(Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture) Hilary Fraser - Women Writing Art History in The Nineteenth Century - Looking Like A Woman (2014, Cambridge University Press)

 

 

 ]  ]@ @ E O K ] \ H  H K M D \ N H Q @ \X H K  N O K H K O  O O K  N A O K  _ \X \X   Rhs l``j sots `ut t` a`rroat roaohvob daa`ukts `c tno oeormokao `c drt nhst`ry ds d edsaufhko fflofb. Ht hkvosthmdtos tno hep`rtdkao `c coedfo wrhtors cr`e Dkkd Ideos`k, Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo dkb Mo`rmo Ofh`t t` Dfhao Eoykoff, Sork`k Foo dkb Ehandof Chofb hk bovof`phkm d bhsa`urso `c drt k`tdlfo c`r hts a`epfoxhty dkb aufturdf p`wor, hts hkarodshkm pr`cossh`kdfhse dkb rodan, dkb hts hktomrdth`k whtn `tnor bhsa`ursos `c e`borkhty. Wr`p`shkm d e`ro ﬌oxhlfo dkb hkafushvo e`bof `c wndt a`ksthtutos drt nhst`rhadf wrhthkm, hkafubhkm fflath`k, p`otry dkb trdvof fhtordturo, tnhs l``j `﬇ors d rdbhadffy rovhsh`khst daa`ukt `c tno mokodf`my `c d bhsahpfhko dkb d pr`cossh`k. Ht sn`ws n`w w`eok oxporhokaob c`res `c pr`cossh`kdf oxafush`k tndt, wnhfo botrheoktdf t` tnohr adroors, a`ufb lo dostnothadffy c`redthvo: n`w  w`rjhkm cr`e tno edrmhks `c ostdlfhsnob ostdlfhsnob hksthtuth`kdf struaturos struaturos mdvo  w`eok tno croob`e t` lo dubdah`usfy oxporheoktdf hk tnohr wrhthkm dl`ut drt hk wdys tndt ros`kdto whtn e`bork rodbors. N H F D \ X C\ D Q O \    hs

Oxoauthvo Bodk `c Drts dkb Mo`﬇roy hff`ts`k Wr`coss`r `c Khkotooktn-Aoktury Qtubhos dt Lhrjloaj, _khvorshty `c F`kb`k. Nor pulfhadth`ks hkafubo Loduty dkb Lofhoc9 Dostnothas dkb \ofhmh`k hk Shat`rhdk Fhtordturo  (Adelrhbmo,  (Adelrhbmo, ), Ro Shat`rhdks dkb \okdhssdkao Htdfy   (), Mokbor dkb tno Shat`rhdk Worh`bhadf   (whtn  Iubhtn I`nkst`k dkb dkb Qtopndkho Qtopndkho Mrook, Mrook, Adelrhbmo, Adelrhbmo, ) dkb dkb Ehkbs,  Ehkbs, L`bhos, Edanhkos, ‑ (a`-obhtob ‑ (a`-obhtob whtn Bohrbro A`foedk, ).

 

 

     -        

Mokordf obht`r  Mhffhdk Loor, _khvorshty `c Adelrhbmo  Obht`rhdf l`drb  Hs`lof Drestr`km, Lhrjloaj, _khvorshty `c F`kb`k Jdto Cfhkt, \utmors _khvorshty  Adtnorhko Mdffdmnor, _khvors _khvorshty hty `c Adfhc`rkhd, Lorjofoy  B. D. Ehffor, _khvors _khvorshty hty `c Adfhc`rkhd, Lorjofoy   I. Nhffhs Ehffor Ehffor, _khvors _khvorshty hty `c Adfhc`rkhd, Hrvhko  Bdkhof Whaj, Lhrjloaj, _khvorshty `c F`kb`k Edry W``voy, Kow X`rj X`rj _khvorshty  Qdffy Qnuttfow`rtn, _khvorshty `c @xc`rb  Norlort uajor, _khvorshty `c Shrmhkhd  Khkotooktn-aoktury Lrhthsn fhtordturo dkb aufturo ndvo look rhan fflofbs c`r hktorbhsahpfhkdry stubhos. Qhkao tno turk `c tno twokthotn aoktury, san`fdrs dkb arhthas ndvo trdajob tno hktorsoath`ks dkb toksh`ks lotwook Shat`rhdk fhtordturo dkb tno vhsudf drts, p`fhthas, s`ahdf `rmdkhsdth`k, oa`k`eha fhco, toankhadf hkk`vdth`ks, sahokthffla tn`umnt ‑ hk sn`rt, aufturo hk hts lr`dbost sokso. Hk roaokt yodrs, tno`rothadf andffokmos dkb nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf snhcts ndvo uksottfob tno dssuepth`ks `c provh`us san`fdrfy syktnoshs dkb adffob hkt` quosth`k tno tores `c `fbor boldtos. ]norods tno tokbokay hk euan pdst fhtordry arhthadf hktorprotdth`k wds t` uso tno eotdpn`r `c aufturo ds „ldajmr`ukb‘, coehkhst, C`uadufbhdk, dkb `tnor dkdfysos ndvo oepf`yob e`ro e`ro bykdeha e`bofs tndt rdhso quosth`ks `c p`wor dkb `c ahraufdth`k. Quan bovof`peokts ndvo rodkhedtob tno fflofb. Rhs sorhos dhes t` daa`ee`bdto dkb pr`e`to tno e`st hktorosthkm w`rj lohkm ukbortdjok `k tno cr`kthors `c tno fflofb `c khkotooktn-aoktury fhtordry stubhos9 w`rj wnhan hktorsoats cruhtcuffy whtn `tnor fflofbs `c stuby suan ds nhst`ry, `r fhtordry tno`ry, `r tno nhst`ry `c sahokao. A`epdrdthvo ds woff ds hktorbhsahpfhkd hktorbhsahpfhkdry ry dppr`danos dro wofa`eob.  D a`epfoto fhst `c thtfos pulfhsnob pulfhsnob whff lo c`ukb dt tno okb `c tno l``j.

 

 

 ] @ E O K ] \ H  H K M  ]@  D \  N H Q  @ \ X H K  N O KHKOOOKN AOK_\X  F``jhkm Fhjo d ]`edk ]`edk NHFD\X C\DQO\ 

 

 

_khvorshty Wrhkthkm N`uso, Adelrhbmo A L  L Q , _khtob Jhkmb`e Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross Wross hs pdrt `c tno _khvorshty `c Adelrhbmo. Ht curtnors tno _khvorshty _khvorshty‘‘s ehssh`k ly bhssoehkdthkm jk`wfobmo hk tno pursuht `c obuadth`k, fodrkhkm dkb rosodran dt tno nhmnost hktorkdth`kdf fovofs `c oxaoffokao.  www.adelrhbmo.`rrm   www.adelrhbmo.` Hkc`redth`k `k tnhs thtfo9 www thtfo9 www.adelrhbmo.`rm/ .adelrhbmo.`rm/  © Nhfdry Crdsor  Rhs pulfhadth`k hs hk a`pyrhmnt. Qulioat t` stdtut`ry oxaopth`k dkb t` tno pr`vhsh`ks `c rofovdkt a`ffoathvo fhaokshkm dmrooeokts, k` ropr`buath`k `c dky pdrt edy tdjo pfdao whtn`ut tno wrhttok porehssh`k `c Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross. Chrst pulfhsnob  Wrhktob hk tno _khtob Jhkmb`e ly Afdys, Qt Hvos pfa  D adtdf`muo roa`rb c`r tnhs tnhs pulfhadth`k hs dvdhfdlfo cr`e tno Lrhthsn Fhlrdry  Fhlrdry  Fhlrdry `c A`kmross Adtdf`muhkm hk Wulfhadth`k bdtd  Crdsor, Nhfdry, ‑  ]`eok  ] `eok wrhthkm drt nhst`ry hk tno khkotooktn aoktury 9 f``jhkm f``jhkm fhjo d w`edk / Nhfdry Nhfdry Crdsor. Crdsor. pdmos ae ‑ (Adelrhbmo stubhos hk hk khkotooktn-aoktury fhtordturo dkb aufturo aufturo : ) Hkafubos lhlfh`mrdpnhadf rocorokaos dkb hkbox. H Q L K  ---- (ndrbldaj) . Drt ‑ Nhst`rh`mrdp Nhst`rh`mrdpny ny ‑ Nhst`ry ‑ tn tn aoktury. aoktury. . Drt arhthahse arhthahse ‑ Nhst`ry ‑ tn aoktury aoktury.. . ]`eok ]`eok drt nhst`rhd nhst`rhdks. ks. . ]`eok ]`eok drt arhthas. H. htfo. htfo. K ..C    .‑ba  ‼

H Q L K  ---- Ndrbldaj 

Adelrhbmo _khvorshty _khvorshty Wross nds k` rosp`kshlhfhty c`r tno porshstokao `r daaurday `c _ \ F s c`r oxtorkdf `r tnhrb-pdrty hktorkot wolshtos rocorrob t` hk tnhs pulfhadth`k, dkb b`os k`t mudrdktoo tndt dky a`ktokt `k suan wolshtos hs, `r whff roedhk, daaurdto `r dppr`prhdto.

 

C`r Khaj 

 

A`ktokts 

 

Fhst `c hffustrdth`ks  Dajk`wfobmoeokts  Dajk`w fobmoeokts

pdmo x  xhh

Hktr`buath`k



 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry



 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs



   

]`eo `eok k‘s porh porh`bs `bs Coehkhko Coehk hko drts

 

A`kafush`k



K`tos



Lhlfh`mrdpny Hkbox

 

hx 

 

Hffustrdth`ks 

 

   I`nk Qhkmor Qdrmokt, Qdrmokt, Dfhao  Dfhao Eoykoff  Eoykoff  ()  () © Kdth`kdf W`rtrdht Mdffory, F`kb`k    „Wross Bdy dt tno \`ydf Dadboey‘, Dadboey‘, Drt  Drt I`urkdf   (Iufy )9  © Ro Lrhthsn Fhlrdry L`drb    Oehfy Edry @sl`rk, Kdeofoss dkb Crhokbfoss  ()  () © dto, dto, F`kb`k, F `kb`k,     Nokry Qhkmfot Qhkmfot`k, `k, Ro \`ydf Dadboehahdks hk Mokordf Mokor df Dssoelfy  ()  ()        

 

 pdmo     

© \`ydf Dadboey `c Drts, F`kb`k: Wn`t`mrdpnor9  I`nk Ndee`kb Ndee`kb Edrmdrot Hsdlof Bhajsoo,  Ehss  „Ehss Dkmof‘ Dkmof‘ ‑ Dkmofhjd Jdu﬇edkk, hktr`buaob ly Fdby ]oktw`rtn, vhshts Er. \oyk`fbs‘ stubh` () stubh` () Wrhvdto A`ffoath`k, A`ffoath`k, a`urtosy `c tno Lrhbmoedk Drt Fhlrdry  Crd Dkmofha`, Dkmofha`, Edb`kkd  Edb`kkd boffd Qtoffd  (a.  (a. )  ) Ly porehssh`k `c Euso` bh Qdk Edra`, Cf`rokao Crd Dkmofha`, Ro Aruahfflxh`k, Aruahfflxh`k, botdhf `c tno Shrmhk dkb dttokbdkts cr`e tno Andptor N`uso (‑) Euso` bh Qdk Edra`, a`urtosy `c tno Lrhbmoedk Drt Fhlrdry  Fhlrdr y  Ldrt`f`eo` Ldrt`f`e o` bd Sokot`, Hbodfhzob W`rtrdht `c d A`urtosdk ds Cf`r Cf`rd  d  (a.  (a. ‑)  ‑) Ly porehssh`k `c tno Qtâbof Eusoue, Crdkjcurt de Edhk. Wn`t`9 © _. Obofedkk ‑ Qtâbof Eusoue/D\@NOJ  Mh`rmh`ko, Ro Qfoophkm Qfo ophkm Sokus  Sokus  (a.  (a. )  ) Ly porehssh`k `c tno @fb Edstors Mdffory, Brosbok Drt A`ffoath`ks.

    

x 

 

Fhst `c hffustrdth`ks 

xh

  Wdufhko, Fdby rovofydk (kèo Ioreyk) dkb Fdurd Adpof F`﬇t  (fdtor Fdby rovofydk), rovofydk), Oehfhd Crdkahs (kèo Qtr`km), Fdby Bhfjo  (a   (a . ) © Kdth`kdf W`rtrdht Mdffory, F`kb`k    Edrho Qpdrtdfh Qthffedk, Qofc-W`rtrdht  ()  () A`urtosy `c tno Lrhbmoedk Fhlrdry    Edrho Qpdrtdfh Qthffedk, Chdeottd Qhkmhkm  ()  () A`urtosy `c tno Lrhbmoedk Fhlrdry    Ovofyk Bo E`rmdk, Cf`rd  ()  () A`urtosy `c tno Lrhbmoedk Fhlrdry    Q`c`khsld Dkmuhss`fd, Mdeo `c Anoss  ()  () Ly porehssh`k `c tno Kdth`kdf Eusoue, W`zkdł   Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k, Nypdthd  ()  () A`urtosy `c tno Shat`rhd dkb Dflort Euso Eusoue ue   Fdby Afoeokthkd Ndwdrbok, Afoeokthkd Edubo,   Wrhkaos Mdrboks  Mdrboks  (a.  (a. ‑)  ‑) A`urtosy `c tno Shat`rhd dkb Dflort Euso Eusoue ue   Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k, Adeor`k, D  D N`fy Cdehfy  Cdehfy  ()  () A`urtosy `c tno Motty Eusoue   I`nk Qhkmor Qdrmokt,  () © dto, dto, F`kb`k, Sork`k Foo  ()

 

        

 Dajk`wfobmoeokts   Dajk` wfobmoeokts 

Rhs hs d l``j tndt, e`ro tndk e`st, `wos hts oxhstokao t` tno cdehfy dkb crhokbs, a`ffodmuos dkb stubokts wn` ndvo okdlfob eo t` lrhkm ht t` a`epfoth`k. Khaj Lurt`k dkhedtob tno okthro pr`ioat, dkb wnok no bhob ht kodrfy bhob whtn nhe. Ht hs tndkjs t` tno a`uktfoss jhkbkossos dkb uksthkthkm supp`rt `c dff tn`so wn` ndvo nofpob eo fflkb ey wdy ldaj tndt F``jhkm Fhjo d ]`edk, ]`edk, wnhan c`r s` f`km wds f``jhkm fhjo d bocodt, roa`vorob hts c`aus. Ey pors`kdf bolts dro edky, lut tnoro dro d cow po`pfo wn`so supp`rt nds look aruahdf. H whsn ey anhfbrok ‑ Edttnow, Afdhr dkb Dbde ‑ ndbk‘t ndb t` oxporhokao hffkoss dkb f`sshkdt tnhs suandsd tokbor dmo,ndpphor lut ht tdumnt oepdtny dkb a`epdssh`k dkb, hk edky wdys, tnoe Khaj nofpob c`re tno w`kborcuf y`ukm po`pfo tnoy dro. C`r d wnhfo ht wds rodffy `kfy tnoy wn` edbo fhco w`rtn fhvhkm: tnoy roedhk a`kstdktfy sustdhkhkm. Ey pdrokts, Wdufhko dkb B`umfds Lruewoff, dkb ey shstor, Qdffy Afdrj,  woro r`ajs. Khaj Khaj‘‘s cdehfy cdehfy,, ospoahdffy Dkbrow ]yffho dkb Wdt ]yffho, ]yffho, mdvo euan supp`rt. Lrhbmot R`rkfoy, tno „Dkmof `c tno K`rtn‘, ﬌ow b`wk t` f``j dctor us dff. Crhokbs hk Adktorlury, hk pdrthaufdr \`b Obe`kb, Edry Ovdks, Qdffy Ehk`muo dkb Jdrok Qnopnorbs`k, eust jk`w n`w mrdtocuf H de t` tnoe c`r dff tnohr f`vhkm adro. @fb crhokbs bhb wndt `fb crhokbs b`, dkb ehko bhb dkb b` ht edrvoff`usfy. Qpoahdf tndkjs t` Adrfoko Dbdes`k, Edry Lfdaj, Iose`kb Lfueokcofb, Bdkhof Lr`wk, Sha Lurr`ws, Bohrbro A`foedk, \`l Crdsor, Qusdk Nhtan, Qtovok N`ftzedk, Afdhr dkb Mo`rmo Numnos, Mdhf I`kos, Wotor Joky`k, Wruo Jorr, Fhzzho Edhsofs, Johtn dkb  Iokky Wdm Wdmo, o, @rkd \dz, \`l \`ajedk, Qhe`k Qanded, Wdtrh Wdtrhaj aj ShttotWnhfhppo, Fo`k ]hosofthor, Idk ]rhmnt. Rohr stodby cdhtn hk eo nds edbo ht p`sshlfo t` fflkhsn tnhs l``j. Ht nds nofpob t` ndvo w`rjob c`r tno pdst twofvo yodrs dt Lhrjloaj,  wnhan hs, dt dk hksthtuth`kdf fovof ds woff ds dt tno e`ro pors`kdf fovof `c hkbhvhbudf a`ffodmuos, d mokor`us dkb mokordthvo dkb nuedko pfdao t` lo. Ey rosodran dkb ey woff-lohkm ndvo look oqudffy supp`rtob l`tn ly xhh

 

 Dajk`wfob  Dajk`wfobmoeokts  moeokts 

xhhh

tno A`ffomo dkb ly tno Drts dkb Nuedkhthos \osodran A`ukahf, wnhan

dwdrbob tno pr`ioat d rosodran mrdkt ldaj hk  dkb nds pdthoktfy dwdhtob tno `uta`eo. H de e`st mrdtocuf c`r tnohr a`kfflbokao hk eo dkb tnohr c`rlodrdkao. Fhjowhso Fhkbd Lroo, dt Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, dkb Mhffhdk Loor, ds sorhos obht`r, ndvo look whso, syepdtnotha dkb dfwdys oka`urdmhkm pulfhsnors dkb eokt`rs, dkb H tndkj tnoe c`r daa`epdkyhkm eo tnr`umn`ut tno v`ydmo dkb c`r fflkdffy stoorhkm tnhs vossof hkt` p`rt. Rdkjs, t``, t` tno Lrhthsn Fhlrdry, Qokdto N`uso Fhlrdry, fhlrdrhdks dt Ndrvdrb‘s Shffd H dtth, dkb ospoahdffy Dfys`k Wrhao dt tno Lrhthsn Hksthtuto Fhlrdry hk Cf`rokao. H a`ufb k`t lo e`ro c`rtukdto tndk t` w`rj de`km suan lrhffhdkt dkb a`ffdl`rdthvo a`ffodmuos ds H ndvo hk Lhrjloaj‘s Qan``f `c Drts, dkb hk pdrthaufdr tno Aoktro c`r Khkotooktn-Aoktury Qtubhos, wnhan `﬇ors tno e`st hktoffoatudffy oxahthkm dkb sustdhkhkm okvhr`keokt hedmhkdlfo. H tndkj, ospoahdffy, Hs`lof Drestr`km, Kha`fd L`wk, Fdurof Lrdjo, Adr`fyk Lurbott, Fuhsd Adfî, Wdtrhzhd Bh Loff`, Bdvhb Cofbedk, \`mor Fuajnurst, Nofok Edsfok, Shajy Ehffs, Fdurd Eufvoy, Fykbd Kodb, Nodtnor hffoy,  Dkd Wdroi` Wdroi` Sdbhff` dkb dkb Adr`f ]dtts. Q`kky Q`kky Jdkb`fd dkb Shajy Shajy Ehffs Ehffs woro oxaopth`kdffy ros`uraocuf dkb eothauf`us rosodran dsshstdkts dt dk odrfy stdmo `c tno pr`ioat dkb roedhkob hkv`fvob f`km dctor tnohr c`redf dss`ahdth`k okbob: dkb Bdvhb Mhff`tt mdvo hkvdfudlfo dsshstdkao hk tno fflkdf stdmos, pdrthaufdrfy whtn tno propdrdth`k `c tno hkbox. Dfhs`k Chkfdy jhkbfy stoppob up t` lo Nodb `c Bopdrteokt wnok H ndb t` stop b`wk: Quo  ]hsoedk pdrthaufdrfy oka`urdmob eo fdtor t` edjo spdao c`r san`fdrsnhp s an`fdrsnhp dehbst ey fdl`urs ds Bodk: dkb Dktn`ky Ldfo, ly bocorrhkm nhs `wk sdlldthadf, okdlfob eo t` dat `k nor dbvhao dkb tdjo d e`ktn‘s stuby fodvo. @tnors dt Lhrjloaj ‑ ospoahdffy Sorhty Nutt`k, rhahd Jhkm dkb Ehrhde Yujds ‑ dkb c`reor a`ffodmuos ‑ Offd Bzofzdhkhs, N`ffy Curkodux, `e Nodfy ‑ dkb t` bodr Qdffy Fobmor, wn` dfs` bhob t`` y`ukm, ndvo pfdyob tnohr pdrt ds woff. Loy`kb Lhrjloaj, crhokbs ndvo okmdmob mokor`usfy whtn tno pr`ioat dkb nofpob eo crdeo ey hbods9 Jdto Cfhkt dkb Mdhf I`kos woro nofpcuffy strhkmokt arhthas hk tno odrfy stdmos `c tno pr`ioat: Dkkd Mrdy dkb  Iuby I`nkst`k I`nkst`k dff`wob eo t` brdw `k tnohr boop oxporthso: dkb Eodmndk Afdrjo, Qtocdk` Ovdkmofhstd, Adtnorhko Edxwoff dkb Foko Þstoredrj I`ndksok  I`ndk sok sndrob tnohr oxtokshvo jk`wfobmo `c khkotooktn khkotooktn-aoktury -aoktury vhsudf aufturo. Jdto dkb Eodmndk mdvo whso dkb proahso muhbdkao ds rodbors `c tno a`epfoto sarhpt. H `wo d mrodt bolt t` Qtovok N`ftzedk, wn` rodanob `ut d nofphkm ndkb dkb m`t eo stdrtob dmdhk. Edrthk Qhxsehtn oka`urdmob eo wnok H f`st nodrt, dkb wds dk dttokthvo arhthadf rodbor hk tno fflkdf stdmos `c wrhthkm. Rdkjs t` y`u dff.

 

xhv 

 Dajk`wfob  Dajk`wfobmoeokts  moeokts 

Rhs l``j hs boopfy hkc`reob, `c a`urso, ly d fhcotheo `c f``jhkm dt

phaturos. F``jhkm dt drt, f``jhkm fhjo d w`edk, hs s`eotnhkm H ndvo b`ko c`r ds f`km ds H adk roeoelor, `ctok whtn po`pfo H f`vo. Wdrthaufdrfy e`vhkm dkb c`redthvo mdffory oxporhokaos hkafubo hthdk hk Sokhao whtn ey E`tnor hk : Obwdrb N`ppor whtn Edttnow: Crhbd Jdnf` whtn Afdhr: ]nhstfor‘s E`tnor   dt tno Eusèo b‘@rsdy (vhd Er Lodk) whtn Dbde: tno Hsdloffd Qtudrt Mdrbkor Eusoue whtn Qtovok N`ftzedk, Fds Eokhkds , Qdk Mhehmkdk` dkb, fdtor, Bhom` \hvord hk Kow X`rj: Dktn`ky M`refoy whtn \ussoff Aofyk I`kos dkb `ur rospoathvo anhfbrok, Jokw``b N`uso (dkb  wdfjs `k Ndepstodb Nodtn): Oumîko Dtmot dkb Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh hk Wdrhs whtn Edrthk Qhxsehtn, Wro-\dpndofhtos cr`e W`rt Qukfhmnt t` Womwoff Ldy . @ctok f``jhkm dt drt hkv`fvos todrs, dkb H ndvo wopt `vor drt whtn edky d bodr crhokb9 `vor \`bhk whtn Mdhf I`kos, wnok H ndb t` fodvo tno oxnhlhth`k loaduso, fhjo Mo`rmo Ofh`t loc`ro tno Qhsthko Edb`kkd,  Edb`kkd,  ht „edbo ey nodrt swoff t`` euan c`r eo t` roedhk a`ec`rtdlfy‘: `vor Jdtno J`ffwhtz hk Lorfhk whtn @rkd \dz: `vor \`tnj` whtn Anrhs Fohan: `vor Edthsso dkb Whadss`, ospoahdffy tnohr f`vo `c w`eok‘s lrodsts, whtn rhsn Ardwc`rb, wn` ndb f`st nor `wk, dkb nds shkao f`st nor fhco, t` adkaor: `vor Lrdkaush whtn Wruo Jorr dkb Khaj. Eoe`rhos `c f``jhkm dt drt whtn po`pfo k`w bodb dro ospoahdffy proah`us dkb okdlfo vhvhbfy spoahffla roa`kkoath`k. H roadff ey cdtnor‘s m``bnue`urob hkbufmokao wnokovor H k`w oxporhokao d surcoht `c Edb`kkds: dkb roa`ffoath`ks `c d „Shat`rhdk Fdbhos‘ oxpobhth`k t` tno Ehffdhs Oxnhlhth`k hk  whtn Kha`fd L`wk, Offd Bzofzdhkhs dkb Qdffy Fobmor okadpsufdto dff tndt H trodsuro dl`ut w`rjhkm whtn d mr`up `c w`eok wn` dro af`so crhokbs ds woff ds pr`cossh`kdf a`ffodmuos ‑ s`eotnhkm tndt Qdffy ospoahdffy c`storob, dkb H ehss nor. F``jhkm dt drt whtn Khaj tdumnt eo n`w t` soo dcrosn, dkb foct eo whtn d cukb `c tno bodrost eoe`rhos, ospoahdffy `c `ur hktoksofy ndppy sueeor hk Cf`rokao rosodranhkm tno coedfo drt nhst`rhdks wn` w`rjob tnoro hk tno khkotooktn aoktury. Khaj hs m`ko, lut hs ovorywnoro prosokt hk tnhs l``j, dkb H bobhadto ht t` nhs eoe`ry eoe`r y.

K`to

Ey tnhkjhkm c`r tnhs l``j nds tdjok pfdao `vor d kuelor `c yodrs, dkb H ndvo oxpf`rob dspoats `c ey pr`ioat hk d kuelor `c odrfhor drthafos tndt H whsn t` dajk`wfobmo noro9 „]`eok dkb tno Okbs `c Drt Nhst`ry9 Shsh`k dkb A`rp`rodfhty hk Khkotooktn-Aoktury Arhthadf Bhsa`urso‘.

 

 Dajk`wfob  Dajk`wfobmoeokts  moeokts 

xv 

Shat`rhdk Qtubhos  ,  ,  ( ()9 )9 ‑: „\omdrbhkm tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury9

Sork`k Foo dkb Oehfhd Bhfjo Bhfjo A`kstruat  A`kstruat d Worh`b . Ro Shat`rhdks dkb tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury9 \odssosshkm tno rdbhth`k, rdbhth`k, ob. Crdkahs @‘M`redk dkb Jdtnorhko urkor. Dfborsn`t9 Dsnmdto (), pp. ‑: „Hktorsththdf Hbokththos9 Sork`k Foo dkb tno Qpdaos Hk-lotwook‘. Edrjothkm Hk-lotwook‘.  Edrjothkm tno Dutn`r9  Dutn`rhdf Wors`kdo, Kdrr Kdrrdthvo dthvo Qofvos dkb Qofc-C Qofc-Cdsnh`khkm, dsnh`khkm, ‑ ‑,, ob. Edrysd Boe``r. N`ukbehffs Ldshkmst`jo dkb Kow X`rj9 Wdfmrdvo Edaehffdk (), pp. ‑: „]rhthkm d Coedfo \okdhssdkao9 Shat`rhdk  ]  ]`eok `eok tnO. o Wdst‘. WFdw dst‘. dkb Shat`rhdk Obwdrbhdk Worspoathvos `k \okdhssdkao Htdfy  , ob.dkb I`nktno Foko dkb Þstoredrj-I Þstoredrj-I`ndksok. `ndksok. Dfborsn`t9 Dsnmdto ( ), ), pp. ‑: ‑ : „Drt „Drt Nhst`ry‘. Nhst`r y‘. A`epdkh` A`epdkh`k k t` ]`eok ]`eok‘s‘s Nhst`rhadf Nhst` rhadf ]rhthkm , ob. Edry Qp`kmlorm, Ldrldrd Adhko dkb Dkk Aurtn`ys. N`ukbehffs Ldshkmst`jo dkb Kow X`rj9 Wdfmrdvo Edaehffdk (), pp. ‑. „D Shsudf Chofb9 Ehandof Chofb dkb tno Mdzo‘. Shat`rhdk Fhtordturo dkb Aufturo    ()9 ‑: „Rr`umn tno F``jhkm Mfdss9 F``jhkm fhjo d ]`edk hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury‘. Qtrdkmo Qhstors9 Fhtordturo dkb Dostnothas hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury , ob. Crdkaosad @rostdk` dkb Crdkaosad Crhmorh`. @xc`rb, Lork ota.9 Wotor Fdkm (), pp. ‑: „]`eok ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry9 Ro Drt `c Chath`k‘. Xodrl``j `c Okmfhsn Qtubhos   ,  dkb ,  ()9 ‑.

 

Hktr`buath`k

Hk , Lorkdrb Loroks`k wr`to cr`e Sokhao t` nhs crhokb, tno p`ot Obhtn A``por. Loroks`k wds tnok dt tno vory lomhkkhkm `c nhs adroor ds d a`kk`hssour dkb drt nhst`rhdk, dkb no oxprossos nhs dbehrdth`k c`r tno ostdlfhsnob wrhtor‘s poraopthvo dpproahdth`k `c drt9 „Roro hs porndps k` pors`k fhvhkm wn`so a`epdky loc`ro d w`rj `c drt H a`vot s` euan ds H b` y`urs‘, no wrhtos. No fflkbs „s`eotnhkm s` pr`c`ukb, & odrkost hk tno o﬇`rt y`u edjo t` suaj `ut tno s`uf `c d phaturo tndt ht rodffy edjos eo coof ds hc ey `wk p`wors `c dpproahdth`k ndb roaohvob d kow sot `c coofors‘. Hk Sokhao e`ro tndk dkywnoro, no boafdros, no w`ufb fflkb nor „syepdtny stheufdthkm‘ t` nhs `wk dlhfhty t` rosp`kb t` tno ahty‘s drt9 „Loc`ro tno lost Loffhkhs & Adrpdaah`s, tno lost hkt`rott`s, & Sor`kosos y`u w`ufb edjo eo coof ds H ndvo coft tnoso bdys ndvhkm ndb tno fuaj t` soo ehrr`rs tnr`whkm d fhmnt up`k tnoe wnhan rovodfob hk tnoe wn`fo trdats H ndb k`t sook loc`ro.‘ Ro o﬇oat `c tno wdre Htdfhdk fhmnt ro﬌oatob `k tno Sokothdk pdhkthkms puts nhe hk ehkb `c A``por‘s `wk p`wor t` hffuehkdto dkb trdksc`re nhs oxporhokao `c drt9 „Ro eoro dbbhth`k `c wdretn mhvok ly tno fhmnt  wds hk htsofc s`eotnhkm kovor t` lo c`rm`ttok wnok f``jhkm dmdhk dt tnoso phaturos. ]off, y`u ndvo hk d sultfo wdy, & oe`th`kdffy, kodrfy tno sdeo o﬇oat `k d phaturo, c`r eo, tndt tnoso ehrr`rs ndb.‘  Hk tno provh`us yodr Obhtn A``por dkb Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy, wrhthkm ukbor tnohr dutn`rhdf shmkdturo Ehandof Chofb, ndb pulfhsnob d v`fueo `c ojpnrdstha p`otry okthtfob Qhmnt dkb Q`km , ldsob `k tnohr a`ffdl`rdthvo rosp`kso t` d sorhos `c pdhkthkms hk Lrhthsn dkb A`kthkoktdf pulfha mdfforhos. A``por wds dk oxporhokaob drt arhtha, yot hk Loroks`k‘s daa`ukt sno hs dsshmkob d wn`ffy ro﬌oxhvo r`fo. Qno fflmuros ds d „ehrr`r‘ tndt okdlfos tno a`kk`hssour t` soo e`ro, dkb e`ro pr`c`ukbfy, wndt hs prosokt hk tno phaturo. Qno hs vdfuob c`r nor syepdtny dkb nor wdretn, qudfhthos tndt okndkao nhs `wk oe`th`kdf oka`uktor whtn tnoso drt w`rjs hk tno sdeo wdy tndt tno ehrr`rs b`. Ro 

 



 

 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

fottor khaofy oxoepfhfflos n`w d w`edk‘s tdfokt ds dk drt arhtha a`ufb lo dt `kao dajk`wfobmob dkb a`epfheoktob, dkb dt tno sdeo theo romdrbob ds hkovhtdlfy sulshbhdry t` d edk‘s oxporthso. Ht hs dk dtthtubo oxprossob e`ro

suaahkatfy hk d prhvdto a`eeokt Loroks`k edbo t` nhs pdrtkor (fdtor whco) Edry A`stoff`o dl`ut dk`tnor coedfo wrhtor e`ro ostdlfhsnob tndk nhesofc, tno drt nhst`rhdk dkb arhtha Sork`k Foo9 „Sork`k sdhb s`eotnhkm w`rtny `c eo  yostorbdy  yostorbdy … sno s`eon`w edjos y`u coof tndt sno hs hktoffhmokt.‘   Dkkd Ideos`k bhb k`t eorht ovok suan oquhv`adf oquhv`adf prdhso cr`e I`nk \usjhk,  wn` a`kfflbob a`ktoeptu`usfy t` nhs cdtnor tndt tno p`pufdr arhtha „nds s`eo tdat & afovorkoss, & jk`ws ds euan `c drt dr t ds tno adt‘. Ey dhe hk wndt c`ff`ws hs t` a`rroat tno pdrthdf dkb bhst`rtob vhow `c tno oeormokt bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry, c`reufdtob hk tno khkotooktn aoktury dkb roadphtufdtob hk e`st e`bork daa`ukts, tndt drt arhthahse wds d edsaufhko hktoffoatudf fflofb hk wnhan d ndkbcuf `c w`eok pfdyob d eorofy soa`kbdry r`fo. Hk cdat, daa`rbhkm t` tno khkotooktn-aoktury Crokan drt nhst`rhdk Dfoxhs-Crdkí`hs \h`, Ideos`k ndb d mrodtor hk﬌uokao `k tno drthstha obuadth`k `c tno Lrhthsn pulfha tndk dky `c nor a`ktoep`rdrhos, hkafubhkm \usjhk. Ro nhmn vdfuo pfdaob `k drt wrhthkm ly tno Shat`rhdks edjos tno komfoat `c w`eok‘s a`ktrhluth`ks ospoahdffy omromh`us. Drt arhthahse ndb dk ukproaoboktobfy hep`rtdkt pulfha cukath`k hk khkotooktn-aoktury Lrhtdhk. ]rhtors suan ds \usjhk dkb ]dftor Wdtor c`reufdtob dkb bhssoehkdtob dk okthrofy kow a`kaopt `c tno aufturdf dkb e`rdf vdfuo `c f``jhkm dt drt. Ro adpdahty t` rosp`kb arhthadffy t` pdhkthkms, saufpturo dkb dranhtoaturdf c`res wds oksnrhkob ds d aruahdf bheoksh`k `c nuedk oxporhokao.  Q` ey l``j whff hkvosthmdto tno pdrt coedfo wrhtors pfdyob hk bovof`phkm d bhsa`urso `c drt k`tdlfo c`r hts a`epfoxhty dkb aufturdf p`wor, hts hkarodshkm pr`cossh`kdfhse dkb rodan, dkb hts hktomrdth`k whtn `tnor bhsa`ursos `c e`borkhty. Ht whff dsj n`w w`eok f``job dt drt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury dkb n`w tnoy pdrthahpdtob hk tno edhkstrode wrhthkm `c drt arhthahse dkb drt‘s nhst`rhos. Ro pdst cow boadbos ndvo whtkossob d mr`whkm hktoffoatudf pro`aaupdth`k whtn vhsh`k dkb vhsudfhty, dkb whtn tno rofdtob hssuo `c tno mokborob mdzo. Roro nds look d stodby san`fdrfy hktorost hk tno drt-nhst`rhadf w`rj `c wrhtors suan ds Andrfos Odstfdjo, ]dftor Wdtor, dkb \usjhk dkb Loroks`k tnoesofvos. Lut rofdthvofy fhttfo dttokth`k nds look pdhb t`  w`eok‘‘s drt  w`eok dr t arhthahse dkb nhst`ry dkb t` wndt ht adk toff us dl`ut coedfo vhsudf oxporhokao, hk dff hts bhvorshty, dkb dl`ut tno pdttorks dkb strdtomhos `c w`eok‘s aufturdf okmdmoeokt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury.  Ro suleormob nhst`ry `c w`eok‘s rofdth`ksnhp t` drt `﬇ors d a`epoffhkm hkstdkao `c Bol`rdn Anorry‘s `lsorvdth`k tndt „coehkhko spoatdt`rs ndvo roedhkob lokodtn tno surcdao `c nhst`rhadf bhsa`urso‘.

 

Hktr`buath`k



Nhst`ry nds croquoktfy look hbokthfflob ds tno „edstor‘ bhsa`urso `c tno khkotooktn aoktury, wnhfo vhsh`k nds look bosarhlob ly Edrthk Idy ds „tno edstor sokso `c tno e`bork ord‘.  Ro oeormokao `c tno kow bhsahpfhko

`c drt nhst`ry hk Shat`rhdk Lrhtdhk a`elhkob l`tn. Ht loadeo ukhquofy of`quokt `c tno aufturdf e`eokt dkb ht adst kow fhmnt `k tno mokbor p`fhthas `c l`tn vhsudfhty dkb nhst`ry. Loaduso ey l``j hs a`kaorkob whtn tno hktorsoath`k `c vhsh`k, drt dkb nhst`ry hk wrhthkm ly w`eok, ht c`ausos s`eo `c tno e`st e`eokt`us quosth`ks dl`ut n`w mokbor sndpos hbo`f`my hk Shat`rhdk aufturdf nhst`ry. N`w a`ufb w`eok afdhe vhsudf dmokay dkb edjo spdao c`r tnoesofvos ds `lsorvors ukbor tno Shat`rhdk mokbor `rbor0 Hk wndt wdys woro tno coedfo `lsorvor‘s rofdth`ks t` hksthtuth`ks, pr`cossh`ks dkb bhsa`ursos romufdtob dkb ahrauesarhlob0 Dkb n`w bhb coedfo drt nhst`rhdks, hk pdrthaufdr, pdrthahpdto hk tno ophstoeha snhct hbokthfflob ly I`kdtndk Ardry, wn` drmuos tndt d kow jhkb `c `lsorvor t``j sndpo hk tno khkotooktn aoktury0 Ardry‘s hk﬌uokthdf stuby `c vhsh`k dkb e`borkhty, oankhquos `c tno @lsorvor , spodjs `c d kow ukborstdkbhkm `c tno pnysh`f`my `c nuedk poraopth`k, dkb kow hktorosts hk tno wdys hk wnhan `pthadf pnok`eokd dro eobhdtob ly tno l`by. Coedfo drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas pr`vhbo, ds d adtom`ry, d m``b oxdepfo dmdhkst wnhan t` tost nhs tno`ry.  `  wndt oxtokt dro tnohr oxporhokaos ds `lsorvors edrjob ly mokbor hk wdys tndt bhsthkmuhsn tno n`e`moko`us tno e`bork `lsorvor tnoe tndt nocr`e pr`p`sos0 Ey dhe hs t` „b`ehkdkt ro-ovdfudto e`bof‘ tno fdrmo`cl`by `c mokorhadffy bhvorso drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm ly Shat`rhdk w`eok tndt nds look wrhttok `ut `c fhtordry dkb drt nhst`ry. Ey n`po hs tndt tnhs whff dff`w tno roa`vory `c wndt Ofspotn Wr`lyk adffs „‖suleormob― jk`wfobmos‘, dkb tndt hk rodbhkm tnoso w`eok wrhtors df`kmshbo tno e`ro edhkstrode edfo dutn`rs „wo adk lomhk t` trdao `ut wndt hs sdydlfo dt dky `ko e`eokt‘, t` bovof`p d sokso `c tnohr bh﬇orokaos, dkb nokao `c `ur `wk. Ey c`aus, tnok, hs `k khkotooktn-aoktury w`eok `lsorvors dkb spoahffladffy `k w`eok wn` f``job dt dkb wr`to dl`ut drt. Roso w`eok, H summost, ndvo loa`eo hkvhshlfo t` tno e`bork mdzo. Roy ndvo ldrofy ar`ssob tno shmntfhko ovok `c soa`kb-wdvo coehkhst drt nhst`rhdks wn` woro s` a`kaorkob whtn roa`kaoptudfhshkm n`w wo wrhto tno pdst tndt tnoy ndb fhttfo pdthokao c`r wndt tnoy sdw ds tno bofflahokahos `c fflrst-wdvo arhthadf hktorvokth`ks dkb tno putdthvo a`ffush`k `c tnohr mrdkbe`tnors hk tno ostdlfhsneokt `c d edfo adk`k. Xot ht hs ukb`ultobfy tno adso tndt Shat`rhdk w`eok  wr`too dl`u  wr`t dl`utt drt hk wdys tndt dkth dkthahpd ahpdto to tno e`ro systo systoedth edthaa dppr dppr`dan `dan `c twokthotn-aoktury coehkhst san`fdrsnhp, dkb wnhan fokb tnoesofvos t` dkdfyshs ushkm tno t``fs dkb a`kaopts `c e`bork mokbor tno`ry. Hk tno a`urso `c ey w`rj `k tno rofdth`ksnhp lotwook e`bork coehkhst san`fdrsnhp `k tno mokborob mdzo dkb khkotooktn-aoktury drt-arhthadf prdathao, H oka`uktorob d

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

summosthvo mokodf`my mr`ukbob hk d pdrthaufdr cdehfy nhst`ry. Fdurd Eufvoy, Wr`coss`r `c Chfe dkb Eobhd dt Lhrjloaj, wn`so w`rj nds b`ko s` euan t` oxpdkb `ur tnhkjhkm dl`ut mokbor dkb vhsudfhty, hs tno mrodt-mrdkbbdumntor `c tno pr`ehkokt Shat`rhdk p`ot, i`urkdfhst dkb drt arhtha Dfhao Eoykoff.

 Dftn`umn ht  Dftn`umn ht eust lo sdhb sdhb tndt tndt Eoyko Eoykoff ff norsofc norsofc ndb ndb fhttfo fhttfo theo theo c`r „Wr`co „Wr`coss`rs ss`rs Zwn`U ndvo wrhttok `c tno eoktdf ndlhts `c w`eok ds tn`umn tnoy daaueufdtob mokordth`k ly mokordth`k up`k w`eok, dkb pdssob `vor tnohr s`ks. Wr`coss`rs Zwn` sooe t`U tdjo ht c`r mrdktob … tndt w`eok borhvo cr`e tnohr e`tnors dkb mrdkbe`tnors, dkb eok cr`e tnohr cdtnors dkb mrdkbcdtnors‘, H b` fflkb tnhs pdrthaufdr fhko `c bosaokt hrroshsthlfo. Ht sooes  w`kborcuff  w`kbo rcuffyy dpt tndt Dfhao Eoykof Eoykoff‘f‘ss ph`koorhkm ph`koorhkm oxaursh`k oxaursh`kss hkt` tno rodfes `c vhsudf pfodsuro sn`ufb ndvo look rokowob tnroo mokordth`ks `k. Fdurd Eufvoy‘s mr`ukblrodjhkm drthafo hk Qarook, „Shsudf Wfodsuro dkb Kdrrdthvo Ahkoed‘, hs dk ossdy tndt nds mokordtob euan boldto dr`ukb tno quosth`k `c tno mokbor `c tno mdzo. Eufvoy‘s w`rj nofps crdeo tno quosth`ks wo ehmnt dsj dl`ut n`w po`pfo f``job hk tno khkotooktn aoktury. Nor `wk c`aus hs `k N`ffyw``b fflfe, lut nor drmueokt dl`ut hts oksnrhkoeokt `c „w`edk ds hedmo, edk ds lodror `c tno f``j‘, dkb dl`ut tno „‖edsaufhkhsdth`k― `c tno spoatdt`r p`shth`k‘, nds look oxtokbob hkt` `tnor vhsudf dkb toxtudf fflofbs.    ]oo ehmnt shehfdrfy  ] shehfdrfy dsj t` wndt oxtokt pdtrhdra pdtrhdrandf ndf hbo`f`mho hbo`f`mhos, s, a`kvokth`k a`kvokth`kdf df hktorprotdth`ks `c soxudf dkbarhthahse notor`soxudf struaturob tno c`re dkb bhsa`urso `c drtbh﬇orokao nhst`ry dkb hk tnoboshro khkotooktn aoktury. N`w adk suan w`rj nofp tno e`bork rodbor dppr`dan tno w`rj `c nor `wk mrodt-mrdkbe`tnor, c`r oxdepfo0  Dfhao Eoykof Eoykoff, f, `ko `c kueor`us w`eok wn` f``job dt dkb wr`to pr`cossh`kdffy dl`ut drt dkb dostnotha edttors hk tno khkotooktn aoktury,  wds edrrhob t` tno wrhtor dkb i`urkdfhst i `urkdfhst ]hfcrob Eoykoff dkb e`tnor `c tnohr ohmnt anhfbrok. Qno wds f`vob ly (de`km `tnors) tno p`ot A`voktry Wdte`ro, Wdte `ro, wn` mdvo nor tno edkusarhpt `c nhs p`oe Ro Dkmof hk tno N`uso.  Qno adeo t` lo romdrbob ds d rodf-fhco e`bof c`r tnhs b`eostha pdrdm`k, bosphto nor datudf pr`cossh`kdf hbokthty ds dk okormotha dkb nhmn-pr`fflfo fflmuro hk tno lusy w`rfb `c Shat`rhdk i`urkdfhse dkb fottors. N`w bhb suan d w`edk wrhto dl`ut drt0 ]ny, ndvhkm a`eedkbob d a`kshbordlfo roputdth`k hk nor `wk bdy, hs sno k`w s` komfoatob0 Hk nor hktr`buath`k t` tno Aoktokdry S`fueo `c ossdys dkb p`oes ly  Dfhao Eoyko Eoykoff, ff, pulfhsnob hk , Shtd Qdajvhffo Qdajvhffo--]ost bosarhlos tno bhcfflaufty `c wrhthkm dl`ut s`eo`ko wn`e `ko kovor jkow, wnok „d eufthtubo `c tno pors`kdffy woff-hkc`reob oxhsts t` ufufdto hk pr`tost‘. „Fhjo dk drey `c crhokbs dkb rofdth`ks hkvhtob t` vhow d p`stnue`us pdhkthkm‘, sno  wrhtos, „tnoy „tnoy fflff tno drthst‘ drthst‘ss stubh` whtn tnohr tnohr arhos `c `lioath`k.‘ `lioath`k.‘ Dftn`umn

 

Hktr`buath`k

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Chm. . I`nk Qhkmor Qdrmokt, Dfhao Eoykoff  Eoykoff  ()  ()

 

Qdajvhffo-]ost kovor eot nor sulioat, dkb afdhes `kfy t` lo dlfo t` put t`motnor d „a`ep`shto hedmo‘ `c nor, sno k`kotnofoss edjos `c nor d vhsudf `lioat. Qno hkv`jos dk hedmhkdry p`rtrdht, `ko `c tno vhsudf c`res tndt e`st okmdmob Eoykoff norsofc (sno wr`to, c`r oxdepfo, whtn mrodt hkshmnt dl`ut tno w`rj `c I`nk Qhkmor Qdrmokt, wn`so brdwhkm `c Eoykoff wds usob ds d cr`kthsphoao c`r nor l``js (Chm. ( Chm. )). )). Xot tnhs w`edk wn` wds tno sulioat `c sovordf p`rtrdhts wds dfs` dk drthst hk w`rbs. „Qno wr`to, `ko ehmnt lofhovo, whtn dk otanhkm pok‘, sdys Qdajvhffo-]ost, wn` qu`tos cr`e

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

d a`ktoep`rdry rovhow tndt fdlofs nor dk „`lsorvor `c mokhus‘, fhjo d iowoffor whtn „d ayfhkbrhadf edmkhcyhkm-mfdss fflxob hk `ko oyo‘. Eoykoff‘s fyrhadf ossdys dro cuff `c ov`adthvo bosarhpth`ks `c vhsudf pnok`eokd dkb tno pr`aoss `c poraopth`k. Rhs w`edk whtn, ly dff daa`ukts, spoatdaufdr oyos bov`tob d wn`fo ossdy t` tno sulioat, adffob shepfy

„Oyos‘. Roy dro ovorywnoro hk nor w`rj. Q`eotheos tnoy dro tno pdsshvo roahphokts `c kdturo‘s bdzzfhkm spoahdf o﬇oats, ds hk tno ossdy „\dhk‘, wnoro „kdturo ﬌dsnos `k `ur eobhtdthvo oyos‘: wnoro „ZtUnoro hs k` koob c`r tno heprossh`khst t` edjo ndsto, k`r w`ufb ndsto dvdhf nhe, c`r e`lhfo kdturo b`ulfos up`k nhe, dkb pfdys whtn nhs bofdys tno oxquhshto mdeo `c vhshlhfhty‘. E`ro `ctok, tn`umn, oyos dro dathvo pfdyors hk tnhs vhsudf mdeo. Roy edjo   tno w`rfb, ds hk nor ossdy `k „Ro N`rhz`k‘, wnhan oxpfdhks9 „Dff tnhkms c`ff`w dkb wdht up`k y`ur oyos‘, ovok, ht sooes tno n`rhz`k, c`r „ZtU` e`ukt d nhff hs t` fhct whtn y`u s`eotnhkm fhmntor dkb lrhmntor tndk y`ursofc `r tndk dky eodkor lurbok. X`u fhct tno w`rfb, y`u rdhso tno n`rhz`k: y`u mhvo d shmkdf c`r tno bhstdkao t` stdkb up.‘ C`r Eoykoff tno odrfy fdkbsadpos `c Iodk-Ldpthsto A`r`t, a`kaohvob „dt tno theo wnok sfoop dkb brodes afdheob nhs oyos‘, a`ktdhk „tno vory fhmnt `c brodes‘. Ofsownoro, tnhkjhkm dl`ut sndb`ws dkb af`ubs, sno hs hktrhmuob ly tno wdy fhmnt dkb bdrjkoss dro oktdkmfob dkb rovorshlfo, dkb ly n`w pdhktors, suan ds tn`so 

`c Eoykoff‘s tno Kowfyk Qan``f, roprosokt fhmnt hk whtn tnohr hffustrdthvo w`rj. fhtordry ossdys dro sadttorob rocorokaos t` tno vhsudf drts ‑ „Q`fhtubo‘, Ehffot nds pdhktob ht: „]dffs‘, tno K`rwhan pdhktors jkow tno vdfuo `c tnoe. Lut sno dfs` wr`to bobhadtob drt-nhst`rhadf phoaos dkb k`thaos `c drt oxnhlhth`ks, dkb wds woff jk`wk ds dk drt arhtha. Qno a`ktrhlutob romufdrfy t` d rdkmo `c porh`bhadfs, hkafubhkm spoahdfhst drt  i`urkdfs suan ds tno  Edmdzhko `c Drt  dkb   dkb tno  Drt I`urkdf . Dk drthafo „Drt Arhthas `c `-Bdy‘, pulfhsnob hk tno Drt I`urkdf  I`urkdf  hk  hk , hkc`res us tndt „d m``b edky fdbhos dro t` lo c`ukb‘ dt „Wross Shows‘, dkb Ers Eoykoff nodbs tno fhst `c „romufdr arhthas `c woff-jk`wk woojfy dkb bdhfy i`urkdfs … wn` dro hkvdrhdlfy vhshlfo `k tnoso dkb tno fhjo `aadsh`ks‘. Hk tnhs ar`wbob dkb k`tdlfy edsaufhko spdao, tno k`redffy hkvhshlfo coedfo vhowor hs edbo hkt` d vhsudf `lioat. Eodmndk Afdrjo hbokthfflos Eoykoff ds `ko `c tno w`eok wn` dppodr hk tno daa`epdkyhkm hffustrdth`k sn`whkm „Wross Bdy dt tno \`ydf Dadboey, ‘ (Chm. (Chm. )9 )9 „Eoykoff hs hk tno t`p aoktro whtn nor ldaj t` tno vhowor, wodrhkm d ndt dkb vohf.‘    D crhokb roadffob nor dppodrdkao dt d \`ydf Dadboey prhvdto vhow hk tno s „wodrhkm d ﬌`ukaob sjhrt `c se`jo-mroy aropo dkb d shepfo lfdaj ndt. Qno e`vob de`km tno w`eok tnoro, edky `c wn`e w`ro oaaoktrha dkb stdrtfhkm a`stueos, ds hc sno woro d lohkm lof`kmhkm t` dk`tnor, dkb

 

Hktr`buath`k

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Chm. . „Wross Bdy dt tno \`ydf \`ydf Dadboey‘, Drt I`urkdf  ()  () 

 

e`ro  Rhs rdtnor bhstdkt dkbedrmhks otnorodf `cw`edk wds k`t dl`vo rdrhfflob, edjhkm spnoro.‘ whtthfy daorlha a`eeokts hk tno tno oxnhlhth`k adtdf`muos. Dmdhkst Ro Iubmoeokt  ly   ly Lurko-I`kos, wn`so w`rj sno bhsfhjob, sno k`tos9 „Q` bhfiauft t` toff tno bdekob cr`e tno lfossob‘: dkb dt d fdtor oxnhlhth`k sno wr`to loshbo nhs Ro Qtdr `c Lotnfonoe9 „Dkmo Dkmoff rdh rdhkob kob t` adrry nhs coot porpokbhaufdrfy‘. Dfhao Eoykoff jkow dff dl`ut lohkm d (b`eostha) Dkmof, lut ht bhbk‘t provokt nor lohkm d bhspdssh`kdto arhtha, ovok hk tno adso `c nor crhokb dkb eokt`r I`nk \usjhk. D a`ktoep`rdry

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

rovhow `lsorvos `c nor l``j `k \usjhk9 „Ro wdreost prdhso `c tno Edstor hs tnoro dkb yot a`urto`us dfdre-loffs dro rukm `k ovory pdmo.‘ Qno lofhovob, k`twhtnstdkbhkm, tndt wnhfo Okmfdkb ehmnt k`t ndvo fob tno w`rfb hk tno mokhus `c hts drt, ht wds, ds sno wr`to, „hk tno fhtordturo `c drt tndt e`bork Okmfdkb ZhsU pro-oehkokt‘.  Eoykoff‘s `wk a`ktrhlu-

th`k t` tno fhtordturo `c drt hs aortdhkfy e`st bhsthkathvo, pdrthaufdrfy hk tno dttokth`k ht mhvos t` tno r`fo `c tno vhowor dkb tno dkdfyshs `c vhsudf pfodsuro. Hk tnhs sno rosoelfos nor a`ktoep`rdry a`ktoep`rdr y Sork`k Sork`k Foo, wn` lofhovob tndt „tno fhco `c dff drt m`os `k hk tno ehkb dkb nodrt, k`t eorofy `c tn`so wn` edjo tno w`rj, lut `c tn`so wn` soo dkb rodb ht‘, tndt „ tno  w`rj,   w`rj, tno rodf `ko‘, hs „d aortdhk pdrthaufdr stdto `c coofhkm, d pdttork w`vok `c kow poraopth`ks dkb heprossh`ks dkb `c `fb eoe`rhos dkb coofhkms, wnhan tno phaturo, tno stdtuo `r p`oe, dwdjoks, bh﬇orokt hk odan bh﬇orokt hkbhvhbudf‘. Fhjo Foo, Eoykoff arodtos d spdao c`r norsofc, c`r norsofc k`t fodst ds d w`edk, t` f``j dt drt. ]rhthkm `k Sofäzquoz, wn`e sno daa`rbs tno thtfo „tno fflrst Heprossh`khst‘, sno boafdros9 „Q` fhttfo … dro wo snut `ut cr`e tno eystorhos `c d mrodt Heprossh`khst‘s heprossh`k tndt Sofäsquoz roquhros us t` lo hk s`eo bomroo nhs a`ffodmuos … no fodvos ey obuadtob oyos t` b` d fhttfo `c tno w`rj. No rospoats ey rosp`kshlhfhty k` foss … tndk H b` nhs.‘  Eoykoff hbokthfflos hk Sofäzquoz‘s drt qudfhthos tndt C`uaduft, wrhthkm ndfc d aoktury fdtor, ofdl`rdtos hk nhs bhsaussh`k `c Fds Eokhkds   hk Ro @rbor `c Rhkms 9 tno pdhktor‘s oepndshs `k tno roahpr`ahty `c tno mdzo, dkb nhs bhsrupth`k `c tno hbod tndt pdhkthkm hs tno roprosoktdth`k `c dk `lioathvo vhsudf `rbor.  Hk nor hktr`buath`k t` Ro ]`rjs ]`rjs `c I`nk Q. Qdrmokt , Eoykoff wrhtos of`quoktfy dl`ut Qdrmokt‘s „edkkor `c soohkm dkb `c poraohvhkm wndt no soos‘, dkb `c tno hbh`sykardtha „f``j‘ `c nhs p`rtrdht sulioats, suan ds tno mrodt Htdfhdk trdmobhdk Ofodk`rd Buso, wn`so „oyos ukbor tnohr s`elro fhbs ndvo … tno e`st bhroat f``j hk tno w`rfb‘. Lut ht hs nor a`eeokts `k tno vhowor `c nhs  w`rj, `k „w „woo spoatdt spoatdt`rs `rs‘,‘, tndt dro e`st eoe`rdl eoe`rdlfo9 fo9 „D „D aortdhk obuadth`k‘, obuadth`k‘, sno wrhtos, „edjos us dlfo t` soo woff, dkb tndt hs `ur drt dkb koobs `ur dttokth`k. Ht hs `ur a`ktrhluth`k, dkb wo `wo ht. Fhco, fhmnt, c`re dkb a`f`ur hk d phaturo, dkb hkboob hk kdturo, eust ndvo `ur hktoffhmokt oyos.‘ Eoykoff Eoyko ff wds nor ovhboktfy „f``jor‘, dff soksost``cwndt tno oxtokt w`rb. Lut t` Dfhao wndt oxtokt ehmnt mdzo lod sook t` lohkmokborob: bhb soxudfhty oktor nor fflofb `c vhsh`k0 Qno wds ukb`ultobfy dwdro `c mokbor hssuos, dkb wds, cr`e d y`ukm dmo, d coehkhst. Qno lofhovob tndt w`eok ndb oqudf rhmnts whtn eok t` w`rj dkb v`to (sno wds d fodbhkm su﬇rdmhst). Nor ossdys, l`tn tn`so wrhttok ukbor nor `wk kdeo dkb tn`so pulfhsnob dk`kye`usfy ds pdrt `c tno rdbhadf a`fuek „Ro ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘ hk tno Wdff Edff Mdzotto , dro ropfoto whtn oxdepfos `c nor hkt`fordkao `c tno

 

Hktr`buath`k

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hff-trodteokt dkb tno pdtr`khshkm `c w`eok. Qno wds dfort t` tno hkiusthaos, mrodt dkb sedff, r`uthkofy su﬇orob ly w`eok, dkb sno wds dathvo hk oxp`shkm dkb `pp`shkm tnoe. Qno roa`mkhsob tndt fhtordry dkb drthstha adk`ks dro sndpob ly ukoxdehkob arhthadf dssuepth`ks dkb mokbor lhdsos. Q` sno wds cdr cr`e mokbor lfhkb, pdrthaufdrfy hk rofdth`k t` tno mdzo. Hk  sno turkob d i`urkdfhstha a`ktr`vorsy `vor tno pr`prhoty `c f``jhkm dt

dkb pdhkthkm tno kubo hkt` d coehkhst p`foeha. Qno bopf`rob tno oxafush`k `c w`eok cr`e fhco afdssos dt pulfha drt san``fs, p`hkthkm `ut tno hr`ky `c dk obhat wnhan oksurob tndt, „Z`Uk tno mr`ukbs … `c a`kvokth`kdf pr`prhoty, dro wnhfo boprhvob dk dbvdktdmo wnhan a`ufb k`t p`sshlfy b` tnoew`eok dky ndre, eok`croaohvo whtn dft`motnor ukkoaossdry dlukbdkao, cdahfhthos wnhan ehmnt a`kaohvdlfy lo bdkmor`us bdkmor`us‘.‘. Hk tno a`ktoxt `c w`eok‘s rhmnts t` tno fhco afdss, sno wds e`ro tndk whffhkm t` oktor hkt` pulfha boldto `k tno quosth`k `c tno „vhsudf pfodsuro‘ tndt eok dkb w`eok borhvo cr`e f``jhkm dt tno kubo ‑ p`tokthdffy „bdkmor`us‘ c`r eok: „ndrefoss‘ c`r w`eok. Lut sno wds dfs` dk Dkmof, trdhkob ‑ hc k`t t` adrry nor coot porpokbhaufdrfy ‑ tnok t` edhktdhk d aortdhk upstdkbhkm p`shth`k, san``fob t` upn`fb coehkhko vdfuos, suan ds e`bosty dkb bhsaroth`k. Hk nor `wk arhthadf wrhthkm, sno bopf`yob `lfhquo bovhaos dkb strdtomhos t` wrhto dl`ut t`phas suan ds kubhty, c`aushkm `k dlstrdat pdhktorfy qudfhthos fhjo a`f`ur, fhko `r c`re rdtnor tndk `k tno kdjob l`by `r `k nor `wk rosp`kso ds d w`edk. Hk nor ossdy „Ro A`f`ur `c Fhco‘, ds dfhd Qand﬇or nds s` boctfy drmuob, sno bhspfdaos nor vhsh`k `c kdjob l`ys swheehkm hk tno Qorpokthko hkt` d bhsquhshth`k `k a`f`ur dkb sndpo, hk wnhan tno F`kb`k mdehk „edjos, hk nhs nukbrobs, d lrhmnt dkb bofhadto ﬌usn lotwook tno mrdy-lfuo wdtor dkb tno mrdy-lfuo sjy‘. Ht hs `kfy tnr`umn suan dlstrdath`ks tndt tno wdtanhkm w`edk dkb tno kdjob `lioat `c nor mdzo loa`eo sultfy a`kkoatob. Hk d cdsahkdthkm a`uktor-kdrrdthvo, wndt lomdk ds d eobhtdth`k `k a`f`ur e`bufdtos hkt` d p`worcuf stdtoeokt dl`ut coedfo p`fhthadf dmokay. K`w tno a`f`ur rob, whtn wnhan tno ossdy `poks, „tno a`f`ur `c vh`fokao, `r `c fhco lr`jok `pok, obhtob, dkb pulfhsnob‘, hs edbo fflmurdthvo hk tno lr`jok l`by `cw`edk d w`edk. hs edbobodtn t` shmkhcy l`tn tno `c bo d pr`porfy e`bost dkb\ob tno vh`fokt ly muhff`thko `c „﬌usn‘ @fyepo M`umos,  wn` wr`to „Ro Boafdrdth`k `c tno \hmnts `c ]`edk‘9 ]`edk‘9 „Ro lf``b wnoro whtn sno sn`ufb, daa`rbhkm t` \`losphorro \`losphorro,, ndvo lfusnob t` lo sook `r nodrb hk tno trhluko, wds oxp`sob t` tno pulfha shmnt uksnoftorob ly nor vohks.‘ ` wndt oxtokt bhb d w`edk suan ds Dfhao Eoykoff a`kkoat tno soxudf oa`k`ey dkb tno vhsudf oa`k`ey0 N`w cdr bhb sno dajk`wfobmo tno

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

p`fhthas `c tno mdzo0 Hk dk ossdy suan ds „Ro A`f`ur `c Fhco‘, wn`so tnoeo hs tno vhowhkm `c l`bhos ‑ d w`edk f``jhkm dt kdjob l`ys, dk`tnor w`edk‘s l`by vhsaordffy bhspfdyob ‑ tno soxob l`by `c tno coedfo `lsorvor hs k`t oxpfhahtfy hkv`job. Tuosth`ks `c mokbor dkb soxudf bh﬇orokao dro sooehkmfy bhsdv`wob ukthf tno lhttor vh`fokao `c tno okb, wnhan nds tno o﬇oat `c rotr`spoathvofy a`f`urhkm tno okthro phoao. Ht hs `kfy `stokshlfy dl`ut „Ro

A`f`ur `c Fhco . Quan bhspfdaoeokts dro andrdatorhstha `c w`eok s wrhthkm dl`ut tno l`by dt tnhs theo, wnotnor hk drt-nhst`rhadf bhsa`urso `r wrhthkm dl`ut vhsudf oxporhokao e`ro mokordffy. Roy dro dt `kao syept`edtha `c tnohr hbo`f`mhadf p`shth`khkm dkb bhsaurshvo ahrauesarhpth`k, dkb, H summost, dk hkbhroat arhthquo `c edsaufhko a`kvokth`ks `c vhsudf jk`whkm.  ]rhthkm  ] rhthkm suan ds tnhs rdhsos quosth`ks tndt whff hkc`re ey tnoshs dl`ut  w`eok‘‘s wrhthkm dl`ut drt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury  w`eok aoktury.. ]ds tnoro d spoahffla e`bo, `r spoatrue `c e`bos, `c f``jhkm dt drt tndt wds spoahffla t`  w`eok0 Dkb, hc s`, n`w ehmnt wo ukborstdkb tno a`kbhth`ks tndt mdvo rhso t` mokborob spoatdt`rsnhp0 N`w cdr, cdr, hk `tnor w`rbs, dro dostnothas tno pr`buat `c nhst`rhadffy dkb aufturdffy spoahffla s`ahdf a`kbhth`ks0 @ko `c tnhs l``j‘s e`st shmkhffladkt fflkbhkms, c`r oxdepfo, hs tndt wnhfo w`eok oxporhokaob d vdrhoty `c c`res `c pr`cossh`kdf oxafush`k tndt woro botrheoktdf botrheoktdf t` tnohr adroors, wrhthkm cr`e tno edrmhks `c ostdlfhsnob hksthtuth`kdf struaturos `ctok ndb tno o﬇oat `c croohkm up tnohr pr`so styfos, fhlordthkm tnohr dssuepth`ks dkb oka`urdmhkm e`ro dbvoktur`us tdstos. ]ndt ehmnt lo tdjok ds fhmntwohmnt, a`kvorsdth`kdf `r dkoab`tdf edy dfs` lo rodb ds ‑ hk tno lr`dbost sokso ‑ oxporheoktdf. Rhs rdkmo `c styfos hk drt wrhthkm ro﬌oats dk`tnor bhsthkmuhsnhkm codturo `c ey stuby9 ey oepndshs `k tno bhvorshty `c mokros hk wnhan w`eok bhsaussob drt. Roso hkafubob rovhows c`r kowspdpors dkb edmdzhkos: porh`bhadf drthafos: nhst`rhos: muhbo l``js dkb trdvof wrhthkms: fottors dkb bhdrhos: k`vofs, sn`rt st`rhos dkb p`otry. H b` k`t rostrhat tno adtom`ry `c „drt arhthahse‘ t` c`redf trodthsos `k drt nhst`ry, oxnhlhth`k adtdf`muos dkb rovhows, drthst lh`mrdpnhos dkb e`ro dlstrdat dostnothas. Dajk`wfobmhkm Dajk`wfobmhkm tno mokorha ﬌oxhlhfhty `c w`eok‘s wrhthkm dl`ut drt nds tno o﬇oat `c roadfhlrdthkm `ur 

bofflkhth`k wndt a`ksthtutos nhst`ry nhst`ry.  Dkb tnhs eodks `c edky e`ro`cw`eok ‑ k`t `kfydrt tn`so wn`. dro roa`mkhsob ds tno drt hkafush`k arhthas, suan ds Dkkd Ideos`k, Oehfhd Crdkahs Bhfjo dkb Sork`k Foo, lut edky cdr foss cdehfhdr kdeos. Hk db`pthkm tnhs dppr`dan H de c`ff`whkm tno oxdepfo `c coehkhst w`rj `k khkotooktn-aoktury fhco wrhthkm. Rhs ofoatob t` hkafubo k`t `kfy c`redf lh`mrdpny dkb dut`lh`mrdpny lut dfs` bhdrhos, fottors, k`vofs dkb s` `k, dkb nds rdbhadffy r dbhadffy dftorob tno mokbor pr`fflfo `c tno adk`k. Qhehfdrfy, tno a`kt`urs `c \`edkthahse andkmob shmkhffladktfy wnok arhthadf

 

Hktr`buath`k

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adtom`rhos bofflkob ly wndt Ior`eo EaMdkk hbokthfflob ds tno \`edktha hbo`f`my woro f``sokob. \`edkthahse wds c`ukb t` oelrdao edky e`ro tndk tno mrodt fflvo p`ots, hkafubhkm b`zoks `c provh`usfy komfoatob coedfo dutn`rs. Mhvhkm pr`por wohmnt t` tno rdkmo `c w`eok‘s wrhthkm ds woff ds t` tno aofolrdtob edfo drt nhst`rhdks andkmos `ur ukborstdkbhkm `c tno  wn`fo fdkbsadpo `c Shat`rhdk drt wrhthkm. Loroks`k Loroks`k‘‘s ahrafo hkafubob k`t `kfy Obhtn A``por lut dfs` nhs whco Edry, dkb tnohr kohmnl`urs Sork`k

Foo dkb Edub Aruttwoff, dff drt nhst`rhdks. \usjhk‘s hkafubob k`t `kfy  Dfhao Eoykoff Eoykoff lut dfs` Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy Lrdbfoy dkb tno tno c`rehbdlfo drt drt nhst`rhdk Oehfhd Bhfjo. \odbhkm tno w`rjdrtpr`buaob ly dkb tnosodpproahdth`k w`eok nofps t` ukborstdkb khkotooktn-aoktury san`fdrsnhp hk us e`ro kudkaob wdys. Rhs l``j dsjs dl`ut wnotnor w`eok sdw   bh﬇oroktfy cr`e eok. Ey dkswor hs thob hk pdrt t` ey a`ktokth`k tndt, c`r s`eo w`eok, wrhthkm cr`e d p`shth`k `c oxafush`k eodkt soohkm `utshbo tno adtom`rhos dkb vdfuo  iubmoeokts tndt struaturob tno wrhthkms `c tnohr edfo a`uktorpdrts. Roso eok woro, tnoesofvos, hkv`fvob hk a`ks`fhbdthkm dkb pr`cossh`kdfhshkm tno fflofb `c drt wrhthkm, dkb tnhs hkv`fvob sotthkm up aortdhk okburhkm bhsthkath`ks. ]`eok andffokmob tnoso l`tn hepfhahtfy dkb `pokfy, ospoahdffy tno bhsthkath`k lotwook „drt‘ `k tno `ko ndkb, dkb „ardcts‘ dkb „hktorh`r boshmk‘ `k tno `tnor. Hkboob, s`eo w`eok oxpdkbob tnohr bofflkhth`k `c drt t` hkafubo k`t `kfy tno b`eostha drts, lut dfs` dathvhthos suan ds cdsnh`k dkb a``jory. H b` k`t, n`wovor, hktokb t` storo`typo drt arhthahse hk tores `c mokbor. H oepndshso tnr`umn`ut tno l``j tndt w`eok e`vob a`ec`rtdlfy lotwook tno fflko drts, kow c`res `c drt suan ds pn`t`mrdpny, dkb tno drts `c tno n`eo ‑ ds, hkarodshkmfy, bhb edfo arhthas. ]nok w`eok oka`uktorob pdhkthkm dkb saufpturo hk bh﬇orokt s`ahdf dkb aufturdf ahrauestdkaos cr`e eok, tnhs a`ufb ndvo d a`kshbordlfo hepdat `k tno kdturo `c tnohr vhowhkm. Bh﬇orokt pr`t`a`fs a`ufb a`eo hkt` pfdy hk wrhthkm dl`ut tno kdjob c`re, c`r oxdepfo, ds wo ndvo sook hk tno adso `c Dfhao Eoykoff. Oxpoatdth`ks dl`ut e`bosty dkb pr`prhoty ukb`ultobfy fob w`eok t` oepndshso dlstrdat qudfhthos rdtnor tndk sulioat edttor. H de dfs` hktorostob hk tno foslhdk mdzo tndt Ehandof Chofb turkob up`k drt, ds ht hs bhspfdyob hk tno a`kvorsdth`ks lotwook Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por ‑ hk p`otry dkb hk pr`so ‑ dl`ut pdhkthkm. Ro andptors tndt c`ff`w oxpf`ro tno edky wdys hk wnhan w`eok kom`thdtob edsaufhko a`kvokth`ks `c vhsudf jk`whkm dkb arhthadf bhsa`urso hk `rbor t` wrhto dl`ut drt. Roy hkvosthmdto n`w w`eok hkndlhthkm bh﬇orokt sulioat p`shth`ks dkb oepf`yhkm bh﬇orokt e`bos `c vhsudf a`ksuepth`k bovof`pob strdtomhos c`r drthaufdthkm tnohr oxporhokaos `c dkb oxporheokts

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 whtn drt, vhsudfhty dkb dostnothas: n`w tnoy wr`to dkb porc`reob dar`ss d  whbo rdkmo `c mokros, aufturdf aufturdf a`ktoxts dkb eobhd. eobhd. Ey l``j rodssossos rodssossos tno a`ktrhluth`k dkb arhthadf hepdat `c tnoso w`eok, wn` ndvo t`` `ctok look daa`rbob d soa`kbdry `r borhvdthvo r`fo hk e`bork drt nhst`rh`mrdpnhos. Hk edky adsos tnohr wrhthkm wds hk opnoeordf c`res, suan ds tno porh`bhadf pross, dkb tnohr hepdat edy dfs` ndvo look opnoeordf. H summost, tn`umn, tndt tnoy pfdyob d arhthadf r`fo, c`r oxdepfo, hk tno „ukovok bovof`peokt‘

`c hbo`f`my. Hk `tnor adsos tnohr hktorvokth`ks woro hep`rtdkt dkb `rhmhkdf, dkb tnohr fomdahos okburhkm. Cr`e Dkkd Ideos`k dkb Fdby Odstfdjo t` Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt dkb Sork`k Foo, w`eok ndvo a`ktrhlutob hk hedmhkdthvo dkb san`fdrfy wdys t` tno nhst`rh`mrdpny `c drt dkb tno c`redth`k `c dk dadboeha bhsahpfhko. Loaduso tno s`ahdf dkb hksthtuth`kdf p`shth`k `c w`eok ndb suan dk hep`rtdkt hk﬌uokao `k tnohr wrhthkm, H lomhk ey l``j whtn d a`kshbordth`k `c tno pfdao `c coedfo wrhtors hk tno oeormhkm pr`cossh`k dkb hktoffoatudf bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry. Andptor  oxdehkos  oxdehkos tno pr`cossh`kdf fhvos dkb roputdth`ks `c ph`koorhkm w`eok cr`e Dkkd Ideos`k, Edry Eorrhfflofb dkb Ofhzdlotn \hmly (fdtor Fdby Odstfdjo) t` tno drt spoahdfhsts Crdkahs Wdtths`k (fdtor Oehfhd Bhfjo), Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt dkb Edub Aruttwoff, wn`  woro dathvo t`wdrbs tno okb `c tno aoktury aoktury.. ]nhfo tno spoahdfhst pr`cossh`kdf fflofb wds sthff hk tno pr`aoss `c bofflkhth`k, Lrhthsn drt nhst`ry hk tno soa`kb ndfc `c tno khkotooktn aoktury wds sthff hk edky rospoats dt d pro-bhsahpfhkdry stdmo. Rhs edbo ht odshor c`r w`eok t` afdhe d pr`cossh`kdf hbokthty. Dt tno sdeo theo, tno dubhokao c`r drt dkb tno dppothto c`r fodrkhkm dl`ut ht woro oxpdkbhkm dar`ss dff afdssos. Ly tno ehbbfo `c tno aoktury, Lrhtdhk ndb loa`eo d kdth`k `c spoatdt`rs dkb arhthas, ds oxnhlhth`k dttokbdkao fflmuros dkb tno kuelor `c vhsudf dkb toxtudf bophath`ks `c tno kow eusoue aufturo dttost. Chko drt hedmos edbo tnohr wdy hkt` sn`p whkb`ws dkb hkt` tno n`eo, k`t `kfy hk tno cdsnh`kdlfo stroots `c F`kb`k `r vhd obuadtob kotw`rjs suan ds tno Drukbof Q`ahoty, Q`ahoty, lut hk pr`vhkahdf t`wks dkb hk tno pdmos `c tno pokky pross. Ro drt nhst`rhdk Dkkd  Ideos`k `lsorvob hk  tndt „tno Wokky Edmdzhko  Za`ufbU   Za`ufbU pfdao d fhttfo prhkt dctor Edktomkd dt `kao loc`ro tno oyos `c fflcty tn`usdkb rodbors‘: tno fflko drts woro edbo boe`ardthadffy dvdhfdlfo t` dk okthrofy kow vhowhkm pulfha. F``jhkm dt drt, wrhthkm dl`ut ht dkb rodbhkm dl`ut ht woro k` f`kmor tno rosorvo `c dk dostnotha ofhto lut dt tno vory aoktro `c Shat`rhdk aufturdf fhco. Rhs wds whbofy ro﬌oatob hk hts fhtordturo, k`t fodst fhtordturo ly w`eok.  Dftn`umn kuelors `c w`eok okmdmob hk c`redf drt arhthahse dkb nhst`rhadf rosodran, dkb s`eo pulfhsnob hk san`fdrfy c`res, ht roedhkob e`ro

 

Hktr`buath`k



daaoptdlfo c`r tnoe t` pulfhsn hk aortdhk mokros tndk hk `tnors. Q`eo  wrhtors, c`r oxdepfo, wr`to dl`ut drt dkb drthsts hk fflath`k, dkb tnhs hs tno sulioat `c ey soa`kb andptor. Edky Edky k`vofs t``j drt dkb drthsts ds d aoktrdf tnoeo, l`tn fflath`kdf (c`r oxdepfo, Dkko Lr`ktê‘s Ro okdkt `c ]hfbcoff Ndff  (),  () , Bhkdn Ardhj‘ Ard hj‘ss @fhvo  ()  () dkb Edry Ofhzdlotn Lrdbb`k‘ Lr dbb`k‘ss Fdby  Dubfoy‘s‘s Qoarot  ())  Dubfoy   ()) dkb nhst`rhadf (ds hk Mo`rmo Ofh`t‘s \`e`fd  (‑)  (‑) dkb Dkko Rdajordy \htanho‘s  Ehss Dkmof dkb Cufnde Fdwk ()). Ro  wdys hk wnhan hkbhvhbudfs rosp`kb t` drt adk lo d aruahdf edrjor `c andr-

dator.  Idko Oyro hs d soohkm sulioat, dk drthst dkb d f`vor `c drt. Qno hs hktr`buaob t` tno rodbor ds d mhrf wn` a`ks`fos norsofc c`r tno cdat tndt „ZtUnoro wds k` p`sshlhfhty `c tdjhkm d wdfj tndt bdy‘ ly heeorshkm norsofc hk d l``j, „tdjhkm adro tndt ht sn`ufb lo `ko st`rob whtn phaturos‘, dkb bhspfdyhkm foss hktorost hk tno fottorpross tndk hk tno hedmos. Idko‘  Idko‘ss brdwhkms br dwhkms ndvo a`kshbordlfo syel`fha p`wor, dkb \`anostor‘s okmdmoeokt whtn tnoe hs d aruahdf codturo `c tnohr a`urtsnhp. Ey tnhrb andptor, `k „Mhrf Muhbos‘, c`ausos `k `tnor mokros `c drt wrhthkm whtn wnhan w`eok dro pdrthaufdrfy dss`ahdtob ‑ muhbol``js, trdvof l``js, fottors, oxnhlhth`k muhbos, trdksfdth`ks, p`pufdr nhst`rhos, ojpnrdstha p`otry. Q`eo `c tno w`eok wn` w`ufb m` `k t` wrhto ds pr`cossh`kdf drt arhthas, suan ds Dkkd Ideos`k dkb Ofhzdlotn \hmly, lomdk tnohr wrhthkm adroors ds trdksfdt`rs dkb trdvof wrhtors: d kuelor wr`to hktr`buat`ry nhst`rhadf survoys `c drt c`r p`pufdr dubhokaos, hkafubhkm coedfo rodbors. Q` tnhs andptor pr`vhbos dk `aadsh`k c`r tnhkjhkm dl`ut drt arhthahse ds d eobhdthkm dmokt lotwook bh﬇orokt mokros, okdlfhkm tno eotdpn`rhadf trdksfdth`k `c `ko c`re hkt` dk`tnor dk`tnor,, `c hedmos hkt` toxts, dkb tno turkhkm `c spoatdt`rs hkt` rodbors. Andptor , , „]`eok‘s Worh`bs‘, turks t` e`ro c`redf oxdepfos `c drt arhthahse dkb nhst`rhadf wrhthkm t` a`kshbor wdys hk wnhan nhst`rhadf porh`bhsdth`k hs mokborob. mo kborob. C`aushkm `k w`eok w` eok‘‘s wrhthkm dl`ut dl`u t tno Ehbbfo Dmos, tno \okdhssdkao dkb tno ohmntooktn aoktury, dkb f``jhkm pdrthaufdrfy dt tno drt-nhst`rhadf w`rj `c Oehfhd Bhfjo, Sork`k Foo, Dkkd Ideos`k dkb  Iufhdd Adrtwrhmnt, ht dbbrossos tno quosth`k `c n`w w`eok roa`kaohvob  Iufh tnoso nhst`rhadf porh`bs. Roy dff, c`r oxdepfo, bhsauss tno aufturdf r`fos dssueob ly w`eok. Q`eotheos, ds hk tno adso `c Adrtwrhmnt, tnoy brdw `k w`eok‘s nhst`rhadf dranhvos t` boe`kstrdto n`w tnhs dftorob porspoathvo andkmos `ur e`bork sokso `c d porh`b hk drt nhst`ry. ]ndt ndppoks, c`r hkstdkao, wnok tno nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao hs vhowob tnr`umn tno oyos `c Lodtrhao `r Hsdloffd b‘Osto0 Dkb tnoy dff oxporheoktob whtn v`hao, styfo dkb eotn`b`f`my. Dkkd Ideos`k wr`to dl`ut drt hk d fflath`kdf bhdry, hk trdvof kdrrdthvos, dkb hk d stuby `c Edrhdk ha`k`mrdpny, wnhfo Sork`k Foo

 

  

 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

suee`kob tno mn`sts `c tno pdst tnr`umn nor rodbhkm `c p`rtrdhts dkb tno ov`adth`k `c tno  mokhus f`ah . Oehfhd Bhfjo `﬇orob kow porspoathvos `k ohmntooktn-aoktury Crokan aufturo ly lr`dbokhkm nor bofflkhth`k `c drt t` hkafubo curkhturo dkb tno boa`rdthvo drts `c tno n`eo. Ro fflkdf andptor turks t` tno s`-adffob „Coehkhko Drts‘. Ht f``js k`t `kfy dt w`eok‘s drthafos dkb l``js `k tno drt `c tno n`eo dkb tno drt `c bross, lut dfs` dt tnohr wrhthkm dl`ut pn`t`mrdpny, dk drt c`re tndt wds coehkhsob hk khkotooktn-aoktury arhthadf bhsa`urso, dkb dt tnohr rosp`ksos

t` a`ktoep`rdry e`voeokts hk tno fflko drts. Euan `c tno w`rj ly  w`eok suan ds Cf`rokao Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Cokwhaj Ehffor Ehffor,, \`sdeukb \`sdeukb Edrrh`tt Edrrh`tt ]dts`k ]dts`k dkb Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff wds pulfhsnob hk tno porh`bhadf pross wnhan, ly tno fflkdf boadbos `c tno aoktury, ndb loa`eo dk hep`rtdkt eobhue c`r coedfo drt arhthahse. Hk d rovhow `c dk oxnhlhth`k `k „Fos „ Fos Drts bo fd Coeeo‘ Coeeo‘ hk Wdrhs hk , Wokkoff rop`rts9 „sofb`e ndvo H look bhsdpp`hktob e`ro  w`ocuffy … Ro drts `c w`edk, hk tnhs adso, bhb k`t eodk tno w`rj `c nor ndkbs, lut dky dkb ovorytnhkm whtn tno fodst afdhe t` loduty, edbo c`r nor lokofflt.‘ Ro andptor a`kafubos whtn d bhsaussh`k `c n`w, hk dbbhth`k t`  wrhthkm dl`ut tno drts dr ts boshmkob c`r w`eok w`eok‘‘s pfodsuro dkb lokofflt, coedfo arhthas dfs` wr`to dl`ut „coehkhko drts‘ hk tno sokso `c a`ktoep`rdry drt pr`buaob dkb oxnhlhtob ly w`eok.

 

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Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

Mhvok tndt wo adk bofflko drt nhst`ry ds d nomoe`kha bhsa`urso, wo dro c`raob tnok t` dsj9 adk coehkhsts lo „drt nhst`rhdks‘ ‑ tndt hs, pr`cossh`kdfs whtnhk hts oxtokbob roeht `c aurdth`k, nhst`ry dkb arhthahse0 @r b`os tndt k`t `c htsofc hepfy sofc-hbokthffladth`k whtn tno nomoe`kha trdbhth`k oel`bhob hk hksthtuth`kdfhsob drt nhst`ry, whtn tno adk`khadf ds d systoedtha pdttork `c hkafush`ks dkb oxafush`ks wnhan dro mokordtob cr`e dkb sustdhk boop struaturos `c s`ahdf dkb oa`k`eha p`wor0

Hk tno ehbbfo `c tno khkotooktn aoktury, `pp`rtukhthos c`r tno pulfha t` vhow tno fflko drts hk Lrhtdhk, ds woff ds hk A`kthkoktdf Our`po, oxpdkbob `k dk ukproaoboktob sadfo. Ro Kdth`kdf Mdffory e`ro tndk b`ulfob tno shzo `c hts a`ffoath`k lotwook  dkb , dkb hkhthdthvos suan ds tno a`ktost c`r tno boa`rdth`k `c tno kow Wdfdao `c ]ostehkstor hk  pr`vhbob d adtdfyst c`r edi`r oxnhlhth`ks `c pulfha drt. Ro Edkanostor Drt rodsuros Oxnhlhth`k `c  eodkt tndt ovok w`rjs hk prhvdto a`ffoath`ks woro edbo dvdhfdlfo t` tno pulfha mdzo, dkb rodanob edss dubhokaos. Rhs kow oxp`suro t` tno fflko drts okdlfob dk oxpf`sh`k `c vhsudf pfodsuro, lut tno k`vof oxporhokao `c vhowhkm pdhkthkm dkb saufpturo hk suan rhan dlukbdkao hkbuaob dkxhoty de`km s`eo spoatdt`rs. @ko vhsht`r t` tno Edkanostor Oxnhlhth`k, Kow Okmfdkb k`vofhst Kdtndkhof Ndwtn`rko, roa`rbs9 H wds ukquhot, cr`e d n`pofosskoss `c lohkm dlfo cuffy t` oki`y ht. K`tnhkm hs e`ro boprosshkm tndk tno shmnt `c d mrodt edky phaturos t`motnor … ]o  wokt fflrst hkt` tno mdffory `c Lrhthsn Wdhkthkm Wdhkthkm,, wnoro tnoro woro nukbrobs `c phaturos … lut H a`ufb k`t fflx ey ehkb `k `ko e`ro tndk dk`tnor: s` H foct eycuffy whcooki`yhkm tnoro, dkb wdkborob dwdy eysofc … `c ht wds brodry t` tnhkj `c k`t tnhs a`ffoath`k, tnoly vory Cf`wor heo, wnhan kovor lf``eob loc`ro, dkb kovor ly dky p`sshlhfhty adk lf``e dmdhk.

` lo suro, Ndwtn`rko hs romhstorhkm noro hk pdrt tno pr`lfoe `c oxaoss9 n`w t` dpproahdto tno shkmfo, bhsaroto w`rj `c drt dehbst suan pfokhtubo. Lut noro, dkb ofsownoro, no dfs` a`kvoys d boopor dostnotha dkxhoty dl`ut nhs dlhfhty t` rosp`kb dppr`prhdtofy t` drt tndt sooes s ooes okboeha t` nhs theos, 

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

dk „ukquhot‘ tndt nhs whco, tno pdhktor dkb hffustrdt`r Q`pnhd Wodl`by Ndwtn`rko, wn` roedhks hk tno mdffory wnok no edjos nhs osadpo, sooehkmfy b`osk‘t b`osk‘t sndro. Hkboob nor `wk i`urkdfs, i`ur kdfs, pulfhsnob pulfhs nob ds K`tos hk Okmfdkb dkb Htdfy   hk  (dctor nor nusldkb‘s bodtn, shkao no bhsdppr`vob `c coedfo dutn`rsnhp), edjo ht afodr tndt sno wds dk oktnushdstha dkb bhsaorkhkm arhtha `c drt. Rhs wds s`eotnhkm tndt Ndwtn`rko, wn` ndb t` w`rj ndrb t` obuadto nhs `wk vhsudf sokshlhfhthos, rodbhfy dajk`wfobmob, dkb aofolrdtob hk tno dttrhlutos no mhvos t` tno y`ukm Deorhadk drthst Nhfbd hk nhs k`vof Ro Edrlfo Cduk, Cduk, `c wn`e wo dro t`fb9

Qno mhct wds`c okb`wob whtndkb d boop dkb sokshthvo cdauftyhk `c ddpproahdth`k: ndb tno bhsaorkhkm w`rsnhpphkm oxaoffokao, e`st ukusudfsno eodsuro … Qno sdw ‑ k`, k`t sdw, lut coft ‑ tnr`umn dkb tnr`umn d phaturo: sno lost`wob up`k ht dff tno wdretn dkb rhankoss `c d w`edk‘s syepdtny, k`t ly dky hktoffoatudf o﬇`rt, lut ly tnhs strokmtn `c nodrt, dkb tnhs muhbhkm fhmnt `c syepdtny, sno wokt strdhmnt t` tno aoktrdf p`hkt, hk wnhan tno Edstor ndb a`kaohvob nhs w`rj. Rus sno vhowob ht, ds ht woro, whtn nhs `wk oyos, dkb nokao nor a`epronoksh`k `c dky phaturo tndt hktorostob nor wds porcoat.

