the sail is an ordinary balance lug, cut off at the firstreef, thus leaving a short luff,and one batten above the The sail is hoisted by a halliard ef,which boom. is practically
the
with
continuous made
fast to
through
a
a
a
block
snatch
masthead, thence
through
brass
block
ring
ring n, lashed
",
runs
mast,
m
down
and
The
h
on
returns
downhaul
through rine:son The
it leads
block
a
deck,
at
brass hook.
halliard is
thence
yard, through
block a
The
e.
the
on
a
the
c on
through a ^\ ending in
is fast to the batten
downhaul
the
the
e
sail to
reef
lines// are double, one on each side of the sail,running through block is also part the boom, and uniting in a singleline,which on
brass
of e,
to the
mast.
that the three lines from
so
two
batten
to boom
at
middle,
after ends
reallyrun through n, as a singleline,the the halliard hooks, ODly small ring in the bight, into which serving to equalizethe pull. is held to the mast by a brass jaw g^ above and The boom fore and
below
which
are
leather
collars
C
(7,which
prevent the
risingor falling,and render a tack line unnecessary. be used on the batten, ctr a Jaw h. The tension A parrelmay halliard and lines reef obtained the is the line on on by all is hauled taut. block j, by which To set the sail the jaws are placed around the mast {g the collars C C), the bight of the halliard, being between block c, the downnext the ring is slipped into the snatch haul and reef lines e f are passed through ring n, and the into the ring. Now the block end of the halliard hooked boom
160
DESCRIPTION
PLATES,
OF
aft and its line
is drawn
belayed,putting a tension on the halliard and downhaul. The sail is now ready to hoist. It will be Been that the halliard,with block m, always remains the mast; in stowing the latter the blocks' is cast off, on
j
leavingthe halliard
free.
halliard to which
and
slackingaway .
0
the other
the sail down.
To
The
to
is hauled
a
little brass
clutch, k,
cam
deck, the halliard d being slipped into it. Jam the cord as it pullsforward, but a pull
release instantly
it.
Foot
fiffc.eta.
Head
IQft.
Leach
12ft. 61n.
Luff
8ft. 12ft. 6iii.
Tack
to peak
aew
to throat
Total
area
"f t. KMn.
,
fiSft.
Beefed
For
the
the
roller will
aft will
reef,that part of
attached
prevent this
.
a
aft,thus time taking in part, and at the same ends to coil away or belay. It js the halliard will slipa little, letting
neatly,with no in practice that
is screwed
take in
/are
the reef found
To
8^^t.
of steeringgears, description
Plate
XVIII."
See page
Canob
see
Hatches
pages
128-182.
and
Fittikgb.
149.
Plate
Although
the
XIX. "Canoe
ordinary canoe
from
Yawx. its small
size is unfitted
surpassed for safety, and those qualities requiredin a cruisingboat. Plate XVIII. ing size largerthan a canoe shows a boat one designed for cruisand also for racing with small boats, and plates XIX. signed The canoe similar boats. and XX show yawl Gassy was defor many
waters, its model
and
Dixon
with
the
wen,
the
by
Mr.
be
G. F. Holmes, for
use
on
the Humber
following are taken from Kemp's "Yacht and Boat Sailing." She is fitted devised by Mr. Tred" tabernacle and centerboard latter of 70 pounds being all the ballast used with
This
River. Mr.
built
cannot
designwith
the two
Google.
CANOE
AMATEUR
161
BUILDING.
cruisiDg rig, but sandbags are carried in racing,about 100 be placed 2in. thwart forward The can pounds being used. below the gunwale for rowing, or about 6in. above the bottom for sailing. The rigincludes two balance lugs as in a canoe, with
tiller.
deck
a
14ft.
Length Beam
8ft.
Depth midships
1ft.
5in.
stem
Sheer,
to after
Bow ^
to fore
4ft.
of trunk
to after
end
of trank
Bow
to after
end
of well
Bow
to
Area,
mainsail"
Area,
mizzen
Length of
6in.
cruising
60-70 sq. ft.
ISsq.ft. 181n. 8ft".
oars
cut
1ft. 61n.
is described
Plate
XX."
Vital Spark is of
2ft. 2in. draft.
Oln.
Oft
racing:
of rudder
smaller
lift.
120 sq. ft.
of tabernacle
Length
The
7ft.
rowlocks
Area, malnsafl"
The
8ft.
side of tabernacle end
Bow
Width
4in.
llJl^
Sheep, bow
Bo
iln.
on
page
Canob
canoe
23.