Ndwtn`rko‘s nhmnfy mokborob daa`ukt `c Nhfbd‘s oxquhshto „w`edkfy‘ sokshlhfhty t` tno loduthcuf, dfloht nor `wk vhsudf dmokay hs okthrofy sulsueob hkt` tno vhsh`k `c tno Edstor pdhktor, hs whbofy romdrbob ds e`boffob `k Q`pnhd‘s `wk (l`tn woro a`pyhsts, dbopt dt adpturhkm dkb trdksfdthkm tno ossokao `c d w`rj `c drt), dkb sooes hkc`reob ly nhs `wk oxporhokao `c eusoue dkb mdffory vhshts hk Okmfdkb dkb Htdfy, ospoahdffy \`eo, whtn nhs whco9 Ndppy woro tn`so … wn`e sno ovor an`so t` lo tno a`epdkh`ks `c nor bdy: tnoy sdw tno drt-trodsuros `c \`eo, ukbor nor muhbdkao, ds tnoy ndb kovor sook tnoe loc`ro. K`t tndt Nhfbd a`ufb bhssortdto, `r tdfj fodrkobfy dl`ut phaturos: sno w`ufb pr`ldlfy ndvo look puzzfob ly tno toankhadf tores `c nor `wk drt. K`t tndt sno ndb euan t` sdy dl`ut wndt sno e`st pr`c`ukbfy dbehrob: lut ovok nor shfokt syepdtny wds s` p`worcuf tndt ht brow y`ur `wk df`km whtn ht, okb`whkm y`u whtn d soa`kb-shmnt tndt okdlfob y`u t` soo oxaoffokahos whtn dfe`st tno boptn dkb bofhaday `c nor `wk poraopth`ks.

Ro pr`cossh`kdf stdtus `c drt nhst`ry hk tno khkotooktn aoktury  Hk tnhs kow dmo `c t`urhse dkb ovor-oxpdkbhkm eusoue, mdffory dkb oxnhlhth`k aufturo, tnoro eust ndvo look edky wn` w`ufb ndvo dpproahdtob suan d a`epdkh`k t` mhvo arhthadf muhbdkao `k n`w t` rosp`kb t` drt. Ht  wds whtnhk suan d ehfhou tndt drt i`urkdfhse dkb tno e`bork dadboeha

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry   bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry `rhmhkdtob dkb lomdk t` loa`eo pr`cossh`kdfhsob dkb hksthtuth`kdfhsob. ]rhtors pr`buaob d bdzzfhkm drrdy `c fhtordturo `k tno vhsudf drts, dkb drt arhthahse wds daa`rbob dk oxtrd`rbhkdrhfy hk﬌uokthdf pulfha r`fo, ukproaoboktob hk e`bork nhst`ry. De`km tn`so wn` wr`to drthafos c`r tno porh`bhadf pross, e`k`mrdpns `k drthsts, nhst`rhadf survoys, muhbol``js dkb `tnor jhkbs `c drt fhtordturo boshmkob t` dhb, bhroat, romufdto dkb hksphro e`bork rodbors dkb spoatdt`rs woro coedfo drt spoahdfhsts, l`tn nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas. Q`eo, fhjo Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, Oehfhd Bhfjo dkb Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, edbo tno „hktoffoatudf o﬇`rt‘ roquhrob t` bovof`p toankhadf oxporthso dkb d arhthadf fdkmudmo t` „bhssortdto‘ dkb „tdfj fodrk-

obfy‘ dl`ut phaturos, ds pr`cossh`kdf drt nhst`rhdks. Edky e`ro, fhjo Q`pnhd obfy‘ Ndwtn`rko norsofc, e`vob loy`kb tno „shfokt syepdtny‘ dbehrob ly nor nusldkb, dkb pulfhsnob tnohr wrhthkm dl`ut drt hk tno c`re `c trdvof i`urkdfs, i`urkdfhse, bhdrhos, fottors, p`otry dkb `tnor foss dadboeha mokros tndk tno c`redf drt-nhst`rhadf trodthso. @tnors dmdhk, fhjo Nhfbd, hkndlht  w`rjs `c fflath`k, fflath`k, dkb hk tnhs c`re eobhdto tnohr dutn`rs‘ dutn`rs‘ vhows `k tno a`ktoep`rdry drt w`rfb. ]`eok‘s okmdmoeokt whtn drt wds tnus drthaufdtob dar`ss d vdrhoty `c mokros.  Dftn`umn hk tnohr bdy w`eok edbo d shmkhffladkt shmkhffladkt a`ktrhluth`k t` edhkstrode a`ktoep`rdry dostnotha boldto, ds woff ds w`rjhkm whtnhk w`eok‘s drthstha dkb hktoffoatudf kotw`rjs, dkb c`rehkm bhsthkathvofy coedfo aufturdf bhsa`ursos, euan `c tnohr arhthadf dkb nhst`rhadf w`rj `k drt nds cdffok `ut `c vhow c`r e`bork rodbors. Xot tno „fflrst pr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn drt nhst`rhdk‘ wds, daa`rbhkm t` Dbofo N`fa`el, d w`edk9 Dkkd Lr`wkoff  Ideos`k (‑), whbofy rodb dutn`r `c d edi`r tnroo-v`fueo stuby `c rofhmh`us ha`k`mrdpny hk tno drts dkb kueor`us p`pufdr drt trodthsos dkb muhbol``js. Rroo boadbos dctor nor bodtn, tno wrhtor `c dk drthafo dfrodby rocorrob t` hk tno hktr`buath`k, „Drt Arhthas `c `-Bdy‘, pulfhsnob hk tno  Drt I`urkdf  I`urkdf  hk  hk  boafdros, boafdros , „]o „]o ndvo k`t yot c`rm`ttok c`rm`tt ok Ers. Ideos`k‘, lut ly tnhs p`hkt edky e`ro kdeos adk lo dbbob t` tno fhst `c w`eok jk`wk prhkahpdffy c`r tnohr a`ktrhluth`k t` drt nhst`ry. Ds tno psoub`kye`us dutn`r k`tos, „Qovordf `c tno e`st dbehrdlfo wrhtors `k Drt burhkm roaokt yodrs ndvo look, dkb dro, nhmnfy aufthvdtob w`eok … de`km `ur a`ktoep`rdrhos tno kdeos `c Ers. @fhpndkt, Ehss Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Ehss Nofok Yheeork, dkb `tnors `aaur rodbhfy.‘ Roso wrhtors dro spoahffladffy bhsthkmuhsnob ds drt nhst`rhdks ds `pp`sob t` „tno romufdr arhthas `c woff-jk`wk  woojfy dkb bdhfy i`urkdfs i`urkdfs‘,‘, de`km wn`e „d m``b edky fdbhos dro t` lo c`ukb‘ (ohmnt pr`ehkokt coedfo drt i`urkdfhsts dro ahtob ly kdeo, hkafubhkm ds wo ndvo sook Dfhao Eoykoff). Ro w`rfb hkv`job ly tnhs wrhtor hs `ko hk wnhan w`eok pfdy dk dathvo dkb sooehkmfy hktomrdf r`fo. Roy dro

 

  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ] t` lo sook hk tno hffustrdth`ks daa`epdkyhkm tno drthafo, l`tn ds shkmfo fflmuros a`ktoepfdthkm drt w`rjs dkb de`km tno ar`wbs `c i`urkdfhsts `k pross bdy dt tno \`ydf Dadboey, dkb `tnor kdeos a`ufb lo dbbob t` nhs r`ff adff `c coedfo drt nhst`rhdks pr`buahkm sulstdkthdf san`fdrfy stubhos hk tno fdttor pdrt `c tno khkotooktn aoktury, suan ds Oehfhd Bhfjo, Sork`k Foo dkb Edub Aruttwoff.  ]nhfo dajk`wfobmh dajk`wfobmhkm km tno oxtokshvo pdrthahpdth`k `c coedfo drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas `c tno hktoffoatudf stdturo `c Bhfjo hk fdto khkotooktn-aoktury drthstha kotw`rjs, s`eo pr`ehkokt e`bork coehkhst san`fdrs ndvo, n`wovor, drmuob tndt tnoy woro a`epfhaht hk tno c`redth`k `c d pr`cossh`kdf

bhsahpfhko tndt hs boopfy dkb cdtdffy mokborob. Moredhko Mroor, c`r oxdepfo, `lsorvos tndt coedfo drthsts ndvo look lotrdyob ly tno vory w`eok  wn` ehmnt ndvo l`umnt dkb pr`e`tob tnohr w`rj, hkafubhkm coedfo drt nhst`rhdks w`rjhkm hk tno khkotooktn dkb odrfy twokthotn aokturhos9  ]`eok dro a`ksueors `c drt: tnoy  ]`eok tnoy dro dfs` drt nhst`rhdks, lut tnoy ndvo k`t s` pdssh`kdtofy osp`usob tnohr `wk aduso tndt tnoy ndvo loa`eo d edrjot tndt whff hep`so hts `wk vdfuos. Roy bhb k`t ds d rosuft `c tno  oxnhlhth`k Z_ko Oxp`shth`k rotr`spoathvo rotr`spoathvo b‘Drt coehkhkoU lomhk t` t ` ndukt tno sdfor``es `k tno quh vhvo c`r dky saokt `c dk Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh: tnoy bhb k`t c`rao tno prhaos `c w`eok‘s w`rj up ly lhbbhkm dt duath`ks. 

Bol`rdn Anorry c`ausos ovok e`ro spoahffladffy `k tno cdhfuro `c khkotooktn-aoktury drt nhst`rhdks t` oxorahso hk﬌uokao dt tnhs hep`rtdkt e`eokt `c w`eok adk`k c`redth`k, k`thkm tndt „ZtUnohr wrhthkms pdrthahpdtob hk tno bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry dt d aruahdf stdmo hk hts bovof`peokt, dkb tnohr shfokao a`ktrhlutob t` tno struaturdf oxafush`ks `c w`eok drthsts hk tno nhst`ry `c drt dkb tno pulfha a`ffoath`ks `c tno odrfy twokthotn aoktury‘. Qno a`kafubos9 „hk rocuthkm soxudf bh﬇orokao dkb rocushkm w`eok drthsts, tnoso wrhtors dsshstob hk tno crdehkm `c tn`so bhsa`ursos `c drt  wnhan loadeo nomoe`kha hk tno fdtor khkotooktn aoktury, aoktury, hk wnhan edsaufhkhty wds hksarhlob ds tno aoktrdf drod `c stuby dkb tno phv`tdf tore `c rocorokao‘.  Wdrdb`xhadffy, tnok, ht sooes, tno ph`koorhkm w`eok drt nhst`rhdks `c tno khkotooktn aoktury pfdyob d shmkhffladkt pdrt hk arodthkm tno hbo`f`mhadf a`kstruat `c drt nhst`ry tndt ht hs tno pr`ioat `c e`bork coehkhst san`fdrs t` ukb`. Hk fhmnt `c tnhs, Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj‘s coehkhst rocusdf `c tno thtfo drt nhst`rhdk, dkb nor quosth`k „adk coehkhsts lo ‖drt nhst`rhdks―‘, a`ksthtuto dk hr`kha rhp`sto t` Ideos`k‘s fflrst-wdvo afdhe t` d pr`cossh`kdf hbokthty. Ht hs tno pr`ioat `c tnhs l``j t` rodssoss tno nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf w`rj `c tnoso khkotooktn-aoktury khkotooktn-aoktury w`eok wrhtors `k drt dkb tnohr hktorvokth`ks hk dadboeha bhsa`ursos, k`t `kfy hk tno a`ktoxt `c adk`k c`redth`k lut dfs`

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry   hk fhmnt `c n`w  tnoy  tnoy wrhto dl`ut drt dkb hts nhst`rhos, dkb n`w tnoy sndpo, bhsrupt, kom`thdto dkb arhthquo ‑ tno`rothadffy, eotn`b`f`mhadffy, strdtomhadffy dkb p`fhthadffy ‑ tno pr`cossh`kdf bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry dt tno vory e`eokt `c hts oeormokao. Lut suan d pr`ioat eust lomhk whtn tno quosth`k9 „]ndt bhb ht eodk t` lo d pr`cossh`kdf drt nhst`rhdk hk tno khkotooktn aoktury0‘ Ro tore „pr`cossh`kdf‘ „pr`cossh`kdf‘ hs htsofc, `c a`urso, soedkthadffy ukstdlfo, snhcthkm dkb andkmhkm `vor theo, dkb spoahcyhkm, ds K. K. Coftos drmuos, d „fflofb `c hbo`f`mhadf toksh`k‘. Wr`cossh`kdfhse hs d adtom`ry tndt hs kohtnor eodkhkmcuf `utshbo nhst`ry k`r oepty `c hbo`f`mhadf shmkhffladth`k: hkboob, ht hs a`ksthtuthvo `c hbo`f`my, hbo`f`my, d arhthadf shto c`r tno kom`thdth`k dkb a`ktost-

dth`k `c aufturdf vdfuos dkb k`res.dbnorokao Hk tno khkotooktn aoktury aoktury, , htsstdkbdrbs p`shthvo a`kk`tdth`ks, suan ds mudrdktoob t` eutudffy dmroob `c prdathao, woro nodvhfy a`uktorldfdkaob ly hts dss`ahdth`ks whtn a`ee`bhthsdth`k, cr`e wnhan tno dedtour, croo `c tno prossuros `c a`eeorahdf pr`buath`k dkb tno koob t` edjo d fhvhkm, wds dls`fvob. Curtnore`ro, drt nhst`ry ds d bhsthkat bhsahpfhkdry adtom`ry, dt fodst ds ht  wds prdathso prdathsob b hk Lrhtd Lrhtdhk hk hk tno khkot khkotooktn ooktn aoktury aoktury,, htsofc ndb d aurh`usfy ukaortdhk pr`cossh`kdf stdtus. ]nhfo s`eo Our`podk ukhvorshthos lomdk todanhkm tno nhst`ry `c drt ds dk dadboeha sulioat odrfy hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, dkb Andhrs woro ostdlfhsnob hk Mótthkmok hk , Lorfhk hk  dkb Shokkd hk , ht wds k`t ukthf tno twokthotn aoktury tndt ukbormrdbudto pr`mrdeeos hk drt nhst`ry woro bovof`pob hk Lrhthsn ukhvorshthos, bosphto tno c`ukbdth`k `c tno Qfdbo Wr`coss`rsnhps hk @xc`rb, Adelrhbmo dkb _khvorshty A`ffomo F`kb`k hk . Dftn`umn ht wds afodrfy dss`ahdtob whtn tno oeormokao `c d kow jhkb `c nhst`rhadf a`ksah`uskoss dt ehb-aoktury tndt mdfvdkhsob tno pr`cossh`k `c nhst`ry, dkb wds loa`ehkm hkarodshkmfy pr`cossh`kdfhsob hk A`kthkoktdf Our`po, hk Lrhtdhk drt nhst`ry wds sf`w t` db`pt tno kow, kow, e`ro aufturdffy a`ktoxtudfhshkm `r e`ro toankhadffy dkb sahsa hokthffladffy ldsob eotn`b`f`mhos `c e`bork nhst`rh`mrdpny, aurdt`rsnhp dkb a`kk`hssoursnhp. Fdurho Jdko Fow m`os s` cdr ds t` bosarhlo tnhs porh`b ds d „propr`cossh`kdf dmo, loc`ro drt nhst`ry ndb daquhrob bhsahpfhkdry hbokthty `r dk hksthtuth`kdf struaturo, loc`ro \`mor Cry arodtob tno e`bork spoahdfhsob drt arhtha‘, k`thkm „tno ukspoahdfhsob dedtourhse `c drt arhthahse ds d bhsaur

shvoRoso prdathao‘, pdrthaufdrfy hk tno odrfy t` ehb khkotooktn aoktury. dro tno vory a`kbhth`ks whtnhk wnhan wo ehmnt oxpoat w`eok t` lo dlfo t` pr`spor ds drt nhst`rhdks, shkao tnoy woro `stokshlfy ds croo ds eok t` afdhe aufturdf dutn`rhty dkb oktor tno fflofb bosphto tnohr fdaj `c spoahdfhst jk`wfobmo, dkb tnoro woro ukb`ultobfy s`eo wn` t``j tndt `pp`rtukhty. Xot suan d sdkmuhko vhow `c tno `pp`rtukhthos c`r w`eok t` edjo d adroor ds drt nhst`rhdks sn`ufb lo toeporob ly wndt wo jk`w `c tno

 

 ]   ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  `lstdafos cdahkm w`eok wn` whsnob t` pursuo d pr`cossh`kdf wrhthkm fhco `c dky jhkb. C`r lohkm d pr`cossh`kdf wrhtor, ovok hc tno tore hs usob f``sofy t` rocor t` dky`ko wn` odrkob dk hka`eo cr`e wrhthkm, eodkt bh﬇orokt tnhkms c`r eok dkb w`eok hk tnhs porh`b, k`t fodst loaduso `c tno fomdf a`kstrdhkts dkb s`ahdf tdl``s surr`ukbhkm w`eok‘s rhmnts t` odrk dkb `wk dk hka`eo tndt roc`res suan ds tno Edrrhob ]`eok‘s Wr`porty Dats `kfy lomdk t` fhct fdtor hk tno aoktury.  Dkb `c a`urso w`eok‘s daaoss t` hksthtuth`ks, pr`cossh`ks dkb bhsa`ursos roedhkob nhmnfy romufdtob dkb ahrauesarhlob tnr`umn`ut tno khkotooktn aoktury, wnhan edbo ht ndrb c`r tnoe t` afdhe tno jhkb `c dutn`rhty tndt d ukhvorshty obuadth`k, c`r oxdepfo,

`r eoelorsnhp `c nhesofc d pr`cossh`kdf up`k eok. ]nok \usjhk hbokthfflob `k tno dss`ahdth`k thtfo pdmo `ca`kcorrob tno fflrst v`fueo `c nhs fflrst l``j E`bork l``j  E`bork Wdhktors  ()   () ds d „Mrdbudto `c @xc`rb‘, no wds dkk`ukahkm nhesofc k`t `kfy ds dk dedtour lut ds d san`fdr dkb d moktfoedk. Ht  wds d bosarhpt`r tndt okb`wob nhe whtn d jhkb `c hktoffoatudf dutn`rhty dkb hkbopokbokao tndt wds shepfy ukdvdhfdlfo t` w`eok dt tnhs theo, ds tno fdtor thtfo Qfdbo Wr`coss`r wds t` b` ovok e`ro boahshvofy. „Nhmn‘ drt, ds Fow roehkbs us, „roedhkob, tnr`umn`ut tno ohmntooktn dkb khkotooktn aokturhos, ukbor tno bhsaurshvo dkb hksthtuth`kdf a`ktr`f `c eok eok‘.‘. Lut tnoro hs dk`tnor rods`k wny wo sn`ufb qudfhcy tno k`th`k tndt tno qudsh-dedtour stdtus `c drt nhst`ry hk tno khkotooktn aoktury edbo ht dttrdathvo dkb daaosshlfo t` w`eok, dkb tndt hs tno hktrhmuhkm cdat tndt tno e`st sorh`us dkb hkc`reob coedfo drt nhst`rhdks, w`rjhkm l`tn odrfy dkb fdto hk tno porh`b, tokbob, dfe`st t` d w`edk, t` pr`e`to tno e`ro spoahdfhst dkb pr`cossh`kdf styfo `c drt arhthahse prdathsob hk A`kthkoktdf Our`po hk procorokao t` tno e`ro fhtordry dkb mokordfhst e`bo cdv`urob hk Lrhtdhk. Drmudlfy tnhs wds proahsofy t` osadpo tno a`kfflkos `c tnohr s`ahotdf ahrauestdkaos. @ctok sofc-obuadtob, `r obuadtob dt n`eo, suan w`eok rodb whbofy hk tno e`st aurrokt Our`podk arhthadf fhtordturo hk tno fflofb, a`ksuehkm dkb ropr`buahkm jk`wfobmo hk wndt Fow adffs „d ahraufdthkm oa`k`ey `c drt‘, eobhdthkm ht c`r d Lrhthsn rodbhkm pulfha usob t` d bh﬇orokt e`bo `c drt arhthahse. Dkkd Ideos`k norsofc hs d adso hk p`hkt. Hk nor procdao t` d trdksfdth`k `c Mustdv ]ddmok‘s fhco `c \uloks, sno wr`to hk 9 „Kohtnor `ur Okmfhsn dkb drthsts k`r `ur Okmfhsn pulfha dro ds wnhan yot daaust`eob t` tndt edky-shbob    dkb ofovdtob sphrht hk arhthahse whtn tno Moredks ndvo f`km look cdehfhdr.‘ Qno m`os `k9 ` jk`w wndt  d  d phaturo roprosokts, dkb whtn wndt bomroo `c pr`prhoty dkb suaaoss ht hs roprosokto roprosoktob, b, edy lo sufiahokt arhthadf sjhff c`r tno a`kshbordth`k `c khko-toktns `c tno phaturos wnhan yodrfy a`vor tno wdffs `c `ur Dadboey9 lut t` okdlfo us t` dpproahdto tno arodth`ks `c mokhus, dkb t` rodp dff tno

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 



pfodsuro dkb hepr`voeokt wnhan drt adk lost`w, wo eust m` cdr nhmnor dkb boopor.

Ro tokbokay t` a`kaoktrdto prhkahpdffy `k tno sulioat tndt Ideos`k k`tos noro wds `kfy rohkc`raob ly tno aufturdf pnok`eok`k `c \usjhk, wn`  wds dl`ut t` fdukan nhs lrhffhdktfy lrhffhdktfy oafoatha oafoatha dkb nhmnfy sulioathvo sulioathvo dkb fhtordry daa`ukt `c e`bork pdhktors t` tno arhthadffy `ko-bheoksh`kdf Lrhthsn rodborsnhp sno bosarhlos, dkb wn` wds t` oxorahso suan poaufhdr aufturdf dutn`rhty hk Lrhtdhk `vor tno ehbbfo boadbos `c tno aoktury. \usjhk wds, uksurprhshkmfy, bhspdrdmhkm dl`ut Ideos`k‘s `wk drt nhst`rhadf jk`wfobmo dkb prdathao. Hk  no boafdrob hk d fottor t` nhs nhst`rhadf 

pdrokts, ds wo ndvo sook, tndt sno „jk`ws ds euan `c drt ds tno adt‘.   D

a`upfo `c yodrs fdtor, tnoy a`hkahboktdffy stdyob dt tno sdeo n`tof hk Sokhao ds sno a`epfotob nor k`tos `k Sokothdk pdhkthkm c`r nor l``j Qdarob dkb Fomokbdry Drt  dkb   dkb no rosodranob Ro Qt`kos `c Sokhao . Fdtor, hk nhs dut`lh`mrdpny, Wrdotorhtd , no rotr`spoathvofy bhsehssob nor ds wn`ffy uk`rhmhkdf dkb borhvdthvo, pr`k`ukahkm9 „Ers Ideos`k wds dls`futofy whtn`ut jk`wfobmo `r hksthkat `c pdhkthkm (dkb ndb k` sndrpkoss `c hkshmnt ovok c`r dkytnhkm ofso): lut sno wds adkbhb dkb hkbustrh`us, whtn d pfodsdkt bhsp`shth`k t` edjo tno lost `c dff sno sdw, dkb t` sdy, a`epfhdktfy, tndt d phaturo wds m``b, hc dkyl`by ndb ovor sdhb s` loc`ro.‘  \usjhk‘s vhow `c nor hep`rtdkao ds dk drt nhst`rhdk nds look rdbhadffy andffokmob ly e`ro roaokt san`fdrsnhp, lut ht hs truo tndt Ideos`k wds k`t hk tno c`rtukdto p`shth`k `c lohkm hkbopokboktfy wodftny, ds \usjhk wds, dkb sno ndb t` supp`rt k`t `kfy norsofc lut dfs` sovordf bopokbdkts ly nor wrhthkm `k drt, dkb s` sno wds `lfhmob l`tn t` lo hkbustrh`us dkb t` wrhto l``js whtn p`pufdr dppodf. N`wovor, wnhfo ht eust lo a`kaobob tndt nor odrfy w`rj, hk pdrthaufdr, pdrthaufdr, hs nodvhfy fdrbob whtn rocorokaos t` bhsthkmuhsnob (dkb mokordffy edfo) san`fdrs (t` tno oxtokt tndt, ds Fow k`tos, „Roro hs k` shkmfo v`hao hk nor wrhthkms9 rdtnor, nor arhthadf hbokthty hs ostdlfhsnob ly dfifhdthkm norsofc whtn tno oxporthso `c `tnors ‑ a`kk`hssours, drthsts, san`fdrs fhjo  ]ddmok  ] ddmok dkb Odstfdjo, `r ‖`ur eutudf crhokb K‒―‘), ht hs hkstruathvo t` f``j dt wnhan dutn`rhthos sno e`st `ctok hkv`jos, dkb t` tnhkj, tnoroc`ro, dl`ut n`w sno hs dkk`ukahkm norsofc ds dk drt arhtha, dkb n`w sno hs dfhmkhkmHktrhmuhkmfy, norsofc pr`cossh`kdffy. ds loa`eos ovhbokt wnok wo f``j dt tno jhkbs `c dppr`dan t` drt e`st dbehrob ly Ideos`k dkb `tnor coedfo drt nhst`rhdks wrhthkm tnr`umn tno aoktury, wo fflkb tndt tnoy dro typhadffy brdwk t` tno kow, tno A`kthkoktdf, tno e`ro „sahokthffla‘ dkb toankhadf stubhos tndt adrocuffy rosodran dkb nhst`rhadffy f`adto tno drt w`rj. Roy dro dttrdatob ly d sooehkmfy e`ro pr`cossh`kdf e`bo `c drt nhst`ry dkb arhthahse, `ko tndt

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

dttokbs adrocuffy t` quosth`ks `c dttrhluth`k, bdto dkb pfdao, dkb hs e`ro af`sofy dss`ahdtob whtn aurdt`rhdf prdathao. Ideos`k norsofc wds hk﬌uokaob k`t `kfy ly ]ddmok dkb Odstfdjo, bhroat`rs rospoathvofy `c tno Lorfhk Mdffory dkb tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory, lut dfs` ly d kuelor `c a`ktoep`rdry Crokan dkb Moredk drt nhst`rhdks, e`st k`tdlfy Dfoxhs-Crdkí`hs Dfoxhs-Crdkí`hs \h`,  Db`fpno-Kdp`fè`k  Db`fpno-K dp`fè`k Bhbr`k, Cèfhah Cèfhahoo b‘Dyzda, I. B. Wdssdv Wdssdvdkt, dkt, dkb Jdrf Crhobrhan v`k \ue`nr, wn`so Htdfhokhsano C`rsanukmok (‑) C`rsanukmok (‑) pr`vhbob nor whtn dk up-t`-bdto s`urao `k Htdfhdk pdhkthkm dkb e`bork Moredk drt-nhst`rhadf eotn`bs wnok sno wr`to nor `wk  Eoe`hrs `c tno Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors  ().   (). N`fa`el brdws dttokth`k t` „ZtUno `rhmhkdfhty `c  Ideos`k  Ideos`k‘ ‘s nhst`rhadf dkbprovdhfhkm t` nor dpproahdth`k dpprtok`r oahdth`k `c tno e`bork, e`bork , ly a`ka`k‑trdst whtn \usjhk `rsokso‘, whtn tno `c Eurrdy‘s Ndkbl``js

 wny, sno dsjs hk nor ossdy „Ro N`uso `c ht  wny, hthdk hdk‘‘ (), „sn`uf „sn`ufb b wo lo dfwdys f``jhkm ldaj0‘  Roso dro andrdatorhsthas tndt f`adto nor hktoffoatudffy whtnhk A`kthkoktdf rdtnor tndk Lrhthsn drt-nhst`rhadf rosodran dt tnhs theo. Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, wn` ndb dfrodby ostdlfhsnob d roputdth`k c`r nor  wrhthkm `k drt ds Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn \hmly loc`ro nor nor edrrhdmo t` Andrfos Odstfdjo, e`vob hk shehfdr hktoffoatudf ahrafos t` Ideos`k, wn`so af`so crhokb dkb, fdtor, fhtordry oxoautrhx sno wds, dkb wn`so fdst ukfflkhsnob l``j, Ro Nhst`ry `c @ur F`rb , sno a`epfotob. Hk Edy , sno wrhtos hk nor i`urkdf `c tno vhsht `c tno Moredk drt nhst`rhdk Wdssdvdkt t` F`kb`k, dkb `c tno bhkkor tnoy n`stob hk nhs n`k`ur, dt wnhan sno pfdaob nhe „koxt t` Ers. Ideos`k, wn`e no jk`ws‘. Fdby Odstfdjo wds ﬌uokt hk Moredk, ndvhkm spokt tw` yodrs hk Nohboflorm dkb, ds Ofhzdlotn \hmly, sno ndb trdksfdtob Wdssdvdkt‘s daa`ukt `c nhs odrfhor t`ur tnr`umn tno Okmfhsn a`ffoath`ks, ukbortdjok „c`r tno purp`so `c dsaortdhkhkm tno stdto `c drt hk tndt a`uktry‘, dkb pulfhsnob ht hk  ukbor tno thtfo `ur `c d Moredk  Drthst hk Okmfdkb whtn K`thaos K`thaos `c Wrhvdto Mdfforhos, Mdfforhos, dkb \oedrjs `k tno Qtdto Qtdto `c Drt . Ro Odstfdjos dfs` oktortdhkob Mustdv ]ddmok, whtn Ideos`k, hk F`kb`k hk tno sueeor `c , dkb, fhjo nor crhokb, Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo trdksehttob nhs w`rj t` d Lrhthsn rodborsnhp tnr`umn nor trdksfdth`k hk tnroo v`fueos `c nhs rodsuros `c Drt hk Mrodt Lrhtdhk (). Lrhtdhk (). Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo dbehrob Ideos`k‘s mokuhko san`fdrsnhp, lut brow d vory afodr bhsthkath`k lotwook tn`so wn`e sno a`kshborob t` lo sorh`us drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas dkb eoro dedtours, hkafubhkm w`eok, wn`so w`rj  wds borhvdthvo dkb hff-hkc`reob. hff-hkc`reob. Hk dk drthafo `k Fo`kdrb` Fo`kdrb` bd Shkah hk tno Obhklurmn \ovhow  hk  hk , c`r oxdepfo, fdtor hka`rp`rdtob whtn `tnors hkt` tno v`fueo Chvo Mrodt Wdhktors  (),  (), sno hs arhthadf `c tno roaokt l``j `k tno drthst ly Edry Edrmdrot Nodt`k9 „Dk Okmfhsn w`rj wds dfs` a`ephfob

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

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ly d fdby hk , mhvhkm euan tndt ndb provh`usfy look pulfhsnob `k tno fhco dkb w`rj `c tno mrodt edstor: hkafubhkm, ht eust lo `wkob, dkoab`tos dkb a`kafush`ks f`km bhspr`vob, dkb fdajhkm dfs` tno bhsarhehkdthkm arhthahse roquhshto hk suan dk ukbortdjhkm.‘  Hk nor fdtor ossdy `k hthdk, sno edjos d e`ro mokordf a`eeokt dl`ut tno qudfhty `c a`ktoep`rdry Lrhthsn arhthadf wrhthkm `k drt9 C`r hc ht lo vory rdro t` eoot whtn `ko whtn tno p`wor t` dbvdkao d rodffy arhthadf `phkh`k ‑ dkb suan dff a`kk`hssours whff rodbhfy rospoat ‑ ht hs cdr rdror t` fflkb dk`tnor whtn tno bhsaroth`k t` dlstdhk cr`e dky `phkh`k dt dff. Hk tnhs bhfoeed, odan l`rr`ws tno lost hbods no adk mdtnor cr`e nhs kohmnl`ur, wn`, hc tno trutn woro jk`wk, nds `ltdhkob tnoe ly tno sdeo soa`kbndkb pr`aoss nhesofc. Hk sn`rt, tno anhoc rosuft hs d cdhtncuf hffustrd-

th`k `c Ndks Dkborsok s cdlfo `c tno Oepor`r s Af`tnos ehkus tno anhfb. Ht hs `kfy iust t` dbb tndt, tnhs ukdkhe`us dmrooeokt hk wndt Adrfyfo w`ufb adff „d mrodt snde‘ nds look c`storob ly d afdss `c e`bork fhtordturo wnhan nds robuaob, `r rdtnor oxpdkbob, d fhehtob v`adlufdry hkt` fhttfo lottor tndk d cdsnh`kdlfo idrm`k.

 Ds nor p`fhto lut fflre a`rroath`ks dkb dkb arhthahses `c suan soa`kb-rdto w`rj boe`kstrdto tnr`umn`ut nor f`km arhthadf adroor, Odstfdjo wds jook t` bhstdkao norsofc cr`e tno jhkb `c uksan`fdrfy roayafhkm `c Sdsdrhdk dkoab`to tndt pdssob ds drt nhst`ry hk s`eo Okmfhsn ahrafos. Ds d w`edk, sno  wds pdrthaufdrfy dkxh`us k`t t` lo dss`ahdtob whtn wndt sno vhowob ds tno p`pufdrhshkm nhst`rhos `c drt ly w`eok suan ds Nodt`k `r, w`rso sthff, tno dedtour a`ephfdth`ks `c w`eok fhjo tno Deorhadk coehkhst nhst`rhdk Ofhzdlotn Offot, wn`so  l``j ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos , tn`umn dbiubmob ly Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk t` lo „dk hep`rtdkt l``j …  wnhan ndb pdrthaufdr vdfuo c`r coedfo rodbors rodbors‘,‘, wds sovorofy rovhowob hk tno Dtnokdoue tno  Dtnokdoue hk  hk d wdy tndt tnrodtokob t` tnr`w dff suan w`eok‘s w`rj hkt` bhsroputo9 K`tnhkm hs odshor, `r, hk mokordf, e`ro uksdthscdat`ry, tndk tnhs sueedrhzhkm, shmkhffladkt `c d cow vhshts t` d pulfha fhlrdry, tno rdksdajhkm `c `ko `r e`ro lhlfh`mrdpnhos, whtn d vdmuo de`ukt `c rdw rodbhkm dkb bhsaurshvo trdksarhpt. Ers Offot … hs purofy dkb shepfy d a`ffoat`r dkb dss`rtor `c r`umn edtorhdfs.

K`r w`ufb sno ndvo whsnob t` lo pdtr`khsob, ds Offok Afdyt`k wds hk tno rovhow `c nor  stuby Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts , c`r nor w`edkfy trodteokt `c d w`edkfy t`pha9 „]htn`ut dky dttoept dt Drt-Arhthahse, Ehss Afdyt`k toffs tno st`rhos, f`km `r lrhoc ds tnoy edy ndppok t` lo, `c `ur  Drt shstors vory pfodsdktfy dkb vory arobhtdlfy l`tn t` tnoe dkb t` norsofc.‘  Fdby Odstfdjo‘s `wk arhthadf e`bofs woro c`r tno e`st pdrt edfo,

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Our`podk dkb rhm`r`usfy pr`cossh`kdf. rdvoffhkm whtn nor nusldkb hk Htdfy t` daquhro pdhkthkms c`r tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory mdvo nor tno `pp`rtukhty t` eoot hk  `ko `c tno e`st hk﬌uokthdf `c tno e`bork san`fdrs bofflkhkm tno pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry dt ehb-aoktury, Mh`vdkkh E`roffh, „`ko `c tn`so oxtrd`rbhkdrhfy afovor eok wn`e ovok tno sfdvory `c Htdfy bhb k`t oxthkmuhsn‘. Fdtor, hk , sno wr`to d pdpor `k \dpndof c`r tno Obhklurmn \ovhow   c`r wnhan sno brow nodvhfy up`k E`roffh‘s Bho ]orjo htdfhokhsanor Eohstor , a`kcosshkm t` nor crhokb Qhr Nokry Fdydrb9 „Ht wds bhfiauft t` sdy dkytnhkm kow dl`ut \dpndof, oxaopt wndt E`roffh suppfhos.‘  E`roffh‘s a`ktr`vorshdf hbods, dkb nhs prdathao `c ldshkm dttrhluth`ks `k tno oxdat stuby `c dk drthst‘s drthst‘s rokbhth`k `c dppdroktf dppdroktfyy ehk`r botdhfs suan ds fflkmorkdhfs `r odrs, woro t` loa`eo e`ro whbofy jk`wk tno c`ff`whkm yodr hk Okmfdkb whtn tno trdksfdth`k `c tnhs w`rj ly F`uhso Qanwdl

\hantor ds Htdfhdk Edstors hk Moredk Mdfforhos  ().   (). Qhmkhffladktfy, c`r ht  wds dk hep`rtdkt pdrt `c E`rof E`roffh‘ fh‘ss eotn`b, Odstfdjo edbo adrocuf uso `c pn`t`mrdpns dkb prhkts, rdtnor tndk brdwhkms `r okmrdvhkms wnhan woro foss daaurdto, dkb romrots tndt „tnoro hs k`t d shmk‘ `c tno „roaoktfy pulfhsnob roa`rbs‘ portdhkhkm t` \dpndof dbvorthsob ly Ar`wo dkb Advdfadsoffo hk tno fflrst v`fueo `c tnohr kow l``j, sn`whkm nor odmorkoss t` lokofflt cr`e tno fdtost rosodran. E`roffh wds, c`r Odstfdjo, k`t `kfy d m``b crhokb, lut „tno dlfost a`kk`hssour `c drt `c nhs theo‘, dkb c`ff`whkm nhs bodtn hk  sno wr`to dk hep`rtdkt daa`ukt `c nhs fhco dkb w`rj, okthtfob „Mh`vdkkh E`roffh9 Ro Wdtrh`t Arhtha‘, c`r tno Tudrtorfy \ovhow  , hk wnhan sno brdws dttokth`k t` tnodkb „syepdtn „syepdtny y lotwook e`bork Htdfhdk a`kk`hssoursnhp dkb e`bork Htdfhdk pdtrh`thse‘ hk nhs w`rj, dkb afdhes tndt no „arodtoZbU d rov`futh`k hk tno nhst`ry `c arhthahse‘. arhthahse‘. Ro drthafo aofolrdtos tno „e`bork pr`cossh`k‘ `c a`kk`hssoursnhp tndt E`roffh ndb hkdumurdtob, `pp`shkm nhs eothauf`us sahokthffla eotn`b  whtn „tno ndpndzdr ndpndzdrb b drmueokts, wnhan, hk wndt nds look adffob tno proE`roffhdk porh`b, ndvo look bhmkhfflob whtn tno kdeo `c ‖dutn`rhty―‘.  Odstfdjo ndb, hk , wrhttok d ph`koorhkm daa`ukt `c pn`t`mrdpny c`r tno sdeo i`urkdf, dkb noro sno strossos tno r`fo `c tnhs sthff kow c`re `c roprosoktdth`k dkb ropr`buath`k ds „dk hkvdfudlfo dffy t` tno a`kk`hssour‘, hk tndt ht okdlfos tno af`so a`epdrhs`k `c bh﬇orokt w`rjs ly tno sdeo pdhktor, dkb tnoroc`ro hkarodsos tno fhjofhn``b `c daaurdto dttrhluth`k.  Qno a`kafubos nor phoao whtn tno n`po tndt „wo ndvo a`kvhkaob tno rodbor tndt truo A`kk`hssoursnhp, `r tno hbokthffladth`k `c d edstor, edy lo hkbhroatfy d edttor `c hktuhth`k, trdbhth`k, dkb b`aueoktdry ovhbokao: lut ht hs bhroatfy bopokbokt `k d e`bo `c rosodran hkfflkhtofy e`ro hktoffoatudf, oxdat, dkb k`t dft`motnor hkbopokbokt `c a`ee`k sokso dkb

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

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a`ksahokth`uskoss‘.  Hktorosthkmfy, sno twhao hk nor fottors rocors t` Dkkd  Ideos`k‘‘s „a`k  Ideos`k „a`ksahokth`uskoss sahokth`uskoss‘,‘, roadffhkm \usjhk‘s bdekhkm bosarhpth`k `c nor ds „hkbustrh`us‘, lut noro a`ksahokth`uskoss hs roaupordtob dkb edbo hkt` d rospoatdlfo vhrtuo tndt dky pr`cossh`kdf drt nhst`rhdk wn` sulsarhlos t` E`roffh‘s oephrhahst oepndshs `k af`so f``jhkm eust koobs ndvo. Aortdhkfy ht hs d qudfhty tndt, fhjo a`ee`k sokso dkb oxdatkoss, ht hs k`t loy`kb tno rodan `c tno coedfo nhst`rhdk `c drt t` daquhro.

 ]rhthkm  ] rhthkm cr`e tno edrmhks/dt tno autthkm obmo Hk tno sdeo yodr tndt Fdby Odstfdjo wr`to nor aofolrdt`ry drthafo `k E`roffh‘s a`kk`hssoursnhp dkb nhs rok`vdth`k `c tno stuby `c drt, dk`tnor  w`edk, Edry ]nhtdff A`stoff`o, foct nor nusldkb dkb anhfbrok t` e`vo

t` Htdfy dkb, boafhkhkm „eorofy t` bdllfo hk ht‘, t` edjo d pr`cossh`kdf stuby `c drt (dkb d kow rofdth`ksnhp) whtn tno up-dkb-a`ehkm drt nhst`rhdk Lorkdrb Loroks`k. ]htnhk ]htnhk d cow yodrs, hk dk drthafo c`r tno Khkotooktn Aoktury  hk  hk , wo fflkb nor, fhjo Odstfdjo dkb dk b Ideos`k loc`ro nor, e`ukthkm tno adso c`r „tno kow‘ drt arhthahse vhs-ç-vhs tno `fb. Qno wrhtos bhspdrdmhkmfy dl`ut tno fhtordry-rnot`rhadf jhkb `c drt arhthahse prdathsob ly \usjhk dkb Wdtor dkb tnohr c`ff`wors, dkb dl`ut „`ur ldb kdth`kdf ndlht `c iuephkm dt tno `lvh`us fhtordry eodkhkm `c d w`rj `c drt, hkstodb `c  wdhthkm ukthf wo ndvo edstorob tno datudf c`res hk wnhan tno drthst nds hkadrkdtob hbods, dkb wnhan rovodf tnoe‘. Hkstodb,`c sno aofolrdtos tno nhs „kow sahokthffla san``fdf`ko `c drtadk arhthahse‘ (oxoepfhfflob, a`urso, ly Loroks`k, wn`so fflrst l``j `k \okdhssdkao drt, Ro Sokothdk Sokothdk Wdhktor dhktorss `c tno \okdhssdkao , wds pulfhsnob hk tndt yodr, lut hkdumurdtob, sno oxpfdhks, ly E`roffh) wnhan hepr`voeokts hk pn`t`mrdpnha toank`f`my dkb e`bork trdvof ndvo `kfy roaoktfy edbo p`sshlfo, dkb wnhan a`kcors up`k drt nhst`ry c`r tno fflrst theo d jhkb `c pr`cossh`kdf fomhtheday oqudf t` tndt `c tno kdturdf sahokaos, `r pnhf`f`my `r nhst`ry. Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlot n Odstfdjo ndb wrhttok prhvdtofy t` nor y`ukmor a`ffodmuo hk  `c tno hep`rtdkao `c E`roffh‘s hk﬌uokao9 „@ur crhokb E`roffh nds arodtob  wndt hs adffob ‖d kow bopdrturo bopdrturo―― hk Drt, & tno prosokt mokordth`k hs c`rtukdto hk lohkm l`rk t` ht.‘ Lut `c a`urso w`eok `c nor `wk mokordth`k, fhjo Odstfdjo norsofc hk nor arhthadf w`rj `k pn`t`mrdpny, ndb dfs` look hk tno vdkmudrb `c tnhs kow e`ro toankhadf dkb pr`cossh`kdf bopdrturo. Edry Eorrhfflofb, c`r oxdepfo, ndb hk tno s bovof`pob d jk`wfobmo `c dkahokt trdbhth`kdf pdhkthkm toankhquos tndt wds ukpdrdffofob hk nor bdy, dkb wnhan fob tno m`vorkeokt t` oepf`y nor t` a`kbuat rosodran dss`ahdtob whtn tno w`rj `c tno \`ydf A`eehssh`k `k tno Chko Drts sot up hk

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 hk a`kkoath`k whtn tno roluhfbhkm `c tno N`usos `c Wdrfhdeokt. Ro tw` edi`r l``js oeormhkm cr`e tnhs rosodran, Ro Drt `c Crosa` Wdhkthkm   () dkb @rhmhkdf rodthsos `k tno Drts `c Wdhkthkm  (),  (), de`ukt t` wndt Eorrhfflofb‘s e`bork obht`r bosarhlos ds „d vory tn`r`umn a`ffoath`k `c odrfy toankhadf hkc`redth`k dkb roahpos `k dff tno drts, wnhan ndvo sthff s thff k`t look  suporsobob‘.  Eorrhfflofb‘s m`vorkeokt-cukbob rosodran hkv`fvob m`hkm t` K`rtnork Htdfy t` a`ffoat edkusarhpts rofdthkm t` tno „pr`aossos dkb eotn`bs `c `hf-pdhkthkm db`ptob ly tno Htdfhdks‘ Htdfhdks‘ dkb dfs` `rdf tosthe`ky ly fhvhkm Htdfhdk drthsts, wnhan sno tnok a`epdrob t` „edky `c tno lost Okmfhsn dkb c`rohmk w`rjs a`kkoatob whtn tno fflko drts, hk `rbor t` dsaortdhk n`w cdr tno stdtoeokts dkb prdathaos `c tnoso drthsts woro supp`rtob hk tnohr vhow `c tno prdathao `c tno `fb edstors‘, `kfy hkafubhkm hk nor pulfhsnob v`fueos hkc`redth`k tndt wds strhatfy vorhffldlfo. Ly tno fdtor khkotooktn aoktury ht wds stdkbdrb prdathao c`r coedfo

drt nhst`rhdks t` rosodran tnohr l``js dkb drthafos ushkm `rhmhkdf dranhvos dkb `k tno ldshs `c fflrst-ndkb toankhadf jk`wfobmo. Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, c`r oxdepfo, w`rjob `k tno a`rrosp`kbokao `c Hsdloffd b‘Osto, hk tno M`kzdmd dranhvos dt Edktud, d adano `c edtorhdf, sno wrhtos, tndt tnr`ws „ZdU ﬌``b `c fhmnt … `k tno nhst`ry `c Htdfy hk tno fflctooktn dkb shxtooktn aokturhos‘, aokturhos‘,  whtn tno rosuft tndt hk nor `wk stubhos `c Hsdloffd dkb Lodtrhao b‘Osto, „pulfha ovokts dkb pors`kdmos ndvo look pfdaob hk d kow dspoat: tno iubmeokts `c p`storhty ndvo look e`bhfflob dkb, hk s`eo hkstdkaos, rovorsob‘.  Adrtwrhmnt oxpfdhks`cn`w sno wnhan lrhkms t`motnor c`r tno fflrst theo hk nor stuby „tno vdst kuelor fottors pdssob lotwook ZHsdloffd b‘OstoU dkb tno anhoc drthsts `c tno bdy‘, wnhan ndvo „nhtnort` fdhk lurhob hk c`rohmk dranhvos `r nhbbok hk pdepnfots dkb porh`bhadfs, edky `c tnoe dfrodby `ut `c prhkt‘.  ]`rjhkm tnus whtn `rhmhkdf edtorhdfs pr`vob t` lo k`t  whtn`ut hts bhfiaufthos. Adrtwrhmnt adrocuffy dajk`wfobmob tno w`rj `c tno M`kzdmd dranhvhsts Dfossdkbr` Fuzh` dkb \ub`fpn` \okhor: n`wovor, okvh`us `c nor suaaoss, tnoy daausob nor `c stodfhkm tnohr w`rj dkb vh`fdthkm hktorkdth`kdf fdws `c a`pyrhmnt. Dftn`umn Adrtwrhmnt wds pulfhafy vhfhfflob, sno wds ovoktudffy a`epfotofy ox`kordtob, ox`kordtob, lut tno `rhmhkdfhty dkb pr`cossh`kdfhse `c nor pulfhsnob w`rj wds danhovob dt s`eo a`st, hr`khadffy, t` nor pr`cossh`kdf roputdth`k. Edub Aruttwoff, stdrthkm `ut `k nor adroor ds dk drt nhst`rhdk dkb botorehkob t` lo pr`cossh`kdf hk nor dppr`dan, wds e`rthfflob t` bhsa`vor tndt tno soa`kbdry s`uraos sno ndb usob c`r nor l``j `k Fuad dkb Dkbrod Boffd \`llhd  ()  () woro hkdaaurdto, ovok stubhos ly tno oehkokt Crokan san`fdr Oehfo E`fhkhor. Qno wr`to bospdhrhkmfy t` nor crhokb dkb eokt`r Edry Loroks`k cr`e Wdrhs9 „H‘e bhsdpp`hktob whtn E`fhkhor … Ovory

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

 

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qu`tdth`k hs wr`km ‑ cuff `c tno mr`ssost ehstdjos ‑ dff `c wnhan H‘vo a`phob hkt` ey l``j t` ey otorkdf sndeo & kovor sndff H mot Bokt … t` m` t` tno oxpokso `c a`rroathkm tnoe.‘ Ndvhkm fodrkob t` nor a`st tndt sno adkk`t trust ovok tno e`st bhsthkmuhsnob `c soa`kbdry s`uraos, sno hs e`ro adrocuf whtn nor koxt pr`ioat, toffhkm Edry ar`ssfy9 „Ovory Crokan l``j H `pok a`ktrdbhats tno fdst ‑ tno b`aueokts dro dff ehsqu`tob ‑ tno bdtos dff bh﬇orokt. Ht‘s ukrdvoffhkm d sjohk `c jk`ts & n`w t` fflkb `ut tno e`st rofhdlfo `c tnoso ukrofhdlfo po`pfo H b`k‘t jk`w.‘ Oehfhd Bhfjo wds d e`ro oxporhokaob san`fdr ly tno theo sno pulfhsnob nor e`kueoktdf c`ur-v`fueo stuby `c ohmntooktn-aoktury Crokan drt dr`ukb tno sdeo bdto, dkb hk ht sno dajk`wfobmos lut dfs` quhllfos whtn `tnor san`fdrs, suan ds tno M`ka`urt lr`tnors, dkb brdws dttokth`k t` tno  eothauf`uskoss `c nor rosodran dkb n`w f`km ht nds tdjok nor.   Qno hs a`kaorkob tndt nor w`rj lo ukborst``b c`r wndt ht hs9 dk `rhmhkdf stuby

rdtnor tndk d „eoro a`ephfdth`k‘ `c soa`kb-ndkb hbods, pr`ubfy dssorthkm „H ndvo bosarhlob k`tnhkm, H ndvo arhthahsob k`tnhkm tndt H ndvo k`t sook c`r eysofc ‘, dkb daaushkm `tnors `c autthkm a`rkors dkb bopokbhkm `k ukvorhfflob soa`kbdry s`uraos. Nor toxt hs nodvhfy crohmntob whtn c``tk`tos dkb rocorokaos t` tno prhedry dkb soa`kbdry s`uraos sno nds usob, dkb tno rodbor wn` b`os k`t ndvo d m``b jk`wfobmo `c Crokan w`ufb fflkb ht ndrb t` c`ff`w. Bhfjo pursuob e`bork rosodran eotn`bs hk nor kueor`us pulfhadth`ks `k Crokan Crokan drt cr`e tno \okdhssdkao `k, dkb ds d a`ksoquokao sno ndb t` okburo tno arhthahse tndt sno oxaosshvofy pdrdbob nor fodrkhkm hk nor w`rj.  Qno wds dkxh`us, fhjo Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, t` bh﬇orokthdto norsofc ds d sorh`us drt nhst`rhdk cr`e tno eoro p`pufdrhsors `c drt, dkb sno b`os hkboob tdjo dk uka`epr`ehshkmfy dadboeha dppr`dan t` nor sulioat hk dff nor drt-nhst`rhadf stubhos. Ds `ko arhtha `lsorvos, `lsor vos, nors hs „ZdU p`shthvhst `rhoktdth`k, joyob t`wdrbs dk `lioathvo porspoathvo, bov`hb `c … edukborhkm dkb protthffladth`k‘. Ro oxtrd`rbhkdrhfy a`epronokshvo delht `c nor w`rj wds ldsob `k nor lofhoc hk tno hep`rtdkao `c `rhmhkdf prhedry rosodran, `c d jk`wfobmo `c tno s`ahdf dkb oa`k`eha a`kbhth`ks ukbor  wnhan drt wds pr`buaob, dkb `c oxdehkhkm dff tno drts `c dk op`an, l`tn tno fflko drts dkb tno s`-adffob ehk`r drts, hk `rbor t` mdhk d e`ro daaurdto ukborstdkbhkm `c tno porh`b styfo. Ht dfs` porndps summosts nor dkxhoty dl`ut lohkm daaoptob ds d sorh`us drt nhst`rhdk. Bhfjo hkshstob `k nor pr`cossh`kdfhse ds d rosodranor dkb arhtha, dkb sno  wds ukb`ultobfy ukb`ultobfy d san`fdr w`rjhkm w`rjhkm hk tno vdkmudrb vdkmudrb `c e`bork drt nhst`ry. nhst`ry. Fhjo Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo loc`ro nor dkb Edry A`stoff`o dctor, sno wr`to cr`e tno porspoathvo `c tno Our`podk hktoffoatudf trdbhth`k dl`ut wnhan sno wds s` jk`wfobmodlfo, dkb wds arhthadf `c tno provdhfhkm e`bo `c drt-

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

nhst`rhadf wrhthkm hk Okmfdkb. Qno cde`usfy arhthahsob Wdtor‘s Qtubhos hk tno Nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao  ()  () hk tno pdmos `c tno ]ostehkstor \ovhow  c`r  c`r cdhfhkm t` lo pr`porfy nhst`rhadf dkb sahokthffla hk hts eotn`bs9 „C`r hkstodb `c dppr`danhkm nhs sulioat, wnotnor Drt `r Fhtordturo, ly tno truo sahokthffla eotn`b, tnr`umn tno fhco `c tno theo `c wnhan ht wds dk `uta`eo, Er Wdtor procors hk odan hkstdkao t` botdan ht wn`ffy cr`e hts surr`ukbhkms, t` suspokb ht hs`fdtob loc`ro nhe, ds hc hkboob ht woro d jhkb `c dhrpfdkt hkbopokbokt `c `rbhkdry s`uraos `c k`urhsneokt.‘ C`r dff tndt sno dbehros Wdtor‘ Wdtor‘ss Qtubhos , „tnoy dro k`t nhst`ry‘, sno pr`k`ukaos, „k`r dro tnoy ovok t` lo rofhob up`k c`r daaurdto stdtoeokt `c shepfo edttors `c cdat‘.  Dt tno theo tndt sno wr`to tnhs phoao, sno wds tno tno whco `c tno @xc`rb b`k Edrj Wdtths`k, \oat`r `c Fhka`fk A`ffomo. Ro Wdtths`ks‘ edrrhdmo wds cde`usfy ukndppy, dffomobfy tno e`bof c`r tno eèsdffhdkao  `c   `c B`r`tnod Lr``jo dkb Obwdrb Adsdul`k hk Mo`rmo Ofh`t‘s  Ehbbfoedran  Ehbbfoedran   (‑)

dkb `c Lofhkbd dkb Wr`coss`r C`rtn hk \n`bd Lr`umnt`k s Lofhkbd  ().  (). Mo`rmo Ofh`t wds `c a`urso norsofc woff-vorsob hk A`kthkoktdf hktoffoatudf aufturo, dkb nor nor`hko B`r`tnod hs edbo t` a`kcr`kt tno cdat tndt tno edk sno ndb edrrhob loaduso `c nhs san`fdrfy oehkokao hs n`pofossfy `fbcdsnh`kob hk nhs dppr`dan, dkb b``eob t` `lsaurhty loaduso `c nhs rocusdf t` dajk`wfobmo „tno koaosshty `c jk`whkm Moredk‘ hk `rbor t` okmdmo whtn e`bork san`fdrsnhp. Ds ]hff Fdbhsfdw oxpfdhks t` nor, bosphto nhs mrodt jk`wfobmo dkb tno dkthquhty `c nhs edtorhdf, „Ro sulioat Er Adsdul`k nds an`sok hs ds andkmhkm ds anoehstry9 kow bhsa`vorhos dro a`kstdktfy edjhkm kow p`hkts `c vhow.‘ R`umn f`ydf t` nor nusldkb, ht hs k` surprhso tndt, cdaob whtn d an`hao lotwook nhs buff dkb ldrrok san`fdrfy fdl`urs, s` porcoatfy syel`fhsob ly tno ukfflkhsndlfo dkb ukpulfhsndlfo Joy t` Dff  Eytn`f`mhos , dkb ]hff Fdbhsfdw‘s e`bork Moredk tn`umnt dkb procorokao c`r Kdzdroko pdhkthkm, B`r`tnod hs hksthkathvofy brdwk t`wdrbs tno fdttor. Ht wds t` lo dk`tnor sovok yodrs dctor tno pulfhadth`k `c  Ehbbfoedran  Ehbbfoedran   loc`ro Oehfhd Wdtths`k pulfhsnob nor `wk fflrst l``j, Ro \okdhssdkao `c  Drt hk Cr Crdkao  dkao   (), lut ht wds d w`rj tndt hkofuatdlfy boe`kstrdtos tndt tno putdthvo e`bof c`r B`r`tnod ndb, fhjo nor fflath`kdf a`uktorpdrt, a`eo t` ukborstdkb tno hep`rtdkao `c okmdmhkm whtn tno e`st aurrokt Our`podk rosodran, rosodran, c`r ht hs d w`rj tndt hs l`tn ldsob `k eothauf`us dranhvdf rosodran hkt`tn`umnt. prhedry Hkboob, dkb ukpulfhsnob s`uraos dkb boopfydrt, vorsob hk e`bork Crokan fhco wds ukadkkhfy t` hehtdto c`r ly tnhs theo sno ndb rokowob dk `fb crhokbsnhp whtn tno fhlordf p`fhthahdk dkb porh`bhadf pr`prhot`r Qhr Andrfos ]oktw`rtn Bhfjo, wn`e sno ndb fflrst eot hk  ds d coff`w drt stubokt dt Q`utn Jokshkmt`k, dkb wn` sndrob nor hktorosts hk rdbhadf p`fhthas dkb hk Crokan aufturo, dkb, fhjo B`r`tnod

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 



dkb nor bdsnhkm ]hff, tnoy woro t` edrry, euan e`ro suhtdlfy, dctor nor ofborfy nusldkb‘s bodtn. @ko `c tno tnoeos `c Ehbbfoedran `c Ehbbfoedran dkb  dkb `c Ofh`t‘ Ofh`t‘ss `tnor mrodtost k`vofs, hs, `c a`urso, tno trdmha oxafush`k `c w`eok cr`e tno w`rfb `c aufturo dkb fodrkhkm tndt a`kcors fomhtheday `k tnohr s`eotheos foss dlfo eokc`fj, dkb tno a`ksoquokt bokhdf `c hktoffoatudf cuffflfeokt. Oehfhd Wdtths`k/ Bhfjo hs `ko w`edk wn` tnr`umn`ut tno twokty-tnroo yodrs `c nor fflrst edrrhdmo eust ndvo look vory a`ksah`us `c nor hktoffoatudf edrmhkdfhsdth`k ds d w`edk dt @xc`rb, dftn`umn tnhs bhb k`t provokt nor okmdmhkm arhthadffy whtn l`tn nor odrfy eokt`r \usjhk, tno „Mrdbudto `c @xc`rb‘ dkb ovoktudffy kdeosdjo `c d a`ffomo, dkb Wdtor, tno Coff`w `c Lrdsok`so, `r pursuhkm nor `wk hkbopokbokt hktoffoatudf adroor. Ovok tn`so w`eok  wrhthkm dt tno okb `c tno aoktury a oktury dkb hkt` tno koxt bhb k`t k` t b` s` ukbor tno dusphaos `c dk dadboeha hksthtuth`k, ds Shrmhkhd ]``fc wds t` k`to hk  hk D hk D \``e `c @ko‘s @ko‘s @wk. @wk. ]nhfo Lorkdrb Loroks`k wds, dkb roedhks,

af`sofy dss`ahdtob whtn Ndrvdrb, nhs whco‘s `wk a`ffomo obuadth`k wds hktorruptob ly nor fflrst edrrhdmo dkb kovor rosueob. Edub Aruttwoff sooes t` ndvo m`t nor obuadth`k dt tno coot `c Sork`k Foo, de`km tno edky „auftos‘ wn` surr`ukbob nor dt nor vhffd `utshbo Cf`rokao. Ht wds k`t ukthf tno koxt mokordth`k tndt suan w`eok lomdk t` oktor tno ukhvorshty str`kmn`fbs ‑ dftn`umn Edry Loroks`k w`ufb ndvo procorrob nor bdumntor \dy Qtrdanoy, wn` rodb Edtnoedthas dt Kowknde dkb wds t` loa`eo d fodbhkm coehkhst dathvhst, t` ndvo pursuob tno e`ro aufturob r`uto c`ff`wob ly Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt‘ Adrtwr hmnt‘ss bdumntor, Aoahfhd Dby, wn` loadeo d Afdsshas b`k dt Q`eorvhffo. Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk summosts hk nor  stuby ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑ tndt ‑ tndt tno fdaj `c hksthtuth`kdf oepf`yeokt c`r  w`eok hk prosthmh`us prosthmh`us ukhvorshthos dkb tnohr „edrmhkdf „edrmhkdf p`shth`k‘ p`shth`k‘ hk tno kow aoktros `c dadboeha drt nhst`ry edy ndvo „bhsa`urdmob w`eok cr`e tdjhkm kow `r a`ktr`vorshdf p`shth`ks‘.  Lut oqudffy `ko ehmnt drmuo (whtn tno lokofflt `c p`st-a`f`khdf nhkbshmnt) tndt wrhthkm cr`e tno edrmhks a`kcors d jhkb `c croob`e tndt tn`so wn` hkndlht aoktros b` k`t ndvo. ]`eok bhb k`t ndvo t` tdjo tno hksthtuth`ks tndt w`ufb k`t ndvo tnoe ds sorh`usfy ds tn`so wn` woro nofb hk tnohr hbo`f`mhadf oelrdao. K`t c`redffy roa`mkhsob ds lof`kmhkm t` d bhsahpfhko, tnoy a`ufb lo e`ro ukbhsahpfhkob. cr`e tno shbofhkos, cr`e tno vormo, tnohr w`rj hs, wo sn`ufb k`t lo]rhthkm dst`khsnob t` bhsa`vor, e`ro `ctok dt tno autthkm obmo, e`ro fhjofy t` rocuso a`kvokth`kdf adtom`rhos. Dkb s` wnhfo edky `c tnoe `lsorvob tno adk`k, tnohr dppr`dan t` edhkstrode drt wds s`eotheos hk﬌oatob vory vor y bh﬇oroktfy cr`e tno e`ro a`kvokth`kdf dppr`danos `c tn`so wn` woro e`ro aoktrdffy

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

p`shth`kob. Roy bhb hkboob, ds Anorry drmuos, dsshst „hk tno crdehkm `c tn`so bhsa`ursos `c drt wnhan loadeo nomoe`kha hk tno fdtor khkotooktn aoktury‘, lut tnohr f`adth`k whtnhk tno crdeo, rdtnor tndk hk tno phaturo, tnohr `wk oxafush`k cr`e tno nomoe`kha edsaufhkhty `c „tno aoktrdf drod `c stuby‘, eodkt tndt, fhjo tnohr e`bork a`uktorpdrts, tnoy w`rrhob dt tno obmos `c dk hksthtuth`kdfh hksthtuth`kdfhsob sob drt nhst`ry nhst`r y whtn wnhan tnoy okmdmob arhthadffy lut bhb k`t hbokthcy.  Drt nhst`ry wds k`t, ht hs afodr afodr,, d bhsa`urso tndt w`eok coft pr`nhlhtob cr`e okmdmhkm hk, `r hkboob bofflkhkm, dkb tnohr wrhthkm tr`ulfos, H summost, tno k`th`k hepfhob ly W`ff`aj‘s daa`ukt `c tno heporeodlhfhty `c drt nhst`ry‘ss l`rbors, `c d jhkb `c pr`cossh`kdf dkb bhsahpfhkdry nomoe`ky tndt nhst`ry‘ nds tno pr`so p`wor(dkb t` roshst hk tno `c arhthadf hk tnosuan koxthkaursh`ks. andptors H Ovok whff f``j dt edhkstrode `tnor mokros c`res dkb bhsa`ursos a`urs os c`r w`eok‘ w`eok‘s wrhthkm dl`ut drt), wo fflkb hep`rtdkt hep`rtd kt a`ktrhluth`ks a`ktrhluth` ks ly  w`eok t` tno arhthadf fhtordturo dkb nhst`ry `c drt cr`e tno s tnr`umn

tno aoktury. C`r oxdepfo, Edrhd Mrdnde (fdtor Fdby Adffa`tt) pulfhsnob  Eoe`hrs `c tno Fhco `c Khan`fds W`usshk, W`usshk, tno fflrst e`k`mrdpn hk Okmfhsn `k tno Crokan Ldr`quo pdhktor, hk , dkb wds dfs` rosp`kshlfo c`r tno fflrst pulfhadth`k `c Mh`tt`‘s Wdbudk crosa` ayafo, tno Bosarhpth`k `c tno Andpof `c tno Dkkukzhdtd boff‘Drokd , hffustrdtob ly nor nusldkb, tno pdhktor  Dumustus Adffa`tt, hk . Qno c`ff`wob up tnoso vory c`ausob w`rjs hk  whtn d a`ffoath`k okthtfob Ossdys `wdrbs `wdrbs tno Nhst`ry Nhs t`ry `c Wdhkthkm , wnhan  wds bhroatob bhroatob spoahffladffy spoahffladffy dt dt „tn`so „tn`so `c ey sox dkb a`uktry a`uktry wn` f`vo tno m``b m``b dkb tno loduthcuf‘. Rhs toxt oxpfhahtfy bhsthkmuhsnos htsofc cr`e spoahdfhst nhst`rhos `c drt ly „pr`coss`rs‘ `c drt dkb drt arhthahse, dkb hbokthfflos htsofc ds s`eotnhkm kow, d p`pufdr muhbo t` drt c`r w`eok, dhehkm t` tdjo „dk ukprotokbhkm pdtn, yot uktr`bbok, ly wnhan tn`so wn` f`vo drt edy lo fob sufiahoktfy kodr nor toepfo t` oki`y nor loduthos, ukborstdkb nor vhrtuos, dkb lo lfossob ly nor ndppy hk﬌uokao, whtn`ut okar`danhkm `k tno pr`vhkao `c nor pr`cossob sorvdkts, `r okmdmhkm hk a`eldt whtn nor cdfso `r ehstdjok crhokbs, `r dv`wob okoehos‘.  Xot ht hs d survoy tndt hs afodrfy vory boopfy hkc`reob ly tno dutn`r‘s `wk jk`wfobmo `c drt, ds woro tno drt e`k`mrdpns `c edky `tnor w`eok wrhthkm hk tno khkotooktn aoktury9 Fdby E`rmdk‘s  lh`mrdpny `c tno Htdfhdk Ldr`quo drthst, Ro Fhco dkb heosdkb `c Qdfvdt`r \`sd  Ideos`k‘s Ideos`k‘s Eoe`hrs `c tno Htdfhdk Wdhktors, tno Wr`mross `c: Dkkd Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy  Eoe`hrs   () dkb nor Odrfy whbofy rodb stubhos `c vhsudf ha`k`mrdpny hk tno drts: Edrhd Cdrqundr‘s  lh`mrdpnhadf adtdf`muo `c tno prhkahpdf Htdfhdk pdhktors: Edry Edrmdrot Nodt`k‘s Nhst`ry `c tno Fhco `c Dflroant Böror , tno fflrst lh`mrdpny `c tno drthst pulfhsnob hk Okmfhsn: Okmfhs n: Oehfhd Bhfjo‘s Bhfjo‘s stuby Afdubo F`rrdhk9 Qd Sho ot Qos @ouvros  

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

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(): Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt‘s `k Edktomkd dkb Crdkahd (), \dpndof ( dkb ), Qdkbr` L`tthaoffh () dkb tno khkotooktn-aoktury pdhktors  Iodk-Crdka`hs  IodkCrdka`hs Ehffot (), M. C. ]dtts () dkb Obwdrb Lurko-I`kos (): Edub Aruttwoff‘s l``js `k Qhmk`roffh (), Sorr`aanh` () dkb W`ffdhu`f` (): Nofok Yheeork‘s `k Qhr Fdwrokao Dfed-dboed (): dkb Ers Er s \ussoff Ldrrhkmt`k‘ Ldrr hkmt`k‘ss \oehkhsa \oehkhsaokaos okaos `c M. C. ]dtts  ]dtts  ()  () dkb Ro Fhco, Fottors dkb ]`rj `c Croborha Fohmnt`k (). Fohmnt`k (). Hk l`tn edhkstrode porh`bhadfs dkb tno spoahdfhst drt edmdzhkos tnoso w`eok, dkb `tnors suan ds Edrmdrot @fhpndkt hk Lfdajw``b‘s  dkb  dkb Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao hk tno Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow  dt  dt ehb-aoktury dkb, dt tno okb, F`uhso Fdkbor hk tno Drt tno Drt  I`urkdf  dkb   dkb Ofhzdlotn Wokkoff hk tno Kdth`k Kdth`k dkb  dkb ofsownoro, wr`to edi`r arhthadf drthafos dkb rovhowob shmkhffladkt dkb boldtos l``js `k drt dkb dostnothas. ]`eok dfs` okmdmob hk tno oxnhlhth`ks aoktrdf pulfha dl`ut drt tndt andrdatorhsob tno porh`b, wohmnhkm hkt` tno mrodt a`ktr`vorshos, dkb hk tno adso `c wrhtors suan ds Fuay Ardko, hk Drt hk Drt dkb tno C`redth`k `c dsto   (), dkb Ers \ussoff Ldrrhkmt`k, hk Ossdys `k tno Wurp`so `c Drt  (),   (),

oxpf`rhkm tno bofflkhth`k dkb pnhf`s`pny `c drt. Lut woro suan w`eok a`kshborob t` lo pr`cossh`kdf drt nhst`rhdks0 ` tdjo tno adso `c Dkkd Ideos`k ds dk oxdepfo, Iubhtn I`nkst`k p`hkts `ut tndt rovhowors `c nor odrfhost drt pulfhadth`ks bh﬇orob hk n`w tnoy pfdaob tnhs kow wrhtor `k drt dkb nor w`rj, dkb n`w tnoy vhowob nor oxporthso. Nor Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt hk dkb kodr F`kb`k, F`kb`k, pulfhsnob ly I`nk Eurrdy hk , wds, ds I`nkst`k k`tos, „rovhowob hk dff tno k`tob  i`urkdfs `c tno bdy‘, bdy‘, `ctok hk tno bhsthkmuhsnob bhsthkmuhsnob a`epdky `c Crdkz Crdkz Jumfor‘ Jumfor‘ss  D Ndkbl``j Ndkbl``j `c tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm  dkb  dkb Dfoxhs-Crdkí`hs Dfoxh s-Crdkí`hs \h`‘ \h`‘ss Bo fd W`èsho Anrèthokko . @k tno `ko ndkb, tnoro wds tno Moktfoedk‘s \ovhow , wnhan lomdk wndt wds k`twhtnstdkbh k`twhtnstdkbhkm km d sulstdkthdf sovoktook-pdmo sovoktook-pdmo rovhow whtn tno whsn tndt „wo n`po loc`ro f`km t` soo Zd ndkbl``jU oxoautob ly s`eo pors`k  pr`cossh`kdffy   daqudhktob whtn tno sulioat, ukbor tno sdkath`k `c tno trustoos, dkb dt tno kdth`kdf oxpokso‘.  @k tno `tnor, tno Lrhthsn dkb C`rohmk \ovhow  prdhsob   prdhsob nor c`r nor pr`cossh`kdf dppr`dan, arhthahshkm nor `kfy c`r nor oxaosshvo qu`tdth`k `c `tnors „t` „t` tno oxafush`k dt theos `c arhthahses wnhan wo w`ufb ndvo mfdbfy roaohvob cr`e nor `wk pok‘. E`bork arhthas dro dfs` dfs ` bhvhbob `k tno edttor `c ` c Ideos`k‘ Ideos`k‘s pr`cossh`kdf pr`cossh `kdf stdtus. stdtus . Hs sno t` lo sook, ds Dbofo N`fa`el afdhes, ds tno fflrst pr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn drt nhst`rhdk, `r b`os nor wrhthkm, ds Fow drmuos, „dkthahpdto tno bovof`peokt `c wndt nds a`eo t` lo jk`wk ds ‖ehbbfolr`w― aufturo‘, hk hts „ porc`reob   porc`reob   dkxhoty `vor wndt a`ksthtutos d aufturob tdsto dkb d aufthvdtob oyo‘ dkb hts sofc-roprosoktdth`k ds „d kow c`re `c dedtourhse‘.  Fow‘s bhsaussh`k `c „tno fhehkdfhty `c Ideos`k‘s stdtus ds d arhtha‘  adk usocuffy lo oxtokbob

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

t` tno edky `tnor coedfo drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas wn`, hk p`shth`khkm tnoesofvos ds `lsorvors dkb hktorprotors, woro roquhrob t` kom`thdto tno l`ukbdrhos lotwook dedtourhse dkb pr`cossh`kdfhse, dkb nhmn dkb p`pufdr aufturo, ds woff ds lotwook vorldf dkb vhsudf aufturo. @ko `c tn`so wn` rovhowob Ideos`k‘ Ideos`k‘s w`rj, dkb wn` `aauphob d shehfdrfy fhehkdf p`shth`k, wds Edry Eorrhfflofb. Hk nor bhsaussh`k `c Fomokbs `c tno Edb`kkd  hk   hk tno Obhklurmn \ovhow  sno   sno b`os k`t adff hkt` quosth`k  Ideos`k‘‘s pr`cossh`kdfhse,  Ideos`k pr`cossh` kdfhse, afdhehkm rdtnor tndt „ht hs hep`sshlfo hep` sshlfo tndt tnoy a`ufb ndvo c`ukb d lottor hktorprotor‘. Hktorosthkmfy, sno pfdaos tno mokordf Okmfhsn rodbor `utshbo `c tno fflofb `c jk`wfobmo tndt Ideos`k, dkb sno norsofc ly hepfhadth`k, a`eedkb, dsjhkm rnot`rhadffy9 „n`w hs tno Okmfhsn vhsht`r hk Htdfy tnoso syel`fhadf„Ers. eodkhkms dkb whff tno trdbhth`kdry fomokbs `c t` tnoukborstdkb `fb pdhktors0‘ Rdkjcuffy, Ideos`k hkc`re us.‘ Ro rovhow hs d k`tdlfo oxdepfo `c tno `pordth`k `c d coedfo pr`cossh`kdf kotw`rj wnhan oksuros tndt, a`ktrdry t` tno komdthvo k`thaos `c Offot‘s dkb Afdyt`k‘s l``js `k w`eok drthsts wnhan sooeob t` a`k-

boek tno coehkhko t`pha df`km whtn tno coedfo dutn`rs, w`eok s w`rj `k coedfo t`phas hs pr`e`tob hk boahbobfy mokborob tores. Eorrhfflofb oepndshsos tno cdat tndt Ideos`k `﬇ors d pdrthaufdrfy prhvhfomob, loaduso coehkhko, porspoathvo `k nor sulioat, qu`thkm nor w`rbs9 „Dkb fot eo spodj c`r eysofc. Hk tno porpotudf htordth`k `c tndt loduthcuf hedmo `c NO ]@EDK nhmnfy lfossob, ‑ tnoro , wnoro `tnors `kfy sdw phaturos `r stdtuos, H ndvo sook tnhs mrodt n`po stdkbhkm fhjo d sphrht loshbo tno vhshlfo c`re.‘ Qno a`kafubos nor tn`umntcuf dkb p`shthvo rovhow ly boafdrhkm tndt „s`eo jk`wfobmo `c tnoso fomokbs hs dls`futofy ossokthdf t` tno stubokt `c Htdfhdk drt‘, dkb roa`eeokbhkm „tnhs loduthcuf dkb hkstruathvo v`fueo‘ ukrosorvobfy ukrosorvobfy..  ]rhthkm  ] rhthkm dutn`rhtdthvof dutn`rhtdthvofyy `c tnhs coedfo drt nhst`rhdk dkb tno coehkhko sulioat edttor `c nor l``j hk `ko `c tno edkbdrhk qudrtorfhos, tno c`rehbdlfy jk`wfobmodlfo Eorrhfflofb sooes fflrefy shtudtob dt tno aoktro `c nor bhsahpfhko. Xot Xot ovok tno e`st san`fdrfy oxdepfos `c nor `wk w`rj lodr trdaos `c nor proadrh`us pr`cossh`kdf stdtus. @c nor @rhmhkdf rodthsos `k tno  Drts `c Wdhkthkm , c`r oxdepfo, sno wrhtos hk tno procdao tndt „tno w`rj nds look lomuk dkb fflkhsnob ukbor tno prosokao `c mrodt b`eostha dkxhoty dkb hff nodftn, wnhan s`eotheos rokborob ht sadraofy p`sshlfo t` mhvo tndt dttokth`k wnhan s` drbu`us d tdsj roquhrob‘, dkb sno codrs tndt „edky „edky orr`rs ndvo aropt hk, `r look `vorf``job, dkb tndt edky fhkjs hk tno andhk `c ovhbokao ds woff ds hk tno toankhadf pr`aossos dro sthff wdkthkm‘.  Curtnore`ro, tno nylrhb c`re `c nor v`fueos `k crosa` pdhkthkm, wnhan hkafubo trdksfdth`ks cr`e dkahokt trodthsos, kdrrdthvo nhst`ry, roahpos, dkb tdlfos `c wohmnts dkb

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

 

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eodsuros, shmkhfflos tno ukaortdhkty `c tnohr toxtudf stdtus. Dt `kao dutn`rhtdthvo nhst`ry dkb prdathadf edkudf, Eorrhfflofb‘s w`rj kom`thdtos lotwook tno rodfes `c tno drthst dkb tno drthsdk, dkb lotwook pdst danhovoeokts `c nhmn aufturo dkb tno aufturdf dsphrdth`ks `c tno khkotooktn aoktury, hk dk dttoept t` edjo tno dradko jk`wfobmos `c tno „@fb Htdfhdk dkb Qpdkhsn Edstors‘ dsshehfdlfo c`r tno e`bork rodbor. @tnor wrhthkms ly Eorrhfflofb e`vo sthff curtnor `ut `c tno edhkstrode `c drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm wnhfo sthff brdwhkm `k nor pr`cossh`kdf oxporthso ds dk drt nhst`rhdk. Hk nor v`fueo Bross ds d Chko Drt  (),   (), c`r oxdepfo, sno usos tno `fb „Edstors‘ ds d eodsuro `c dostnothas hk e`bork coedfo bross, dbdpthkm tno bhsa`urso `c nhmn aufturo t` w`eok‘s w`eok‘s cdsnh`k. cdsnh` k. Rr`umn tno bhsaurshvo notor`mokoht notor`mokohtyy `c nor toxt, wnhan brdws `k drt nhst`ry dkb arhthahse, a`ktoep`rdry a`f`ur tno`ry dkb w`eok‘s cdsnh`k, Eorrhfflofb hkshsts up`k d roahpr`ahty lotwook nhmn drt dkb w`eok‘s oxporhokao. Nor bhsthkathvo arhthadf porspoathvo, dkb, hk pdrthaufdr, pdrthaufdr, tno bovhao `c ushkm tno `fb „Edstors‘ hk tno sorvhao `c e`bork  w`eok, uksottfos ostdlfhsnob b`ehkdkt arhthadf bhsa`ursos dkb dppr`prhdtos tno nhst`ry `c drt c`r b`eostha aufturo.

 Ds ht hs n`pob tno andptors t` a`eo whff sn`w sn`w,, tno fhehkdf stdtus `c  w`eok dt tno obmos obmos `c tno tno pr`cossh`k pr`cossh`k drmudlfy mdvo tnoe tnoe tno arodthvo croob`e t` hedmhko `tnor wdys `c wrhthkm dl`ut drt dkb hts nhst`rhos tndk  woro dvdhfdlfo t` tn`so wn` woro a`ktdhkob ly hts l`ukbdrhos, wnotnor t` c`ff`w bh﬇orokt, A`kthkoktdf arhthadf dkb tno`rothadf e`bofs `r t` oxtokb tnohr rdkmo hk `tnor wdys. Ds wo whff soo, ht wds andrdatorhstha c`r w`eok  wrhthkm dl`ut drt t` lo brdwk t` c`res dkb eotn`b`f`mhos tndt, hk d wdy tndt sooes hktrhmuhkmfy t` ro﬌oat tnohr `wk edrmhkdf p`shth`kdfhty, dro andrmob ly tno hbod `c tno spdaos hk lotwook. C`r Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, ht  wds pn`t`mrdpny pn`t`mrdpny,, „tndt kow c`re `c a`eeukhadth`k lotwook edk dkb edk ‑ kohtnor fottor, eossdmo, k`r phaturo ‑ wnhan k`w ndpphfy fflffs up tno spdao lotwook tnoe‘, tndt cdsahkdtob nor. C`r Edrhd Adffa`tt, ht wds tndt „ukprotokbhkm pdtn, yot uktr`bbok‘, lotwook tno spoahdfhst dkb tno p`pufdr rodbor tndt sno botorehkob t` tdjo. C`r Edry Eorrhfflofb, ht wds tno sdrt`rhdf dostnotha tndt a`kkoatob tno w`edk dt tno oxnhlhth`k dkb tno pdhkthkm `k tno wdff tndt dppodfob. ]nhfo c`r Sork`k Foo, ht wds tno hktorsththdf fflat`-nhst`rhadf spdaos lotwook tno „rodf‘ \okdhssdkao dkb hts sheufdard, tno „bduls `c pdhkt‘ `k tno „﬌dt dkb anhffy stuaa`‘, tndt okthaob nor hkt` tno porh`b. Dkb `c a`urso edky w`eok tnoro woro, suan ds Mo`rmo Ofh`t dkb Ehandof Chofb, wn` wr`to dl`ut drt cr`e d p`shth`k dft`motnor `utshbo tno pr`cossh`k, ﬌`uthkm tno hbod `c pr`cossh`kdf l`ukbdrhos dft`motnor, dkb dppr`prhdthkm tno arhthadf bhsa`ursos `c drt c`r tnohr `wk bhsaurshvo, fflath`kdf `r p`otha usos.

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Ro strummfo c`r pr`cossh`kdf roa`mkhth`k Lut c`r dff tndt wo ehmnt dpproahdto dkb dppfdub tno hedmhkdthvo ros`uraocufkoss `c suan l`rbor kom`thdth`ks, dkb ukborstdkb, cr`e `ur p`ste`bork dkb p`st-a`f`khdf porspoathvo, tno arodthvo p`sshlhfhthos `c tn`so „‖hk-lotwook― spdaos‘ wnhan c`r N`eh Lndlnd „pr`vhbo tno torrdhk c`r ofdl`rdthkm strdtomhos `c sofcn``b … tndt hkhthdto kow shmks `c hbokthty‘,   wo eust c`rmot kohtnor tno urmokay `c tno boshro tnoso w`eok ndb c`r pr`cossh`kdf roa`mkhth`k k`r tnohr pdrthaufdr hkbhvhbudf strummfos t` ostdlfhsn d arhthadf hbokthty tndt a`eedkbob rospoat dkb, aruahdffy c`r s`eo, lr`umnt hk dk hka`eo. Edrmdrot @fhpndkt, ahtob hk tno Drt tno Drt I`urkdf  I`urkdf  hk  hk  ds `ko `c „tno e`st dbehrdlfo wrhtors `k Drt burhkm roaokt yodrs‘, dkb dt tno theo dt w`rj `k nor l``j Ro Edjors `c Sokhao , wr`to hk nor bhdry `k Anrhsteds khmnt, 9 „Ht hs brodbcuf hk tno e`rkhkm wnok H wdjo dkb try t` joop tno vufturos `﬇ … H wdkt e`koy, H wdkt w`rj, w`rj tndt whff pdy, ok`umn t` joop tnhs n`uso m`hkm wnhan tnoro hs k`-`ko t` pr`vhbo c`r lut eo.‘ ]`eok suan ds @fhpndkt dkb Ideos`k, wn` ndb s`fo rosp`kshlhf-

hty c`r supp`rthkm fdrmo cdehfhos, ndb pdrthaufdrfy prosshkm rods`ks t` sooj pr`cossh`kdf suaaoss, lut ukb`ultobfy ovok tn`so wn` bhb k`t fdaj eodks  w`ufb ndvo fhjob t` f`adto tnoesofvos tnoesofvos fflrefy fflrefy dkb ukoquhv`adffy whtnhk tno tno oeormhkm pr`cossh`k. Cr`e Dkkd Ideos`k dkb Ofhzdlotn \hmly/Odstfdjo t` Edrmdrot @fhpndkt, Oehfhd Wdtths`k/Bhfjo dkb Sork`k Foo, tnoy edbo tno e`st `c tnohr a`kkoath`ks t` bovof`p pr`cossh`kdf kotw`rjs, pulfhahso tnohr w`rjhkdkb tnohr roputdth`ks. Fottors tnookndkao Loroks`k Dranhvo dt tno Shffd H dtth mhvo d cdsahkdthkm hkshmnt hkt` tno pors`kdf dkb pr`cossh`kdf fhvos `c d kuelor `c w`eok  wn` wr`to `k drt hk tno fdto khkotooktn khkotooktn aoktury aoktury,, hkafubhkm Edry Loroks`k Loroks`k norsofc, nor crhokbs Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por (wn` wr`to p`otry a`ffdl`rdthvofy ukbor tno shmkdturo „Ehandof Chofb‘), nor kohmnl`ur Sork`k Foo, dkb d y`ukmor w`edk Edub Aruttwoff, wn` wds dfs` pdrt `c tno Dkmf`-Deorhadk drthstha a`eeukhty hk Cf`rokao. Edub Aruttwoff  wds, dt tno theo tnoso fottors woro wrhttok hk tno s, d shkmfo w`edk sthff vory kow t` tno pr`cossh`k dkb tryhkm t` edjo nor kdeo, dkb nor oxporhokaos dro tnoroc`ro `c pdrthaufdr hktorost hk tno a`ktoxt `c tnhkjhkm dl`ut w`eok dkb tno pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry. ]o fflrst nodr `c nor hk d sphtocuf fottor cr`e Lorkdrb Loroks`k t` „Ehandof „ Ehandof‘‘ (Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy), hk  wnhan no toffs nor9 nor9 ZEdryU nds t`rk d fdel `ut `c tno w`fc‘s e`utn, & hs kurshkm ht up t` lo d snoop. Hk tnhs dffom`ry Sork`k Foo hs tno w`fc, & tno fdel d aortdhk Ehss Arutwoff, d y`ukm mhrf `c . Edry tdjos t` nor ds `ko tdjos t` t ` dkytnhkm `ko

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

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kursos, tnotnoroc`ro y`ukm fdby hs hk oastdtha dbehrdth`k, sno hs Sork`k‘s  muost, &&cob `k j-j-ufturo tno fhvof`km bdy.dftn`‘

Loroks`k‘s rofdth`ks whtn Sork`k Foo, wn` wds d af`so kohmnl`ur `k tno `utsjhrts `c Cf`rokao, woro tokso dkb a`epoththvo, dkb no k` b`ult t``j pfodsuro hk Edry‘s p`danhkm tno d﬇oath`ks `c nor crhokb ovok tn`umn, daa`rbhkm t` Shkotd A`fly, no a`kshborob Aruttwoff „stuphb‘ dkb „d fhkodf bosaokbdkt `c Ehss Ldtos Zhk Idko Dustok‘s Oeed U‘. U‘. Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por woro e`ro mokor`us hk tnohr dssosseokt `c nor wnok, ds ly tnhs theo Edry‘s n`usojoopor, sno t``j adro `c tnoe burhkm d vhsht t` Cf`rokao hk , wnok tnoy stdyob dt tno Shffd \`sd. Ds tnoy wr`to t` Edry, „wo l`tn mrodtfy fhjo Ehss Arutwoff. Qno a`ufb k`t p`sshlfy lo e`ro jhkb `r tn`umntcuf, & sno k`urhsnos us oxquhshtofy ‑ & mhvos us `ur croob`e‘. Qno dfs` t``j tnoe t` vhsht Sork`k Foo, whtn wn`e sno roedhkob vory af`so, a`kthkuhkm t` dttokb tno dctork``k syep`shd nofb dt nor n`eo Hf Wdfeorhk`. Aruttwoff hs bosarhlob ly @tt`fhko E`rroff‘s lh`mrdpnor Ehrdkbd Qoye`ur ds, dt tno theo `c nor sulioat‘s vhsht t` Foo hk , „`ko `c tno auftos , d st`ut dkb fhvofy y`ukm drt nhst`rhdk‘. ]o dro t`fb

tndt ovok @tt`fhko wds stdrtfob ly nor c`kbkoss c`r wodrhkm eok s af`tnos dkb se`jhkm ahmdrs hk pulfha‘.  ]nok sno sno wds k`t tdjhkm tdjhkm Sork`k Foo‘ Foo‘s vhsht`rs `﬇ t` tno _fizh `r oktortdhkhkm Edry‘s muosts, `r b`hkm rosodran c`r Lorkdrb Loroks`k, Edub wds  wrhthkm nor `wk drt-nhst`rhadf l``js ‑ tno fflrst `c wnhan, `k Fuad Qhmk`rof Qhmk`roffh, fh, dppodrob hk  ‑ dkb san`fdrfy drthafos. Fottors wrhttok t` Edry hk  cr`e Wdrhs, wnoro sno wds b`hkm s`eo w`rj c`r Lorkdrb, mhvo d str`km sokso `c tno hep`rtdkao t` nor pr`cossh`kdf survhvdf `c nor pors`kdf a`kkoath`ks whtn tno Loroks`ks dkb Sork`k Foo, dl`ut wn`e sno okmdmos hk rdtnor lhtany m`sshp lut hs dkxh`us fost ht rodanos nor odrs. Qno toffs Edry tndt, tndkjs t` nor roa`eeokbdth`ks, sno nds look dlfo t` mdhk daaoss t` vdrh`us a`ffoath`ks hk Wdrhs, dkb hs afodrfy ndvhkm d edrvoff`us theo. Qno a`kfflbos t` nor crhokb dkb eokt`r, „ht‘s s` sofb`e `ko mots d andkao `c rodffy oki`yhkm fhvhkm ds H de k`w. C`r tno fdst  yodrs fhco & oki`yeokt ndvo eodkt w`rj. H jk`w y`u whff ukborstdkb.‘  Eodkwnhfo, Edry nds c`rwdrbob rovhows `c Aruttwoff‘s w`rj, wnhan dro `lvh`usfy hep`rtdkt t` tno kowfy pulfhsnob dutn`r ds dk hkbhadth`k `c pulfha ostooe, tn`umn sno romrots tndt tnoy b`k‘t okmdmo whtn nor w`rj ds rhm`r`usfy ds sno w`ufb ndvo fhjob. Qno tndkjs Edry ‑ „N`w khao `c y`u t` sokb eo tno ‖mrdthcyhkm― k`thao `c tno Qtdkbdrb‘ ‑ dbbhkm „tnoso k`thaos aortdhkfy b` mhvo eo d f`t `c pfodsuro lut H w`ufb fhjo t` mot s`eo bhsausshvo `kos‘. @ko `c tno e`st hktorosthkm oxandkmos oxandkmos lotwook Aruttwoff dkb tno e`ro ostdlfhsnob dkb hk﬌uokthdf Edry Loroks`k rovodfs tno y`ukmor w`edk ds d

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

strdtomhst whtn d jook sokso `chstno koob t` edrjot norsofc dkb `c usocufkoss `c suan crhokbsnhps. Qno „bofhmntob‘, sno wrhtos, „dl`ut tnotno Mdzotto‘, tno obht`r `c wnhan „sokt c`r eo & t`fb eo tndt y`u ndb jhkbfy `﬇orob t`  wrhto d arhthquo `c ey l``j c`r ht & tndt no wds bofhmntob t` ndvo ht‘. ht‘. Qno k`w nds d cdv`ur t` dsj `c Edry9 No nds an`sok  `c tno pfdtos wnhan no wdkts t` ropr`buao, tno fhst `c  wnhan H mhvo mhvo lof`w & no wdkts eo t` dsj Bokt t` sokb tno afhanès c`r tnoso tnoso t` nhe. K`w y`u jk`w wndt Bokt hs fhjo & n`w hmk`rdkt no hs. H de s` dcrdhb tndt ey w`rb df`ko ds t` tno hep`rtdkao `c tnhs arhthahse dkb tno edsshvo m``b ht whff b` eo & dfs` tno sdfo `c tno l``j, whff k`t lo ok`umn & tndt no whff rocuso t` trust tnoso pfdtos, s` H de wrhthkm t` dsj y`u t` lo vory jhkb & toff nhe dfs` wndt d c``f no whff lo t` rocuso. H de s` jook

 

dl`ut ht. H wdkt `c y`u sdy dffovorytnhkm y`u adk dl`ut tno tndt vdfuowhff `c tnhs arhthahse & tno hep`rtdkao tnot`pdpor, y`u adk edjo nhe sokb tnoe … ]hff y`u b` tnhs mrodt jhkbkoss t` eo & wrhto t` nhe ds s``k ds y`u mot tnhs, okfdrmhkm `k tno dbvdktdmo ht whff lo t` nhe t` sokb tnoe & `k tno hkarodso `c tno sdfo tnhs t nhs arhthahse w`ufb lrhkm.

Ht hs hktorosthkm t` soo noro tno `pordth`k `c d coedfo kotw`rj, wnhan

okdlfos tno e`ro ostdlfhsnob drt nhst`rhdk t` supp`rt dkb pr`e`to nor pr`tèmèo. N`wovor, ht hs porndps k`t quhto ds shepfo ds tndt, c`r Edry Loroks`k nds k`t, dctor dff, norsofc look dk ostdlfhsnob fflmuro c`r dff tndt f`km, dkb tno dutn`rhty `c nor kdeo hs porndps e`ro t` b` whtn nor nusldkb‘s mr`whkm roputdth`k. D k`to `c ukodshkoss aroops hkt` tno koxt fottor, wnok Aruttwoff nds t` oxpfdhk tndt sno nds dsjob tno obht`r t` p`stp`ko pulfhadth`k `c Edry‘s k`thao `c nor l``j hk `rbor tndt `ko `c nor `wk drthafos ehmnt dppodr hk tno koxt kuelor fflrst. Ro y`ukmor w`edk hs afodrfy oeldrrdssob ds sno oxpfdhks tndt nor phoao `k \`llhd ndb look bofdyob shkao Iufy, tndt ht wds hep`rtdkt t` nor t` mot ht `ut loc`ro dk`tnor drthafo `k \`llhd, ly Dffdk Edrqudkb, pro-oeptob ht, dkb tndt tno obht`r wds  iust ushkm Edry‘ Edry‘ss rovhow `c Aruttwoff‘ Aruttwoff‘ss l``j ds d wdy `c pr`ardsthkdthkm dl`ut tno drthafo sno w`ufb procor t` soo hk prhkt fflrst. „H ndvo dfrodby m`t loy`kb tndt \`llhd drthafo `c ehko & ht whff rosurroat fhjo dk `fb a`rpso‘, sno toffs nor crhokb, wn` nds ndb nor `wk phoao put dshbo hk `rbor tndt Aruttwoff adk pulfhsn s`eotnhkm e`ro usocuf t` nor. Aruttwoff lroozhfy dbehts t` nor `pp`rtukhse9 „H de ds croo-fdkao ds ey toepordeokt hkshsts `k ey lohkm, & tndt H sndff roedhk dfwdys.‘ Qno hs bov`tob t` tno Loroks`ks, sno dssuros Edry: „@kfy dt tno sdeo theo H b` wdkt t` mot `k ‑ H lomdk s` fdto, & H eust daaopt tno m``b `﬇ors tndt a`eo. X`u b` ukborstdkb, b`k‘t y`u0‘

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 



Ly tno okb `ctndt tno sustdhks sorhos `c tnoso fottors, tno hedmo `c d eutudffy kurturhkm coedfo kotw`rj w`eok nds loa`eo rdtnor tdrkhsnob, c`r Aruttwoff hs rovodfob ly nor `wk w`rbs t` lo ds sofc-pro`aauphob dkb a`epoththvo ds Lorkdrb Loroks`k nhesofc. Bosarhlhkm tno drmueokt `c d phoao sno nds iust a`epfotob, Aruttwoff dkthahpdtos dkb trhos t` ahrauevokt tno p`sshlhfhty tndt sno ehmnt, fhjo Sork`k Foo dkb nor a`epdkh`k dkb a`dutn`r Jht Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, lo daausob ly Loroks`k `c pfdmhdrhse9 Ht wds tno `kfy a`kkoathkm tnrodb H a`ufb wodvo sdthscdat`rhfy & wnok H ndb fflkhsnob, H c`ukb tndt H ndb uka`ksah`usfy iust st`fok cr`e Er Loroks`k‘s Cf`rokthko Wdhktors t` dk oxtokt tndt w`ufb eorht heprhs`keokt `k tno sa`ro `c pfdmhdrhse. Lut quo v`ufoz v`us! H‘e cob `k nhs hbods tnoy dro lrob hk tno l`ko & H adk‘t put dt tno okb ‑ „Dff tnhs H `wo t` tno fflrst Cdtnor `c arhthahse ‑ tno `kfho lomottor ho L. L.‘ \odffy H lomhk t` w`kbor wnotnor Ehss R`es`k a`ksah`usfy pfdmhdrhzob `r wds `kfy fhjo eo sdturdtob whtn nhs hbods!

 ]rhthkm hk tno aortdhk jk`wfobmo tndt dky rhbhaufo `c Foo whff eoot whtn  ]rhthkm tno dppr`vdf `c tno Loroks`ks, sno hs ukandrhtdlfo oqudffy dl`ut Foo‘s kow a`ffoath`k `c ossdys, N`rtus Shtdo , dkb nor f`vors dkb ndkmors `k, dkb bhs-

rospoatcuf t`wdrbs t`wdrbs tno hktoffoatudf hktorosts `c tno w`edk dt wn`so coot sno ndb sdt, rocorrhkm t` tno Moredk psyan`f`mhsts wn` s` dls`rlob nor eokt`r dt tnhs theo ds „Fhpps (hs tndt n`w y`u spoff ht) & nor `tnor dlstruso  wrhtors‘.‘. Aruttwoff boafdros, „K`  wrhtors „K`w w H‘ H‘e e m`hkm t` sndjo `﬇ drt sulioats &  wrhto d p`t-du-cou p`t-du-cou‘,‘, lut tnhs hs tno a`rrosp`kbokao `c d w`edk wn` hs afodrfy botorehkob t` edjo nor adroor ds dk drt nhst`rhdk, dkb hs ds e`thvdtob dkb brhvok ds dky `c nor edfo a`ktoep`rdrhos. Edub Aruttwoff‘s fottors t` Edry Loroks`k mhvo d str`km sokso `c n`w d w`edk oktorhkm tno pr`cossh`k dt tno okb `c tno aoktury usob nor a`ktoep`rdry coedfo kotw`rjs dt d pdrthaufdr theo dkb pfdao, lut tno dranhvo a`ktdhks dk`tnor vory hktorosthkm a`rrosp`kbokao, lotwook Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo dkb Edry A`stoff`o, wnhan boe`kstrdtos tno oxhstokao `c d bhccorokt jhkb `c hktor-mokordth`kdf w`eok‘s kotw`rj tndt `pordtos dar`ss theo. Odstfdjo, ly k`w dk ofborfy w`edk, wrhtos t` tno y`ukmor w`edk hk ‑ whtn, ht hs afodr, d str`km sokso `c tnohr lohkm a`kkoatob ds pdrt `c d khkotooktn-aoktury coedfo trdbhth`k `c drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm. „N`w mfdb H de‘, Odstfdjo wrhtos, „tndt tnoro hs d fdby wn` adk tdjo up wnoro H foct `﬇, & pursuo tno dls`rlhkmfy hktorosthkm r`db euan curtnor dkb euan dlfor!‘ dbbhkm ruocuffy, „Roro dro cow suan pfodsuros foct eo k`w ds t` rodb & nodr suan crosn oxporhokaos ds y`urs. Hkboob ht whff lo d mrodt l``k t` eo hc cr`e theo t` theo y`u wb. wrhto eo `r, lottor, a`eo & toff eo wndt y`u ndvo e`st oki`yob, `r fdtost bhsa`vorob.‘ Ro `fbor w`edk nds afodrfy

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

c`ff`wob `ko‘st`adroor whtn hktorost, dkb rodb tnohr nor w`rj adrocuffy, dkbtno snoy`ukmor hs mrdthfflob bhsaork shehfdrhthos lotwook rospoathvo rodbhkms `c vdrh`us drthsts dkb tnohr w`rjs. \oedrjhkm `k tnohr jhksnhp, sno `lsorvos9 „Rhs f`vo `c tno @fb Edstors & `c drt dft`motnor wnhan y`u dkb H dro lfossob whtn, hs wndt cow jk`w hk tno sdeo bomroo.‘ Qno k`tos hk pdrthaufdr `c Edry‘s drthafo `k „Sokothdk w`eok & Sokothdk phaturos‘, „Q`eo `c y`ur a`kafush`ks ndvo ar`ssob ey ehkb loc`ro. Ro cdat tndt tno loduthcuffy drrdkmob ndhr wds shepfy d whm, toffs d shmkhffladkt tdfo.‘ Ro y`ukmor a`upfo aortdhkfy sooe t` ndvo sook tnoesofvos ds hknorhthkm tno Odstfdjos‘ edktfo. Edry roeoelors n`w tnoy woro hksphrob ly Fdby Odstfdjo‘s daa`ukt `c tno drt bhsa`vorhos sno dkb nor nusldkb ndb edbo wnok tnoy „turkob phaturos t` tno fhmnt cr`e tno fuelor r``e `c tno _fizh dkb wnhsporob hkarobuf`usfy t` odan `tnor ‖L`tthaoffh ‑ Crd Chfhpp`―‘. Daa`rbhkm t` Edry, „Lorkndrb dkb H f``job dt odan `tnor whtn snhkhkm oyos tndt a`kfflreob odan `c `ur soarot ros`futh`ks t` c`ff`w hk `ur nuelfor wdy tno oxdepfo `c Fdby Odstfdjo.‘ Ro Loroks`ks‘ pdssh`k c`r drt hk turk roadffs t` Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo Odstfdjo nor `wk y`utncuf oktnushdses ‑ „H roeoelor woff wnok wo lomdk t` ‖bhsa`vor― F`tt`‘, sno wrhtos, rocorrhkm t` Loroks`k‘s l``j `k tno sulioat ‑ dkb sno wrhtos whtn d a`ksah`uskoss `c

tno aoktrdfhty `c tnoe dff t` tno bovof`phkm bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry9 „odan mokordth`k (ds y`u whff jk`w  yodrs nokao) ndvo kow f`vos & oktnushdses dkb bhsa`vorhos, k`t qudrroffhkm whtn tno c`reor mokordth`ks, lut a`kthkuhkm & whbokhkm tnoe‘. Edry Loroks`k ndb, ht sooes, wrhttok t` Fdby Odstfdjo c`r dbvhao dkb dsshstdkao hk motthkm pulfhsnob, lut tno `fbor  w`edk‘‘s vhow hs tndt nor nofp hs k`t koaossdry  w`edk koaossdry,, c`r c`r,, ds sno oka`urdmhkmfy toffs nor, „X`u wrhto s` woff & lrhmntfy tndt y`u ndvo k` rods`k t` dppfy t` d crhokbfy ‖Obhtross― t` pulfhsn.‘ N`wovor, sno b`os `﬇or t` roa`eeokb Lorkdrb Loroks`k Lorok s`k‘‘s l``j `k ` k F`tt` t` t ` Eurrdy, Eurrdy, tn`umn sno s no wdrks nhe9 „X „ X`u dro `kfy t`` pr`c`ukb & t`` shkaoro c`r Okmfhsn rodbors. H codr wo ndvo k`t tno pulfha c`r ht. H codr Er Eurrdy whff tnhkj tno sdeo.‘   Dt tno okb `c nor pr`cossh`kdf fhco, Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo hs hktorosthkmf hktorosthkmfyy edjhkm tno sdeo jhkb `c bhsthkath`k lotwook Okmfhsn rodbors `c drt nhst`ry dkb tnohr pr`cossh`kdf a`uktorpdrts hk Our`po tndt sno dkb `tnors woro edjhkm fflcty yodrs odrfhor. Rr`umn`ut tndt porh`b sno e`vob a`kfflboktfy hk tno w`rfb `c wnhan sno wrhtos whtn suan dutn`rhty, prdhshkm E`roffh, arhthahshkm Ar`wo dkb Advdfadsoffo tnohr ukrodbdlfo („c`r e`ro pobdktha dkb hkt`fordlfo wrhthkm wdsc`r kovor porpotrdtob‘), porpotrdtob ‘),styfo  roa`eeokbhkm y`ukmor wrhtors t` tno y`ukmor Er Eurrdy ds sno norsofc ndb look roa`eeokbob t` nhs cdtnor boadbos odrfhor. Dkb yot sno afodrfy romdrbob norsofc ds ndvhkm spoahdf a`kkoath`ks whtn `tnor w`eok drt nhst`rhdks, wnotnor

 

Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry   



 Dkkd Ideos`k hk nor `wk mokordth`k `r Edry Loroks`k hk tno koxt. Nor fottors rovodf tndt sno sdw y`ukmor w`eok fhjo Edry t` lo oktorhkm d pr`cossh`k tndt sno norsofc nofpob c`ukb, dkb tndt sno hbokthfflob whtn d coedfo trdbhth`k dkb arhthadf prdathao, ds woff ds f`adthkm norsofc squdrofy whtnhk tno edhkstrode pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry. Ht hs whtn tno toksh`ks lotwook tnoso a`kkoatob lut bh﬇orokt pr`cossh`kdf hbokththos hbokththos c`r coedfo drt nhst`rhdks hk tno khkotooktn aoktury tndt tnhs stuby hs a`kaorkob.

 

  

Ro drt `c fflath`k

ruo t` nor pr`ehso hk  t` Edry Loroks`k t` „wrhto d p`t-du-cou‘, Edub Aruttwoff bhb hkboob ovoktudffy turk nor ndkb t` fflath`k, lut hk 

s` b`hkm, cdr cr`e adrryhkm `ut nor`ctnrodt t` „sndjo ]nok `﬇ drt sulioats‘,  sno  edbo drt (dkb w`eok) tno sulioat nor p`tl`hfor. Chro dkb Cr`st  dppodrob hk , dftn`umn ht bhb roprosokt d kow bopdrturo mokorhadffy cr`e hts dutn`r‘s odrfhor arhthadf w`rj, tno k`vof t`fb tno nhmnfy wr`umnt tdfo `c d y`ukm coedfo drt nhst`rhdk fhvhkm dkb w`rjhkm de`km tno Dkmf` Deorhadk a`eeukhty hk Cf`rokao, ovok (fhjo Aruttwoff) wrhthkm d l``j `k Edktomkd, wn` sooes roedrjdlfy fhjo dk hbodfhsob p`rtrdydf `c Edub Aruttwoff norsofc. Afdro Mfykko hs bosarhlob ds „d y`ukm w`edk `c dl`ut

twokty-ohmnt, luhft `k tno fhkos `c d Mrooj opnîlo, tdff dkb strdhmnt, whtn lfuo oyos tndt f``job y`u cuff hk tno cdao, dkb d cdhr sjhk sfhmntfy tdkkob  whtn oxp`suro t` tno Htdfhd Htdfhdk k suk suk‘.‘. Qno dkb nor Deorhadk crhokb Qhlyf dro p`rtrdyob ds „okormotha, nodftny y`ukm w`eok, afdb hk tdhf`r-edbo sormo `c cduftfoss aut‘.  Aruttwoff‘s nor`hko hs dk hkbopokboktfy wodftny, c`rwdrb-tnhkjhkm, „kow‘ w`edk `c „m``b lhrtn‘ wn`, dctor tno cdsnh`k `c E`kd Adhrb‘s dkb Jdto An`phk‘s fflath`kdf pr`t`typos, hkndlhts dostnotha hktorh`rs, se`jos „lf`kbo urjhsn ahmdrottos‘, dkb nds „d n`rr`r `c edrrhdmo, a`kshborhkm ht d cottor wnhan andhks tno l`by, ndepors tno ehkb, dkb koaosshtdtos tno a`epfoto sdarhfflao `c tno pors`kdfhty `k `ko shbo `r tno `tnor‘. Odrfy hk tno st`ry sno toffs nor crhokb tndt sno ehmnt porndps edrry „hc H c`ukb s`eo`ko whtn oxdatfy tno sdeo toepordeokt dkb hbods ds eysofc. Lut tndt hs hep`sshlfo, shkao no w`ufb ndvo t` lo d edk dkb H‘e d w`edk, dkb tnoro hs k`tnhkm hk tno w`rfb s` bhsshehfdr ds d edk dkb d w`edk.‘  Bosphto tnhs ukdelhmu`us dkk`ukaoeokt `c nor pr`afhvhty c`r w`eok, dkb oepndtha bhsdv`wdft``cloedrrhdmo, sno hs hkvohmfob hkt` edrryhkm dk Omypthdk „l`y‘, boafdrob „oxdatfy fhjo W`ffdhu`f`‘s lust `c d y`ukm wdrrh`r hk tno Ldrmoff`‘.  No turks `ut t` lo d ldb f`t, sndpob (bosphto Afdro‘s lost o﬇`rts t` obuadto nhe tnr`umn drt) ly tno „`fb J`rdkha todanhkm `c nhs anhfbn``b‘ tndt „Edk hs tno `kfy lohkm tndt rodffy 

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k

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a`ukts hk tno w`rfb! ]`eok woro arodtob eorofy t` ehkhstor t` nhs koobs, fhjo nhs n`rsos dkb b`ms.‘ Roy ovoktudffy dro bhv`raob, dkb Afdro okbs tno k`vof ds d suaaosscuf wrhtor dkb a`ffoat`r, whtn nor `wk mdffory dt nor vhffd hk Cf`rokao ‑ fhjo Aruttwoff‘s crhokbs tno Loroks`ks. Chro dkb Cr`st   hs `c hktorost c`r tnhs stuby hk tndt ht a`kiuros d w`rfb tndt, bosphto hts oxtrdvdmdkaos dkb eof`brded, hs roa`mkhsdlfy tndt `c tno fdto khkotooktn-aoktury Dkmf`-Cf`rokthko drt ahrafos hk wnhan Aruttwoff e`vob. Ht fflath`kdfhsos dspoats `c nor `wk dkb nor crhokbs‘ pr`cossh`kdf dkb pors`kdf fhvos hk wdys tndt dff`w nor t` dbbross coehkhst hssuos tndt dro osanowob hk nor c`redf drt-nhst`rhadf dr t-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm lut wnhan hktorsoat whtn tndt l`by `c w`rj hk hktorosthkm wdys. Chmuros suan ds Sork`k Foo dkb tno Loroks`ks dro dls`rlob hkt` tno toxt dt ovory fovof. Fhjo Foo, wn`so y`utncuf hs rovodfob hk nor iuvokhfhd sdhbproa`ahty t` ndvo „db`rob drt‘ cr`e d y`ukm dmo9dkb odrfy pulfhadth`ks, Afdro hs dkb nor db`fosaokao wds d jhkb `c sphrhtudf `rmy, burhkm wnhan nor s`uf rh`tob hepdrthdffy hk tno eusha `c ]dmkor, `r Ldan, dkb `c Lootn`vok, hk tno pdhkthkm `c tno Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao dkb tno e`bork Heprossh`khst, hk tno saufpturo `c Dkahokt Mrooao, `c Ehanofdkmof` dkb \`bhk. Ovorytnhkm tndt wds mrodt pfodsob nor dkb sno bdrtob fhjo d brdm`k-﬌y cr`e `ko t` tno `tnor ukdlfo t` fflx nor hksdthdlfo ehkb. Qno wdktob t` jk`w ovorytnhkm, soo ovorytnhkm, coof ovorytnhkm, tndt wds cde`us hk Kdtur Kdturoo dkb Drt.

Ro crhokbs whtn wn`e Afdro sndros nor pdssh`k c`r drt dro d nusldkb‑  whco a`upfo kdeob Edryx (Edry ^0). Hktorosthk Hktorosthkmfy mfy,, Cor Corbhkdkb bhkdkb Edryx,  wn` ndb nofpob Afdro hk nor drt stubhos dkb wn`so rost`rob Cf`rokthk Cf`rokthkoo n`eo hs fflffob whtn drt fhjo d eusoue, hs p`rtrdyob ds soxudffy hkbotorehkdto9 „d sedff edk, bofhadtofy luhft ds d mhrf‘, yot wn` f``job fhjo „d ar`ss lotwook B`k Tuhx`to dkb dk Dssyrhdk luff, whtn nhs bdrj ﬌dsnhkm oyos, dl`vo wnhan tno oyolr`ws kodrfy eot, nhs n``job k`so, lfdaj e`ustdano, dkb p`hktob lodrb‘. Aruttwoff‘s bosarhpth`k `c tno Nukmdrhdk-l`rk Edryx adffs t` ehkb tno dppodrdkao dkb tdstos, k`t t` eokth`k tno fhkodmo, `c nor W`fhsn-Deorhadk Iowhsn crhokb dkb eokt`r Lorkdrb Loroks`k. Afdro‘s sofc-a`ksah`usfy dostnotha bosarhpth`ks dro su﬇usob whtn d „jook vhsudfhshkm cdaufty wnhan edbo nor fhco s` cuff `c hkahbokt‘ tndt dfs` roadffs Loroks`k dkb, ospoahdffy, Foo. Dkb s` d pdssdmo tndt lomhks „Ro nhmn r`db t` Qotthmkdk` Zwnoro tno Loroks`ks Loroks`ks fhvobU hs dk `bb ehxturo `c loduty dkb umfhkoss Foo‘s a`-pulfhadth`k whtn bosarhlosZtno n`wthtfo tno`cnor`hko soos hk tnhs saoko `cJht tnoDkstrutnor-R`es`kU‘ Boadeor`k,, „ds hc tnoy Boadeor`k  woro rodffy tnoro, ‖tno bdhkty y`utns dkb edhbs pdahkm whtn sf`w stop,  wodvhkm mdrfdkbs dkb shkmhkm de`r`usfy de`r`usfy―‘. ―‘.  Sork`k Foo ndb wrhttok `c tno pfodsuros `c ndvhkm „dk nhst`rhadf ndlht `c ehkb‘, `c „suppfoeokthkm

 



 ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ]

`ur prosokt fhco ly d fhco hk tno pdst: d fhco fdrmor, rhanor tndk `ur `wk, eufthpfyhkm `ur oe`th`ks ly tn`so `c tno bodb‘, dkb `c „tno sokso `c lohkm a`epdkh`kob ly tno pdst, `c lohkm hk d pfdao wdreob c`r `ur fhvhkm ly tno fhvos `c `tnors‘, dkb c`r Afdro t`` tno Htdfhdk nhffshbo hs nduktob ly hts pdst, wnhan sooes pdfpdlfy prosokt, eobhdtob ly tno drthstha fomdahos tndt survhvo dkb hee`rtdfhso ht9 tno fhotd lrhmdtd  `c  `c L`aadaah` mdvo pfdao t` tno m`rmo`us pr`aossh`k wnhan Lok`zz` M`zz`fh nds pdhktob `k tno wdffs `c tno Eobhah Andpof whkbhkm up tnhs vory nhff. Nor vhvhb hedmhkdth`k a`kiurob up tno mdy mr`up `c k`lfos dkb pdmos ‑ tno l`y F`rokz` rohkhkm hk nhs stoob, tno a`urthors whtn n``bob cdfa`ks dkb sp`ttob fo`pdrbs prdkahkm lonhkb. @ko `c tno andres `c suan bdy-brodes hs tndt tnoso nhst`rha pors`kdmos, hkstodb `c n`fbhkm tnoesofvos a`fbfy df``c, ds tnoy pr`ldlfy w`ufb ndvo b`ko hk rodf fhco, loadeo `ko‘s hkthedto crhokbs, dkb nor hedmhkdry F`rokz` whtn nhs crosn cdao … tnrow nor d cdehfhdr mroothkm ds no r`bo ly, `fb A`she` sehfob lokov`foktfy, dkb tno mdy y`ukm dkmofs k`bbob t` nor whtn andrehkm d﬇dlhfhty. 

Quan d pdssdmo, hk wnhan fhtordry dkb nhst`rhadf fflmuros, summostob ly tno \okdhssdkao drt tndt surr`ukbs nor, a`eo t` fhco c`r tno sokshthvo e`bork `lsorvor, ehmnt ndvo a`eo strdhmnt cr`e tno pdmos `c dky `c Sork`k Foo‘s nhst`rhadf stubhos `c Htdfhd Htdfhdk k aufturo. Aruttwoff‘s k`vof pr`vhbos ds euan ovhbokao ds nor drt-arhthadf wrhthkms

`c nor sdturdth`k whtn Loroks`k‘s dkb Foo‘s dostnothas, dkb dfs` sn`ws tno fflath`kdf hk﬌uokao `c tno „kow w`edk‘ wrhtors `c tno turk `c tno aoktury: lut wndt hs `c hktorost t` eo noro hs tno wdy tno k`vof c`re okdlfos nor t` dbbross tno vhrtudffy quosth`k a`epfotofy `c nor pr`cossh`kdf fhcocr`e ds d coedfo drt nhst`rhdk hk  wdys tndt dro oxpukmob nor arhthadf w`rj. C`r Aruttwoff, ds c`r Foo norsofc, dkb hkboob c`r d kuelor `c `tnor w`eok wn`  wr`to dl`ut drt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury aoktury,, fflath`k `﬇orob dk dftorkdthvo eobhue `c oxprossh`k t` tno e`ro hbo`f`mhadffy ahrauesarhlob bhsa`urso `c drt nhst`ry, `ko tndt okdlfob w`eok t` ronodrso whtn mrodtor croob`e hssuos rofdthkm k`t `kfy t` tno mokbor p`fhthas `c tnohr pr`cossh`k dkb tno  wrhthkm `c drt‘ drt‘ss nhst`rhos, lut t` soxudfhty soxudfhty,, vhsudfhty dkb hktorsulioathvhty hktorsulioathvhty.. Fhjo edky coedfo drt nhst`rhdks hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, aoktury, Aruttwoff wds d coehkhst, lut sno bhroatfy drthaufdtob nor coehkhst p`fhthas dkb nor okmdmoeokt whtn w`eok‘s hssuos dkb quosth`ks `c mokbor hk drokds `tnor tndk nor drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm. ]o ]o shehfdrfy fflkb Nofok Yheeork, c`r oxdepfo, trdksfdthkm trdksfdth km Moeed Corrumhd‘ Corrumhd‘ss Kow ]`edk k`vof ]`edk‘s C`ffy  (`c  (`c wnhan Obeukb M`sso wrhtos9 „Ro Mrdvok hedmo adffob Edk fhos dt tno coot `c Moeed Corrumhd, dkb sno nds mr`ukb nhe t` bust‘): Edry Eorrhfflofb pulfhsnhkm drthafos k`t `kfy `k w`eok‘s bross lut dfs` `k „Ro Koob `c

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k

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Qdkhtdry Jk`wfobmo t` ]`eok‘: F`uhsd whkhkm wrhthkm ossdys `k tno a`kbhth`k `c w`eok dkb `k tno coedfo p``r: Oehfhd Bhfjo wrhthkm dkb foaturhkm `k trdbo ukh`khse c`r w`eok, dkb w`eok‘s su﬇rdmo: Sork`k Foo pulfhsnhkm `k pdahfflse: dkb Ofhzdlotn Wokkoff pulfhsnhkm d Fhco `c  Edry ]`ffst`koardct  dkb   dkb rovhowhkm „D Aoktury `c ]`eok‘s \hmnts‘.  C`r dff tnoso w`eok, wrhthkm hk c`res dkb bhsa`ursos `tnor tndk tno stdkbdrb drt-nhst`rhadf trodthso dppodrs t` okdlfo d bh﬇orokt, e`ro `vortfy mokborob, hk s`eo adsos coehkhst v`hao t` oeormo. Hkboob, `ur rodbhkm `c `tnor mokros, suan ds lh`mrdpny dkb dut`lh`mrdpny, summosts tndt wo koob t` f``j `utshbo edhkstrode drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm hk `rbor t` dpproahdto tno cuff oxtokt `c w`eok‘s a`ktrhluth`k. Ht hs t` dk oxpf`rdth`k `c s`eo `c tnoso `tnor mokorha c`res ‑ s`eotheos af`sofy a`kkoatob t` c`redf drt-nhst`rhadf  wrhthkm, fhjo tno muhbol``j, tno trdvof`muo, tno drthst‘ drthst‘ss lh`mrdpny `r tno trdksfdth`k, s`eotheos bhspfdaob hkt` fflath`k ‑ dkb `c tno wn`fo pr`ioat `c „trdksfdthkm‘ vhsudf oxporhokao hkt` vorldf dkb `tnor c`res, tndt tno koxt tw` andptors dro bov`tob. Rhs andptor whff a`kshbor s`eo `c tno wdys hk wnhan w`eok, hkafubhkm tn`so wn` bhb k`t wrhto ohtnor prhkahpdffy `r pr`cossh`kdffy dl`ut drt, hktr`buaob tno vhsudf drts dkb drthst fflmuros hk arhthadffy bhsthkathvo wdys hkt` tnohr fflath`k, dkb adk lo sdhb hk tnhs c`re t` ndvo a`ktrhlutob t` khkotooktn-aoktury drt bhsa`urso e`ro lr`dbfy a`kaohvob. Hep`rtdktfy, tnoy

a`kvoy, hk d fflath`kdf c`re, tno oxporhokao `c drt. Drt dkb drthsts, hkafubhkm a`kvoy, coedfo drthsts, codturo pr`ehkoktfy hk Shat`rhdk w`eok‘s k`vofs, dkb hc, ds Bol`rdn Anorry a`ktokbs, w`eok woro hkboob a`epfhaht hk tno oxafush`k `c nhst`rhadf coedfo drthsts cr`e tno adk`k `c mrodt Edstors, ht ehmnt oqudffy lo sdhb tndt tnohr k`vofs cuffy drthaufdto tno eufthcdrh`us e`bos `c tndt oxafush`k whtnhk l`tn tno pr`cossh`k dkb hksthtuth`ks `c drt dkb tno aufturo dt fdrmo. Curtnore`ro, dky stubokt `c tno Shat`rhdk k`vof whff lo dwdro `c joy saokos hk wnhan dk oka`uktor whtn tno vhsudf drts hs usob ly d coedfo dutn`r t` a`kvoy s`eotnhkm pr`c`ukb dl`ut nor fflath`kdf nor`hko dkb e`ro mokordffy dl`ut w`eok‘s fhvos. Fuay Qk`wo‘s oka`uktor whtn tno pdhkthkms `c Afo`pdtrd dkb „Fd Sho b‘uko Coeeo‘ hk Shffotto : tno ukvohfhkm `c Fdby Dubfoy‘s p`rtrdht dt tno nodrt `c nor l`ub`hr dkb nor eystory hk Fdby Dubfoy‘s Qoarot : tno andffokmos p`sob ly dkahokt stdtudry dkb e`bork pdhktors t` B`r`tnod Lr``jo `k nor wobbhkm i`urkoy t` \`eo hk Ehbbfoedran hk  Ehbbfoedran99 tnoso dro `kfy tno lost-jk`wk oxdepfos. ` wndt oxtokt adk suan fflath`kdf toxts lo vhowob ds a`epfoeokthkm dkb suppfoeokthkm tno c`redf fhtordturo `k drt ly khkotooktn-aoktury w`eok s` bhspdrdmob ly Anorry dkb `tnors0 ]ds ht hk Shat`rhdk w`eok‘s fflath`k, hkboob, tndt s`eo `c tno quosth`ks e`st urmoktfy dbbrossob ly e`bork coehkhst drt

 



 ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ]

nhst`rhdks woro fflrst, ds ht woro, sjotanob `ut0 Ht hs ly rodbhkm tno drt `c fflath`k, H summost, tndt wo adk edjo tno e`st o﬇oathvo a`uktor-afdhe dmdhkst tno andrmo `c w`eok‘s „shfokao‘ `r dt lost tnohr b`ahfo daquhosaokao hk tno mokbor lfhkbkoss `c drt nhst`ry hk tno khkotooktn aoktury. Hk tnohr wrhthkm dl`ut coedfo drt dkb w`eok drthsts, tnohr fflath`kdf uso `c oka`uktors  whtn w`rjs `c drt, dkb hk tnohr roprosoktdt roprosoktdth`k h`k `c tno khkotooktn-aok khkotooktn-aoktury tury drt w`rfb, coedfo k`vofhsts a`ktrhlutob t` a`ktoep`rdry arhthadf boldtos dl`ut drt. ]o adk rocrdeo tno quosth`ks wo dsj `c tnoso ha`kha dostnotha oka`uktors, phaturosquo dtofhors, drthstha nor`hkos, dkb tnohr fflath`kdf bodfors dkb pdtr`ks ly f`adthkm tnoe whtnhk d lr`dbor bhsaurshvo a`ktoxt `c khkotooktn-aoktury drt nhst`ry hk wnhan w`eok f``job dt dkb wr`to dl`ut drt.

Chath`kdf p`rtrdhts `c coedfo drthsts Hk tno fdrmo l`by `c fhtordturo dbbrosshkm tno prosshkm quosth`k `c wndt dk hepoaukh`us ehbbfo-afdss w`edk hs t` b` t` odrk nor fhvhkm (wrhttok `ctok ly w`eok wn` woro tnoesofvos edjhkm d adroor ds wrhtors hk `rbor t` supp`rt tnoesofvos dkb tnohr cdehfhos), `ko `c tno cow moktoof pr`cossh`ks roprosoktob ds `pok t` nor, df`kmshbo tndt `c wrhtor, m`vorkoss `r koobfow`edk, wds `c a`urso t` loa`eo dk drthst dkb soff nor w`rj. Chath`k dl`ukbs whtn nor`hkos wn`, fflkbhkm tnoesofvos dldkb`kob, `rpndkob,

 whb`wob, edrrhob t` `r `lfhmob t` ﬌oo cr`e d pr`﬌hmdto nusldkb, ros`rt t` drt ds d eodks `c supp`rt, a`epr`ehshkm tnohr roputdth`ks hk tno edkkor s` Edry @sl`rk hk nor pdhkthkm Kdeofoss  dkbha`khadffy Crhokbfoss summostob  (, Chm.ly).  (, ).Oehfy Nofok „Mrdnde‘, c`r oxdepfo, tno nor`hko `c Dkko Lr`ktê‘s Ro okdkt `c ]hfbcoff Ndff  (),  (), rotrodts whtn nor s`k t` tno roe`to e``rfdkb edksh`k `c tno thtfo, wnoro hk `rbor t` supp`rt tnoe l`tn sno sots up nor stubh`, db`pts dk dssueob kdeo, dkb eust ovok soff nor phaturos ukbor cdfso kdeos ‑ „Corkfoy Edk`r, Auelorfdkb, hkstodb `c ]hfbcoff Ndff‘ ‑ b`ulfy bhspfdaob, fost sno lo trdajob b`wk ly nor nusldkb.  Kdeofoss dkb crhokbfoss hkboob. @fhvo \`tnosdy, tno op`kye`us nor`hko `c Bhkdn Euf`aj Ardhj‘s k`vof @fhvo  (),  (), `lfhmob t` supp`rt norsofc dkb nor dhfhkm dkb ovoktudffy lfhkb e`tnor `k tno bodtn `c nor cdtnor, sohzos tno `pp`rtukhty t` bovof`p nor kdturdf tdfokt c`r dkb hktorost hk drt wnok tnoy loa`eo f`bmors hk tno n`uso `c d pr`cossh`kdf pdhktor, Ehandof Sdklrumn, dkb nhs shstor Eofh`rd, dkb loa`eos d suaaosscuf drthst. ]nhfo Edrmdrot @fhpndkt, hk nor  k`vof Ro Rroo Lr`tnors , p`rtrdys hk Ers Qovork tno y`ukm whb`w `c d soa`kb-rdto drthst wn` hs supp`rthkm norsofc dkb nor

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k

 

Chm. . Oehfy Edry @sl`rk, Kdeofoss dkb Crhokbfoss  ()  ()



anhfbrok tnr`umn nor `wk drt w`rj, Ers Qovork, tno rodbor hs rodssurob, „wds k`t d pdrthsdk `c w`rj c`r w`eok, adrryhkm `ut nor tno`ry, lut d  whb`w,, whtn fhttfo anhfbrok, w`rjhkm whtn tno t``fs tndt adeo ndkbhost t`  whb`w nor c`r bdhfy lrodb‘. Hk odan adso, tnohr stdtus ds coo-odrkhkm drthsts hs fomhthedtob ly koob, rdtnor tndk d a`ksoquokao `c delhth`k9 @fhvo, oxpfhahtfy, hs k`t brhvok ly „yodrkhkm dctor cdeo‘ `r „mokhus-fob delhth`k, lut cr`e tno eoro boshro `c odrkhkm e`koy‘ ‑ d e`thvdth`k sa`rkob ly nor eokt`r,  wn`so f`cty bhsromdrb c`r poaukhdry rowdrb hs nodvhfy hr`khsob ly Ardhj (nhs rocusdf t` a`epr`ehso nhs drt c`r tno edrjot ovoktudtos hk nhs shstor‘s bodtn cr`e stdrvdth`k ‑ „tno pdhktor brodeob nhs brode, tno fhttfo shstor stdyob dt n`eo dkb stdrvob‘).  K`tdlfy, hk odan adso, tno arodt`r `c tno fflath`kdf drthst-nor`hko ‑ Dkko Lr`ktê, Bhkdn Ardhj, Edrmdrot @fhpndkt @fhpndkt ‑ norsofc wr`to `ut `c oa`k`eha koaosshty, hk `rbor t` supp`rt norsofc dkb nor cdehfy.  Iust ds Lr`ktê‘ Lr`ktê‘s jk`wfobmo `c drt lokoffltob cr`e nor lr`tnor Lrdkwoff‘ Lrdkwoff‘s drthstha trdhkhkm, dkb dk b @fhpndkt‘s @fhpndkt‘s cr`e nor nusldkb nus ldkb Crdkj‘s Crdkj‘s (`kfy e`bordtofy e`bo rdtofy

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

suaaosscuf) adroor ds d pr`cossh`kdf drthst, s` wo dro sn`wk hk tnoso fflath`kdf p`rtrdhts `c w`eok drthsts bopokbokt tnoy woro `k ndvhkm hkbhroat daaoss, tnr`umn tnon`w edfoaruahdffy drthsts hk tnohr heeobhdto b`eostha ahrafo, t` tno c`redf obuadth`k tnoy tnoesofvos woro bokhob. Ardhj ndb norsofc stubhob brdwhkm dt tno M`vorkeok M`vorkeoktt Qan``f `c Boshmk hk , lut nor nor`hko nds k` daaoss t` c`redf trdhkhkm. Qhepfy lohkm dr`ukb Sdklrumn‘s stubh` hkarodsos @fhvo‘s pdssh`k c`r drt dkb, wo dro t`fb, „wnhfo nor ndkb soarotfy fdl`urob t` dttdhk porcoath`k, nor ehkb wds oxpdkbhkm, s` tndt tno boopor tnhkms `c Drt woro `pokhkm ukt` nor‘ (p. ). Sdklrumn, aufpdlfy `ltuso dkb a`ktoeptu`us `c tno koobs `c tno w`eok wn` tokb nhe, `lsorvos, whtn s`eo surprhso dkb bosphto nhesofc, wnok @fhvo boe`kstrdtos nor drthstha sokshlhfhty dkb ukborstdkbhkm, „y`u sooe t` jk`w dff dl`ut ht … X`u ehmnt ndvo look dk drthst‘s bdumntor `r shstor‘ (p. ). Hkboob, nhs `wk shstor, shstor, tn`umn sno nds k` dsphrdth`ks t` loa`eo dk drthst norsofc, „ndb quhotfy mdtnorob up d t`fordlfo arhthadf jk`wfobmo `c‘ drt. Qno oxpfdhks t` @fhvo9 „X`u soo, wnok H wds d mhrf, H ‖rodb up― `k Drt, tndt H ehmnt lo dlfo t` tdfj t` Ehandof. Q`eon`w, no kovor bhb adro t` tdfj whtn eo, lut porndps no edy yot‘ (p. ). ]nok @fhvo dsjs wny sno bhbk‘t loa`eo dk drthst norsofc, sno dmroos tndt „pfokty‘ `c w`eok ndvo look pdhktors9 „Roro  wds Dkmofhad Jdu﬇edk Zsha U, U, dkb Wr`porzhd \`ssh, dkb Ofhzdlottd Qhrdkh. Hk `ur bdy, tnoro hs Ers DPPPP dkb Ehss LPPPP, dkb tno tw` APPPPs.  Dkb hc y`u rodb dl`ut tno `fb Htdfhdk edstors, y`u whff fflkb tndt edky `c

tnoe ndb whvos, `r bdumntors, `r shstors, wn` nofpob tnoe d mrodt bodf (p. ). Qno norsofc afodrfy cdffs hkt` tnhs fdttor adtom`ry, adtom`ry, lut tno ordsuro `c tno kdeos `c a`ktoep`rdry w`eok drthsts of`quoktfy a`kvoys n`w tnoy t`` dro edrmhkdfhsob dkb fhdlfo t` lo wrhttok `ut `c nhst`ry. „Ro y`ukm w`edk nds d protty tdfokt‘, rop`rts Er ]ofly, ]ofly, \D, pdtr`khshkmfy `c Ers Qovork, „dkb nor nusldkb tdumnt nor dctor d cdsnh`k n`w t` uso ht‘ (Ro (Ro Rroo Lr`tnors , p. ). Ro bopokbokao `c suan w`eok w `eok ds @fhvo dkb Ers Qovork up`k d jhkb `c drlhtrdry a`hkahbokao a` hkahbokao `c tnohr „protty tdfokt‘ dkb tno obuadth`k dkb oxporhokao `c d edk whffhkm t` todan nor „dctor d cdsnh`k‘ hs d tnoeo tndt oeormos hk `tnor st`rhos t``. Hk Dkkd Edry N`whtt‘s N`whtt‘s sorhdffy pulfhsnob k`voffd „Ro Qhstors hk Drt‘  (),   (), d `kao suaaosscuf Htdfhdk saufpt`r, k`w cdffok `k ndrb theos, nofps rdhso tno shmnts `c tno coedfo drthstnor`hko dkb nor crhokbs, dkb mhvos tnoe daaoss t` adsts tnoy adk a`py, dkb t` d jhkb `c drthstha delhth`k dkb pr`cossh`kdfhse tndt Dfhao Fdw adkk`t n`po t` fflkb dt tno prhvdto dadboey `c drt c`r y`ukm fdbhos tndt sno dttokbs (dftn`umn ht sn`ufb lo k`tob tndt Dfhao dkb nor crhokbs b` roahpr`adto ly nofphkm tno hep`vorhsnob saufpt`r t` edjo d fhvhkm, b`hkm botdhfob dkdt`ehadf sjotanos c`r nhe cr`e wnhan no adk edjo wdx e`bofs c`r eobhadf

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k

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boe`kstrdth`ks). Hk tnhs rospoat Shat`rhdk fflath`k a`kfflres wndt e`bork coehkhst drt tno nhst`rhdks toff drt us w`rfb dl`ut tno hep`rtdkao `c w`eok ndvhkmnusdk oktrèo hkt` Shat`rhdk vhd tnohr drthst-cdtnors, lr`tnors, ldkbs `r cdehfy crhokbs, dkb n`w hkdboqudto suan drrdkmoeokts `ctok dro (Ro Qhstors hk Drt  hs  hs dl`ut tno sotthkm up `c d Qan``f `c Drt Dr t dkb Boshmk tndt pr`vhbos d pr`por obuadth`k c`r w`eok `c dff afdssos dkb ldajmr`ukbs). lda jmr`ukbs). Lut ht dfs` toffs us, ds b` e`bork coehkhst arhthas, `c tno hep`rtdkao `c  coedfo   kotw`rjs hk okdlfhkm w`eok t` loa`eo drthsts. Hk Ro Qhstors hk Drt , Dfhao hs eokt`rob, t` lo suro, ly Mhusoppo dkb ly d edfo fdkbsadpo pdhktor cr`e nor kdthvo X`rjsnhro, lut sno oxpfdhks n`w sno wds dfs` woff hkstruatob ds d anhfb ly nor coedfo mudrbhdk, „d fdby wn` ndb norsofc d vory k`lfo p`wor hk drt‘ (p. ). Dkb ht hs tno a`ffoathvo tdfokt `c tno tnroo y`ukm w`eok w` eok dt tno aoktro `c tno st`ry st`r y, t`motnor whtn tno wdre-nodrtob supp`rt su pp`rt `c Dfhao‘s Dfhao‘s dukt, tno mokor`shty `c tnohr fdkbfdby dkb, dl`vo dff, tno fflkdkahdf dsshstdkao dkb pdtr`kdmo `c Ers A`nok ‑ tnohr „shstorn``b hk drt‘, hk `tnor w`rbs ‑ tndt okdlfos tnoe t` rodfhso tnohr delhth`k `c sotthkm up d Coedfo Qan``f `c  Drt wnhan whff whff eodk tndt tndt y`ukm y`ukm w`eok whtn whtn tdfokt whff whff k` f`kmor f`kmor ndvo t` t` bopokb `k suan db n`a dkb a`kthkmokt drrdkmoeokts. Qhehfdrfy hk @fhvo , ht hs tno drthst‘s shstor, Eofh`rd, wn` dats k`t `kfy ds tno nor`hko‘s todanor, lut ds nor dmokt, kom`thdthkm tno sdfo `c nor fflrst pdhkthkm c`r nor, dkb ht hs d  w`edk, Ers Cfubyo Cfubyorr, wn` loa`eos loa`eos nor nor pdtr`k. pdtr`k. Lut hc suan k`vofs a`kvoy s`eotnhkm `c n`w, hk rodfhty, ds woff ds hk ut`phdk hbodfhse, w`eok pfdyob d pr`ehkokt dkb dathvo r`fo hk tno Shat`rhdk

drt w`rfb ds roaokt coehkhst drt nhst`rhdks ndvo sn`wk us, tnoy dfs` roprosokt tno ldrrhors w`eok cdaob, k`t `kfy hk tores `c daquhrhkm d tn`r`umn obuadth`k hk drt, t` oqudf tndt `c tnohr edfo a`uktorpdrts, lut dfs` hk rofdth`k t` tno proiubhaos tnoy ndb t` ldttfo. ]`eok, ht wds coft ly edky,  woro k`t adpdlfo `c lohkm mrodt drthsts. Roy a`ufb `kfy edkdmo, dt lost, s`-adffob „coedfo‘ sulioats. Ds Er ]ofly, \D, `phkos hk @fhpndkt‘s Ro Rroo Lr`tnors  (),  (), „d w`edk edy a`ktokt norsofc whtn tno n`eofy s`rt `c w`rj sno adk b`: lut d y`ukm coff`w dhes dt nhmn drt‘ (p. ). Ovok ly tno okb `c tno aoktury, tno vhow oxprossob s` pdrdbhmedthadffy ly Andrfos dksfoy hk ]``fc‘s ` tno Fhmntn`uso , „w`eok adk‘t pdhkt, w`eok adk‘t  wrhto‘, whbofy provdhfob. provdhfob. Ro nor`hko `c Offd Nopw`rtn Bhx`k‘s k`vof Ro Qt`ry `c d E`bork E`bo rk ]`edk ]`edk (),  (), Edry Orfo, wn` nds delhth`ks t` loa`eo d pdhktor, nds d suht`r, Shkaokt Noeehkm, wn` a`kshbors pdhkthkm „ospoahdffy hk wdtor-a`f`urs‘ t` lo „dk oehkoktfy fdby-fhjo `aaupdth`k‘. Ovok nor coehkhst crhokb, Dfhs`k Hvos, `lsorvos9 „K` w`edk ovor edbo d mrodt drthst yot … lut hc y`u b`k‘t ehkb lohkm tnhrb-rdto, `c a`urso m` hk dkb try.‘ Nor  idukbhaob vhow tndt, c`r d coedfo drthst, Q`utn Jokshkmt`k dkb tno \`ydf

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 Dadboey whff lo c`ff`wob hkox`rdlfy ly „p`rtrdhts `c ldlhos hk pdstof `r a`ttdmo mdrboks c`r tnotno rosthbo`f`mhadf `c y`ur fhco‘ summosts`cBhx`k‘s ukborstdkbhkm `c tno wdys hk wnhan fhehtdth`k w`eok‘s adpdahty t` okmdmo hk aufturdf pr`buath`k t` „tnhrb-rdto‘ b`eostha dkb ﬌`rdf sulioats ndb look hktorkdfhsob ovok ly edky okfhmntoko okfhmntokob b w`eok. _ksurprh  _ksurprhshkmfy shkmfy,, Edry dldkb`ks nor pdhktorfy delhth`ks. Ro cuffost oxpf`rdth`k `c n`w suan hbo`f`mhadf ldrrhors `pordtob hs t` lo c`ukb hk Ardhj‘s @fhvo , hk wnhan tno drthst Ehandof Sdklrumn hs tno e`utnphoao c`r dff tno hksthtuth`kdf hksthtuth`kdfhsob hsob proiubhaos dmdhkst w`eok loa`ehkm dkytnhkm e`ro tndk, fhjo Ers Qovork, pdhktors `c „protty mr`ups `c anhfbrok‘ `r vdphb fdkbsadpos (p. ). Nhs vory kdeo vosts nhe whtn tno dutn`rhty `c tno @fb Edstors, dkb no hs cuffy a`mkhsdkt `c nhs pfdao hk d jhkb `c Dp`st`fha Quaaossh`k `c mokhus. „No t``j nhs drt c`r nhs ehstross‘,  wo dro t`fb, dkb oeufdtob tno mrodt Cf`rokthko Cf`rokthko edstor wn` wds nhs kdeosdjo (p. ). @fhvo norsofc „romdrbob tno `fb drthst whtn ds euan rovorokao ds hc no ndb look Ehanofdkmof` Ehanofdkmof` nhesofc ‘ (p. ). No boahbos ovoktudffy t` e`vo t` \`eo wnoro, no rndps`bhsos, „@kao dmdhk H whff fho `k tno ﬌``r `c tno Qhsthko, dkb f``j up w`rsnhpphkmfy t` Ehandof tno Dkmof‘ (p. ). No cdktdshsos whtn @fhvo dl`ut „n`w wo sn`ufb m` t`motnor t` tno Ahty `c Drt, bwoff t`motnor, w`rj t`motnor, edstor dkb puphf … ]o sn`ufb lo fhjo tno lr`tnors Adrdaah ‑ fhjo hthdk whtn nhs san`fdr dkb db`ptob s`k.‘ ]drehkm t` nhs tnoeo, dkb r`ffhkm `ut tno eytn `c suaaossh`k, no shmns9 „]`ufb tndt y`u ndb k`t look d w`edk! Rdt H a`ufb ndvo edbo y`u ey s`k hk

 Drt, dkb mhvok y`u ey kdeo, dkb tnok bhob, loquodtnhkm y`u y`u tno edktfo `c ey mf`ry‘ (p. ). No hkvhtos nor t` lo nhs whco hkstodb, ds tno `kfy r`fo no adk fflt nor hkt`, shkao no dfrodby nds d shstor. Qno boafhkos. Sdklrumn, tno typo `c tno edfo drthst mokhus, „ndb robuaob tno w`edkjhkb dl`ut nhe t` tno a`kbhth`k `c porcoat sfdvos‘ (p. ). Nhs shstor‘s „wn`fo fhco ndb look porvdbob ly `ko mrdkb boshro ‑ t` soo nor lr`tnor proshbokt `c tno \`ydf Dadboey. ]nok sno wds d san``fmhrf dkb no d stubokt, sno ndb soarotfy sjotanob nhs fhjokoss ‑ tno `kfy `ko oxtdkt `c nhs umfy, yot s`uf-fhmntob cdao ‑ dkb ndb profflxob tnorot` nhs kdeo, whtn tno edmha fottors, ‖W.\.D.―‘ (p. ). Ro w`rfb tnoy hkndlht hs `ko hk wnhan  w`eok‘‘s p`tokthdf c`r tdfokt hs sulsueob ly tno hepordthvo t` mhvo ovory  w`eok dbvdktdmo t` tno s`k `c tno cdehfy ‑ ds, hk rodf fhco, Lrdkwoff Lr`ktê, c`r oxdepfo, wds mhvok d prhvhfomob obuadth`k `vor dkb dl`vo nhs e`ro tdfoktob shstors. Kdturdffy, suan lo dkxh`us t` pr`toat tnohr ehmnt prhvhfomos, dkb Ehandof, wnok nhseok shstorw`ufb hktr`buaos tno hbod tndt @fhvo lo d pdhktor, „st``b, ﬌`urhsnhkm nhs ednf-sthaj dkb pdfotto ‑ f``jhkm vory fhjo d mhmdktha wdrrh`r, mudrbhkm tno snrhko `c Drt whtn snhofb dkb spodr‘

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



(p. ). Ehandof hs probhatdlfy bhsehsshvo `c suan d prop`stor`us pr`p`sdf, dkb dt fflrst rocusos t` f``j dt tndt „rullhsn‘ (p. ), nor w`rj. Cdr cr`e dajk`wfobmhkm nor arodthvo hbokthty ds dk drthst, no hkstodb wdkts t` adpturo nor f``j `c „pdsshvo ehsory‘ c`r d pdhkthkm `c nhs `wk, dbbhkm hksuft t` hkiury ly adsthkm @fhvo ds tno e`tnor `c Dfaosths, wn` hs t` lo e`boffob ly nor `wk e`tnor (p. ). ]nok no b`os f``j dt nor brdwhkms, no rofuatdktfy dbehts t` fflkbhkm s`eo tdfokt tnoro, lut no b`osk‘t n`fb ldaj `k tno sulioat `c w`eok pdhktors9 H de k`t suan d c``f ds t` sdy tndt mokhus hs `c ohtnor sox, lut ht hs dk dajk`wfobmob cdat tndt k` w`edk ovor wds d mrodt pdhktor, p`ot, `r eushahdk. Mokhus, tno ehmnty `ko, b`os k`t oxhst hk wodj coedfo kdturo, dkb ovok hc ht bhb, aust`e dkb obuadth`k w`ufb aortdhkfy stukt hts mr`wtn. (p. )

Ht hs „hep`sshlfo‘ c`r d w`edk t` loa`eo d  mrodt   drthst, daa`rbhkm t` Sdklrumn, loaduso tno tore hepfhos9 K`t `kfy d pdhktor, lut d p`ot: d edk `c fodrkhkm, `r rodbhkm, `c `lsorvdth`k. D moktfoedk ‑ wo drthsts ndvo look tno crhokbs `c jhkms. D edk `c nhmn vhrtuo, `r n`w adk no rodan tno puro hbodf0 D edk `c hr`k whff, uka`kquorob bdrhkm, dkb pdssh`ks str`km ‑ yot stdhkfoss. Fdst dkb mrodtost, d edk  wn`, coofhkm whtnhk nhe tno bhvhko sphrht, whtn nhs wn`fo s`uf w`rsnhps M`b! … Rhs hs wndt dk drthst eust lo  ly  ly kdturo. H ndvo k`t sp`jok `c wndt no nds t` edjo nhesofc. Xodrs `c stuby suan ds cow adk lodr fho loc`ro nhe ‑ k` fhco `c d adrpot-jkhmnt, k` odsy pfdy-w`rj `c sardphkm a`f`urs `k adkvds.  ]ny,, tnoso ndkbs `c ehko ndvo  ]ny ndvo whofbob whofbob k`t `kfy tno pokahf, lut tno sadfpof: sadfpof:

tnoso oyos ndvo rostob `k saokos `c n`rr`r, n`rr`r, ehsory ‑ ovok arheo. H mf`ry mf`r y hk ht: c`r ht wds dff c`r Drt. (pp. ‑)

 Dftn`umn Sdklrumn Sdklrumn nhesofc hs hr`khsob hk tno k`vof, nhs vhows `k tno mokbor `c mokhus dro `stokshlfy okb`rsob ly tno kdrrdt`r, wn` dvors9 „Ro nhordranhos `c tno s`uf‘s b`ehkh`k lof`km `kfy t` edk, dkb ht hs rhmnt tnoy sn`ufb. No ht wds wn`e M`b arodtob fflrst, fot nhe tdjo tno pro-oehkokao.‘ C`r w`edk‘ w`edk‘s „spnoro hs, dkb ovor eust lo, lo , l`ukbob: loaduso, lo aduso, n`wovor f`cty f `cty nor mokhus edy lo, ht dfwdys bwoffs hk d w`edk‘s lrodst. Kdturo, wnhan mdvo t` edk tno b`ehkh`k `c tno hktoffoat, mdvo t` nor tndt `c tno nodrt dkb d﬇oath`ks.‘ Dkb, no dbbs, „tnoro „tnoro sadrao ovor fhvob d w`edk wn` w`ufb k`t rdtnor sht eoojfy ly nor `wk nodrtn, whtn nor nusldkb dt nor shbo, dkb nor anhfbrok dt nor jkoo, tndk lo tno ar`wkob A`rhkko `c tno Adpht`f‘ (p.Ht). hs d cdehfhdr ok`umn vhow `c w`edk‘s „kdturo‘ dkb adpdahthos, lut hktorosthkmfy sulvortob hk d k`vof wnhan nds dk drthst-nor`hko, `ko wn`, e`ro`vor, hs sn`wk t` lo adpdlfo `c e`vhkm loy`kb „tno eoro protthkoss

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

`c e`st w`eok-pdhktors t` tno mrdkbour `c sulfheor Drt‘, `ko wn` w`rjs hk d rdkmo `c mokros, hkafubhkm Nhst`ry pdhkthkm dkb dffom`ry, dkb wn` tnr`umn nor drbu`us fdl`ur edjos norsofc „w`rtny `c lohkm rdkjob de`km tn`so pdhktors wn` dro k`t `c tno pdsshkm n`ur, lut c`r dff theo‘ (p. ).  ]ndt edjos tnhs p`sshlfo, `c a`urso, hs tndt @fhvo hs bofflkob foss ly nor  w`edkn``b tndk ly nor bhsdlhfhty. bhsdlhfhty. Ht hs ropodtobfy stdtob tnr`umn`ut tno k`vof tndt @fhvo hs „boc`reob‘, oxpoatob ly k` `ko (fodst `c dff norsofc) t` edrry dkb oki`y tno „k`redf‘ w`edkfy sdthscdath`ks `c fhco, wnhan croos nor t` bov`to norsofc t` drt, fhjo d edk adk, dkb t` loa`eo d „mokhus‘, ds no adk. C`r s`eo w`eok, tno kdrrdt`r toffs us, „andkao, `r ahrauestdkao, `r  wr`km, sodfhkm up nor w`edk‘s w`edk‘s kdturo, a`kvorts nor hkt` d sofc-bopokbokt nuedk s`uf. Hkstodb `c fhco‘s swootkossos, sno nds loc`ro nor fhco‘s mrodtkossos‘ (p. ). @fhvo hs `ko suan, dkb nor bhsdlhfhty loa`eos okdlfhkm, pfdahkm hk w`eok d p`shth`k sno adk `vora`eodrthsts9 tno bhsdlhfhthos cdaob lynor `tnor wn`cr`e whsn wnhan t` loa`eo pr`cossh`kdf @fhvo a`ufb b` edky tnhkms whtn dk hkbopokbokao tndt w`ufb ndvo look hep`sshlfo t` loduthcuf dkb ukmudrbob y`utn. @ctoktheos Ers \`tnosdy Znor e`tnorU troelfob dkb eureurob dt tno bdys `c s`fhtdry stuby hk tno Lrhthsn Eusoue, dkb hk vdrh`us phaturo mdfforhos: tno f`km, f`kofy wdfjs, s`eotheos hk whktortheo oxtokbhkm cdr hkt` tno busj `c ovokhkm. Lut @fhvo dfwdys dksworob, whtn d pokshvo sehfo. „Kdy, e`tnor: H de quhto sdco ovorywnoro. \oeoelor, H de k`t fhjo `tnor mhrfs. ]n` w`ufb k`thao eo 0‘ 0‘ (p. )

Nor bhsdlhfhty uksoxos nor, dkb s` b`os nor „mokhus‘. Ovoktudffy Sdklrumn

kovor tn`umnt `c nor sox dt dff (p. ). Qno ndb dk dfe`st edsaufhko p`wor `c ehkb‘, dk „drbokt, dfe`st edsaufhko mokhus‘ (p. ). „R`umn y`u dro d w`edk‘, no toffs nor, „y`u ndvo d edk‘s s`uf ‑ tno s`uf `c mokhus‘ (p. ). @fhvo, tnok, loa`eos d suaaosscuf drthst, dftn`umn sno roedhks t` dff hktokts dkb purp`sos vory w`edkfy, dkb sn`ws k`ko `c tno e`kstr`us om`thse tndt andrdatorhsos tno sofc-styfob e`bork edstor Sdklrumn. Sdklrumn. Qno a`kthkuos t` p`shth`k nor stubh` hk `ko ndfc `c tno fhvhkm r``e, t` tokb nor e`tnor dkb dky`ko ofso wn` koobs nor, dkb hkboob pr`vos t` lo ok`umn `c d w`edk tndt tno nor` cdffs hk f`vo whtn nor. Qno a`kcossos t` nor e`tnor, „Edeed, H tnhkj, `k tno wn`fo, H de ndpphor noro tndk H wds dt ]``bc`rb A`ttdmo. H coof foss `c dk drthst dkb e`ro `c d w`edk‘ (p. ). Ro hk sokso `c  a`k﬌hat lotwook w`edkn``b dkb drthstha hbokthty Dur`r drtha-d ufdtob @fhvo  ‑ `ko tndt hs cdehfhdr t` us cr`e, c`r oxdepfo,  Dur`rd Fohmn () Fohmn  () dkb Mdsjoff‘s Fhco `c Andrf`tto Lr`ktê  ()  () ‑ hs vory pdrthaufdrfy hk﬌oatob hk tno adso `c tno vhsudf drts. Hk Dkko Rdajordy \htanho‘s

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



Chm. . Nokry Qhkmfot`k, Qhkmfot`k, Ro \`ydf Dadboehahdks hk Mokordf Dssoelfy  ()  ()

 

hktrhmuhkm k`vof Ehss k`vof  Ehss Dkmof  (),  (), tno nor`hko hs cdtdffy bhvhbob lotwook nor drt dkb nor s`ahdf suaaoss ds d w`edk dkb `lioat `c boshro. Ht hs `c pdrthaufdr hktorost loaduso ht hs oxpfhahtfy ldsob `k tno fhco `c Dkmofhad

Jdu﬇edkk, wn` whtn Edry E`sor wds `ko `c tno shmkdt`rhos t` tno pothth`k t` Jhkm Mo`rmo HHH c`r tno ostdlfhsneokt `c d \`ydf Dadboey `c Wdhkthkm dkb Qaufpturo, dkb d c`ukbhkm Coff`w. (Qno hs roprosoktob de`km tno mdtnorob dadboehahdks hk Nokry Qhkmfot`k‘s pdhkthkm `c  ‑ l`tn hk pors`k, dkb, shmkhffladktfy, hk d crdeob p`rtrdht (Chm. (Chm. ).) ).)  Ehss Dkmof  a`kstdktfy  a`kstdktfy brdws dttokth`k t` tno toksh`k lotwook hts nor`hko‘s pr`cossh`kdf delhth`ks `k tno `ko ndkb, dkb nor „w`edkfy‘ s`ahdf dkb r`edktha delhth`ks `k tno `tnor: lotwook nor drthst‘s mdzo, dkb nor t`-lo-f``job-dt-koss ds d w`edk. Ro thtfo, hr`khadffy summosthkm d coedfo a`uktorpdrt t` „Ehandof tno Dkmof‘, dffubos t` I`snud \oyk`fbs‘s khajkdeo c`r tno y`ukm pdhktor, dkb euan hs edbo `c tno rofdth`ksnhp lotwook tno tw` drthsts, odan `c wn`e pdhktob p`rtrdhts `c tno `tnor. ]nok sno hs fflrst tdjok t` \oyk`fbs‘s stubh`, sno dbehros pr`cossh`kdffy tno fhmnt dkb tno pdhktor‘s pdfotto dkb pokahfs, lut „tnok, whtn s`eo subbok hepufso, sno sprdkm up hkt` tno shttor‘s andhr‘.  Hk d joy saoko, Dkmofhad fodvos d

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

mfhttorhkm pdrty dt \oyk`fbs‘s n`uso, dt wnhan sno nds look bosarhlob ds l`tn nhs „fhvhkm Euso‘ dkb nhs „rhvdf‘, t` m` t` nhs stubh` t` „oki`y d bhccorokt codst‘ (pp. ‑). No, afodrfy sehttok whtn nor, fflkbs nor f``jhkm dt `ko `c nhs pdhkthkms, whtn d pdhktor‘s oyo9 wo dro t`fb tndt „Dkmofhad ndb hk tndt hkstdkt loa`eo d pdhktor dmdhk, ds s`eo po`pfo b` wn` ndvo tw` fhvos t` fodb. Qno wds f``jhkm dt tno phaturo, dkb c`r d e`eokt sno ndb c`rm`ttok tno pdhktor, dkb wds w`kborhkm dt nhs w`rj, dt tno lrodbtn dkb mrdao `c tndt f`vofy a`elhkdth`k `c a`f`ur, `c coofhkm, `c ﬌`whkm odso‘ (p. ). Qno mdzos dt tno pdhkthkm (\oyk`fbs‘s cuff-fokmtn p`rtrdht `c Fdby Ofhzdlotn Joppof, p`rtrdyob ds d lrhbosedhb edjhkm sdarhfflao t` Nyeok) „whtn s`eo s`rt `c n`po tndt sno a`ufb f``j, dkb dbehro, dkb try t` rodfhzo tno mrdah`us eystory `c tnhs kow edstor‘s drt‘ (p. ). Lut wnhfo nors hs oxpfhahtfy tno f``j `c dk drthst dt tndt e`eokt, sno loa`eos tno `lioat `c \oyk`fbs‘s, dkb tno kdrrdt`r‘s, mdzo, fhjoBhajsoo, dk`tnorokthtfob phaturo „Ehss hk nhsDkmof‘ mdffory‑ (dkb hkboob d pdhkthkm ly Edrmdrot Hsdlof  Dkmofhjd Jdu﬇edkk, hktr`buaob ly Fdby ]oktw`rtn, vhshts Er Er.. \oyk`fbs \oyk`fbs‘‘ stubh` (, stubh`  (, Chm. ), ), bophathkm dk odrfhor saoko cr`e tno k`vof, b`os datudffy edjo d phaturo `c nor hk nhs stubh`, dftn`umn, k`tdlfy, sno hs k`t hk tno shttor‘s andhr). Rhs hs d edk`ouvro tndt `aaurs tnr`umn`ut tno k`vof, cr`e tno vory fflrst pdmo, wnoro tno kdrrdt`r oktors tno st`ry `c tno drthst‘s fhco vhd dk okmrdvhkm `c \oyk`fbs‘s p`rtrdht `c Dkmofhad Jdu﬇edkk, pr`ldlfy ly Crdkaosa` Ldrt`f`zzh9 Ht wds tno phaturo `c d fdby s`eo fflvo `r shx dkb twokty yodrs `c dmo. Ro cdao hs poaufhdr, sprhmntfy, tokbor, d fhttfo `lsthkdto. Ro oyos dro vory andre-

hkm dkb hktoffhmokt. Ro codturos dro lr`dbfy edrjob: tnoro hs s`eotnhkm dt `kao n`eofy dkb bhmkhfflob hk tnohr oxprossh`k. Ro fhttfo nodb hs andrehkmfy sot up`k hts crdeo. D cow podrfs dro ehxob whtn tno nodvy f``ps `c ndhr: tw` mrodt aurfs cdff up`k tno sf`phkm sn`ufbors: tno sfhe fflmuro hs brdpob hk fhmnt c`fbs cdstokob ly iowofob ldkbs, suan ds tn`so wnhan po`pfo tnok  w`ro. D f``so sadrc hs thob r`ukb tno wdhst. Lohkm a`fb, porndps, shtthkm hk Qhr I`snud‘s mrodt stubh`, tno fdby nds pdrtfy wrdppob norsofc hk d mrodt cur af`dj. (p. )

Rorodctor, wo dro ropodtobfy sn`wk tno drthst-nor`hko whtn „ZtUno fhttfo nodb … andrehkmfy sot up`k hts crdeo‘ ds hc sno hs hkboob tno crdeob sul ioat `c d pdhkthkm. Qno hs d „swoo „swoott fhvhkm phaturo phaturo‘‘ c`r nor crhokb Dkt`kh`, tno Htdfhdk pdhktor wn`e sno whff ovoktudffy edrry, ds sno stdkbs, lrusn dkb pdfotto hk ndkb, loc`ro hthdk‘s edmkhfflaokt  Dssuepth`k  Dssuepth`k,, nukm dl`vo tno nhmn dftdr `c tno Crdrh Andpof hk Sokhao, wnhan sno ndb look a`eehssh`kob t` a`py (p. ). Xot Xot ly bhkt `c hedmhkhkm norsofc hkt` hkt ` tno pdhkthkm, ds

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



 

Chm. . Edrmdrot Hsdlof Hsdlof Bhajsoo, „Ehss Dkmof‘ ‑ Dkmofhjd Jdu﬇edkk, hktr`buaob ly Fdby ]oktw`rtn, vhshts Er. \oyk`fbs‘ stubh` () stubh` ()

„`ko `c tno w`eok hk tno ar`wb f``jhkm `k whtn tno dedzob dp`stfos‘, sno sooes t` ovdbo nhs mdzo, dv`hb lohkm crdeob ly nhe, dkb loa`eo dls`rlob hkt` tno k`lfo drt t` wnhan sno dsphros, d whtkoss t` hts ofovdthkm p`wor, fhjo tno w`eok `kf``jors sno oepdtnothadffy hedmhkos loy`kb tno crdeo `c tno pdhkthkm (p. ). Fdtor, Fdtor, hk tno sdarhsty s darhsty `c tno sdeo anuran, ds Dkmofhad mdzos up`k Mh`vdkkh Loffhkh‘s Edb`kkd Loffhkh‘s Edb`kkd dkb Anhfb whtn Qts Qts Khan`fds, Wotor Wotor,, Lokobhat dkb Edrj , w`kborhkm dt „tno k`lfo Wosdrh nodbs ZloktU hk rovorokt

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

a`kafdvo loc`ro tno mrdah`us dkb spfokbhb Edb`kkd‘, Edb`kkd‘, dkb `lsorvhkm ospoahdffy „ZnU`w eodsurob dkb fhlordf ht dff hs: wndt d stdtofy sofc-rospoat dkb rovorokao c`r `tnors‘, tno w`edk wn` hs t` loa`eo nor `wk fflrst pdtr`k, Fdby ], f``js dbehrhkmfy dt Dkmofhad norsofc dkb, hktorrupthkm tno y`ukm pdhktor‘s sthff a`kaoktrdth`k `k tno pdhkthkm, sdys9 „H whsn H a`ufb pdhkt y`u ds y`u dro k`w, anhfb‘ (p. ). Ro fflath`kdf Dkmofhad hs, tnok, ht hs oepndshsob, l`tn pdhktor dkb tno sulioat `c pdhkthkms, ds wds tno nhst`rhadf Dkmofhad Jdu﬇edkk. Qno hs jk`wk k`t `kfy c`r nor fdrmo-sadfo nhst`rhadf dkb dffom`rhadf sulioats, lut dfs` c`r nor sofc-p`rtrdhts, `c wnhan tnoro dro edky, lut `c a`urso hk tnoso ht hs tno coedfo drthst wn` nds a`ktr`f `vor nor `wk roprosoktdth`k, dkb tnoy b` a`kvoy d sokso `c sofc-p`ssossh`k tndt tno fflath`kdf Ehss Dkmof, dt fodst, fdajs. Hk Ardhj‘s @fhvo , ht hs tno nor`hko‘s e`tnor, Qylhffd \`tnosdy, rdtnor tndk nor „pdfo, boc`reob‘ sofc, wn` hs tno mrodt loduty, dkb wn` hs bosarhlob tnr`umn`ut tno k`vof ds tno sulioat `c pdhkthkm9 „Dky p`ot, pdhktor, `r saufpt`r, w`ufb aortdhkfy ndvo rdvob dl`ut Ers \`tnosdy.‘ Qno hs „d Sokus bo Eobhah trdkseutob cr`e tno st`ko‘ (pp. , , ). @fhvo norsofc hs, ly a`ktrdst, bosarhlob ds p`ssosshkm „sadrao `ko andre tndt w`ufb pr`vo hts fhkodmo cr`e tno y`ukm loduthcuf e`tnor, `ut `c wn`so shmnt ht hksthkathvofy hksthkathvof y aropt‘ (p. ). ]nok nor cdtnor fflrst sdw nor, no „turkob dwdy, putthkm nhs ndkb loc`ro nhs oyos, ds hc t` snut `ut tno shmnt‘ (p. ). Ro vhsudf `lioathffladth`k `c Qylhffd \`tnosdy hs pfdyob `ut hk tno k`vof ds sno loa`eos tno datudf e`bof c`r l`tn Sdklrumn dkb nor bdumntor dkb, e`ro, ds sno norsofc f`sos nor shmnt, rokborob ukdlfo t` soo nor bdumntor‘s pdhkthkms `c nor. Shsudfhty dkb sulioathvhty dro af`sofy dfhmkob, dkb lohkm snut `ut `c tno

shmnt l`tnovok nordspdrokts sooes t` okdlfo bovof`peokt `c @fhvo s `wk vhsh`k.`cLut sno fflkbs vhsudf dmokay,tno dkb loa`eos e`ro a`kfflboktfy tno ehstross `c nor drt, trdhkhkm tno oyo c`r loduty tndt dttrdats nor de`km `tnor tnhkms t` nor y`ukm kohmnl`ur Qdrd Borwokt, dkb nhrhkm pr`cossh`kdf e`bofs t` sht c`r nor, p``r, ukdttrdathvo @fhvo norsofc ovok, whtnhk tnhs vhsudf oa`k`ey, loa`eos tno `lioat `c tno mdzo9 „ds sno sdt whtn nor ndkbs ar`ssob `k nor jkoo, nor lokbhkm nodb dkb pokshvo oyos `ut-mdzhkm, Z@fhvoU dbbob k` ukeoot phaturo t` tno sthff loduty `c tno saoko. Edky d f`vofy w`edk ehmnt ndvo a`votob tno eooj yot nodvokfy f``j wnhan adst swootkoss `vor tno pdfo codturos `c tno boc`reob mhrf‘ (p. ).

Qulioats dkb `lioats  Ds whtn `tnor drthst-nor`hkos drthst-nor`hkos suan ds Ehss Dkmof, tnoro tnoro hs s`eo roahpr`ahty roahpr`ahty `c vhsh`k hk tno adso `c @fhvo. Qno hs „wdtanob ‑ f`km dkb odrkostfy: lut ly

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



dk hkk`aokt wdtanor‘, Qdrd‘s y`ukm lr`tnor Fyfo Borwokt (tno c`reufdth`k noro hepfyhkm tndt tnoro edy lo edfo wdtanors wn` dro k`t s` hkk`aokt),  wnhfo hk turk tno l`y l`y‘‘s `wk bofhadto loduty loduty „pfodsob „pfodsob nor nor drthst‘s drthst‘s oyo‘ oyo‘ (p. ). N`wovor, c`r pr`cossh`kdf e`bofs, tnhs dkb `tnor k`vofs `c tno porh`b summost, tno `lioathffladth`k hs a`epfoto, dkb tnoy `ctok a`eo t` d ldb, `r dt fodst d sdb, okb. @fhvo hs tdjok ly Sdklrumn‘s shstor t` vhsht d „strdkmo c`rohmk-f``jhkm w`edk‘ wn` m`os ukbor tno kdeo Ers Edkkors, dkb  wn` Eofh`rd oxpfdhks wds `ko `c nor lr`tnor‘s lr`tnor‘s e`bofs dkb ndb sdt c`r nhs Afo`pdtrd  (p.   (p. ). Hr`khadffy, hk fhmnt `c nor `wk cuturo cdto, sno toffs nor crhokb tndt tno w`edk hs „sf`wfy byhkm, dkb H sn`ufbk‘t w`kbor hc ht woro `c snoor stdrvdth`k: tn`so e`bofs odrk s` fhttfo‘ (p. ). @fhvo roadffs soohkm nor dt tno theo `c tno pdhkthkm, hk dff nor edmkhfflaokao9 „@n, sno wds d mrdkb, loduthcuf w`edk, fhjo dk Odstork quook … ]ndt dk oyo sno ndb, dkb wndt d mf`rh`us e`utn!‘ (p. ). Roy fflkb tno wroajob loduty ovok k`w „`k d mrdkb sadfo‘, roafhkhkm ndfc-brossob: „tno fdrmo lut porcoat pr`p`rth`ks `c nor c`re roehkbob @fhvo `c tno roafhkhkm fflmuro hk tno mr`up `c tno ‖Rroo Cdtos―‘ (pp. ‑). Ht trdksphros tndt Aofhd Edkkors wds tno bhsadrbob ehxob-rdao ehstross `c @fhvo‘s `wk cdtnor, daquhrob wnok no  w`rjob dwdy hk tno tno ]ost ]ost Hkbhos. @fhvo  nds  nds croquoktfy look rodb ds, hk A`rd Jdpfdk‘s w`rbs, „l`tn d a`epdkh`k dkb d a`uktortoxt t` Idko t`  Idko Oyro ‘ (p. x)9 Aofhd Edkkors hs afodrfy d fflath`kdf rofdthvo `c Lortnd Eds`k, dkb lfhkbkoss, ds Nodtnor hffoy hffoy drmuos hk d fflko bhsaussh`k `c tno tw` toxts, d joy tr`po `c l`tn k`vofs. Lut ht dfs` lodrs a`epdrhs`k whtn Lr`ktê‘s Shffotto , pulfhsnob tnroo yodrs fdtor hk . Burhkm d vhsht t` d mdffory hk Shffotto, Fuay Qk`wo stdkbs loc`ro d pdhkthkm `c Afo`pdtrd tndt a`ufb ndvo look Sdklrumn‘s, hk wnhan tno „numo,

bdrj a`epfoxh`kob mhpsy quook shehfdrfy roafhkos hk d stdto `c ukbross dkb hs pdhktob `k d „mrdkb sadfo‘ ‑ sno osthedtos nor wohmnt dt „c`urtook t` shxtook st`ko‘.  Euan nds look wrhttok dl`ut tnhs saoko, `c a`urso9 E. Wduf‘s sn`aj dt soohkm nor shtthkm „a``ffy b`wk, whtn tno sofc-p`ssossh`k `c d mdrí`k‘ loc`ro suan d pdhkthkm, dkb nhs rocorrdf `c nor t` tno e`ro suhtdlfo sulioat `c „Fd Sho b‘uko Coeeo‘, wnhfo no, sno k`tos, „f``job dt tno phaturo nhesofc quhto dt nhs odso, dkb c`r d vory f`km wnhfo‘ (p. ). No dbehts `c „bos bdeos‘ f``jhkm dt tno Afo`pdtrd hk ehxob a`epdky, lut k`t d „boe`hsoffo‘. Ro oxandkmo ros`kdtos whtn Crdkaos r`ff`po‘s daa`ukt `c nor vhsht t` tno dkthquo stdtuo mdffory dt tno Wokksyfvdkhd Dadboey `c tno Chko Drts, hk B`eostha Edkkors `c tno Deorhadks  (),   (), wnoro sno hs sn`ajob t` bhsa`vor tndt eok dkb w`eok dro k`t porehttob t` vhow tno dkthquo adsts t`motnor, dkb hs hkc`reob tndt „tno fdbhos fhjo t` m` hkt` tndt r``e ly tnoesofvos, wnok tnoro lo k` moktfoeok wdtanhkm tnoe‘. „H kovor

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

coft ey bofhaday sn`ajob dt tno F`uvro‘, sno rop`rts, „lut H wds strdkmofy toeptob t` rosokt ds dk d﬇r`kt tno nhkt tndt H roaohvob, tndt H ehmnt stodf 

darhthadf mfdkaooyo dt wndt wds t` booeob hkboaokt.‘   Fuay Qk`wo lrhkms d shehfdrfy k`t `kfy tno vufmdr e`rdfhty `c Lofmhdk eusoue aufturo, dkb t` tno drthstha bofflahokahos `c w`rjs suan ds tno Afo`pdtrd tndt cdhf t` eoot tno roquhroeokts `c nor tn`r`umnfy rodfhst dostnotha, lut dfs` t` tno vory a`kvokth`ks `c tno kubo. Qno `lsorvos adusthadffy `c tno Afo`pdtrd9 Qno fdy ndfc-roafhkob `k d a`uan: wny, ht w`ufb lo bhfiauft t` sdy: lr`db bdyfhmnt lfdzob dr`ukb nor: sno dppodrob hk nodrty nodftn, str`km ok`umn t` b` tno w`rj `c tw` pfdhk a``js: sno a`ufb k`t pfodb d wodj sphko: sno `umnt t` ndvo look stdkbhkm, `r dt fodst shtthkm l`ft uprhmnt. Qno ndb k` lushkoss t` f`ukmo dwdy tno k``k `k d s`cd. Qno `umnt fhjowhso t` ndvo  w`rk boaokt mdreokts: d m`wk a`vorhkm nor pr`porfy pr`porfy,, wnhan wds k`t tno adso9 `ut `c dlukbdkao `c edtorhdf ‑ sovok-dkb-twokty ydrbs, H sn`ufb sdy, `c brdpory ‑ sno edkdmob t` edjo hkofiahokt rdheokt. (p. )

Ro pdhkthkm wnhan, sno a`epfdhks, „sooeob t` a`kshbor htsofc tno quook `c tno a`ffoath`k a`ffoath` k‘, hs bhsehssob bhsehss ob ds d „a`drso „a`drso dkb prop`stor`us prop` stor`us adkvdss‘, adk vdss‘, „dk „dk ok`re`us phoao `c afdptrdp afdptrdp‘‘ (p. ). Fuay hs propdrob t` quosth`k tno roaohvob vhow tndt tnhs hs m``b pdhkthkm, dkb dppfy nor `wk iubmoeokt. ]o a`eo dwdy cr`e tnhs saoko whtn d sokso foss `c tno `lioathfflob w`eok `k vhow hk tno mdffory, tno Afo`pdtrd dkb Fd Coeeo, tndk `c tno jook-oyob spoatdt`r dkb hkbopokboktfy ehkbob drt arhtha, Fuay Qk`wo, wn` procorrob t` lo foct df`ko rdtnor tndk okburo tno s`ahdlhfhty `c mdffory aufturo, c`r, c`r, porehttob t` f``j pr`porfy dt tno drt w`rjs bhspfdyob, sno wds „ndppy: ndppy, ndppy, k`t dfwdys hk dbehrhkm, lut hk oxdehkhkm, quosth`khkm, dkb c`rehkm a`kafush`ks‘, tndt hs, roprosoktdth`ks bovof`phkm d arhthadf dtthtubo t`wdrbs ). Qaufpturdf `c Afo`pdtrd pr`vhbo drt tno(p.ehso ok saîko   c`r

kueor`us k`vofhstha bhsquhshth`ks `k „w`edkn``b‘ hk tno porh`b. w` `c tno drthst-pr`tdm`khsts hk Ndwtn`rko‘s Ro Edrlfo Cduk, Cduk, Ehrhde dkb Joky`k, bhsauss tno fdttor‘s (cuffy af`tnob) saufpturo `c Afo`pdtrd, whtn nor „cuff Kulhdk fhps, dkb `tnor andrdatorhsthas `c tno Omypthdk pnysh`mk`ey‘, hk d joy saoko `c tno k`vof hk wnhan tno ox`thadffy loduthcuf  Iowhsn pdhktor dfe`st a`kcossos nor bdrj soarot s oarot t` tno Deorhadk saufpt`r s aufpt`r (p. ). Ro Afo`pdtrd, dkb Ehrhde norsofc, l`tn rdahdfhsob dkb soxudfhsob, dro oxpfhahtfy a`ktrdstob whtn tno Kow Okmfdkb purhtdk Nhfbd, wn`so „w`edkn``b hs `c tno otnorodf typo‘ (p. ). Qtdtudry hs bopf`yob t` p`hkt up d shehfdr a`ktrdst hk Mo`rmo Ofh`t‘s  Ehbbfoedran  Ehbbfoedran,, wnok tno fflath`kdf Moredk Kdzdroko pdhktor Kduedkk brdws nhs crhokb Fdbhsfdw‘s dttokth`k t` d y`ukm w`edk no whsnos t` pdhkt, wn` hs stdkbhkm hk „tno ndff  wnoro tno roafhkhkm Drhdbko, tnok adffob tno Afo`pdtrd, fhos hk tno edrlfo

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



v`fuptu`uskoss `c nor loduty‘. Qno hs k`t f``jhkm dt tno saufpturo ly wnhan sno stdkbs, lut pr`vhbhkm, whtn nor qudjorhsn sphrhtudf loduty, d e`bof c`r 

„tno e`st porcoat  Nor brodey hkdttokth`k t` tno drt  w`rjs dr`ukb nor y`ukm hs fdtorEdb`kkd‘. oxpfdhkob. B`r`tnod Lr``jo, `r Ers Adsdul`k ds sno k`w hs, wn` ndb nhtnort` look „cob `k eodmro Wr`tostdkt nhst`rhos dkb `k drt anho﬌y `c tno ndkb-sarook s`rt‘, hs uttorfy `vorwnofeob ly „tno  wohmnt `c ukhktoffhmhlfo ukhktoffhmhlfo \`eo‘ \`eo‘ `k nor bhsdstr`us wobbhkm wobbhkm i`urkoy, i`urkoy, oxporhokahkm „htdkha fhco mdzhkm dkb strummfhkm `k wdffs dkb aohfhkms‘ dkb „tno f`km vhstds `c wnhto c`res wn`so edrlfo oyos sooeob t` n`fb tno e`k`t`k`us fhmnt `c dk dfhok w`rfb‘ ds d khmntedrhsn dssduft. Roso saokos edmkhfflaoktfy a`kvoy, tnr`umn tno sa`p`pnhfha `lioathffladth`k `c B`r`tnod dkb nor `wk fdaj `c vhsudf dmokay wnok a`kcr`ktob whtn tno lowhfborhkm vhsudf surcoht `c \`eo, n`w nor fdaj `c obuadth`k rokbors tnhs p`tokthdffy str`km, hkbopokbokt dkb delhth`us y`ukm w`edk vufkordlfo dkb pdsshvo  wnok sno hs oxp`sob t` d aufturdf w`rfb loy`kb tno snoftorob fhco `c nor mhrfn``b. ]htn`ut ]htn`ut jk`wfobmo dkb vhsudf dmokay sno adk `kfy lo sulioat t`  wndt `tnors edjo `c nor, nor, fhjo tno e`bof Kdued Kduedkk kk w`ufb fhjo nor nor t` lo. Ro hssuo `c w`eok‘s obuadth`k hs dt tno nodrt `c  Ehbbfoedran  Ehbbfoedran,, `c a`urso, dkb `c `tnor fflath`k ly Ofh`t, ds ht hs `c Shffotto , dkb ht hs d tnoeo `c edky `tnor ehb-khkotooktn-aoktury k`vofs. Ro spoahffla quosth`k `c  w`eok‘‘s obuadth`k hk drt hs tdjok up ly `tnor wrhtors t``. Ro c`aus `c  w`eok Qhstors hk Drt  ly   ly Dkkd Edry N`whtt, norsofc d pdhktor dkb dutn`r `c tno dut`lh`mrdpnhadf Dk dut`lh`mrdpnhadf  Dk Drt Qtubokt hk Eukhan (), Eukhan (), hs `k tno bovof`peokt `c d kow otn`s hk drt obuadth`k c`r w`eok daa`rbhkm t` wnhan tno todanhkm `c drt dkb boshmk dro hktomrdtob, dkb oelobbob hk d lr`dbor obuadth`k hk nuedkhthos dkb sahokao: wnoro w`eok dro okvhsdmob ds w`rjhkm a`ffoathvofy dkb a`ffdl`rdthvofy, dkb, hep`rtdktfy, ds ndvhkm tno obuadth`k

t` dppr`dan drt arhthadffy. Ro vory c`re hk wnhan N`whtt s st`ry wds pul fhsnob, sorhdffy hk tno Hffustrdtob Oxnhlht`r dkb Edmdzhko `c Drt  (d   (d i`urkdf tndt dkk`ukaos htsofc ds lohkm bov`tob t` pdhkthkm, saufpturo, dranhtoaturo nhst`ry, lh`mrdpny, drt-hkbustry, edkucdaturos, hkvokth`k dkb bhsa`vorhos, f`adf dkb b`eostha saokos, dkb `rkdeoktdf w`rjs, dkb nds d „Fdbhos Bopdrteokt‘, edhkfy a`kaorkob whtn oelr`hbory), ly tno sdeo t`jok, shmkhfflos tnhs otn`s. N`whtt, norsofc d pdhktor, hksorts nor ut`phdk fflath`kdf vhsh`k c`r w`eok‘s drt hkt` d edhkstrode drt i`urkdf, l`tn tnoedthadffy dkb c`redffy pr`p`shkm dk dftorkdthvo t` tno vory a`kaopt `c d „Fdbhos Bopdrteokt‘. Ro st`ry rodfhsos dk dftorkdthvo r`fo c`r w`eok hk drt tndk tndt `c tno e`bof dkb euso. Fhzzy ]hfs`k, c`r oxdepfo, hs obuadtob t` loa`eo d pr`buathvo dkb sofc-supp`rthkm drthst rdtnor tndk d e`bof, fhjo Mhusoppo‘s bdumntor, wn` ndb bhsdppodrob dkb wds codrob cdffok dkb f`st

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

(tn`umn ovok sno hs s`umnt `ut ly tno „shstors‘, dkb nor `wk bdumntor dkb mrdkbbdumntor dro rosauob cr`e sndrhkm nor cdto). Fhzzy hsQhbbdff, croquoktfy ds ddsfflath`kdf `c ds N`whtt‘s crhokb Ofhzdlotn Qhb bdff, norohbokthfflob roprosoktob dk drthst dr thsta`rrofdthvo rdtnor tndk tno eytn`f`mhsob whco `c Bdkto Mdlrhof \`ssotth sno wds t` loa`eo dctor nor bodtn cr`e d fdubdkue `vorb`so hk . Ro „fomokb‘ `c Qhbbdff wds dt tno aoktro `c d kow wdvo `c coehkhst w`rj `k tno Wro-\dpndofhtos hk tno s, hkhthdtob ly Bol`rdn Bol`r dn Anorry Anorr y dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj‘s W`ff`aj‘s drthafo „] „ ]`edk ds Qhmk hk Wro-\dpndofhto Fhtordturo9 D Qtuby `c tno \oprosoktdth`k `c Ofhzdlotn Qhbbdff‘ (). Fhjo N`whtt, tnoso arhthas roaupordtob Qhbbdff ds dk drthst hk nor `wk rhmnt, lut tnoy dfs` pr`lob tno fdrmor quosth`k `c „w`edk ds shmk‘ hk tno Wro-\dpndofhto hedmhkdry. Roy drmuo tndt \`ssotth‘s brdwhkms `c Qhbbdff‘s dkb `tnor coedfo cdaos dro k`t p`rtrdhts, rdtnor9 „@pordthkm  whtnhk dk oeormokt oeormokt romheo `c roprosoktdth`k roprosoktdth`k `c ]`edk ]`edk hk tno s, s, tnoy shmkhcy hk tno hbo`f`mhadf pr`aoss `c d ro-bofflkhth`k `c w`edk ds hedmo , dkb ds vhshlfy  bh﬇orokt.‘   bh﬇orokt.‘ Hk sn`rt, „Roy dro … syept`es `c dkb shtos c`r tno rokom`thdth`k dkb robofflkhth`k `c coehkhkhty dkb soxudfhty whtnhk tno a`epfox `c s`ahdf dkb mokbor rofdth`ks `c tno s.‘ Rhs hs dk hkshmnt tndt w`eok k`vofhsts a`ktoep`rdko`us whtn Wro\dpndofhthse hktrhmuhkmfy dkthahpdto. Edry Ofhzdlotn Lrdbb`k, c`r hkstdkao, hk nor soksdth`k k`vof `c , Fdby Dubfoy Dubfoy‘s‘s Qoarot , arodtos d pr`tdm`khst wn` oxoepfhfflos proahsofy tno b`ulfokoss `c tno „coeeo cdtdfo‘ tndt W`ff`aj W`ff`aj hbokthfflos hk tn`so `lsosshvofy ropothth`us \`ssotthdk hedmos `c coedfo cdaos9 dk dkmof/fflokb, wn` shmkhfflos dt `kao tno sphrhtudfhsob l`urmo`hs coehkhko hbodf dkb d bdkmor`us a`kiukath`k `c porvorso soxudfhty, or`tha cdktdsy dkb afdss hkfflftrdth`k. Hkboob, tno bhsa`vory `c Fdby Dubfoy‘s soarot lomhks wnok Mo`rmo dfl`ys pokotrdtos nor l`ub`hr dkb roa`mkhsos nhs `stokshlfy bodb whco hk d Wro-\dpndofhto Wro-\dpndofhto p`rtrdht `c tno dkmofha fdby `c

tno n`uso9  Xos, tno pdhktor eust ndvo look d pro-\dpnd  Xos, pro-\dpndofhto. ofhto. K` `ko lut d pro-\dpndofhto w`ufb ndvo pdhktob, ndhr ly ndhr, tn`so codtnory edssos `c rhkmfots  whtn ovory mfheeor `c m`fb, dkb ovory sndb`w `c pdfo lr`wk. K` `ko lut d pro-\dpndofhto w`ufb ndvo s` oxdmmordtob ovory dttrhluto `c tndt bofhadto cdao ds t` mhvo d furhb fhmntkoss t` tno lf`kbo a`epfoxh`k, dkb d strdkmo shkhstor fhmnt t` tno boop lfuo oyos. K` `ko lut d pro-\dpndofhto w`ufb ndvo mhvok t` tndt protty p`uthkm e`utn tno ndrb dkb dfe`st whajob f``j ht ndb hk tno p`rtrdht. Ht wds s` fhjo dkb yot s` ukfhjo: ht wds ds hc y`u ndb lurkob strdkmoa`f`urob fflros loc`ro ey fdby‘s cdao, dkb ly tnohr hk﬌uokao lr`umnt `ut kow fhkos dkb kow oxprossh`ks kovor sook hk ht loc`ro. Ro porcoath`k `c codturo, tno lrhffhdkay `c a`f`urhkm woro tnoro: lut H supp`so tno pdhktor ndb a`phob

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k



qudhkt eobhdovdf e`kstr`shthos ukthf nhs lrdhk ndb mr`wk lowhfborob, c`r ey fdby, hk nhs p`rtrdht `c nor, ndb s`eotnhkm `c tno dspoat `c d loduthcuf fflokb.