Yawls.
model, 18ft. long, 5ft. beam,
She is carvel built,with
fin. planking, keel
neath, 4icwt of lead undermiddle, li and an equal amount of lead inside. The sail plan is that of a similar boat, the Viper, whose in the drawing; she is 20ft. long, sheer plan and rig are shown Deck .beam 5ft. 5in.,depth to gunwale amidships, 2ffc.6in. with has of 5in., and is of light wood covered crown a Her keel has 19cwt., 2qrs., 191b8. of lead, with canvas. 2cwt., Iqr.,181bs. inside,and an iron keelson of 75 pounds. The depth of keel is 1ft. 9in., and the total depth 8ft. 4in. The rig is a convenient one for small boats, as jib and mizzen be used together in strong winds, the mainsail may The as Viper, as shown, carries a staysail, being stowed. well as jib,and a small gaff trysail. sided
Bi
at
at
ends, with
DB80BIPTI0N
163
XXL"
Plate The small
but
on
Mersey
canoes
canoes,
and
more
or
great to
Lead
consists of two
ballast is stored
lugs,main
for
used,
are
of the
general cruising, are: Length 17ft.,
as
the
beam
is too
deck
and
well is similar to
under
the
floors.
mizzen, the
and
out
grown
dimensions
6in.,depth 2ft. Oars admit of paddling. The
canoe.
have
like them
The
waters.
Cakoes.
yawls,
canoe
used
are
PLATES,
Mebset
4ft.
beam
a
open
OF
The
rig dimensions being:
CruisiDj;
Bacine
mainsail.
mainsail.
Ft. In.
Mizzetn.
Ft. In.
Ft. In.
Foot
10
00
6
06
4
08
Head
10
00
7
06
2
06 04
6
00
8
06
2
Leaeh
14
06
10
00
6
00
Tacktopeak
14
08
0
00
5
09
Clttwto
10
09
7
00
4
09
Luff
As
throat
there is
centerboard the interior of the well is entirely
no
unobstructed, and a
cruise two,
be enough.
there is
with
the necessary
Beds
wide, flat floor,a
for tent
may be removed after decks is ample seats
steeringis done In building would
be of oak
keelson
thick. every
such or
of
6 to The
and
stores
though on bags^age,would
persons,
might easilybe made up on being pitched over the well, while entirelyat night. Under the fore two
room
deck
a
for
storage of all tiller, as in a canoe.
boat, the
a
the former
stem,
stores.
steropost and
of hackmatack-Hsided
the the and The
keel
liin.;
of cedar,
i^ or fin. lapstreak; oak or mahogany; fin. pine, covered 8oz. drill laid in paint; coamings of oak, fin. ribs would be fxf spaced 9in.,with floors at
of oak, Sx^in. ;
gunwale with
with
"
for three
room
plank
deck
of
,
alternate
frame.
rigged as 'standinglugs," or a yawl tig be carried. similar to the Viper may They will be of 6oz. drill,double highted; rigging of ''small 6-thread" manilla; The
blocks The
sails
*
are
of wood, dimensions
iron of
or a
brass. similar
canoe
given in "Cruises in folMr. H. F. Speed, as lows: are
Big Canoes," by 16ft. long, 4ft. liin. beam, 20in. deep amidships, with
Small Yachts
and
DE8CBIPTI0N
164
OF
Bides,tumbling home
at the stern
tender
for
is remarkable
which stifEness,
makes
she
and
carries
reliable and
more
a
This
along the side.
and
load
the
her
FLATEB.
useful
for her
adjunct
dingys twice the length. She is only 6ft. 6in. of 8ft. l^in. "er fault beam long over aU, witti an extreme is towing heavily when of sailingfast, and the difficulty than
many
stowing on deck
of her width.
account
on
Plate
XXin.
Spobting
"
Boats.
The
for
larger drawing repVesentsa boat shooting,thus described by her builder: She shows so
be used
can
the water, draws
but littleabove
in shoal water,
easilybe
can
and
ducking
Httle,and
but
transformed
into
capitalblind by using a little grass, weed, or brush on the 8he is not easilyturned over, and a person shoot deck. can from any positionin her, which do in a canoe. he cannot I know this from experience,as I have spent miany a day in a
one.
In floor
a
or
frames
length,and
Then boat
the ends
on
is
a
bottom, and you
Stay
far
as
Material which stem
is
now^
are
and
as
only
escutcheon
hammer
the
or
a
end, top and
you
the 6 wire
Saw
have
the bottom
Screw
fin. No.
each
through pins, driving piece of iron.
and
ribs iin. oak, also
liin. wide.
where
side of the center
each
for the ribs.
cockpit comes, floor,and put on and
the sides,which
on
curves
for the bottom.
l^in., clinched
the
on
in my stripof thin stuff,and from
the
for frames
and
of
of sides at each
the width
sternpost with
in width,
out
the boat, full size; lay off
for the width
have
to the
ready
take
Then
make
spring the stripto
them
lay
apart the whole
leave the width
only 3 2iin.
dot that you
center
foot
of
ways
ribs
or
length,and taking the horizontal each one on plan gives you in the perpendicular section the breadth.
of
measure
the
a
section both
cross
the ribs the
first place,to get frames
the
out
the
the forms.
flrst. for the
sides to brass
the
sides, ribs, It
screws.
i%in. oak ripped to 6in. a batten use -h by joint comes Use
about them
liin. apart with
through
on
the
face
brass of
a
AMATSXIB
CANOE
Use plenty of white of the sides.