\`lort Dubfoy boafdros tndt no b`osk‘t fhjo tno p`rtrdht9 „tnoro‘s s`eotnhkm `bb dl`ut ht‘. Nhs a`ushk Dfhahd summosts tndt „s`eotheos d pdhktor hs hk d edkkor hksphrob, dkb hs dlfo t` soo, tnr`umn tno k`redf oxprossh`k `c tno cdao, dk`tnor oxprossh`k tndt hs oqudffy d pdrt `c ht, tn`umn k`t t` lo poraohvob ly a`ee`k oyos‘, dbbhkm9 „] „]o  ndvo  ndvo kovor sook ey fdby f``j ds sno b`os hk tndt phaturo: lut H tnhkj tndt sno a`ufb  f``j  f``j s`‘ (p. ). W`ff`aj `lsorvos `c tno jhkb `c Wro-\dpndofhto pdhkthkm cr`e wnhan tnhs bosarhpth`k borhvos9 „Ro eytn `c w`edk hs tndt sno hs shepfy rovodfob ly tno mokhus `c tno drthst‘ (p. ). Hk tnhs toxt, Fdby Dubfoy/Fuay Mrdnde/ Nofok dfl`ys hs `c a`urso fhtordffy rovodfob hk tno pdhkthkm. Hts eothauf`us rodfhse okdlfos Mo`rmo dfl`ys t` hbokthcy nor ds nhs whco, dkb hts furhb dkb cdktdstha oxdmmordth`k `c nor codturos dkb a`f`urhkm summosts tno edbkoss tndt hs ovoktudffy bhsa`vorob t` furj whtnhk tno loduthcuf c`re. Lut Lrdbb`k bopf`ys tno mokorha Wro-\dpndofhto ha`k`mrdpny `c w`edk hk nor bosarhpth`k `c Fdby Dubfoy‘s p`rtrdht hk wdys tndt dfs` summost nor dpproahdth`k `c n`w, n`w, hk hts poaufhdr a`kiukath`k `c l`urmo`hs rodfhse dkb ndffuahkdt`ry cdktdsy, Wro-\dpndofhthse hkhthdtob d kow romheo `c roprosoktdth`k tndt pfdyob d aruahdf r`fo hk sndphkm Shat`rhdk hbods dl`ut w`edkn``b. K`t `kfy b`os Mo`rmo roa`mkhso nhs whco hk tno p`rtrdht, dkb Dfhahd roa`mkhso tno rutnfosskoss dkb hksdkhty tndt tno drthst rovodfs whtnhk nor dppdrokt porcoath`k, lut, H summost, Lrdbb`k norsofc roa`mkhsos s`eotnhkm „`bb‘ dl`ut Wro-\dpndofhto roprosoktdth`ks `c w`eok, dkb ukborstdkbs tno r`fo `c suan vhsudf hedmos hk tno edhktokdkao `c d mokbor `rbor hk wnhan  w`eok dro cothsnhsob cothsnhsob ds dkmofs dkb dkb boe`khsob ds fflokbs. fflokbs. Sork`k Foo wds t` tdajfo tno hssuo `c tno Wro-\dpndofhto w`edk e`ro

bhroatfy tw` boadbos fdtor, fdtor, k`t hk nor drt arhthahse, ar hthahse, lut hk nor a`ktr`vorshd a`ktr`vorshdff k`vof  Ehss Lr`wk Lr`wk   (). Ro k`vof‘s anhoc hktorost fhos hk hts bhssoath`k, `vor tnroo v`fueos, `c tno drthst Ndefhk‘s sa`p`pnhfha `lsossh`k whtn tno loduthcuf y`ukm kursoedhb whtn tno Wro-\dpndofhto Wro-\dpndofhto f``js wn`e no edjos nhs e`bof, dkb wn` nds k` e`ro hbokthty c`r nhe tndk ds tno `lioat `c nhs or`thahshkm mdzo. Ht rovodfs Foo‘s dauto dwdrokoss `c tno a`ksthtuth`k `c  w`edk ds spoatdafo hk tno a`ktoep`rdry vhsudf oa`k`ey. oa`k`ey. Dkko Lr`wk hs a`kstdktfy bosarhlob hk tores `c drt w`rjs9 nor nodb hs fhjokob t` „aortdhk e`urkcuf dkb suffok nodbs `c Ehandofdkmof`‘: sno hs „d phaturo ly dk `fb edstor‘. p`hkt sno norsofc „Bhb no adrovhsudf c`r nor `kfy hk ds d s`rt `c Dt fhvo`ko phaturo0‘  Ht dsjs hs eok wn`lhttorfy9 dro okb`wob whtn dmokay tnhs toxt, dkb Foo b`os k`t dff`w nor trdppob nor`hko dky osadpo. Dkko

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

brodes `c m`hkm t` Mhrt`k, dkb nds nor `pp`rtukhthos c`r croob`e. Dt `ko p`hkt hk tno st`ry, nor pnhfdktnr`pha a`ushk \handrb Lr`wk, wn`, shmkhffladktfy, hs f`shkm nhs oyoshmnt, toffs nor no whff ndvo t` okmdmo d y`ukm edk ds nhs soarotdry. Lut sno adkk`t dat9 „Dkko coft d fuep hk nor tnr`dt. @n tndt sno ndb look d edk, hkstodb `c lohkm tnhs usofoss, ldso arodturo `c eoro a`eofy f``js, d w`edk, sot dpdrt c`r tno a`ktoepfdth`k a `ktoepfdth`k `c dostnotos‘ dostnotos‘ (, p. ). Qno suaauels dt tno okb `c tno k`vof t` tno prossuro t` loa`eo Ndefhk‘s whco.  Ehss Lr`wk Lr`wk   hs d k`vof hk wnhan tno vhsudf fflofb hs bofflkhthvofy edsaufhko (dftn`umn ht b`os a`ktdhk dk hktrhmuhkm vhmkotto `c dk dbvdkaob y`ukm w`edk „stubyhkm oyo-surmory whtn d cde`us \nokhsn `aufhst (, pp. ‑)), dkb hk wnhan tno coedfo pr`tdm`khst‘s dlioat bopokbokao up`k d edk hs oxpfhahtfy a`kkoatob t` tnohr spoaufdr rofdth`k. Ht fflrefy fhkjs tno vhsudf oa`k`ey whtn tno soxudf oa`k`ey. ]nhfo ht hs tno edfo drthst pr`tdm`khst, Ndefhk,a`epfoxh`k‘ wn` nds tno`c„bofhadto, ndkbs`eo codturos‘,edfo dkb tno „cdhr, dfe`st lodrbfoss tno a`rrupt dkb „o﬇oehkdto‘ cdehfy fhko (, pp. , ), dkb nhs e`bof dkb pr`tèmèo Dkko Lr`wk wn`so codturos dro „e`kueoktdf‘ (nor k`so „edsshvo, nodvy‘, nor fhps „tnhaj, dkb `c aurh`usfy l`fb pr`ioath`k dkb aurf‘, nor koaj „r`ukb dkb oroat fhjo d t`wor‘, dkb nor anost, dmdhk, „edsshvo‘ (, pp. ‑)), ht hs hk tno coehkhsob drthst dkb dostnoto dostn oto tndt pdtrhdrandf p`wor hs vostob. Ndefhk Ndef hk‘‘s dkaost`rs dkaost`r s woro sfdvo `wkors `wkor s hk tno ]ost ]ost Hkbhos, Hkbhos , dkb Ehss Lr`wk‘s Lr`wk‘s kdeo lospodjs los podjs nor rdahdf `rhmhks. ]nok Ndefhk w`kbors hc sno hs Iowhsn, `r „s`eo Odstork, bdsnob  whtn Nhkb`` Nhkb`` `r Komr Komr`‘ `‘ (, p. p. ), sno oxpfdhks oxpfdhks tndt tndt sno nds E``rhsn E``rhsn lf``b, dkb dt `ko p`hkt soos norsofc ds ndvhkm d „strdkmo, ndfc-s`utnork, ndfc-s`utnork, ndfc-Iowhsn, dkb dfe`st ndfc-Otnh`phdk loduty‘ (, pp. ‑). Hk Foo‘s st`ry, ds hk tno k`vof whtn wnhan tnhs andptor lomdk, Edub Aruttwoff‘s Chro dkb Cr`st   (), tno pfdy whtn pnyshadf tr`pos `c edsaufhkhty dkb coehkhkhty dkb tno hksarhpth`k `c ox`thahse hk tno k`vof dro eoandkhses ly wnhan arhthquo hs

ostdlfhsnob. Hk tnohr k`vofs dkb st`rhos, tnok, Shat`rhdk w`eok suan ds Foo dkb Aruttwoff drthaufdtob d pr`c`ukb dwdrokoss `c bh﬇orokao tndt wds `ctok k`t dppdrokt hk tnohr c`redf drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm. @tnor coedfo k`vofhsts hedmhkob   dkb mdvo sulstdkao t` tno coedfo drthsts dkb pdtr`ks tndt  w`ufb ndvo d pfdao hk s`eo cuturo nhst`ry `c drt, ovok hc datudf coedfo pdhktors dro fdrmofy dlsokt cr`e w`eok‘s daa`ukts `c drt pdst. Rr`umn tnohr boct uso `c kdrrdthvo v`hao dkb d rdkmo `c andrdators tnoy dro dlfo t` a`kvoy dkb a`epothkm vhows dl`ut tno tno pfdao `c w`eok hk tno`cShat`rhdk drt  w`rfb, ospoahdffy t` brdedthso a`k﬌hatob hbokthty tno w`edk drthst. Wf`t dkb t`ko, ospoahdffy hr`ky, dro o﬇oathvofy bopf`yob t` sn`w tno

 

Ro drt `c fflath`k

 



ldrrhors t` w`eok‘s cuff pr`cossh`kdf okmdmoeokt hk drt prdathao. Hkvokthvo kdrrdthvo c`res okdlfo tno oxpf`rdth`k `c oxporhokaos tndt adkk`t lo s` o﬇oathvofy rokborob hk tno cdatudf nhst`rhadf pr`so oxpoatob `c ohtnor drt arhthahse dkb nhst`ry `r p`pufdr muhbos t` drt. Chath`kdf oka`uktors whtn hkvoktob w`rjs `c drt adk a`kvoy tno oxporhokao `c drt e`ro tndk daaurdto adtdf`muos `c drtocdats hk mdfforhos, dkb tno wdys hk wnhan tndt oxporhokao edy lo mokborob. D pr`por daa`ukt `c drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm ly w`eok hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, tnok, eust hkafubo tno euan whbor rdkmo `c mokros hk wnhan tnoy wr`to dl`ut drt tndk shepfy tnohr c`redf trodthsos  wnhan, wnhfo hk tnoesofvos euan e`ro hktorosthkm hktorosthkm H tnhkj tndk s`eo arhthas summost, roprosokt `kfy `ko bheoksh`k `c tnohr a`ktrhluth`k t` tno nhst`rh`mrdpny `c drt.

 

  

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

Chath`k wds d p`pufdr fhtordry c`re tndt okdlfob w`eok t` oxpf`ro hssuos rofdthkm t` tno pr`cossh`kdf fhvos `c coedfo drthsts dkb arhthas dkb tno mokborhkm `c dostnotha oxporhokao, lut ht wds `kfy `ko `c tno edky mokros hk wnhan w`eok wr`to dl`ut drt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury. Lohkm d wrhtor hk dkb tno ndajs, khkotooktn aoktury, oqudffy c`r edi`r dutn`rs dkb ehk`r pfdyors mokordffy hkv`fvob okmdmhkm hk d kuelor `c bh﬇orokt jhkbs `c wrhthkm prdathao, s` ht sn`ufb k`t surprhso us tndt  w`eok  w`eo k wn` ostd ostdlfhs lfhsnob nob roput roputdth` dth`ks ks ds pr`co pr`cossh` ssh`kdf kdf drt nhst` nhst`rhdks rhdks dkb arhthas pulfhsnob hk `tnor c`res dkb fflofbs. Kovortnofoss, tno lrodbtn dkb bhvorshty `c tnohr fhtordry dkb aufturdf hktorosts, dkb tno snoor rdkmo `c mokros hk wnhan tnoy wr`to, dro vory strhjhkm. Afdhro \hantor \hanto r Qnoredk p`hkts `ut tndt Fdby Adffa`tt wr`to d p`pufdr anhfbrok‘s nhst`ry `c Okmfdkb: Fdby E`rmdk, pfdys, s`kms, dkb lost-soffhkm k`vofs: Edry Edrmdrot Nodt`k, anhfbrok‘s p`otry. Ofhzdlotn \hmly, Fdby Odstfdjo, wds tno fflrst w`edk t` wrhto `k d vdrhoty `c drthstha, fhtordry dkb s`ahdf t`phas c`r tno prosthmh`us Tudrtorfy \ovhow . ]htn nor obhth`k dkb trdksfdth`k `c Ro Edlhk`mhdk Edlhk`mhdk,, Fdby Andrf`tto Muost (fdtor Qanrohlor) hksphrob hktorost hk Aoftha c`fjf`ro dkb  Drtnurhdk r`edkaos.

 ]o ehmnt dbb edky e`ro oxdepfos `c w`eok  ]o w`eokss mokorha coaukbhty coaukbhty,, dkb k`to tno cdat tndt Edry Eorrhfflofb, hk dbbhth`k t` lohkm dk oxport hk crosa`, ndb rosodran hktorosts hk kdturdf nhst`ry, croquoktfy a`ktrhlutob pdpors t` Kdturo  dkb   dkb loadeo dk dutn`rhty `k sodwoobs, ndvhkm fodrkob Bdkhsn dkb Qwobhsn hk `rbor t` rodb Qadkbhkdvhdk sahokthffla pdpors `k tno sulioat: tndt Offok Afdyt`k wr`to `k w`eok wdrrh`rs dkb w`eok v`adfhsts ds woff ds `k w`eok drthsts: tndt Ofhzdlotn Wokkoff wds d woff-jk`wk a``jory dkb trdvof wrhtor ds woff ds d romufdr a`ktrhlut`r `k drt sulioats,  wrhthkm ukbor tno w`rj, shmkdturo K.‘, t` tno Kdth`k: : dkb `c tndt, hk dbbhth`k t` nor drt-arhthadf drtarhthadf nor „K. lh`mrdpnhos dkbKdth`k trdksfdth`k Kow ]`edk 

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs   



k`vofs, Nofok Yheeork trdksfdtob Khotzsano dkb Qan`poknduor, ds woff ds v`fueos `c Worshdk p`otry dkb tno a`eobhos `c M`fb`kh. Rohr rdkmo, pr`buathvhty dkb tno oxtokt `c tnohr p`pufdr hepdat `k d  whbo spoat spoatrue rue `c `c dubhok dubhokaos aos wds wds hkboo hkboob b hepros heprosshvo shvo,, dkb dkb ro﬌oats ro﬌oats tno cdat tnd tndtt tnhs wds d mokordth`k `c wrhtors k`t a`kstrdhkob t` lo kdrr`w dkb spoahdfhst ly tno othquotto `c e`bork pr`cossh`kdfhse9 n`wovor, `ko oxpfdkdth`k c`r tno bhvorshty `c tnohr pulfhsnob `utput dkb c`r tno pdrthaufdr pulfhsnhkm trdioat`rhos `c edky `c tnoso okormotha, hedmhkdthvo dkb ros`uraocuf w`eok hs tndt coedfo wrhtors woro sulioat t` pdrthaufdr bhsaurshvo a`kstrdhkts. Hc ht  wds k`t uka` uka`ee`k ee`k fdto fdtorr hk tno aokt aoktury ury c`r c`r w`eok t` oxpo oxporheok rheoktt arod arodthvo thvofy fy  whtn bh﬇orokt bh﬇orokt c`res hk wrht wrhthkm hkm `c drt dkb hts nhst nhst`rhos `rhos,, odrf odrfyy hk tno porh`b ht wds prdmedtha, hc k`t ossokthdf, c`r tnoe t` fflkb hkc`redf pdtns hkt` drt nhst`ry. ]`eok woro e`ro rodbhfy dajk`wfobmob ds pr`cossh`kdf wrhtors hk s`eo fflofbs dkb mokros tndk hk `tnors, dkb s` hc tnoy whsnob t` wrhto dl`ut drt tnoy prdathsob ahrauespoath`k. ]rhthkm hk foss prosthmh`us mokros wnoro tnoy ndb dfrodby ostdlfhsnob d fomhthedto afdhe, suan ds tno „f`w-stdtus‘ drokds `c trdksfdth`k dkb trdvof wrhthkm,  `r tndt woro poraohvob, fhjo tno k`vof, i`urkdfs dkb fottors, t` lo coehkhsob c`res, okdlfob w`eok t` oxpf`ro pr`nhlhtob torrht`ry ukbor a`vor dkb t` fflkb dk dutn`rhtdthvo v`hao. Nokao, tno odrfhost drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm ly w`eok `ctok dppodrob hk `r t``j tno c`re `c muhbol``js dkb trdvof`muos, prdathadf edkudfs, p`pufdr lh`mrdpnhos dkb trdksfdth`ks, `r ht `aauphob tno prhvdto spdao `c fottors dkb bhdrhos, `r ofso ht wds fflath`kdfhsob hk k`vofs dkb p`otry, `r rokborob dk`kye`us ly tno edsaufhko v`hao dkb stdkbdrbhsob n`uso styfos `c tno porh`bhadf pross. Rhs andptor oxpf`ros n`w w`eok sohzob up`k tno `pp`rtukhty t` oxtokb tno daaoptdlfo w`edkfy r`fos `c todanor dkb muhbo dkb t` edjo uso `c tno fhtordry c`res tndt woro a`kb`kob t` wrhto dl`ut drt. Ht c`ausos `k tnohr trdvof muhbos dkb trdksfdth`ks, l`tn tnohr fhtordf rokbhth`k `c c`rohmk fdkmudmo drt toxts hkt` Okmfhsn, dkb tnohr fflmurdthvo trdksfdth`k `c tno oxporhokao `c vhowhkm drt hkt` `tnor fhtordry dkb porc`redthvo eobhd, suan

ds ojpnrdstha p`otry dkb oxnhlhth`k. Qovordf roaokt stubhos `c pr`cossh`kdf  w`eok wrhtors hk tno khkotooktn aoktury ndvo brdwk dttokth`k t` tnohr aufturdf w`rj ds trdvoffors dkb trdksfdt`rs, dkb t` tnohr pdrthaufdr r`fo hk tno oa`k`ehos `c hktoffoatudf oxandkmo, uka`vorhkm tnohr c`redthvo hk﬌uokao `k bovof`phkm a`kaopts `c mokbor dkb e`borkhty.  Noro ey hktorost hs e`ro spoahffladffy hk tno a`ktrhluth`k `c tnohr trdvof wrhthkm dkb trdksfdth`k pr`ioats t` khkotooktn-aoktury wrhthkm dl`ut drt, dkb hk curtnor ukborstdkbhkm tno spoahfflahty `c tnohr okmdmoeokt whtn tno oxporhokao `c drt tnr`umn tnoso eobhd dkb n`w tndt ehmnt lo a`ktoxtudfhsob.

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Rrdvof wrhthk wrhthkm  m  rdvof l``js dkb muhbos adeo hkt` v`muo hk tno odrfy khkotooktn aoktury whtn tno `pokhkm up `c A`kthkoktdf Our`po c`ff`whkm tno bocodt `c Kdp`fo`k, tno whbor bhstrhluth`k `c wodftn, dkb tno dbvokt `c tno rdhfwdy dkb tno stodesnhp, dkb w`eok woro quhaj t` roa`mkhso dkb oxpf`ht l`tn tno fhtordry dkb tno a`eeorahdf p`sshlhfhthos `c tno c`re. Muhbol``js, fottors dkb i`urkdfs `k tno sulioat `c trdvof dkb roshbokaos dlr`db woro, hkboob, tno c`res hk wnhan d kuelor `c w`eok wn` woro fdtor t` loa`eo jk`wk ds drt nhst`rhdks fflrst ostdlfhsnob tnohr arobokthdfs ds wrhtors. C`r hkstdkao, tno woff-trdvoffob Edrhd Mrdnde‘s odrfhost pulfhadth`ks hkafubob nor I`urkdf nor I`urkdf `c d \oshbokao hk Hkbhd  (),  (), Fottors `k Hkbhd   (), Rroo E`ktns Wdssob hk tno E`uktdhks Odst `c \`eo, burhkm tno yodr  (),   (), I`urkdf  I`urkdf `c d \oshbokao hk Anhfo  An hfo  ()   () dkb I`urkdf dkb  I`urkdf `c d S`ydmo S`ydmo t` Lrdzhf  (),  (), wnhfo Ofhzdlotn \hmly‘s wrhthkm adroor ds dk drt nhst`rhdk dkb arhtha wds fhjowhso fdukanob whtn d l``j `c Fottors cr`e tno Qn`ros `c tno Ldftha  ()   () wnhan, ds wo sndff soo, a`ktdhkob hktorosthkm edtorhdf `k drt. Dkb Dkkd Ideos`k‘s pulfhsnhkm adroor c`ff`wob d shehfdr trdioat`ry, cr`e tno odrfy toktdthvo a`eeokts `k drt popporob tnr`umn nor Bhdry `c dk Okkuyèo  (),  (), d l``j ldsob `k nor A`kthkoktdf trdvofs ds d m`vorkoss, tnr`umn nor e`ro jk`wfobmodlfo `lsorvdth`ks `k a`ktoep`rdry Moredk drt, tno Moredk dkb Htdfhdk „prhehthvos‘, dkb w`eok drthsts hk Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb Dlr`db  (),  (), t` nor muhbol``js t` pulfha dkb prhvdto mdfforhos dkb Eoe`hrs dkb  Eoe`hrs `c tno t no Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors  `c   `c tno odrfy s, dkb fflkdffy hk tno fdto s dkb s nor e`st `rhmhkdf dkb hep`rtdkt  w`rj, tno eufth-v`fueo stuby `c ha`k`mrdpny hk tno drts, Qdarob dkb Fomokbdry . e`ro odshfy dlfo  ]`eok  ] `eokDrt  woro dlfo t` hktr`buao pdssdmos `c drt a`eeoktdry a`eeoktdry hkt` tno f``sor, e`ro hkc`redf mokros `c tno ossdy, tno i`urkdf, sjotanos dkb fottors, tndk t` fdukan strdhmnt hkt` a`epronokshvo nhst`rhos `c drt, dkb c`r wrhtors suan ds Mrdnde, \hmly dkb Ideos`k tno oxporhokao `c

pulfhsnhkm hk tnoso c`res odrfy hk tnohr adroors mdvo tnoe d usocuf dpprokthaosnhp c`r tnohr fdtor e`ro spoahdfhsob drt pulfhadth`k. Dkb `c a`urso fottors dkb i`urkdfs woro suhtdlfy e`bost vonhafos c`r w`eok, ds woro tno `tnor foss c`redf e`bos `c wrhthkm whtn wnhan tnoy hbokthfflob. Shshthkm, sjotanhkm dkb bhdrhshkm dro quhktossokthdffy coedfo dathvhthos, dkb odrfy hk tno aoktury ht wds k` b`ult p`fhtha t` `lsorvo suan mokorha boa`rue. Kovortnofoss, dftn`umn suan mokorha an`haos woro hk d sokso tnrust up`k w`eok, ht hs dfs` hktorosthkm t` tnhkj dl`ut n`w w`eok oxporheoktob whtn dkb ro-edbo mokros hk `rbor t` wrhto dl`ut tno sulioats tndt

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 



hktorostob tnoe. Dctor dff, hc wo daaopt tndt fdtor wrhtors, suan ds Sork`k Foo, oxorahsob d p`shthvo procorokao c`r wrhthkm dl`ut \okdhssdkao drt hk tno e`ro crdmeoktdry, summosthvo dkb pors`kdf c`re `c „d sorhos `c hepros

sh`ks‘ rdtnor tndk hk tno c`re `c d mrdkb kdrrdthvo,  wo sn`ufb k`t bhsehss sh`ks‘ tno hbod tndt w`eok wrhthkm fflcty yodrs odrfhor ehmnt ndvo look b`hkm tno sdeo. Ideos`k‘s Bhdry `c dk Okkuyèo , c`r hkstdkao, tn`umn whbofy arhthahsob c`r, de`km `tnor tnhkms, hts a`kcusob mokorha hbokthty, wds dk hktorosthkm oxporheokt tndt hkstdktfy lr`umnt cdeo t` hts ukjk`wk dkb uka`kkoatob dutn`r. @rhmhkdffy pulfhsnob dk`kye`usfy ukbor tno thtfo D thtfo  D Fdby‘s Fdby‘s Bhdry , ht hs, ds Iubhtn I`nkst`k `lsorvos, „d strdkmo ehxturo `c fflath`k dkb k`kfflath`k hk hehtdth`k `c bo Qtdêf‘s A`rhkko ‘,‘, hk wnhan „ZtUno sthftob fflath`k `c tno m`tnha f`vo pf`t dkb tno v`hao `c hts fdanrye`so nor`hko a`ktrdsts vhvhbfy whtn tno k`k-fflath`k wnoro tno anoorcuf trdvoffor, supp`sobfy tndt sdeo nor`hko, roa`rbs whtn fhvofy hktorost dff sno soos‘.  Dk odrfy oxdepfo `c n`w Ideos`k „kovor cdhfob t` turk ovory i`urkoy t` fflkdkahdf daa`ukt ly pulfhsnhkm nor trdvof oxporhokaos‘,  tno Bhdry ‘s ‘s nylrhb c`re edbo ht cr`e tno lomhkkhkm d tdrmot c`r arhthahse9 „d muhbo-l``j dkb d r`edkao c`re dk hka`kmru`us ehxturo ehxturo‘,‘, a`epfdhks tno ]ostehkstor \ovhow , „dkb wo aortdhkfy whsn tnoy a`ufb lo sopdrdtob hk cuturo cuturo‘.‘. Ro Bhdry  a`kkoats  a`kkoats tno mokros `c trdvof dkb r`edkao, dkb ht dfs` edjos oxpfhaht tno fhkj lotwook trdvof wrhthkm dkb tno coehkhko. Hts bopf`yeokt `c d m`tnha r`edkao fflath`kdf crdehkm bovhao edy summost tndt Ideos`k bhb k`t dt tnhs stdmo `c nor adroor coof dutn`rhsob t` pulfhsn d phoao `c strdhmntc`rwdrb trdvof fhtordturo `r d muhbol``j, procorrhkm t` nhbo lonhkb tno fflath`k `c d „Fdby‘s‘ bhdry, trhob dkb tostob torrht`ry c`r tno w`edk wrhtor. Nor soa`kb trdvof l``j, n`wovor, Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb Dlr`db  (),   (), hs d edrjobfy dkb a`norokt `c suan trdvofdswrhthkm wnhan dkb a`kthkuos t`e`ro edjoa`kfflbokt uso `c bh﬇orokt mokorhaphoao e`bos tno bhdf`muo tno  i`urkdf, lut lodrs tno ndffedrj `c nor edturo wrhthkm whtn hts botdhfob c`aus `k drt w`rjs sno nds sook hk tno a`urso `c nor i`urkoys. Rdt c`aus loa`eos sthff e`ro bofflkob dkb tno mokro `c tno muhbol``j e`ro oxpfhaht

hk D Ndkbl``j hk D Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt hk dkb Kodr F`kb`k F`kb`k,, pulfhsnob ly I`nk Eurrdy hk , d l``j tndt danhovob s`eo nhmn-pr`fflfo rovhows hk tno pross. Ly tno ehb s sno ndb ostdlfhsnob d roputdth`k ds l`tn d trdvof wrhtor dkb d muhbo `k drthstha sulioats, dkb hk s` b`hkm ndb tdjok a`ktr`f `c tno mokros dvdhfdlfo t` nor dkb bovhsob nor `wk styfo `c wrhthkm dl`ut drt. Hc c`r w`eok fhjo Ideos`k, Mrdnde dkb \hmly tno dutn`rhkm `c muhbol``js wds d stopphkm st`ko t` nhmnor c`res `c drt arhthahse dkb nhst`ry, c`r `tnors ht wds tnohr a`ktrhluth`k t` tno mokorha bofflkhth`k

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

`c tno muhbol``j up`k wnhan tnohr roputdth`k rostob. Quan d w`edk  wds Edrhdkd Qtdrjo, dk hktrhmu hktrhmuhkm hkm oxdepfo `c d w`edk wn` odrfy sdw d pulfhsnhkm `pp`rtukhty c`r d p`pufdr p`ajot muhbol``j c`r tno mr`whkm `c Okmfhsn trdvoffors tno A`kthkokt. Ndvhkm fhvob hk Htdfy dkb kuelor pulfhsnob dk daa`ukt `c nort`roshbokao tnoro ds rdvofs hk Htdfy    hk , sno wokt `k t` pr`buao nor lost-soffhkm Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks  c`r rdvoffor rdvofforss `k tno A`kthko A`kthkokt  kt , wnhan wokt hkt` edky obhth`ks lotwook  dkb . Qno adrocuffy oxpfdhks tno hkk`vdthvo kdturo `c nor muhbo,  wnhan hs hktokbob „t` a`eprh a`eprhso, so, whtnhk tno a`epds a`epdsss `c @ko W`rtdlfo S`fueo, dff tno hkc`redth`k koaossdry c`r rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt `c Our`po, dkb tno Hsfdkb `c Qhahfy‘. Dkb sno dfs` edjos afodr tno `rhmhkdf rosodran hkv`fvob c`r nor hk mdtnorhkm t`motnor l`tn tno aufturdf dkb tno prdathadf hkc`redth`k koaossdry c`r tno e`bork trdvoffor trdvoffor,, dkb hk a`kthkudffy rovhshkm dkb upbdthkm nor hkc`redth`k. Dkb s` tno sovoktn obhth`k hs bosarhlob ds „R`r`umnfy \ovhsob dkb A`rroatob whtn A`kshbordlfo  Dbbhth`ks,, edbo burhkm d roaokt oxpokshv  Dbbhth`ks oxpokshvoo i`urk i`urkoy oy ukbort ukbortdjok djok ly tno  Dutn`r, whtn d vhow t` rokbor tno w`rj ds porcoa porcoatt ds p`sshl p`sshlfo‘, fo‘, dkb tno rodbor hs dssurob `c tno pors`kdf a`eehteokt `c tno dutn`r, dkb tno edmkhtubo `c nor tdsj9 ht wds roquhshto t` oxdehko whtn oxdatkoss, dkb mhvo d botdhf, adfaufdtob t` lo rodb up`k tno sp`t, `c tno dkahokt obhfflaos, prhkahpdf eusoues dkb mdfforhos, pulfha dkb prhvdto, hk tno dl`vo-eokth`kob a`uktrhos. Ht wds dfs` roquhshto t` a`py dff tno e`st croquoktob r`utos cr`e tno p`st l``js fdtofy pulfhsnob ly \`ydf dutn`rhty: dkb tnhs nds look tno Dutn`r‘s oepf`yeokt burhkm tno fdst tnroo yodrs.

Qtdrjo ukbortdjos t` sueedrhso tno vhows `c Our`podk drt spoahdfhsts hk nor „depfo, „depfo, dkb H n`po a`rroat Adtdf`muos `c tno e`st vdfudlfo spoaheoks `c Dranhtoaturo, Wdhkthkm, dkb Qaufpturo, wnhan db`rk Crdkao, Moredky, Htdfy, &a.‘, rohkc`rahkm „tno `phkh`ks `c Kdrbhkh, Sokuth, ]hkajofedkk, dkb Shsa`kth, `k s`eo `c tno e`st aofolrdtob w`rjs `c Drt‘ ly dwdrbhkm tno lost `c tnoe, rdtnor bhsa`kaorthkmfy c`r tno e`bork rodbor, `ko

`r e`ro oxafdedth`k edrjs, hk d wdy tndt dkthahpdtos Ldobojor s systoe `c stdrs. Lut sno dfs` edjos tno p`hkt tndt nor muhbo a`ktdhks `rhmhkdf edtorhdf `k tno drt trodsuros nor rodbors whff oka`uktor `k tnohr i`urkoy. C`r oxdepfo, wo dro t`fb tnoro oxhsts „ZkU` a`epfoto prhktob bosarhpth`k `c tno saufpturo, crosa`s, dkb `hf-pdhkthkms hk tno Sdthadk, dkb prhvdto mdfforhos dt \`eo‘, dkb k` muhbo t` Qhahfy, hts nhst`ry dkb dkthquhthos. Nor w`rj, sno stdtos, okbodv`urs „t` suppfy tnhs bofflahokay‘. Ro v`hao `c tno muhbol``js hs `vortfy coehkhko. Hk tno hktr`buat`ry edtorhdf t` odan suaaosshvo v`fueo tno dutn`r spodjs ds d w`edk t` tno

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 



hedmhkob a`kaorks `c nor rodbors. Ro fflctn obhth`k, c`r oxdepfo, adrrhos dk Dbvorthsoeokt dt tno lomhkkhkm dbbrosshkm Okmfhsn trdvoffors‘ dkxhothos dl`ut tno bdkmors `c lohkm daa`stob ly „bhsldkbob s`fbhors, a`kvortob hkt` ldkbhtth‘ Crdkao, tno Dfps dkb tno Dpokkhkos, hk  wnhan sno dssuros dssuhk ros tno nor Q`utn rodbors`ctndt „ZnUhmnwdy r`llorhos r`llorhos, , hkboob, dro quhto qu hto ds uka`ee`k `k tno A`kthkokt dt prosokt, ds tnoy woro c`reorfy‘, dkb tndt „Okmfhsn rdvoffors, ovok wnok m`hkm p`st, ndvo rdrofy look r`llob, ukfoss `whkm t` heprubokao `k tnohr `wk pdrt, `r `k tndt `c tnohr dttokbdkts‘.  Ro Hktr`buath`k t` tno sdeo v`fueo dfs` oxpfdhks tndt, ds d w`edk wn` nds twofvo yodrs‘ oxporhokao `c kurshkm a`ksuepthvo pdthokts, „burhkm tno mrodtor pdrt `c wnhan porh`b ey theo dkb tn`umnts  woro anho﬌y `aauphob ly okbodv`urs t` ehthmdto tno su﬇orhkms `c tn`so e`st bodr t` eo‘, sno hs woff qudfhfflob t` mhvo dbvhao t` „tn`so `c ZnorU A`epdtrh`ts, wn`, hk a`ksoquokao `c pufe`kdry a`epfdhkts, dro a`epoffob t` oxandkmo tnohr kdthvo afhedto c`r tno ehfb toepordturo `c Htdfy‘,

 

dkb t` okbodv`ur „t` mudrb tnoe dmdhkst tn`so sorh`us hka`kvokhokaos  wnhan t`` mokordffy rotdrb, dkb k`t hkcroquoktfy provokt, tno roa`vory roa`vor y `c a`ksuepthvo pors`ks‘. Ro coehkhko k`to tndt andrdatorhsos tno prdathadf dspoats `c tnoso v`fueos sphffs `vor hkt` tnohr trodteokt `c drt. Ro soath`k `k tno Whsdk Adep` Qdkt` hs d m``b oxdepfo. rdvoffors hktorostob hk trdahkm tno rovhvdf `c tno drts dro oka`urdmob t` lomhk tnohr i`urkoy hkt` Htdfy, dkb a`kaurroktfy hkt` \okdhssdkao drt, hk Whsd, dkb spoahffladffy dt hts „e`st loduthcuf Obhfflao‘, dkb tno ardbfo `c Htdfhdk drt, tno Adep` Qdkt`,  wnhan ndb ly tnhs p`hkt loa`eo, ds \`lyk A``por nds sn`wk, d pfdao `c \`edktha phfmrhedmo, dkb wnhan Qtdrjo norsofc wds t` pr`e`to ds d cdsnh`kdlfo t`urhst bosthkdth`k.  Qtdrjo wrhtos oktnushdsthadffy dl`ut tno crosa`os ly odrfy Htdfhdk pdhktors tndt db`rk hts wdffs, c`rosndb`whkm tno pr`e`th`k `c tno s`-adffob Wrhehthvos ly w`eok suan ds Edrhd Adffa`tt dkb Dkkd Ideos`k, wn` woro tnoesofvos hk tno vdkmudrb `c Wro-\dpndofhthse, Wro-\dp ndofhthse, dkb boe`kstrdthkm nor `wk hkbopokbokt dkb bhsaorkhkm iubmoeokt. Q`eo twokty yodrs loc`ro suan odrfy Htdfhdk crosa` w`rj

adeo hkt` v`muo hk Okmfdkb, dkb wnok ht sthff roprosoktob d ehk`rhty tdsto, sno wds wrhthkm c`r d p`pufdr rodborsnhp dl`ut l`tn tno strokmtns dkb wndt sno poraohvob t` lo tno bofflahokahos `c tno Adep` Qdkt` crosa`s9 „Ht hs roedrjdlfo tndt, de`km tno heeokso kuelor `c a`uktokdkaos a`ktdhkob hk tnoso pdhkthkms, wo sadrao fflkb tw` dfhjo. Ro cdaos, mokordffy spodjhkm, dro woff b`ko: tno fflmuros dkb brdpory sth﬇: tno porspoathvo hs ldb: lut tno l`rbors, wnhan c`re tno sovordf a`epdrteokts, dro pdrthaufdrfy ofomdkt.‘

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

E`st hktorosthkmfy `c dff, tn`umn, mhvok tno muhbol``j c`redt, sno hksorts hkt` nor bosarhpthvo adtdf`muo `c e`kueokts dkb phaturos dkb prdathadf nhkts c`r trdvoffors, `k tno mr`ukbs tndt ht hs „bosarhpthvo `c tno Adep`-Qdkt`‘, d „Q`kkot Mrhoc‘ tndt sno norsofc, dctor tno styfo `c Edbdeo bo Qtdêf‘s A`rhkko,t`ndb coft e`vob t` a`ep`so9 Q\_A_\O ukedtan‘b! wnhan lrdvos tno fdpso `c theo! Cht ardbfo `c tno rovhvhkm Drts t` rodr! Fhmnt, ds tno t no pdpor Kduthfus, dppodr Ry dranos, `c Whsdk`‘s w`rjs tno prheo. Cdeob Adep`-Qdkt`! ]noro tno ehmnty Bodb @c ofbor bdys, hk Wdrhdk edrlfo sfoop, Qdy, wn` hs sno, tndt ovor sooes t` joop  ]dtan  ] dtan `‘or `‘or tny proahkats: sdvo sdvo wnok e`rtdf trodb Hkvdbos tno dwcuf sthffkoss `c tno saoko0 Rok strummfhkm t` suppross tno nodvy shmn,  Dkb lrusnhkm tno lhm todr-br`p todr-br`p cr`e nor oyo, oyo, Qno vohfs nor cdao ‑ dkb mfhbos y`k t`els lotwook. 󲀘hs M\HOC! ‑ dkb ly tndt tnhaj vohf tno Edhb H jk`w, E`hstok‘b whtn todrs wnhan kovor aodso t` ﬌`w. 

Ro vohfob dkb woophkm w`edk, wdtanhkm `vor tnhs ardbfo `c tno drts, dkb tno syepdtnotha coedfo trdvof muhbo, f``jhkm dctor tno koobs `c nor hkoxporhokaob, codrcuf dkb porndps shajfy andrmos, dkb dt tno sdeo theo `vorsoohkm dkb a`kbuathkm tnoe tnr`umn tno mrodt aufturdf e`kueokts `c tno ehmnty Bodb, sooe ukadkkhfy a`kkoatob. L`tn tno p`ot dkb nor sulioat dro bofflkob ly tnohr oyos, shtos `c oepdtnotha oka`uktor wnhan shmkhcy l`tn vhsh`k dkb d﬇oat, f``jhkm dt drt dkb lohkm e`vob t` todrs ly ht, dkb, hk tnhs p`oe, hktorp`fdtob s` cdkahcuffy hkt` tno edttor-`c-cdat muhbol``j 

pr`so, dro hkofuatdlfy coehkhko.  Dftn`umn Edrhdkd Qtdrjo b`os k`t codturo codturo hk Ofhzdlo Ofhzdlotn tn \hmly‘ \hmly‘s  drthafo `k „Fdby rdvoffors‘ c`r tno Tudrtorfy \ovhow , ht wds k` b`ult wrhthkm suan ds nors, ds woff ds tno twofvo v`fueos `c trdvof fhtordturo ukbor rovhow, rovhow, tndt fob \hmly t` roedrj `k tno a`kkoath`ks lotwook vhsudfhty dkb tno coehkhko hk Okmfhsn w`eok‘s trdvof fhtordturo. ]rhthkm dk`kye`usfy, dkb

db`pthkm d edfo v`hao, sno lomhks9 Rdt tnoro dro poaufhdr p`wors hknorokt hk fdbhos‘ oyos, tnhs kuelor `c tno Tudrtorfy \ovhow wds k`t roquhrob t` ostdlfhsn: lut `ko hk pdrthaufdr, `c  wnhan wo rodp dff tno lokofflt whtn`ut pdyhkm tno pokdfty, pokdfty, wo eust hk a`ee`k mrdthtubo lo dff`wob t` p`hkt `ut. ]o eodk tndt p`wor `c `lsorvdth`k wnhan s` f`km ds ht roedhks dt n`eo a`ukthkm adkvdss sthtanos ly tno fflroshbo, wo dro dpt t` a`kshbor k` snrowbor tndk `ur `wk, lut wnhan `kao

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 



roe`vob cr`e tno cdehfhdr saoko: dkb roturkob t` us hk tno sndpo `c fottors `r l``js, sofb`e cdhfs t` pr`vo hts suporh`rhty.

 ]`eok  ] `eok‘‘s oyos b`, ht sooes t` tno dutn`r, dutn`r, ndvo poaufhdr ‑ `r dt fodst bh﬇orokt, dkb ‑t `lsorvdth`kdf eok‘ eok‘s, edjo tnohr  wrhthk  wrhthkm m dssuporh`r bh﬇orokt bh﬇orok cr`e eok eok‘‘s ds p`wors w`eok‘cr`e w`eok ‘s fottors fottors drs,o,tndt dro, „`vor﬌`whkm „`vor ﬌`whkm‘, ‘, dstrdvof tnoy tnoy b` „whtn tn`so af`so dkb fhvofy botdhfs wnhan sn`w k`t `kfy tndt `lsorvhkm oyos ndvo look dt w`rj, lut `ko pdhr `c lrhmnt oyos hk pdrthaufdr‘.    Dkb shkao „ovory a`uktry whtn dky proto protoksh`ks ksh`ks t` ahvhfhz ahvhfhzdth`k dth`k nds d tw`c`fb dspoat, dbbrossob t` tw` bh﬇orokt e`bos `c poraopth`k, dkb sofb`e vhshlfo sheuftdko`usfy t` l`tn‘, tndt hs „d n`eo fhco ds woff ds d pulfha fhco, dkb tno fflrst quhto koaossdry t` hktorprot tno fdst‘, tnok ovory a`uktry „t` lo cdhrfy ukborst``b roquhros rop`rtors cr`e l`tn soxos‘. Dftn`umn \hmly dppdroktfy noro bofomdtos tno coedfo oyo t` tno b`eostha dkb tno edfo t` tno pulfha spnoro, hk d cdehfhdr ronodrsdf `c tno b`ehkdkt sopdrdto spnoros hbo`f`my, nor coedfo `lsorvor hs k`tdlfy dlr`db, dwdy cr`e tno nodrtn. Curtnore`ro, tno „edrrhdmo‘ `c tnoso tw` wdys `c soohkm tndt sno okvhsdmos dkb roa`eeokbs adpturos, k`t d nhordranhadffy mokborob vhsudf `rbor dctor tno e`bof `c tndt pdtrhdrandf Shat`rhdk hksthtuth`k, lut wndt sno bosarhlos ds tno ossokthdf „b`eosthahty  „b`eosthahty   `c tno Okmfhsn andrdator‘.  Hk `tnor w`rbs, „fdbhos‘ oyos‘, w`eok‘s pdrthaufdr e`bos `c poraopth`k, dro edbo t` bofflko d cukbdeoktdf qudfhty `c Okmfhsnkoss, dkb `c Okmfhsn wdys `c soohkm.  Dftn`umn hk tnhs drthafo sno wds dk`kye`usfy rovhowhkm d b`zok trdvof kdrrdthvos wrhttok ly w`eok, Ofhzdlotn \hmly‘s hktorost hk fdby trdvoffors  wds d pors`kdf `ko, c`r sno norsofc ndb d cow yodrs provh`usfy pulfhsnob, dfs` dk`kye`usfy, dk`kye`usfy, d l``j a`eprhsob `c fottors wrhttok burhkm dk oxtokbob vhsht t` nor edrrhob shstor hk \ovdf hk \usshd (k`w dffhkk, Ost`khd) cr`e 

  Ds c`rmokro s ` edky s` w`eok,w`kbors tno ophst`fdry c`re\hmly dkb tno eoktt``c. tno trdvof t` bosarhlo sook mdvo tnoroquhro`pp`rtukhty sno koobob t` pulfhsn nor fflrst arhthadf wrhthkm dl`ut drt, dkb Fottors  cr`e tno Qn`ros `c tno Ldftha  Ldftha , pulfhsnob hk , a`ktdhks s`eo khao pdssdmos `c a`eeoktdry `k tno drts hk tno romh`k, hk wnhan wo soo tno soobs `c nor fdtor wrhthkm ds d roa`mkhsob dutn`rhty `k drt. C`r oxdepfo, nor soa`kb fot-

tor bosarhlos tno w`rj `c tno Bdkhsn drthst R`rvdfbsok hk A`pokndmok, k`thkm ospoahdffy tno kow Crduok-Jhrano, nhs fflmuros `c tno twofvo dp`stfos, dkb tno dftdrphoao, d lds-rofhoc `c Anrhst. Rhrty-c`ur yodrs fdtor sno wds t` pulfhsn dk drthafo `k tno „Fhco dkb ]`rjs `c R`rvdfbsok‘ hk tno Obhklurmn \ovhow . Lut wnhfo pulfhsnhkm tnoso fottors cr`e tno Ldftha bhb okdlfo \hmly t` sorvo d jhkb `c arhthadf dpprokthaosnhp, nor an`sok c`re dfs` botorehkob

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

dkb bofhehtob wndt sno wds dlfo t` sdy. Rhs hs s`eotnhkm sno ro﬌oats up`k hk nor c`urtn fottor, wnoro sno trhos t` a`kvoy l`tn nor oxporhokao `c vhshthkm tno Norehtdmo dkb nor crustrdth`k dt ndvhkm t` okadpsufdto tndt oxporhokao whtnhk tno a`kfflkos `c d fottor9 Ro dttoept t` bosarhlo hk `ko fottor d luhfbhkm mr`dkhkm whtn tno daaueufdtob a`ffoath`ks `c dk delhth`us, ukspdrhkm, dls`futo, dkb, hk s`eo cow hkstdkaos, bhsarhehkdthkm heporhdf bykdsty ‑ `ko wnhan w`ufb roquhro vhshts `c woojs hk suaaossh`k, dkb okmr`ss d v`fueo `c bosarhpth`k ‑ w`ufb lo ds vdhk ds t` protokb t` a`eprhso tno Lrhthsn Eusoue hk d cow pdmos. C`r d botdhf `c tno cdr-cdeob Norehtdmo, ffltthkm dkb woff-kdeob rotrodt c`r suan dk heporhdf dkan`rhto ds Adtnorhko HH, H eust rocor y`u t` w`rjs `c mrodt fokmtn dfrodby bov`tob oxafushvofy t` ht, whtn`ut tno dhb `c wnhan ey `wk suporfflahdf vhow w`ufb ndvo look `c fhttfo dvdhf.

Ro bosarhpth`k tndt c`ff`ws roadffs C`uaduft‘s andrdatorhsdth`k `c tno eusoue ds „notor`t`phd‘, tndt hs, d shto „adpdlfo `c iuxtdp`shkm hk d shkmfo rodf spdao sovordf shtosfdl`ur tndt dro tnoesofvos hka`e-hs pdthlfo‘.   \hmly bwoffsspdaos, `k tnosovordf „p`shthvo `c hk vhowhkm‘ d shmntsoor `lfhmob t` „ukborm`‘ hk `rbor t` dpproahdto suan d pdfdao, dkb tno „p`wors `c dttokth`k‘ ht boedkbs9 dctor rukkhkm tnr`umn c`rty edmkhfflaokt dkb mfhttorhkm dpdrteokts, loy`kb tno fflrst tok `c wnhan tno p`wors `c dttokth`k adk k` f`kmor p`sshlfy lo a`eedkbob, tno ehsordlfo shmnt-soor roturks whtn d nodb swheehkm whtn tno a`f`urs dkb c`res `c ovory san``f, tnr`umn wnhan tno bofhah`us Dfld Edb`kkd, ly \dpndof: tno pdfo, cdst-w`rk Anrhst, ly Fo`kdrb` bd Shkah ‑ d wn`fo suaaossh`k `c vdfudlfo fhmnts, ly \oelrdkbt ‑ d kovor-t`-lo-c`rm`ttok W`rbok`ko ‑ dkb, c`r tno sdjo `c kdth`kdfhty, tno Hkcdkt Noraufos strdkmfhkm tno Qorpokt, ly `ur Qhr I`snud, tn`umn k`t de`km tno e`st dttrdathvo `cvdsos nhs pr`buath`ks, dro bhefy strummfhkm: wnhfo Brosbok dkb‑ Edfdanhto ‑ nodbs `c \usshdk edrsndfs dkb l`bhos `c RhlotIdrs hb`fs m`fbok troos, poda`ajs, `wfs, dkb eusnr``es: tno mr`wk-up pfdytnhkms `c d soeh-ldrldrha soeh-ldrldr ha a`urt: p`rtc`fh`s `c fflrst-rdto prhkts ‑ adsos `c moes dkb adeo`s, dkb wn`fo swdres `c kdturdf nhst`ry, dro i`stfhkm odan `tnor hk n`pofoss a`kcush`k: dff aoktrhkm hk tno okandkthkm vhstd `c \dpndof‘s oxquhshto F`mmho, `c wnhan d porcoat cda-shehfo noro oxhsts, dkb wnhan df`ko hs e`ro tndk ok`umn c`r tno theo H spokt tnoro. N`w tnok adk H brdw fhmnt `ut `c

tnhs and`s0 K`: tno Norehtdmo eust lo foct t` tn`so wn` ndvo mhvok, `r adk mhvo, ht dff tno roquhshto theo.

Ro lrodtnfosskoss `c \hmly‘s daa`ukt `c nurtfhkm tnr`umn tno daaueufdtob spfokb`urs `c tnhs oxtrd`rbhkdrhfy pdajob eusoue spdao adpturos tno and`tha oxaoss `c tno aufturdf oka`uktor ds sno oxporhokaos ht. Fhjo tno obhfflao htsofc, p`shthvofy lursthkm dt tno sodes whtn hts oxtrdvdmdktfy

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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pr`ehsau`us heporhdfhst a`ffoath`k, tno e`kueoktdffy f`km soktokao strdhks t` m`vork dkb a`ktdhk tno aueufdthvo botdhf `c nor bosarhpth`k `c tnhs „ldrldrha‘ bhspfdy `c pdhkthkms, stdtudry, vdsos, jkhaj-jkdajs, p`rtc`fh`s `c prhkts, adsos `c moes dkb swdres `c kdturdf nhst`ry spoaheoks. Curtnore`ro ‑ dkb dfs`, c`r dff hts shzo dkb pfokhtubo, fhjo tno eusoue ‑ tno fottor mhvos us k`t d a`epronokshvo „v`fueo `c bosarhpth`k‘, `r `ko `c tno „w`rjs `c mrodt fokmtn‘ t` wnhan sno rocors, lut d sykoab`andf sdepfo `c rdkb`e htoes „i`stfhkm odan `tnor hk n`pofoss a`kcush`k a`kcush`k‘.‘. C`r s`eo w`eok, tno hepotus c`r wrhthkm d muhbol``j sooes t` ndvo a`eo `ut `c d boshro t` lrhkm suan and`tha a`kcush`k t` `rbor. Dkkd  Ideos`k,, c`r hkstdkao, oxpfdhks tndt sno pulfhsnob nor  Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy  Ideos`k Htdfhdk Wdhktors dkb `c tno Wr`mross `c Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy   () hk `rbor „t` okfdrmo ZtnoU spnoro `c rdth`kdf pfodsuro hk tno a`ktoepfdth`k `c w`rjs `c drt‘, wnhfo Jdto R`eps`k kodtfy sots `ut tno woff-`rborob pfdk c`r nor Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Whaturo Mdfforhos `c Our`po   () hk tno Wrocdao,  wnoro pr`ehsos dk oxdehkdth`k `c dff tno edi`r dkb`c e`st tno ehk`r sno Our`podk pulfha mdfforhos, d lrhoc nhst`rhadf sjotan odan `c `c tno Our`podk san``fs `c drt, anr`k`f`mhadf tdlfos `c ovory aofolrdtob pdhktor, daaurdto dttrhluth`k, dkb daaurdto rocorokao t` tno adtdf`muo kuelors dttdanob t` phaturos. Kohtnor Ideos`k k`r R`eps`k edjos afdhes c`r nor w`rj ds a`ksthtuthkm d shmkhffladkt arhthadf a`ktrhluth`k hk htsofc. \dtnor, \dtnor, tnoy soo tnoesofvos ds pr`vhbhkm ndkbl``js t` dhb tno dpproahdth`k `c drt ly `tnors, oepndshshkm tno w`edkfy obuadth`kdf cukath`k `c tno muhbo, hts r`fo hk fodbhkm tno y`ukm dkb tno hkoxporhokaob tnr`umn tno e`rdf dkb hktoffoatudf a`epfoxhthos whtn wnhan tno mdffory a`kcr`kts tnoe, dkb hk thbyhkm up tno notor`t`pha a`kcush`ks `c drt‘s drt‘s nhst`ry oqudffy whtn hts shtos `c bhspfdy, fhjo dk `rborfy n`usowhco `r dk oktnushdstha kdkky. Ideos`k bosarhlos „tnhs fhttfo w`rj‘, nor „fhttfo l``j‘, ds „d a`epdkh`k c`r tno y`ukm‘, dkb R`eps`k‘s Wrocdao hs cuff `c tno jhkb `c bhsafdheors tndt dro s` typhadf `c suan khkotooktn-aoktury wrhthkm ly w`eok9 `k tno dbvhao `c nor cdtnor, cdtnor,  wo dro t`fb, sno lomdk tno „fhttfo oxorahso‘ `c edjhkm k`tos `k w`rjs tnoy f``job dt t`motnor dkb mdtnorhkm hkc`redth`k dl`ut tnoe purofy c`r nor `wk „hkc`redth`k dkb pr`fflt‘: d edfo crhokb c`ukb nor t` ndvo „a`ffoatob edtorhdfs c`r d sedff edkudf wnhan ehmnt lo `c s`eo sorvhao, sor vhao, dt dff ovokts

t` tno uktrdvoffob t`urhst‘: sno roedhks „mrodtfy hkboltob‘ t` nor cdtnor, dkb romrots tndt „s`eo cow aforhadf orr`rs edy ndvo aropt hk‘ t` nor „fhttfo w`rj‘. R`eps`k spoahffladffy brdws `ur dttokth`k t` tno cdat tndt, dftn`umn sno nds adrocuffy oxdehkob ovory pdhkthkm `c wnhan sno wrhtos, sno nds „k`t coft ZnorsofcU qudfhfflob t` oktor hkt` tno romh`k `c Drt arhthahse, dkb ZndsU k`t dsphrob t` b` s`‘. Qno b`os, n`wovor, dbb rdtnor dp`f`mothadffy, hk sphto `c

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

norsofc, „Qthff ht nds k`t look c`ukb p`sshlfo t` soo dkb a`epdro s` edky fflko w`rjs whtn`ut `aadsh`kdffy oxprosshkm s`eo s`rt `c `phkh`k noro dkb tnoro.‘  ]rhthkm  ] rhthkm nor `wk muhbol``js tnroo boadbos fdtor fdtor,, t` tno pdhkthkms hk tno prhkahpdf Cf`rokthko mdfforhos dkb anuranos dkb ehk`r eusoues, Edub Aruttwoff hs k`tdlfy l`fbor hk nor afdhes t` aufturdf dutn`rhty. Qno ukdp`f`mothadffyy bosarhlos nor oktorprhso ds d „Arhthadf Adtdf`muo‘ ukdp`f`mothadff Adtdf`muo‘ l`tn „c`r uso hk tno Mdfforhos‘ dkb „ds d l``j `c rocorokao c`r tno stubokt‘.  Qno hs arhthadf k`t `kfy `c tno drt w`rjs sno bosarhlos lut dfs` `c tno vory mokro `c tno muhbol``j. „Ro bosarhpth`ks usudffy mhvok hk muhbo-l``js, adtdf`muos, dkb ovok hk arhthadf w`rjs dro dpt‘, sno a`epfdhks, „t` lo e`st wodrhs`eo dkb usofoss, ly rods`k `c t`` euan botdhf. Hc tno rodbor hs ukdaqudhktob  whtn tno pdhkthkm pdhkthkm k` de`ukt `c suan ehkuto ehkuto bosarhpth`ks whff whff okdlfo nhe t` vhsudfhso ht. Hc no hs daqudhktob whtn ht tnoy dro supor﬌u`us.‘ Qno norsofc botorehkos „t` brdw dttokth`k t` tno mokordf o﬇oat, t` poaufhdrhthos `c  , dkb t` suan spoahdf dkb a`ep`shth`k, dte`spnorha o﬇oat, dkbk`thao‘. `c a`f`ur a`f`ur, andrdatorhstha `c codturos ds ehmnt osadpo  Qno tnr`ws up nor ndkbs dt tno bhs`rborfy stdto `c tno Htdfhdk kuelorhkm systoe, dkb drrdkmos nor adtdf`muo hk dk `rbor tndt edxhehsos tno vhsht`r‘s odso `c vhowhkm9 „@whkm t` a`kstdkt andkmos `c pfdao tno kuelorhkm `c tno phaturos hs hk s` and`tha d stdto tndt dky s`rt `c kueorhadf soquokao nds look koaossdrhfy dldkb`kob, ovok ly tno `fiahdf muhbos. Dbvdktdmo nds look tdjok `c tnhs bhs`rbor t` lomhk odan r``e whtn tno wdff `k wnhan tno oyo kdturdffy cdffs `k oktry.‘    Dutn`rhty hs `kao e`ro vostob hk tno w`edk‘ w`edk‘s oyos. Ro san`fdrfy w`rj c`r Aruttwoff‘s muhbos hs, wo dro fflrefy t`fb, nor `wk. K` sofc-boproadthkmfy fdbyfhjo `r kursoedhb v`fueo tnhs! \dtnor ht hs tno arhthadf dkb san`fdrfy stuby `c d pr`cossh`kdf drt nhst`rhdk. Ovok tno qu`tdth`ks cr`e Sdsdrh tndt

 wodvo tnr`umn tno v`fueo dro, sno hkc`res us, sofoatob dkb trdksfdtob ly nor.

Rrdksfdth`k dkb ojpnrdshs rdksfdth`k wds `c a`urso htsofc dk`tnor `c tn`so porehsshlfo c`res `c pulfha oxprossh`k tndt okdlfob w`eok t` mdhk daaoss t` tno w`rfb `c fot-

tors. Mo`rmo Ofh`t wds, c`r oxdepfo, jk`wk ds tno trdksfdt`r hk  `c Bdvhb Crhobrhan Qtrduss‘s Bds Folok Iosu dkb Iosu dkb hk  `c Couorldan‘s Bds ]osok bos Anrhstoknues  loc`ro  loc`ro sno danhovob cdeo ds d k`vofhst, dkb Ndrrhot Edrthkodu pulfhsnob nor hk﬌uokthdf a`kboksob trdksfdth`k `c Dumusto A`eto‘s Wnhf`s`pnho p`shthvo   hk ‑. Qpoahffladffy, trdksfdth`k wds c`r edky w`eok tno eodks `c oktorhkm tno fflofb `c drt arhthahse dkb nhst`ry

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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hk tno odrfy khkotooktn aoktury. ]`eok woro rosp`kshlfo c`r pulfhsnhkm Okmfhsn obhth`ks `c hep`rtdkt Htdfhdk, Crokan dkb Moredk drt-nhst`rhadf toxts9 c`r hkstdkao, Ofhzdlotn \hmly/Odstfdjo‘s trdksfdth`ks `c Wdssdvdkt () dkb ]ddmok (, ) rocorrob t` hk Andptor : : Edry Eorrhfflofb‘s trdksfdth`k `c Aokkhk` Aokkhkh‘s roaoktfy bhsa`vorob fflctooktn-aoktury rodthso `k Wdhkthkm  hk  hk , c`ff`wob hk  ly nor tw`-v`fueo a`ffoath`k @rhmhkdf rodthsos : Edrmdrot Nutt`k‘s dk`kye`us trdksfdth`k `c Jumfor‘s Ndkbl``j `c tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm  hk  hk , upbdtob ly Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo hk : Ers I`kdtndk C`stor‘s trdksfdth`k `c Sdsdrh‘s Fhvos  (‑),  (‑), wnhan  wokt hkt` d kow obhth`k hk : Cd Cdkky kky Ofhzdlot Ofhzdlotn n Lukkott Lukkott‘‘s trdksfdth`k `c ]hfnofe Följo‘s Nhst`ry `c Drt  ():   (): Ers D. N. Af`umn‘s trdksfdth`k `c Ida`l Lurajndrbt‘s Ro Ahaor`ko: `r, Drt Muhbo t` Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy, c`r tno _so `c rdvoffors   (): dkb Ers Andrfos Nodt`k‘s obhth`k, cr`e tno Moredk, `c Iufhus Eoyor‘s Dkt`kh` Eoyor‘s Dkt`kh` Dffomrh Dffomrh bd A`rrommh` (). A`rrommh` (). Ro hep`rtdkao `c suan w`rj (dkb tnhs hs lut d sdepfo) sn`ufb k`t lo ukborosthedtob, c`r k`t `kfy woro tnoso w`eok rosp`kshlfo c`r lrhkmhkm s`eo `c tno e`st hk﬌uokthdf `c A`kthkoktdf wrhthkm `k drt t` tno Dkmf`pn`ko  w`rfb lut dfs`, ds Qnorry Qnorry Qhe`k p`hkts `ut, „trdksfdth`k crdeos dkb bhroats `km`hkm pr`aossos `c hktoffoatudf trdksehssh`k … trdksfdt`rs dro hkv`fvob hk tno edtorhdfs tnr`umn wnhan tnoy w`rj: tnoy dro cuffy hkvostob hk tno pr`aoss `c trdkscor‘.  ]`eok  ] `eok woro dfs`, tn`umn, boopfy okmdmob hk „trdksfdth`k trdksfdth`k‘‘ hk d e`ro eotdpn`rhadf sokso, dkb Qhe`k‘s `lsorvdth`k dppfhos oqudffy t` tnhs e`ro fflmurdthvo ukborstdkbhkm `c tno tore. Hk nor arhthadf stuby `c Dkkd  Ideos`k,, Iubht  Ideos`k Iubhtn n I`nkst`k edjos d adso c`r tno hep`rtdkao `c tno dathvhty `c trdksfdth`k tnus lr`dbfy a`kaohvob hk Ideos`k‘s w`rj, k`thkm tndt burhkm d whktor stdy hk `r`kt` hk  sno lomdk nor sorh`us stuby `c Moredk, dkb lomdk „t` prdathso c`res `c trdksfdth`k, wnhan hkafubob arhthahse dkb hktorprotdth`k‘. Nor „trdksfdth`ks‘ `c Moredk drt dkb fhtordturo, hkafubhkm, c`r oxdepfo, d cdsahkdthkm rosp`kso t` Dbde @onfoksanfâmor‘s pfdy A`rrommh` A`rrommh` tndt  tndt hs bhsaussob ly I`nkst`k, woro t` edjo up tno „whktor‘ soath`k `c nor trdvof l``j ]hktor Qtubhos dkb Queeor \delfos hk Adkdbd ,  wnhan dppodrob dppodrob hk  dkb dkb wds wrhttok oxpfhahtfy oxpfhahtfy c`r Okmfhsnw`eok. Okmfhsnw`eok. K`t K`t `kfy bhb Ideos`k m` `k t` trdksfdto tno pfdys `c Wrhkaoss Deofhd `c Qdx`ky cr`e Moredk t` Okmfhsn lut, ds I`nkst`k summosts, tno hbod `c trdksfd-

th`k, e`ro fflmurdthvofy a`kaohvob, w`ufb hkc`re nor sulsoquokt wrhthkm, k`t fodst nor muhbos t` dkb stubhos `c drt. Hk nor procdao t` tno fflrst a`ffoatob obhth`k `c nor Eoe`hrs nor Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors Wdhktors dkb `c tno Wr`mross `c Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy  (),  (), sno ro﬌oats `k n`w nor w`rj hkv`fvos trdksfdth`k lotwook w`rbs dkb hedmos, eushkm hkboob `k tno trdksdath`kdf kdturo `c

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

tno vorldf dkb tno vhsudf hk tno hktorprotdth`k `c drt. „]o sn`ufb lo dlfo t` rodb d phaturo ds wo rodb d l``j‘, sno boafdros9 „D mdffory `c phaturos edy lo a`epdrob whtn d woff-curkhsnob fhlrdry: dkb H ndvo s`eotheos tn`umnt tndt ht w`ufb lo d m``b tnhkm hc wo a`ufb drrdkmo d a`ffoath`k `c phaturos ds wo drrdkmo d a`ffoath`k `c l``js‘, tndt hs, ly sulioat. Qno m`os `k t` brdw dk oxtokshvo pdrdffof lotwook d fhlrdry dkb d phaturo mdffory hk wnhan tno fdttor hs `rmdkhsob daa`rbhkm t` tno sdeo prhkahpfos ds tno c`reor. Ht hs tnr`umn tno hedmhkdthvo trdksfdth`k `c tno vhsudf hkt` tno vorldf tndt  Ideos`k n`pos t` stheufdto „a`e „a`epdrdthvo pdrdthvo dkb bhsarhehkdthkm ro﬌oath`ks ro﬌oath`ks‘‘ dkb „okfdrmo ZtnoU spnoro `c rdth`kdf pfodsuro hk tno a`ktoepfdth`k `c  w`rjs `c drt‘. Edky `tnor w`eok woro, fhjo Ideos`k, hkv`fvob hk dats `c trdksfdth`k tndt, tn`umn tnoy s`eotheos hkafubob, wokt loy`kb tno fhkmuhstha: c`r oxdepfo hk „trdksfdthkm‘ spoahdfhst hkc`redth`k c`r obuadth`kdf purp`sos `r c`r d p`pufdr rodborsnhp, `r shepfy c`r tno uktrdvoffob. C`r Edry Edry Eorrhfflofb, tnhs eodkt tndt k`t `kfy bhb sno trdksfdto Htdfhdk trodthsos `k crosa` toankhquo hkt` Okmfhsn, lut sno dfs` pulfhsnob Wr Wrdathadf dathadf Bhroath`ks  c`r W`rtrdht Wdhkthkm hk ]dtora`f`urs  ]dtora`f`urs  hk   hk , dkb d Ndkbl``j `c Fhmnt dkb Qndbo, whtn ospoahdf rocorokao t` E`bof Brdwhkm  hk   hk , dkb hk  pulfhsnob d muhbol``j t` Lrhmnt`k, dff `c wnhan bopokbob `k tno trdksfdth`k `c oxport jk`wfobmo cr`e spoahdfhst hkt` fdy fdkmudmo. @tnors woro shehfdrfy hkv`fvob hk tno trdksehssh`k dkb bhssoehkdth`k `c jk`wfobmo t` tno mokordf rodbor, `r spoahffladffy t` w`eok, anhfbrok `r tno w`rjhkm afdssos, cr`e Edrhdkd Qtdrjo whtn nor muhbol``js c`r trdvoffors hk tno s, Edrhd Adffa`tt‘s Ossdys `wdrbs tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm  ()  () dkb Dkkd Ideos`k‘s ]hktor Qtubhos dkb Queeor \delfos   () wrhttok c`r d coedfo rodborsnhp, t` Afoeokthkd (Jht) Dkstrutnor-R`es`k‘s fdto-khkotooktn-aoktury foaturos afdssos. `k dostnothas dt `ykloo Ndff dkb mdffory t`urs c`r tno w`rjhkm Ro trdksfdth`k `c d phoao `c wrhthkm cr`e `ko fdkmudmo hkt` dk`tnor, ds ht hs a`ee`kfy ukborst``b, a`ksthtutos, ds Dkbrè Focovoro k`tos, „`kfy `ko typo `c toxt tndt edjos dk ‖hedmo― `c dk`tnor toxt. @tnor typos w`ufb lo arhthahse, nhst`rh`mrdpny, nhst`rh`mrdpny, a`eeoktdry dkb dktn`f`mhzhk dktn`f`mhzhkm.‘ m.‘ Nhs p`hkt hs e`st rofovdkt t` tnhs stuby, `c a`urso, dkb hs poaufhdrfy ros`kdkt wnoro tno toxt lohkm trdksfdtob hs htsofc dk hedmo. Ro a`kaopt `c „trdksfdth`k‘ hs

d usocuf `ko wnok tnhkjhkm dl`ut tno rnot`rhadf dat `c hktorprothkm vhsudf hedmos dkb, whtnhk tndt, dl`ut tno bh﬇orokt fdkmudmos dkb c`res suan rnot`rha ehmnt tdjo. C`r wndt \handrb Qtohk hk nhs stuby `c fhtordry roprosoktdth`ks `c tno fflko drts hk tno khkotooktn aoktury nds adffob tno „rhtudf `c hktorprotdth`k‘  eust dfwdys hkv`fvo „trdksfdth`k‘9 `c tno vhsudf t` tno

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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vorldf, `r tno durdf, `r hkboob hkt` `tnor vhsudf roprosoktdth`ks, wnotnor phaturos, saufpturos, porc`redkao `r bdkao. Hk nhs ossdy „Ro dsj `c tno rdksfdt`r‘, ]dftor Lokidehk bosarhlos tno dathvhty `c trdksfdth`k htsofc hk strhjhkmfy vhsudf tores, ds „trdkspdrokt trdkspdrokt‘9‘9 „ht b`os k`t a`vor tno `rhmhkdf, b`os k`t lf`aj hts fhmnt, lut dff`ws tno puro fdkmudmo, ds tn`umn rohkc`raob ly hts `wk eobhue, t` snhko up`k tno `rhmhkdf dff tno e`ro cuffy‘.  @ko `c tno tnhkms H whsn t` oxpf`ro hk tnhs andptor hs tno wdy tno hedmo, t` a`kthkuo Lokidehk‘s a`epoffhkm eotdpn`r, hs rocrdatob hk bh﬇orokt bhsa`ursos dkb bh﬇orokt mokorha c`res. N`wovor, trdksfdth`k hs d prdathao tndt rdhsos quosth`ks `c `rhmhk, p`wor dkb bh﬇orokao, dkb H de tnoroc`ro dfs` hktorostob hk tno oxtokt t` wnhan suan bhsa`ursos dkb mokros dro k`t, ds Qdrdt Edndrdi puts ht, fhjo „stdajhkm pdkos `c mfdss `ko `k t`p `c dk`tnor, d edttor `c snoor trdkspdrokay‘, lut eobhdtob ly aufturo, dkb pdrthaufdrfy H de a`kaorkob whtn n`w tnoy dro hktorsoatob ly mokbor. rdksfdth`k nds loa`eo dk of`quokt eotdpn`rhadf a`kaopt c`r aufturdf stubhos tno`rhsts dbbrosshkm, fhjo Edndrdi, tno quosth`k `c „Ro _ktrdksfdtdlhfhty `c tno @tnor‘, dkb tno bhfoeed `c tn`so, fhjo ehmrdkts dkb w`eok, wn` hkndlht delhmu`us hktorsththdf `r edrmhkdf spdaos hk rofdth`k t` tno b`ehkdkt aufturo, dkb strummfo lotwook tw` fdkmudmos. C`r Qhe`k, „rdksfdth`k, ds d tdkmhlfo roprosoktdth`k `c d soa`kbdry `r eobhdtob rofdth`ksnhp t` rodfhty, nds a`eo t` stdkb c`r tno bhfiaufthos `c daaoss t` fdkmudmo, `c d sokso `c oxafush`k cr`e … tno dutn`rhtdthvo a`bos `c ]ostork aufturo.‘  Roro hs pfokty `c ovhbokao hk tno w`rj `c coedfo drt nhst`rhdks hk tno khkotooktn aoktury t` supp`rt tno vhow tndt tnoy romdrbob tnoesofvos ds eotdpn`rhadffy „c`rohmk‘, ds wrhthkm cr`e bh﬇orokao. Qpodjhkm cr`e tno edrmhks `c tno oeormhkm pr`cossh`k, tnoy b` hkboob sooe woff oquhppob c`r tno dathvhty `c trdksfdth`k ds Lokidehk,  wrhthkm eotdpn`rhadffy, eotdpn`rhadffy norodatudf bopf`yhkm tno durdf pr`aoss, eotdpn`r `c dk oan` dkb(dfloht hts rovorlordth`ks) `c, tno trdksfhkmuhstha summosthvofy vhows ht9 _kfhjo d w`rj `c fhtordturo, trdksfdth`k b`os k`t fflkb htsofc hk tno aoktor `c tno fdkmudmo c`rost lut `k tno `utshbo cdahkm tno w``bob rhbmo: ht adffs hkt` ht whtn`ut oktorhkm, dhehkm dt tndt shkmfo sp`t wnoro tno oan` hs dlfo t` mhvo, hk hts `wk fdkmudmo, tno rovorlordth`k `c tno w`rj hk tno dfhok `ko.

Qnorry Qhe`k aortdhkfy fflkbs tndt tno mokborhkm `c trdksfdth`k ds d coe-

hkhko dathvhty hs „d porshstokt nhst`rhadf tr`po‘9 „]`edk‘ dkb „trdksfdt`r‘ ndvo look rofomdtob t` tno sdeo p`shth`k `c bhsaurshvo hkcorh`rhty. hkcorh`rhty. Ro nhordranhadf dutn`rhty `c tno `rhmhkdf `vor tno ropr`buath`k hs fhkjob whtn hedmory `c edsaufhko dkb coehkhko: tno `rhmhkdf

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  hs a`kshborob tno str`km mokordthvo edfo, tno trdksfdth`k tno wodjor dkb borhvdthvo coedfo coedfo … tno fdkmudmo usob t` bosarhlo trdksfdthkm bhps fhlordffy hkt` tno v`adlufdry `c soxhse, brdwhkm `k hedmos `c b`ehkdkao dkb hkcorh`rhty, fflbofhty dkb fhlorthkdmo.

N`wovo N`wovor r, tnhs daa`ukt `c tno wdys hkt`wnhan trdksfdth`k nds look mokborob nhst`rhadffy hs hksufiahoktfy kudkaob bosarhlo s`eo c`res `c trdksfdth`k, suan ds ojpnrdshs, d afdsshadf dkb \okdhssdkao p`otha tr`po wnhan oki`yob d rovhvdf hk tno khkotooktn aoktury wnok tno „shstor drts‘ tdfjob t` odan `tnor  whtn kow bhdf`mha vhm`ur vhm`ur.. Ideos No﬇orkdk No﬇orkdk,, c`r hkstdkao, soos ojpnrdshs hk s`eowndt bh﬇orokt mokborob tores, ds d a`ktost lotwook tno p`wor `c tno coehkhko hedmo wnhan, EobusdEobusd-fhjo, fhjo, adk croozo, stupocy dkb heprhs`k tno edfo `lsorvor, dkb tno a`ktr`ffhkm hktorprotdthvo dutn`rhty `c edsaufhko fdkmudmo, hk wnhan drt arhthahse spodjs c`r, dkb romufdtos, tno shfokt phaturo. Rhs e`bof prosokts dk hktorosthkm bhfoeed c`r tno coedfo drt nhst`rhdk, `r hkboob c`r dky w`edk wrhthkm dl`ut drt `lioats, c`r ht supp`sos d mokbor oa`k`ey hk wnhan k`t `kfy tno mdzo lut dfs` tno bhsa`urso `c drt arhthahse hs edsaufhko. N`wovor N`wovor, ds wo ndvo sook hk `tnor drods `c tnohr wrhthkm dl`ut drt, w`eok woro ros`uraocuf dkb strdtomha hk ahrauevokthkm tno edsaufhko pror`mdthvo `c drt arhthahse, dkb hk kom`thdthkm tno bhsa`ursos dkb mokros dvdhfdlfo t` tnoe. Roro dro oxdepfos tnr`umn`ut tno aoktury `c coedfo ojpnrdstha p`otry tndt tr`ulfo tno ukpr`lfoedthsob k`th`k `c tno edfo mdzo dkb tno edsaufhko a`eeoktdt`r oqudffy whtn tno potrhcyhkm f``j `c tno Eobusdk coehkhko hedmo. Odrfy hk tno porh`b, c`r oxdepfo, hk F.O.F.‘s „W`othadf Qjotanos `c E`bork Whaturos‘ `c , d a`ffoath`k `c twofvo p`oes `k pdhkthkms, tno p`ot hkbufmos nor pdssh`k c`r phaturos ds „D  w`rfb c`r ehkb t` t` rovof‘, rovof‘, a`kcosshkm a`kcosshkm „H f`vo / ` mhvo d nhst`ry t` ovory cdao,  whtn tno pdhktor, ‑ ds H jkow / ]ndt nhs nhmn t` tnhkj, ‑ /Ds tn`umnt a`eeukhkm ndbH look‘.  ruo   ruo t` nor no r w`rb, sno trdksfdto trdksfdtoss c`r tno rodbor rod bor tno kdrrdthvos oel`bhob hk tno mokro pdhkthkms sno bosarhlos, `ctok spodjhkm t` dkb c`r tnohr coedfo sulioats, hbokthcyhkm whtn dkb voktrhf`quhshkm tnohr hedmhkob stdtos `c ehkb. Nor p`oe `k Kowt`k‘s D Kowt`k‘s D Mhrf dt Nor Bov`th`ks , c`r oxdepfo, af`sos whtn d crdkj dajk`wfobmoeokt tndt tno oepdtnotha ukborstdkbhkm ly tno coedfo p`ot `c tno y`ukm mhrf‘s coofhkms suporsobos  wndt hs datudffy tnoro tnoro hk tno pdhkthkm htsofc9 htsofc9 „k`w „k`w k`ko dro khmn / ` e`aj  whtn aurh`us `r whtn adrofoss oyo, … sno edy bwoff / @k coofhkms wnhan

tndt phaturo edy k`t toff‘. Ro hbod tndt d sokshthvo w`edk f``jhkm dt d phaturo pha turo edy „toff‘ „toff‘ hts hkkore`st eodkhkm hk d wdy tndt hs bokhob tn`so whtn eorofy „aurh`us `r whtn adrofoss oyo‘ dkb ovok, ht hs summostob, m`os loy`kb tno ukborstdkbhkm

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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`c tno drthst wn` pdhktob ht, hkc`res `tnor p`otry dl`ut drt ly w`eok  wrhthkm tnr`umn`ut tno aoktury. Dftn`umn Anrhsthkd \`ssotth‘ \`ssotth‘ss p`oe „Hk dk Drthst‘s Qtubh`‘ () hs k`t strhatfy dk ojpnrdstha p`oe, ht t``, dkb e`ro `vortfy, uksottfos tno trdbhth`kdf ojpnrdstha mokbor r`fos hbokthfflob ly dkb hkboob dranotyphadffy edsaufhko mdzo oel`bhob hk norNo﬇orkdk, lr`tnor Bdkto Mdlrhoftno \`ssotth‘s pdhkthkms. Ro p`oe hs k`t dl`ut `ko phaturo lut d a`ep`shto `c dff tno phaturos tno Wro-\dpndofhto drthst pdhktob `c nhs hbodfhsob „]`edk‘, wn` hs norsofc d a`ep`shto `c nhs f`vors dkb e`bofs (Ofhzdlotn Qhbbdff, Idko E`rrhs, Cdkky A`rkc`rtn, Oeed Lr`wk), c`r „@ko cdao f``js `ut cr`e dff nhs adkvdsos‘, dkb „ovory adkvds eodks / Ro sdeo `ko eodkhkm‘. „Hk dk Drthst‘s Qtubh`‘ c`rosndb`ws Bol`rdn Anorry dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj‘s w`rj (luhfbhkm `k Ofhzdlotn A`who‘s hep`rtdkt  drthafo „]`edk ds Qhmk‘) `k Bdkto Mdlrhof \`ssotth‘s phaturos, dkb W`ff`aj‘s „pn`t`-ossdy‘ `k „shmks `c coehkhkhty‘ hk nhs „p`rtrdhturo‘, wnhan boe`kstrdtos tno hktorandkmodlfokoss `c nhs sul ioats, dkb nor a`ktokth`k tndt nhs coedfo cdaos dro k`t, hk cdat, p`rtrdhts dt dff. Anrhsthkd \`ssotth, f``jhkm c`r tno w`edk `c nor lr`tnor‘s adkvdsos, sooes t` „ZfflkbU nor nhbbok iust lonhkb tn`so sarooks‘: lut datudffy, tno fflkdf fhko `c tno s`kkot, dajk`wfobmhkm tndt tno cdao `k ` k tno adkvds hs „K`t ds sno hs, lut ds sno fflffs nhs brodes‘, dkthahpdtos Anorry‘s dkb W`ff`aj‘s drmueokt tndt tno shmkhfflob `c tno „shmk‘ `c w`edk hs k`t „d w`edk, `r ovok ]`edk‘, lut „edsaufhko arodthvhty‘.  Ro p`ot roa`mkhsos tno dffa`ksuehkm, vdephro mdzo `c tno edfo drthst, wn` „coobs up`k nor cdao ly bdy dkb khmnt‘, lut roaupordtos, ly wdy `c nor `wk arhthadf mdzo, coedfo vhsh`k, romhstorhkm tno cdat tndt tno w`edk `c nhs pdhkthkm „whtn truo jhkb oyos f``js ldaj `k nhe‘. Rhs hs, fflkdffy, d p`oe dl`ut w`eok f``jhkm, dk ojpnrdstha trdksfdth`k tndt lrhkms hkt` c`aus tno p`worcuf edfo arodt`r `c tno coedfo hedmo, lut wnhan fflkdffy dssorts tno hktorprotdthvo dutn`rhty `c tno coedfo `lsorvor wn` spodjs c`r tno shfokt phaturo dkb tno „nhbbok‘  w`edk ht a`ktdhks. Rhs hs tno p`wor tndt tno ojpnrdstha p`ot drr`mdtos t` norsofc hk `tnor p`oes dl`ut phaturos cr`e tnhs porh`b. Ro p`ot Oehfy Wcoh﬇or (‑), c`r oxdepfo, dutn`r `c d a`ffoath`k `c p`fhthadf dkb drthstha a`eeoktdrhos ldsob `k nor trdvofs hk  t` Odstork Our`po, Dshd dkb tno _Q, Cfyhkm Fodvos cr`e Odst dkb ]ost  (),   (), dkb jk`wk t`` c`r nor ossdys dkb i`urkdfhse `k tno s`ahdf p`shth`k `c w`eok, pulfhsnob ds ]`eok dkb ]`rj  

hk , dfs` wr`to p`otry dl`ut pdhkthkms. C`r oxdepfo, sno pulfhsnob d pdhr `c ojpnrdstha s`kkots `k tw` pdhkthkms bophathkm Edry, tno e`tnor `c Anrhst, ly Crd Dkmofha` hk Qdk Edra`. Ro fflrst `c tnoso, ukbor tno thtfo „Ro I`y `c I`ys‘, rosp`kbs t` tno rdbhdkt fflmuro `c tno Edb`kkd boffd

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Chm. . Crd Dkmofha`, Dkmofha`, Edb`kkd  Edb`kkd boffd Qtoffd  (a.  (a. )  )

 

Qtoffd (a  (a . , Chm. ), ), bosarhlob ly Edub Aruttwoff ds d „sedff ehkhdturofhjo pdhkthkm `c mrodt loduty‘9 N@_ stdkbost whtnhk tny tdlorkdafo, ar`wkob, \dpt cr`e tno w`rfb‘s vdhk pfodsuros dkb ture`hf,  ]nhfo, fflffob whtn lfosshkm, lfosshkm, dkb swoot n`urfy t`hf,

Hk fdsthkm sorvhao tny eooj ndkbs dro l`ukb: K`r `k tny ndkbs df`ko f`vo‘s andhks dro w`ukb,‑ Roy lhkb tny s`uf, wn`so dhrhor ﬌hmnt tnoy c`hf,

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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 Dkb lrhkm tnoo n`eo dmdhk dmdhk whtn c`kb roa`hf,  ]nok tn`u t`` cdr w`ufbost w`ufbost fodvo cdehfhdr cdehfhdr mr`ukb. Lut tn`u wn` mhvost tno koatdr `c tny vohks Hk sofc-surrokbor, wndt woro a`stfhost t`ys @c edk‘s arodth`k, t` tno nodvok-sokt mdhks,  ]nhan, n`fbhkm sphrht dkb ﬌osn ﬌osn hk oquhp`hso, Joop tnoo suspokbob hk tny ﬌`wor-s`ct andhks,  Dkb yhofb t` tnoo df`ko tno i`y i`y `c i`ys!  

Ro soa`kb s`kkot c`ausos `k d botdhf `c tno Edtor B`f`r`sd whtnhk d fdrmor Aruahfflxh`k saoko (Chm. (Chm. ), ), dkb hs okthtfob „Ro Q`rr`w `c Q`rr`ws‘9  ]@EDK, tn`so ndkbs dro ldro ldro tndt woro f`vo‘ f`vo‘ss tnr`ko, @k dfhok pr`ps tny nofpfoss dres dro sprodb: Ry n`po hs e`ajob dt, dkb tny mf`ry ﬌ob, Ry fdl`ur k`umnt: f`vo a`ufb k`t edjo tnhko `wk Nhe, wn` wds `c tny ﬌osn dkb `c tny l`ko: Ly w`edk‘s w`edk‘s todrs todr s hs k` edk‘s edk‘s b``e whtnsto whtnstodb: db: Wrdyorr a`ufb k`t rdks`e tndt bov`tob nodb: Wrdyo Mrhoc adkk`t phorao bodtn‘s shfokao whtn hts e`dk. R`u ‑ sdhktob e`tnor `c d s`k bhvhko ‑  ]n`so fhps dro mudrbob mudrbob ly tny andstokob andstokob whff, Ro lfhkb, lruto dkmuhsn edrjob tnoo whtn hts shmk Loc`ro f`vo aruahfflob lonofb tnoo sthff ‑ Hkbrdwk ‑ ds `ko wn` trdvdhfs whtn d lhrtn, Sdst ds tno sndb`w wnhan `‘orwnofes tno odrtn.

Hktorosthkmfy Wcoh﬇or‘s pdhrob s`kkots, prhktob `k cdahkm pdmos, edjo d bhptyan `c tno tw` Edb`kkds, wn` fflmuro hk tw` okthrofy bh﬇orokt dkb pnyshadffy sopdrdtob pdhkthkms9 „Ro I`y `c I`ys‘ Shrmhk hs ldsob `k tno p`ot‘s rosp`kso t` tno oxquhshtofy bofhadto toepord `k w``b pdhkthkm tndt wds dt tndt theo nukm hk Crd Dkmofha`‘s `wk aoff `k tno fflrst ﬌``r `c tno e`kdstory: „Ro Q`rr`w `c Q`rr`ws‘ c`ausos `k d sedff mr`up dr`ukb Edry, mrhoc-strhajok, dt tno c``t `c tno Ar`ss, wnhan hs pdrt `c d fdrmo Aruahfflxh`k Ar uahfflxh`k saoko hk tno e`ro pulfha spdao `c tno Andptor N`uso dt mr`ukb fovof hk tno edhk af`hstor. Ht hs Wcoh﬇or wn` a`kkoats tnoe ly brdwhkm dttokth`k t` tno ndkbs `c tno Edb`kkd hk odan, l`ukb hk „Ro I`y `c I`ys‘ ds „f`vo‘s tnr`ko‘, oepty dkb ldro hk „Ro Q`rr`w `c Q`rr`ws‘, wnoro nor „nofpfoss dres dro sprodb‘, „@k dfhok pr`ps‘. Hk nor rodbhkm `c tnoso phaturos, Wcoh﬇or

roedjos tnoe: c`r wnhfo Crd Dkmofha` nds turkob rodbors (`c tno Lhlfo) hkt` spoatdt`rs, sno tdjos andrmo `c tno hedmo dmdhk, trdksfdtos ht hkt`  w`rbs, dkb roturks roturks ht t` tno rodbor rodbor ds d kowfy a`kaohvob a`kaohvob dftdrphoao.

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 

Chm. . Crd Dkmofha`, Ro Aruahfflxh`k, Aruahfflxh`k, botdhf `c tno Shrmhk dkb dttokbdkts cr`e tno Andptor N`uso (‑)

Wcoh﬇or‘s p`oes dro dfhvo t` tno mokbor p`fhthas `c spoatdt`rsnhp. Crd  Dkmofha`‘‘s hedmos `c tno N`fy E`tno  Dkmofha` E`tnorr woro hktokbob c`r prhvdto a`ktoepfdth`k ‑ tno fflrst, hk pdrthaufdr, c`r tno s`fhtdry a`ktoepfdth`k `c tno e`kj hk nhs aoff: tnoy woro k`t eodkt c`r w`eok‘s oyos t` lon`fb. `bdy tnoy adk lo daaossob ly w`eok, dkb Wcoh﬇or oepndshsos nor `wk fflrst-

ndkb oxporhokao `c tnoe. L`tn s`kkots dro procdaob ly d k`to tndt oxpfhahtfy pfdaos tno p`ot norsofc loc`ro tno crosa`s hk tno B`ehkhadk e`kdstory. e`kdstory.

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 



„Ro I`y `c I`ys‘ wds a`ep`sob, wo dro t`fb, „ZhUk cdao `c tno phaturo `c tno rdbhdkt Edb`kkd dkb Anhfb, ly Crd Dkmofha`, hk nhs aoff dt Qdk Edra`‘: „Ro Q`rr`w `c Q`rr`ws‘, „ZhUk cdao `c tno Edtor B`f`r`sd hk tno crosa` `c tno Aruahfflxh`k, hk tno Andptor r``e, ly tno sdeo‘. Xot, ds Wcoh﬇or wds fhjofy dwdro, `kfy d cow yodrs provh`usfy w`eok woro bokhob daaoss t` tno hktorh`r `c tno e`kdstory dkb ukdlfo t` vhow tno pdhkthkms tndt db`rkob ht. ]nok Mo`rmo Ofh`t (wn`e Wcoh﬇or dbehrob, bosarhlhkm nor hk nor ofomhda p`oe „Ro F`st Fhmnt‘ wrhttok dctor tno k`vofhst‘s bodtn ds nor „f`st quook dkb adptdhk‘) vhshtob Qdk Edra` ds pdrt `c nor rosodran c`r \`e`fd   hk , sno wds k`t dff`wob, ds d w`edk, t` oktor tno hkkor sdkatue `c tno luhfbhkm dkb vhow tno sulioat `c „Ro I`y `c I`ys‘, k`r wds sno mhvok daaoss t` tno aoff tndt ndb look `aauphob ly Qdv`kdr`fd, wn` hs suan dk hep`rtdkt fflmuro hk nor k`vof. Hkstodb sno ndb t` rofy `k k`tos tdjok `k nor londfc ly nor pdrtkor Mo`rmo Nokry Fowos c`r nor `wk bosarhpth`k `c tno hktorh`r `c tno e`kdstory. Ofh`t wds, tn`umn, porehttob t` oktor tno Andptor N`uso, wnoro sno sdw Crd Dkmofha`‘s fdrmo Aruahfflxh`k, wnhan sno t`` ok`re`usfy, shkmfhkm w`eok `ut c`r dt spoahdf prdhso, ds Wcoh﬇or wds fdtordbehrob t` b`, tno mr`up `c mrhovhkm tno c``t `c tno Ar`ss. Qno  wr`to hk nor i`urkdf, „Ro crosa`os H adrob c`r e`st hk dff Cf`rokao woro tno cow `c Crd Dkmofha`‘s tndt d b`kkd wds dff`wob t` soo hk tno A`kvokt `c Qdk Edra`. Hk tno Andptor-n`uso, k`w usob ds d mudrbr``e, hs d fdrmo aruahfflxh`k, whtn tno hkhehtdlfo mr`up `c tno cdhkthkm e`tnor, upnofb ly Qt. I`nk dkb tno y`ukmor Edry, dkb afdspob r`ukb ly tno jkoofhkm Edmbdfok.‘ Ofh`t dffubos t` nor coedfo oxporhokao `c oxafush`k cr`e tno aoffs, ds  woff ds t` tno pdhkthkm hk tno Andptor N`uso, hk \`e`fd  t`   t` rohkc`rao tno nor`hko‘s `wk mrhoc dt tno bodtnlob `c nor lr`tnor Bhk`, d B`ehkhadk e`kj. \`e`fd, wo dro t`fb, „wds a`kbuatob t` tno b``r `c tno andptorn`uso hk tno `utor af`hstor, wnhtnor tno hkvdfhb ndb look a`kvoyob: k`  w`edk lohkm dff`wob dbehssh`k loy`kb tnhs proahkat‘. Ds sno tokbs nor lr`tnor sno hs „iust a`ksah`us tndt hk tno ldajmr`ukb tnoro wds d aruahfflob c`re rhshkm nhmn dkb pdfo `k tno crosa`ob wdff, dkb pdfo cdaos `c s`rr`w f``jhkm `ut cr`e ht lof`w‘. Ds tno saoko pr`mrossos, „tno pdfo cdaos `c s`rr`w hk tno crosa` `k tno `pp`shto wdff sooeob t` ndvo a`eo kodror, dkb t` edjo `ko a`epdky whtn tno pdfo cdao `k tno lob‘. Hk dk`tnor andptor, \`e`fd‘‘s `wk pdfo cdao hs oxpfhahtfy \`e`fd oxpfhahtf y a`epdrob ly `ko `c tno andrdators andrdat ors whtn „tndt cdhkthkm Edb`kkd `c Crd Mh`vdkkh‘s‘.  Ro toksh`k lotwook theodkb spdao-ldsob eobhd hk Ofh`t‘s kdrrdthvo toankhquo noro mosturos ldaj t`

odrfy Htdfhdk crosa` sorhos tndt toff lhlfhadf st`rhos hk pdkofs tndt tno vhowor eust put t`motnor, t`motnor, fhjo d adrt``k, dkb dfs` arodtos d pr`t`-ahkoedtha o﬇oat

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

tndt dkthahpdtos e`ktdmo. D sthff hedmo hs okmdmob ly nor dt `kao t` a`k iuro dk dutnoktha ahkquoaokt` ahkquoaokt` saoko hk d pdrthaufdr theo dkb dkb pfdao, dkb t` shtudto tno nor`hko l`tn hk d nhst`ry `c su﬇orhkm s u﬇orhkm w`eok strotanhkm ldaj t` tno Edb`kkd dkb hk tno ov`fvhkm nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao, dt tno vory aoktro `c tno a`k﬌hathkm pdrdbhmes roprosoktob ly tno `fb eobhovdf rofhmh`us `rbor dkb e`bork nuedkhse. \`e`fd  wds   wds pulfhsnob hk sorhdf pdrts hk tno A`rknhff Edmdzhko  hk   hk , dkb hffustrdtob ly `ko `c tno up-dkb-a`ehkm nhst`rhadf pdhktors `c tno bdy, Croborha Crobo rha Fohmnt`k, wn` ndb ostdlfhsnob nhs roputdth`k hk tno provh`us boadbo whtn kueor`us adkvdsos bophathkm Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao saokos. Xot ds  wo ndvo sook, vhsudfhsdth`k wds dk hep`rtdkt bheoksh`k `c Ofh`t Ofh`t‘‘s `wk fflath`kdf drsokdf. Qno wds fdtor t` wrhto hk nor k`tol``j dl`ut wndt sno n`pob t` danhovo tnr`umn „tno oxorahso `c d vordah`us hedmhkdth`k hk nhst`rhadf phaturhkm‘, boafdrhkm9 „H wdkt s`eotnhkm bh﬇orokt cr`e tno dlstrdat trodteokt wnhan lof`kms t` mrdvo nhst`ry cr`e d b`atrhkdf p`hkt `c vhow, dkb s`eotnhkm bh﬇orokt cr`e tno sanoeob phaturosquokoss `c `rbhkdry nhst`rhadf fflath`k. H wdkt`clrhoc, sovorofy a`ksahokth`us hk tnohr a`karoto hkahbokts, promkdkt e`voeokts hk tnoropr`buath`ks, pdst.‘ Ofh`t croquoktfy hk nor fflath`k strdtomhadffy ropr`buaos datudf drt w`rjs, hk dff tnohr a`karoto edtorhdfhty, hk `rbor t` a`kiuro dk hktokshfflob nhst`rhadf e`eokt hk tno wdy sno bosarhlos noro, hktomrdthkm drt hkt` nor nhst`rhadf eotn`b`f`my hk d wdy tndt hs quhto bhsthkat cr`e ohtnor „mrdvo nhst`ry‘ `r crhv`f`us dkb ldkdf phaturosquokoss dkb wnhan anheos whtn `tnor jhkbs `c hedmhkdthvo okmdmoeokt whtn drt ly w`eok hk tnhs porh`b loy`kb tno pdrdeotors `c c`redf drt nhst`ry „cr`e d b`atrhkdf p`hkt `c vhow‘. Hkboob, nor vory pnrdshkm noro ros`kdtos whtn wndt `tnor coedfo „trdksfdt`rs‘ woro tryhkm t` b` tndt wds bhsthkathvo hk tnohr a`ktrd-b`atrhkdf ossdys hkt` drt arhthahse dkb nhst`ry.

Qhmnt dkb Q`km   ]dftor Lokidehk bosarhlos „trdksfdth`k‘ ds `aaupyhkm d p`shth`k  ]dftor p` shth`k „ehbwdy lotwook p`otry dkb b`atrhko‘, `﬇orhkm dk „hktorfhkodr vorsh`k, hk wnhan fhtordfkoss dkb croob`e dro ukhtob‘, wn`so eodkhkm fhos, hkboob, „lotwook tno fhkos‘, dkb tnhs hs d c`reufdth`k tndt sooes roedrjdlfy dpt c`r s`eo `c tno w`eok wn` woro okmdmob hk ojpnrdstha trdksfdth`k hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, suan ds Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por, wrhthkm ds Ehandof Chofb, wn`so v`fueo Qhmnt dkb Q`km  ()  () roprosokts `ko `c tno e`st a`epronokshvo dttoepts hk tno porh`b t` rokbor drt hkt` p`otry.

„B`atrhko‘ wds, ds ht ndppoks, tno kdeo ly wnhan tno Chofbs, ds tnoy

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs   



 woro d﬇oath`kdtofy bullob ly tnohr crhokbs, adffob Lorkdrb Loroks`k hk tnohr nukbrobs `c fottors t` nhe dkb nhs pdrtkor Edry A`stoff`o. „Bodr B`atrhko‘, Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy lomhks d fottor t` Loroks`k `k  @at`lor , c`r oxdepfo, sn`rtfy dctor Qhmnt dkb Q`km   wds pulfhsnob9 „]o dro luhfbhkm d Ldaanha dftdr hk tno stuby9 wo wdkt y`u t` nofp.‘   D cow  woojs fdtor sno wrhtos „f`vhkmfy‘ t` Edry whtn tno dbvhao9 „wnok y`u  wdkt t` aful tno B`atrhko y`u whff fflkb dk oxaoffokt bhdmrde `c eotn`b hk Edktomkd, Mr`svok`r Mdffory Adtdf`muo brdwhkms … wo mf`dt `vor tno fflko, croo swhkm `c tno edokdbs‘ afuls!!!‘  Ro Chofbs ndb fflrst eot Loroks`k, dkb tnr`umn nhe Edry A`stoff`o, hk , dkb tnoy quhajfy bovof`pob dk hktokso crhokbsnhp luhft dr`ukb tnohr sndrob pdssh`k c`r drt, k`twhtnstdkbhkm tnohr eutudf dajk`wfobmoeokt `c Loroks`k‘s suporh`r oxporthso. Hkboob, tnoy bosarhlo Qhmnt dkb Q`km   hk tnohr i`urkdf ds „t``  wn`ffy buo t` `ur crhokbsnhp whtn Lorkdrb‘.  Dkb yot wo soo hk tnohr a`rrosp`kbokao d bhdf`mha oxandkmo lotwook „tno p`ots‘, ds tno Chofbs `ctok rocor t` tnoesofvos, dkb „tno B`atrhko‘ tndt ro﬌oats tno pdrthaufdr kdturo `c tnohr bhsaurshvofy p`hsob trdksfdth`kdf dostnotha, dkb Loroks`k  wds fdtor t` pdy trhluto t` tnohr w`rj hk nhs `wk Cf`rokthko Wdhktors `c tno \okdhssdkao  ().  (). Qhmnt dkb Q`km  wds  wds ldsob `k tno p`ots‘ rosp`kso t` d sorhos `c pdhkthkms hk Lrhthsn dkb A`kthkoktdf pulfha mdfforhos. Lrdbfoy dkb A``por ‑ dukt dkb khoao, bov`tob f`vors ‑ ndb dfrodby edbo tnohr kdeo ds Ehandof Chofb whtn d v`fueo pulfhsnob hk  okthtfob F`km Dm`, Dm`, a`eprhshkm trdksfdth`ks dkb ofdl`rdth`ks `c tno Qdppnha crdmeokts, dk hktrhmuhkm dkb (c`r tno theos) dubdah`usfy oxpfhaht aofolrdth`k `c f`vo lotwook w`eok. Ro dhe `c tnohr kow a`ffoath`k `c ojpnrdstha p`oes wds, ds tnoy oxpfdhkob hk tno Wrocdao t` Qhmnt dkb Q`km , „t` trdksfdto hkt` vorso wndt tno fhkos dkb a`f`urs `c aortdhk an`sok phaturos shkm hk tnoesofvos‘. Ro sykdostnotha a`epfoxhty `c Ehandof Chofb‘s fdkmudmo noro summosts tno eufthbheoksh`kdf soks`ry oxporhokao `c f``jhkm dt dkb rosp`kbhkm t` vhsudf drt w`rjs, s`eotnhkm tno w`eok try t` adpturo hk tno vdrh`us jhkbs `c wrhthkm tnoy ukbortdjo dr`ukb tno pr`buath`k `c tnhs v`fueo ‑ tnohr i`urkdf dkb tnohr fottors, ds  woff ds tno p`oes tnoesofvos ‑ hk tnohr dttoept t` pr`vhbo pr`vhbo suan d trdksfdth`k. Qhmnt dkb Q`km , spoahffladffy hbokthfflob ds d trdksfdth`k, a`kthkuos tno pr`ioat `c F`km Dm` hk Dm` hk tno sokso l`tn `c drthaufdthkm tnohr foslhdk oxporhokao dkb `c f`adthkm tnoe hk d aufturdf trdbhth`k, `kfy tndt oxporhokao hs noro spoahffladffy dss`ahdtob whtn vhsudf noreokouthas dkb whtn tno ahraufdth`k `c tno vorldf dkb tno vhsudf, dkb tno aufturdf a`kkoath`ks tnoy edjo dro k`t whtn d afdsshadf foslhdk norhtdmo lut whtn roaokt dkb a`ktoep`rdry

dostnothahdks dkb wrhtors `k drt.

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Qhmnt dkb Q`km  hs  hs dk oxpf`rdth`k `c foslhdk soxudfhty hk tno fflofb `c vhsh`k. Ehandof Chofb‘s hs k`t tno ukhfflob e`k`aufdr mdzo `c tno notor`soxudf edfo, ds edsaufhko spoatdt`rsnhp hs `ctok a`kstruatob, lut tno lhk`aufdr f``j `c tw` w`eok, okdathkm foslhdk boshro lut wrhthkm ds d edk. Ro pors`kd `c Ehandof Chofb a`ksthtutos d spdao, d fflofb hkboob, `c aufturdf oka`uktor, okdlfhkm arodthvo trdksfdth`ks lotwook drt c`res dkb tno iuxtdp`shth`k `c sulioathvhthos (Lrdbfoy dkb A``por bosarhlob tnohr a`ffdl`rdthvo wrhthkm ds „fhjo e`sdha w`rj ‑ tno ehkmfob, vdrh`us pr`buat `c `ur tw` lrdhks‘). F``jhkm dt drt, hk Ehandof Chofb‘s p`otry, ov`jos tno tnroo-bheoksh`kdf storo`sa`pha mdzo tndt ndb s` oxorahsob khkotooktn-aoktury `pthadf sahokthsts shkao tno s. Ro lhk`aufdr mdzo, tndt a`eos cr`e dfe`st, lut k`t quhto, `ko vhowp`hkt, okdats d spoaufdr pr`xhehty tndt nds pdrthaufdr eotdpn`rhadf ros`kdkao c`r tno sndrob vhsudf oxporhokao `c sdeo-sox f`vors. Ro v`fueo drthaufdtos d bykdeha storo`sa`pha mdzo hktorsoatob ly foslhdk boshro, d mdzo `c mdys, d wdy `c f``jhkm dt drt ‑ a`ffdl`rdthvofy, dkb ukbor d shkmfo dssueob edfo kdeo tndt tnoy sndro (Jdtndrhko hs prhvdtofy „Ehandof‘,‘, Obhtn „Chofb‘) ‑ tndt okdlfos d boaoktrhkm `c tno `lsorvhkm „Ehandof `lsor vhkm sul ioat dkb tno rdbhadf rdbhadf bostdlhfhsdth`k bostdlhfhsdth`k `c tno mokbor mokbor lhkdry. lhkdry. Qhmnt dkb Q`km   wds pulfhsnob hk dk `rkdeoktdf fhehtob obhth`k hk . Ht a`eprhsos tnhrty-`ko p`oes `k tnhrty-`ko phaturos (ly drthsts suan ds ]dttodu, A`rrommh`, Fo`kdrb` bd Shkah, L`tthaoffh, hkt`rott` dkb Mh`rmh`ko) f`adtob hk l`tn Lrhthsn a`ffoath`ks (tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory, Ndept`k A`urt, tno Lurfhkmt`k) dkb A`kthkoktdf eusoues (tno F`uvro, tno Buadf Wdfdao dkb tno Daadboehd hk Sokhao, tno _fizh dkb tno Daadboehd hk Cf`rokao, tno Daadboehd dt L`f`mkd, tno Adep` Qdkt` dt Whsd, tno Qtâbof‘sano Hksthtut dt Crdkjcurt, tno Mrdkb Bujo‘s Wdfdao dt  ]ohedr  ] ohedr,, tno tno Brosbok Brosbok Mdffory). Ro Ro l``j wds k`t hffustrdtob, dkb dftn`umn s`eo `c tno pdhkthkms w`ufb ndvo look cdehfhdr t` tnohr rodbors, `tnors  woro jk`wk, dkblook k`t odshfy daaosshlfo. tno rodbor  w`ufbk`t c`r whbofy tno e`st pdrt ndvo oka`uktorhkm tno Roroc`ro phaturos, porndps c`r tno fflrst theo, vhd tno eobhue `c tno p`oes. Ro v`fueo tdjos hts pfdao hk d mokodf`my `c ojpnrdstha wrhthkm wnhan m`os ldaj t` afdsshadf theos, wds str`km hk tno \okdhssdkao dkb oki`yob d rovhvdf hk tno khkotooktn aoktury wnok tno „shstor drts‘ tdfjob t` odan `tnor whtn d kow bhdf`mha vhm`ur.  ]nhfo odan p`oe spodjs t` dk hkbhvhbudf w`rj w`rj `c drt, tno okthro okthro a`ffoath`k de`ukts t` dk hedmhkob hedmhko b mdffory, uko eusèo hedmhkdhro , d vorhtdlfo „eusoue `c w`rbs‘ (t` hkv`jo Ideos No﬇orkdk‘s summosthvo pnrdso).  Ro p`oe tndt `poks Qhmnt dkb Q`km , `k ]dttodu‘s F‘Hkbh﬇èrokt  hk   hk tno F`uvro, pr`vhbos d m``b hktr`buath`k t` tno e`bo `c tno v`fueo ds d

 wn`fo. Ht rosp`kbs t` d pdhkthkm `c d l`y wn`, mdhfy a`stueob, a`s tueob, aoktrdffy p`shth`kob dkb whtn dres `utstrotanob, fflffs tno adkvds. Edrtnd Shahkus

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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nds wrhttok dl`ut tno tr`ulfhkmfy hkbotorehkdto fflmuro `c tno db`fosaokt l`y hk fflk-bo-shîafo  hk  fflk-bo-shîafo  wrhthkm,  wrhthkm, tndt „ndkbs`eo, fhehkdf arodturo Zwn`U a`ufb dls`rl dkb ro﬌oat d vdrhoty `c soxudf boshros dkb oe`th`kdf koobs‘ dkb  wn`so „pr`todk kdturo bhspfdyob d b`ulfo boshro‘, hk wdys tndt tnr`w fhmnt `k hts p`shth`khkm ds tno fflrst p`oe hk tno v`fueo.  Obhtn A``por,  whtn nor sn`rt ndhr dkb l`yhsn f``js, dkb nor „pr`todk kdturo‘, wds a`ksah`us `c nor `wk db`fosaokt dppodf. Hk d i`urkdf oktry, c`r oxdepfo, sno fhjoks norsofc t` Dkthk`us, tno loduthcuf l`y lof`vob ly tno \`edk Oepor`r Ndbrhdk, dkb Jdtndrhko `ctok rocors t` nor „Nokry‘ ds d l`y.   Curtnore`ro, l`tn p`ots hbokthcy whtn „hkbh﬇orokao‘ htsofc dt tno okb `c tnohr aofolrdtob p`otha edkhcost` „Ht wds boop Dprhf‘, pulfhsnob tno c`ff`whkm yodr hk , hk wnhan tnoy ros`fvo t` lo „W`ots dkb f`vors ovore`ro‘,  wnok tnoy pr`ubfy pr`afdhe tnoesofvos t` lo „Hkbh﬇oro „Hkbh﬇orokt kt t` nodvok dkb noff‘. Hk Ehandof Chofb‘ Chofb‘ss oka`uktor oka`u ktor whtn wh tn ]dttodu‘ ]dttodu‘ss pdhkthkm, pdhkth km, tno or`thahse `c tno b`ulfo vhowors‘ mdzo hs eot ly tno hkbh﬇orokao `c tno bdkahkm l`y9 „hk vdhk wo w``‘. Ro dut`k`ey `c tno drt `lioat hs oxprossob hk soxudf tores, ds tnhs hk-lotwook, db`fosaokt l`y-edk, tnhs „mdy y`ukmstor‘ whtn tno r`ukb oyos, rocusos t` rosp`kb t` tno hkvhthkm mdzo `c tno edk/w`edk, shkmfo/b`ulfo vhowor whtn d „mfdkao‘, ovok tn`umn „`fb ok`umn c`r edkn``b‘s lfhss‘ (Qhmnt (Qhmnt dkb Q`km  pp.  pp. ‑). K`redk Lrys`k nds wrhttok dl`ut tno wdy hk wnhan tno mfdkao sulvorts tno edmhstorhdf dutn`rhty `c tno mdzo, dl`ut n`w9 „Dmdhkst tno Mdzo, tno Mfdkao pr`p`sos boshro, pr`p`sos tno l`by, hk tno burèo  `c   `c hts prdathadf dathvhty9 hk tno croozhkm `c syktdmedtha e`th`k, boshro, dkb tno l`by, tno boshro `c tno l`by, dro oxdatfy tno tores  wnhan tno trdbhth`k trdbhth`k soojs t` suppross.‘ suppross.‘ Ro p`tokay `c tno mfdkao hs e`st c`raocuffy a`kvoyob hk Ehandof Chofb‘s p`oe `k Fo`kdrb`‘s Fd Mh`a`kbd ,  wnhan lomhks whtn E`kd Fhsd Fhsd‘‘s ha`kha „Nhst`rha, shbo-f`km, hepfhadthkm oyos‘ (Qhmnt (Qhmnt dkb Q`km   p. ), dkb hk wnhan tno mdzo `c tno edk/w`eok p`ot/vhowors sulvortob ly tno mfdkao `c tnosaruthky probdt`ry w`edk  wn` wdhts c`rhs nor proy.. _kb proy _kbor or nor shbof`km saruthky, , tnosehfhkm fhps, tno soxudfhsob lrodsts, „wnoro twhfhmnt t`uanos rhpokoss de`r`usfy‘ (p. ), drrost tno oyo dkb bhsporso tno mdzo, hkshsthkm up`k „tno boshro `c tno l`by‘ tndt, daa`rbhkm t` Lrys`k, „tno trdbhth`k soojs t` suppross‘. Lut hk tno p`oe `k  ]dttodu  ] dttodu‘‘s l`y tno bdkaor bdkaor whtnn`fbs nhs mfdkao, mfdkao, dkb tnoroly tnoroly whtnn`fbs whtnn`fbs i`y, i`y, s` dls`rlob hk tno rnytnes `c nhs bdkao hs no. Ro mdzo `c tno p`ots, wrhthkm cr`e bh﬇orokao, dkb tnoesofvos hkndlhthkm dk hktorsththdf soxudf dkb dutn`rhdf hbokthty, oka`uktors `kfy hkbh﬇orokao. Ehandof Chofb hs shehfdrfy brdwk t` pdhkthkms `c Qt Qoldsthdk, wrhthkm p`oes `k l`tn A`rrommh`‘s dkb Dkt`koff` bd Eosshkd‘s pdhkthkms hk tno Brosbok Mdffory `c tno sdhkt wn` hs bosarhlob ly Lrdbfoy dkb A``por

hk tnohr i`urkdf ds „ndfc d pdmdk dkb wds d snopnorb l`y loc`ro no jkow

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

`c Anrhst dkb edrtyrb`e‘.  Ro p`oe `k A`rrommh`‘s Qdhkt Qoldsthdk  Qoldsthdk  lomhks9 L`ukb ly tny ndkbs, lut whtn rospoat ukt` tnhko oyos n`w croo ‑ Chxob Chx ob `k Edb`kkd, soohkm dff tndt tnoy woro l`rk t` soo! (Qhmnt dkb Q`km  )  )

Ro p`oe sooes t` lo dff dl`ut tno or`thadffy andrmob f``j. Ro Anhfb tnhko upwdrb cdao ndtn shmntob, Qthff dkb bofhmntob: ()

Ro p`ots wrhto hk tnohr i`urkdf, rdtnor bhsa`kaorthkmfy, dl`ut n`w Qoldsthdk‘s „cdao pfdys whtn tno anhfb‘.  Noro, Qoldsthdk hs sobuathvofy bosarhlob ds „Adumnt hk tno pfdy `c Nodvok‘s bhvhko dbvdkaos‘ (p. )9  ]nhfo anoruls strdmmfo `k tno af`ubs af`ubs `c fuehk`us, aurfob fflro fflro Ro Ldlo f``js tnr`umn tnoe, cdr lof`w, `k tnoo whtn s`ct boshro. E`st afodr `c l`kb eust tnoy lo roaj`kob ‑ K` i`y hs soa`kb ` tnohrs wn`so oyos ly `tnor oyos dro loaj`kob. ()

Ehandof Chofb hedmhkdthvofy oktors tno p`oe, oepndshshkm tno oki`yeokt `c tno eutudf boshrhkm mdzo, dkb hbokthcyhkm whtn tno vhsudf a`kkoath`k lotwook Qoldsthdk dkb tno Anrhst anhfb ‑ „@n, lfhss wnok whtn euto rhtos tw` s`ufs dro pfhmntob!‘ (p. ). Ro p`oe a`kafubos ly e`vhkm `ut `c tno phat`rhdf spdao `c tno adkvds t` tno fflrst-pors`k v`hao `c tno boshrhkm p`ot/vhowor9 @n ehmnt ey oyos, s` whtn`ut eodsuro, Coob `k tnohr trodsuro, Ro w`rfb whtn tn`km dkb bdrt ehmnt b` hts pfodsuro! ()

Ht hs d a`epfox phoao `c vhsudf drthaufdth`k wnoroly tno p`ot/vhowor dkb, tnr`umn nhe/nor/tnoe, tno rodbor, hk tnohr `wk vhsudf trhdkmfo, dro edbo  

pdrty t` tno trhdkmufdtob boshrhkm mdzo `c Qoldsthdk, tno Edb`kkd dkb tno Anrhst anhfb. Bd Eosshkd‘s Qdhkt Qoldsthdk  Qoldsthdk  hs dfs` bophatob ds soxudffy boshrdlfo9 „Q`ukb hk eusafo hs tno l`y‘ (p. ), „Kdjob, dfe`st fflre ds saufpturo, hs nhs c`re‘ (p. ), dkb nhs „edsshvo‘ e`utn (p. ) dkb f`km, ﬌`whkm anostkut f`ajs a`ktrhluto t` tno `rhoktdfhsob dkb or`thahsob saoko, hk wnhan  Dran dkb anhekoy rhso df`ct hkt` tno dhr9 @k tno ldfa`khos dro nukm c`rtn adrpots rdro @c dk Odstork, vhvhb rob: Hbfo w`eok fodk  ]noro tno rums dro sprodb, Odan whtn dk hkbh﬇orokt ehok. ()

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs   

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Ehandof Chofb rosp`kbs noro, dmdhk, t` hkbh﬇orokao, lut dfs` t` d fflmuro  wn` wds ovok tnok d edfo n`e`soxudf ha`k, dkb Edrtnd Shahkus roedrjs e`ro mokordffy `k tno foslhdk p`ots‘ cdsahkdth`k whtn tno tr`pos `c edfo n`e`soxudfhty.  Lut hc tno p`ots oepdtnhso noro whtn tno n`e`or`tha Qoldsthdk, ofsownoro wo fflkb tnoe hbokthcyhkm whtn phat`rhdf roprosoktdth`ks `c notor`soxudf suan dsp`st-a`htdf L`tthaoffh‘ssaoko Sokusht dkb   hk tno tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory.  Hkf`vors, tnhs cde`us hs `cEdrs  a`urso  w`edk wn` f``js, rovorshk rovorshkmm d „sfoopwdtanhkm‘ trdbhth` trdbhth`k k wnhan e`ro usudffy bophats d edfo wdtanor v`yourhsthadffy `lsorvhkm d coedfo sfoopor. Rhs hs k`t f`st `k Ehandof Chofb, wn` hk tno p`oe `k tno pdhkthkm bosarhlos nor p`sturo hk pndffha tores („Qno rodrs cr`e `﬇ tno mr`ukb /  Ds hc nor l`by mrow / trhuepndkt ds d stoe / Rdt ndtn roaohvob tno rdhks, / Ndtn s`ctfy sukj whtn tnoe, / Dkb hk dk n`ur romdhks / Hts nohmnt dkb sottfobkoss‘‘ (pp. ‑)), dkb a`kkoats nor soxudf p`tokay whtn nor mdzo9 sottfobkoss  Xot dro nor oyos dfort:  Xot dfort: tnoy sodran dkb wohmn wohmn Ro m`b, suphko, wn` coff cr`e nor adross  ]nok f`vo ndb ndb ndb hts swdy. swdy. ()

Nors hs d p`worcuf, saruthkhshkm sar uthkhshkm mdzo. Ro p`oe af`sos whtn tndt f``j9 Hr`khadf sno soos,  ]htn`ut romrot, romrot, tno w`rj nor jhss nds b`ko  Dkb fhvos d a`fb okandktross okandktross b``eob t` pfodso pfodso Nor vhathes `ko ly `ko. ()

Ldrt`f`eo` bd Sokot`‘s Hbodfhzob W`rtrdht W`rtrdht `c d A`urtosdk ds Cf`rd  (a.  (a. ‑)  ‑) (Chm. ), ), whtn hts Eobusdk summosthvokoss, hs d pdhkthkm tndt sooes t` hkv`jo tno tr`po `c tno „a`fb okandktross‘ dkb nor „vhathes‘ ovok e`ro a`epoffhkmfy, lut Ehandof Chofb rorodbs tno potrhcyhkm Eobusd f``j hk hktorosthkm wdys. Ro p`oe cr`e tno fflrst strossos tno dut`k`ey `c tno drt `lioat dkb `c tno w`edk hts sulioat, wn` nds hbokthfflob vdrh`usfy ds Fuarozhd L`rmhd, wn` Cf`rdhsdkb d a`urtosdk. Fhjolook tno fflmuro hk ]dttodu‘s F‘Hkbh﬇èrokt , sno roshsts tno vhowor9 „nor foctwdrb sehfo okb`ws / Ro mdzor  whtn k` thbhkms cr`e tno cdao‘ (p. ). Ro vhowor hs c`raob t` a`kioaturo ly hedmhkhkm loy`kb tno pdhkthkm htsofc9 Qno sdw nor loduty `ctok hk tno mfdss, Qndrp `k tno bdzzfhkm surcdao, dkb sno jkow  Ro ndumnty aust`e `c nor mrdao eust pdss9 R`umn e`ro porshstokt hk dff andre ht mrow   Ds whtn d bospordto bospordto i`y nor ndhr dar`ss dar`ss nor tnr`dt sno brow  Hk arhkjfob f`ajs sth﬇ ds bodb, yoff`w skdjos … _kthf dt fdst whtnhk nor s`uf tno ros`futh`k wdjos

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 

Chm. . Ldrt`f Ldrt`f`eo` `eo` bd Sokot` okot`,, Hbodfhzob W`rtrdht `c d A`urtosdk ds Cf`rd  (a.  (a. ‑)  ‑)

Qno whff lo pdhktob, sno wn` hs s` str`km  Hk f`vofhkoss, s` cumhthvo hk yodrs9 C`rtn t` tno fflofb sno m`os dkb quosth`ks f`km   ]nhan ﬌`wors t` an``so an``so `c tn`so tno sueeor lodrs: lodrs: Qno pfuajs d vh`fot fdrjspur, ‑ tnok d a`fuelhko dppodrs @c porcoat yoff`w, ‑ bdhshos an`haofy whbo: Roso shepfo tnhkms whtn fflkost t`uan sno mdtnors hk nor prhbo. Koxt `k nor nodb, vohfob whtn woff-lfodanok wnhto  Dkb l`ukb dar`ss tno lr`w lr`w whtn dzuro-lfuo, dzuro-lfuo,

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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Qno sots tno l`x-troo fodc dkb a`hfs ht thmnt Hk sphjy wrodtn `c mrook, hee`rtdf nuo: Rok, t` tno pr`epthkm `c nor strdkmo, oepndtha hkshmnt truo, Qno ldros `ko lrodst, ndfc-croohkm ht `c r`lo,  Dkb ndkms mrook-wdtor mrook-wdtor moe dkb a`rb a`rb loshbo tno kdjob kdjob mf`lo. Q` snotno pdhktob c`r aokturhos Ndswds nofb cdbhkmdkb fflofb-﬌`wors hk nor ndkb  Dustorofy ds ds d shmk. (‑)

Ehandof Chofb kdrrdthvhsos tno w`edk‘s dmokay, ly roprosokthkm nor k`t eorofy ds tno pdsshvo e`bof c`r tno pdhktor‘s drt, lut ds tno dathvo sul ioat, tno drthst hkboob, `c nor `wk sofc-arodth`k. ]o soo tno sndrp-obmob loduty `c tno cdao hk tno mfdss mr`w hkt` tno hffush`khse `c tno pdhktob hedmo ‑ tno `vor-botorehkob fdkmudmo `c ﬌`wors, tno cothsnhsob ndhr, tno ldrob lrodst ros`kdthkm whtn tno shmks `c soxudfhty hk khkotooktn-aoktury pdhkthkm ds woff ds \okdhssdkao ‑ dkb wo wdtan tno `lsorvor `c tno hedmo hk tno ehrr`r trdkscor tno fdl`ur `c vhsh`k t` tno vhowor `c tno pdhkthkm,  wn` hs oxpfhahtfy oxpfhahtfy okvhsdmob9 … @ codrcuf oyos  Dkb s`ct fhps `c tno a`urtosdk wn` wn` pfdkkob ` mhvo nor crdmhfo sndpofhkoss t` drt, wn`so rods`k spdkkob Nor b``e, wn` ldbo nor loduty hk hts a`fb  Dkb vdadkt oehkokao oehkokao porshst c`r dff eok t` lon`fb! lon`fb! ()

Qno „mdvo t` drt d cdhr, lfdkj c`re, ukvorhfflob ly fhco‘ (p. ), fodvhkm ht t` tno fdtor vhowor dkb ojpnrdstha p`ot, Ehandof Chofb, t` v`adfhso tno hedmo dkb edjo d kdrrdthvo c`r nor, t` mhvo tno puro hedmo d nhst`ry dkb d cuturo. „Nor oyos dro crosn‘, dkb sno hs dlfo t` „Za`kquorU bodtn‘ (pp. ‑), t` trdksaokb nor e`rtdf a`kbhth`k. N`wovor, N`wovor, nor p`rtrdht p`r trdht shmkhfflos, k`t ly hts hknorokt eodkhkm, lut rdtnor ly hts vdadkay, dk oeptyhkm `ut `c eodkhkm tndt tno vhowor `c tno pdhkthkm eust fdl`ur t` ro-hksarhlo. C`r tnoso vhowors wn` dro d edk `kfy hk kdeo, tno w`edk whtn tno ldrob lrodst dkb sorpokthko ndhr wn` f``js `ut cr`e tno adkvds hs kohtnor e`kstr`us k`r tnrodtokhkm. Qno hs loduthcuf, dkb sno nds tdjok a`ktr`f `c nor `wk roprosoktdth`k. Qno rodssorts tno coedfo mdzo. „Ehandof Chofb‘, ds d bhsoel`bhob edsaufhko shmk, adkk`t lo turkob t` st`ko, dkb Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por b` f``j bhroatfy dt tnhs Eobusd fflmuro. Ehandof Chofb oxpfdhks hk tno Wrocdao t` Qhmnt dkb Q`km   tno p`ots‘ „o﬇`rt t` soo tnhkms cr`e tnohr `wk aoktro, ly supprosshkm tno ndlhtudf aoktrdfhsdth`k `c tno vhshlfo hk `ursofvos‘, ds „d pr`aoss ly wnhan wo ofhehkdto `ur hbh`sykardshos dkb `ltdhk dk heprossh`k afodror, foss pdsshvo, e`ro hkthedto‘ (vh). Rohr a`ffdl`rdthvo, trhdkmufdtob foslhdk mdzo hkv`fvos d kom`thdth`k

 

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 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

`c eodkhkm: tnohr pr`aosshkm `c wndt hs sook hs d i`hkt oktorprhso tndt boaoktros vhsudf oxporhokao dkb, wnhfo sthff cukbdeoktdffy heprossh`khstha, dkb hkboob „hkthedto‘, rodanos t`wdrbs d jhkb `c `lioathvhty. Hk tno „e`sdha ZChofbUw`rj‘ `c Qhmnt dkb Q`km , H summost, wo oka`uktor dk hktrhmuhkm fdto-khkotooktn-aoktury dttoept t` wrhto dl`ut drt tndt rocusos t` try t` a`bhcy tno wdy drt hs vhowob, t` romdrb dostnotha oxporhokao ds d sahokthffla `r „pnhf`s`pnha`-tno`rothadf‘ pr`aoss, lut hkstodb bovof`ps d mokuhkofy a`ffdl`rdthvo arodthvo dkb arhthadf prdathao tndt fhkjs tno storo`sa`pha mdzo ukoquhv`adffy t` boshro lotwook w`eok. Hk tno Wrocdao t` Qhmnt dkb Q`km , Ehandof Chofb rovhows „tno eotn`b `c drt-stuby cr`e wnhan tnoso p`oes dr`so‘, oxpfdhkhkm tndt tnoy dhe „t` oxpross k`t s` euan wndt tnoso phaturos dro t` tno p`ot, lut rdtnor wndt p`otry tnoy `lioathvofy hkadrkdto‘, dk dttoept tndt „boedkbs pdthokt, a`kthku`us shmnt ds puro ds tno mdzor adk rofflko ht `c tno`ry, cdkahos, `r nhs eoro sulioathvo oki`yeokt‘, loc`ro „tno hkovhtdlfo c`rao `c hkbhvhbudfhty‘ dkb „toepordeokt‘ hs dff`wob t` „ndvo pfdy‘ (v, vh). Fhjo s`eo `tnor e`ro pr`ehkokt Shat`rhdk aufturdf a`eeoktdt`rs, suan ds Edttnow Drk`fb 

(whtn hkiukath`k t` soo `k tno `lsorvhkm `lioat „ds „trutn‘ hk htsofcwhtn ht rodffy hs‘)  dkboyo‘), I`nk  \usjhknhs(whtn nhs hkshstokao dk „hkk`aokt   Ehandof Chofb Chofb hs noro stdthkm dk `lioathvhst dostnotha ldsob `k tno hbod `c d „puro‘ mdzo. Xot `c a`urso, ds Lrys`k `lsorvos, „Lotwook tno sulioat dkb tno  w`rfb hs hs hksortob hksortob tno tno okthro sue `c bhsa`ursos wnhan wnhan edjo up vhsudfhty vhsudfhty,, tndt tndt aufturdf a`kstruat, dkb edjo vhsudfhty bh﬇orokt cr`e vhsh`k, tno k`th`k `c ukeobhdtob vhsudf oxporhokao. Lotwook rothkd dkb w`rfb hs hksortob d sarook `c sarook  `c shmks, d sarook a`kshsthkm `c dff tno eufthpfo bhsa`ursos `k vhsh`k luhft hkt` tno s`ahdf drokd.‘ Hc d sarook `c shmks hktorvokos lotwook tno „puro‘ mdzo `c tno `lsorvor dkb tno drt `lioat ‑ k`t fodst tno c`redf bhsa`urso `c Drt Nhst`ry, dkb tno a`kstruath`k `c mdfforhos dkb oxnhlhth`k spdaos tndt a`ksphro t` boa`ktoxtudfhso dkb roe`vo tno hedmo cr`e tno „w`rfb‘ ‑ tnok c`r tno rodbor wn` dppr`danos tnoso pdhkthkms ly wdy `c Ehandof Chofb‘s „trdksfdth`ks‘ `c tnoe hkt` vorso tno fflofb `c vhsh`k hs, ds ht  woro, b`ulfy eobhdtob. Chofbw`r Chofbw`rjj loa`eos pdrt `c tno sarook. Rhs hs `c a`urso ukdv`hbdlfy tno adso wnokovor `ur oxporhokao `c drt hs „sarookob‘ ly tno drt arhtha `r nhst`rhdk hk wn`so a`eeoktdrhos tno hr`kha delhmuhthos `c tno tore, bok`thkm dt `kao a`kaodfeokt, somromdth`k dkb bhspfdy, sooe ospoahdffy ovhbokt. Lut tno pdrthaufdr saokdrh` okvhsdmob c`r tno rodbor `c Qhmnt dkb Q`km  sooes  sooes t` hepfy dk ovok e`ro a`epfhadtob c`re `c sarookpfdy tndk usudf loaduso `c tno arhthadf dkb or`tha bykdeha lotwook tno tw`  w`eok vhowhkm drt tnr`umn odan `tnor tndt suporvokos up`k tno dostnotha oxporhokao `c tno vhowor `c tno pdhkthkm hk tno mdffory.

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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Chm. . Mh`rmh`ko, Ro Qfoophkm Sokus  (a.  (a. )  )  

Ehandof Chofb‘s p`oe `k Mh`rmh`ko‘s Ro Qfoophkm Sokus   (Chm. ) ) `﬇ors dk hktorosthkm oxdepfo `c tnhs b`ulfo trhdkmufdth`k, `c tno tw` w`eok `lsorvhkm tno pdhkthkm, dkb `c tno rodbor, tno p`oe dkb tno pdhkthkm. Sokus‘s l`by hs f`vhkmfy bosarhlob hk tores `c „tno vorbdkt swoff / @c d s`ct a`uktry ﬌dkjob whtn e`uktdhk b`eos‘ (p. ) tndt pr`vhbos tno ehso oksaîko  `c  `c tno pdhkthkm. Ro M`bboss `c F`vo dkb E`tnor Odrtn dro bophatob ds fyhkm hk d sdeo-sox oelrdao. Fhjo „tno Chofbs‘, hkboob hk tno vory l`s`e `c tno fflofbs (dkb hk cdat bosarhlob hk d bhdry oktry `c  Dumust  ds „shepfo ds `ur fflofbs‘), tnoy dro ukhtob ly tno l`kb `c tnohr sox. Ro l`by `c Sokus, wn` nds cdffok dsfoop dctor pfodsurhkm norsofc, hs dpproahdthvofy bosarhlob ly tno p`ot-f`vors. „K` `ko wdtanos nor‘, tnoy wrhto.  Dkb yot `c a`urso tnoy  wdtan   wdtan nor, dkb tnr`umn tnoe s` b` wo . Ro `pordth`k `c tno mdzo hk tnhs p`oe hs pr`lfoedthsob sthff curtnor hc wo a`kshbor n`w tno rodbor/vhowor oktors tno eodkhkm-edjhkm pr`aoss. Qhmnt dkb soxudfhty dro eotdpn`rhadffy fhkjob hk tnhs p`oe, ds tno sfoophkm Sokus‘s af`sob oyos dro a`epdrob t` „cuff lubs tndt stdy, / Rr`umn tno trdkquhf, sueeor n`urs, / Af`sob dftn`umn tnoy ehmnt lo ﬌`wors‘, ﬌`wors‘, dkb dfhmkob whtn tno „rob fhps‘ tndt „snut hk / Mrdah`us soarots‘, tno „`vdf spdao‘ `c nor cdao, dkb tno „rubby p`eomrdkdto‘ `c nor edktfo (pp. ‑). Jdtny Dfoxhs Ws`ehdbos nds roedrjob `c or`thahsob hedmos `c w`eok hk tno fdto khkotooktn aoktury9 „]o tokb t` dssueo, ukfhjo tno Shat`rhdks tnoesofvos, tndt tnoso hedmos adk `kfy lo a`ksueob hk `ko wdy, whtn tno o﬇oat `c strokmtnokhkm

 

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 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

tno struaturos `c notor`soxudf r`edkao, wnorods datudffy d rdkmo `c bhccorokt vhowors ehmnt a`ksueo tnoe hk vory bh﬇orokt wdys.‘  Ehandof Chofb, ds tno shkmfo edfo pors`kd `c tw` foslhdk spoatdt`rs/p`ots, `﬇ors suan d bh﬇orokt e`bof `c vhsudf a`ksuepth`k. _kbor tnhs edsaufhko shmkdturo, Sokus hs dppr`prhdtob ly tno boshrhkm foslhdk mdzo, hk d wdy tndt sooes pdr`bha `c tno pndff`aoktrha `lsorvor/`lsorvob p`wor bykdeha, ds d bohty c`r sdeo-sox f`vo. Qulvorthkm tno a`kvokth`kdffy mokborob oa`k`ey `c vhsh`k, tnhs p`oe aofolrdtos tno sa`p`pnhfha pfodsuro `c w`eok mdzhkm up`k tno loduty `c d w`edk‘s l`by hk d pdodk t` coedfo soxudfhty. Foslhdk soxudfhty hs hksarhlob hk tno fflofb `c vhsh`k. N`w dro wo t` shtudto suan w`rj hk tno a`ktoxt `c fdto-khkotooktn aoktury drt wrhthkm dkb dostnothas0 L`tn I`nk \usjhk dkb ]dftor Wdtor aoktury  woro jk`wk t` tno Chofbs Chofbs dkb, ds Dkd Dkd Wdroi` Wdroi` Sdbhff` Sdbhff` nds oxpf`rob oxpf`rob hk d fflko fflko drthafo `k Qhmnt dkb Q`km , tno dostnotha edkhcost` pr`afdheob hk tno Wrocdao dkb tno p`oes tnoesofvos okmdmo whtn tnohr rospoathvofy `lioathvhst dkb heprossh`khst vhsudf dostnothas hk cdsahkdthkm wdys. Dkb, ds wo ndvo sook,  wnhfo tnoy woro e`st hktoksofy okmdmob hk tnohr drt stubhos tno Chofbs Chofbs eot dkb hk dk hktokso a`rrosp`kbokao Lorkdrb dt tno vory okmdmob theo no nhesofc wds lomhkkhkm w`rj `kwhtn nhs fflrst fflr st l``jLoroks`k, `k \okdhssdkao drt, Ro Sokothdk Wdhktors `c tno \okdhssdkao   ().  Roy sndrob whtn Loroks`k dk hktorost hk bovof`phkm dkb e`bhcyhkm d Wdtorhdk soks`rhdf ophstoe`f`my, dkb sndrob tno vhow tndt, ds Loroks`k wr`to, oan`hkm tno Chofbs, „]o rodfhzo `lioats wnok wo porcoatfy trdksfdto tnoe hkt` tores `c `ur `wk stdtos, `ur `wk coofhkms.‘  Fhjo Loroks`k, tnoy rosp`kbob t` tno tdathfo, pnysh`f`mhadf dkb psyan`f`mhadf qudfhthos `c pdhkthkms t`motnor, ds f`vors, dkb trhob t` trdksfdto tnohr hktoksofy coft oxporhokaos hkt` w`rbs. Ht wds tno Loroks`ks wn` hktr`buaob tno Chofbs t` `tnor hktoffoatudf dkb pors`kdf kotw`rjs, e`st k`tdlfy tnohr kodr kohmnl`urs `k tno `utsjhrts `c Cf`rokao, Sork`k Foo dkb Afoeokthkd („Jht‘) Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, wn` pr`vhbo d cdsahkdthkm pdrdffof oxdepfo `c d a`ffdl`rdthvo okmdmoeokt whtn drt hk wnhan d foslhdk or`thas hs (ds ht sooes t` tno e`bork a`eeoktdt`r) quhto `pokfy porc`reob, dkb usob ds tno ldshs c`r d mokborob daa`ukt `c tno mdffory oxporhokao tndt pr`vhbos dk`tnor hktrhmuhkm oxdepfo `c w`eok‘s ojpnrdstha drt-nhst`rhadf prdathao. Ro odrfy fottors lotwook tno Chofbs dkb tno Loroks`ks (ds tnoy woro t` loa`eo) dro cuff `c rocorokaos t` tnohr w`rj c`r Qhmnt dkb Q`km , wnhan wds tnok hk propdrdth`k, dkb dro hktorosthkm c`r wndt tnoy rovodf dl`ut tnohr hktorost hk tno mokbor `c drt dr t wrhthkm. Q`eotheos tno p`ots ndvo quosth`ks c`r tnohr crhokbs, bocorrhkm t` tnohr dutn`rhty hk drthstha edttors, `r dsjhkm tnoe, ds roshbokts hk Htdfy, t` anoaj tnohr cdats c`r tnoe. „Adk y`u toff eo wnotnor

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs   

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Mh`rmh`ko‘s Sokus hs d k``k-thbo phaturo‘, Jdtndrhko dsjs Edry9 „Ht sooes t` E. C. ht hs: lut `ut `k sooehkm! ‖tno edfo a`ksahokao― ‑ oxafush`k `c cdkay & dff soktheokt k`t trufy `c tno phaturo ds tno br`p `c n`koy ``zhkm cr`e d pfue ‑ hs `ur dhe.‘  Noro, Ehandof Chofb oxpfhahtfy hbokthfflos tno stork `lioathvhty pr`ehsob ly tno Wrocdao whtn edsaufhkhty, tno mokbor `c nhs k`e bo pfueo . Loroks`k nhesofc, ds tno „B`atrhko‘, `r tno „A`kk`hssour‘ ds no hs dftorkdthvofy adffob, hs tno pors`khffladth`k `c tnhs pdtrhdrandf „edfo a`ksahokao‘ t` wnhan tno p`ots `stokshlfy dsphro. Lut ofsownoro wo dro mhvok d mfhepso `c tno e`ro `vortfy „coehkhko‘ oxporhokao ‑ hkv`jhkm d w`el-fhjo spdao dkb d lhrtnhkm ‑ tndt mdvo rhso t` tno p`oes, ds wnok Jdtndrhko wrhtos t` Edry A`stoff`o9 „Hk Crdkjcurt wo ndb euan a`ec`rt. whao wo woro hk tno quhot,  wdre mdffo mdffory: ry: Ehandof Ehandof nds nds wrhttok wrhttok  p`oes p`oes `k  `c tno phatur phaturos os tnoro. tnoro. Roy Roy dro boopfy p`otha phaturos dt Crdkjcurt, kdy e`ro tnoro dro p`oes hk tnoe & `ko nds `kfy t` stdro & wdht thff tnoy mhvo up tnohr soarot.‘  Ro fottors pr`vhbo cdsahkdthkm mfhepsos `c tno arodthvo pr`aoss ds tnoy  w`rjob `k tnohr tnohr v`fueo. „Rhs nds nds look d cuff e`ktn e`ktn c`r p`oes, & `ko `c poaufhdrfy ndppy w`rj‘, wrhtos Jdtndrhko t` Edry hk Colrudry 9 „]o ndvo fflkhsnob tno Mh`rmh`ko Sokus. Qadraofy d lht tndt nds k`t look `vor pdhktob. H eodk sadraofy d vorso tndt hs k`t quhto `tnor tndk ht wds hk hts fflrst c`re.‘ Quan w`rb-pdhkthkm hs d cukbdeoktdf pdrt `c tnohr trdksfdth`k `c shmnt hkt` s`km. Hk tno sdeo fottor, sno toffs nor crhokb9 EC wds botorehkob t` mot hk tno Dkmof‘s sadrfot sn`os hk tno Mh`vdkkh Loffhkh ‑ ds tno pdhktor nds m`t tnoe hk, pdhkthkm tnoe whtn mrodt i`y ‑ dkb k`t coofhkm tnoe hka`kmru`us hk tno ehbst `c tndt trdmoby dkb pdssh`k. Ro sadrfot sn`os dro hk tno p`oe: hkboob H b` k`t tnhkj d botdhf `c tndt Loffhkh hs snhrjob.

Ro Chofbs‘ roa`mkhth`k `c tno pukatue tno pukatue `c  `c tno pdhkthkm, tno „lrhmnt, sadrfot sn`os‘, dfhmks tno p`ot/spoatdt`r whtn tno pdhktor, wn` „m`t tnoe hk, pdhkthkm whtn mrodt i`y‘, summosthkm tno ﬌uhb ahraufdth`k `c tno vorldf dkb tno vhsudf. Q`eotheos, tn`umn, f``jhkm okthrofy bhspfdaos wrhthkm dkb s`km.  ]rhthkm  ] rhthkm t` Loroks`k Loroks`k t` tndkj tndkj nhe nhe c`r sokbhkm tnoe d pn`t`mrdpnha pn`t`mrdpnha ropr`buath`k `c L`tthaoffh‘s „Qprhkm‘, Ehandof wrhtos „loc`ro nor oyos & e`utn H de buel. Qno rodffy hs e`st torrhlfy dfhvo ‑ norsofc, norsofc tnr`umn ovory p`ro `c nor sjhk … Lut H de fdyhkm b`wk ey pok t` stdro dt nor.‘  Dkb dt `tnor theos tnohr „vhtdf pfodsuro‘ hk tno pn`t`mrdpns no nds sokt tnoe hs a`kvoyob k`t hk s`km lut hk bdkao. Obhtn wrhtos t` Ers A`stoff`o hk 9  ]o f``j dt tnoe a`kthkudffy  ]o a`kthkudffy.. ]o w`rjob `ur p`oe `k tno Edmbdfok `c he`to` he `to` Shth okthrofy cr`e eoe`ry & cr`e tno wrotanob fhttfo w``baut hk Jumfor. ]o bdkao whtn i`y t` soo nor dmdhk hk tno s`ct pn`t`mrdpn. 

 

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 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Ro i`urkdf jopt ly Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por burhkm tno porh`b `c tnohr t`ur `c tno A`kthkoktdf mdfforhos tndt pr`vhbob tno hedmos c`r Qhmnt dkb Q`km   hkafubos kueor`us oktrhos roa`rbhkm tnohr pnyshadf dkb oepdtnotha rosp`ksos t` drt. Rohr vhshts t` Andrfoedmko‘s t`el, c`r oxdepfo, foct d mrodt heprossh`k, dkb tnoy rosp`kbob t` ht ds a`rp`rodf vhsudf sulioats. ]rhthkm ]rhthkm `c tnohr fflrst vhsht, Obhtn a`eeokts `k tno t no Aup`fd `c tno t`el hk nhmnfy n hmnfy soxudfhsob fdkmudmo9 „@ko tnrhffs ds `ko k`tos tno sovoro dradbos r`ukb ht dkb hts swoffhkm r``c tndt toff `c Htdfhdk w`rjedksnhp hk tno ldrldr`us K`rtn.‘ @k tnohr soa`kb vhsht, tnohr rosp`kso hs e`ro `vortfy pnyshadf9 „wo jhss ‑ yos, dmdhk & dmdhk, f`vor-fhjo tno stops tndt fodb up t` ht. Roy dro andrkof-stops, `fb, f``sokhkm, cuff `c bust, lut w`rtn tno prossuro `c `ko‘s fhps `c ﬌osn.‘ Rr`umn jhsshkm, tnoy try t` loa`eo `ko whtn tno `lioat, dkb oki`y d jhkb `c adrkdf/andrkof a drkdf/andrkof jk`wfobmo, jk`wfobmo, ds tno ﬌osnfy fhvhkm „fhps `c ﬌osn‘ eoot tno bodb „andrkof-stops‘. Ro t`el pr`buaos d l`bhfy rosp`kso tndt edkhcosts htsofc hk d pnyshadf dat. Rok tnoro hs dk dlrupt trdkshth`k cr`e tno w`rfb `c tno soksos t` tndt `c tno hktoffoat9 „Qubbok tn`umnt! Ro E. Q. `c tno st tw` dats `c @tn` wb fdaj a`ksoardth`k ukfoss fdhb `k tno pdfo dst`ukbhkm edrlfo tndt no tr`b.‘ Jdtndrhko ruks ldaj dkb lrhkms tno edkusarhpt s` tndt tnhs rhto adk lo `lsorvob. Rhs ophs`bo b`os roprosokt dk ofdl`rdto porc`redkao rhtudf, dkb tnoro dro `tnor oxdepfos hk tnohr i`urkdfs wnoro tnoy boe`kstrdto dk dwdrokoss `c tnohr `wk porc`redthvhty porc`redthvhty,, `c tnohr `wk spoatdt`rsnhp lohkm `lsorvob ly `tnors, `c lohkm tno `lioat `c s`eo`ko ofso‘s ofso‘s mdzo. C`r oxdepfo, wnok tnoy t noy dro hk Brosbok tnoy l`tn cdff hff, lut m` k`twhtnstdkbhkm t` soo d porc`redkao `c Rdkknâusor , „euflob „euflob up t` tno odrs hk wrdps‘, wnoro tnoy dro a`ksah`us `c lohkm „‖tno lonofb `c dff lon`fbors―‘.  Roy oktor tno drt w`rj oepdtnothadffy,, dkb drthaufdto tnohr p`worcuffy pnysh`f`mhadf okmdmoeokt. oepdtnothadffy Obhtn wrhtos9 „Rdkknâusor  „Rdkknâusor  hs  hs hk eo ‑ hts e`thvos c`fb eo. Hts nor` mhvos eo fflkor pdhk tndk tno bhsodso dt ey tnr`dt.‘ Heprossh`ks `c drt w`rj tnoesofvos hkt`\ulokosquo‘), tnohr oxporhokao `c Rdkknâusor    (tno dro bosarhlob ds „vorhtdlfy „vorh tdlfy dkb tnohr i`urkdf oktry oktr y hsfflmuros cuff `c vhsudf rocorokaos9 „tno shepfo i`y `c tno soa`kb saoko … hs suan tndt ht m`os `ut hk t`uan & soojhkm mdzo‘: „tno fust `c tno oyo nds d puro w`rfb t` roaohvo, d mrook `ko,  whtn a``f wnhto fhmnts‘. fhmnts‘. Obhtn‘s a`kbhth`k w`rsokob dkb loadeo sorh`us, okc`rahkm d porh`b hk n`sphtdf. Ds sno loa`eos e`ro covorob, nor pnyshadf sokshthvhty loa`eos tno e`ro pr`k`ukaob9 „ey „ey tnr`dt lodts hk theo t` tno af`aj & tno af`aj hs `stoktdth`usfy dubhlfo. Ht sooes fhjo tno syst`fo & bhdst`fo `c pnok`eokdf fhco dt y`ur odr. Hts anhrphkm k`hso ds ht tnr`ls hs d t`rturo.‘  Ro eobhadfhsob fdkmudmo `c tnhs hktoksofy pnyshadf daa`ukt `c a`ktrdath`k dkb

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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bhfdth`k roadffs Fybmdto‘s dkdf`my, hk a`kkoath`k whtn `pthadf eotdpn`r, hk  Ehbbfoedran,, nhs hkshstokao tndt „tnoro eust lo d syst`fo dkb bhdst`fo hk dff  Ehbbfoedran okquhry‘, dkb „d edk‘s ehkb eust lo a`kthkudffy oxpdkbhkm dkb snrhkjhkm lotwook tno wn`fo nuedk n`rhz`k dkb tno n`rhz`k `c dk `lioatmfdss‘. Hk nor covorob stdto, Obhtn soos nor l`by botdanob cr`e nor ehkb, fhjo tno fflrst-pors`k kdrrdt`r `c Andrf`tto Worjhks Mhfedk‘s Ro Xoff`w 

]dffpdpor  ().   ().   Hc Obhtn loa`eos tno `lioat `c nor `wk covorob mdzo, c`r Jdtndrhko tno n`sphtdf r``e, whtn Obhtn dt hts aoktro, dssueos tno dttrhlutos `c d pdhkthkm ds nor f`vor lomhks t` roa`vor9 „Ro pdff`rs `c tno Qndbos dro andkmob hkt` d ]dttodu phaturo, `r `ko ehmnt sdy, tno mndstfy mr`up lrhmntoks hkt` tno ndfc-mdy, ndfc-dsaotha phaturos `c Crd Dkmofha`.‘  ]nok sno vokturos ldaj `ut t` d mdffory mdffory,, t` soo tno Qhsthko Edb`kkd , dmdhk Obhtn hs s`eowndt porc`redthvo9 „H fho ldaj hk tno ausnh`ks, coof dk hkvdfhb c`r tno theo lohkm, + f`vo nor ‘ (dppdroktfy a`kkoathkm Jdtndrhko dkb tno Edb`kkd). Noro t`` Obhtn hs a`ksah`us `c lohkm tno `lioat `c tno mdzo ds woff ds tno sulioat9 Ro pdhk hk ey nodb hs t`rturo ‑ k`hso sooes t` pdss fhjo d sarow b`wk ey ldaj & ey foms dro `lsthkdtofy dvorsofflkokoss cr`e e`voeokt ‑ yot H oki`y heeoksofy, H sdv`ur loduty whtn kow `c dpproahdth`k. H de  wdtanob susphah`usfy ly tno po`pfo ds H fho ldaj ukbor tno Qhsthko Edb`kkd hk tno lfdaj Zar`ssob tnr`umnU c`fbs `c ey fdao, ndmmdrb dkb ndfc-cdhkthkm. Qupp`rtob ly drt & sukfhmnt H rodan tno Nòtof.

Rhs rosp`kso, hk tno daaokts dkb v`adlufdry `c pnysh`f`mhadf dostnothas, roprosokts d cdsahkdthkm hktorvokth`k `c tno sulioathvo hkt` tno oxporhokao `c drt. Heeobhdtofy loc`ro tnhs i`urkdf oktry hs dk oktry k`thkm A`rrommh`‘s Qt Qoldsthdk, Qoldsthdk, „thob t` tno troo‘, whtn „l`ukb ndkbs & fhlordtob cdao‘.  Roro sooes t` lo d str`km a`rrofdth`k lotwook Obhtn‘s pnyshadf oxporhokao hk tno mdffory dkb tno hktorprotdth`k `c tno pdhkthkm. Obhtn, fhjo Qdhkt Qoldsthdk, hs „l`ukb‘, ukdlfo t` e`vo9 „ey foms dro `lsthkdtofy dvorso cr`e e`voeokt‘. Qno, dfs`, hs su﬇orhkm „t`rturo‘, dkb yot sno t``, fhjo Qoldsthdk, hs dlfo t` mdzo up`k tno loduty `c tno Edb`kkd. Ro Qhsthko Edb`kkd  wds,   wds, t` lo suro, `ko `c tn`so w`rjs `c drt loc`ro  wnhan Shat`rhdk vhsht`rs bhb oxporhokao oxtroeo pnyshadf dkb oe`th`kdf rodath`ks. C`r Dkkd Ideos`k, ht hs tno `kfy porcoat rodfhsdth`k `c tno hbodf `c tno Edb`kkd hk drt9 „c`r tnoro sno stdkbs ‑ tno trdksfflmurob w`edk, dt `kao a`epfotofy nuedk dkb a`epfotofy bhvhko, dk dlstrdath`k `c p`wor, purhty, dkb f`vo, p`hsob `k tno oepurpfob dhr, dkb roquhrhkm k` `tnor supp`rt9 f``jhkm `ut whtn nor eofdkan`fy, f`vhkm e`utn, nor sfhmntfy bhfdtob, shlyffhko oyos, quhto tnr`umn tno ukhvorso t` tno okb dkb a`ksueedth`k `c dff tnhkms‘. Mo`rmo Ofh`t dkb Mo`rmo Nokry Fowos woro a`epfotofy

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

`vorwnofeob wnok tnoy fflrst sdw tno pdhkthkm wnhfo vhshthkm Brosbok hk . Ofh`t roadffs n`w „d s`rt `c dwo, ds hc H woro subbokfy hk tno fhvhkm prosokao `c s`eo mf`rh`us lohkm, edbo ey nodrt swoff t`` euan c`r eo t` roedhk a`ec`rtdlfy, dkb wo nurrhob `ut `c tno r``e‘, wnhfo Fowos, roturkhkm tw` bdys fdtor, mdzob dt ht ukthf no coft „quhto nystorhadf‘.  Fowos  wds t` loa`eo d joy fflmuro hk tno stuby `c pnysh`f`mhadf dostnothas tndt bovof`pob d lrdkan `c Ldshs psyan`f`my dkb dostnothas hk ds Lrhtdhk hk tno s. Nhs l``js dsRo Wnyshadf `c Ehkb    (),  (),  Ehkb d Cukath`k `c tno @rmdkhse () @rmdkhse  () dkb Ro Qtuby `c Wsyan`f`my  (),   (), t`motnor whtn Mrdkt  Dffok‘‘s Wnysh`f`mhadf Dostnothas  (),  Dffok  (), woro c`ukbdth`kdf psyan`f`mhadf psyan`f`mhadf toxts hk d fflofb tndt wds mrodtfy t` hktorost w`eok suan ds Sork`k Foo dkb nor a`epdkh`k/f`vor „Jht‘ Dkstrutnor-R`es`k fdtor hk tno aoktury. Foo ndb eot Dkstrutnor-R`es`k hk , dkb tnoy ndb quhajfy bovof`pob dk hktokso dkb pdssh`kdto rofdth`ksnhp tndt hktorsoatob tnohr w`rj hk cdsahkdthkm wdys. Burhkm d vhsht t` d mdffory hk , Dkstrutnor-R`es`k loadeo dwdro tndt nor lrodtnhkm wds d﬇oatob ly tno oxporhokao `c f``jhkm dt pdrthaufdr phaturos, dkb, lofhovhkm nor t` lo d poaufhdrfy sokshthvo sul ioat, Foo oka`urdmob nor t` joop d bhdry e`kht`rhkm tno bh﬇orokt pnysh`f`mhadf soksdth`ks pr`buaob ly f``jhkm dt drt. Foo norsofc lr`umnt nor rodbhkm hk a`ktoep`rdry psyan`f`my dkb dostnothas t` tnhs rdw bdtd, dkb tnohr a`ffdl`rdthvo oxporheoktdf w`rj ovoktudtob hk d sorhos `c hktrhmuhkm  i`hkt pulfhadth`ks hk tno drod `c pnysh`f`mhadf dostnothas, lomhkkhkm whtn tno ossdy „Loduty dkb _mfhkoss‘ wnhan dppodrob hk . Hk tnhs hktorosthkmfy oaaoktrha hktorvokth`k hkt` fdto khkotooktn-aoktury psyan`f`my, tnoy ofdl`rdto dk dostnotha `c oepdtny, drmuhkm tndt tno a`ktoepfdth`k `c d loduthcuf tnhkm ‑ d pdhkthkm, d luhfbhkm `r d saufpturdf c`re ‑ ofhahts d e`t`r rosp`kso hk tno vhowor, wn` uka`ksah`usfy hehtdtos tno c`redf pr`porthos `c tno `lioat `c vhsh`k dkb, ds ht woro, pr`ioats tnohr `wk l`bhfy e`voeokts ldaj `kt` ht9 „tno dostnotha soohkm, tno ‖rodfhsdth`k― `c c`re,  wds a`kkoatob a`kkoatob‘ ‘ ds Foo fdtor wr`to, „whtn wr`to, „whtn l`bhfy a`kbhth`ks`cdkb e`t`r pnok`eokd‘ tndt hkafubob „‖eusaufdr strdhks―‘, „‖soksdth`ks bhroath`k― … dkb soksdth`ks `c e`bhffladth`k hk tno nhmnfy sultfo dppdrdtus c`r oquhfhlrhue‘, dkb „soksdth`ks `c dftorob rosphrdth`k dkb ahraufdth`k sufiahokt t` daa`ukt c`r edsshvo a`kbhth`ks `c `rmdkha woff-lohkm dkb tno rovorso‘. Ro „Dktnr`p`e`rpnha Dostnothas‘ bovof`pob ly Foo dkb DkstrutnorR`es`k hs, tnok, strhjhkmfy a`rp`rodf dkb sulioathvo, bopokbokt up`k d „pr`ioath`k `c `ur hkkor oxporhokao hkt` tno c`res wnhan wo soo dkb rodfhso‘. Ht a`uktors tno ukhvorsdf trutn afdhes p`shtob ly oephrhahse whtn d stroku`us dfiredth`k `c rofdthvhse, dssorthkm tno hkbhvhbudf porspoathvo `c tno `lsorvor hk tno fflofb `c vhsh`k. Ro shtudtob dkb f`adfhsob hktorprotdthvo hktorprotdthvo

 

Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs 

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strdtomhos ht pr`e`tos, tno hbods dl`ut tno pdrthaufdrhsob dkb oxporhokthdf kdturo `c poraopth`k, edjo r``e c`r eufthpfo vorsh`ks `c spoatdt`rsnhp, dkb s` oep`wor w`eok‘s f``jhkm. Xot tnohr hkshstokao `k tno shmkhffladkao `c bh﬇orokao hk dostnotha poraopth`k hs k`wnoro oxpfhahtfy hbokthfflob ds soxob `r mokborob hk tnohr c`redf wrhthkm `k psyan`f`mhadf dostnothas. Rohrs hs dk oxpfhahtfy oel`bhob, dmokthdf dkb porspoathvdf e`bof `c soohkm, dkb yot edtorhdf hepfhadth`ks suan d a`rp`rodf dostnotha droFoo‘s k`t rodfhsob, dkbtno tnohr mokorha `lsorvor hs`cbhsa`kaorthkmfy ukmokborob. oephrhahst hkbhvhbudfhse wds, ht ehmnt lo drmuob, s` hbo`f`mhadffy l`ukb t` pnysh`f`mhadf `rmdkhahse tndt mokborhkm wds c`roaf`sob. Hktrhmuhkmfy, nor w`rj `k pnysh`f`mhadf dostnothas b`os k`t oxpfhahtfy hkv`jo tno soxob   l`by, lut tno vory dlsokao `c mokbor hk d bhsa`urso s` hkshstoktfy probhadtob `k oel`bheokt hs drmudlfy syept`edtha `c Foo‘s hbo`f`mhadf p`shth`khkm, dkb `c tno a`ktoep`rdry drt-nhst`rhadf dkb pnysh`f`mhadf rnot`rha dvdhfdlfo t` nor. N`wovor, Bhdkd Edftz nds wrhttok dl`ut tno pulfha mdffory t`urs stdmob ly Foo dkb Dkstrutnor-R`es`k ds „foslhdk oxnhlhth`k oxnhlhth`k‘,‘, dkb tno oephrhadf oxporheoktdth`k hk pnysh`f`mhadf dostnothas `ut `c wnhan tnoso pobdm`mhadf porc`redkaos oeormob b` dppodr t` ndvo pr`vhbob d c`re dkb a`ktoxt c`r tno w`eok t` drthaufdto d c`re `c drt dpproahdth`k tndt wds edrjob ly mokbor dkb soxudfhty hk wdys tndt tnohr c`redf pulfhadth`ks `k pnysh`f`mhadf dostnothas hktorosthkmfy woro k`t. Jht‘s `wk l`by, tnr`umn nor porc`reob pnysh`f`mhadf rosp`kso, okdats d tnroo-bheoksh`kdf roprosoktdth`k `c tno drt w`rj tndt, ds ht woro, ropfhadtos tno tnroo-bheoksh`kdf storo`sa`pha mdzo `c tno tw` coedfo `lsorvors. Jht dkb, tnr`umn nor, Foo `﬇orob d a`rp`rodfhsob pulfha bhspfdy `c dostnotha rosp`kshvokoss e`ro djhk t` e`bork porc`redkao drt dr t tndk t` a`kvokth`kdf `lioat-ldsob arhthadf bhsa`urso. _kbor Foo‘s bhroath`k, sno rosp`kbob pnyshadffy t` drt w`rjs,  whtn nor roputobfy edmkhfflaokt stdtuosquo l`by, l`by, loc`ro crhokbs `r dk dk odmor dubhokao `c y`ukm w`eok hk tno Lrhthsn Eusoue `r tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory, `r tno Sdthadk Sdthadk `r tno _fizh. D crhokb wn` wds uksyepdtnotha t` tnhs e`bo `c drt dpproahdth`k, tno a`ep`sor Bdeo Otnof Qeytn, roa`rbs `ko `aadsh`k hk tno Sdthadk wnok Jht, ndvhkm look s`fhahtob ly Sork`k t` „sn`w us tndt lust!‘, dppdroktfy „oidaufdtob, ‖F``j dt tndt I`nkky! N`w no shkms! … n`w no shkms!―‘ Ro „shkmhkm qudfhty‘ tndt Jht, dkb nokao Sork`k, woro s` adpthvdtob ly `﬇ors d summosth summosthvo vo pdrdffof whtn Ehandof Chofb‘ Chofb‘ss hktorost hk tno trdksfdth`k `c shmnt hkt` s`km, dkb tnohr vorldfhsdth`k `c „wndt tno fhkos dkb a`f`urs `c aortdhk an`sok phaturos shkm hk tnoesofvos‘. Dftn`umn tno hedmo hk tno Chofbs‘ i`urkdf `c tno ndmmdrb hkvdfhb Obhtn shkjhkm ldaj `k nor ausnh`ks hs hk﬌oatob s`eowndt bh﬇oroktfy cr`e a`ktoep`rdry

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

bosarhpth`ks `c tno strdpphkmfy dedz`khdk Jht strotanhkm dkb swdyhkm dkb tnr`whkm `ut nor anost loc`ro dk dkahokt Mrooj urk, dff tnoso w`eok, wn`  woro jk`wk t` odan `tnor, oxpf`rob tno oxporhokao `c drt hk d pr`c`ukbfy oepdtnotha dkb a`rp`rodf wdy, dkb bovof`pob d bhsa`urso `c tno l`by tndt t``j edky bh﬇orokt c`res. Hk nhs rovhow `c Qhmnt dkb Q`km , d y`ukm ]. L. Xodts arhthahsob „tno tw` fdbhos nhbo „trdksfdth`ks‘ tnoesofvos lonhkb pok-kdeo `c Ehandof Chofb‘ c`r eorofywn` `﬇orhkm ldsob tno `k tnohr `lsorvdth`k dkb hktorprotdth`k `c phaturos, c`r ndvhkm „procorrob t` w`rj whtn tno stubh`us dkb hktorprothvo shbo `c tno ehkb dkb wrhto d muhbo-l``j t` tno phaturo mdfforhos `c Our`po, hkstodb `c mhvhkm us d l``j cuff `c tno oe`th`ks dkb cdkahos wnhan eust lo ar`wbhkm hk up`k tnohr ehkbs porpotudffy‘.  Xot tnhs sooes t` ehss tno vory p`hkt `c tnohr pr`ioat, dkb t` bhehkhsn tno hedmhkdthvo rodppr`prhdth`k `c mokros suan ds trdksfdth`ks dkb muhbol``js ly  w`eok wrhthkm tnr`umn`ut tno tno aoktury wn` dsphrob dsphrob t` w`rj „lotwook tno fhkos‘ dkb dmdhkst tno mrdhk `c a`kvokth`kdffy „b`atrhkdhro‘ drt nhst`ry. Rhs andptor nds `kfy lomuk t` summost s`eo `c tno wdys tndt tnohr trdksfdth`k dkb rohktorprotdth`k `c drt a`ktrhlutob t` e`ro bhvorsofy drthaufdtob dkb ukborst``b nhst`rhos `c drt ‑ c`r, dctor dff, w`eok ro-vhowob drt hk edky bh﬇orokt c`res, hkafubhkm vhsudf rokbhth`ks `c `rhmhkdf w`rjs, ds a`pyhsts dkb pn`t`mrdpnors dkb pdhktors ‑ lut ht b`os mosturo t` tno whbor fflofb `c  w`eok‘‘s arhthadf okmdmoeokt whtn drt dkb t` tnohr arodthvo  w`eok arodthvo dkb s`eotheos rdbhadf oxporheoktdth`k loy`kb tno l`ukbs `c wndt hs c`redffy roa`mkhsob ds drt nhst`ry. Rhs daa`rbs whtn Edrthk Idy‘s vhow tndt „tno sa`pha romheo `c e`borkhty edy lost lo ukborst``b ds d a`ktostob torrdhk, rdtnor tndk d ndre`kh`usfy hktomrdtob a`epfox `c vhsudf tno`rhos dkb prdathaos‘, tndt ht edy, hk cdat, „lo andrdatorhzob ly d bh﬇orokthdth`k `c vhsudf sul-aufturos‘.   Hk tno koxt andptor wo whff soo tndt ovok tnohr e`ro `rtn`b`x drt-nhst`rhadf  wrhthkm robofflkob tno bhsahpfhko bhsahpfhko ds ht wds lohkm c`reufdtob, dkb tokbob t` prosokt d bh﬇oroktfy hk﬌oatob vhow `c drt dkb hts nhst`rhos.

 

  

]`eok‘s porh`bs 

Hk nor hk﬌uokthdf drthafo „Bhb ]`eok Ndvo d \okdhssdkao‘ (), coehkhst nhst`rhdk I`dk Joffy tdjos tno oxdepfo `c tno \okdhssdkao t` hktorr`mdto tno „ukhvorsdfhst‘ vhow `c nhst`ry, dkb t` boe`kstrdto tno mokborob kdturo `c trdbhth`kdf porh`bhsdth`k. Oxdehkhkm tno oa`k`eha, p`fhthadf dkb aufturdf r`fo `c w`eok hk tno \okdhssdkao, dkb tno hbo`f`mhadf dkb s`ahdf c`redth`ks tndt sndpob tnohr fhvos, a`epdrhkm hk pdrthaufdr tno romufdth`k `c coedfo soxudfhty whtn tndt `c edfo soxudfhty, sno a`kafubos tndt „tnoro wds k` rokdhssdkao c`r w`eok ‑ dt fodst, k`t burhkm tno \okdhssdkao‘.  Rhs andptor rovhshts tno quosth`k `c porh`bhsdth`k hk rofdth`k t` tno nhst`rhos  w`eok wr`to dl`ut drt. ]nhan porh`bs bhb coedfo drt dr t nhst`rhdks an``so t` c`aus `k, dkb wny0 Bhb tnoy wrhto tno Ehbbfo Dmos `r tno \okdhssdkao `r tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk wdys shehfdr t` tnohr edfo a`uktorp`hkts0 Bhb tnoy c`aus `k tno sdeo w`rjs `c drt, fflkb tno sdeo porh`b andrdatorhsthas, c`ff`w tno sdeo tnoeos, sndro tno sdeo tdstos dkb edjo tno sdeo jhkbs `c iubmoeokts0 Bhb tnoy brdw shehfdr a`epdrhs`ks lotwook tno pdst dkb tno prosokt, dkb t` tno sdeo okbs0 Dkb bhb tnoy hkafubo w`eok hk tnohr nhst`rhos, dkb tdjo daa`ukt `c mokbor hk tnohr bofflkhth`ks `c d porh`b styfo: dkb hc s`, bhb tnoy a`kafubo, ds I`dk Joffy wds t` b` d aoktury aoktur y fdtor, fdtor, tndt w`eok oxporhokao tno nhst`rhadf ord tnoy hkndlht hk wdys tndt dro s` hka`epdrdlfo t` tno oxporhokao `c eok tndt tnoy ndvo loa`eo hkvhshlfo hk a`kvokth`kdf daa`ukts `c tno pdst0 ]`eok bhb k`t ndvo d \okdhssdkao, orm` tnoy dro k`t a`kshborob a`ksoquokthdf ok`umn t` lo hkafubob hk nhst`rhos `c tno \okdhssdkao, dkb tnohr r`fo hk tno aufturo `c tno shxtooktn aoktury hs o﬇oathvofy ordsob. „]ndt ‖nhst`ry― f``js fhjo‘, `lsorvos Iubhtn F`wbor Kowt`k hk nor drthafo „Coehkhse dkb tno ‖Kow Nhst`rhahse―‘, „wndt hs hkafubob ds ‖nhst`ry―‘ dkb „wndt a`ksthtutos dk nhst`rhadf porh`b‘ hs botorehkob ly „tno bomroo t`  wnhan mokbor rofdt rofdth`ks, h`ks, mokbor strummfo strummfo,, w`eok, dkb w`eok w`eok‘‘s dathvh dathvhthos thos dkb p`wor dro sook ds lohkm whtnhk ‖nhst`ry―, dro sook ds ndvhkm shmkhffladkt `r adusdthvo rofdth`k t` tno p`fhthadf dkb oa`k`eha rodfes trdbhth`kdffy 

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

dss`ahdtob whtn eok‘.  C`r ukborstdkbdlfo rods`ks, e`bork coehkhst nhst`rhdks ndvo look rofuatdkt t` dss`ahdto tnoesofvos whtn d khkotooktnaoktury mokodf`my tndt hs p`pufdrfy hbokthfflob whtn tno fdbyfhjo „Fhvos‘ dkb „Eoe`hrs‘ `c wndt Kdtdfho Bdvhs nds adffob „w`eok w`rtnhos‘,  dkb wnhan dppodrob t` a`ffubo whtn Shat`rhdk mokbor hbo`f`my hk dppr`vhkm „hk﬌uokao‘ ds w`edk‘s procorrob e`bus `pordkbh  dkb   dkb tno dbvdkaoeokt `c „ahvhfhsdth`k‘ ds nor anhoc ehssh`k. Dkb yot, bosphto tno a`ksorvdthvo tokbokahos `c tnhs pdrthaufdr sul-mokro `c wrhthkm, s`eo Shat`rhdk w`eok‘s nhst`ry ‑ pdrthaufdrfy drt nhst`ry ly w`eok tndt bhsruptob dkb trdksmrossob bhsahpfhkdry, mokorha dkb porh`b l`ukbdrhos, okdatob fhehkdfhty, porc`reob dar`ss dedtour dkb pr`cossh`kdf, nhmn dkb p`pufdr aufturo ‑ wds quhto rdbhadffy rovhsh`khst dkb pfdyob d shmkhffladkt pdrt, H summost, hk robofflkhkm trdbhth`kdf k`th`ks `c tno nhst`rhadf dkb hk dutn`rhshkm l`tn tno coedfo nhst`rhdk dkb tno coedfo nhst`rhadf sulioat. Rhs andptor whff oxpf`ro n`w tnohr w`rj `k pdrthaufdr drt-nhst`rhadf porh`bs, suan ds tno Ehbbfo Dmos, tno \okdhssdkao dkb tno ohmntooktn aoktury, dkb `k tno aufturdf r`fo `c w`eok hk tnoso porh`bs c`ausob tno oeormokt coehkhse `c Shat`rhdk wrhtors suan ds Dkkd  Ideos`k,  Ide os`k, Oehfh Oehfhdd Bhfjo Bhfjo,, Sork`k Foo dkb Iuf Iufhd hd Adrtwrhmn Adrtwrhmnt. t. Hk rovhowh rovhowhkm km porh`bhsdth`k, H whffdspoats a`kshbor wdys hkcoehkhst wnhan nhst`rhahse coedfo drt nhst`rhdks suan ds tnoso ph`koorob `c tno tno „Kow‘ `c wnhan Kowt`k  wrhtos, hk lomhkkhkm lomhkkhkm tno tdsj `c boe`kstrdthkm boe`kstrdthkm tndt „b`ehkdkt „b`ehkdkt roprosoktd roprosoktd-th`ks dkb nomoe`kha hbo`f`mhos dro Zk`tU e`k`fhtnha dkb dk`kye`us‘, lut rdtnor „a`ep`sob `c edky v`haos‘, „hktorkdffy bhvhbob‘ dkb „ukstdlfo‘.  Hk tnohr w`rj edsaufhko-hbokthfflob porh`bs woro a`epfhadtob dkb coehkhsob: s`eotheos, hkboob, a`kvokth`kdf porh`bhsdth`k wds bhsruptob dft`motnor.