Fasten
1 wire
^in. No.
the
the
on
covering
and
screws
floor to the
For
lead
BUILDING.
cockpit
166 and
battens
the
on
to the ribs and
edge
sides with
escutcheon use
f in"
pins. pine, and the
washboards
worked and down and cockpit fin. black walnut up screwed to a striplet into the top of the frames, and at the bottom by stripsput between the ribs. The midship section (No. 8) shows it in detail. Amount of material: about 100ft. of i^n. oak, 20ft. of iin. oak, enough fin. oak for stem, fitempoat and keel, 12ft. of fin.pine for floor,and r nough material for the washboards, to
which
be black
can
walnut,
chooses, li gross of -lin.No.
fin. No.
1
wire
brass
6 wire
This
or
whatever
brass
and
screws,
pins iin long.
escutcheon
oak,
pine,
a
3 gross
scews,
8oz.
of
is all that is
person
stout
of
brass
required
but
paint. I shall
rigmy
boat
sharpie rig,and
the outside
placed on
washboards, which
a
being so good oarsman
The
smaller
by
The
row.
and
can
wide
boat
sail,using
to
also to
two
legs of
oarlocks
mutton
will want
sails, to
be
raised up high enough to clear the be done by a block or an iron,the used
it
can
be
it
can
be sent
boat is for
a
with
quite a long
oar,
and
along very fast.
similar purpose,
but
is built
of
ribs and
long stripsare made of oak f by scant ^in.; the ribs are placed 5in. apart, and there are 8ft. long to fillup six long stripson each side, and two more each Where the largerspace in the middle. strip and rib cross they are clinched together with a copper nail. The gunwale stripsare | square, and each rib is let into them and the nails. nailed with two over Bring the canvas copper and stern, and put in a spline;then put on dado in the stem as
canvas,
a
follows
keel made
center
of oak
keelson.
screwed screwed
on
outside
to the
on
seat is made
ribs,and
canvas
and
screw
it to the
nut cockpit is made of half -inch black walgunwale strips,and has a piece i by Iin* the sides and back, so that it leaves iin.
projection.In front The
of the
The
to the
top
The
:
of
piece iin.by Sin. two|iu. pine pieces.Sin. wide, screwed
use
a
the top is rabbeted
ixi, and the top is made
of
166
DESCRIPTION
OF
PLATES.
2in. by ^in.pinestrips placed lin. apart and cleated together. The
deck
is raised lin. in center
the water, both
Brina^the canvas gunwale, and the half-round
and
sideways around deck
moulding
it sheds
that
so
endways. the
the
of boat,
and
boat
then
and
same,
nail it
put
a
top of neat iin.
on
top of the tacks, so that it makes
on
a
job.
neat
PiiAUB This
XXiy."
curious boat
Baritegat
Sksaebox.
Bamegat Bay, on the New Jerseycoast, for duck shooting and sailing. Being low on the water, it is easily converted into a blind, by covering with allows it to brush, and its flat,spoon-shaped bottom be drawn
easilyon the the rig is a
up and 12x4ft.,
negat boats small
from
on
mud
size ia
usual
The
sand.
or
sprttsail.Most
small
fitted with
are
trunk
of
the Bar-
dagger centerboard, slidingin a it may be drawn entirely.The a
which
is used
shown
boat
is used
only for sailing,and is fitted with a board of the usual form, hung on a bolt. The rig is also of the boat are: Length over different. The dimensions all, 16ft.; beam, 4t. llin. ; depth amidships, 12in. ; draft, Qm. ; keel, of oak, 5in. wide; frames l^in.,sided,lin. moulded, spaced ISin. ; planking (carvelbuild),i^in.; round of deck, 8in. ; deck planking, fin.; coaming 2in. high at sides;width of rudder, 24in. ; mast sail is
The The
yard and
There
is
no
but sails,
a
to
the
balance
a
boom
tack
near
fast the
clew In
to
of
a
throat, 16ft. lOin.
be reached
down, the
to
mast,
is usual in these
as
free end
where
ing lead-
it is
belayed, thus and answering
running forward, The
of boom,
of the sail
dimensions
are:
6in.; head, 9ft. 8in.;luff,9ft. 7in.;leach,dOft.;
anchoring walk
tackline.
single halliard. mast by parrels.
a
held in to the
the boom
preventingthe sail from the purpose Foot, 15ft.
from
lug, hung each
are
to hold
line is made deck
deck, 8in.
at
from
out
on
the
boat
Area, 160 sq. ft. the
cable
must
the well, as in the smaller
deck to the bow.
be
riggedso
sizes
a man
as
to
not can-
INDEX.