 D coehkhsob \okdhssdkao Ro pr`aoss `c okdlfhkm tn`so bhvorso v`haos cr`e tno pdst t` lo nodrb, dkb rovodfhkm tn`so hbo`f`mhadf hkstdlhfhthos, lomdk c`r Shat`rhdk w`eok whtn tno koaosshty `c rdhshkm tnohr `wk v`haos dmdhkst tno b`ehkdkt nhst`rhadf dkb dostnotha `rtn`b`xhos `c tnohr `wk bdy. Ht hs porndps k` daahbokt tndt sovordf `c tno w`eok drt nhst`rhdks wn` dro ey sulioat noro ndb af`so dkb s`eotheos pr`lfoedthadf pr`cossh`kdf dss`ahdth`ks whtn I`nk \usjhk `r  ]dftor  ] dftor Wdtor, Wdtor, tno tw` prhkahp prhkahpdf df (`ctok `pp`shk `pp`shkm) m) Shat`rhdk a`eeoktdt`rs a`eeoktdt`rs `k drt ‑ dkb s`eo jkow l`tn ‑ dkb tndt tnoy coft tno koob dt s`eo p`hkt t` bhsafdhe pulfhafy tnohr eokt`rs‘ vhows `k drt, hts nhst`ry dkb hts dpproahdth`k. Ro drt nhst`rhdk, arhtha, drthst dkb trdbo ukh`khst Oehfhd Bhfjo, c`r oxdepfo, wn`so w`rj ndb look bhroatob ly \usjhk hk nhs usudf dut`ardtha  wdy ukthf dl`ut , pulfhsnob tw` drthafos hk  dkb  a`uktorhkm

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



dff tndt tno oehkokt arhtha nofb e`st bodr, loc`ro m`hkm `k t` wrhto d l``j `k tno \okdhssdkao, d porh`b tndt no `c a`urso pdrthaufdrfy dkb cde`usfy edfhmkob. Hk nor  rovhow drthafo „Drt dkb E`rdfhty‘ c`r tno ]ostehkstor \ovhow , sno r`ukbfy roioats tno prdathao tndt \usjhk edbo cde`us `c e`rdfhshkm drt, drmuhkm hkstodb c`r tno prheday pr heday `c „tno „tno `rmdkha pfodsuro lof`kmhkm t` tno shepfo sokso-heprossh`k‘ dkb „tno eoktdf pfodsuro lof`kmhkm t` tno dss`ahdth`ks `c oxporhokao‘ hk tno dpproahdth`k `c drt. ` supp`rt nor vhow `c tno hrrofovdkao `c e`rdfhty t` dostnotha pfodsuro, dkb tnoroly rullhkm sdft hk tno w`ukb, Bhfjo ahtos tno drt `c \okdhssdkao Htdfy, k`t ly dky eodks, sno hkshsts, tno pr`buat `c e`rdffy upfhcthkm theos `r `c e`rdffy oxoepfdry drthsts (dkb hkboob, ds sno drmuos ofsownoro, hk hts fdtor pndsos andrdatorhsob ly d aortdhk hkshkaorhty hk edttors bov`th`kdf) dkb yot suproeofy loduthcuf. D yodr fdtor, rovhowhkm \usjhk‘s @xc`rb foaturos hk d shmkob drthafo c`r tno Dadbo tno  Dadboey  ey , sno bovof`ps curtnor nor arhthquo `c \usjhk‘s rofhmh`-dostnotha rofhmh`-dostnotha b`atrhko, dssorthkm9 „Drt hs kohtnor rofhmh`us, k`r hrrofhmh`us: e`rdf k`r hee`rdf: usocuf, k`r usofoss.‘  \usjhk wds t` wrhto t` Bhfjo edky yodrs fdtor, dctor no ndb c`rmhvok nor, „H tn`umnt y`u dfwdys `ko `c ey torrhlfost, uka`kquordlfost, dkb dktdm`khsthaost … p`wors … ]nok y`u sdt stubyhkm \okdhssdkao whtn eo ovor hk tno L`bfohdk, H supp`sob`ry`u t` hktokb  hkm ovorytnhkm H ndb sdhb dl`ut drt-nhst`ry s`ahdf sahokao.‘a`ktrdbhatLut tndt wds oxdatfy wndt Bhfjo dkb d kuelor `c `tnor coedfo drt nhst`rhdks `c tno porh`b bhb, pdrthaufdrfy hk tnohr wrhthkms `k tno Ehbbfo Dmos dkb tno \okdhssdkao. Ro drt nhst`rhdk, dostnothahdk, ossdyhst dkb fflath`k  wrhtor Sork`k Sork`k Foo, c`r oxdepfo, oxdepfo, bosarhlos „tno „tno mrodt Okmfhsn Okmfhsn arhtha‘ arhtha‘ ds „hrrocutdlfo wnok no hs d p`ot, dkb hrrdth`kdf wnok no loa`eos d pnhf`s`pnor‘, dkb hk nor tw` l``js `k tno Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao sno arhthahsos s`eo `c nhs e`st cde`us dttdajs `k \okdhssdkao aufturo. „Ro Htdfhdks ndb sook tno dkthquo dkb ndb fot tnoesofvos lo sobuaob ly ht, bosphto tnohr ahvhfhzdth`k dkb tnohr rofhmh`k‘, rofhmh`k‘, sno wrhtos: „Fot us `kfy roi`hao tnorodt.‘ \usjhk hs shepfy „wr`km‘, sno dssorts, wnok no toffs us tndt „hk hts ukh`k whtn Dkthquo drt, tno drt `c tno c`ff`wors `c Mh`tt` oelrdaob bodtn, dkb r`ttob dwdy ovor dctor‘. @k tno a`ktrdry, „tno dkthquo porcoatob tno drt `c tno \okdhssdkao, ht bhb k`t a`rrupt ht‘. Qno ehsanhov`usfy rovorsos \usjhk‘s dssosseokt `c tno Ehbbfo Dmos dkb tno \okdhssdkao tnr`umn rodbhkm tno cukordry saufpturo `c tno tw` porh`bs. ]norods no ndb dbehrob tno Anrhsthdk nuehfhty `c tno eobhovdf t`el dkb bok`ukaob \okdhssdkao cukordry e`kueokts c`r edkhcosthkm a`rrupt prhbo, Foo rosp`kbs9 tno saufpt`r‘s w`rj wds lut tno f`w rofhoc `k tno anuran ﬌dms, tno thehbfy adrvob, `utfhkob, ar`ss-fommob jkhmnt `r prdyhkm prhost, ﬌dttokob b`wk `k nhs phff`w ds hc dsndeob ovok `c tndt de`ukt `c pr`ehkokao, dkb hk d nurry

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  t` lo tr`bbok b`wk dkb `lfhtordtob hkt` d cow mn`stfy `utfhkos. Lut t` tnhs nuehfhdtob pr`strdto hedmo, t` tnhs ﬌dt tnhkm b``eob t` `lfhtordth`k, adeo tno saufpt`r `c tno \okdhssdkao, dkb ldbo tno wdcor-fhjo sheufdarue fflff up, oxpdkb, rdhso htsofc, fhct htsofc `k hts ofl`w, drhso dkb tdjo p`ssossh`k `c tno lob `c stdto, tno adtdcdfquo rdhsob nhmn dl`vo tno ar`wb, brdpob whtn lr`adbo, adrvob whtn rhan bovhaos `c fodvos dkb lodsts `c nordfbry, r``cob `vor whtn d bdhs, wnhan hs dfe`st d trhuepndf dran, mdrfdkbob whtn cruhts dkb ﬌`wors, up`k wnhan tno hffustrh`us bodb woro sn`wk t` tno po`pfo: lut edbo otorkdf, dkb `c otorkdf edmkhfflaokao, ly tno st`ko-auttor, dkb mudrbob,, k`t c`r dk n`ur ly tno fhvorhob pdmos `r andukthkm e`kjs, lut ly mudrbob  whkmob mokhh c`r dff dff otorkhty. otorkhty.

Hk nor sphrhtob rhp`sto t` tn`so wn` „adff tnhs d bomrdbdth`k, dkb sdy tndt ht wds tno rosuft `c a`rrupt prhbo, tnhs rocusdf t` ndvo tno bodr `r hffustrh`us bodb sardpob `ut dky f`kmor ly tno sn`o-kdhfs `c ovory rufidk, rullob `ut ly tno jkoos `c ovory jhtanok wokan‘,  Foo roaupordtos dk drt c`re vhfhfflob ly \usjhk `k daa`ukt `c tno a`rrupt aufturdf vdfuos ht `stokshlfy oel`bhob, dkb dkk`ukaos dk dftorkdthvo dostnotha. Hk s` b`hkm, sno rovhsos tno provdhfhkm bofflkhth`k dkb ukborstdkbhkm `c tno Ehbbfo Dmos dkb tno \okdhssdkao ds nhst`rhadf porh`bs. Bhfjo, Sork`k Foo tno roioats e`ro mokordffy \usjhk‘s prdathaoFhjo `c „edjhkm tno pnyshadf eoro ro﬌oxh`k `c tno e`rdf‘.arhthadf  Ly a`ktrdst  whtn \usjhk‘ \usjhk‘s typ`f`mhadf dostnotha dkb nhs tofo`f`mhadf tofo`f`mhadf vhow `c nhst`ry, nhst`ry, nhs otnhadf dkb trdksaokboktdfhst vhow tndt, ds sno bosarhlos ht, „tno wn`fo systoe `c tno loduthcuf hs d systoe `c e`rdf oe`th`ks, e`rdf sofoath`k, dkb e`rdf dpproahdth`k: dkb tndt tno dhe dkb okb `c drt hs tno oxprossh`k `c edk‘s `lobhokao t` M`b‘s whff‘, sno pr`p`sos dk „drt-pnhf`s`pny okthrofy ukdlstrdat, uksystoedtha, ossokthdffy pors`kdf‘. Nor `wk p`shth`k, ds wo ndvo sook, hs tndt „tno „tno dostnotha pnok`eok`k hs hkbhvhbudf, dkb vdrhos whtn ovory shkmfo hkbhvhbudf c`re: dkb shkao ht a`kshsts hk tno dttrhluth`k `c dk hkbhvhbudf dkb vdryhkm a`epfoxus `c bykdeha (dkb porndps `rmdkha) a`kbhth`ks, ht eust dfwdys, hk rodf oxporhokao, lodr tno andrdator `c tno hkbhvhbudf c`re ly wnhan ht hs ofhahtob‘. E`bofs `c tno `lsorvor ds oel`bhob, pdrthaufdrhsob dkb shtudtob ‑ suan ds Foo dkb Bhfjo bovof`p ‑ roshst spoaufdr nomoe`ky, nomoe`ky, dkb edjo d spdao c`r w`eok t` f``j dt dkb wrhto dl`ut drt hk tnohr `wk wdys. Hc Bhfjo wds hkhthdffy d bhsahpfo `c \usjhk, tnok Foo‘s hktoffoatudf eokt`r wds ]dftor Wdtor. Lut sno, t``, wds t` bhvormo shmkhffladktfy cr`e nor todanor t` bovof`p quhto bhsthkat fflofbs `c stuby, vory bh﬇orokt nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf eotn`b`f`mhos, dkb ukhquo tno`rhos `c poraopth`k tndt sot nor rdbhadffy dpdrt cr`e tno edhkstrode Okmfhsn dostnothahse `c wnhan Wdtor  wds tno dajk`wfobmob cdtnor, cdtnor, dkb wnhan, ds wo ndvo sook, sno sdthrhsob hk

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



nor k`vof Ehss k`vof  Ehss Lr`wk (). Lr`wk (). Dkb hk Bhfjo‘s adso dfs`, c`r dff nor hktorost hk tno pfodsuros `c drt dkb nor andeph`khkm `c tno \okdhssdkao, sno bhb k`t bosort \usjhk eorofy t` trdkscor nor f`ydfthos t` Wdtor. Dftn`umn sno adeo t` dbehro nhs w`rj hk `tnor fflofbs, `ko `c nor sovorost rovhows wds `c Wdtor‘s Qtubhos hk tno Nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao , hk wnhan, ds bhsaussob hk Andptor , , sno arhthahsob tno v`fueo c`r lohkm hksufiahoktfy nhst`rhadf. Hk dk drthafo hk tno koxt kuelor `c tno ]ostehkstor , thtfob „Ro _so `c F``jhkm dt Whaturos‘, nor a`eehteokt t` nhst`rhahse hs phv`tdf t` nor drmueokt. Ovok phaturos tndt ndvo f`st tnohr dppodf c`r e`bork sokshlhfhthos, sno edhktdhks, „ndvo d nhst`rhadf vdfuo. Roy edy nofp t` sn`w n`w po`pfo fhvhkm hk d bh﬇orokt e`rdf dkb hktoffoatudf spnoro tnhkj dkb dat, `r tn`umnt dkb datob hk pdst theos.‘ Oehfhd Bhfjo wds, tnok, brdwk t` nhst`rhahse ds d arhthadf e`bo, dmdhk fhjo Sork`k Foo, ly nor dpproahdth`k `c aufturdf rofdthvhse, spoahfflahty dkb bh﬇orokao, ly nor bhstdsto, hk cdat, c`r „e`k`f`tnha dkb dk`kye`us‘ roprosoktdth`ks `c nhst`rhadf porh`bs. Jdfh Hsrdof nds wrhttok oxtokshvofy `k tno e`bork nhst`rhahst nhst` rhahst rhm`ur rhm` ur `c Bhfjo‘s Bhfjo‘s w`rj, dkb wndt c`re ht t``j9  `k n`w,  pdao  I`dk   I`dk Joffy, sno edbo „oxpfhaht a`kkoath`ks lotwook tno `rmdkhzdth`k `c s`ahdf dkb oa`k`eha c`res dkb tno stdto `c tno drts tnr`umn oxndusthvo rosodran hkt` tno edtorhdf aufturo dkb p`fhthadf rofdth`ks `c dk ord‘.  Qno p`hkts `ut, e`ro`vor, tndt Bhfjo wds dfort t` hssuos `c s`ahdf `rmdkhsdth`k tndt bhroatfy d﬇oatob w`eok, dkb „stubhob tno w`rj `c drt … hk soaufdr, edtorhdf, dkb pulfha sotthkms tndt hkafubob w`eok ds edjors dkb tnhkjors ds woff ds hedmos‘ ‑ ds aufturdf dmokts, hk sn`rt. Bhfjo wrhtos, c`r oxdepfo, hk  dl`ut n`w tno coehkhsob drt `c tno shxtooktn-aoktury Crokan saufpt`r Moredhk Whf`k „a`rrosp`kbZobU oxdatfy t` tno t`ko dkb tdsto `c tno a`urt wnhan Adtndrhko bo Eobhahs ndb c`reob‘.  Dkb fdtor, hk nor l``j Ro \okdhssdkao `c Drt hk Crdkao  (),   (), hk wnhan sno hbokthfflos tno „ZoUedkahpdth`k `c tno hkbhvhbudf‘ ds „tno wdtanw`rb `c tno shxtooktn aoktury‘, Bhfjo aofolrdtos tno cdat tndt „ZtUno \okdhssdkao, hk pr`afdhehkm n`k`ur t` ovory edkhcostdth`k `c nuedk okormy, mdvo odan d afdhe t` lo w`rtny `c aufturo‘. De`kmst `tnor tnhkms, „ZeUok dkb w`eok, prhkaos, profdtos, k`lfos, dff woro luhfbhkm, cdsnh`khkm dkow tnohr ndlhtdth`ks‘,‘, wnhan eodkt tndt „ZoUvory drt wnhan a`ufb dbehkhstor t` n`uso-fuxth`ks ury wds … subbokfy stheufdtob‘. Dkb tno „rofflkoeokts wr`umnt hkt` … ovory … drt `c fhco‘, hk pdrthaufdr tno boa`rdthvo dkb p`pufdrhshkm drts, ovok tno drts dkb pfodsuros `c tno tdlfo, woro, Bhfjo drmuos, „okndkaob ly tno prosokao `c w`eok dt tno A`urt‘. Oehfhd Bhfjo romufdrfy wr`to `k Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao drt hk porh`bhadfs suan ds tno  Dadboey   hk dbbhth`k t` nor ph`koorhkm w`rj `k tno Crokan

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

\okdhssdkao c`r wnhan sno hs lost jk`wk, dkb c`r dff tno botdhfob spoahfflahty `c nor rosodran edtorhdfs dkb eotn`b`f`my, ht edy dfs` lo sdhb tndt sno bovof`pob hbods dl`ut d mokorha A`kthkoktdf \okdhssdkao ds d porh`b tndt pr`c`ukbfy d﬇oatob nor sokso `c tno p`sshlhfhthos `c sofc-fhlordth`k tnr`umn drt dkb san`fdrsnhp. Hsrdof nds, hkboob, drmuob tndt, `﬇orhkm ds ht bhb „d e`bof `c fodrkhkm wnhan ehmnt hkafubo w`eok de`kmst hts sulioats dkb `lioats‘, tno \okdhssdkao eobhdtob dkb fomhthedtob nor `wk hktoffoatudf oedkahpdth`k. H sn`ufb fhjo t` tdjo Hsrdof‘s drmueokt tndt Bhfjo, dwdro `c tno a`kkoath`ks lotwook e`bork fhco dkb tno nhst`ry `c wnhan sno wr`to, dppr`prhdtob tno \okdhssdkao t` dutn`rhso c`r khkotooktnkhkotooktn-aoktury aoktury w`eok tno pfodsuros `c hktoffoatudf dkb sphrhtudf sofc-bovof`peokt hkt` d lr`dbor drokd, t` a`kshbor tno usos `c d roa`kaohvob \okdhssdkao, dkb hk pdrthaufdr hts a`kstruath`k ds d porh`b wnok s`eo w`eok oki`yob d p`worcuf aufturdf p`shth`k, c`r `tnor Shat`rhdk coedfo drthsts dkb nhst`rhdks ds woff. Oehfhd Bhfjo wds d w`edk whtn d ﬌dhr c`r tno porc`redthvo wn` dssueob d sorhos `c hbokththos hk tno a`urso `c nor pr`cossh`kdf fhco (ldpthsob Oehfy Crdkahs Qtr`km, sno wr`to ds O. C. Q. Wdtths`k, dkb wds jk`wk ds Crdkahs Wdtths`k, wnhfo edrrhob t` Edrj Wdtths`k, dkb loadeo Oehfhd, fdtor Fdby, Bhfjo up`k nor edrrhdmo t` Andrfos Bhfjo).  D p`rtrdht `c nor ly Wdufhko rovofydk dkb Fdurd Adpof (Chm. ( Chm. ) ) sn`ws nor hk  db`pthkm d \okdhssdkao styfo, wodrhkm d mrook lr`adbo porh`b bross boa`rdtob  whtn m`fb ﬌our-bo-fys t` shmkhcy tno w`rj `k tno Cr Crokan okan \okdhssdkao c`r  wnhan sno ndb dfrodby edbo nor kdeo dkb, whtn lrusn hk ndkb, pdhkthkm d pdkof `c suk﬌`wors. Ht hs d phaturo tndt eoe`rhdfhsos nor ds l`tn drthst dkb nhst`rhadf san`fdr, `ko tndt summosts l`tn nor \okdhssdkao fhkodmo dkb nor e`borkhty. Ht brdws dttokth`k, fhjo s` edky Shat`rhdk pdhkthkms, `c a`urso, wnotnor dadboeha `r Wro-\dpndofhto, t` tno pfdao `c tno \okdhssdkao hk tno mokodf`my `c tno prosokt. D e`ro cde`us oxdepfo hs Croborha Fohmnt`k‘s pdhkthkm Ahedluo‘s Aofolrdtob Edb`kkd hs adrrhob hk pr`aossh`k tnr`umn tno stroots `c Cf`rokao  , oxnhlhtob dt tno \`ydf hk , pdtr`ks wnhan hkvhtos a`epdrhs`ks lotwook tno lrhffhdkt drthstsDadboey dkb bhsaorkhkm `c \okdhssdkao Htdfy dkb tn`so `c nhs `wk bdy. E`ro `ctok, de`km coedfo drthsts, tno c`re hs tno p`rtrdht, dkb tno pdhktor hs tno e`bof, ds hk Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k‘s pn`t`mrdpns `c tno Wro-\dpndofhto pdhktor Edrho Qpdrtdfh (fdtor Qthffedk) hk tno r`fo `c d sorhos `c fodrkob nhst`rhadf w`eok, dkb tno pdhktor‘s pdhktor‘s `wk sofc-p`rtrdhts, wnoro sno hs bophatob hk shxtooktn-aokt shxtooktn-aoktury ury bross (Chm. (Chm. ). ). Hk suan phaturos, ds Bol`rdn Anorry drmuos, „]nhfo tno drthst brdws `k tno a`bos `c Sokothdk drt, dfrodby ro-usob ly edfo drthsts suan ds B. M. \`ssotth … tno rocorokao hs k`t t` Sokothdk a`urtosdks lut

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



 

Chm. . Wdufhko, Fdby rovofydk (kèo Ioreyk) dkb Fdurd Adpof F`﬇t (fdtor Fdby rovofydk), Oehfhd Crdkahs (kèo Qtr`km), Fdby Bhfjo  (a   (a . )

 w`edk‘s danhovoeokt  w`edk‘ danhovoeoktss hk tno drts.‘ Hk , Qpdrtdfh oxnhlhtob Chdeottd Qhkmhkm   (Chm. ) ) dt tno Mr`svok`r Mdffory hk F`kb`k, d pdhkthkm wnhan Anorry `lsorvos roprosokts „dk hbodf `c aufthvdtob w`edkn``b wnhan wds borhvob, ds woro tno a`stueos, phat`rhdf c`redt whtn mdrbok sotthkm dkb tno p`oe Zly L`aadaah`, trdksfdtob ly \`ssotth, tndt daa`epdkhob htU, cr`e \okdhssdkao Htdfy‘, dkb „boedradtos d pdrthaufdr spdao `c dkb c`r coehkhkhty, roprosokthkm w`eok‘s pfodsuro hk w`eok‘s aufturo dkb drthaufdthkm d

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Chm. . Edrho Qpdrtdfh Qthffedk, Qofc-W`rtrdht  ()  ()

 

 

a`kthkuue lotwook pr`buath`k dkb a`ksuepth`k‘. Ht wds ly p`shth`khkm tnoesofvos tnus, dkb okmdmhkm hk suan coehkhsob aufturdf oxandkmos, tndt s`eo w`eok drthsts dkb drt nhst`rhdks c`ukb tnohr `wk v`hao. N`wovor, dftn`umn Shat`rhdk w`eok drthsts suan ds Qpdrtdf Qpdrtdfhh croquoktfy hkv`jo Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao sulioats dkb styfos, wnok tnoy „qu`to‘ \okdhssdkao pdhktors hk tnohr `wk w`rj tnoy dro typhadffy edfo drthsts. Ovofyk Bo E`rmdk‘s Wro\dpndofhto Cf`rd   () (Chm. (Chm. ), ), c`r oxdepfo, wds pdhktob hk Cf`rokao, dkb aofolrdtos tno ahty‘s odrfy \okdhssdkao drthsts, pdrthaufdrfy L`tthaoffh,

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



Chm. . Edrho Qpdrtdfh Qpdrtdfh Qthffedk, Chdeottd Qhkmhkm  ()  ()

 

 

 wn`so Wrhedvord  dkb  dkb Ro Lhrtn Lhr tn `c Sokus  Sokus  pr`vhbob  pr`vhbob e`bofs c`r Bo E`rmdk‘s shkmfo fflmuro. Ro coedfo drthst afdhes nor \okdhssdkao norhtdmo whtn tnhs strhjhkm e`bork dedfmde `c tw` `c hts e`st cde`us ha`kha coedfo fflmuros, Sokus dkb Qprhkm, lut ht hs d norhtdmo c`ukbob `k `fb „Edstors‘ rdtnor tndk `k tno w`rjs `c w`eok drthsts `c tno \okdhssdkao.  Dt tno theo wnok tnoso w`eok woro dathvo, `c a`urso, tno w`rj `c tno „`fb ehstrossos‘ ‑ ds Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj dkb \`zshjd Wdrjor ndvo adffob tnoe ‑ wds vory fhttfo jk`wk. @ko `c tno fflrst Lrhthsn wrhtors t` pulfhsn `k odrfy Htdfhdk dkb \okdhssdkao drt ‑ hkboob, ds wo ndvo sook, Dbofo N`fa`el nds bullob nor „tno fflrst pr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn drt nhst`rhdk‘   ‑  Dkkd Ideos`k bhb sn`w dk dwdrokoss `c coedfo drthsts dkb oepndshsob coehkhko, ovok coehkhst, tnoeos. Rhs whbofy rodb wrhtor `c p`pufdr nhst`rhos `c drt dkb muhbol``js pulfhsnob, c`r oxdepfo, d l``j `k Edrhdk ha`k`mrdpny, Fomokbs `c tno Edb`kkd  (),   (), ds pdrt `c nor sorhos Qdarob dkb Fomokbdry Drt , wnhan wds, ds N`fa`el p`hkts `ut, „tno fflrst oxtokshvo stuby `c tno hedmory `c tno Shrmhk‘ dkb „tno ahvhfhzhkm dmokay `c coehkhko hk﬌uokao‘ ht opht`ehsob hk tno fhtordturo `c drt. Hk nor bhsaussh`ks `c tno roprosoktdth`k hk \okdhssdkao drt `c l`tn tno Edb`kkd dkb tno Edmbdfok,



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 

Chm. . Ovofyk Bo E`rmdk, E`rmdk, Cf`rd  ()  ()

noro dkb ofsownoro, Ideos`k brdws dttokth`k t` tno ha`kha ros`kdkaos `c suan nor`ha coedfo fflmuros c`r a`ktoep`rdry w`eok. wofvo yodrs odrfhor, sno ndb wrhttok t` nor crhokb @tthfho v`k M`otno tndt sno ndb lomuk w`rj `k d „Lh`mrdpny `c coedfo Drthsts, dkb tnohr s`ahdf p`shth`k pnhf`s`pnhadffy dkb e`rdffy a`kshborob‘, d „w`rj `c d cdr e`ro hep`rtdkt kdturo‘, sno afdheob, tndk dky `tnor `k wnhan sno wds okmdmob, dkb d pr`ioat wnhan sno ndb „look eobhtdthkm c`r s`eo yodrs‘. \omrottdlfy, tnhs anorhsnob pr`ioat wds kovor rodfhsob. Kovortnofoss, bhsaussh`k `c w`eok

 

]`eok s porh`bs 



Chm. . Q`c`khsld Dkmuhss`fd, Mdeo `c Anoss  ()  ()

 

drthsts hk nor pulfhsnob w`rj, tdktdfhshkmfy lrhoc tn`umn ht hs, mhvos s`eo hkbhadth`k `c tno bhroath`k nor pr`ioatob l``j `k coedfo drthsts w`ufb ndvo tdjok ndb ht edtorhdfhsob. D soath`k `c nor Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb  Dlr`db   Dl r`db  (),   (), c`r oxdepfo, rocors t` d kuelor `c w`eok drthsts, de`km tnoe sovordf wn` woro dathvo hk \okdhssdkao Htdfy9 tno tnroo Dkmuhss`fd shstors, ospoahdffy Q`c`khsld, wn`so „e`st f`vofy w`rjs‘ dro bosarhlob ly  Ideos`k  Id eos`k ds „m „mf`whkm f`whkm whtn fhco fhjo tn`so `c hthdk hthdk‘,‘, dkb wn` pdhktob s`eo roedrjdlfo b`eostha hktorh`rs, de`km tnoe d strhjhkm pdhkthkm `c nor shstors pfdyhkm anoss (Chm. (Chm. ), ), d k`tdlfy hktoffoatudf pdstheo c`r obuadtob   w`eok:  Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd, wn`, daa`rbhkm t` Ideos`k, „tnrow d f``j `c sokshlhfhty hkt` nor e`st edsaufhko nodbs‘: tno shxtooktn-aoktury Sokothdk Sokothdk pdhktor Edrhottd hkt`rott` hkt`rott` wn`, „wnok hkvhtob t` tno a`urts `c Edxhehfhdk dkb Wnhfhp HH, rocusob t` fodvo nor cdtnor‘:  tno sn`rt-fhvob Ldr`quo pdhktor Ofhsdlottd Qhrdkh, `c wn`e Ideos`k k`tos „Edb`kkds dkb Edmbdfokos  woro nor nor cdv`urhto cdv`urhto sulioats‘: sulioats‘: dkb tno fdtor sovoktooktn/ohmntooktn-aoktury Sokothdk pdstoffhst \`sdfld Adrrhord.  Dff `c tnoso drthsts woro, Ideos`k edhktdhks, „w`eok `c ukb`ultob mokhus: c`r tnoy odan ndvo d styfo dpdrt,

 



 ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ]

poaufhdr, dkb thktob ly tnohr hkbhvhbudf andrdator‘. Lut, sno afdhes, tnoy  woro  coehkhko   „coehkhko  pdhktors‘,  pdhktors‘, dkb tnus ukdlfo t` pdhkt nhst`ry9 „Roy suaaoobob lost hk coehkhko p`rtrdhts, dkb wnok tnoy pdhktob nhst`ry, tnoy woro `kfy dbehrdlfo hk tndt afdss `c sulioats wnhan adeo whtnhk tno pr`vhkao `c tnohr sox: loy`kb tndt l`ukbdry tnoy loadeo cdbo  loadeo cdbo , hkshphb, `r oxdmmordtob.‘ Ds dk oxdepfo, sno ahtos Ofhsdlottd Qhrdkh‘s Dkku Qhrdkh‘s  Dkkukahdth`k kahdth`k,, wnhan sno a`kshbors „oxquhshto‘, wnhfo nor Aruahfflxh`k Aruahfflxh`k hs  hs boafdrob „coolfo‘. De`km w`eok drthsts `c tno porh`b, Ideos`k botorehkos Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh t` ndvo „e`st p`wor‘, lut sno b`os k`t a`kshbor nor t` lo d  coehkhko   „coehkhko ‘ pdhktor, bosarhlhkm nor ds „d mhctob, lut d pr`﬌hmdto w`edk‘. (Ht hs t` \`lort Lr`wkhkm‘s fdto p`oe „Lodtrhao Qhmk`rhkh‘ tndt wo eust turk c`r d e`ro hktorosthkm roprosoktdth`k `c tndt „w`kbor `c d w`edk‘ drthst, „A`ksueedto Drtoehshd‘.)    Ideos`k  Ide os`k a`kafubos a`kafubos nor bhsaussh`k bhsaussh`k `c coedf coedfoo drthsts drthsts ly drmuhkm drmuhkm tndt tnoro hs d wdfj `c drt hk wnhan w`eok edy dttdhk porcoath`k, dkb oxaof tno `tnor sox: ds tnoro hs dk`tnor cr`e wnhan tnoy dro oxafubob. X`u eust andkmo tno pnyshadf `rmdkhzdth`k `c tno rdao `c w`eok loc`ro wo pr`buao d \uloks `r d Ehandof Dkmof` … H whsn t` a`eldt hk ovory wdy tndt `ctropodtob, lut e`st cdfso a`epfheokt uktnhkjhkmfy pdhb t` w`eok, tndt mokhus hs `c k` sox: tnoro edy lo oqudfhty `c p`wor, lut hk hts qudfhty dkb dppfhadth`k tnoro whff dkb eust lo bh﬇orokao dkb bhsthkath`k.

 Ideos`k‘s sulsarhpth`k t` tno hbo`f`mhadf c`reufdth`k tndt eok dkb  Ideos`k‘  w`eok `aaupy „sop „sopdrdto drdto spnoros spnoros‘‘ dkb nor dppfhadth`k `c suan mokbor a`bhffladth`k t` drt hbokthfflos nor ds dk odrfy Shat`rhdk. Nor foxha`k dkthahpdtos okkys`k‘s e`ro cde`us okb`rsoeokt hk Ro Wrhkaoss  ()   () `c „bhsthkathvo w`edkn``b‘, dkb `c „ZkU`r oqudf, k`r ukoqudf‘ rofdth`ks lotwook tno soxos. Kovortnofoss, Ideos`k‘s w`rbs dl`ut tno „pnyshadf `rmdkhzdth`k `c tno rdao `c w`eok‘ dfs` dkthahpdto Shrmhkhd ]``fc‘s a`eeokts d nukbrob yodrs fdtor dl`ut mokbor, mokro dkb fhtordry c`re, hk D hk  D \``e `c @ko @ko‘s‘s @wk ()9 @wk  ()9 dl`ut tno „edk‘s soktokao‘ tndt wds „uksuhtob c`r d w`edk‘s uso‘: dl`ut n`w „tno korvos tndt coob tno lrdhk w`ufb sooe t` bh﬇or hk eok dkb w`eok‘: dl`ut n`w „ZtUno l``j nds s`eon`w t` lo dbdptob t` tno l`by‘ (dftn`umn Shrmhkhd ]``fc wn`ffy roioatob tno hbod `c wrhthkm „ds d w`edk‘). Ds woff ds k`thkm dk hktorost hk w`eok drthsts tndt wds woff dnodb `c nor theo, wo adk tnok botoat dk hkahphokt coehkhse hk Ideos`k‘s dttoepts t` mrdppfo whtn tno mokborob hk﬌oath`ks `c drthstha pr`buath`k.

Nhst`rh`mrdpny  Ht wds k`t ukthf fdtor hk tno aoktury tndt tno r`fo `c w`eok hk tno drts wds mhvok sorh`us trodteokt ly drt nhst`rhdks, dkb tnok ht wds k`t tno l``js

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 

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bobhadtob t` coedfo pdhktors ds d sopdrdto dkb bo-nhst`rhahsob adtom`ry, fhjo Ofhzdlotn Offot‘s ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos   () `r Offok Afdyt`k‘s Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts  (),  (), tndt ndb tno e`st hktorosthkm tnhkms t` sdy dl`ut tnoe, lut rdtnor tn`so tndt dssossob tno aufturdf w`rj `c w`eok hk tno a`ktoxt `c pdrthaufdr nhst`rhadf porh`bs dkb dppr`danos. Sork`k Foo, c`r oxdepfo, ukborsa`ros tno bh﬇orokao lotwook nhst`rhadf andrdators dkb ovokts dkb tno wdys hk wnhan tnoy ndvo look eytn`f`mhsob hk tnohr fflath`kdf dctorfhvos, hkafubhkm \okdhssdkao w`eok wn` woro ohtnor boe`khsob `r rokborob hkvhshlfo. Rus sno bosarhlos „tno whajobkoss `c tno \okdhssdkao‘ ds „k`t d supornuedk cury `c fust dkb aruofty, fhjo Shat`r Num`‘s Fuarozhd L`rmhd: lut dk hkbh﬇orokt, d andrdatorfoss arodturo fhjo tno Fuarozhd L`rmhd `c nhst`ry9 pdsshvo t` surr`ukbhkm hk﬌uokaos, lfhkb t` m``b dkb ovhf, hkcde`us hk tno hkcde`us \`eo, de`km nor cdtnor dkb lr`tnor‘s a`urtosdks dkb aut-tnr`dts: mrdvo dkb mrdah`us hk tno mrdvo dkb mrdah`us Corrdrd, de`km tno Wfdt`kha p`ots dkb pdahffla a`urthors `c tno a`urt `c tno Ostoksh‘.  Qno hktorosts norsofc hk f`wfy w`eok ds woff ds mrdkb. „Ro vory fflrst tnhkm wnhan strhjos us‘, sno k`tos, hs tndt, loaduso `c tno dlsokao `c tno porkhah`us hk﬌uokao `c coubdfhse hk Htdfy, „usadk podsdkts, c`r hkstdkao ndvo rodf bhmkhty, ukfhjo tno k`rtnork podsdkt‘. Qno fflkbs k` mrodtor a`ktrdst tndk whtn wnoktno „wocoedfo a`epdro podsdkt w`edk ly F`rokz` Zbo EobhahU sorctno rosusahtdtob ly tno bosarhlob mokhus `c  Ehanofot‘. Foo wds adpdlfo `c wrhthkm aufturdf nhst`ry tndt p`worcuffy a`kvoys tno helrhadth`k `c drt hk tno s`ahdf, p`fhthadf dkb oa`k`eha a`kbhth`ks `c hts pr`buath`k. Hk nor andptor „Eobhdovdf F`vo‘ hk Oupn`rh`k Oupn`rh`k,, c`r oxdepfo, sno boa`kstruats tno hbo`f`mhadf a`ktrdbhath`ks `c eobhovdf a`urtfy f`vo p`otry, shtudthkm ht whtnhk coubdf aufturo dkb p`hkthkm `ut „tndt tno vory coofhkm wnhan a`ksthtutos tno vhrtu`us f`vo `c e`bork p`ots hs borhvob cr`e tno hffomhthedto f`vos `c tno Ehbbfo Dmos‘.  Oehfhd Bhfjo wrhtos whtn d shehfdrfy dstuto dwdrokoss `c mokbor dkb afdss c`redth`ks. ]rhthkm `c Crdkao ukbor \hanofhou hk Drt hk  Drt hk tno E`bork Qtdto , sno brdws dk dkdf`my lotwook tno dls`futo stdto dkb tno pdtrhdrandf cdehfy, `lsorvhkm9  Dctor tno wdstocuf wdstocuf nusldkbry nusldkbry `c tno \okdhssdkao, \okdhssdkao, dctor hts `ko-shbob roafdedth`k `c hkbhvhbudf fhlorty … Crdkao ndb koob t` lo roehkbob tndt tno fhco `c tno stdto, fhjo tno fhco `c tno cdehfy, hs c`ukbob `k euan rok`ukaoeokt `c pors`kdf fhlorty, `k euan sofc-rostrdhkt dkb sofc-dlkomdth`k.

 Daa`rbhkm t` Oehfhd  Daa`rbhkm Oehfhd Bhfjo Bhfjo,, Sork`k Sork`k Foo Foo dkb dkb tno fdto khkot khkotooktnooktn-aoktury aoktury drt nhst`rhdk Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, ht wds burhkm tno porh`b hk lotwook tno oxdmmordtob anhvdfrhos `c tno ehbbfo dmos dkb tno roprosshvo romheos `c tno sovoktooktn aoktury, hk tno \okdhssdkao htsofc, tndt w`eok oki`yob tno e`st

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

hkbhvhbudf fhlorty dkb p`wor, pdrthahpdthkm hk tno mokordf oedkahpdt`ry aufturo `c tno theos. Foo c`ukb hk tno \okdhssdkao tno soobs `c e`borkhty9 tno mores `c ovory e`bork tnhkm, dkb euan tndt wds cdr e`ro tndk d eoro more9 ht p`ssossob tno ndlht `c oqudfhty loc`ro tno fdw, `c ahvha `rmdkhzdth`k, `c hkbustry dkb a`eeorao bovof`pob t` heeokso dkb suporl pr`p`rth`ks. Ht p`ssossob sahokao, fhtordturo, dkb drt: dl`vo dff, tndt wnhan dt `kao pr`buaob dkb wds pr`buaob ly dff tnoso ‑ tn`r`umn poraopth`k `c wndt oxhsts, tnr`umn a`ksah`uskoss `c `ur `wk croob`e dkb p`wors9 sofc-a`mkhzdkao.

Adrtwrhmnt wds cdsahkdtob ly wndt tnhs eodkt c`r aufturob drhst`ardtha  w`eok hk tno porh`b. Fhjo Bhfjo dkb Foo, sno wds k`tdlfy dfort t` nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf ds woff ds t` mokbor hssuos, dkb wr`to hk vory afodr-shmntob dkb e`bork wdys dl`ut nhst`ry ds roprosoktdth`k. Qno brdws dttokth`k, c`r hkstdkao, k`t `kfy t` tno cdat tndt `ur porspoathvo `k tno pdst bopokbs `k wnhan dranhvdf s`uraos tno nhst`rhdk usos, lut dfs` `k tno shfokaos hk tno nhst`rhadf roa`rb, tno hktorsththdf st`rhos tndt roedhk t` lo t`fb. Qno p`hkts `ut, c`r oxdepfo, tndt „ZvUhrtuo m`os quhotfy `k nor wdy, wnhfo vhao hs k`hsy dkb upr`drh`us: tno arhehkdf c`raos nhesofc up`k tno pulfha dttokth`k, wnhfo tno n`kost edk b`os nhs buty hk shfokao, dkb k` `ko nodrs `c nhe‘,‘, dkb `lsorvos tndt „ZtUnhs hs ospoahdffy tno adso whtn tno w`eok `c tno nhe 

\okdhssdkao‘.  Nor l``js tdjo us cr`e tno edsaufhko nhst`ry `c tno pulfha drokd hkt` tno coehkhko prhvdto spnoro9  ]o soo k`w  ]o k`w,, e`ro afodrfy tndk ovor loc`ro, wndt edkkor `c eok dkb  w`eok tnoso Ostos dkb M`kzdmds, M`kzdmds, tnoso Qc`rzds dkb dkb Shsa`kths, woro woro … ]o ]o c`ff`w tnoe cr`e tno ldttfofflofb dkb a`ukahf andelor, cr`e tno andso dkb t`urkdeokt, t` tno prhvday `c b`eostha fhco dkb tno hkthedto saokos `c tno cdehfy ahrafo.

 Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt‘  Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt‘ss a`kaork hs e`st aortdhkfy whtn tno „o „oxaopth`kdf xaopth`kdf‘‘ nhst`rhadf w`eok wn`, daa`rbhkm t` I`dk Joffy, dro typhadffy tno c`aus `c odrfy coehkhst stubhos9 whtn Ofhzdlotn M`kzdmd, buanoss `c _rlhk`, dkb Hsdloffd b‘Osto, edranh`koss `c Edktud, l`tn `c wn`e dro bosarhlob ds dpt nhst`rhadf e`bofs c`r Adsthmfh`ko‘s p`rtrdht `c „nhsshstor hbodfLodtrhao w`edkb‘Osto, hk tno  pdmos `c tno ‖A`rthmhdk`―‘:  whtn Hsdloffd‘s y`ukmor buanoss `c Ehfdk, „wn`, ds tno whco `c Fub`vha` Qc`rzd, rohmkob burhkm shx yodrs `vor tno e`st spfokbhb a`urt `c Htdfy‘, ukthf nor proedturo bodtn:  whtn Anrhsthkd `c Bokedrj, buanoss `c Ehfdk dkb F`rrdhko, „jk`wk t` tno  w`rfb Z`kfyU ly N`flohk‘ N`flohk‘s cde`us p`rtrdht hk tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory‘ loc`ro  Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt bov`tob d l``j t` nor nor.. Lut hc nor sulioats dro hkboob „oxaopth`kdf‘, ukroprosoktdthvo w`eok, Adrtwrhmnt‘s w`rj hs kovortnofoss `c mrodt vdfuo hk bocdehfhdrhshkm bocdehfhdrhshkm,, ly coehkhshkm, tno \okdhssdkao. L`tn nor

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



l``j `k Hsdloffd b Osto dkb tndt `k Lodtrhao b Osto dro dubdah`usfy sulthtfob „D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao‘, dkb l`tn shstors dro roprosoktob ds dathvo pdrthahpdkts hk tno pulfha fhco `c tnohr theos. Hk tno adso `c Lodtrhao, wo dro t`fb, c`r oxdepfo, `c „tno hep`rtdkt pdrt wnhan sno pfdyob hk p`fhthadf fhco dt d arhthadf e`eokt `c Htdfhdk nhst`ry‘, ds woff ds `c „tno andre `c nor pors`kdfhty … nor f`vo `c eusha dkb p`otry, dkb tno fflko tdsto wnhan sno hknorhtob‘. ]o dro sn`wk nor „r`ydffy drrdyob hk lr`adbo dkb iowofs, stdkbhkm up hk tno mrodt a`ukahf ndff `c Sokhao, t` pfodb nor nusldkb‘s aduso loc`ro tno B`mo dkb Qokdto‘, dkb fdtor „sndrhkm nor f`rb‘s a`uksofs hk a`urt dkb adep, roaohvhkm jhkm dkb oepor`r dt Wdvhd `r Shmovdk`‘. Hk tno adso `c Hsdloffd, Adrtwrhmnt strossos nor p`fhthadf, oa`k`eha dkb aufturdf p`wor, dkb dfs` nor typhadfhty ds d „anhfb `c tno \okdhssdkao‘ wn`so „tn`umnts dkb dath`ks cdhtncuffy ro﬌oatob tno lost trdbhth`ks `c tno dmo‘.  Qno ofdl`rdtos `k tno andrdator `c d w`edk wn` wds hk d roedrjdl roedrjdlfo fo bomroo typhadf `c tno dmo hk wnhan sno fhvob. L`tn hk nor cdufts dkb hk nor vhrtuos, hk nor k`lfo dhes dkb mokor`us delhth`ks, hk tno b`ultcuf eotn`bs ly wnhan sno str`vo t` dttdhk nor okbs, dkb hk nor odsy t`fordth`k `c vhao dkb cdfson``b, Hsdloffd b‘Osto wds tno anhfb `c nor theos.

Mhvok Adrtwrhmnt‘ Adrtwrh mnt‘ss `wk w`rj hk tno eobhdth`k `c aufturo, nor oepndshs oepndsh s `k tno aufturdf r`fo `c tnoso \okdhssdkao w`eok hs `c pdrthaufdr hktorost. ]o dro t`fb `c Lodtrhao, c`r hkstdkao, tndt nor „mokuhko f`vo `c drt dkb fottors dttrdatob tno an`haost sphrhts t` tnohr a`urt, dkb oxortob tno e`st lokofflahdf hk﬌uokao `k tno tn`umnt `c tno bdy‘, dkb tndt „whtn nor bodtn, tno wn`fo Ehfdkoso stdto, tndt cdlrha wnhan Fub`vha` Qc`rzd ndb luhft up dt suan hkfflkhto a`st dkb pdhks, aruelfos hkt` ruhk … Drthsts dkb p`ots, jkhmnts dkb san`fdrs … woro brhvok `ut.‘ Hsdloffd‘s r`fo ds d pdtr`k, san`fdr dkb arhtha hs oepndshsob sthff e`ro. Adrtwrhmnt Adr twrhmnt wrhtos9 ht hs dl`vo dff ds d pdtr`k `c drt dkb fottors tndt Hsdloffd b‘Osto whff lo roeoelorob. roeoelor ob. Hk tnhs rospoat sno bosorvos d pfdao whtn tno e`st okfhmntokob prhkaos `c tno \okdhssdkao, whtn F`rokz` boh Eobhah dkb Fub`vha` Qc`rzd.  D truo anhfb `c nor dmo, Hsdloffd a`elhkob d pdssh`kdto f`vo `c loduty dkb tno e`st pr`c`ukb rovorokao c`r dkthquhty whtn tno fflkost arhthadf tdsto … Qno wr`to okbfoss fottors, dkb mdvo tno drthsts hk nor oepf`yeokt tno e`st ofdl`rdto dkb ehkuto hkstruath`ks. Lrdmnhr`ffh a`uktob ds edky ds c`rty fottors `k tno sulioat `c d shkmfo phaturo pdhktob ly Mh`vdkkh Loffhkh, dkb k` foss tndk fflcty-tnroo `k d pdhkthkm oktrustob t` Worumhk`.

Ht wds afodrfy toepthkm c`r s`eo Shat`rhdk w`eok wrhtors dkb hktoffoatudfs `c fflko, woff-obuadtob arhthadf tdsto fhjo Adrtwrhmnt, wn` tnoesofvos

 

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 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Chm. . Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k, Nypdthd  ()  ()

 

rovorob aufturost`dkb okmdmobtnohr hk okfhmntokob t` f``j t` tno pdstpdst c`r e`bofs fomhthedto `wk drthsthasan`fdrsnhp, dkb san`fdrfy dsphrdth`ks. Adrtwrhmnt wds k`t tno `kfy w`edk t` fflkb suan d e`bof hk Hsdloffd b‘Osto. Rhrty-fflvo yodrs loc`ro nor nhst`ry wds pulfhsnob, Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k ndb hk  pn`t`mrdpnob tno pdhktor Edrho Qpdrtdfh brossob „hk andrdator‘ ds tno ko`-Wfdt`kha san`fdr, todanor dkb `rdt`r Nypdth Nypdthdd (Chm. (Chm. ). ).  Ds Bol`rdn Anorry k`tos, „Ro hedmo a`ksah`usfy roadffs tno p`rtrdht `c Hsdloffd b‘Osto dt Ndept`k A`urt, k`w dttrhlutob t` Mhufh` \`edk`, k`t

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



`kfy hk hts prosoktdth`k `c tno fflmuro dkb tnroo-qudrtor fokmtn c`redt, lut

hk tno sueptu`us bross db`rkob whtn rhll`k boa`rdth`k, l`ws phkkob dt tno hktorsoath`ks, wnhan lof`kmob t` tno drthst norsofc.‘  Qpdrtdfh, tnok, fhjo Oehfhd Bhfjo, bovof`pob d pors`kdf styfo dctor tno \okdhssdkao w`eok  wn` hksphrob dkb woro tno sulioats `c nor `wk drt, dkb tnhs wds c`r nor d bhsthkathvofy coehkhko coehkhko wdy `c oktorhkm hkt` tno porh`b. Ht a`ufb aortdhkfy k`t lo sdhb `c Sork`k Foo, wn` procorrob d sovorofy tdhf`rob edsaufhko styfo, tndt sno db`ptob tno coehkhko bross `c d nhst`rhadf porh`b ds d wdy `c hkndlhthkm ht aufturdffy dkb hktoffoatudffy: kovortnofoss, sno bhb bovof`p d vory bhsthkathvo e`bo `c daaosshkm tno porh`bs `c wnhan sno wr`to, dkb d nhmnfy hbh`sykardtha eotn`b`f`my wnhan edrjs `ut nor `wk c`re `c aufturdf nhst`ry cr`e `tnor oxdepfos de`km nor a`ktoep`rdrhos. Curtnore`ro, dftn`umn sno b`os uso tno eotdpn`r `c bross t` bosarhlo nor `wk nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf prdathao, ht hs d cumhthvo \okdhssdkao porh`b mdrlob hk „rdms dkb tdttors‘ tndt sno hkv`jos. Adrocuf t` bhsthkmuhsn nor oktorprhso hk Oupn`rh`k Oupn`rh`k cr`e  cr`e tndt `c tno a`kvokth`kdf nhst`rhdk, sno boafdros9 Ro \okdhssdkao nds look t` eo … k`t s` euan d sorhos `c stubhos ds d sorhos `c heprossh`ks. H ndvo k`t edstorob tno nhst`ry dkb fhtordturo `c tno \okdhssdkao (fflrst-ndkb `r soa`kb-ndkb, porcoatfy `r heporcoatfy), dlstrdat dkb oxdat, dkb tnok s`umnt `ut tno pfdaos dkb tnhkms wnhan w`ufb edjo tndt dlstrdath`k s`eowndt e`ro a`karoto hk ey ehkb: H ndvo sook tno a`karoto tnhkms, dkb wndt H ehmnt adff tno a`karoto rodfhthos `c tn`umnt dkb coofhkm foct lonhkb ly tno \okdhssdkao, dkb tnok trhob t` `ltdhk cr`e l``js s`eo k`th`k `c tno `rhmhkdf sndpo dkb edkkor `c wodrhkm tnoso rofhas, rdms dkb tdttors `c d pdst ahvhfhzdth`k.

Qno oxpfhahtfy a`epdros nor nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf dppr`dan whtn Heprossh`khst pdhkthkm, „tno `kfy trufy rodfhstha drt‘, dt tno sdeo theo dajk`wfobmhkm9 „H b` k`t protokb tndt hk quosth`k `c nhst`ry wo adk pr`aoob df`km tno prhkahpfos `c e`bork fdkbsadpo pdhkthkm‘9 pdhkthkm‘9  Xot ht hs kovortnofoss aortdhk tndt tno pdst, t` tno po`pfo wn` woro hk ht,  Xot  wds k`t d ehrdauf`us edp `r `tnor edrvoff`us edrvoff`us bhdmrde a`kstruatob `k tno prhkahpfo `c motthkm dt tnolut datudfhthos ly dkdfyshs: ht eust ndvo look, t` hts hkndlhtdkts, d sorhos`c`ctnhkms a`kstdktfy vdrhob tndt porspoathvos dkb a`kstdktfy vdrhob sanoeos `c a`f`ur, a`f`ur, daa`rbhkm t` tno p`shth`k `c odan hkbhvhbudf, dkb tno fhmnt hk wnhan tndt hkbhvhbudf vhowob ht … shkao ht hs k`t mhvok t` us t` ropr`buao tn`so `c tno kodr spoatdt`r hk d romh`k wnhan wo adk kovor oktor, oktor, wo edy yot s`eotheos a`ks`fo `ursofvos c`r tno t`` eofdkan`fy dlstrdath`ks dkb dvordmokoss `c sahokthffla roprosoktdth`k, ly pdhkthkm tndt bhstdkt nhst`rha a`uktry ds bhstdkt hkboob, lut ds hts cdr-`﬇ nhff rdkmos dkb snheeorhkm pfdhks rodffy dppodr hk tnohr a`elhkdth`k `c c`re dkb

 



 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  a`f`ur, cr`e tno nohmnt `c dk hkbhvhbudf hktorost `c `ur `wk, dkb lokodtn tno fhmnt `c `ur hkbhvhbudf andrdator. ]o soo `kfy vory fhttfo dt d theo, dkb

tndt fhttfo hs k`t wndt ht dppodrob t` tno eok `c tno pdst: lut wo soo dt fodst, hc k`t tno sdeo tnhkms, yot hk tno sdeo edkkor hk wnhan tnoy sdw, ds wo soo cr`e tno stdkbp`hkts `c pors`kdf hktorost dkb hk tno fhmnt `c pors`kdf toepor.

Brdwhkm `k tno eotdpn`r `c a`ktoep`rdry heprossh`khst fdkbsadpo pdhkthkm, Foo hk tnhs wdy dutn`rhsos d vhow `c tno pdst tndt hs dv`wobfy sulioat hvo dkb hk pdrthdf, poaufhdr norsofc, hkc`reob „aurrokts `c tn`umnt dkb coofhkm eysofc‘.  L`rkt`Sh`fot Wdmot hk ,lysno ndb db`ptob tno soxudffy hkbotorehkdto kdeo Sork`k Foo wnok dt tno dmo `c twokty-`ko sno lomdk t` pulfhsn hk tno Lrhthsn porh`bhadf pross loaduso, ds sno wr`to t` d crhokb, „H de suro tndt k` `ko rodbs d w`edk‘s wrhthkm `k drt, nhst`ry `r dostnothas whtn dkytnhkm lut ukehthmdtob a`ktoept.‘  Qno fhvob, ds wo ndvo sook, ds dk oxpdtrhdto Okmfhsnw`edk hk Htdfy, dkb wr`to pr`fhffladffy ukbor tnhs strdtomhadffy dkbr`myk`us psoub`kye `k drt, dostnothas, fhtordturo, nhst`ry dkb pfdao hk mokorhadffy dbvoktur`us c`res tnr`umn`ut tno fdst tw` boadbos `c tno khkotooktn aoktury dkb hkt` tno twokthotn twokthotn.. Hk Htdfy sno wds surr`ukbob ly tno pdst ords `c wnhan sno s no wr`to, lut sno wds saopthadf dl`ut tno p`sshlhfhty `c nhst`rhadf oka`uktors whtn tno „rodf‘ pdst9

Ht sooes ds hc dff woro dst`ukbhkmfy rodf, ds hc, ly s`eo edmha, wo woro datudffy m`hkm t` ehx hk tno fhco `c tno pdst. Lut ht hs hk rodfhty lut d eoro bofush`k, d boaoht fhjo tn`so bh`rdeds wnhan wo ndvo dff look hkt` ds anhfbrok … Q` dfs` whtn tnoso sooehkm rodfhthos `c \okdhssdkao fhco … wo adk soo, `r tnhkj wo soo, e`st pfdhkfy tno stroots dkb pdtns, tno cdaos dkb e`voeokts `c tndt \okdhssdkao w`rfb: lut wnok wo try t` pokotrdto hkt` ht, wo sndff fflkb tndt tnoro hs lut d sfhp `c s`fhb mr`ukb lokodtn us, tndt dff dr`ukb us hs lut adkvds dkb pdhktob wdffs, porspoathvob dkb fht up ly `ur cdkay: dkb tndt  wnok wo try t` dppr`dan t` t`uan `ko `c tn`so sooehkmfy s` rodf eok dkb  w`eok, `ur oyos fflkb `kfy bduls `c pdhkt, `ur ndkbs eoot `kfy ﬌dt dkb anhffy stuaa`. urk wo t` `ur l``js, dkb sooj tnorohk tno spoff wnoroly t` edjo tnhs sheufdarue rodf: dkb H tnhkj tno pfdstor whff sthff roedhk pfdstor, tno st`kos sthff roedhk st`ko.

Quan wrhthkm strhjos d vory bh﬇orokt k`to cr`e tno a`kfflbokt oephrhahst nhst`rhos tndt wo dss`ahdto whtn tno khkotooktn aoktury, summosthkm, dkb hkboob okdathkm, dftorkdthvo wdys `c okmdmhkm whtn tno pdst, mhvok tno hep`sshlhfhty `c d edsaufhkhst „pokotrdthkm hkt`‘ tno \okdhssdkao. Fhjo Ehandof Chofb, a`kiurhkm tno \okdhssdkao w`edk wn` hkndlhts dk oxtrdphaturo spdao s`eownoro lotwook Ldrt`f`eo` bd Sokot`‘s pdhktob adkvds dkb tno w`rfb ht bophats, Sork`k Sork`k Foo oktors tno hedmhkdthvo hedmh kdthvo spdaos lotwook lotwo ok tno nhst`rhadffy dutnoktha \okdhssdkao dkb hts sheufdard, tno „bduls `c

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 

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pdhkt‘ `k tno „﬌dt dkb anhffy stuaa`‘, daaosshkm tno porh`b tnr`umn hts vhsudf roedhks, yot ukborstdkbhkm tndt nor `wk nhst`ry hs lut d a`kstruath`k

`c tno pdst, ldsob `k crdmeokts tndt dro tnoesofvos eoro roprosoktdth`ks. roprosoktdth`ks. Ht hs hep`sshlfo t` ndvo d rodf bhdf`muo whtn tno Ehbbfo Dmos `r tno \okdhssdkao, Foo boafdros9 „]o eust kovor n`po t` ov`jo dky spoatros  wnhan adk tdfj whtn whtn us ds wo whtn tnoe … Roy dro dff cdaos, cdaos, tn`so wnhan eoot us hk tno pdmos `c anr`khafos dkb tno crdeos `c phaturos9 tnoy dro pdhktob roa`rbs `c tno pdst ‑ wo edy ukborstdkb tnoe ly sadkkhkm woff 

tnohr lut `ut tnoy`cadkk`t tnoy adkk`t us.‘   Roso codturos, porh`bs dro rodan. ukborstdkb, N`wovor, adtanhkm n`fb poraohvo `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury ndb look quhto d bh﬇orokt edttor c`r d aufturdf nhst`rhdk s` dttukob t` tno sphrht `c pfdao dkb tno durd `c edtorhdf `lioats. Ds sno lr`umnt t` d af`so nor fflrst l``j Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy , pulfhsnob c`ur yodrs loc`ro Oupn`rh`k Oupn`rh`k hk  hk  wnok sno wds iust twoktyc`ur, Sork`k Foo bosarhlob wny ht wds d edttor `c urmokay t` wrhto dl`ut ohmntooktn-aoktury san`fdrsnhp dt tndt pdrthaufdr e`eokt. Ht hs d phv`tdf theo, sno p`hkts `ut, wnok „ZtUno eok dkb tnhkms `c tno Htdfhdk ohmntooktn aoktury ndvo k`t yot look oxnueob dkb oxdehkob dkb arhthahsob dkb afdsshfflob: tnoy ndvo k`t yot look drrdkmob, pr`porfy curlhsnob dkb rost`rob, fhjo s` edky wdxw`rj b`ffs boajob hk aruelfhkm shfj dkb fdao, fhjo s` edky protty, qudhkt, `r prop`stor`us khajkdajs hk tno mfdss adsos `c `ur nhst`rhadf eusoue‘. Roy roedhk sthff, lut `kfy c`r d vory sn`rt theo, iust  whtnhk hedmhkdthvo hedmhkdthvo rodan9 rodan9  Dk `fb l``j `c `c adktdtds `c W`rp`rd, W`rp`rd, dk `fb v`fueo `c pfdys pfdys `c Adrf` M`zzh, M`zzh, b`os k`t d﬇oat us hk tno sdeo edkkor ds d bdrjokob adkvds `c hthdk `r d yoff`wob c`fh` `c Qndjospodro: tnoso fdttor ndvo pdssob tnr`umn t`` edky ndkbs, look f``job dt ly t`` edky oyos, tnoy rotdhk tno pors`kdfhty `c k`ko `c tnohr `wkors. Lut tno v`fueo `c M`zzh‘s pfdys wds pr`ldlfy t`uanob fdst ly ndkbs wnhan ndb afdppob dppfduso t` ru﬇dfbhk`-Qdaanh `r Wdktdf`koBdrlos: tno k`tos hk tno l``j `c adktdtds edy fdst ndvo look mfdkaob `vor ly shkmors wn` ndb fodrkob t` shkm tnoe cr`e W`rp`rd nhesofc. 

 ]  ]o ndvo eot kovor`aadsh`kdffy jk`wk tno po`pfo `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury aoktury, , sno sdys, „lut  woo ndvo eok dkb w`eok wn` ndvo‘9 tno fdby „wn`so ndkb, wnhan prossob `urs, `urs , ndb prossob tno ndkb `c Cdkky Lurkoy‘, dkb tno `fb eushahdk „wn` ndb sukm whtn l`yhsn v`hao t` Ahedr`sd dkb Wdhshoff` tn`so dhrs wnhan no nueeob `vor c`r us hk cdhkt dkb nusjy t`kos‘.   Ht hs tnhs hktokso boshro c`r tdathfo a`ktdat whtn d pdst w`rfb dl`ut t` e`vo loy`kb nor mrdsp, c`r tno cdhktost oan` `c porc`redkaos wnhan adk kovor dmdhk lo nodrb, loc`ro hts eok dkb w`eok dro „oxnueob, rost`rob, put hkt` mfdss adsos dkb oxnhlhtob eueey-cdsnh`k hk `ur nhst`rhadf

 

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 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

eusoues‘, tndt bofflkos tno pdrthaufdr qudfhty `c Foo‘s dppr`dan t` tno ohmntooktn aoktury aoktury.. Nor okmdmoeokt whtn nor edtorhdf hs nhmnfy pors`kdf dkb porc`redthvo.

 

Qno wds fdtor t` wrhto `c nor „ukdaa`uktdlfo pdssh`k‘, ds d anhfb, „c`r tno po`pfo dkb tnhkms `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury, dkb e`ro pdrthaufdrfy `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury hk Htdfy‘9 „N`w ht dr`so w`ufb lo bhfiauft t` oxpfdhk: porndps edhkfy cr`e tno bofhmnt wnhan H roaohvob cr`e tno eof`bhos `c E`zdrt dkb Mfuaj, phajob `ut whtn tnroo fflkmors `k tno phdk`. H c`ff`wob tn`so H pursuob dkbtndt H c`ukb eysofc tno ehbst tno Htdfhdks`ukbs: ohmntooktn aoktury.‘tnoe, aoktury.‘ Qtrosshkm sno eodks tnhshk„fhtordffy‘, „ fhtordffy‘, sno`cdbbs9 „H rodffy bhb fflkb ey wdy hkt` tndt porh`b, dkb rodffy bhb fhvo hk ht.‘  Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy  hs  hs tno hktrhmuhkm pr`buat `c tnhs @rfdkb`fhjo oxaursh`k, dkb hs cdsahkdthkm de`km `tnor tnhkms c`r hts fflat`-nhst`rhadf kom`thdth`ks `c tno prosokt dkb tno pdst, tno rodf dkb tno hedmhkdry.  Dftn`umn woff rosodranob dkb san`fdrfy san`fdrfy,, Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy  hs   hs a`ksah`usfy sulioathvo dkb cdkahcuf, dkb dv`wobfy pdrthdf. Nor sulioat hs adrocuffy ahrauesarhlob, nor c`aus k`t „tno ukhvorsdf andrdator `c tno aoktury htsofc‘, d andrdator wnhan sno fflkbs t` lo „cdr e`ro sp`ktdko`us dkb str`kmfy edrjob hk `tnor a`uktrhos‘ tndk hk Htdfy,  lut rdtnor tno drt c`res tndt woro kdth`kdf hk tnohr `rhmhks dkb andrdatorhsthas, dkb ndb tnohr r``ts boop hk Htdfhdk nhst`ry dkb ahvhfhsdth`k: kdeofy tno eushadf, brdedtha, porc`rehkm dkb dss`ahdtob vhsudf drts `c tno porh`b. Rhs hs d nhst`ry `c tno drts, dr ts, dkb dfs` tno oxpf`rdth`k `c dk hkk`vdthvo nhst`rhadf eotneotn`b`f`my. Ds san`fdrfy dkb woff rosodranob, dkb dfs` ds aufturdffy eobhdtob, ds Foo‘s stuby ukb`ultobfy hs, sno roprosokts norsofc k`t ds dk dkthqudrhdk `r d fhtordry nhst`rhdk `r d eusha arhtha `r d arhthadf tno`rhst lut ds „dk dostnothahdk‘, `ko wn` jk`ws Htdfy hkthedtofy, dkb wn`so ukborstdkbhkm `c hts ohmntooktn-aoktury drt dkb fhco hs coft `k tno pufsos. Qno porc`res dostnothahse ds sno wds fdtor, hk nor a`ffdl`rdthvo w`rj whtn Afoeokthkd  Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, t` porc`re, tnr`umn nor a`-dutn`r a`-dutn`r,, dkb tno`rhso d a`rp`rodfhsob spoatdt`rsnhp `c drt. ]o dro hkvhtob t` phaturo nor wdkborhkm tnr`umn tno stroots dkb robhsa`vorhkm dk ohmntooktn aoktury tndt hs e`ro dutnoktha loaduso hts trdaos, crdmeokts `c d w`rfb tndt nds k`t quhto pdssob dwdy, edy sthff lo c`ukb hk d jhkb `c eot`kyehas `c nhst`ry: edy lo c`ukb hk busty v`fueos rueedmob cr`e edrjot stdffs, fhjo Lr`wkhkm‘s „`fb yoff`w l``j‘ tndt loadeo tno ldshs `c Ro \hkm dkb tno L``j , `r hk c`rm`ttok fhttfo dranhvos: hk subbok oka`uktors whtn cdbob p`rtrdhts: hk tno stroot tnodtro dkb puppot sn`ws wnhan dro dff tndt roedhk `c d rhan hkbhmok`us norhtdmo: dkb hk komfoatob mdrboks dkb rdesndajfo r``es tndt `kao  woro tno vokuos vokuos `c dumust aufturdf mdtnorhkms.

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



Rr`umn`ut nor fhco, Sork`k Foo wds `lsossob whtn tno hbod `c tno „mokhus f`ah‘, tno wdy nhst`ry hs oel`bhob hk pfdao, dkb hk tnhs odrfy v`fueo pfdaos dro hkvostob whtn tno sphrht `c tno pdst, dkb edbo hkt` shtos `c

hktokshfflob oxporhokao dkb eodkhkm. Rus, tno fflrst andptor, andptor, „Ro Dradbhdk  Dadboey‘,‘, lomhks whtn dk daa`ukt `c n`w sno fflrst vhshtob tno boadyhkm  Dadboey L`sa` Wdrrdsh`, hk \`eo, „`kao tno eoothkm pfdao `c tno Dradbhdks, dkb k`w tno `kfy roekdkt `c tnohr p`ssossh`ks‘, dkb n`w sno „roturkob `ctok dkb `ctok t` spokb tno lurkhkm dctork``ks hk tno sndby mdrbok, `r hk tno a``f, bhsedktfob r``es, m`hkm n`eo dt suksot, adrryhkm dwdy lukanos `c ﬌`wors, … sjotanos … dkb dl`vo dff, vdmuo heprossh`ks, qudhkt dkb soktheoktdf, `c tno f`km-boaodsob dkb f`km-c`rm`ttok w`rfb `c tno fdst aoktury‘. Dkb dmdhk dt tno okb `c tno andptor, sno roturks us t` tno bos`fdto roedhks `c tno vhffd, wnoro „ZdUs wo stdkb `kao e`ro … wo coof ovok e`ro p`worcuffy tndk loc`ro n`w boop d mufc sopdrdtos us cr`e tn`so theos, s` kodr t` `ur `wk, yot s` c`rm`ttok, wnok tno Dadboey `c tno Dradbh roprosoktob tno wn`fo fhtordry fhtord ry fhco `c Htdfy‘. Ro c`ff`whkm andptor andpto r, „Ro Eushadf Fhco‘,‘, hs shehfdrfy crdeob ly nor vhsht t` tno n`eo `c tno `fb Wnhfndre`kha Fhco  Dadboey hk L`f`mkd. Dkb nor bosarhpth`k `c n`w sno „stuelfob `ko bdy‘ up`k tno Wdbudk n`uso dkb mdrbok `c tno c`reorfy mrodt lut k`w c`rm`ttok shkmor Wdaanhor`tth loa`eos tno `aadsh`k c`r suee`khkm d cdkahcuf eoe`ry „tndt wo `ursofvos eust `kao, vdmuofy dkb bhstdktfy, ndvo nodrb tndt wohrbfy swoot v`hao, tn`so sultfo, pdtnotha hkt`kdth`ks‘. Sork`k Foo b`os k`t c`aus `k tno vhsudf drts dr ts hk tnhs v`fueo: hkboob, sno swoophkmfy afdhes tndt hk tno ohmntooktn aoktury „ZtUno pfdstha drts woro bodb ovorywnoro, dkb ndb k`t yot look mdfvdkhsob ly arhthahse hkt` d spoatrdf soelfdkao `c fhco‘. Kovortnofoss, tnoro dro edky p`hkts hk tno toxt  wnok sno norsofc mdfvdkhsos pdhkthkms hkt` „d spoatrdf soelfdkao `c fhco‘, dkb tno vhsudf hs s` hktorw`vok hkt` nor eotn`b`f`my dkb s` cukbdeoktdf t` nor arhthadf roprosoktdth`k `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury hk Htdfy tndt nor Qtubhos , ds nor an`hao `c thtfo hepfhos, edy lo sdhb t` a`ksthtuto d aufturdf nhst`ry `c tnhs porh`b tndt oelrdaos dff tno drts, wnhan dro sook t` lo af`sofy hktomrdtob. Dt dff `c tno sdarob shtos sno ndukts, sno hs hk turk nduktob ly tno sndbos `c tno bodb, hk tno c`re `c tnohr p`rtrdhts. D „ar`wb `c r`a`a` r`a`a`   fflmuros‘, „theo-stdhkob p`rtrdhts `c f`km-c`rm`ttok eok dkb w`eok‘, f``j b`wk cr`e tno ehfbowob wdffs `c tno Dradbhdk Dadboey fhjo dk „dssoelfy `c fhtordry mn`sts, tnohr mdfd brossos dkb mdfd f``js cdbhkm dwdy hk `lfhvh`k‘.  Dt tno `kao vhlrdkt aoktro `c Htdfy‘s eusha hk L`f`mkd, sno fflkbs „d ar`wb `c bodb eushahdks, eoelors `c tno `kao-cde`us Wnhfndre`kha  Dadboey,, hk purpfo dkb fhfda, dkb lr`adbo dkb p`wbor  Dadboey p`wbor,, wn` f``j b`wk up`k us cr`e tno wdffs‘. D busty p`rtrdht `c Wdaanhor`tth ndkms hk tno

 



 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

bdrjokob fuelor r``e `c nhs c`reor n`eo, `k tno ldshs `c wn`so cdbob r`edktha summosthvokoss Foo a`kiuros tno spoatrdf trdaos `c d edk wn` „eust ndvo look dk hktokso hkstdkao `c tndt nhmnfy-wr`umnt soktheoktdf

hbodfhse wnhan dr`so, bofhadto dkb bhdpndk`us, hk `pp`shth`k t` tno ndrb, edtorhdfhstha rdth`kdfhse `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury‘.   Nor foxha`k, noro dkb ofsownoro, strhjhkmfy oan`os Wdtor‘s wnok, ds no b`os hk nhs ossdy `k  ]hkajofedkk,, c`r oxdepfo, sno soojs t` drthaufdto dk dftorkdthvo, coeh ]hkajofedkk khsob vhsh`k `c tno porh`b. Ro phaturos `c wnhan Foo wrhtos b` k`t dfwdys ndvo suan cdktdstha dkb mn`stfy ros`kdkaos. Q`eotheos, ds hk tno adso `c tno sofc-p`rtrdht `c tno loduthcuf dkb tdfoktob pdhktor Cdusthkd Edrdtth tndt Foo fflkbs hk tno  Dradbhdk Dadboey Dadboey,, d pdhkthkm adk okdlfo nor t` rosurroat tno hkbhvhbudf sulioat hk suan d wdy ds t` „edjo `ko ukborstdkb‘, hk tno hkstdkao `c Cdusthkd, wny sno wds s` dbehrob ly „tno e`st oehkokt eok `c Htdfy‘.    D p`rtrdht `c Eotdst Eotdstdsh` dsh` hs sulioat t` d rofoktfossfy pnysh`f`mhadf rodbhkm hk wnhan ovory botdhf `c nhs dkdt`ey dkb p`sturo hs edbo summosthvo `c nhs andrdator:  wnhfo d „loduthcuf lust‘ dkb d „seutty p`rtrdht‘ `c A`rhffd @fhephad, wnhan dttost, de`km `tnor tnhkms, t` tno „squhkthkm oyo, wnhan  wds supp`sob t` edjo tno heeobhdto a`kquost `c dky`ko up`k wn`e sno an`so t` fflx ht wnhfo hk tno oktnushdse `c hepr`vhshkm‘, dro e`lhfhsob ly Foot` lrhkm tnhs pdhkthkms oxtrd`rbhkdry, tdfoktob dkb sadkbdf`us t` fhco.  Q`eotheos dro edbo t` pr`vhbo tno ldshshepr`vvhsdt`ro  c`r dk hedm-   hkob saokdrh`, ds wnok tno a`kaort a `kaort phaturos `c Khaa`fü Dldth dkb Fo`koff` Qpdbd dro hkv`job t` lrhkm t` fhco d saoko `c pfdyors dkb shkmors `k stdmo shtthkm dr`ukb tno ndrpshan`rb: Foo roadffs `ko suan phaturo hk wnhan „d eushahdk nds foct tno ndrpshan`rb dkb hs pdahkm tno l`drbs, pfueob ndt hk ndkb, whtn s`foek mosturo‘, dkb w`kbors, „Hs no roahthkm, `r hs no shkmhkm0 Hs tnhs d rubheoktdry `pord `r eorofy d pfdy hktorfdrbob whtn a`kaorts0‘ tnus brdedthshkm tno phv`tdf e`eokt `c tno lhrtn `c tno `pord ds sno nds look bosarhlhkm ht. Ofsownoro d pdhkthkm porc`res tno cukath`k `c kdturdfhshkm tno hktorp`fdth`k `c d st`ry hkt` tno fdrmor kdrrdthvo, ds wnok d phaturo dt tno L`sa` Wdrrdsh` `c Worcotth hk nhs edky-a`f`urob a`stueo okdlfos dk daa`ukt `c n`w no wds dwdrbob tno ar`wk w`rk ly Wotrdran.  @r, ds hk tno adso `c tno bh﬇orokt styfos `c p`rtrdhts dkb prhkts bophathkm tno shkmor Cdrhkoffh, tno vhsudf ovhbokao hs bopf`yob t` a`epfhadto l`tn andrdator dkb hbods `c nhst`rhadf dkb pdhktorfy roprosoktdth`k. roprosoktdth`k. Foo romufdrfy mhvos vokt t` nor crustrdth`k dt lohkm ukdlfo t` edjo durdf roa`kstruath`ks `c ohmntooktn-aoktury eusha. Dkb s` `c Mdspdr` Wdaanhor`tth sno wrhtos, „Z]Uo coof dk hkbofflkdlfo sokso `c bhssdthscdath`k, d whstcuf, brodry sokso `c okvy c`r wndt bhb k`t cdff t` `ur f`t, dkb `c pdhk

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



dt tno tn`umnt tndt dff tndt coofhkm, dff tndt hedmhkdth`k, dff tndt adrocuf aufturo, nds foct k` trdao lonhkb ht. Hk turkhkm `vor tno fodvos `c eoe`hrs dkb eusha-l``js wo try, wo strdhk ds ht woro, t` `ltdhk dk oan` `c tndt suporlfy wdstob v`adf mokhus.‘ Lut nor vhsudf hedmhkdth`k kovor fots nor

b`wk. Qno soos tno shkmors dkb tno porc`redkaos tndt sno adkk`t nodr.  Dkb s` sno wrhtos, „] „]oo edy phaturo t` `ursofvos tn`so eushadf mdtnorhkms hk tno Lufmdroffhs‘ n`uso.‘ Dkb phaturo tnoe sno b`os, hk vory mrodt botdhf, dkb tno fflmuros wn` dttokb tnoe, suan ds tno „okormotha yot dfe`st romdf‘ shkmor, tno \`edkhkd9 „Xos, wo adk soo nor e`vhkm dl`ut hk nor rustfhkm lr`adbo dkb trdhfhkm vofvot, m`hkm cr`e tno mrodt shkmor f`ffhkm dl`ut tno ndrpshan`rb, nhs cdt soktheoktdf cdao ndfc nhb hk nhs aurfy whm dkb fdao crhff, `ko cdt loiowoffob ndkb tnrust hkt` nhs sdthk b`ulfot, tno `tnor pfdyhkm whtn nhs eusha r`ff … cr`e nhe t` s`eo `lsauro cdhr-ndhrob y`ukm edk edk‘.‘. Foo hs afodrfy oktrdkaob ly tno ohmntooktn aoktury ds spoatdafo, ds nor edky fusah`us bosarhpth`ks `c adrkhvdf dkb `tnor tnodtrhadf pfodsuros dttost. Curtnore`ro, nor `wk roprosoktdth`k `c tno porh`b hs nhmnfy stdmob ‑ d phoao `c tnodtro, fhjo tno oxtrdvdmdkt `pords dkb sn`ws sno hkv`jos c`r nor rodbors. Hk nor hktr`buath`k t` d fdtor w`rj,  Dftnod  (),   (), sno rocors t` nor „brdedths „brdedths pors`kdo ‘,‘, dkb t` tno koob `aadsh`kdffy „t` a`py cr`e `tnor 

sn`weok‘s l`xos d sphrhtudf puppot c`r wnhan H ndb k` hk e`bof‘.  Fhjo tno hffush`k-mokordthkm `pthadf mdbmotry tndt pr`fhcordtob tno khkotooktn aoktury, Foo‘s pr`so boaohvos tno oyo tnr`umn d sorhos `c dkhedthkm spoahdf o﬇oats. Fhjo tno sn`wedk whtn wn`e sno hbokthfflos, sno trdksfdtos tno tw`-bheoksh`kdf pdmo hkt` d lofhovdlfo tnroo-bheoksh`kdf fhvhkm w`rfb, tnok brdws dttokth`k t` tno trhajory, ds sno roturks us t` tno s`fhb rodfhty `c tno l``j. „Hs ht d rodfhty0‘ sno dsjs. „Nds Eokom` r`wob us `vor tno fdm``k0 … Ndvo wo rodffy whtkossob tnhs hkahbokt `c fflsnhkm fhco `k tno  Dbrhdtha0‘ „K`,‘ „K`,‘ sno a`kcossos, „wo ndvo `kfy fdhb b`wk d fhttfo eusty v`fueo, dt tno pfdao edrjob ‖Fo Ldru﬇o Anhzz`tto―.‘  Ro nhst`rhdk `c fflfe, `e Mukkhkm, nds wrhttok `c d c`redthvo toank`f`my `c „dttrdath`k‘ dt  w`rj hk tno bovof`peokt bovof`peokt hk tno fdto s s dkb s `c d e`borkhsob edss vhsudf aufturo. Nhs bhsaussh`k `c tno strdtomhos `c odrfy fflfe tnr`ws fhmnt `k Foo‘s tdathas c`r okmdmhkm tno dttokth`k `c nor dubhokao9 „Cr`e a`eobhdks sehrjhkm dt tno adeord, t` tno a`kstdkt l`whkm dkb mosturhkm `c a`kiurors hk edmha fflfes, tnhs hs d ahkoed tndt bhspfdys hts vhshlhfhty, whffhkm t` rupturo d sofc-okaf`sob fflath`kdf w`rfb c`r d andkao t` s`fhaht s `fhaht tno dttokth`k `c tno spoatdt`r.‘ Foo‘s wrhthkm edkhcosts tno jhkbs `c bovhaos dkb tnodtrhadfhthos hbokthfflob ly Mukkhkm. Dkb s` wnhfo nor prhkahpdf strdtomy hs t` porsudbo us `c tno dutnokthahty `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury sno lrhkms loc`ro

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

us (ly, c`r oxdepfo, hedmhkdthvofy oktorhkm tno oxporhokaos `c d nhst`rhadf fflmuro suan ds Br Andrfos Lurkoy, Lurkoy, rotrdahkm nhs  eushadf t`ur tnr`umn Crdkao dkb Htdfy, dkb oeloffhsnhkm tno daa`ukt hk nhs i`urkdf whtn tno jhkb `c sedff botdhf tndt arodtos d „rodfhty o﬇oat‘), sno romufdrfy bhsrupts

dkb bostdlhfhsos tno o﬇oat `c tno rodf sno nds s` adrocuffy a`kstruatob ly oxp`shkm hts toxtudfhty dkb fflathvokoss. Whotr` Eotdstdsh`, Adrf` M`fb`kh dkb Adrf` M`zzh dro Foo‘s oxoepfdry  wrhtors, dkb sno brdws `k p`rtrdhts, fottors, i`urkdfs dkb eoe`hrs ds woff ds tnohr arodthvo w`rjs t` `﬇or pors`kdf dkb spoaufdthvo daa`ukts `c tnohr fhvos dkb adroors. Qno wds hktorostob hk tnoe, ds sno wds hk tno pdhktors dkb eushahdks `c tno porh`b, k`t `kfy ds drthsts, wn` lof`kmob t` „tno ukandkmodlfo otorkdf w`rfb `c tno mrdkb dkb f`vofy hbodf‘, lut dfs` ds eok,  wn` lof`kmob t` „tno opnoeordf w`rfb `c qudhkt dkb fubhar`us rodfhty‘.  Ndrb tn`umn ht edy lo t` fflkb d a`py `c M`zzh‘s pfdys d nukbrob yodrs dctor nhs bodtn, dkb t` roa`kstruat tnohr porc`redkao, tnoy b` survhvo hk d edtorhdf c`re, ds tndt opnoeordf w`rfb b`os k`t. Foo wds e`ro cdsahkdtob sthff ly tno Htdfhdk drt `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury tndt ndb k` edtorhdf oxhstokao, dkb tndt wds htsofc cukbdeoktdffy opnoeordf, opnoeordf, hk pdrthaufdr tno drt `c tno oxtoep`rdry p`ot dkb tno shkmor. Foo fdeokts „tno mokhus spokt hk dk oxtoep`rhsob v`adf `rkdeokt wnhan wds kovor trdksehttob t` pdpor, hk tno bofhvory d cowovdkosaokt k`tos wnhan fdstob lut dtno soa`kb: tno `c mokhus squdkborob hk tno`ce`st porc`redkao, eoe`ry wnhan bhob  whtn tn`so wn` ndb ndb nodrb ht‘. ht‘. Foo hs botorehkob tndt tno `tnor usudf adsudfthos `c tno nhst`rhadf roa`rb,  w`eok, whff k`t fhjowhso fhjowhso bhsdppodr whtn`ut whtn`ut trdao. K`r K`r b` wo `kfy nodr `c tno p`worcuf w`eok wn` pfdyob d shmkhffladkt r`fo hk ohmntooktn-aoktury ohmntooktn-aoktury aufturdff dkb p`fhthadf fhco9 `c Edrhd Rorosd norsofc, hk tno Heporhdf Wdfdao dt aufturd Shokkd: `c tno Mrdkb-Buanoss B`wdmor `c usadky, Sh`fdkto Lodtrhao `c Ldvdrhd, wn` hk  suee`kob tno hepr`vvhsdt`ro  Worcotth  Worcotth t` \`eo, wnoro w noro no wds dwdrbob tno ar`wk `c tno Adpht`f: `c tno cde`us datross dkb shkmor Edrhdkkd Lufmdroffh, a`ee`kfy adffob Fd \`edkhkd, dkb tno A`uktoss  Dftndkk, wn`so f`vo dkb pdtr`kdmo pdtr`kdmo woro s` arhthadf t` Eotdstdsh`‘ Eotdstdsh`‘s pr`cossh`kdf adroor: `c tno daa`epfhsnob Dradbhdk drthst dkb sdf`khîro Cdusthkd  Cdusthkd   dkb „tno loduthcuf y`ukm prhkaoss b‘Drao @rshkh, a`ep`sor, p`otoss, dkb mokordf pdtr`koss `c fhtordth‘: `c tno fodbhkm drhst`ardtha sdf`khîros,  w`eok fhjo tno A`uktoss Adsthmfh`ko dt Ehfdk, tno A`uktoss Mrhse`kbh dt Lrosahd, tno Edranosd Qhfvhd Sorzd dt Sor`kd, tno A`uktoss \`lorth dt Ldssdk`, dkb, dl`vo dff, `c tno f`vofy Hs`loffd o`t`aanh Dflrhzzh dt Sokhao, hk wn`so brdwhkm r``es „tno e`st oehkokt p`ots, Wdrhkh, Whkboe`kth, W`epoh, Aosdr`tth, woro a`kstdktfy t` lo eot, t`motnor whtn dk `aadsh`kdf

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



afdsshadf saufpt`r `r oe`th`kdf shkmor fhjo Adk`vd `r Wdaanhor`tth‘:   `c „tno hkkueordlfo fdbhos wn`, ds s``k ds tnoy ndvo oxandkmob tno a`kvokt c`r tnohr nusldkb‘s n`uso, loa`eo rofflkob, fhtordry, kdy fodrkob9 p`otossos, a`ep`sors, dkb proshbors `vor hktoffoatudf s`ahoty, s`ahoty, tno crhokbs, pdtr`kossos, dkb a`uksoff`rs `c tno mrodtost wrhtors hk Htdfy, yot whtn`ut dsphrhkm t` tno

p`shth`k `c tno B`tt`rossd Ldssh, wn` foaturob `k Kowt`k‘s @pthas  loc`ro  loc`ro  sno wds twokty‘. Ht hs k`t iust `c suan oehkokt w`eok tndt Sork`k Foo toffs us, lut dfs` `c „tno y`ukm fdbhos `c tno nhmnost lhrtn Zwn`U m` `ut `k rhbhkm pdrthos, brossob hk dfe`st edsaufhko cdsnh`k, k` `ko tdjhkm `﬇okao tnorodt, dkb tno p`ots toffhkm tnoe tndt hk tnhs mdrl tnoy f``j fhjo Wdrhs dkb Okbyeh`k‘: `c „tno fdbhos wodrhkm p`rtrdhts `c mrodt porc`reors, cdhkthkm, fhjo Loajc`rb‘s Wdbudk fdby, cr`e eushadf rdpturo … sn`whkm tnohr f`vo `c eusha hk d nukbrob dlsurb cdsnh`ks‘: `c tno pfdaos wnoro „w`eok dro k`t foct `ut `c tno fhtordry lustfo‘, dkb tno pfdaos wnoro tnoy dro, suan ds \`eo, wnoro tnoro wds „dk dlsurb romufdth`k c`rlhbbhkm w`eok t` porc`re `k dky stdmo hk tno Otorkdf Ahty‘, dkb wnoro w`eok‘s pdrts hk tno `pord woro pfdyob ly l`ys. Qno wrhtos `c Br Lurkoy‘s vhshts t` tno eusha san``fs c`r mhrfs c`r wnhan Sokhao wds cde`us, a`kiurhkm „tno shkmufdr shmnt `c dk `ranostrd okthrofy a`ep`sob `c w`eok, wn` pfdyob hk d edstorfy edkkor … `ko `c tno eushadf w`kbors `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury‘.  Ofsownoro sno bhsaussos b`eostha fhco dkb edrrhdmo aust`es hk rofdth`k t` ohmntooktn-aoktury ohmntooktn -aoktury Htdfhdk aufturo. Dkb sno b`os k`t c`rmot tno pr`cossh`kdf porc`reors9 kohtnor tno ukkdeob coedfo aofolrhthos hk dkthahpdth`k `c wn`so drrhvdf „tno mrodt tnodtro hs put hkt` `rbor‘, dkb „tno wn`fo t`wk hs hk d tueuft `c oxahtoeokt‘: k`r tn`so wn`so kdeos loadeo cde`us, suan ds Edrhd Edbbdfokd E`roffh, E`roffh, wn` porc`reob nor oxtoep`rdry p`otry ukbor tno Dradbhdk kdeo `c A`rhffd @fhephad, dkb wn` wds t` danhovo mrodtor cdeo sthff hk nor fflath`kdf rohkadrkdth`k ds A`rhkko. Sork`k Foo‘s daa`ukt `c tno rowrhthkm `c A`rhffd‘s st`ry rovodfs dk dstuto ukborstdkbhkm `c n`w, hk tnohr dctorfhco, nhst`rhadf ovokts dkb oxporhokaos dro ro-hksarhlob whtn bh﬇orokt eodkhkms. Ndvhkm bosarhlob n`w tno hepr`vvhsdt`ro  wds  wds e`ajob dkb dlusob hk \`eo dt tno vory aoroe`ky  wnoro sno roaohvob tno ar`wk `c tno Adpht`f, loaduso ly  „tno a`r`kdth`k wds romdrbob ds d cdrao `r d pr`cdkdth`k, tno Dradbhdks ds a`kaohtob pobdkts, A`rhffd norsofc ds dk hepubokt dbvoktuross‘, sno m`os `k t` oxpfdhk n`w sno adeo t` lo trdksc`reob ly Edbdeo bo Qtdêf hkt` „d rdbhdkt shlyf, d s`rt `c pors`khfflob mokhus `c Htdfy‘ dkb „uka`ksah`usfy mdvo rhso t` d edstorphoao‘ hk A`rhkko .  Foo‘s s`pnhsthadtob dpproahdth`k `c dkb hktorost hk tno pr`aoss `c nhst`ry dkb n`w ht hs wrhttok, ovok dt

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

tnhs odrfy stdmo hk nor adroor, hkc`res nor `wk wrhthkm `c tno pdst dkb nor ukborstdkbhkm `c porh`bhsdth`k dkb tno nhst`rhos `c drt. Qno hs dfort t` tno cdat tndt tnhkms shmkhcy bh﬇oroktfy dt bh﬇orokt nhst`rhadf e`eokts. Loc`ro dkb dctor tno Crokan \ov`futh`k, c`r hkstdkao, ndb andkmob tno wdy tno Lrhthsn vhowob tno Crokan. ]nok Br Lurkoy vhshtob Wdrhs hk , Foo

k`tos, No ndb f``job dt tnhs strdkmo po`pfo whtn`ut dky `c tno codrs dkb ndtrob wnhan tnoy woro fdtor bosthkob t` hksphro. Ro a`ehkm rov`futh`k ndb k`t yot adst hts sndb`w loc`ro ht.‘ Dkb loc`ro dkb dctor \`edkthahse andkmob tno wdy po`pfo rosp`kbob t` fdkbsadpo. Foo `lsorvos9 „N`w Br. Lurkoy m`t dar`ss tno Dfps no b`os k`t toff us. Hk tn`so bdys, wnok  Dfphko r`dbs woro ukjk`wk dkb Dfphko saokory saokor y ukk`thaob, d i`urkoy `c tnhs s`rt wds pr`ldlfy f``job ldaj up`k ds oqudffy n`rrhb dkb ukhktorosthkm, dkb ukw`rtny, tnoroc`ro, `c lohkm roa`rbob.‘  Dkb no ar`ssob tno  Dpokkhkos „wn`ffy „wn`ffy uka`ksah`us `c tno bofhmntcuf bofhmntcuf \dbafhfidk tnrhffs `c n`rn`rr`r wnhan Ers. Ideos`k dkb ]dsnhkmt`k Hrvhkm woro bosthkob t` rokbor s` p`pufdr: hkboob tno wrhtors `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury dro s` porvorsofy a``f dkb a`ec`rtdlfo dl`ut tno Dpokkhko pdssos tndt y`u ehmnt dfe`st hedmhko lrhmdkbs dkb mndstfy hkk-joopors t` ndvo c`reob pdrt `c tno trdvoffhkm pdrdpnorkdfhd `c tno r`edkthahsts `c `ur aoktury, ly wn`e tnoy  woro hktr`buaob hkt` Htdfy, Htdfy, t`motnor whtn ahraufdthkm fhlrdrhos dkb Okmfhsn mr`aorhos.‘ Curtnore`ro, sno oxpfdhks, tno vory kdeo „Htdfy‘ „bhb k`t summost wndt ht summosts t` us: ht wds k`t tno fflofb c`r tno oxorahso `c tn`so cdaufthos wnhan dro oxorahsob tnoro hk `ur `wk bdy. Roro ndb look k` Lyr`k, k` Qhse`kbh, k` Fdby E`rmdk, k` \usjhk: tno mokordth`k `c M`otno, `c Edbdeo bo Qtdêf, `c Loajc`rb, kdy, ovok `c Dkk \dbafh﬇o, ndb k`t ds yot dppodrob.‘  Roroc`ro tno vhsht`r dppr`danob ht hk quhto d bh﬇orokt  wdy cr`e tno e`bork t`urhst: „bhb k`t a`kshbor Htdfy ds d tnhkm `c tno pdst, d roekdkt `c dkthquhty, `c tno Ehbbfo Dmos `r `c tno \okdhssdkao, lut ds d a`uktry fhjo dky `tnor e`bork `ko: dkb hts hkndlhtdkts kohtnor ds bomokordto bosaokbdkts `c tno \`edks k`r ds wohrb anhfbrok `c tno \okdhssdkao‘.  Ro quosth`k `c tno rofdthvhty `c aufturdf shmkhffladth`k pr`vhbos tno `aadsh`k c`r l`tn fhmntnodrtob p`hmkdkt `k tno `c roputdth`k wnhan dmdhk dkb nds rdtnor hepfhadth`ks c`r ro﬌oath`k nor dppr`dan t` vdmdrhos tno nhst`rh`mrdpny `c drt. Br Lurkoy, wo dro t`fb, wds k`t dff tndt heprossob ly tno l`y E`zdrt wnok no oka`uktorob nhe, wnhfo Eotdstdsh`‘s i`jhkm  w`rbs hk d e`aj lh`mrdpny lh`mrdpny,, „Hk tno ohmntooktn aoktury tnoro fhvob d aortdhk Dldto Eotdstdsh`, d t`fordlfo p`ot de`km ldb `kos‘,  dro oxp`sob ds d aruof hr`ky hk tno fhmnt `c nhs cuturo roputdth`k. Ht dfs` ukborfhos Foo‘s croquokt ro﬌oath`ks `k nor `wk wrhthkm prdathao, dkb nor crdkj dutn`rhdf

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



hktorvokth`ks, wnhan rocuso t` kdturdfhso tno toffhkm `c nhst`ry ds dkytnhkm `tnor tndk d kdrrdthvo wnhan sno adk edkhpufdto dt whff. Dt `ko p`hkt, c`r oxdepfo, sno hktorioats9 „Daa`rbhkm t` d ldb lut hkvhkahlfo tokbokay `c  wnhan tno rodbor edy `ctok ndvo t` a`epfdhk, wo ndvo tdjok tno `pp`rtukhty `c bhsausshkm tno anuran eusha `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury hk mokordf,  wnok tnoro wds k` `aadsh`k t` spodj `c dky sdvo tno trh﬌hkm porc`re-

dkaos wnhan Br. Lurkoy dttokbob: joophkm `ur trdvoffor wdhthkm, stdkbhkm hk s`eo buff fhttfo anuran fhstokhkm t` eobh`aro eusha.‘ Dkb fdtor, ndvhkm bhmrossob `kao e`ro cr`e nor roa`kstruath`k `c Lurkoy‘s oxporhokao `c Htdfy t` tdfj dl`ut ohmntooktn-aoktury shkmors, dkb nor `wk bhsa`vory `c Mdspdr` Wdaanhor`tth‘s n`uso dkb mdrbok, sno roadffs norsofc t` tno pdst `c wnhan sno hs eodkt t` lo wrhthkm9 „]nhtnor ndvo `ur cdkahos adrrhob us0 Ro mdrbok dt Wdbud, tno ndrpshan`rb, tno p`rtrdht ‑ dro k`ko `c tnoe prosokt. Wdaanhor`tth, s` cdr cr`e lohkm d eoro cdhkt roa`ffoath`k, hs ds yot d sadraofy k`thaob rodfhty, dk `lsauro y`utn whtn ukbhvhkob tdfokts. Br. Lurkoy nds kovor yot nodrb nhs kdeo.‘  Quan bhsdrehkm sofc-a`eeoktdry boshmkobfy c`romr`ukbs tno cdat tndt sno hs k`t `kfy roa`kstruathkm lut a`kstruathkm d porh`b: tndt tnhs hs k`t d trdkspdrokt whkb`w `kt` tno pdst, lut d kdrrdthvo, tno anr`k`f`mhadf ndkbfhkm `c wnhan tno dutn`r hs hk a`ktr`f, dkb hk wnhan tno vory hbod `c wndt a`ksthtutos „tno pdst‘ hs ukstdlfo, hkovhtdlfy botorehkob ly dkb helrhadtob hk shehfdrfy ukstdlfo k`th`ks `c „tno prosokt‘.  Dfwdys strhjhkm hs tno e`borkhty `c Sork`k Foo‘ Foo‘ss a`kaoptudfhsdth`k `c nhst`ry, `c nor jook dwdrokoss `c tno cdat tndt poraopth`ks `c tno pdst dro aufturdffy p`shth`kob, dkb tndt nhst`ry hs d a`kstruath`k, „`kfy d arodth`k `c tno prosokt‘, „d sorhos `c … dbehrdlfo tnodtrhadf vhows: eoro bofush`k‘.  C`urtook yodrs dctor pulfhsnhkm nor fflrst l``j, sno wds t` rovhsht ohmntooktnaoktury Htdfy hk d „bhdf`muo‘ sot hk tno a`ktoxt `c d e`bork porc`redkao `c Mfuaj‘s @rpnous  hk   hk \`eo. @ko `c nor andrdators hs d bov`too: dk`tnor, d „e`bork‘ c`r wn`e tno `pord „hs tno w`rj `c d tn`r`umnfy lym`ko pdst, `c d a`epfotofy oxthkat drt‘, wn` a`ktokbs tndt „pr`buaob hk uttor uka`ksah`uskoss `c wndt tno e`bork s`uf w`ufb lo, ht k` f`kmor dkswors t` tno koobs us e`borks‘: wnhfo tno c`reorfy pdssh`kdto dl`ut tno ohmntooktn `c aoktury, k`w hkcoatob ly tnhrb, boadbokao, w`kbors9 „Dro wo rost`rhkm fhco t` d tnhkm tndt adk fhvo, `r dro wo mdfvdkhshkm d a`rpsoZ0U‘  Ro e`eokt tndt Foo mrdspob hk wrhthkm nor Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy   nds dfrodby, ht sooes, pdssob ‑ dftn`umn wo dro sn`wk tno p`wor `c tno v`hao t` trdksp`rt ovok tn`so wn` e`st vhm`r`usfy boky Mfuaj‘s dppodf c`r d e`bork dubhokao, dkb dfs` tno p`tokthdf c`r nhs w`rj t` lo ro-edbo c`r tno fflk tno  fflk bo shîafo 9 „‖Dn!― oxafdheob Adrf`, whtn supprossob oktnushdse

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Zup`k tno oktry `c @rpnousU, ‖tndt hs d fflmuro, dff mfhttorhkm whtn eystha iowof-fhmnts, c`r `ko `c y`ur pro-\dpndofhto pdhktors, `r c`r Mustdvo E`rodu.―‘

\omdrbhkm tno ohmntooktn aoktury 

Chvo yodrs fdtor, Oehfhd Bhfjo wds t` pulfhsn tno fflrst v`fueo `c d vdst c`urpdrt stuby `c Crokan drt hk tno ohmntooktn aoktury, wnhan a`vors pdhkthkm, saufpturo, okmrdvhkm, brdwhkm, dranhtoaturo, curkhturo dkb boa`rdth`k. Wulfhsnob  ht tdjos dk dppr`dan t` tno porh`b quhto bhccorokt cr`ecr`e Foo‘s, lutt`hs, shehfdrfy bhsthkathvo dkb `rhmhkdf. Fhjo Foo, Bhfjo dajk`wfobmos tno edmkhtubo `c tno tdsj `c wrhthkm dl`ut ohmntooktn-aoktury aufturo ‑ „tno sulioat hs s` vdst‘, sno wrhtos, „tndt t` dttoept t` trodt ht … edy lo fhjokob t` tno anhfb‘s o﬇`rt t` ‖put tno sod hk y`kbor n`fo―‘  ‑ lut sno osanows tno sofoathvo, sulioathvo heprossh`khse cdv`urob ly Foo t` pursuo tno „sahokthffla „sahokthffla eotn`b‘ tndt Foo dliurob. Ro okayaf`pobha a`epronokshvokoss pronokshvoko ss dt wnhan sno dheob hs pdrt dkb pdraof `c suan dk `lioathvhst eotn`b`f`my. K`t `kfy bhb Bhfjo‘s dadboeha styfo `c prosokthkm tno ohmntooktn aoktury hk Crdkao bh﬇or cr`e Foo‘s dv`wobfy „dostnotha‘ dppr`dan t` ohmntooktn-aoktury Htdfy, lut tno kdturo `c tnohr rospoathvo sulioats wds vory bh﬇orokt. ]nhfo Foo hktorostob norsofc prhkahpdffy hk p`pufdr, boe`ardtha dkb opnoeordf drt c`res, Bhfjo, bosphto nor pors`kdf a`eehteokt t` s`ahdf iusthao dkb fdl`ur `rmdkhsdth`k, c`ausob hk nor san`fdrfy wrhthkm `k tno drts pr`buaob ukbor tno pdtr`kdmo `c tno Crokan a`urt, `k bhsthkatfy drhst`ardtha drt c`res tndt ndb dk okburhkm dppodf c`r tno vory wodftny.  ]nhfo Foo wds cdsahkdtob ly tno romh`kdf, Bhfjo Bhfjo‘‘s dv`wob c`aus wds `k tno eotr`p`fhtdk. Dkb wnoro Foo spoahffladffy botorehkob k`t t` bhsauss Htdfhdk drt tndt wds hk﬌uokaob ly Wdrhs dkb F`kb`k dkb tno psoub`-afdsshadf rovhvdf, c`r Bhfjo ko`-afdsshahse hs d aoktrdf tnoeo, c`r sno wds wrhthkm `c d pfdao dkb theo wnok tno rovhvdfhst styfo „roaohvob dk oxtrd`rbhkdry e`rdf a`ksoardth`k wnhan adrrhob ht c`rahlfy t` oxtroeo a`kafush`ks‘: a`kafush`ks‘: wnok „ZeUok woro aut `﬇ dkb cr`estrhat tno a`kc`rehty rhanost s`uraos `c cdkay ly dk st``b hkox`rdlfy rov`futh`kdry f`mha, t` afdssha proaobokt c`r d shmk `c nor`ha andrdator‘.  Dkb yot tnoso rdtnor shmkhffladkt bh﬇orokaos bh﬇orokaos `c dppr`d dppr`dan an edy lo sdhb t` ndvo drhsok `ut `c tnohr a`ee`k a`kaork whtn tno s`ahdf, oa`k`eha dkb p`fhthadf botorehkdkts `c drt, whtn tno aufturdf nhst`ry `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury. Fhjo Foo, Bhfjo soojs t` ov`jo tno w`rfb wnhan pr`buaob suan drtw`rjs, „t` trdao tno dath`k `c tn`so s`ahdf fdws ukbor tno prossuro `c

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



 wnhan tno drts tdjo sndpo sndpo‘,‘,  ds woff ds t` dkdfyso tno drtocdat htsofc, dkb nor c`aus `k tno drt `c tno vory nhmnfy prhvhfomob edy lo sdhb t` ndvo m`ko  whtn tno torrht` torrht`ry ry hk tno adso `c ohmnt ohmntooktnooktn-aoktury aoktury Crokan drt. Fhjo Foo, t``, sno `poks tno fflrst v`fueo `c nor stuby Crokan Wdhktors `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury  ()  () whtn d andptor `k tno Dadboey dkb hts boehso. Ro Crokan \ov`futh`k ndb oktorob Foo‘s Foo‘s `wk st`ry `c tno Dradbhdk Dadboey Dadboey,, lut noro hts hk﬌uokao `k tno drt ostdlfhsneokt hs, kdturdffy ok`umn, e`ro pr`ehk-

okt. Bhfjo rofdtos n`w tno Crokan \`ydf Dadboey‘s c`rtukos woro cdtdffy dss`ahdtob whtn tn`so `c tno drhst`arday, „ZtUnohr vory oxhstokao … l`ukb up  whtn tndt systoe systoe wnhan tno pr`aoobob, kdth`k wds tno r`ushk r`ushkm m htsofc  `c prhvhfomo dkb adsto t` `vortnr`w‘.  Qno bosarhlos n`w,adst dsotno aoktury Dadboey edbo htsofc hkarodshkmfy ofhthst dkb oxafushvo, soaurhkm d e`k`p`fy `c oxnhlhth`ks dkb mokordffy „kdrr`whkm b`wk tno a`ee`k croob`e `c tno pr`cossh`k wnhan ht roprosoktob, wnhfst okfdrmhkm tno prhvhfomos wnhan mdvo t` htsofc s`ahdf bhmkhty dkb hk﬌uokao‘, whtn tno rosuft tndt ly ehb-aoktury ht ndb „ostdlfhsnob tndt e`k`p`fy `c tno drts c`r wnhan dff df`km ht ndb c`umnt c` umnt hk tno kdeo `c tno bhmkhty `c tno Ar`wk‘, Ar`wk‘, d e`k`p`fy wnhan wds „k`w bosthkob, ly tno bhsmust ht oxahtob hk `utshbors, t` lrhkm dl`ut tno bostruath`k `c tno l`by ly wnhan ht wds edhktdhkob‘.  Hk tno okb, „ZtUnoro wds k`tnhkm foct lut t` okburo tno strhat dppfhadth`k `c tno prhkahpfos `c fhlorty dkb oqudfhty wnhan woro bosthkob t` bostr`y tno af`so crdtorkhty tndt ndb ndb hts `rhmhk hk a`ee`k sdarhfflaos c`r tno ‖lhok bos Drts―‘,dkb tno cdff `c tno „Ldsthffo bo fd Wohkturo‘ wds tno hkovhtdlfo a`ksoquokao. Rhs hs tno a`ktoxt hk wnhan Bhfjo vhows tno „an „andrehkm drehkm drt‘ `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury hk Crdkao. C`r Bhfjo, ht hs dl`vo dff dk drt a`kvoyhkm „pnyshadf pfodsuro‘, pfodsuro‘, `ko tndt aofolrdtos a ofolrdtos tno `ctok opnoeordf „i`ys `c tno soksos‘.  _kfhjo tno drt `c tno provh`us aoktury, tno „Mrdkb Qhîafo‘ `c wnhan sno  wr`to hk nor v`fueo v`fueo Drt  Drt hk tno E`bork Qtdto   () dkb wnhan sno sdw ds tno pr`buat `c d „mrodt aoktrdfhshkm systoe‘, lut fhjo \okdhssdkao drt, ohmntooktn-aoktury drt nds, c`r dff hts drthfflahdfhty, daa`rbhkm t` Bhfjo, d jhkb `c hktomrhty. rutn, sno drmuos, ohtnor hk tno sokso `c tno kdturdfhse `c Butan drt `r hk tno sokso `c fflbofhty t` tno „otorkdf trutns `c fhco‘, wds „hep`sshlfo t` tno drthsts `c tno fdttor ndfc `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury‘.   Kovortnofoss, tno mrodt boa`rdthvo pdhktors hk pdrthaufdr , c`r dff tnohr a`ktrhvob drthfflahdfhty, „dff ro﬌oat whtn dk hktheday t` wnhan tnoro hs porndps k` pdrdffof, tno edkkors dkb t`ko `c tnohr bdy‘. „ZIUust ds tnoro kovor wds d bdy hk wnhan drt dkb fhco woro e`ro a`kvokth`kdf, s` tnoro kovor wds d theo wnok a`kvokth`ks ndb d mrodtor hk﬌uokao `k andrdator dkb a`kbuat‘, dkb hk tno drt `c d mrodt boa`rdthvo pdhktor suan ds Crdm`kdrb, „cdr roe`vob ds ht hs cr`e tndt `c kdturo dkb `c trutn, wo dro sthff hk d rodf w`rfb c`r tno

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

a`kvokth`ks `c wnhan ht wds edbo up, woro dk ossokthdf pdrt `c tno fhvos `c tn`so de`kmst wn`e no fhvob dkb w`rjob‘. Bhfjo‘s `wk c`redf trdhkhkm ds dk drthst oquhppob nor t` wrhto oxportfy `k tno toankhadf a`ep`shth`k dkb edtorhdf a`kbhth`k `c tno pdhkthkms  wnhan dro tno sulioat `c nor fflrst v`fueo, wnhfo nor provh`us stubhos `c \okdhssdkao dkb sovoktooktn-aoktury Crokan drt eodkt tndt sno wds jk`wfobmodlfo dl`ut tno heeobhdto s`ahdf, p`fhthadf dkb aufturdf w`rfb

`ut `c wnhan tno drt `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury oeormob. Quan dk hkc`reob ukborstdkbhkm `c l`tn tno drtocdat dkb hts a`ktoxt fodbs t` rowdrbhkm bhsaussh`k tno andptor vdrh`us san``fs dkb lomhkkhkm tnohr e`stwhtn roprosoktdthvo pdhktors tndt sno bodfs`cwhtn ly andptor, tno boa`rdthvo pdhktors, suan ds L`uanor dkb Crdm`kdrb, dkb tno pdhktors `c cétos `c  cétos mdfdktos , suan ds  ]dttodu  ] dttodu dkb Wdt Wdtor or,, dkb e`vhkm tnr`umn tno pdhktors `c cdehfhdr saokos, Andrbhk, Ldub`uhk dkb Mrouzo, t` p`rtrdhturo dkb fflkdffy fdkbsadpo. Qno  wrhtos, c`r oxdepfo, whtn l`tn d jook oyo dkb d jook nhst`rhadf hktoffhmokao, dl`ut Crdm`kdrb‘s lrhffhdkt bophath`ks `c „Otorkdf y`utn, porpotudf pfodsuro, dkb dff tno wdkt`k mrdaos, tnohr hkshkaoro dhrs edsjob ly d v`fuptu`us andre‘: `c nhs uso `c a`f`ur, pdrthaufdrfy „tno f`vofy thkts `c loduthcuf ﬌osn … wr`umnt t` tno porcoath`k `c soksudf andre‘, dkb tn`so „pdssdmos  wnhan rhvdf tno edmha `c \uloks, dkb lotrdy tno datudf pnyshadf bofhmnt ZnoU ndb hk pdhkthkm tnoe‘: dkb `c n`w  lr`umnt nhs andreob adroor t` d af`so, c`r, ndvhkm rotrodtob t` nhs kdthvo Mrdsso, wnoro no a`kthkuob t` pdhkt hk tno sdeo „sphrht `c de`r`us mdhoty ds ndb rokborob nhs tdfokt bofhmntcuf t` tno Wdrhs `c nhs y`utn‘, no roturkob t` Wdrhs „`kfy t` fflkb tno rohmk `c Wfodsuro `vor dkb tno F`vos dkb Mrdaos ﬌ob‘.  Iust ds tnoro wds k` pfdao pfda o c`r Crdm`kdrb hk d kow ko w `rbor oxoepfhfflob ly tno stork ko`-afdsshahse `c Bdvhb, s`, hk tno fflofb `c dranhtoaturo, hk tno fdttor boadbos `c tno aoktury, „Afdssha bwoffhkms df`ko woro, ht wds coft,  w`rtny t` snoftor ‖f‘n`eeo fhlro―, wn` k`w loadeo tno hbodf `c ovory pdhktor dkb ovory saufpt`r wn` ndb d tdsto c`r ahvha vhrtuo‘. Lut loc`ro tno „arhppfhkm zodf c`r ‖a`rroatkoss―‘, wnhan wds c`r Bhfjo tno ukc`rtukdto daa`epdkheokt `c rov`futh`kdry p`fhthas, sth﬌ob dff `tnor styfos, ohmntooktn-aoktury Crdkao oki`yob d porh`b `c mrodt bhsthkath`k, pdrthaufdrfy hk tno drts dss`ahdtob whtn tno bovof`peokt `c tno e`bork n`uso ds d pfdao wnoro tno wodftny a`ufb oxorahso tnohr ovory boshro c`r d fhco `c fuxury dkb odso, ovok hc, ds sno wryfy k`tos, „tno wdkts `c eok `c fhttfo eodks woro foct t` lo sdthsfflob ly s`eo cuturo dmo‘. Bhfjo‘s hktorost hk tno oa`k`eha crdeow`rj whtnhk wnhan drthsts dkb ardctseok w`rjob hs ovorywnoro dppdrokt. C`r oxdepfo, sno brdws `k tno „Fhvro-I`urkdf‘ `r „bdy fobmor‘ `c tno p`worcuf bodfor, dmokt dkb pdtr`k Fdzdro Buvdux,

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



dkb dkdfysos nhs a`epfox r`fo hk tno arodth`k `c ehb-ohmntooktn-aoktury bèa`rs . Oqudffy, tno w`edk wn` ndb look hkv`fvob whtn tno ]`eok‘s rdbo _kh`k Fodmuo cr`e hts c`ukbdth`k hk , dkb hts Wroshbokt cr`e  ukthf nor bodtn, hkvosthmdtos tno oa`k`ehas `c pr`buath`k cr`e tno porspoathvo `c tno drthsts dkb ardctseok okmdmob hk edjhkm fuxury htoes c`r tno rhan. Dkb s` sno wrhtos `c tno su﬇orhkm dkb bhstross `c tno tdpostry w`rjors dt tno M`lofhks dkb tno Qdv`kkorho dkb tn`so okmdmob

hk tno nhst`rha hkbustrhos `c Duluss`k dkb Coffothk, wn` woro c`raob dt ehb-aoktury t` try t` edjo tnohr w`rj f``j ds oxdatfy ds p`sshlfo fhjo pdhkthkm. „Ro quosth`k `c oa`k`ey htsofc wds vory sorh`us‘, k`tos Bhfjo, c`r „ZtUno wdmos `c tno tdpostry w`rjors woro k`t `kfy dfwdys hk drrodrs lut ht wds hep`sshlfo t` ostdlfhsn sdthscdat`ry rdtos `c pdyeokt, ds tno phoao-w`rj systoe a`kthkuob t` provdhf.‘ Bhfjo hs ds a`ksah`us `c tno oa`k`ehas `c tno e`bork edrjot c`r ohmntooktn-aoktury drt ds sno hs `c tno a`ktoep`rdry oa`k`ehas `c pr`buath`k. Qno daorlhadffy `lsorvos9 „Dt tno prosokt theo tno anr`khafos `c tno duath`k r``e sn`w tndt tno drts `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury hksphro tno jookost a`epothth`k de`kmst tn`so wn` f``j `k tno p`ssossh`k `c a`stfy curkhturo ds `ko `c tno e`st oxprosshvo shmks `c wodftn.‘ Lut wnorods tno ohmntooktnaoktury Crokan fflkdkahor „wds `ko wn`so tdstos ndb look e`ufbob k`t `kfy ly tno prossuro `c trdbhth`k lut ly tno surr`ukbhkms hk wnhan no ndb look l`rk‘, tno sdeo a`ufb k`t lo sdhb `c tno e`bork ehffh`kdhros wn` dro nhs suaaoss`rs. ` tnoso sno hssuos d sndrp roehkbor tndt „tno vdfuos `c styfo dkb a`kstruath`k boedkb s`eo sdarhfflao, tnoy adk lo roa`mkhzob `kfy ly o﬇`rt, pdthokt dttokth`k, dkb aufthvdtob ndlhts `c `lsorvdth`k‘.   Bosphto nor ldrofy a`kaodfob a`ktoept c`r tno sndff`w vufmdrhty `c tno edrjot t` wnhan suan drt dppodfs, sno bov`tos nor v`fueo Crokan Curkhturo dkb Boa`rdth`k hk tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury  t`  t` bovof`phkm mrodtor bhsaorkeokt `c tnoso e`ro os`torha vdfuos `c styfo dkb a`kstruath`k hk tno htoes `c b`eostha fuxury `c wnhan sno wrhtos. Ro dttokth`k Bhfjo mdvo t` tno boa`rdthvo drts, t` tno b`eostha aufturo `c ohmntooktn-aoktury Crdkao, ds sno ndb provh`usfy t` tndt `c \okdhssdkao Crdkao, shmkhfflos tno e`borkhty `c nor nhst`rhahst eotn`b`f`my. Dftn`umn, ds sno put ht, „tno „tno systoedtha trodteokt `c tno drt `c tno ohmntooktn aoktury lrhstfos whtn bhfiaufthos‘ loaduso `c tno „lowhfborhkm ar`wb `c a`k﬌hathkm tokbokahos‘, nor boop a`kvhath`k `c tno pr`c`ukb a`kkoatobkoss `c tno w`rjs `c boa`rdth`k, curkhturo, pdhkthkm dkb dranhtoaturo `c d porh`b edbo tnoso arhthadffy komfoatob drt c`res cukbdeoktdf t` nor dkdfyshs. Kovortnofoss, Kov ortnofoss, s`eo rovhowors `c nor w`rj sdw nor hktorost hk tno b`eostha drts k`t ds mr`ukblrodjhkm lut ds shmkhcyhkm nor „w`edkfy‘ sokshlhfhthos.

 

  

 ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ]

 Dk dk`kye`us rovhowor `c nor fflrst l``j hk tno ]ostehkstor \ovhow , c`r oxdepfo, fflkbs nor „nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao hk Crdkao … fhttfo lottor tndk d nhst`ry `c curkhturo‘, dkb a`kafubos tndt „d „d \okdhssdkao wn`so anhoc rosufts fho hk tno bopdrteokt `c boa`rdthvo upn`fstory adkk`t, `c a`urso, n`po t` vho whtn tno spfokbhb kdeos dkb vdrhob qudfhthos `c tno Htdfhdk kow lhrtn‘. Ht wds afodrfy dppr`prhdto c`r d w`edk t` ndvo wrhttok dl`ut „dff tndt sjhffob ndkbhardct adk b` t` loduthcy bdhfy fhco dkb edjo f`vofy tno ndlhtdth`ks `c edk‘.

Lut hc wo roioat tno bor`mdt`ry dkb bhsehsshvo hepfhadth`ks `c suan a`ktoep`rdry vhows `c tno coedfo hktoffoatudf hktoffoatudf dkb nor w`edkfy adpdahthos, dro tnoro wdys hk wnhan wo ehmnt soo Bhfjo‘s w`rj ds mokborob0 Qno norsofc  wds afodrfy hktorostob hk tno mokbor `c drt. Qno arhthquos tno M`ka`urts, c`r oxdepfo, c`r mhvhkm us „d t`` sfhmnt, d t`` coehkhko Crdm`kdrb‘, prdhshkm hkstodb tno summosthvo pfdy `c nhs pok9 „K`t d trhaj `c a`quotry hk bross `r edkkor adk osadpo ht. Fhvofy dkb oxdat hk tno dpproahdth`k `c ovory p`so dkb e`voeokt, `c tno hktokth`kdf a`ykoss `c tno turk `c d nodb, `r tno  wdvo `c d ndkb, ht hs oqudffy aukkhkm hk tno an`hao `c d eodkhkm lrodstjk`t, dkb hk dff tn`so bovhaos `c tno t`hfot wnhan dro hktokbob t` arodto ‖d swoot bhs`rbor hk tno bross, jhkbfhkm hk af`dtnos d wdkt`kkosso―.‘   Nor `wk oyo ehmnt lo sdhb t` lo ds sndrpfy dttokthvo t` tno summosthvo botdhf `c bross ds Crdm`kdrb‘s pok, dkb tnoroc`ro ly nor daa`ukt, hk d khao hr`ky, t` „vhrhfhty‘ (d qudfhty wnhan snoC`r `lsorvos hk dbosarhlhkm kuelor `ctno tnow`edk drthsts snosn`w bhsaussos) rdtnor tndk coehkhkhty. oxdepfo, hk Fdkarot‘s F‘Dttdano bu Wdthk, Wdthk, sno k`tos n`w sno „a`ktrhvos t` sn`w k`t `kfy tno lfuo fhkhkm `c nor bross, nor sadrfot pottha`dt dkb pdhkcuffy tnhk  wnhto st`ajhkms, lut dfs` d wnhto curlof`w wnhan, hc hk joophkm whtn tno fdby‘s vory f`w l`bhao, d﬇`rbs k` summosth`k `c tndt a`ec`rtdlfo wdretn  wnhan tno fod﬌oss troos dkb fodbok sjy `c tno ldajmr`ukb w`ufb sooe t` boedkb‘. Qno rodbs tno rokbhth`k `c bross hk Andrbhk‘s `hfotto bu Edthk  Edthk   whtn d Ideoshdk Ideoshdk oyo c`r c`r tno eodkhkm `c a`stueo9 K` protthor foss`k hk a`quotthsn brosshkm wds ovor mhvok tndk tno `ko a`kvoyob ly tnoso tw` fflmuros. `p-jk`ts poop `ut sadrfot cr`e lokodtn tno n``b `c tno e`tnor‘s lfdaj thppot, bofhadtofy lfuo dl`vo tno cdhr anhfb‘s c`ronodb, tno fhttfo eu﬇ hk nor ldly ndkb hs lfuo vofvot dkb wnhto cur, wnhfst ly tno edss l``j `k tno rob st``f, `vor wnhan cdffs tno rob brdpory wnhan okcrdeos tno ehrr`r `k tno t`hfot, fhos dk`tnor eu﬇ `c mrook vofvot dkb sdlfo, aukkhkmfy an`sok t` mhvo tno fdst t`uan `c ofomdkao t` tno e`tnor‘s dppodrdkao … `ko muossos tndt a`stueos s` fflkhsnob adk sadraofy ndvo look b`kkob `kfy t` m` t` anuran ‑ edss whff aortdhkfy lo c`ff`wob ly foss sorh`us okmdmoeokts.

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs 



Bhfjo hs dfort t` tno kudkaob bophath`k `c coedfo sulioats, wnotnor tnoy dro nuelfo dkb dk`kye`us `r p`worcuf dkb mrdkb, tnohr trodteokt hkthedto `r c`redf, kdturdfhstha `r ﬌dttorhkm. @c \hmdub‘s p`rtrdht `c nhs e`tnor, Edrho Qorro, sno lhbs us `lsorvo tno bh﬇orokaos lotwook tnhs nhmnfy pors`kdf styfo `c p`rtrdhturo dkb tno „edmkhfflaokt edkkor‘ hk wnhan no rokborob „tno p`ep`us typos‘ `c nhs dmo (no wds cde`us c`r nhs `fiahdf p`rtrdhts, suan ds nhs F`uhs ^HS  hk   hk tno F`uvro), dkb toffs `c tno adrocuf pr`vhsh`ks tno drthst edbo hk nhs whff c`r tnhs p`rtrdht tndt eodkt s`

euan t` nhe. Qno hs k`tdlfy hktorostob hk tno roprosoktdt roprosoktdth`k h`k `c tno coedfo l`by. Rus, wrhthkm `c Mrouzo, sno k`tos tndt „tnoro hs aortdhk t` lo s`eo a`rkor `c nhs phaturos hk wnhan tno oyo adk botoat tno heedturo andres `c `ko `c nhs cdv`urhto typos `c mhrfhsn loduty, hkbhsarootfy rovodfob whtn dk hkdppr`prhdto dkb phaturosquo ofomdkao, vormhkm `k tno tnodtrhadf‘.   Dkb `c Fdt`ur Fdt`ur,, wn`so cdeo rosts, sno k`tos „`k nhs p`rtrdhts `c w`eok, t` wn`e no a`ktrhvob t` mhvo d phqudkt dkb soksu`us loduty wnhan loa`eos d a`ee`k andrdatorhstha `c tno e`st bhvorso typos‘, sno `lsorvos tno „edkkorhses‘ „edkkorhses‘ dkb „trhajs `c trodteokt‘ no oepf`ys t` ﬌dttor nhs sul ioats dkb lrhkm tnoe „hkt` ndre`ky whtn tno cdsnh`kdlfo typo `c tnohr bdy‘9 „@k ovory`ko no a`kcors tndt bhepfob ofovdth`k `c tno a`rkors `c tno e`utn, d mhct `c wnhan kdturo hs andry dkb wnhan adkk`t lo daquhrob ly drt‘, sno wrhtos, dbbhkm, „Dff sooe hksphrob whtn tno boshro dkb tno p`w

ors t` pfodso.‘   Fhjo tno roprosoktdth`ks `c coedfo cdaos lylutBhfjo‘s a`k toep`rdry, Bdkto Mdlrhof \`ssotth, tnoy dro „k`t p`rtrdhts cdktdsy‘,   dkb shmkhcy tno mokbor oa`k`ey `c tno s`ahoty tndt pr`buaob tnoe. Qno pr`los tno rofdth`ksnhp `c drthst dkb shttor hk d kuelor `c hkstdkaos. Rus sno bosarhlos n`w Crdm`kdrb, c`ff`whkm d qudrrof whtn tno aofolrdtob bdkaor „fd Muhedrb‘ wn`e no ndb pdhktob ds tno M`bboss `c tno Bdkao, dvokmob nhesofc ly bhsfflmurhkm tno phaturo, trdksc`rehkm nor codturos „hkt` tn`so `c d eokdahkm cury‘: dbbhkm, „ZsU` euan lhttorkoss nds summostob, ds d profubo, d fhttfo f`vo‘, lut dfs` roehkbhkm us tndt „tno yodr , hk  wnhan Crdm`k Crdm`kdrb drb wds w`rjhkm c`r ‖fd Muhedrb Muhedrb―, ―, wds tno yodr c`ff`whkm nhs edrrhdmo‘ dkb tndt no wds tnok „tno edk `c tno bdy‘.  Bhfjo dfs`, ds Jdfh Hsrdof k`tos, „sdrb`khadffy brdws dttokth`k t` hedmos pr`buaob ly sofcsorvhkm eok `c aufturdffy dathvo w`eok w`eok‘.‘. ]  ]oo dro t`fb hk Crokan Okmrdvors dkb Brdumntseok `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury , c`r oxdepfo, `c tno pr`bhmh`us dedtour okmrdvor Shvdkt Bok`k tndt nhs „anhoc `aaupdth`k wds ‖fd mrdvuro ot fos coeeos―‘, dkb tndt „ZnUo, hkboob, sooes t` ndvo `wob euan `c nhs suaaoss dkb ovok nhs mrodt p`shth`k dt tno lomhkkhkm `c tno khkotooktn aoktury t` tnhs eodks `c p`pufdrhty whtn w`eok‘.  Fdtor hk tno v`fueo sno ropr`buaos Cfhpdrt‘s okmrdvhkm, dctor A`an`k fo fflfs, `c Edboe`hsoffo

 

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 ]  ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Afdhr`k shtthkm (cuffy af`tnob) ds d e`bof c`r d fhco-brdwhkm afdss t` d mr`up `c y`ukm edfo drthsts. Lut loshbo suan hedmos `c coedfo `lioathffladth`k, Bhfjo sn`ws us edky oxdepfos `c coedfo dmokay dmokay.. @ko `c tno e`st hk﬌uokthdf fflmuros hk tno ohmntooktn-aoktury drt w`rfb wds Edbdeo bo W`epdb`ur, tno `fiahdf ehstross `c F`uhs ^S ^S,, dkb nor p`worcuf prosokao hk tnoso v`fueos tosthfflos tos thfflos t` Bhfjo‘s Bhfjo‘s dpproahdth`k `c tno eufth-cdaotob kdturo `c nor a`ktrhluth`k t` tno drt `c nor bdy. Odrfy hk Crokan Wdhktors  sno  sno wrhtos dt s`eo fokmtn dl`ut tno cdv`urhto‘ss rofdth`ksnhp whtn L`uanor, nor pdtr`kdmo `c wn`e ndb lomuk whtn nor hto‘

rohmk. Rorodctor, wo dro t`fb9 „Hkbhspoksdlfo t` tno cdv`urhto hk nor adpdahty `c pdtr`koss `c tno drts, boshmkhkm k`t `kfy nor curkhturo, lut nor cdks: muhbhkm nor ndkb wnok tno adprhao `c tno e`eokt pr`eptob nor t` try nor andkao whtn tno otanhkm koobfo, L`uanor dssurob c`r nhesofc ly tnhs cdehfhdrhty tno supp`rt `c Edrhmky dkb tno aortdhkty `c \`ydf a`eehssh`ks `c tno fflrst hep`rtdkao.‘  Jdfh Hsrdof soos Bhfjo‘s roprosoktdth`k `c tnohr rofdth`ksnhp ds d joy hkstdkao `c tno wdy nor stuby „a`kkoats edfo drthstha hkcorh`rhty, coedfo porc`redthvhty, dkb hffomhthedto dkb or`thahzob p`wor‘, dkb summosts tndt, c`r c` r nor, „L`uanor dkb W`epdb`ur t`motnor oel`by tnohr hkcorh`r op`an‘s ‖drthfflahdf t`ko dkb toepor―‘. Bhfjo drmuos tndt L`uanor‘s „bocoats‘, anhoc de`km wnhan wds „fd „fd vufmdrhtè èfèmdkto ‘ wnhan M`ka`urt hbokthfflob ds nhs shmkdturo, „a`ktrhlutob t` nhs ok`re`us suaaoss‘, dkb sno pdhkts d phaturo d edk pdvob wn`sotno adfaufdtob bov`th`k t`bosphto tno tnodtrhadf vdkhthos `c tno jhkm‘s`c ehstross wdy t` suaaoss. Xot nor arhthquo, sno afodrfy rospoats „tno roedrjdlfo c`rao `c andrdator, wnhan okdlfob tnhs  w`edk t` n`fb `ut s` f`km hk tno bhfiauft bhfiaufthos hos `c nor oxtrd`r oxtrd`rbhkdry bhkdry p`shth`k‘, dkb wnhan sno fflkbs a`kvoyob hk L`uanor‘s p`rtrdhts `c nor. ]nok Bhfjo a`eeokts tndt „ZtUno hk﬌uokao `c Eeo. Bo W`epdb`ur … survhvob sur vhvob nor bodtn Zhk U‘, sno hs oxpfhahtfy dffubhkm t` tno cdat tndt L`uanor wds edbo fflrst pdhktor t` tno jhkm hk tno c`ff`whkm yodr, lut sno sooes dfs` t` lo rocorrhkm t` tno cdat tndt, hk tnoso p`rtrdhts `c nor, sno dppodrs k`t ds `lioathfflob coedfo spoatdafo s` euan ds d sofc-cdsnh`kob  coeeo  „coeeo sdvdkto  sdvdkto ‘,‘, dk ha`k `c a`urt aufturo shmkhcyhkm dt `kao soxudfhty dkb tno fhco `c tno ehkb. Qno fdtor qu`tos d soa`kbdry s`urao t` tno o﬇oat tndt tno cdv`urhto‘s pnysh`mk`ey wds e`boffob ly whff rdtnor tndk kdturo. Eeo bo W`epdb`ur hs ropodtobfy hkv`job hk tnoso v`fueos ds d pdtr`k dkb oepf`yor rosp`kshlfo c`r oxorahshkm d p`worcuf hk﬌uokao hk edttors `c tdsto dkb bhroathkm drthstha prdathao. Bhfjo iubmos tnhs hk﬌uokao t` ndvo look „hk edky rospoats dbehrdlfy cofhaht`us‘, `whkm t` „tno rdro qudfhty `c nor hksthkats dkb hktoffhmokao‘ dkb tno cdat tndt „ZsUno ukb`ultobfy p`ssossob d shkaoro dkb hksthkathvo f`vo `c drt, dkb s`umnt tno shmks `c

 

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs   porcoath`k dkb bhsthkath`k hk dff tndt wds oxoautob c`r nor rdtnor tndk tno sdthscdath`k `c eoro pors`kdf fuxury‘. Lut tno jhkm‘s ehstross hs `kfy tno e`st pr`ehkokt `c d kuelor `c w`eok tndt Bhfjo boe`kstrdtos t` ndvo pfdyob d shmkhffladkt r`fo hk tno ohmntooktn-aoktury drt w`rfb, k`t tno fodst `c wn`e woro dedtour dkb pr`cossh`kdf drthsts. @ko wn`so w`rj hs ropr`buaob hk tno v`fueo `k pdhktors hs Edbdeo Shmèo fo Lruk, wn`so p`rtrdht p`r trdht Fd Wrhkaosso bo dffoyrdkb  hs  hs bosarhlob ly Bhfjo ds „vory cdhr dkb bofhadto hk o﬇oat, dkb andres andr es tno oyo ly d ndre`ky `c pdfo pdf o lfuo, mrdy, dkb puro wnhto‘ (dkb a`epdros cdv`urdlfy whtn „nor woff-jk`wk dkb ﬌dttorhkm p`rtrdhts `c

norsofc ‑ d e`ro bhroat c`re `c tno sofc-cdsnh`khkm tndt edy lo botoatob hk Edbdeo bo W`epdb`ur‘s p`rtrdhts). Loaduso `c nor nusldkb‘s dathvhthos ds d phaturo bodfor, ht wds `kfy dt tno Tuook‘s hktorvokth`k tndt Edbdeo Shmèo fo Lruk wds ofoatob t` tno \`ydf Dadboey,  lut whtn r`ydf supp`rt sno wds „dmrèo „dmrèo ot roíuo ‘ hkt` tndt dumust l`by `k tno sdeo bdy ds dk`tnor coedfo drthst, Edbdeo Muydrb. @kfy tnroo pdmos hkt` tno fflrst v`fueo `c nor stuby `k pdhktors, Bhfjo,  wn` ndb norsofc stubhob drt dt Q`utn Jokshkmt`k, fdukanos hkt` d bhsaussh`k `c tno p`shth`k `c coedfo drthsts hk tno Crokan Dadboey. Norsofc d vhm`r`us adepdhmkor c`r tno rhmnts `c w`eok t` ndvo daaoss t` fhco-brdwhkm afdssos, sno k`tos wryfy „tno cuffflfeokt ly tno dbehkhstrdth`k `c hts `ctok bocorrob pr`ehso t` okdlfo tno Dadboey t` `pok tnohr Fhco Qan``f  whtn`ut andrmo, dkb tno vhm`r`us boahsh`k, tdjok hk tno sdeo yodr ZU, k`t t` roaohvo w`eok, hk cuturo, ds ‖dadbèehahokkos―‘.  Bhfjo m`os `k t` oxpfdhk n`w d cow w`eok bhb edkdmo t` mdhk dbehttdkao „hk sphto `c tnhs fflxob botorehkdth`k‘9 \`sdfld Adrrhord, Edboe`hsoffo \ol`uf (Edbdeo Shok), Edbdeo Rorl`uano, Dkko Sdffdyor, Edboe`hsoffo \`sfhk. Roso tw` fdst woro dbehttob t` tno Dadboey hk tno sdeo yodr, lut, ds Bhfjo daorlhadffy `lsorvos, „tnoso tw` hkaursh`ks `c w`eok, rdphbfy c`ff`whkm `k `ko dk`tnor, woro ovhboktfy romdrbob ds bdkmor`us, dkb tno Dadboey t``j `aadsh`k t` roa`rb tndt, tn`umn tnoy fhjob t` oka`urdmo w`eok ly dbehtthkm d cow, yot suan dbehssh`ks, lohkm hk s`eo s`rt c`rohmk t` tnohr a`ksthtuth`k, `umnt k`t t` lo eufthpfhob, dkb tnokaoc`rtn ht wds ros`fvob kovor t` dbeht e`ro tndk c`ur‘. Bosphto tno cdat tndt Edbdeo Muydrb, hk pdrthaufdr, „c`umnt ndrb c`r tno rhmnts `c w`eok dadboehahdks, hkshsthkm … pdrthaufdr, tndt tnohr kuelors dkb prhvhfomos sn`ufb lo hkarodsob‘, tnhs k`th`k tndt tno dbehssh`k `c w`eok wds s`eon`w „c`rohmk‘ t` tno Dadboey‘s a`ksthtuth`k porshstob, dkb wds rohtordtob euan fdtor, hk , wnok, hk tno fflkdf stdmos loc`ro tno Dadboey‘s boehso, d mr`up `c `fiahdfs dkb dadboehahdks pr`tostob tndt ht wds k`t ffltthkm c`r „bos coeeos vhokkokt s‘heehsaor bdks uk trdvdhf quh four ost ètrdkmor‘.

 

  ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  C`r dff tnohr edkhcost bh﬇orokaos, `ko `c tno shehfdrhthos lotwook Oehfhd Bhfjo dkb Sork`k Foo hs tnohr pro`aaupdth`k whtn tno „c`rohmk‘. H b` k`t eodk ly tnhs eorofy tndt tnoy woro Okmfhsnw`eok wn` wr`to dl`ut tno drt `c `tnor aufturos. \dtnor, H eodk t` summost dff tndt tno uso `c tno  w`rb „c`rohmk‘ „c`rohmk‘ eotdpn`rhadffy shmkhfflos hk Bhfjo Bhfjo‘‘s bhsaussh`k `c tno Cro Crokan kan  Dadboey‘‘s boshmkdth`k `c w`eok. Hktorosthkmfy  Dadboey Hktorosthkmfy,, l`tn Bhfjo dkb Foo hbokhbokthfflob tnoesofvos ds „c`rohmk‘. Cr`e tno lomhkkhkm `c nor pr`cossh`kdf wrhthkm fhco, hk @xc`rb, ds tno whco `c d b`k (nor fflrst nusldkb Edrj Wdtths`k), Wdtths`k), Bhfjo wr`to ds d c`rohmkor `k tno edrmhks `c dadboehd dkb whtn`ut hts sdkath`k, ukfhjo drt nhst`rhdks suan ds \usjhk, tno „Mrdbudto `c @xc`rb‘

dkb fdtor Qfdbo Wr`coss`r, dkb Wdtor, tno Coff`w `c Lrdsok`so. Curtnore`ro, Bhfjo aufthvdtob d bhsthkathvofy c`rohmk styfo hk nor sofc-prosoktdth`k wnhan  wds `ctok a`eeoktob `k. _kn _kndppy dppy hk nor fflrst edrrhdmo, dkb hk p``r nodftn, sno spokt edky e`ktns `c tno yodr dwdy cr`e @xc`rb fhvhkm dkb  w`rjhkm hk Wdrhs `r tno Q`utn `c Crdkao, wnoro sno afdheob t` coof e`ro dt n`eo. Ds sno a`kfflbob t` d crhokb, hk Crdkao sno a`ufb „rokow tno rdvhsnhkm sokso `c lohkm `ko whtn tno odrtn & sjy wn kovor a`eos t` eo thff H de pdst Edrsohffos‘, dbbhkm „yot H f`vo Okmfdkb H f`vo ey po`pfo, tn`umn Okmfhsn fdkbsadpo hs strdkmo dkb c`rohmk t` eo, & noro H coof dt `kao dt n`eo‘. Dk uka`kvokth`kdf w`edk, soxudffy ds woff ds hktoffoatudffy, wn`so dutn`rhdf dkb s`ahdf pors`kdo woro eufthpfo dkb nhmnfy porc`redthvo, ds Crdkahs Wdtths`k sno sooeob t` fflkb hk Crdkao, l`tn pdst dkb prosokt, fhlordth`k cr`e tno sth﬌hkm a`kvokth`kdfhthos `c @xc`rb, wnhfo tnr`umn`ut nor fhco nor „Crokankoss‘ wds d shmkhffladkt pdrt `c tno wdy sno cdsnh`kob nor aufturdf hbokthty. Sork`k Foo, ds dk Okmfhsn w`edk wn`  wds l`rk hk Crdkao Crdkao,, fob d k`edbha oxhstokao ds d anhfb hk vdrh`us pdrts `c A`kthkoktdf Our`po („ey crhokbs … hedmhko eo t` ndvo look l`rk dkb lr`umnt up hk d mhpsy-adrt‘), spokt euan `c nor dbuft fhco hk Htdfy dkb wr`to prhkahpdffy `k Htdfhdk aufturdf nhst`ry, coft d shehfdr sokso `c oxhfo dkb bhspfdaoeokt. Nor lh`mrdpnor k`tos tndt „ZhUk Okmfdkb Sork`k Foo kovor c`ukb norsofc a`epfotofy dt n`eo‘ dkb coft tndt nor „syepdtnhos  woro t`` hktorkdth`kdf t` lo daaoptdlfo ovok t` t` tno fodst hksufdr hksufdr de`km nor Okmfhsn crhokbs‘. No qu`tos nor ds wrhthkm t` Jht Dkstrutnor-R`es`k9 „Ht‘s tn`umn H coofcoof s` euan tndk (hk cdat `kfycukky, Okmfhsn) H adkk`t woff hke`ro l`byOkmfhsn `r ehkb sdvodkytnhkm `k tnhs ofso sufiahoktfy lhm dkb sufiahoktfy dhrob dkb wdreob a`kthkokt.‘ Ro a`ksah`uskoss `c nor aufturdf nylrhbhty hs d bofflkhkm codturo `c Sork`k Foo‘s wrhthkm `k drt, aufturdf nhst`ry dkb pfdao, dkb edy lo sdhb t` drthaufdto whtn nor trdksmrosshvo dutn`rhdf dkb soxudf hbokthty, dkb t` stdkb hk c`r `tnor, ukspodjdlfo hbokthty p`shth`ks. Hk tno adso `c l`tn Sork`k Foo dkb Oehfhd Bhfjo,

 

]`eok‘s porh`bs   H summost, tnohr okdateokt dkb oxporhokao `c „c`rohmkkoss‘, dkb tnohr ovhbokt pro`aaupdth`k whtn „tno c`rohmk‘ hk tnohr wrhthkm, shmkhcy tnohr p`shth`k ds coedfo hktoffoatudfs hk tno lushkoss `c bofflkhkm aufturo, wn` spodj, ds c`rohmkors, cr`e bh﬇orokao, dkb edjo d vhrtuo `c tnohr ostrdkmoeokt9 Foo edhktdhks „tndt wo dff `c us dro tno lottor, `c wndtovor kdth`kdfhty (dkb e`st, porndps, wo rdtnor t``-t`` s`fhb Dkmf`-Qdx`ks) c`r s`eo cush`k `c d c`rohmk ofoeokt‘. Rohr w`rj `k tno drts `c tno \okdhssdkao dkb ohmntooktn aoktury hk Htdfy dkb Crdkao pdrthahpdtos hk whbor fdto-khkotooktnaoktury bhsa`ursos dl`ut mokbor dkb aufturo, pr`vhbhkm dvokuos c`r dkb fomhthehshkm tnohr oxpf`rdth`k dkb drthaufdth`k `c tno c`rohmk, dkb `﬇orhkm

 

tnoe `tnor aufturdf roport`hros `k wnhan t` brdw, hk tno pdst dkb dk`tnor a`uktry, `tnor fdkmudmos hk wnhan t` spodj, hc hk s`eotheos a`bob wdys, t` dkb dl`ut tnohr `wk aufturdf w`rfb. C`r tnoso Okmfhsnw`eok, whbor bhsa`ursos dl`ut mokbor, mokbor, nylrhbhty dkb bh﬇orokao edy lo sdhb t` ndvo sndpob, ovok okdlfob, tnohr nhst`rh`mrdpnhadf prdathao. Bol`rdn Anorry nds drmuob tndt, hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, „Nhst`ry loadeo d shto c`r strummfos `vor bofflkhth`ks `c coehkhkhty.‘ w` yodrs loc`ro sno lomdk t` wrhto fflath`k, Mo`rmo Ofh`t pulfhsnob dk drthafo hk tno ]ostehkstor \ovhow  dl`ut  dl`ut tno sdf`ks `c w`eok suan ds Edbdeo bo Qdlfè hk sovoktooktn-aoktury Crdkao loaduso tnohr aufturdf w`rj nds, sno sdys, „k`t eorofy dk nhst`rhadf hktorost, ht nds dk hep`rtdkt lodrhkm `k tno aufturo `c w`eok hk tno prosokt bdy‘. \oa`vorhkm tnr`umn tnohr rosodran hkt` dkb roafdedth`k `c tnoso nhst`rhadf w`eok drthsts dkb pdtr`ks d sokso `c tno p`sshlhfhthos c`r e`bork w`eok ds edjors dkb eobhdt`rs `c aufturo, Shat`rhdk w`eok edbo uso `c pdst porh`bs t` dutn`rhso dkb curtnor tnohr `wk oedkahpdt`ry pr`ioats. Ly hkafubhkm hk tnohr porh`b survoys opnoeordf dkb p`pufdr `r b`eostha drt c`res, ly rosauhkm tno c`rm`ttok dkb wrhthkm tno `lsauro hkt` nhst`ry, dkb ly dajk`wfobmhkm tno r`fo `c  w`eok hk aufturdf pr`buath`k, coedfo drt nhst`rhdks t``j kow dkmfos `k tno Ehbbfo Dmos, roadfhlrdtob tno \okdhssdkao cr`e d coehkhko porspoathvo, dkb uka`vorob d coehkhsob dkb c`rohmk ohmntooktn aoktury, quhto `tnor t` tno edsaufhkhst dmo `c rods`k whtn wnhan tno porh`b hs a`kvokth`kdffy hbokthfflob. Hk tno koxt andptor wo whff soo wndt tnoy edbo `c tno drts `c tnohr `wk porh`b.

 

 

Coehkhko drts 

Hk tno oxpdtrhdto i`urkdfhst Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff `lsorvob, hk nor, e`ktnfy a`fuek bov`tob t` tno d﬇dhrs `c w`eok hk F`kb`k hk tno  Deorhadk i`urkdf Andutduqudk9 „]`eok ndvo … m`ko vory tn`r`umnfy hkt` i`urkdfhse. X`u X`u ndvo `kfy t` m` t` `ko `c tno pross vhows hk d F`kb`k drt oxnhlhth`k t` fflkb `ut n`w edky dro drt arhthas, wnhfo tno phaturos tnoy arhthahzo sn`w n`w edky `tnors dro drthsts.‘ dr thsts.‘ W  Wokkoff okkoff norsofc, norso fc, wn` wds `ko `c tnohr kuelor, kuelor, pr`buaob `vor nor f`km adroor ds d pr`cossh`kdf wrhtor edky drthafos dkb rovhows, `ctok dk`kye`usfy `r psoub`kye`usfy, ds dk drt arhtha dkb fdtor d c``b arhtha c`r Lrhthsn dkb Deorhadk porh`bhadfs, hkafubhkm tno Wdff Edff Mdzotto , tno Qtdr , tno Bdhfy Anr`khafo , dkb tno Kdth`k.  Qno wds fdtor t` roadff nor hkbustrh`us fhco ds d lusy pr`cossh`kdf drt i`urkdfhst hk tnhs porh`b9 „\dro nds look tno e`ktn `c Edy tndt nds k`t c`ukb eo hk Wdrhs, whtn ey oyos dkb adtdf`muo dkb k`to-l``j, hk tno Qdf`ks . Cow ndvo look tno Hktorkdth`kdf Oxnhlhth`ks, cr`e Mfdsm`w t` Mnokt, cr`e  Dktworp t` t ` Sokhao, Sokhao, tndt H ndvo ehssob.‘ Qno roadffs shehfdrfy „f`km n`urs‘ n `urs‘  wrhthkm‘ ds ds sno rovhowob rovhowob tno F`kb`k F`kb`k oxnhlhth`ks, oxnhlhth`ks, tno rosufts `c wnhan „bufy „bufy dppodrob hk tno f`km a`fueks `c edky d pdpor, hk tno f`km drthafos `c edky d edmdzhko‘.  Ro porh`bhadf pross ndb dfwdys look dk hep`rtdkt eobhue c`r Shat`rhdk w`eok, k`t fodst loaduso tno a`kvokth`k `c dk`kyehty tndt provdhfob ukthf tno s dkb porshstob woff loy`kb tndt bdto okdlfob tnoe t` pulfhsn ukbora`vor, dkb e`st `c tno drt arhthahse dkb nhst`rhos bhsaussob s` cdr hk tnhs stuby fflrst dppodrob hk sorhdf c`re. Lut hk tno s dkb s porh`bhadfs lomdk t` pfdy d bh﬇orokt dkb e`ro hktokshfflob c`r coedfo drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas. I`urkdfhse burhkm tno fflkdf tw` r`fo boadbos `c tno khkotooktn aoktury wds tdjhkm dk hktorosthkm aufturdf turk, dt `kao d boe`ardthsob eobhue c`r tno p`pufdrhsdth`k `c drt dkb d vonhafo c`r d e`ro ofovdtob arhthadf bhsa`urso dppr`prhdto t` tno fflk-bo-shîafo   a`kaopth`k `c tno „arhtha ds drthst‘, dkb w`eok woro quhaj t` turk tnhs t` tnohr pr`cossh`kdf dbvdktdmo, strdtomhadffy pfdahkm tnohr w`rj hk d rdkmo `c porh`bhadfs ‑ cr`e spoahdfhst drt pulfhadth`ks, fhtordry edmdzhkos dkb 

 

Coehkhko drts    w`eok‘‘s i`urkdfs t` edhkstrode woojfy dkb bdhfy pdpors ‑ hk `rbor t`  w`eok danhovo edxheue hepdat.  ]rhthkm  ] rhthkm hk mokros tndt ar`ssob tno l`ukbdrhos lotwook i`urkdfhse dkb fhtordturo sooes t` ndvo oka`urdmob `tnor adtom`rhadf trdksmrossh`ks, loaduso ht hs hk fdto khkotooktn-aoktury w`eok‘s fhtordry i`urkdfhse tndt  wo e`st k`tdlfy fflkb tno a`kaopt `c drt htsofc lohkm robofflkob. Hc i`urkdfhse hs a`kshborob dk drt c`re, s` t`` dro `tnor arodthvo mokros tndt ndvo a`kvokth`kdffy look iubmob t` lo loy`kb tno pdfo. Hk tno fflkdf boadbos `c tno aoktury, hk tno pdmos `c tno porh`bhadf pross, `ctok hk boshmkdtob  ]`eok  ] `eok‘‘s A`fueks, coedfo drt arhthas wrhto foss dl`ut tno @fb @fb Edstors dkb

e`ro dl`ut a`ktoep`rdry dr t saokosuan drt ‑ hkafubhkm, ds Wokkoff Wokkoff p`hktsKows  `ut,  tno w`rj `c tno coedfo drthsts. Hk woojfhos ds tno Hffustrdtob F`kb`k dkb tno Mrdpnha , dkb hk bdhfhos suan ds tno Wdff Edff Mdzotto , tnoy rovhow tno Wdrhs Qdf`ks dkb tno aurrokt F`kb`k sn`ws, arhthadffy dssosshkm tno  w`rj `c prdathth`kors wn`so roputdth`ks dro dro k`t yot ostdlfhsnob ostdlfhsnob dkb soauro. Curtnore`ro tnoy bhsauss k`t `kfy tno fflko drts lut dfs` tno hkbustrhdf drts, tno boa`rdthvo drts dkb tno b`eostha drts, adtorhkm k`t iust c`r tno ofhto lut c`r tno mokordf p`pufdao. Dkb tnoy b` s` hk wdys tndt dro `ctok oxpfhahtfy mokborob.  Ds wo sdw hk hk tno fdst andptor andptor,, Oehfhd Oehfhd Bhfjo Bhfjo‘‘s vory vory sorh`us nhst`rhad nhst`rhadff san`fdrsnhp `k tno boa`rdthvo drts ds d aruahdf bheoksh`k `c \okdhssdkao dkb ohmntooktn-aoktury porh`b styfo eot whtn s`eo bhspdrdmhkm a`eeokts cr`e arhthas, wn` afodrfy `lioatob t` wndt tnoy romdrbob ds dk oedsaufdth`k `c tno nhst`ry `c drt hkt` d „nhst`ry `c curkhturo‘, hk wnhan „boa`rdthvo upn`fstory‘ nds usurpob tno „spfokbhb kdeos‘ `c trdbhth`kdf drt nhst`ry.  K`twhtnstdkbhkm tno hep`rtdkao `c tno boa`rdthvo dkb dppfhob drts c`r tno Shat`rhdks‘ `wk porh`b styfo, dkb tno pr`ehkokao `c joy edfo drthsts dkb arhthas, suan ds I`nk \usjhk, ]hffhde E`rrhs dkb Andrfos F`ajo Odstfdjo, hk pr`e`thkm tno hbodfs `c fflko ardctsedksnhp, boshmk dkb `rkdeokt hk tno n`eo, tno provdhfhkm vhow wds tndt tnoso woro hkcorh`r drt c`res, dss`ahdtob  whtn tno coedfo b`eostha b`eostha spnoro dkb `ctok pr`buao pr`buaob, b, `r dt fodst edkdmob dkb drrdkmob, ly w`eok. @ko `c tno hep`rtdkt wdys hk wnhan soa`kb-wdvo coehkhse andffokmob tno dostnotha vdfuos dkb k`res `c tno bhsahpfhko `c drt nhst`ry wds hts quosth`khkm `c tno trdbhth`kdf bhvhsh`k dkb rdkjhkm `c „drt‘ dkb „ardct‘. Dktnod Adffok‘s l``j  Dkmof hk tno Qtub Qtubh` h` (), c`r oxdepfo, `k w`eok‘s a`ktrhluth`ks t` tno Lrhthsn Drts dkb Ardcts e`voeokt up`k  wnhan \usjhk dkb E`rrhs woro suan dk hk﬌uokao, dkb \`zshj \`zshjdd Wd Wdrjor rjor,, hk nor stuby `c oelr`hbory, Ro Qulvorshvo Qthtan  (), brow dttokth`k t` mokros tndt ndvo typhadffy look bhsromdrbob ly drt nhst`rhdks ds l`tn coehkhko dkb ehk`r b`eostha drt c`res. ]ndt hs strhjhkm wnok wo f``j ldaj

 

 ]`eok ]rhthkm   ]`eok ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  t` w`eok wrhthkm drt nhst`ry dkb arhthahse hk tno khkotooktn aoktury hs n`w edky wn` woro oxports hk tno fflko drts dfs` wr`to k`t `kfy dl`ut kow c`res `c roprosoktdth`k suan ds pn`t`mrdpny, tno drthstha stdtus `c wnhan  wds ffloraofy boldtob boldtob,, dkb tno hkbustrhd hkbustrhdff dkb dppfh dppfhob ob drts, lut dfs` dl`ut tno drt `c tno n`uso, tno drts `c a``jhkm dkb mdrbokhkm, dkb, ospoahdffy, tno drt `c bross. Roso „`tnor‘ drts dro k`t, `c a`urso, uka`kkoatob whtn `ko dk`tnor. Shat`rhdk pn`t`mrdpns, c`r oxdepfo, cr`e cdehfy p`rtrdhts t` sofca`ksah`usfy drthstha tdlfodux, `ctok codturob ofdl`rdto c`res `c bross, dkb  woro crdeob c`r bhspfd bhspfdyy, `r a`ffoatob hk sardpl`` sardpl``js js dkb dflues, dkb usob t` `rkdeokt tno n`eo. Dkb curtnore`ro pn`t`mrdpny ar`ssob `vor hkt` tno w`rfb `c tno fflko drts, edbo uso `c ly drt nhst`rhdks dkb a`kk`hssours

c`r purp`sos `c dttrhluth`k, c`r hkstdkao, dkb oxnhlhtob hk hts `wk rhmnt ly pn`t`mrdpnha s`ahothos dkb mdfforhos. Lut wndt hs kow dkb hktrhmuhkm hs tno  wdy hk wnhan, tnr`umn`ut tnr`umn`ut tno Shat`rhdk Shat`rhdk porh`b dkb ospoahd ospoahdffy ffy vhm`r`usf vhm`r`usfyy dt tno  fflk, coedfo drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas wr`to dl`ut tnoso coehkhko-hbokthfflob mokros, l`tn crhv`f`usfy dkb whtn nhmn sorh`uskoss, ds drt, lrhkmhkm tnohr jk`wfobmo `c l`tn nhst`rhadf dkb a`ktoep`rdry fflko drts t` lodr `k tnohr dkdfysos `c p`pufdr aufturdf c`res, oxpdkbhkm tno bofflkhth`k `c wndt a`ksthtutos drt, dkb lrhkmhkm coedfo pr`buaors dkb a`ksueors, ds woff ds coehkhko drts, hkt` tno rodfe `c tno dostnotha.  

Wn`t`mrdpny  @ko `c tno odrfhost bosarhpth`ks `c tno pn`t`mrdpnha dostnotha hs ly d  w`edk, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott, wn` wr`to oxahtobfy t` nor crhokb Edry Edry \ussoff Ehtc`rb `k  Boaoelor 9 B` y`u jk`w dkytnhkm dl`ut tndt w`kborcuf hkvokth`k `c tno bdy, adffob tno Bdmuorro`typo0 ‑ tndt hs, ndvo y`u sook dky p`rtrdhts pr`buaob ly eodks `c ht0 Rhkj `c d edk shtthkm b`wk hk tno suk dkb fodvhkm nhs cdashehfo hk dff hts cuff a`epfoth`k `c `utfhko dkb sndb`w, stodbcdst `k d pfdto, dt tno okb `c d ehkuto dkb d ndfc! Ro Eoseorha bhsoel`bheokt `c sphrhts strhjos `ko ds d bomroo foss edrvoff`us. Dkb sovordf `c tnoso w`kborcuf p`rtrdhts … fhjo okmrdvhkms ‑ `kfy oxquhshto dkb bofhadto loy`kb tno w`rj `c tno okmrdvor ‑ ndvo H sook fdtofy ‑ f`kmhkm t` ndvo suan d eoe`rhdf `c ovory Lohkm bodr t` eo hk tno w`rfb. Ht hs k`t eorofy tno fhjokoss wnhan hs proah`us hk suan adsos ‑ lut tno dss`ahdth`k, dkb tno sokso `c kodrkoss hkv`fvob hk tno tnhkm … tno cdat `c tno vory sndb`w `c tno pors`k fyhkm tnoro fflxob c`rovor! Ht hs tno vory sdkathffladth`k `c p`rtrdhts H tnhkj ‑ dkb ht hs k`t dt dff e`kstr`us hk eo t` sdy wndt ey lr`tnors ary `ut dmdhkst s` vonoeoktfy … tndt H w`ufb rdtnor ndvo suan d eoe`rhdf `c `ko H bodrfy f`vob, tndk tno k`lfost Drthst‘s w`rj ovor pr`buaob.

 

Coehkhko drts 



Ro p`ot adpturos hk nor lrhoc k`to tno vory ossokao `c pn`t`mrdpny‘s ukhquo hkboxhadf p`wor ‑ „tno vory sndb`w `c tno pors`k ‘, sno oepndshsos, „fyhkm tnoro fflxob c`rovor!‘ ‑ dkb mosturos t` tno boldtos `vor tno rofdth`ksnhp lotwook tnhs kow eoandkhadf eobhue dkb tno fflko drts tndt woro t` lo suan d codturo `c tno arhthadf fdkbsadpo hk tno ehbbfo boadbos `c tno aoktury. Ht dfs` adpturos c`r us tno vhsudf e`eokt `c tno lhrtn `c pn`t`mrdpny, wnhan bdtos cr`e  dkb wds tnok hk hts hkcdkay. Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott hs adpthvdtob ly tnhs kow eobhue tndt, ovok tnok, adk adtan dk opnoeordf mfhepso `c d pors`k‘s vory sndpo dkb lohkm (`ko tnhkjs `c N`pjhks‘s a`hkdmo „hksadpo‘), s` tndt tnohr hedmo, d edttor `c fhmnt dkb sndb`ws, adk lo fflxob, „stodbcdst `k d pfdto‘. Ht hs k`tdlfo tndt, wnhfo sno fflkbs tno bdmuorro`typo t` lo hkfflkhtofy suporh`r t` tno w`rj `c ovok tno

 

fflkost okmrdvor `r p`rtrdht pdhktor, nor lr`tnors fflkb nor procorokao d „e`kstr`us‘ fdpso hk tdsto. Odrfy pn`t`mrdpny hkv`fvob d eossy dkb toankhadffy a`epfox pr`aoss ‑  Iufhdd Edrmdrot Adeor`k wrhtos `c ndvhkm „stdhk  Iufh „stdhkob ob dk heeokso qudkthty `c tdlfo fhkok whtn khtrdto `c shfvor, hkbofhlfo stdhks‘  ‑ yot ht adeo t` lo dss`ahdtob whtn w`eok, l`tn prdathth`kors dkb wrhtors. Hts summosth`k, c`r Ldrrott, `c eoseorhse dkb sphrhtudfhse, dkb hts r`edktha ros`kdkaos, ovhboktfy dppodfob t` nor p`otha sokshlhfhty, dkb tnoso dro tno dspoats `c tno drt tndt woro t` lo bovof`pob dt ehb-aoktury ly coedfo pn`t`mrdpnors suan ds Adeor`k dkb Fdby Afoeokthkd Ndwdrbok. Ndwdrbok t``j up pn`t`mrdpny hk , dkb pr`buaob s`eo fflvo nukbrob dflueok prhkts `c nor bdumntors hk tnohr n`eo hk Q`utn Jokshkmt`k `vor tno koxt cow yodrs, oxnhlhthkm (dkb whkkhkm shfvor eobdfs) whtn tno Wn`t`mrdpnha Q`ahoty `c F`kb`k hk  dkb , dkb danhovhkm arhthadf daafdhe c`r nor oxporheoktdf „Qtubhos‘, „Qtubhos‘, ds sno adffob tnoe (Chm. (Chm. ). ). Roso okhmedthadffy loduthcuf hedmos `c mhrfn``b dkb y`ukm w`edkn``b a`ksthtuto d sustdhkob eobhtdth`k `k coehkhkhty. _kthtfob ‑ tnohr eodkhkms `pok t` tno hktorprotdth`k `c tno vhowor ‑ dkb edjhkm uso `c d fhehtob roport`hro `c a`stueos dkb b`eostha pr`ps, e`st k`tdlfy cufffokmtn ehrr`rs, tndt hktokshfflos tnohr aueufdthvo o﬇oat ds d sorhos `c vdrhdth`ks `k d pr`c`ukbfy pors`kdf e`tnor/bdumntor tnoeo, tnoy „spodj boopfy t` w`eok‘.  Roso dro hedmos tndt trhmmor tn`umnts `c \`fdkb Ldrtnos‘s eotdpn`rhadf summosth`k tndt „d s`rt `c uelhfhadf a`rb fhkjs tno l`by `c tno pn`t`mrdpnob tnhkm t` ey mdzo‘. Dftn`umn nor strhjhkm uso `c fhmnt hkvhtos a`epdrhs`k whtn urkor dkb tno Heprossh`khsts, dkb nor an`hao `c coedfo sulioats tno Wro-\dpndofhtos dkb ]nhstfor, nor w`rj nds d bhsthkathvofy coehkhko hk﬌oath`k tndt adeo t` daaruo t` tno eobhue `c pn`t`mrdpny htsofc.

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 

Chm. . Fdby Afoeokthkd Ndwdrbok, Afoeokthkd Edubo,  Wrhkaos Mdrboks  (  (a . ‑)

Fhjowhso, Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k‘s s`ct-c`ausob hedmos `c p`otha sul ioats, e`boffob hk phaturosquo bross ly nor cdehfy cdehfy,, sorvdkts dkb ndkbs`eo f`adf „podsdktry‘, ds sno rocorrob t` tnoe, a`ktrhlutob t` tno coehkhsdth`k `c tno drt `c pn`t`mrdpny. Dftn`umn nor p`worcuf af`so-up p`rtrdhts `c edfo wrhtors dkb drthsts dkb nhst`rhadf tnoeos brow a`epdrhs`ks whtn tno @fb Edstors ‑ Ro heos , rovhowhkm dk oxnhlhth`k `c nor pn`t`mrdpns hk , hkv`job Mh`tt`, Sofäzquoz, Sdk Byaj dkb \oyk`fbs ‑ dkb Adeor`k norsofc aufthvdtob suan pdrdffofs (ds wnok sno mdvo tno thtfo „Adrfyfo fhjo d r`umn lf`aj `c Ehanofdkmof`‘s saufpturo‘ t` nor p`rtrdht `c tno nhst`rhdk, dkb bosarhlob nor „Fd Edb`kkd Dsportdkto‘ ds „\dpndofosquo‘), nor styfo dkb sulioats, dkb hkboob nor sofc-roprosoktdth`k, dro c`r tno e`st pdrt boahbobfy coehkhko. Dmdhk, tno e`tnor/bdumntor tnoeo hs aruahdf t` nor drt (Chm. (Chm. ). ). Nor fflrst adeord wds d mhct hk  cr`e nor bdumntor, wn` sulsoquoktfy bhob, dkb, ds sno bosarhlos hk nor dut`lh`mrdpnhadf  Dkkdfs `c  Ey Mfdss Mfdss N`uso  (),  (), fflrst pulfhsnob hk tno adtdf`muo `c nor  F`kb`k

 

Coehkhko drts 



Chm. . Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k, D N`fy Cdehfy  Cdehfy  ()  ()

oxnhlhth`k, tno eoandkhadf pr`aoss `c pn`t`mrdpny wds dfwdys dkhedtob c`r nor ly f`vo9 „Ro mhct cr`e tn`so H f`vob s` tokborfy dbbob e`ro dkb

 

e`ro hepufso t` ey boopfy sodtob f`vo `c tno loduthcuf dkb cr`e tno fflrst e`eokt H ndkbfob ey foks whtn d tokbor drb`ur, drb`ur, dkb ht nds a`eo t` lo ds d fhvhkm tnhkm, whtn v`hao dkb eoe`ry dkb arodthvo vhm`ur.‘ vhm`ur.‘ Wn`t`mrdpny hs, ds Qusdk Q`ktdm eoe`rdlfy put ht, „tno hkvokt`ry `c e`rtdfhty‘, dkb ht loadeo c`r Adeor`k d eodks `c sdthscyhkm nor „f`kmhkm‘ t` „drrost „drrost dff loduty tndt adeo loc`ro eo‘, ds sno ndb look ukdlfo t` drrost

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

nor lof`vob bdumntor, adpturhkm d soktheokt shehfdr t` Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott‘s `wk „f`kmhkm t` ndvo suan d eoe`rhdf `c ovory Lohkm bodr t` eo hk tno  w`rfb‘ dkb nor dpproahdth`k `c „tno „tno dss`ahdth`k, dkb tno sokso `c kodrkoss kodrkoss‘‘ ov`job ly tno pn`t`mrdpn. Wn`t`mrdpny adeo t` lo romdrbob ds d coehkhko drt, k`t fodst loaduso ht wds dk drt c`re tndt a`ufb lo tdjok up hk ehb-fhco dkb pursuob dt n`eo dehbst b`eostha rosp`kshlhfhthos ly w`eok suan ds Ndwdrbok dkb Adeor`k, dkb dftn`umn ht `lvh`usfy nofpob t` ndvo drthstha a`kkoath`ks, ht bhb k`t roquhro dbehssh`k t` d pr`cossh`kdf w`rfb cr`e wnhan coedfo prdathth`kors woro oxafubob. Adeor`k boafdros9 „H lomdk whtn k` jk`wfobmo `c tno drt. H bhb k`t jk`w wnoro t` pfdao ey bdrj l`x, n`w t` c`aus ey shttor, dkb ey fflrst phaturo H o﬇daob t` ey a`kstorkdth`k ly rullhkm ey ndkb `vor tno fflfey shbo `c tno t no mfdss.‘ Xot, Xot, whtn s`eo hkstruath`k cr`e

tno pdhktor dkb pn`t`mrdpnor Bdvhb ]hfjho ]ykfflofb, sno quhajfy edstorob tno ldsha toankhquos `c sndff`w-c`aus p`rtrdht pn`t`mrdpny dkb  whtnhk d yodr loadeo d eoelor `c tno pn`t`mrdpnha s`ahothos `c F`kb`k dkb Qa`tfdkb, sulehtthkm nor fflrst phaturos c`r oxnhlhth`k hk .  Dfhao Numnos, wn` wds t` t ` loa`eo `ko `c F`kb`k‘ F`kb`k‘s e`st suaaosscuf s`ahoty p`rtrdht pn`t`mrdpnors fdtor hk tno aoktury aoktury,, ndb tno c`rtuko t` lo hkstruatob hk tno drt `c p`rtrdhturo dt n`eo ly nor cdtnor, tno pdhktor Obwdrb Numnos, t` wn`e sno „e`bostfy dsarhlos e`st `c nor suaaoss‘ hk d sofc-pr`e`thkm hktorvhow hk tno Ndresw`rtn Edmdzhko  hk  hk . N`wovor  N`wovor,, sno dfs` stubhob stu bhob pn`t`mrdpny tno F`kb`k W`fytoankha, pn`t`mrdpnha toankhquos dkb shmkdturodtstyfo sno bovof`pob woro dffdkb nortno `wk. Qno wds ovhboktfy dk dstuto lushkoss w`edk wn`, dctor okmdmhkm hk dedtour pn`t`mrdpny c`r s`eo yodrs, hk  sot up d suaaosscuf a`eeorahdf stubh` hk M`wor Qtroot tndt wds ovoktudffy t` oepf`y „dk „dk heeokso kuelor `c po`pfo ‑ burhkm tno sods`k ds edky ds shxty dt d theo‘, dftn`umn dt tno `utsot, sno boafdros, „H bhb ovorytnhkm eysofc, ovok t` tno rot`uanhkm dkb sp`tthkm.‘  Ovok hk tno adso `c Numnos, tn`umn, tno drt sno prdathsos hs adrocuffy coehkhko hbokthfflob. Qno wds cde`usfy „D Fdby Wn`t`mrdpnor ]n` Kovor Wn`t`mrdpns Eok‘,‘, `k tno mr`ukbs tndt „fdbhos, `c a`urso, edjo vory euan protthor phaEok turos tndk b` tnohr nusldkbs dkb lr`tnors‘, dkb sno ostdlfhsnob d roputdth`k c`r p`rtrdhts `c w`eok dkb e`tnor-dkb-anhfb sulioats. Curtnore`ro, sno stdrtob d cdsnh`k c`r pn`t`mrdpnhkm w`eok hk fdrmo phaturo ndts dkb ovokhkm bross hk tno edkkor `c \oyk`fbs dkb Mdhksl`r`umn, dkb ndb „boahbob vhows‘ dl`ut tno e`st ﬌dttorhkm a`f`urs dkb styfos `c bross c`r  w`eok ndvhkm tnohr p`rtrdhts tdjok9 „Ro edi`rhty `c w`eok, wndtovor lo tnohr dmo, f``j woff hk arodey wnhto, dkb tnoro hs k` b`ult tndt s`ct, ﬌`whkm brdporhos dbb heeoksofy t` tno loduty `c d pn`t`mrdpn … D shepfo

 

Coehkhko drts 

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tod-m`wk, `pok dt tno koaj, whff `ctok pr`buao d vory euan lottor rosuft tndk dk ofdl`rdto sth﬇ bhkkor-bross: dkb tnhs typo `c a`stueo nds tno curtnor dbvdktdmo `c lohkm bdtofoss ‑ tndt hs t` sdy, tno pn`t`mrdpn whff k`t mr`w `fb-cdsnh`kob.‘ Wn`t`mrdpny, e`ro rodbhfy tndk pdhkthkm, okdlfob s`eo `c tno a`kvokth`kdf `pp`shth`ks lotwook w`eok‘s w`rj dkb eok‘s w`rj, dedtour dkb pr`cossh`kdf, dkb `c a`urso ardctsedksnhp dkb drt t` lo bhss`fvob c`r  w`eok fhjo Num Numnos nos ‑ sno, fhjo Adeor`k Adeor`k,, wds jook t` „pr`buao dk drthstha o﬇oat‘, dkb `ctok an`so `pok-dhr ldajmr`ukbs ds d wdy `c mhvhkm nor pn`t`mrdpns „tno dppodrdkao `c d pdhkthkm‘. Ht wds d pr`cossh`k tndt dfs` uksottfob tno l`ukbdrhos lotwook n`eo dkb lushkoss9 sno rdk nor fflrst stubh` cr`e tno n`eo sno sndrob whtn nor cdtnor. Rroo yodrs loc`ro Numnos fdukanob nor lushkoss oktorprhso dkb ostdlfhsnob tndt tnhs wds d adroor tndt d moktfow`edk a`ufb rospoatdlfy pursuo, Dey Fovy ndb pulfhsnob nor fflrst

k`vof, Ro \`edkao `c d Qn`p  (), wnhan a`kvoys n`w andffokmhkm ht kovortnofoss wds c`r ehbbfo-afdss w`eok t` loa`eo a`eeorahdf pn`t`mrdpnors. Ht toffs tno st`ry `c c`ur y`ukm w`eok wn`, c`ff`whkm tno bodtn `c tnohr cdtnor, boahbo t` `pok d pn`t`mrdpnha stubh` hk F`kb`k, dmdhkst tno dbvhao `c tnohr rofdthvos, wn` codr tnoy whff f`so adsto. Ro F`rheor shstors fhvo dl`vo tnohr sn`p, dkb tnoy boa`rdto tno stubh` htsofc whtn n`eofy „dostnotha‘ t`uanos tndt dt `kao coehkhso tno w`rjpfdao dkb hkarodso hts a`eeorahdf dppodf, s` hk fflath`k, t``, tno bhvhsh`k lotwook b`eostha dkb pr`cossh`kdf spdao hs a`ffdpsob. Ro w`eok dro soedkthadffy hbokthfflob whtn tnohr stubh` dkb tnohr wdros ‑ „X`u „X`u whff lo k`tnhkm hc k`t dostnotha,‘ dostn otha,‘ boafdros `ko `c tnohr crhokbs ‑ dkb dftn`umn tnohr lushkoss a`kcors vhsudf dmokay, tnoy dro dfs`, ds coedfo pn`t`mrdpnors hk d sn`p, `k bhspfdy, tno `lioats `c tno mdzo. Ro kdrrdt`r wryfy `lsorvos tndt „ht ndb m`t dl`ut hk aortdhk sots tndt dff tno shstors woro oxtroeofy loduthcuf, dkb tndt Qhbkoy Bdrroff  wds pdhkthkm tnoe hk d mr`up c`r koxt yodr‘s yodr‘s Dadbo Dadboey ey,, d adkdrb  aortdhkfy   aortdhkfy k`t t` lo boproadtob cr`e d lushkoss p`hkt `c vhow‘.  Ro y`ukmost `c tno shstors suaauels t` tno dttokth`ks `c d wodftny edrrhob pdhktor dkb fodvos tno sdcoty `c tno s`r`rdf stubh`, wnoro w`eok edjo dkb soff drt, t` loa`eo nhs e`bof, ukoquhv`adffy tno `lioat `c tno mdzo. N`wovor, tno `tnor shstors roshst lohkm robuaob t` eoro spoatdafo ly dssorthkm tnohr edstory `c d sjhffob pr`cossh`k. Roy stuby tno toankhadf dspoats `c tnohr ardct hk tno Lrhthsn Eusoue \odbhkm \``e, dpprokthao tnoesofvos t` dk ostdlfhsnob pn`t`mrdpnor, dkb boedkb t` lo tdjok sorh`usfy ds drthsts. @ko `c tnohr fflrst a`eehssh`ks hs t` lo suee`kob ly dk drhst`ardtha afhokt t` pn`t`mrdpn nhs orrdkt whco wn` nds iust bhob. Quan pn`t`mrdpns `c tno bodb, ospoahdffy loduthcuf w`eok dkb anhfbrok, woro euan hk v`muo, lodrhkm whtkoss t`

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

tno jhkbs `c afdhes edbo ly Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott `c tno p`wor `c pn`t`mrdpny t` adpturo tno vory s`uf `c tno f`vob `ko. Mortrubo‘s phaturos `c tnhs f`vofy „w`edk fyhkm bodb `r dsfoop, whtn nor ndhr sprodb `ut `k tno phff`w‘ dro boafdrob t` lo nor lost w`rj, dkb dftn`umn nor shstor Cdkky tnhkjs ht „vory strdkmo‘ tndt tno edk a`eehssh`khkm suan pn`t`mrdpns „sn`ufb sofoat fdbhos, y`ukm mhrfs, c`r suan d phoao `c w`rj‘, tno sox `c tno pn`t`mrdpnor `kfy okndkaos `ur sokso `c tno mokbor `c tno eobhue. Edrrhdmo dkb anhfbrok dro k`t d auo c`r tno shstors t` dldkb`k tnohr pr`cossh`kdf w`rj c`r d a`kvokth`kdf coedfo oxhstokao. Dctor nor edrrhdmo, Fuay pfdks t` adrry `k tno lushkoss, dkb wo dro t`fb hk tno ophf`muo tndt sno nds iust „adrrhob `﬇ d eobdf c`r pn`t`mrdpns `c y`ukm anhfbrok cr`e dk hkbustrhdf oxnhlhth`k‘, oxnhlhth`k‘, wnhfo nor nusldkb, „k` „k` foss suaaosscuf hk nhs `wk fhko‘, ds dk hffustrdt`r c`r porh`bhadfs suan ds Ro Wn`t`mrdvuro   dkb Ro ]``baut , „ndvhkm poredkoktfy dldkb`kob tno pdhkt-lrusn c`r tno koobfo

… lhbs cdhr t` tdjo d nhmn pfdao de`km tno lfdaj dkb wnhto drthsts `c tno bdy‘. I`urkdfhse, dkb tno kow drts dss`ahdtob whtn ht, hs d tnoeo hk tno k`vof. Hk hts `pokhkm pdmos Mortrubo F`rheor hs sook pfdyhkm korv`usfy  whtn d a`py `c tno Lrhthsn I`urkdf `c Wn`t`mrdpny   ds sno propdros t` fdy `ut t` nor shstors nor pfdk t` `pok d pn`t`mrdpny stubh`. Dt dk odrfy stdmo `c tno shstors‘ adroor, sno rocusos t` lo hktorvhowob ly tno ]dtorf`` Wfdao Mdzotto , `k tno mr`ukbs tndt „wo dro pn`t`mrdpnors, k`t e`uktoldkjs‘, lut fdtor „s`eo ukdutn`rhsob pors`k wr`to d fhttfo daa`ukt `c tno F`rheors‘ stubh` hk `ko `c tno s`ahoty pdpors, `c wnhan, hc tno tdsto wds quosth`kdlfo, tno rosufts woro k`t t` lo quosth`kob dt dff‘, dkb ht hs dajk`wfobmob tndt suan „mrdtuht`us dbvorthsoeokt‘ nofps tnohr lushkoss t` tnrhvo. Ds tno oxdepfo `c Dfhao Numnos‘s hktorvhow hk tno Ndresw`rtn Edmdzhko  edjos   edjos afodr,, codturo drthafos hk tno porh`bhadf pross woro dk `pp`rtukhty c`r coedfo afodr pn`t`mrdpnors t` pr`e`to l`tn tno a`eeorahdf dkb tno drthstha dspoats `c tnohr w`rj, dkb tnoy dfs` pr`vhbob dk `aadsh`k c`r coedfo i`urkdfhsts t`  wrhto dl`ut tno dostnothas ds woff ds tno pr`cossh`k pr`cossh`k `c pn`t`mrdpny, pn`t`mrdpny, dkb hts suhtdlhfhty c`r w`eok. Ro „]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘ a`fuek hk tno Wdff Edff Mdzotto , wnhan dppodrob dfe`st bdhfy cr`e Edy  t` tno okb `c , dkb t` wnhan Dfhao Eoykoff dkb `tnor w`eok i`urkdfhsts a`ktrhlutob drthafos dbbrossob t` d coedfo rodborsnhp, rdk sovordf drthafos `k pn`t`mrdpny, hkafubhkm `k\`edkao „Ro Wn`t`mrdpnor‘, tndt rocors `ko t` Ro `c d Qn`p9 hk d sorhos thtfob „]`eok‘s Fhvos‘, Ro lushkoss an`sok ly Mortrubo F`rheor, tndt a`ee`k-sokshlfo nor`hko … wds pn`t`mrdpny. Dkb wny k`t0 Ht hs d pursuht oehkoktfy fflttob t`  w`edk, hkv`fvhkm kohtnor tno korv`us strdhk `r pnyshadf cdthmuo `c eobhahko, k`r tno k`hsy lustfo dkb dfort strummfo `c a`eeorao. Qno koob k`t

 

Coehkhko drts 

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noshtdto, thehb dkb sofc-b`ultcuf, ovok tn`umn mokhus lo `ehttob cr`e tno mhcts `﬇orob nor ly khmmdrbfy Cdto. Ro dvordmo w`edk ndb lost fodvo drt df`ko: lut, ly c`rao `c hktoffhmokt stuby dkb tn`umntcuf hkbustry, sno edy trhuepn whtn tno adeord. Hkboob, k`t `kfy wndt sno adk b` hs t` lo p`hktob `ut, lut fhjowhso wndt sno nds b`ko. Qno edy turk, c`r dk oxdepfo dkb muhbo, t` Ers Adeor`k, wn` wds hksphrob de`km pn`t`mrdpnors, dkb  wn`so p`rtrdhts oxpfdhk tndt tndt tno ehstross `c tno edanhko edanhko hs k`t koaossdrhfy d eoro dut`edt`k.

Rhs roprosokts dk hktorosthkm bovof`peokt `k tno vhow oxprossob ly Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo hk nor ph`koorhkm drthafo `k pn`t`mrdpny pulfhsnob hk tno Tudrtorfy \ovhow   hk Dprhf , hk tno yodr tndt Fdby Ndwdrbok daquhrob nor fflrst adeord, shx yodrs loc`ro Adeor`k wds mhvok nors, dkb loc`ro ohtnor `c tnoe ndb boe`kstrdtob wndt „tno ehstross `c tno edanhko‘  wds adpdlfo `c. Dctor mhvhkm d botdhfob dkb jk`wfobmod jk`wfobmodlfo lfo nhst`ry `c tno toankhadf bovof`peokt `c pn`t`mrdpny t` bdto, Odstfdjo turks t` a`kshbor

„tno drthstha pdrt `c `ur sulioat, dkb t` tn`so quosth`ks wnhan s`eotheos puzzfo tno spoatdt`r, ds t` n`w cdr pn`t`mrdpny hs rodffy d phaturosquo dmokt, wndt dro tno adusos `c hts suaaossos dkb hts cdhfuros, dkb wndt hk tno sokso `c drt dro hts suaaossos dkb cdhfuros0‘ ‑ lurkhkm quosth`ks, ds wo ndvo sook, hk hts odrfy bdys. Qno a`kafubos9 tno wn`fo quosth`k `c suaaoss dkb cdhfuro ros`fvos htsofc hkt` dk hkvosthmdth`k `c tno adpdahthos `c tno edanhko, dkb woff edy wo lo sdthsfflob whtn tno rhan mhcts ht lost`ws, whtn`ut strdhkhkm ht hkt` d a`epothth`k whtn drt. C`r ovorytnhkm c`r wnhan Drt, s`-adffob, nds nhtnort` look tno eodks lut k`t tno okb, pn`t`mrdpny hs tno dff`ttob dmokt ‑ c`r dff tndt roquhros eoro edkudf a`rroatkoss, dkb eoro edkudf sfdvory, whtn`ut dky oepf`yeokt `c tno drthstha coofhkm, sno hs tno pr`por dkb tnoroc`ro tno porcoat eobhue.

Rhs hs tno w`rj `c drt hk tno dmo `c eoandkhadf ropr`buath`k. Wn`t`mrdpny hs tno porcoat eobhue c`r tno t no khkotooktn aoktury ds woff9 „Qno hs edbo c`r tno prosokt dmo, hk wnhan tno boshro c`r drt roshbos hk d sedff ehk`rhty, ehk`rhty, lut tno ardvhkm, `r rdtnor koaosshty c`r anodp, pr`ept, dkb a`rroat cdats hk tno pulfha dt fdrmo. Wn`t`mrdpny hs tno purvoy`r `c suan jk`wfobmo t` tno  w`rfb. Qno hs hs tno sw`rk whtkoss `c ovorytnhkm prosoktob prosoktob t` nor vhow vhow.‘.‘ Ht hs d boe`ardtha drt c`re, k`t `kfy loaduso `c hts hkbhsarhehkdto roprosoktdth`k `c ovorytnhkm whtnhk hts shmnts, lut dfs` loaduso `c hts rodan hkt` ovory a`rkor `c tno p`pufdth`k. Ro drthafo `poks whtn d whbo-foks vhow `c d  w`rfb hk wnhan „pn`t`mrdpny „pn`t`mrdpny nds loa`eo d n`uson`fb w`rb dkb d n`uson `uson`fb wdkt‘, dkb wnhan hs usob dfhjo ly drt dkb sahokao, ly f`vo, lushkoss, dkb iusthao: hs c`ukb hk tno e`st sueptu`us sdf``k, dkb hk tno bhkmhost dttha ‑ hk tno s`fhtubo `c

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury  tno Nhmnfdkb a`ttdmo, dkb hk tno mfdro `c tno F`kb`k mhk-pdfdao ‑ hk tno p`ajot `c tno botoathvo, hk tno aoff `c tno a`kvhat, hk tno c`fh` `c tno pdhktor dkb dranhtoat, de`km tno pdpors dkb pdttorks `c tno ehff`wkor dkb edkucdaturor, dkb `k tno a`fb lrdvo lrodst `k tno ldttfo-fflofb. 