Plage. 62, 115
Apron
Page, Canob:
"Shadow" BackBabbet
43
Backboard
Canoe
Boat
Li]"r
Balance
Bamegatfineakbox
166
Line
Timbers
Bending Bevel Block
Keels Model
Body
Plan
84 119 49 66 19 18 117 49
Breasthook Broedstreak
27,40
Building Burrs ButtockLine Button Boards
68
12,18,128
Caulking
S7. 121
Trunks
Center
of
Clinker
Build
141
]08 65
Coefficient
of
189 168 29 124 67 29
Fittings Herald Jacket Blue"
62,64 18,22,187
"Laloo"
141
"Mersey"
161
Metal "Nautilus"
146
117
CrossSpalls
52
Crown Crutch
54
ofDeck
129
ii9
CO
Hat-ches TiUer
66
Yoke
DepthofKeel Designing
189 10
Draft Instruments
Drawing
Paper
DripCups Drop
Rudder
95
Apron
Finishing Fittings Floor
12
17
Famham's
28
11
68
Falrtng
Flaps,
9 163
80
187 70 66
12,17
Displacement..
Dingys "Dot*'
80
1"7
181 129 126 11
Lines
Diagonal
"Ontario"
147,158
64
64,112
Flaps
Paper "Pearl" "Raritania" Ribband Carvel River
9
Displacement
Cove
8, 126
7
Elements
71 27
Canoe
ClydeTent Coamings
80,111,156
187,141,146,149
Definition "Dot" Doable Doubleskin
71
Resistance...
84
Clyde
141
Clyde Cruising
Seat
Effort Lateral
98, 125, 127, 184 40, 90
Clamps
7
Canvas Classiflcation
119 38
Oenterboards.SS,
I"ecks Deck Beams
Canadian
Bails
165
118
Canqb:
"Jersey
S7,
42 104
Camp
1"8 160
Cedar
126
BeadlDff
Bilge
119
84,166 84,141
Battens Beam
Beds. Bencn.
66
189
Tandem Yawl Boat Canvas CarvelBuild
68,188 56 57
Deck
Boards Eiiees
60
58,54,118 117
FootUnes
118
Foot Yoke Freeboard
129 10
nmsx.
168
Page, Garboard
45
Gridiron Gunwale
107
112,117
Half Breadth Halliard Hatches
Plan
12
82,141
Lord
66.149
Luf:8
Inwale
Lateen
76
82,166
164
Measurement Mohican Oliver Lateen
113
Sharpie
43,00
Headiedges HuntlngBoacs
Boss
of
72
78,159 78 76 166
Sneakbox
Jackstay
86
115
TandemOanoe Yawl Soai? Band Seate, Canoe Bet
102
Sharpie Biff
40,112,1",126
Keel Ratten Keelflon *'Kittiwake**
40 lent
Laying
Down
21
Ledsres Limber Lines
58
Sheer Shutter Strmark Skirt Jacket Sneakbox
Holes
58
Spiling
110 27
Lamps. Lapstreak
..12
Mast Btepsand Materials Mattress MeafiurementBules MesaChest Middle Ordinate Midship SecUon Models Moulds
Tubes
55 81
104
10, 125 110
24,115
50,51 of
Lateen
Paddles
46,48 166
46,110
Staff Stem
...46
Steam
40,116 55,119 89,119 12.^,169
Stirrups
129"182
Band Box Steering Gears Stem
116 86 44 180
Stoves
106,108
^97
Tabernacles
PaperCanoes
Topping
78
Telescopic Apron
67
Tents Thwarts 'llller
82,45 Off
82,141
21
56 141 80
Painting Panels
Planking Plank, Taking
8i 76 10 lal
62, 64
Tack
Oliver
139 66
16,128 Stocks 10,14 Stopwaters 8,19 Stretcher
NailingPlank OJfpets, Tables
155 ICO
....23
40,115
88 63 100, 138 118 181
Timbers, Bending
119
Timber
119
Block Timbering Canoe Tools Transom
BabbetUne Backs
Lift
62 83 117 40
Knees
Trunks
Ii8 "T
Beefing
Gear
Bibs Bib and Bislngs
Batten
Canoes..
......88 118 62 10
Biveong Bocker Bowboals Bowlocks Budders
o*
i_
78,141,145 Upper Streak. 44,52,112 VamiBhinir ^
115,123,166 118
yS? ^^
M^m
66 84 "*
Hatches Helm
Watertight Weather Wells WorkBench
M^
45,117
149 74
65,57 84
04, 119 Fastenings Lines
06 132
Yachts* Yoke
Boats
168 67
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