Wr`buaob dkb a`ksueob ly po`pfo hk dff wdfjs `c fhco ‑ k`t fodst, sno k`tos, w`eok ‑ pn`t`mrdpny hs d pursuht tndt nds toks `c tn`usdkbs `c po`pfo „prdathshkm d kow pfodsuro, spodjhkm d kow fdkmudmo, dkb l`ukb t`motnor ly d kow syepdtny‘: `ko tndt „ukhtos eok `c tno e`st bhvorso fhvos, ndlhts, dkb stdth`ks, s` tndt wn`ovor oktors hts rdkjs fflkbs nhesofc hk d jhkb `c ropulfha, wnoro ht koobs dppdroktfy lut t` lo d pn`t`mrdpnor t` lo d lr`tnor‘. Hk Odstfdjo‘s vhow, pn`t`mrdpny hs k`tnhkm foss tndk d kow fdkmudmo, „kow c`re a`eeukhadth`k lotwook edk vhsudf ‑ kohtnor fottor, deossdmo, k`r `c phaturo ‑ wnhan k`w ndpphfyedk fflffsdkb up tno spdao lotwook tnoe‘.  Ro anorhsnob pn`t`mrdpnha p`rtrdht tndt Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott rosp`kbob t` whtn suan w`kboreokt dkb oe`th`k hs, c`r

Odstfdjo, foss r`edkthadffy, d „cdahdf edp‘, curkhsnhkm „daaurdto fdkbedrjs dkb eodsuroeokts c`r f`vhkm oyos dkb eoe`rhos t` boaj whtn loduty dkb dkhedto whtn oxprossh`k, hk porcoat aortdhkty, tndt tno mr`ukb-pfdk hs c`ukbob up`k cdat‘, yot ht hs shehfdrfy dajk`wfobmob t` lo d bykdeha dkb rov`futh`kdry kow eobhue `c nuedk a`eeukhadth`k, `ko tndt hkvhtos hedmhkdthvo dkb d﬇oathvo a`kcdlufdth`k. Hkboob p`rtrdhts, Odstfdjo dvors, lof`kmhkm ds tnoy b` „t` tndt afdss `c cdats wdktob ly kuelors wn` jk`w dkb adro k`tnhkm dl`ut tnohr vdfuo ds w`rjs `c drt‘, dro d mokro tndt nds look hepr`vob up`k ly tno dbvokt `c pn`t`mrdpny. Ndkb-t`uanob dkb thktob pn`t`mrdpnha p`rtrdhts `﬇or „d e`st sdthscdat`ry a`dfhth`k lotwook tno drthst dkb tno edanhko‘. Bosphto, `r porndps loaduso `c, hts hbokthffladth`k ds d eoandkhadf drt, pn`t`mrdpny hs a`kshstoktfy mokborob ds coehkhko hk Odstfdjo‘s drthafo, ly a`epdrhs`k whtn drt wnhan hs dfwdys edsaufhko ‑ „ZtUno fflofb `c bofhkodth`k, ndvhkm tw` bhsthkat spnoros, roquhros tw` bhsthkat fdl`urors‘. „Nor lushkoss hs t` mhvo ovhbokao `c cdats, ds ehkutofy dkb ds hepdrthdffy ds, t` `ur sndeo, `kfy dk ukrods`khkm edanhko adk mhvo‘, lut tnhs b`os k`t a`ksthtuto drt. Ro (edfo) stubokt hssuhkm cr`e tno Dadboey eust dbb t` tno dut`edt`k‘s dlhfhty t` roa`rb cdats „ZtUno p`wor `c sofoath`k dkb roioath`k, tno edrrhdmo fhvhkm dppfhadth`k `c ehkb tndt fdkmudmo bodbnhe, hk nhsdkb pdhktl`x, tno `c nhs `wk whtn tnownhan `lioatfhos loc`ro tno `﬇sprhkm, ndfc stdepob whtn nhs `wk codturos, ndfc whtn tn`so `c Kdturo,  wnhan hs l`rk `c tno ukh`k ‑ wndtovor dpportdhks t` tno croo-whff `c tno hktoffhmokt lohkm, ds `pp`sob t` tno `lobhokao `c tno edanhko‘.  Hk tnhs oxpfhahtfy soxudfhsob daa`ukt `c tno lhrtn `c tno drt w`rj, pn`t`mrdpny hs

 

Coehkhko drts 



daa`rbob d r`fo dss`ahdtob whtn kdturo wnhan eust koobs lo edrrhob whtn ehkb. Wn`t`mrdpny hs tno ndkbedhbok `c „tndt eystory adffob Drt, hk tno ofuahbdth`k `c wnhan pn`t`mrdpny adk mhvo vdfudlfo nofp, shepfy ly sn`whkm wndt ht hs k`t‘. Hkboob, wo dro t`fb9 Roro hs, hk trutn, k`tnhkm hk tndt p`wor `c fhtordf, ukrods`khkm hehtdth`k,  wnhan sno afdhes ds nor `wk, hk wnhan, rhmntfy vhowob, sno b`os k`t rofhovo tno drthst `c d lurbok rdtnor tndk suppfdkt nhe hk dk `fiao. ]o ]o b` k`t ovok oxaopt nor e`st phat`rhdf codts ‑ tn`so spfokbhb dranhtoaturdf roprosoktdth`ks ‑ cr`e tnhs rufo. Oxquhshto ds tnoy dro, dkb fflttob t` todan tno y`ukm, dkb dsshst tno oxporhokaob hk drt, yot tno ndkb `c tno drthst hs lut hmk`lfy oepf`yob hk af`sofy hehtdthkm tno toxturo `c st`ko, `r hk sorvhfofy c`ff`whkm tno hktrhadahos `c tno zhmzdm `rkdeokt.

Wn`t`mrdpny, tnok ‑ fhjo w`edk ‑ hs dbehrdlfy oquhppob t` lo tno nofpeoot `c drt, t` todan tno y`ukm, dkb t` tokb t` tno drts `c `rkdeokt, dkb tnohr dfhmkeokt, ovok hk tnhs ph`koorhkm ossdy ly d c`rehbdlfo w`edk

 wn` wds vory euan e`ro tndk tno eoro nofpeoot `c nor oehkokt nus ldkb, Qhr Andrfos Odstfdjo ‑ dftn`umn sno p`shth`ks norsofc ds suan hk hts `pokhkm pdmos. Nor drthafo `﬇ors dk hktrhmuhkm sueedth`k `c tno edky  wdys hk wnhan wn han tnhs „coe „coehkhko hkhko‘‘ drt wds dt `kao pr`e`tob, roaupordtob, arhthquob dkb p`shth`kob hk rofdth`k t` tno fflko drts hk khkotooktn-aoktury drt bhsa`urso.

Ro drt `c tno n`eo „Ey dsphrdth`ks‘, Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k wr`to hk  t` nor crhokb dkb eokt`r Qhr I`nk Norsanof, wn` a`hkob tno w`rb „pn`t`mrdpny‘ dkb a`ktrhlutob t` tno odrfy bovof`peokt `c tno sahokao, „dro t` okk`lfo Wn`t`mrdpny dkb t` soauro c`r ht tno andrdator dkb usos `c Nhmn Drt‘.    ]nhfo ht ehmnt lo sdhb tndt tno oxporheoktdf w`rj `c Adeor`k dkb `tnor „ehstrossZosU `c tno edanhko‘ pr`buathvofy a`epfhadtob tno afodr adtom`rhadf bhsthkath`k tndt Odstfdjo whsnos t` prosorvo lotwook tno fflko dkb tno hkbustrhdf drts, dkb tndt tnohr pn`t`mrdpns woro ovhboktfy ukborst``b ly s`eo `c tnohr a`ktoep`rdrhos ds a`ksthtuthkm d kow dkb mokuhkofy nylrhb drt c`re, c`r tno e`st pdrt pn`t`mrdpny wds vhowob, hc k`t ds tno roa`rbor `c cdat,dkb/`r tnok ds `rkdeoktdf wn`soMrodt cukath`k t` loduthcy tno n`eo t` dk eoe`rhdfhso tnodrt, cdehfy. Duktwds Iufhd‘s `wk pn`t`mrdpns nukm hk tno ndffwdy `c tno Qtopnoks‘s n`uso hk M`rb`k Qqudro. Ovok tno pr`cossh`kdf pn`t`mrdpnor Dfhao Numnos usob nor drt ds d bèa`r htoe. Nor hktorvhowor c`r tno phoao hk tno Ndresw`rtn Edmdzhko  k`tos  k`tos tndt „Z`Uko `c tno t no e`st loduthcuf codturos `c Ehss Numnos Numnos‘‘s fflko roaopth`k-r``es

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

hs d kuelor `c loduthcuf F`uhs Tuhkzo sarooks a`vorob whtn oxquhshto spoaheoks `c nor w`rj‘, dkb fost tnhs lo ehstdjok c`r d c`re `c dbvorthshkm wo dro dssurob tndt edky `c tnoe „dro kohtnor c`r sdfo k`r ropr`buath`k‘. ]nok tno F`rheor shstors e`vo hkt` tnohr kowfy daquhrob stubh`, tnoy spokb theo „pfdyhkm dt pn`t`mrdpnors dkb boa`rdt`rs‘ hk wdys tndt ofhbo tno bh﬇orokaos lotwook tno tw`9 „Ro `lioath`kdlfo Shrmhkhd a`rj dkb a`f`urob mfdss `c tno fhttfo pdssdmo woro bhsmuhsob ly vdrh`us dostnotha bovhaos: fdktorks swukm cr`e tno r``c, dkb d crdeob pn`t`mrdpn `r tw` cr`e Böror dkb L`tthaoffh, ]dtts dkb Lurko-I`kos, wds ehkmfob drtcuffy  whtn tno spoaheoks `c tnohr `wk w`rj wnhan db`rkob ht ds d edttor `c a`urso‘, edjhkm `c ht „d porcoat l`wor `c drt dkb aufturo‘.  ]nhfo tnoro hs afodrfy d a`eeorahdf hepordthvo tnohr boa`rdthvo ht hs kovortnofoss roprosoktob ds dhkedrjor `c tdsto. uso `c tno pn`t`mrdpn, Hk d p`pufdr sorhos `c ossdys `k tno curkhsnhkm dkb boa`rdth`k `c tno n`eo, n`wovor, pulfhsnob d boadbo fdtor hk „Ro ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘ a`fuek hk tno Wdff Edff Mdzotto  dkb   dkb a`ffoatob dkb roprhktob hk  ds Ro

 Drt `c tno N`uso , tno p`ot dkb i`urkdfhst \`sdeukb Edrrh`tt ]dts`k hs arhthadf `c tno cdsnh`k, pdrthaufdrfy omromh`us de`km w`eok, c`r fflffhkm tno n`eo whtn pn`t`mrdpns9 Qdb, t``, t` tnhkj tndt tno pn`t`mrdpn pfdmuo, dfwdys mrhov`us ok`umn, sn`ufb rdmo whtn ly cdr tno mrodtor cury hk n`eos wn`so proshbhkm cdhry ndppoks t` lo `c tno foss ‑ boa`rdthvofy ‑ sarupuf`us sox. Wn`t`s, pn`t`s ovorywnoro, w`ufb sooe t` lo tno wdtanw`rb `c tno e`bork n`usowhco ‑ `k tno wdffs, tno `voredktof: `k tno a`uktfoss „`aadsh`kdf‘ tdlfos tndt lrhkm tno drtfoss vhsht`r t` tno l`rbors `c pr`cdkhty, `k tno mrdkb phdk`, `k tno pr`todk lut ukbyhkm anh﬇`khor. @kfy tno andhrs ds yot roedhk ukhkvdbob ly tndt sehrjhkm `r fdkmuhsnhkm a`epdky. a`epdky. Dkb tno s`fo spdrj `c pr`ehso hs tndt tnoy ndvo tno sdvhkm oxauso `c porhsndlhfhty. Lut tnhs whff k`t lrhkm us ldaj tno bdhkty ehkhdturo, tno tokbor shfn`uotto, tno pfodsdkt p`rtrdhturo `c bdys wnok fhjokossos woro fflt dkb cow, dkb tno adrb pnysh`mk`ey `c ovory adsudf daqudhktdkao wds k`t nofb hk boa`rdthvo ostooe dkb snrhkob hk d crdeo lut d fhttfo foss c``fhsn tndk htsofc.

 ]`eok dro noro booeob t`  ]`eok t ` lo rosp`kshlfo c`r wndt Edrrh`tt ]dts`k ]dts`k fflmuros ds tno sprodb `c d a`ktdmh`us bhsodso dkb, ds hk tno adso `c tnohr edkhc`fb `tnor oxaossos dkb fdpsos hk tdsto, sno edjos ht nor lushkoss t` put tnoe rhmnt. Nor w`rj, fhjo `tnor a`fueks, l``js dkb edkudfs `k tno b`eostha drts pulfhsnob hk tno porh`b, hs c`ukbob `k d pdrdb`x9 tndt w`eok, wn` dro `stokshlfy kdturdffy fflttob `ut t` lo n`eoedjors, dro croquoktfy k`t s` oquhppob, dkb koob lo tdumnt n`w t` rodfhso dkb cuffflf tnohr ossokthdf

 

Coehkhko drts 



kdturo. „Ro iubhah`us uso `c wdffpdpor, tno rhmnt sofoath`k dkb bhsp`sdf `c curkhturo, hs tdjok c`r mrdktob ds lohkm tnr`wk hk whtn tno rost `c tno coehkhko drts‘, drts‘, sno `lsorvos, `lsor vos, dkb yot tnoro hs rods`k t` oktortdhk ehsmhvhkms dl`ut d n`usowhco‘s „nodvok-l`rk dlhfhty c`r mr`uphkm ﬌`wors t` tno lost dbvdktdmo‘‘ dkb c`r drrdkmhkm nor `wk brdwhkm r``e. Hk nor hktr`buat`ry dbvdktdmo ossdy „Q`eo Wrhkahpfos `c Boa`rdth`k‘, sno brdws dttokth`k t` suan hr`kha dk`edfhos ds pr`cossh`kdf hktorh`r boshmkors lohkm nhrob „t` edjo tno pfdao f``j n`eofy‘,  yot `c a`urso tno purp`so `c nor `wk hktorvokth`k hs t` fokb d pr`cossh`kdf oyo t` tno dostnothas `c tno n`eo, dkb t` nofp w`eok drtcuffy danhovo wndt s` ovhboktfy b`os k`t a`eo kdturdffy t` tnoe ds tno boshmkdtob n`eoedjors. Ro b`eostha drts eust lo edstorob ds „daa`epfhsneokts‘, odan `c wnhan „hs d sopdrdto sahokao hk htsofc … c`ukbob `k prhkahpfos ds woff-bofflkob ds tn`so tndt m`vork tno a`ep`shth`k `c d s`kkot, d phaturo, `r d cumuo‘. D woff-rospoatob p`ot, Edrrh`tt ]dts`k ]dts`k a`ufb afdhe t` ndvo oxport arobokthdfs hk tno fflrst dt fodst `c tnoso c`res, dkb s`  wrhtos whtn s`eo dutn`rhty tndt „ZtUno drrdkmoeokt `c curkhturo hs iust ds

bhfiauft dkb bdkmor`us dk drt ds fdkbsadpo mdrbokhkm `r s`kkot edjhkm … Ro drt `c hkkuokb`, tno stuby `c hepfhadth`k, dro k` foss sultfo wnoro tno  iuxtdp`shth`k `c hkdkhedto edttor hs a`kaorkob tndk wnok w`rbs dro tno a`ep`kokts t` lo iummfob whtn.‘ Rhs hs, hkboob, tno drt   `c tno n`uso, dkb Edrrh`tt ]dts`k hs, sno hepfhos, dk obuadtob dkb aufturob w`edk  wn` hs woff oquhppob oquhppob t` dbvhso `k tno dostnothas `c tno n`eo. dfhd Qand﬇or nds wrhttok whtn mrodt hkshmnt dl`ut tno snhcthkm aufturdf eodkhkms `c b`eostha ndkbhardcts dkb tno mokborhkm `c n`eo boa`rdth`k hk tno khkotooktn aoktury wnhan pr`vhbo d a`ktoxt c`r tno w`rjs `c Edrrh`tt ]dts`k ]dts`k dkb `tnor w`eok wrhthkm `k tno b`eostha drts dr ts tnr`umn`ut tno porh`b. Qno p`hkts t` tno a`ktrdbhat`ry dkb syelh`thadffy ov`fvhkm rofdth`ksnhp lotwook `rkdeoktdf drts pr`buaob ly w`eok dkb tno edhkstrode hkbustrhdf drts, edpphkm d trdioat`ry cr`e ehb-aoktury ehb-aoktury,, wnok ndkbardctob m``bs oeufdtob hkbustrhdfhse dkb „`rkdeoktdf edkucdaturo‘ `aauphob d pr`ehkokt pfdao dt tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k, tnr`umn tno s,  wnok ndkbhardct, whtn hts a`kk`tdth`ks `c w`eok‘ w`eok‘s boa`r`us hkbustrh`uskoss hk tnohr sopdrdto spnoro `c tno n`eo, wokt `ut `c v`muo, dkb kow a`kaopth`ks `c ardctsedksnhp woro usnorob hk ly ]hffhde E`rrhs dkb ]dftor Ardko. Hk d kudkaob bhsaussh`k `c tno a`epfox dppr`prhdth`ks dkb rodppr`prhdth`ks `c hktorh`r boshmk dostnothas ds eok suan ds Andrfos F`ajo Odstfdjo (kopnow `c Qhr Andrfos Odstfdjo), whtn nhs Nhkts `k N`uson`fb dsto9 hk Curkhturo, _pn`fstory dkb @tnor Botdhfs  (),  (), oktorob wndt ndb trdbhth`kdffy look romdrbob ds d coedfo rodfe, sno oxpf`ros wndt ndppokob n dppokob  wnok edfo drt spoahdfhsts turkob tnohr dttokth`k t` hktorh`r boshmk. Rohr

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

hktorvokth`k trdksc`reob wndt ndb `kao look dk hkofuatdlfy dedtour dkb coehkhko c`re `c b`eostha arodthvhty hkt` d pr`cossh`kdf, dkb boahbobfy e`ro edsaufhko, fflofb, `ko wnhan vdf`rhsob tno bhspfdy `c dkthquos dkb fflko a`ffoathlfos rdtnor tndk vdfuofoss coedfo ardctw`rj, dkb wnhan roquhrob hk tno boa`rdt`r d jk`wfobmo `c drt dkb dranhtoaturdf nhst`ry dkb sjhffs `c a`kk`hssoursnhp.  ]`eok  ] `eok wrhthk wrhthkmm dl`ut tno boa`rd boa`rdthvo thvo drts woro dfwdys roquhrob t` kom`thdto tnoso a`epothkm mokborob bhsa`ursos, dkb Qand﬇or nds sn`wk n`w c`r s`eo w`eok, suan ds Ofhzdlotn Mdsjoff, Mo`rmo Ofh`t dkb Edrmdrot @fhpndkt, ht wds fflath`k tndt c`redffy okdlfob tno bovof`peokt `c d e`ro sultfo fdkmudmo dl`ut coedfo ndkbhardct, euan ds wo ndvo sook tndt k`vofs pr`vhbob d fflath`kdf spdao hk wnhan w`eok a`ufb wrhto dl`ut tno fflko drts. ]ndt wo fflkb hk tno adso `c w`eok fhjo Edrrh`tt  ]dts`k  ] dts`k wn` wr`to dl`ut tno b`eost b`eostha ha drts pr`coss pr`cossh`kdffy h`kdffy hs tndt tnohr  w`rj croquokt croquoktfy fy a`ktdhks a`kt dhks d rhtud rhtudff bokukahdth` bokuk ahdth`k k `c coedfo ndkbhard n dkbhardct ct dkb  w`eok‘ss uks`pn  w`eok‘ uks`pnhstha hsthadtob dtob dostn dostnotha otha tdsto hk `rbor t` ostdlf ostdlfhsn hsn tnohr `wk arhthadf arobokthdfs, dt tno sdeo theo tndt ht pfdys up`k tno hbod tndt tno

coedfo dutn`r adk lrhkm d prhvhfomob jk`wfobmo `c b`eostha aufturo t` lodr `k quosth`ks `c hktorh`r boshmk, tnoroly dbbhkm d bh﬇orokt jhkb `c dutn`rhty t` tno pr`cossh`kdf fflofb. Edrrh`tt ]dts`k norsofc, wn`so hktorh`r boshmk hbo`f`my hs, ds Qand﬇or k`tos, fhjo tndt `c `tnor a`ktrhlut`rs t` tno „] „ ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘ a`fuek, „boopfy edrjob ly tno toksh`ks `c wrhthkm d ‖coehkhko― a`fuek hk tno boahbobfy k`kcoehkhko vokuo `c 

tno Wdff Edff Mdzotto  ,   okmdmos suan edk`ouvros hk Ro Drt `c tno N`uso  . Qno afodrs tno ‘,‘wdy c`r nor hk `wk b`eostha dostnotha ly vhm`r`usfy bok`ukahkm l`tn tno dostnoto dkb tno dedtour coedfo boa`rdt`r loc`ro m`hkm `k t` wrhto dl`ut hktorh`rs „hk d bhsa`urso tndt wds a`kthku`us whtn tno a`epfox, dffushvo, hedmhstha, dkb psyan`f`mhadffy bokso fdkmudmo `c nor `wk p`otry‘. Fdeokthkm „tno „tno whbosprodb suporsthth`k tndt tno sokso `c shmnt koobs k` obuadth`k‘, sno dfs` romrots tno fdaj `c dttokth`k mhvok ly e`st w`eok t` „tno hkkor bovof`peokt `c tno n`usos hk wnhan tnoy dro t` fhvo dkb e`vo dkb ndvo tnohr lohkm‘, d pnrdso summosthvo `c tno pr`c`ukb a`kkoath`k lotwook tno hbokthty dkb hkkor lohkm `c d w`edk dkb nor n`eo. „Hkboob‘, sno wrhtos, „ht woro bhfiauft t` `vor-osthedto tno hktheday `c tno rofdth`ks lotwook `ursofvos dkb wndt, c`r wdkt `c d lottor w`rb, edy lo adffob `ur sotthkm.‘ Ro n`eo hs dk oxtoksh`k `c hts `wkor‘s vory sulioathvhty, dkb ht eust lo dbdptob t` ro﬌oat dkb oxpross nor hktorh`rhty. Rhs poraopth`k `c tno af`so hbokthffladth`k `c tno ehstross whtn nor n`uso poreodtos Edrrh`tt ]dts`k‘s fdkmudmo, wnhan hs dt `kao dfhvo whtn

 

Coehkhko drts 

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eotdpn`r dkb dfort t` tno edtorhdfhty `c tnhkms. Ds Qand﬇or p`hkts `ut, Edrrh`tt ]dts`k ]dts`k wrhtos tno n`uso ds d a`rpufokt Shat`rhdk edtr`k, stu﬇ob  whtn curkhsnhkms tndt dro tno `lioathvo a`rrofdthvo `c w`eok‘s w`eok‘s mr`tosquofy ehssndpok l`bhos9 tno hkofomdkt Shat`rhdk s`cd, whtn hts „nhpp`p`tdeusfhjo c`re, tno brodry lutt`kob-b`wk upn`fstorhos ‑ k`w hk fodtnor fodtnor,, k`w hk rop, k`w, w`rst `c dff, hk ruly `r oeordfb vofvot, `r hk sdthk: tno br`pshadf turkob foms, tno c``fhsn ukbufdth`ks `c tno ldaj ds ht bwhkbfob ukloduthcuffy foss ‑ d fhttfo e`ro tndk ehbwdy lotwook nodb dkb c``t‘: tno romufdth`k phdk`c`rto, „ZtUno hka`rrhmhlfo ‖mrdkb―, whtn hts mr`ss pr`p`rth`ks, hts de`rpn`us ukwhofbhkoss `c lufj, hts lf`dtob foms, mr`tosquofy hkboktob  whtn hkdboqudto fhttfo dkjfos, fhjo tno cdt fdby hk d a`uktry cdhr … Ht hs `kfy fflt t` edto whtn tno t`db-fhjo `tt`edk `c yostorbdy.‘ Nor foxha`k noro dkb tnr`umn`ut tno e`st vhrufoktfy arhthadf pdssdmos `c tno l``j hs ropfoto whtn fdkmudmo tndt hkv`jos a`ktoep`rdry boldtos dr`ukb norobhty dkb bomokordth`k. Hkdkhedto curkhsnhkms dro dktnr`p`e`rpnhsob, dkb okb`wob whtn dk hedmhkdthvo fhco `c tnohr `wk9 „y`ur wdffs dro suro t` lodr euto whtkoss dmdhkst y`u cr`e y`ur rhshkm up t` y`ur b`wk-

fyhkm. Qfoopfoss whtn a`fb, a`eeoe`rdthvo oyos , tno poda`aj crhozo hk uklfossob ukh`k whtn tno rodfhstha ﬌`wory wdffpdpor stdros euto ropr`dan dt y`u s` f`km ds ht, dkb y`u, edy okburo.‘ ]`rso sthff, e`bork E`rrhs dkb Ida`lodk wdffa`vorhkms dro roprosoktob ds soxudffy probdt`ry, vh`fdthkm tno w`edk hk nor n`eo9 „Ro fflmuros c`rao tnoesofvos up`k y`u, tnoy dro dfwdys whtn y`u, hk boahbob pdttorkhkm, hep`rtukdto dkoab`to, hkshstokt, dkb boe`kstrdthvo. pross k`ko.‘ ukhkvhtob hkt` tno hk w`rfb hk, c`r   w`rfb `c tnohr `wk Roy tnoy ndvo   Wulfhsnob tno y`u sdeofhvo porh`b ds Andrf`tto Worjhks Mhfedk‘s sn`rt st`ry „Ro Xoff`w ]dffpdpor‘ () dkb Croub‘ Cro ub‘ss odrfy drthafos `k nystorhd, tnoro hs e`ro tndk d summosth`k `c  fflk-boshîafo  coedfo   coedfo kour`sos hk Edrrh`tt ]dts`k‘s drt `c tno n`uso. Qno bospdhrs, c`r oxdepfo, `c w`eok‘s edkhd, `kao tnoy ndvo „tdstob lf``b‘ dkb „tno ardvhkm Znds mr`wkU whtn hkbufmokao‘, c`r „rukZkhkmU deuaj‘ whtn d pdhktlrusn, dkb pdhkthkm `vor fflko curkhturo9 „lut tnoro‘s k` nofp c`r ht, ukfoss porandkao tno ndkb-pdhkthkm ndlht a`eos t` lo roa`mkhzob dt fdst ds `ko `c tno bhro bhsodsos `c tno bdy, bdy, dkb d N`eo lo hksthtutob c`r tno t no rostrdhkt dkb spoahdf trodteokt `c hts vhathes dkb tno mokordf m``b `c tno a`eeukhty dt fdrmo‘. W``rfy boa`rdtob dkb boshmkob n`eos dro ovhboktfy k`t tno podaocuf ndvok cr`e tno w`rfb tnoy dro eodkt t` lo lut shtos `c vh`fokt dluso dkb korv`us hrrhtdth`k9 „kow cokbors dkb `fb fflropfdaos swodr dt odan `tnor‘, dkb tno sdbbfoldaj andhr‘s „stu﬇y, afhkmhkm surcdao sots tno korvos `k obmo‘.   Xot  X ot whtn buo dttokth`k, d w`edk w`edk‘‘s b`edhk adk lo cuff `c hedmhkdthvo

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

p`sshlhfhty p`sshlhfhty, , k`wnoro e`ro s` tndk hk tno lobr``e, wnoro sno adk prdathso nor coehkhko drts e`st arodthvofy9 Ro fflt pfokhsnhkm `c d sfoophkm andelor boedkbs dt fodst ds hktoffhmokt a`kshbordth`k, ds khao d sokso `c sofoath`k, ds tno a`ep`shth`k `c dky `tnor jhkb `c k`aturko, lo ht hk w`rbs, hk eusha, `r hk pdhkt … D woff-drrdkmob lobr``e, wnoro a`ec`rt dkb m``b tdsto a`elhko t` fhvo hk ukhty t`motnor, hs fhjo tno sndb`w `c d mrodt r`aj hk d wodry fdkb, d pfdao wnorohk t` b`﬇ y`ur whff (dkb y`ur w`rrhos t` l``t), ds rdheokt fdhb dwdy, dkb mhvo y`ursofc `vor t` tno uka`ksah`uskoss `r tno bhvhko hrrosp`kshlhfhty `c brodes. Ht hs, `r sn`ufb lo, dk okandktob adstfo, wnokao ovory khmnt y`u edy sot c`rtn, l`ukb, k`w c`r tno boop sods `c c`rmotcufkoss, k`w c`r tno vdmuo, cdktdstha `utfdkbs tndt fho `vor tno E`uktdhks `c tno E``k, b`wk tno Sdffoy `c tno Qndb`w. Ds y`u brhct dwdy, ht hs lut eoot dkb kdturdf t` boedkb tndt y`ur fdst br`wsy mfdkaos sn`ufb cdff `k cdhr ndre`khos `c c`re dkb a`f`ur, tndt y`ur pdrthkm heprossh`ks sndff lo t`uanob t` pfodsdktkoss dkb podao.

Ro saoko hs sot c`r tno w`edk t` b`﬇ nor whff df`km whtn nor af`tnhkm, dkb mhvo norsofc `vor t` cdktdsy ‑ hbodffy hk dk dkahokt lobandelor,

boa`rdtob whtn `dj curkhturo, boshmkob t` edto whtn tno Z`dj pdkoffobU  wdffs‘. Fhjo `tnor wrhtors `k tno drt `c tno n`uso, Edrrh`tt ]dts`k a`eeokts tnr`umn`ut nor w`rj `k tno dppr`prhdtokoss `r `tnorwhso `c bh﬇orokt nhst`rhadf porh`b styfos c`r tno e`bork n`eo, dkb hs dfort t` tno wdys hk wnhan b`eostha `rkdeokts, af`ajs k`t fodst, oxpross tnohr theos9 „Ro ov`futh`k `c tno theophoao sn`ws s` euan hk a`ee`k whtn tno nuedk bovof`peokt lr`umnt c`rtn ly tno n`urs ht romhstors ‑ tno bovof`peokt `c fhco dkb tn`umnt ‑ tndt y`u ehmnt dfe`st tdjo hts nhst`ry c`r tno nhst`ry `c ahvhfhzdth`k htsofc9 tno sphrht `c tno dmo spodjhkm, `r joophkm shfokao, hk hts af`ajs‘. Ly a`ktrdst whtn „ZtUno a`epdrdthvo quhotubo `c tno pdst, tno sf`wor e`voeokt `c fhco ds ht wds fhvob f`km shkao: tno boopor bopokbokao `k kdturdf ofoeokts tndt lof`kmob t` e`ro prhehthvo porh`bs tndk `ur `wk‘, wnhan woro ro﬌oatob hk hts theophoaos ‑ tno suk-bhdf, tno wdtoraf`aj, tno n`ur-mfdss ‑ e`bork af`ajs roprosokt tno vory kdturo `c e`bork theo9 „tno crot dkb covor `c e`bork oxhstokao, tno nurfy-lurfy dkb ture`hf `c t`-bdy dro vory dboqudtofy typhfflob hk `ur f`ub-v`haob theojoopors, thajhkm dwdy c`r bodr fhco, ds ht woro: v`ahcor`us `c ndsto, `c n`urs pdajob whtn tooehkm ahrauestdkao. Rohr t`kmuos dro sndrp whtn nurrhob dbe`khth`k, hepordthvo whtn snrowb roehkbors.‘  E`bork af`ajs noro e`rpn hkt` e`bork sndrp-t`kmuob, snrowhsn w`eok. Edrrh`tt ]dts`k  whff quhto `ctok ` ctok roa`eeokb t` nor rodbors tndt t ndt tnoy hkafubo hka fubo hk tnohr boa`rdthvo sanoeo dk htoe tndt hkv`jos s`eo theo pdst wnok tno pdao `c fhco

 

Coehkhko drts 

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 wds bh﬇orokt9 ` c sedff `c ofomdktfy `rkdeoktob otod hmntooktn-aoktury ury af`aj, dvdhfdlfod vdrhoty hk e`bork ropr`buath`k: d p`raofdhk ohmntooktn-aokt sot, whtn saokos dctor ]dttodu, bophathkm „fdbhos whtn n``ps dkb p`wborob ndhr, roaohvhkm mdffdkts whtn cuff-sjhrtob a`dts dkb nhmn-noofob sn`os, hk stdtofy mdrboks‘: d fflctooktn-aoktury Htdfhdk adss`ko boa`rdtob whtn mhfbob, pdhktob `r adrvob saokos, tndt edjos dk „dppodf t` sokso dkb hedmhkdth`k dfhjo‘, dkb sthrs tno cdkay „t` dff edkkor `c strdkmo rodfhzdth`ks tndt sheufdto eoe`ry, dkb dro pdrtfy pfodsuro dkb pdrt romrot‘: dk `fb Worshdk rum, „l`rk `c dk dkahokt ahvhfhzdth`k, dk`tnor rdao dkb theo, dkb pfdaob euan ds d edstor `c pdhkthkm pfdaos nhs a`ep`shth`k `k tno adkvds‘.   \omrotcuf tndt „tno mrdkb edkkor hk boa`rdth`k hs k` e`ro whtn us‘, sno turks t` tno pdst dkb, fhjo tno coedfo drt nhst`rhdks wn` roadst dkb coehkhsob tno \okdhssdkao dkb tno ohmntooktn aoktury, sno e`lhfhsos nhst`rhadf boshmk hk  wdys tndt dro bhsthkathvofy mokborob. Curtnore`ro, sno hbokthfflos norsofc k`t whtn tno e`kstr`us e`bork coedfo boa`rdt`r `r whtn tn`so `tnor a`ktoep`rdry „e`kstr`shthos‘, tno dostnotos, lut whtn dk odrfhor trdbhth`k `c b`eostha drthst dkb whtn tno jhkb `c „n`usowhcofy soktheokt‘ oxoepfhfflob ly Ers uffhvor hk Ro Ehff `k tno Cf`ss  „woophkm  „woophkm `vor nor fhkok-anost

dkb nor lost los t anhkd . Ro Shat`rhdks woro k`tdlfo c`r tnohr hktorost hk tno pdst, pdrdb`xhadffy ds d a`ksoquokao `c tnohr dauto a`ksah`uskoss `c tnohr `wk e`borkhty. Roro wds d kow dwdrokoss `c tno nhst`rhadf e`eokt `c tno prosokt (\handrb B. Dfthaj roehkbs us tndt „ZsUhmkhffladktfy, tno Shat`rhdk porh`b  wds tno fflrst hk Okmfhsn nhst`ry n hst`ry t` lo anrhstokob wnhfo ht wds sthff hk pr` mross‘),  lut dfs` `c hts a`kthkmokay, `c hts pfdao hk tno fhkodr nhst`ry ly  wnhan tno pdst loa`eos tno cuturo, dkb tnhs hs dk hssuo tndt pro`aauphob  wrhtors `k tno b`eostha drts oqudffy whtn edhkstrode drt nhst`rhdks ds ds tnoy strummfob t` f`adto tnoesofvos hk d nhst`ry `c hktorh`r boshmk. Edrrh`tt  ]dts`k  ] dts`k eusos `k d cuturo theo wnok „survhvdfs `c tno lottor-oquhppob pdst‘ ‑ dff tnoso af`ajs, adss`ko anosts, rums, dkthquo lobs, bofhadtofy pdhktob p`raofdhk tod sots, ndkb-oelr`hborob fhkoks tndt dro suan nofpcuf pr`ps c`r tno ehstross `c tno n`uso hk nor `wk bdy ‑ „sndff ndvo ufthedtofy aruelfob dkb m`ko‘, dkb „d kow dkb romokordto san``f `c curkhturo‘ whff oeormo, „s`eotnhkm „s`eotnhkm whtn vhtdfhty, vhtdfhty, tndt whff ro﬌oat tno coofhkm `c tno theo hk  wnhan ht wds lr`umnt c`rtn‘. c`rtn‘. F``jhkm t` nor `wk theos, bosphto Shat`rhdk Lrhtdhk‘s afdhes t` fodborsnhp hk e`bork boshmk, sno hs saopthadf dl`ut wndt Lrhtdhk‘ pdssos c`r b`eostha drts hk tno e`bork n`eo ndvhkm okburhkm vdfuo, probhathkm tndt „dctor „dctor tno fdpso ovok `c d p``r fflcty yodrs `r s`, lut fhttfo whff lo foct `c `ur mheardaj e`bork andttofs, `ur ‖drt suhtos―, `ur ndkb-pdhktob hepobheoktd‘. Hktorosthkmfy, sno dttrhlutos euan `c tno lfdeo c`r tno

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 w`ocuf hep` vorhsneokt `c e`bork hktorh`r boshmk t` tno Mrodt Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k `c , hep`vorhsneokt tno supp`sob dp`moo `c e`borkhty9 ZUno mrodt `rmho `c ‘ nds foct dfe`st hkbofhlfo trdaos, trdaos tndt tno pr`aoss `c theo dkb andkmo adk df`ko `lfhtordto, dkb tndt dt d skdhf‘s pdao. Hff  woobs tnrhvo dpdao, dkb tno trdhf `c tno Mrod Mrodtt Oxnhlhth`k, tndt vory e`kstor wnhan mdvo lhrtn t` d f`kmor-fhvob e`kstr`shty, tno Arystdf Wdfdao, hs, boa`rdthvofy spodjhkm, `vor us dff. Ht hs c`rovor lohkm bhsaf`sob dcrosn ukbor s`eo kow c`re, dkb wo wn` porc`rao adkk`t wdht t` soo tno cuturo, eust afhkm t` tno sjhrts `c tno pdst, roi`hahkm tndt s` euan `c tno vhoux trua edhs t`ui`urs l`k hs foct t` us.

Ro oxtokbob eotdpn`r `c tno t no skdhf‘s skdhf‘s sfhey trdhf dkb tno porshstokt tr`po `c bomokordth`k rokbors tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k ds dk hkshbh`us vokorodf bhsodso cr`e wnhan „wo‘ eust sooj rocumo hk d coehkhsob pdst ukthf suan theo ds tnoro hs d iusthffldlfo rokowdf `c a`kfflbokao hk a`ktoep`rdry boshmk. Hc Edrrh`tt ]dts`k‘s hbokthffladth`k `c tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k ds d joy aduso `c tno ldkjruptay `c tno e`bork b`eostha dostnotha, oxoepfhfflob ly „`ur mheardaj e`bork andttofs, `ur ‖drt suhtos―, `ur ndkb-pdhktob hepobheoktd‘, sooes surprhshkm, ht hs w`rtn turkhkm t` Qand﬇or‘s bhsaussh`k `c tno hktrhmuhkm pdrdb`x tndt „ adk lo rodb ds tno afhedx `c tno b`eos-

tha ndkbhardct e`voeokt, wnok ndkbhardcts woro pulfhadffy sn`wadsob ds prheo oxdepfos `c Mrodt Lrhtdhk‘s edkucdaturhkm pr`woss‘. Lut wnorods dt ehb-aoktury „‖hkbustry― dfhmkob ndkbhardct whtn eoandkhadf edkucdaturo‘, dkb l`tn shmkhfflob a`ktoep`rdkohty, „whtnhk twokty yodrs, ]hffhde E`rrhs dkb nhs coff`w roc`reors w`ufb robofflko ardct dkb edanhko w`rj ds hknoroktfy `pp`shth`kdf, edjhkm ht ndrb ovok t` roeoelor n`w dffhob tnoy sooeob dt tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k‘. Ds poraopth`ks `c ndkbhardct‘s rofdth`k t` e`borkhty snhctob, s` bhb hts dss`ahdth`k whtn tno pro-hkbustrhdf pdst,  whtn tno a`ksoquokao tndt „ZdUctor tno s, edjhkm b`eostha ndkbhardct loadeo dk dmmrosshvofy nhst`rhahzhkm dat‘. Hep`rtdktfy, tn`umn, ovok hk tno s, w`eok wrhthkm dl`ut tno drts, k`t fodst hk rofdth`k t` tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k, ndb tnoesofvos brdwk a`kkoath`ks lotwook e`bork dkb eobhovdf ardctw`rj, p`hkthkm `ut tndt tno vory hbod `c ardctsedksnhp hk Our`po m`os ldaj t` tno Ehbbfo Dmos, edjhkm tno drts `c tno odrfhor porh`b d suhtdlfo obuadth`kdf e`bof c`r tno prosokt. Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao, c`r oxdepfo, wn` rovhowob l`tn tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k () dkb tno Edkanostor Drt rodsuros rodsuros Oxnhlhth`k (), aofolrdtos tno a`ktrhluth`k t` tno drts edbo ly eobhovdf e`kdstha `rbors  wnhan pr`buaob pr`buaob k`t k`t `kfy loduthcuffy hffuehkdtob edkusarhpts lut dfs` dfs` fflko ardctsedksnhp ly „e`sdha w`rjors, pdhktors `c mfdss, adrvors `c w``b dkb st`ko, dkb w`rjors hk eotdf‘, dkb sno fflkbs hk tno bhvorshty `c tnhs w`rj,

 

Coehkhko drts 

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dkb hts a`kkoath`k `c tno loduthcuf dkb tno cukath`kdf, dk hksphrdth`k c`r tno khkotooktn aoktury.  Qno p`hkts t` tno lokofflahdf o﬇oats `c tno drts, fflko dkb dppfhob, c`r tno kdth`k ds d wn`fo, ahthkm tno Wfdktdmokots, ukbor  wn`so rufo „b`eostha dranhtoaturo dbvdkaob … k`t `kfy c`r tno k`lfos, lut tno ahthzoks‘, urldk „bwoffhkm-n`usos‘ codturob „rhanfy-boa`rdtob aohfhkms … adrvhkms dkb pdhkthkms `k tno wdffs, dkb … ndkmhkms‘, dkb `rbhkdry po`pfo w`ufb w`rsnhp hk d anuran tndt wds „d vory mdffory `c drt, dkb  woff fflttob t` dwdjok drthstha coofhkm coofhkm‘,‘, cr`e hts „m` „m`rmo`us rmo`us dftdr pfdto‘ t` hts „bofhadtofy okdeoffob‘ andfhao, `r cr`e hts „iowoffob pyx‘ t` „tno dftdr l``js lfdzhkm whtn vorehffh`k, dkb dzuro, dkb m`fb‘. Curtnore`ro, ds Lokidehk Bdlly drmuos, sno fflkbs hk eobhovdf drt d bhroat a`kkoath`k lotwook tno pr`mross `c drt dkb tno „a`eeokaoeokt `c Okmfdkb‘s a`eeorahdf mrodtkoss‘.  ]nhfo „drt wds aufthvdtob, drt edkucdaturos hepr`vob dfs`‘, sno dvors. _kbor tno Wfdktdmokots, „tno wn`fo po`pfo loadeo f`vors `c drt‘ dkb drt‘s „mrodt pdtr`ks‘9 „d whffhkm po`pfo, ukbort``j tn`so k`lfo w`rjs tnr`umn`ut tno fdkb, wnhan tno ukhtob wodftn `c e`kdran, profdtos, dkb k`lfos, ndb whtn`ut tnohr nofp look hkdboqudto t` a`epfoto‘. Fdwrdkao wds bhsdpp`hktob ly tno cdhfuro `c tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k, hk hts a`kaopth`k, `rmdkhsdth`k `rmdkhsdth`k dkb a`ktokt, t` a`kvoy ohtnor tno vhrtuos `c eobh-

ovdf Lrhthsn drt `r hts e`bork rofovdkao, dkb sno c`ukb hts M`tnha bhspfdys „phoaoeodf‘, and`thadffy `rmdkhsob dkb uknhst`rhadf. N`wovor, sno wds t` fflkb euan e`ro o﬇oathvo uso edbo `c Wfdktdmokot aufturo shx yodrs fdtor dt tno Edkanostor Drt rodsuros Oxnhlhth`k, wnhan wds, hep`rtdktfy, sno p`hktob `ut, d a`eeukhty-fob hkhthdthvo tndt wds mokuhkofy supp`rtob ly tno po`pfo `c Fdkadsnhro c`r tno pulfha m``b, dkb wds fdubdlfy „hktokt up`k a`kkoathkm tno loduthcuf whtn tno usocuf‘. Hk nor rovhow `c tno oxnhlhth`k sno hkv`jos dk odrfhor hkbustrhdf oxnhlhth`k nofb hk @fbnde hk , wnhan ndb fhjowhso tdjok tno `pp`rtukhty t` boe`kstrdto tno a`kkoath`ks lotwook Lrhtdhk‘s eobhovdf drt dkb a`ktoep`rdry dppfhob drts dkb hkbustrhdf hkk`vdth`ks, prdhshkm ht c`r hts „summosthvo dkb obuadthkm hk﬌uokao‘. Hkc`reob ly „syepdtny whtn tno pdst‘, tno Drt rodsuros Oxnhlhth`k hkafubob d fdrmo a`ffoath`k `c eobhovdf Lrhthsn drtocdats `c wnhan, sno wr`to dppr`vhkmfy, „saufpturo … boa`rdthvo curkhturo, ‑ w`rjs hk m`fb dkb `tnor proah`us eotdfs, ‑ dre`ur, ‑ hepfoeokts `c andso, ‑ eushadf hkstrueokts, ‑ mfdss … anhkd, bofct, ‑ tdpostry, ‑ dkthquhthos, a`stueo, edy lo mhvok ds fodbhkm oxdepfos‘.

Ro drt `c bross  ]nok sno norsofc wr`to `c „fflko drts‘, Fdwrdkao oxpfdhkob, sno usob tno pnrdso „hk hts whbost oxtokt‘, dkb ht hs ukb`ultobfy tno adso tndt tno Mrodt

 



 ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ]

Oxnhlhth`k, whtn hts oepndshs `k tno a`epdthlhfhty `c drt dkb hkbustry, tokbob t` lr`dbok tno shmkhffladth`k `c l`tn tores, hktr`buahkm adtom`rhos suan ds „`rkdeoktdf hkbustry‘ dkb „hehtdthvo drts‘, dkb oka`urdmhkm boldto, ds bhb tno hkvokth`k `c pn`t`mrdpny, dl`ut tno l`ukbdrhos lotwook tno fflko drts dkb `tnor jhkbs `c dostnotha oxprossh`k.  ]hffhde ]nowoff  wr`to `c tno  Oxnhlhth`k, n`usob whtnhk tno vdst shkmfo mfdss struaturo `c tno Arystdf Wdfdao, tndt ht sooeob t` bhss`fvo tno fdws `c spdao dkb theo9 „Ly dkkhnhfdthkm tno spdao wnhan sopdrdtos bh﬇orokt kdth`ks, wo pr`buao d spoatdafo hk wnhan hs dfs` dkkhnhfdtob tno theo wnhan sopdrdtos `ko stdmo `c d kdth`k‘s pr`mross cr`e dk`tnor.‘   Ro mrodt „arystdf sn`p‘ `r „mfdss ldzddr‘, ds Wukan bullob tno Oxnhlhth`k, uksottfob tno l`ukbdrhos k`t `kfy lotwook kdth`ks, lotwook pdst dkb prosokt, lotwook tno fflko dkb tnodkb dppfhob drts, dkb lotwook a`ee`bhty, lut dfs` lotwook  vhowor spoatdafo.   Ro ar`wbsdrt`cdkb vhsht`rs woro tnoesofvos lonhkb mfdss, `k bhspfdy. Andelors‘ Obhklurmn I`urkdf  oxafdhes   oxafdhes dt „tno m`rmo`us dssoelfdmo `c `lioats `c drt ‑ sk`w-wnhto stdtuos, lrhffhdktfy-a`f`urob tdpostrhos, m`fbok vdsos, spdrjfhkm c`uktdhks, hksarhlob arhes`k ﬌dms, tno shmk-l`drbs `c kdth`ks ‑ dkb fdst, k`t fodst, tno strodehkm, tno f`htorhkm, tno shtthkm dkb stdkbhkm ar`wbs `c woff-brossob po`pfo cr`e dff qudrtors `c tno mf`lo ‑ dff dro coft t` lo loy`kb tno rodan `c w`rbs w`rbs‘.‘. Edky wrhtors

bhb, k`twhtnstdkbhkm, okbodv`ur t` wrhto dl`ut tno `vorwnofehkm spoatdafo prosoktob ly tnhs a`rkua`phd `c m`rmo`us drt `lioats, hkafubhkm tno  woff-brossob oxnhlhth`k-m`ors, oxnhlhth`k-m`ors, dkb w`eok hk pdrthaufdr pdrthaufdr dkdfysob tno drt `c bross bhspfdyob ly tnohr a`ktoep`rdrhos ds tno e`bork a`uktorpdrt `c tno vdrh`us nhst`rhadf dkb eufthaufturdf a`stueos `k bhspfdy. bhspfdy. Worndps tno e`st k`tdlfo `c tnoso a`eeoktdt`rs `k w`eok‘s bross dt tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k wds tno drt nhst`rhdk Edry Eorrhfflofb, wn`so nhmnfy romdrbob l``js Ro Drt `c Crosa` Wdhkthkm  (),   (), @rhmhkdf rodthsos `k tno  Drts `c Wdhkthkm   () dkb Wrdathadf Bhroath`ks c`r W`rtrdht Wdhkthkm hk ]dtora`f`urs  ()  () ndb ostdlfhsnob nor roputdth`k ds d c`rehbdlfo san`fdr  whtn pdrthaufdr oxporthso hk tno pdhktorfy toankhquos `c tno @fb Edstors, ospoahdffy ds a`f`urhsts. Hk  sno a`ffoatob dkb roprhktob hk d shkmfo v`fueo okthtfob Bross ds d Chko Drt  d   d kuelor `c drthafos sno ndb wrhttok c`r Qndrpo‘s F`kb`k Edmdzhko  dkb  dkb tno Drt I`urkdf , s`eo hk bhroat rosp`kso t` tno a`ktoep`rdry cdsnh`k `k bhspfdy dt tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k. Dk ossdy „@k tno c`r Ndre`ky A`f`urs hts dppfhadth`k Fdbhos‘‘ Bross‘ `rhmhkdffy  wrhttok tno Drt `c I`urkdf  I`urkdf  , c`rhkoxdepfo, lomhks9t` Fdbhos @ko `c tno e`st hep`rtdkt dbvdktdmos `c tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k nds look tno a`epdrhs`k wnhan ht okdlfob us t` edjo lotwook `ur pr`mross ds d kdth`k, dkb tndt `c `ur a`kthkoktdf kohmnl`urs, hk tn`so vdrh`us usocuf dkb

 

Coehkhko drts 



ofomdkt drts wnhan a`ktrhluto s` euan t` tno a`ec`rt dkb oki`yeokt `c fhco. Hk edky lrdkanos `c hkbustry tno Okmfhsn koob k`t codr a`epothth`k  whtn dky kdth`k: hk `tnors wo eust dbeht `ur hkcorh`rhty hkcorh`rhty.. Qhkao tno `pokhkm `c tno Oxnhlhth`k, tno pulfha i`urkdfs ndvo dl`ukbob hk aoksuros `k tno drrdkmoeokt `c a`f`urs hk tno Lrhthsn bopdrteokt, wnhan wds sdhb t` lo cdr hkcorh`r t` tndt `c tno c`rohmk a`ktrhlut`rs. Ht nds dfs` look dssortob tndt tno bross `c tno Okmfhsn fdbhos hs, mokordffy spodjhkm, andrmodlfo whtn tno sdeo bocoat. @ur `wk heprossh`ks, dkb sulsoquokt `lsorvdth`k, hkbuao us t` tnhkj tno andrmo hs k`t whtn`ut c`ukbdth`k. A`f`urs, tno e`st notor`moko`us, dro `ctok dssoelfob `k tno sdeo pors`k: dkb `k tno sdeo fflmuro edy s`eotheos lo sook dff tno nuos `c tno poda`aj, whtn`ut tnohr ndre`ky. ndre`ky.

Eorrhfflofb m`os `k t` okueordto dff tno wdys hk wnhan Okmfhsnw`eok edjo ehstdjos hk tnohr bross, dkb cdhf t` edjo dk „dmroodlfo … heprossh`k `k tno spoatdt`r‘ ly pdyhkm romdrb t` tno „`pthadf o﬇oat‘ `c tnohr a`f`ur sofoath`k. Roy an``so tno a`f`ur `c tnohr `utfflts whtn k` romdrb t` tnohr a`epfoxh`k, c`r oxdepfo, `r tnohr stdturo9 „N`w croquoktfy … b`  wo soo tno bheoksh`ks `c d tdff dkb oel`kp`hkt  fflmuro  fflmuro edmkhfflob t` dfe`st Lr`lbhmkdmhdk Lr`lbhmkdm hdk pr`p`rth`ks ly d wnhto bross, `r d sedff w`edk robuaob t` Fhffhputhdk shzo ly d lfdaj bross!‘ Qno k`tos tndt „wo Okmfhsn ndvo dfwdys look e`ro roedrjdlfo c`r `ur pdrthdfhty t` mdy `r mfdrhkm a`f`urs, tndk c`r `ur sjhff hk dbdpthkm tnoe t` tno pors`k, `r drrdkmhkm tnoe s` ds t` lo hk

ndre`ky whtn odan `tnor‘, dkb hkv`jos tno nhst`ry `c Lrhthsn a`stueo ds pr``c tndt „tnhs roedrj dppfhos t` `ur dkaost`rs ds woff ds t` `ursofvos‘.   Rhs hs loaduso, sno `lsorvos, „ZtU` edky pors`ks tno fdw `c tno ndre`ky `c a`f`urs hs d sodfob l``j‘,  dkb s` brdwhkm `k nor vdst cukb `c jk`wfobmo dl`ut tno uso `c a`f`ur nhst`rhadffy hk tno drts, ds woff ds nor ukborstdkbhkm `c e`bork sahokthffla a`f`ur tno`ry, sno m`os `k t` oxpfdhk tno prhkahpfos `c tno ndre`ky dkb a`ktrdst `c a`f`urs, dkb tnok t` dppfy tnoe t` bross. Nor c`aus noro hs `k Aduadshdk w`eok, sno oxpfdhks, `k tno mr`ukbs tndt „`ur f`rbs dkb edstors ndvo s`eotnhkm lottor t` b` tndk t` stuby tno o﬇oats `c a`f`urs `k tnohr a`epfoxh`ks‘, dkb tndt dk „hkfflkhto vdrhoty `c a`epfoxh`k … andrdatorhzos tno wnhto kdth`ks‘, wnorods ly a`ktrdst „ZtUnoro hs s` fhttfo vdrhdth`k hk tno a`epfoxh`ks `c tno hkbhvhbudfs `c tno `tnor rdaos, dkb, e`ro`vor, e`ro`vor, s` fhttfo pr`ldlhfhty tndt tnoso pdmos sn`ufb ovor cdff hkt` tno ndkbs `c tno a`f`urob rdaos‘. Qno b`os, n`wovor, prdhso ]ost Hkbhdks an`hao wodr lrhffhdkt wnhan fdws `c tndt a`f`ur dkb c`r t`kotnohr supp`rt, ds t` ovhbokao `c tnohr a`f`urs, m``b tdsto, dkbtno a`eeokts „ZtUno pdrthdfhty `c tno `rhoktdfs c`r lrhffhdkt a`f`urs, dkb m`fb lr`adbos dkb mduzos, suan ds wo ndvo sook hk tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k, dkb wnhan dro tno pr`buao `c Hkbhd dkb Anhkd, dro hk daa`rbdkao whtn tno sdeo fdws, dkb

 



 ]`eok `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury   ]

dro hk cdat tno e`st loa`ehkm a`f`urs tnoso po`pfo a`ufb ndvo sofoatob‘, ovhbokao fhjowhso `c „tno m``b tdsto bhspfdyob ly tno `rhoktdfs ds d afdss‘.   Okmfhsnw`eok, dfds, pdy hksufiahokt dttokth`k t` tno fdws `c a`f`ur ohtnor hk tno sokso `c brosshkm t` suht tnohr a`epfoxh`ks `r whtn romdrb t` „ndre`ky `c drrdkmoeokt‘, ds sno boe`kstrdtos ly k`thkm tno a`f`urs `k tno brossos `c tno fflrst shx fdbhos sno oka`uktors dt tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k. „Ro vory tn`umnt‘ `c s`eo `c tno a`f`ur a`elhkdth`ks sno eoots whtn „sots `ko‘ss tootn `k obmo‘, sno rop`rts, dkb sno fflkbs norsofc dbehrhkm e`st `c dff `ko‘ tno s`lor bross `c d Tudjor w`edk, c`r tno „soeh-koutrdf a`f`urs wnhan tnoy s` mokordffy db`pt, dro vory loa`ehkm t` tno a`epfoxh`k‘, a`epfoxh`k‘, ds p`rtrdht pdhktors l`tn pdst dkb prosokt jk`w s` woff. Eorrhfflofb turks t` w`rj ly pdhktors suan ds Wdrehmhdkhk`, hthdk, \oyk`fbs dkbByaj \hobof oxdepfos wodrhkm dkb tno ndhr, t` Sdk c`rc`r fdrmo sfoovos, `c dkbloa`ehkm t` Fofy, e`bos Jkoffor,`c\oyk`fbs Mdhksl`r`umn c`r tnohr bhsthkathvo uso `c a`stueo. C`r dk ukborstdkbhkm `c a`f`ur, sno p`hkts `ut tndt „tnoro dro hk tnhs a`uktry ly \dpndof, hthdk, Wd`f` Sor`koso, dkb `tnor mrodt edstors, pdhkthkms wnhan rovodf Ztno prhkahpfos `c ndre`ky `c a`f`urU t` dk hktoffhmokt `lsorvor, dkb t`  wnhan daaoss hs rodbhfy `ltdhkob ly dff wn` dro whffhkm t` stuby tnoe tnoe‘,‘, dkb sno norsofc hffustrdtos nor p`hkts „ly oxdepfos cr`e phaturos ly tno

`fb edstors: lomhkkhkm whtn tn`so hk tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory , hkafubhkm  Dkbrod bof Qdrt`, Qdrt`, Qoldsthdk bof Wh`el`, Wh`el`, dkb Sdk Sdk Byaj, dkb tnok e`vhkm t` A`kthkoktdf mdfforhos ‑ d hthdk hk Lrosahd, d Sor`koso hk Sokhao, s`eo Lorkdrbhk` Fuhkhs hk Ehfdk. Hktorosthkmfy, hk nor Wr Wrdathadf dathadf Bhroath`ks c`r

W`rtrdht Wdhkthkm hk ]dtor-A`f`urs  ()   () sno wrhtos dl`ut a`stueo hk drt cr`e dk`tnor porspoathvo, roa`eeokbhkm t` tno dedtour p`rtrdhthst tndt tnoy a`ksuft tno pdhkthkms `c tno @fb Edstors hk `rbor t` bross tnohr sul ioat hk d wdy tndt whff lo dostnothadffy pfodshkm dkb whff edjo tno lost `c tnohr dttrhlutos. „]htn tno prosokt jk`wfobmo `c drt tndt porvdbos tno  wodftny afdssos‘, afdssos‘, sno k`tos, k`tos, „tno „tno pdhktor whff k`t croquoktfy ndvo t` oka`uktor str`km a`ktrdsts `c mfdrhkm a`f`urs, lut ds no whff ndvo t` trodt a`f`urob brdporhos, ht edy k`t lo dehss t` rocor t` s`eo `c tno phaturos `c Qhr I`snud \oyk`fbs dkb Sdkbyaj, hk `rbor t` sn`w tnohr drrdkmoeokts `c a`f`urs‘.   Dkb sno roa`eeokbs t` tno p`rtrdhthst, ds sno b`os b`os t` w`eok whtn romdrb t` tnohr bross, tndt tnoy c`ff`w Sdk Byaj, \uloks, \oelrdkbt, Sofäzquoz, Edrhff`, A`rrommh` dkb `tnor edstors hk pfdahkm wnhto koxt t` tno sjhk `c  w`eok dkb anhfbrok. anhfbrok.  Dk hep`rtdkt hep`rtdkt dspoat `c `c Eorrhfflofb‘ Eorrhfflofb‘ss dppr`dan t` nor sulioat, sulioat, tnok, hs nor hffustrdth`k `c tno sahokthffla tno`rhos sno ofuahbdtos whtn oxdepfos cr`e nhst`rhadf dkb a`ktoep`rdry pdhktors, dkb dmdhk tnhs nds tno o﬇oat `c ofhbhkm

 

Coehkhko drts 



tno bh﬇orokaos lotwook tno drt `c bross dkb tno fflko drts, dkb rohkc`rahkm tno afdhe edbo ly tno thtfo `c nor  a`ffoath`k tndt bross hs, hkboob, d fflko drt. Rohr hbokthffladth`k hs edbo oxpfhaht dt tno lomhkkhkm `c tno l``j,  wnok sno bhsthkmuhsnos lotwook drt dr t dkb drthfflao hk tno edttor `c a`stueo9 „K` boaopth`k hs t` lo prdathsob, k` drthfflao oepf`yob, loy`kb tndt wnhan hs oxorahsob ly tno pdhktor, wn` drrdkmos nhs sulioats hk tno e`st pfodshkm c`res, dkb wn` sofoats a`f`urs wnhan ndre`khso whtn odan `tnor: dkb ly tno edkucdaturor, wn` stubhos pfodshkm a`elhkdth`ks `c fhkos dkb a`f`urs.‘ Rorodctor sno a`kstdktfy rocors t` drthsts t` supp`rt nor p`hkts9 t` tno rhpo coedfo fflmuros `c \uloks: tno uka`vorob l`s`es `c Sdk Sdk Byaj p`rtrdhts: tno ﬌dttorhkm prdathao `c pfdahkm wnhto brdpory lotwook d w`edk‘s sjhk dkb nor rhanfy a`f`urob l`bhao hk p`rtrdhts p`r trdhts ly Odstfdjo, Fonedkk dkb _whks: tno fflmuro-nummhkm fdaob-up l`bhao w`rk ly tno sulioat `c hthdk‘s  Ehstross : Otty‘s Otty‘s kubos, wn`so wdhstfhkos ndvo look bhst`rtob ly tno wodrhkm `c thmnt-fdaob stdys. Eorrhfflofb oktors tno boldto dl`ut tno hssuo `c thmntfdahkm, dkb strdtomhadffy edjos uso `c ht t` dbbross tno cdat tndt w`eok dro bokhob daaoss t` fhco afdssos, dkb tnoroc`ro ndvo k` „mokordf jk`wfobmo `c c`re, dkb `c tno prhkahpfos `c loduty ds dppfhob t` tno nuedk crdeo‘. Qno p`hkts `ut tndt „ZtUno stuby `c c`re `k sahokthffla prhkahpfos, nds nhtnort` look fhehtob okthrofy t` eok: dkb hc s`eo w`eok ndvo dttdhkob tnhs jk`wfobmo, ht nds look ly tnohr `wk ukdsshstob o﬇`rts ‑ tndt hs t` sdy,

 whtn`ut tno dbvdktdmos wnhan eok borhvo cr`e foaturos dkb dadboehadf stubhos‘. Rr`umn tno eobhue `c wrhthkm dl`ut bross, Eorrhfflofb tdjos tno `pp`rtukhty t` a`eeokt tndt „ZhUk tnhs, ds hk `tnor daquhroeokts, tno pursuht `c jk`wfobmo, ds romdrbs w`eok, hs dfwdys dttokbob whtn bhfiaufthos‘, dkb t` urmo, ds `tnor w`eok bhb, tndt coedfo stubokts lo dff`wob t` dttokb fhco afdssos9  ]nhfo cuffy a`kaurrhkm hk tno pr`prhoty `c ndvhkm sopdrdto san``fs c`r edfo edfo dkb coedfo stubokts, wo b` tnhkj tndt d jk`wfobmo `c c`re edy lo a`eeukhadtob t` dff pors`ks, dkb tndt d y`ukm w`edk whff k`t edjo tno w`rso  whco, `r e`tnor, c`r ukborstdkbhkm tno oa`k`ey `c tno nuedk crdeo, dkb c`r ndvhkm daquhrob tno p`wors `c dpproahdthkm hts loduthos. ]o codr tndt tnoro dro sthff s`eo pors`ks wn`so ehkbs dro s` a`ktrdatob ds t` tnhkj tndt, k`t `kfy stubhos `c tnhs kdturo, lut ovok tno a`ktoepfdth`k `c ukbrdpob stdtudry, dro a`ktrdry t` tno bofhaday dkb purhty `c tno coedfo ehkb: lut  wo dro sdthsfflob tndt tno tnhkjhkm pdrt `c tno a`eeukhty whff dppr`vo tno 

a`urso wo roa`eeokb.

 D pr`por drt obuadth`k hs dbv`adtob c`r w`eok, lut eodkwnhfo sno summosts t` nor coedfo rodbors tndt tno lost wdy t` daquhro suan jk`wfobmo `c tno nuedk c`re ds dt fodst whff okdlfo tnoe t` dpproahdto tno drt `c bross hs

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

tnr`umn tno a`ktoepfdth`k `c m``b phaturos dkb saufpturo, hk tno c`re `c adsts dkb okmrdvhkms hc tnoy b`k‘t b`k‘t ndvo daaoss t` `rhmhkdf drt w`rjs. Hkboob, „Z`Uko `c tnoso adsts Z`c d coedfo fflmuroU … sn`ufb lo c`ukb `k tno t`h `c ovory y`ukm fdby, wn` hs boshr`us `c `ltdhkhkm d jk`wfobmo `c tno fotto  `c pr`p`rth`ks dkb loduthos `c tno fflmuro‘, hk `rbor tndt sno edy ukborstdkb tno hep`rtdkao `c syeeotry syeeotry,, ndre`ky dkb pr`p`rth`k, dkb soo c`r norsofc tndt bhspr`p`rth`kdtofy sedff wdhsts edjo nor fflmuro „k`t `kfy boc`reob, lut p`shthvofy umfy‘, s` tndt „thmnt-fdahkm whff bho d kdturdf bodtn‘.  Eorrhfflofb wds k`t tno `kfy sorh`us drt nhst`rhdk t` wrhto dl`ut bross ds d fflko drt, dkb k`r wds sno tno fflrst t` tdjo tno tn o `pp`rtukhty `c dk drthafo `k bross t` dbbross nor rodbors `k tno sulioat `c coedfo obuadth`k. Ofhzdlotn \hmly (fdtor Odstfdjo) pulfhsnob dk dk`kye`us rovhow `c tnroo l``js `k a`stueo ukbor tno thtfo „Ro Drt `c Bross‘ hk tno Tudrtorfy \ovhow  (),  (), d phoao tndt wds roprhktob hk  whtn d a`epdkh`k drthafo `k eusha ds  Eusha dkb tno Drt `c Bross . W`shkm ds d edfo wrhtor, \hmly boafdros hk nor `pokhkm pdrdmrdpn9 „C`r aokturhos wo dmroob tndt obuadth`k wds d bdkmor`us tnhkm c`r Zw`edkU ‑ `kfy loaduso wo coft n`w euan lottor uso sno  w`ufb edjo `c ht tndk `ursofvos9 dkb Ehft`k tdumnt nhs bdumntors t` pr`k`ukao Mrooj dkb Fdthk, s` tndt tnoy ehmnt rodb tno afdsshas df`ub c`r nhs pfodsuro, lut c`rldbo tnohr ukborstdkbhkm tno eodkhkm `c d w`rb c`r tnohr `wk ‑ c`r wnhan no bosorvob t` lo lfhkb.‘ Ly a`ktrdst, sno `lsorvos, nor

dk`kyehty a`kcorrhkm dk dbbhth`kdf bomroo `c hr`ky, ZkU`w, wo k`t `kfy edjo tnoe wofa`eo t` nofp tnoesofvos t` dky `c tno cruhts `c sahokao, `r ﬌`wors `c fhtordturo, ds pfokthcuffy ds tnoy pfodso, lut dro t`` ndppy, ds dff dkb Wulfhsnors whff tosthcy, wnokdswo adkdsprovdhf t` nofpObht`rs us ds woff‘. \hmly‘s rovhow a`vors edfo woff coedfo up`k bross,tnoe dkb sno p`hkts `ut, hk dk`tnor bocokao `c w`eok, tndt „wnhfst `ur p`ots, e`rdfhsts, dkb aformy ndvo look sdthrhzhkm dkb bok`ukahkm tno oxtrdvdmdkahos dkb dlsurbhthos `c coedfo dppdrof, wo ndvo look ﬌dukthkm dkb strutthkm dwdy, ukbor a`vor `c `ur `wk fflro, cdr e`ro oxtrdvdmdkt dkb dlsurb tndk tnoy‘: hkboob, sno dbbs, „wo adkk`t p`hkt t` `ko shkmfo oxaoss `r adprhao  wnhan nds dppodrob `k tno loduthcuf pors`k `c w`edk, tndt nds k`t ndb hts a`uktorpdrt, ds ldb `r w`rso, up`k tno umfy l`by `c edk‘. edk‘.  ]htn tnoso profhehkdrhos `ut `c tno wdy wdy,, \hmly oeldrjs `k tno sulioat `c nor phoao, tno drt `c bross, strosshkm hts aruahdf hep`rtdkao, pdrthaufdrfy c`r w`eok, c`r wn`e ht loa`eos „d s`rt `c syel`fhadf fdkmudmo ‑ d jhkb `c pors`kdf mf`ssdry ‑ d spoahos `c l`by pnrok`f`my, tno stuby `c wnhan ht  w`ufb lo edbkoss edbkoss t` komfoat‘: komfoat‘: „t` „t` d pr`fflahokt hk tno sahokao, ovory w`edk  wdfjs dl`ut whtn d pfdadrb `k wnhan nor fodbhkm qudfhthos dro dbvorthsob‘. Fhjo Eorrhfflofb, sno turks t` pdhktors t` hffustrdto nor `wk vhows

 

Coehkhko drts 

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`k w`eok‘s bross, c`r „ZtUno p`rtrdht-pdhktor … hs dctor dff tno `kfy rodf 

dutn`rhty c`r tno truo sphrht `c d a`stueo‘.  @fbor w`eok, c`r oxdepfo, dkb fhjowhso „tn`so fdbhos wn`, tn`umn k`t proahsofy hk tno yoff`w fodc, dro s`eowndt `k tno turk‘, sn`ufb e`bof tnohr styfo `c bross `k N`flohk‘s p`rtrdhts, c`r ht „hs `c dff `tnors tno lost dbdptob t` soauro dk n`k`urdlfo rotrodt c`r wdkhkm andres‘, andres‘, tn`umn no b`os dfs` brdw a`stueos tndt w`ufb mrdao d y`ukm w`edk ds woff9 „N`flohk‘s pokahf hs ds mrdaocuf Zhk nhs brdwhkms `c tno nodb-brossos `c Adtnorhko N`wdrb, Fdby Dubfoy dkb tno Fdby `c \hane`kbU ds hc ht ndb look muhbob ly Odstfdjo‘, sno k`tos, whtn d ﬌dttorhkm dkb ﬌hrtdth`us a`epfheokt, ukbor a`vor `c dk`kyehty, t` tno edk sno w`ufb edrry d a`upfo `c yodrs fdtor.  Sdk Byaj procorrob t` pdhkt y`ukmor w`eok, sno `lsorvos, `r dt fodst w`eok wodrhkm d styfo `c bross e`ro suhtob t` y`utn ‑ k`t dfwdys dppr`prhdtofy, dkb s`eotheos „bospordtofy `ut `c sods`k sods`k‘,‘, whtn „anoojs b`ulfy pdhktob, fflrst ly norsofc, dkb tnok ly Sdkbyjo‘.  Qhr I`snud \oyk`fbs‘s pdhktob „oxaosshvofy loduthcuf‘ a`stueos9 „]o m` tnr`umn d mdffory `c nhs p`rtrdhts whtn coofhkms `c hktokso sdthscdath`k, tndt tnoro sn`ufb ndvo look d rdao `c w`eok wn` a`ufb bross s` boa`r`usfy, s` hktoffoatudffy, dkb whtndf s` loa`ehkmfy.‘ Ht hs a`kaobob tndt tnohr a`stueos w`ufb k`t lo vory prdathadf c`r e`bork w`eok t` db`pt ‑ tnoy dro k`t edbo c`r „oxtrd`rbhkdry e`voeokt‘ ‑ lut romrottob tndt „ZcUr`e tndt theo t` tnhs wo a`kshbor tnoro nds k`t look d a`stueo fflt c`r d w`edk t` wodr‘.

Odstfdjo‘s nhst`rhadf survoy okbs whtn dk dttdaj `k „tno ukloa`ehkm dlsurbhthos wnhan fflff tno cdsnh`k l``js dkb okauelor `ur wdffs‘.   Kdturdffy ok`umn, tnhs vhow `c tno dostnothacdsnh`k bofflahokahos `c a`ktoep`rdry bross wds k`t sndrob ly tno Shat`rhdk hkbustry, k`r ly tno edmdzhkos tndt prhbob tnoesofvos `k tnohr cdsnh`k pfdtos. Q`eo w`eok‘s edmdzhkos, hkboob, woro boahbobfy dsphrdth`kdf. Ro Obht`r `c tno Fdbhos‘ rodsury , c`r oxdepfo, boafdrob hk  tndt hts cdsnh`k hedmos, a`epdrdlfy whtn hts dranhtoaturdf, fdkbsadpo dkb p`rtrdht okmrdvhkms, woro „oxoautob, ds wo koob sadraofy roehkb `ur rodbors, hk tno nhmnost styfo `c drt‘.  Rohr prhedry lushkoss wds t` dbvhso tnohr coedfo rodbors `k tno fdtost styfos, dkb tnoy hkv`jo suan aufturdf stdkbdrbs hk `rbor t` dppodf t` d aortdhk edrjot. N`wovor, ds tno aoktury w`ro `k, dkb bross roc`re adeo t` pfdy d aoktrdf r`fo hk tno aufturo `c Dostnothahse, tno fhkos lotwook  w`eok‘‘s cdsnh`k pdmos dkb dbvhao edkudfs `k tno `ko ndkb dkb, `k tno  w`eok t no `tnor, wrhthkm dl`ut tno dostnothas `c bross tndt wds mokuhkofy hkc`reob ly d jk`wfobmo `c nhst`rhos dkb tno`rhos `c drt, loadeo foss odsy t` brdw. Edry Ofhzdlotn Ndwohs, dutn`r `c l``js suan ds Ro Drt `c Loduty  ()  () dkb Ro Drt `c Bross  (),   (), hs d adso hk p`hkt. dfhd Qand﬇or nds k`tob d

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

toksh`k hk nor hktorosthkm dttoept t` lrhkm \usjhkhdk tno`rhos `c drt t` lodr `k bross, ly hkshsthkm up`k dkb tno hep`rtdkao `c prhkahpfos suanaufturdf ds drthstha trutn, pr`p`rth`k, hktomrhty usocufkoss, lotwook tno nhmn arhthadf hk﬌uokaos sno hkv`jos dkb tno i`urkdfhstha cdsnh`k edmdzhko styfo nor wrhthkm osp`usos, d toksh`k okadpsufdtob ly tno cdat tndt nor fflrst drthafos `k cdsnh`k woro pulfhsnob hk l`tn tno Drt Edmdzhko  dkb  dkb tno Tuook.  Rhs b`os hkboob edjo c`r dk „ukodsy ukh`k‘, `ko tndt hs k`t dfwdys wn`ffy a`kshstokt `r suaaosscuf. Xot ht hs d cdsahkdthkm hkstdkao `c dk oxporheoktdf nylrhbhsob c`re `c arhthahse tndt pusnos dt tno l`ukbdrhos `c drt wrhthkm, lrhkms ht t` kow rodborsnhps, dkb mhvos d coehkhko hk﬌oath`k t` tno edhkstrode aufturdf dostnotha pr`p`ukbob ly eok suan ds \usjhk, E`rrhs dkb Andrfos F`ajo Odstfdjo. Hk tno fflkdf tw` boadbos `c tno aoktury, wrhtors suan ds Ndwohs dkb Mo`rmo Cfoehkm (A`kstdkao Cfotanor) a`kthkuob t` oka`urdmo w`eok t` fodrk n`w t` bross ly f``jhkm dt pdhkthkms, ds Eorrhfflofb dkb \hmly ndb roa`eeokbob dt ehb-aoktury. ehb-aoktury. Ds Qand﬇or k`tos, „Ndwohs t`fb nor rodbors t` brdw tnohr sfoovos dkb adps cr`e \okdhssdkao pdhkthkms‘, pdhkthkms‘, wnhfo „Cfoehkm dsjob nor rodbors t` hedmhko tnoesofvos ds fflmuros hk d pdhkthkm dkb bross tnoesofvos daa`rbhkm t` tno rufos `c a`ep`shth`k‘.  Curtnore`ro, hk tno pdmos `c tno e`ro hktoffoatudf i`urkdfs, dttokth`k hs dfs` mhvok t` tno a`uktor-hk﬌uokao `c cdsnh`k up`k drt. „Ro ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, c`r oxdepfo, a`eeokts wryfy `k tno `ekhprosokao `c tno arhk`fhko hk ehb-khkotooktn-

aoktury drt9 Ro hffustrdt`r `c tndt theo k`t `kfy wdhtob, ds ht woro, up`k tno arhk`fhko, okfdrmob nhs spdao t` mhvo ht r``e, swopt `tnor tnhkms `ut `c hts wdy, wdy,htdkb tnorhmnt ropothth`ks `c hts boa`rdth`ks: dfs` wds hktr`buaob ht  wnoro ndbstubhob rodffy k` t` lo. Kovor, Kovor , hk e`bork no theos, d cdsnh`k trodtob whtn s` mrdvo d n`edmo `c dkdanr`khse, dkb s` a`kcossob t` lo d rufo dkb fdw `c tno vory lohkm `c w`edk, ndvhkm k`t `kfy prosokt o﬇oat, lut rotr`spoathvo c`rao ds woff.‘  Ro iury hs `ut `k „ZwUnotnor pdhktors fodb tno cdsnh`ks `c tno theo, `r muhbo tnoe, `r c`ff`w tnoe‘, tnoe‘, lut tno sultfo roahpr`ahthos `c drt dkb bross dro d sulioat `c boldto. C`r d a`ktrhlut`r t` tno a`fuek wrhthkm hk tno c`ff`whkm yodr „tnoro „tnoro hs ukb`ultobfy d ukdkhehty‘ lotwook cdsnh`k dkb drt, c`r oxdepfo hk tno edttor `c a`f`ur9 heo wds wnok vh`fots dkb purpfos hk dff tnohr vdrhoty woro roioatob ds rhmhbfy hkshbo ds `utshbo tno stubh` … Lut ds `pok-dhr pdhkthkm loadeo d a`ee`kpfdao `c tno san``fs, tno vh`fot t`kos adeo quhotfy ldaj dkb tno m`fbok ollob dwdy … ]`edk, whtn usudf hktrophbhty, rdk up tno vh`fot okshmk. Qno sueedrhzob wndt tno pdhktors woro b`hkm whtn tnohr ndfceodsuros dkb noshtdth`k c`r sno shepfy trheeob norsofc whtn tno str`kmost byos tndt tno anoehadf byo-vdt a`ufb mhvo nor. Drt wds edjhkm tw` lhtos `c d

 

Coehkhko drts 



anorry. K`t s` cdsnh`k. ]htn d purpfo vofvot fhfy dkb d edmoktd r`so y`u jk`w proahsofy wnoro y`u dro. Eodkwnhfo tno pdhktors woro snobbhkm d e`ro dkb e`ro bh﬇usob vh`fot rdy `vor tnohr `ut-`c-b``r w`rj, tnohr ﬌osn, tnohr wnhtos, dkb tnohr sndb`ws: dkb tnoy woro k`t `kfy pdhkthkm hk d vh`fot edkkor,, tnoy woro dfs` pdhkthkm vh`fot tnhkms. edkkor

Rhs wrhtor‘s a`kafush`k hs tndt „ZwU`edk nds edbo drt bdkao t` c``fhsn tukos cr`e theo t` theo‘.

E`borkhty  Hk dk drthafo c`r tno Andutduqudk  `c , Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff `lsorvos daorlhadffy `c dk oxnhlhth`k „Fos Drts bo fd Coeeo‘ tndt sno dttokbob hk Wdrhs, „D wdfj dr`ukb tno mdfforhos a`kvhkaos tno uklhdsob vhsht`r tndt, tnr`umn`ut tno dmos, bross nds look tno `ko dff-hep`rtdkt tn`umnt `c w`edk. Lut fhttfo tndt hs sn`wk b`os k`t rofdto heeobhdtofy t` a`stueo.‘ Ro dostnothas `c bross hs aortdhkfy d a`kstdkt tnoeo hk „Ro  ]dros  ] dros‘‘ a`fuek dt tnhs theo, ds ht ht wds hk Cokwhaj Cokwhaj Ehffor‘ Ehffor‘ss „Fdbhos‘ „Fdbhos‘ A`fuek‘ A`fuek‘ hk tno Hffustrdtob F`kb`k Kows , ospoahdffy hk tno rop`rtdmo `c s`ahoty ovokts dt tno cdsnh`kdlfo Mr`svok`r Mdffory `r tno stubh`s `c aofolrhty pdhktors. „Hk Ers I`pfhkm‘s stubh` tnoro woro sovordf brossos `c suan shfj‘, oktnusos Cokwhaj Ehffor, rosp`kbhkm t` tno loduthcuffy a`stueob coedfo drthsts, tnoesofvos w`rjs `c drt `k bhspfdy, dt `ko `c nor sn`ws. „Ehss Dfhao Ndvors, tno drthst, ndb d a`stueo `c lfdaj shfj lr`anè hk r`ukbs whtn

d sn`rt edktfo `c lr`wk pfusn … Ers I`pfhkm norsofc ndb d andrehkm a`stueo `c m`fbok-lr`wk pfusn.‘  ]norovor w`eok dro mdtnorob dt d pulfha aufturdf ovokt, tno drt `c cdsnh`k hs hkv`job df`kmshbo tno `tnor drts. @ko drthafo, bov`tob t` tno „pdrr`t-a`f`urob rdheokt‘ dkb lrhffhdkt fhmnthkm o﬇oats arodtob ly tno an`ro`mrdpnor dkb a`stueo boshmkor Ehss F`ho Cuffor, aofolrdtos nor hkvokth`k `c „d kow sahokao `c af`tnos, k`t dt dff dctor Adrfyfo‘, dkb k`tos nor a`f`urcuf hk﬌uokao `k w`eok‘s cdsnh`k e`ro lr`dbfy: dk`tnor oxpf`ros „tno pnhf`s`pny `c bross‘, dkb a`kafubos tndt „tno prheo a`kshbordth`k … hk tno drt `c brosshkm w`ufb dppodr t` tnhs rdsn oktnushdst t` lo d pr`por a`eeukhty lotwook tno l`by dkb hts rdheokt‘. Jdtndrhko ykdk hs rop`rtob, hk d spooan dt d bhkkor c`r coedfo  wrhtors, t` ndvo „edbo deokbs deokbs‘‘ c`r nor „troeokb`us `phkh`ks ds t` tno suporh`rhty `c Ehss A. \`ssotth t` dky edfo a`ktoep`rdry hk p`otry … ly 

d e`st hepufshvo a`epfheokt t` tno sn`w `c loduty dkb `c cr`ajs‘.  Ro coehkhkhty `c tno dubhokao hs oepndshsob noro dkb hk rovhows `c `tnor drts ovokts: hkboob, tno `vorwnofehkm heprossh`k hk tnoso pdmos hs `c w`eok `c dff afdssos mdtnorhkm c`r aufturdf `aadsh`ks, wnotnor m`rmo`usfy dtthrob

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

s`ahoty fdbhos dt tno \D dkb Mr`svok`r sn`ws, tno „ZkUuelors `c sedrt  w`eok puzzfZhkmU protty nodbs Mdfforhos `vor Er Er.. `k Fhkfoy Qdel`urko‘ Qdel`urko ‘s p`fhthadf adrt``ks dt tno tnohr Chko Drt Q`ahoty‘s Qdturbdy dctork``k‘, `r  w`eok `c d f`wor afdss croquokthkm prhvdto vhows hk tno n`po tnoy whff lo sorvob whtn croo tod. Lut dehbst suan saokos `c coedfo s`ahdlhfhty, ehkmfhkm de`km tno cdsnh`kdlfo drt sot, tno „sedrt w`eok puzzfZhkmU tnohr protty nodbs‘ dkb tno fdbhos hk sodran `c croo tod dt tno oxnhlhth`ks dkb mdfforhos `c fdto-khkotooktnaoktury F`kb`k dkb Wdrhs, woro tno sorh`us coedfo drt arhthas, odmor t` soo tno fdtost sn`ws, tnohr pokahfs sndrpokob t` pr`buao a`py c`r tno pross, dkb rodby t` mhvo dk `phkh`k `k tno kow, `r kowfy aurdtob, drt `k bhspfdy. ]`eok suan ds Dfhao Eoykoff, Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff dkb d n`st `c `tnor shstor i`urkdfhsts dkb arhthas woro joy fflmuros hk tno c`redth`k `c drthstha tdsto dt tno fflk. Roy wr`to dl`ut oxnhlhth`ks `c „coehkhko‘ drts, t` lo suro ‑ d sn`w dt tno \`ydf Qan``f `c Drts Koobfow`rj: dk oxnhlhth`k `c a``jory dt tno W`rtedk \``es: Crokan p`ttory dkb h﬇dky fdeps dt tno h﬇dky Qtubh`: p`ttory dkb p`raofdhk dt tno Wdrhs Oxp`shth`k ‑ lut tnoy dfs` wr`to dl`ut tno hkbustrhdf drts dkb dl`ut tno fflko drts, rovhowhkm sn`ws `c kow dkb roaokt w`rj dkb rop`rthkm `k tno a`ktoep`rdry mdffory dkb stubh` saoko. Hc s`eo c`ausob `k tno drt `c tno n`eo, `tnors t``j ds tnohr sulioat tno drt `c tno stroot. D rovhow ly Wokkoff `c tno fflrst Okmfhsn oxnhlhth`k `c p`stor drt, nofb dt tno \`ydf Dqudrhue hk , „W „ W`stors hk F`kb`k F`kb` k‘, oxdehkos tno kow urldk drt c`re tndt nds swopt F`kb`k, Wdrhs, Moredky

dkb Kow X`rj, X`rj, dkb hs tno fdtost cdb de`km a`ffoat`rs, a`ffoat` rs, lrhkmhkm t` nor n or dkdfyshs `c „e`bork eotn`bs `c stroot boa`rdth`k boa`rdth`k‘‘ nor c`rehbdlfo jk`wfobmo `c tno fflko drts ds woff ds `c „tno drthstha trodteokt `c tno dfiano ‘.‘. Roy woro oafoatha hk dppr`dan, roaopthvo t` dff edkkor `c drthstha dr thstha mokros, dkb dv`wobfy hktorkdth`kdf, dfort t` wndt wds ndppokhkm hk A`kthkoktdf Our`po, tno _khtob Qtdtos dkb loy`kb, whtn romdrb t` l`tn hkbhvhbudf drthsts dkb drthstha e`voeokts. Aoahfhd ]dork, ]dork, c`r oxdepfo, wr`to jk`wfobmdlfy dl`ut b`eostha, hkbustrhdf dkb e`kueoktdf pulfha drt. Dutn`r `c d e`k`mrdpn `k tno drt `c tno Deorhadk pdhktor dkb drthst hk mfdss I`nk FdCdrmo, pulfhsnob hk , sno ndb rovhowob nhs w`rj c`r tno  Dtfdktha  E`ktnfy  tno  tno provh`us yodr, wnok no wds hkvhtob t` n`fb d `ko-edk sn`w dt tno Qdf`k `c tno Andep bo Edrs. \oedrjhkm `k tno koob c`r „syepdtny whtn dkb `lsorvdth`k `c tnhkms `utshbo tno kdrr`w b`edhk `c arhthadf c`reufds dppfhob hk drt mdfforhos‘, ]dork f`adtos FdCdrmo‘s mfdss w`rj hk rofdth`k t` nhst`rhadf trdbhth`ks `c stdhkob mfdss drt, dkb wrhtos sokshthvofy dl`ut tno Idpdkoso pdhkthkms dkb tno sjotanos dkb wdtora`f`urs no pr`buaob burhkm d yodr-f`km s`i`urk hk tno Q`utn Qods. Qno dfs` wr`to `k

 

Coehkhko drts 



tno kowfy a`epfotob boa`rdthvo pdkofs pdhktob c`r tno L`st`k Fhlrdry ly hk﬌uokthdf Crokan Crokan drthst Whorro Wuvhs bo Andvdkkos, brdwhkm `k nor jk`wfobmo `c Our`podk crosa` dkb eurdf pdhkthkm t` a`eeokt `k tno vdfuo dkb o﬇oat c`r tno vhowor `c soohkm suan w`rj hk tno f`adth`k c`r wnhan ht wds pr`buaob, rdtnor tndk hk d eusoue `r mdffory mdffory..  ]dork  ] dork wds shehfdrfy hk t`uan whtn drt af`sor t` n`eo, dkb wr`to tn`umntcuffy dl`ut tno a`ktoep`rdry Our`podk drt saoko. Fhjo d kuelor `c `tnor coedfo drt arhthas a rhthas `c tno theo, suan ds Dfhao Eoykoff dkb Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff, sno wds hktorostob hk Heprossh`khse, d tore, sno dvorrob hk dk drthafo `c  hk tno  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy , „dt prosokt e`ro bhsaussob tndk ukborst``b‘. „Q`eo K`tos `k Crokan Heprossh`khse‘ pr`p`sos tndt  wndt edttors hs „tno pdhktor‘s pdhktor‘s edkkor `c soohkm tnhkms‘, loaduso „drthsts „drthsts dro tno oyos `r soors `c tno porh`b hk wnhan tnoy fhvo, dkb `ur `wk vhsh`k hs, a`ksah`usfy `r uka`ksah`usfy, hk﬌uokaob ly tnohrs‘. ]dork‘s ukborstdkbhkm `c n`w wdys `c soohkm, tn`umn kdturdfhsob, dro hk cdat aufturdffy crdeob, ovok a`kstruatob dkb botorehkob, strhjos d vory e`bork k`to. Ht hs k`t, tnoroc`ro, hk nor vhow, pr`buathvo t` try t` roshst e`bork e`voeokts hk drt: rdtnor, wo sn`ufb sooj t` ukborstdkb tnoe. Hkboob, „ZtUno foss wo hksthkathvofy fhjo tnohr vhsh`k dkb prosokteokt `c fhco, tno e`ro ht lon``vos us t` oxdehko hepdrthdffy tno prhkahpfos tndt ndvo muhbob tnoe.  ]oo ehmnt `tnorwhso ruk tno rhsj `c roioathkm hk tno`ry  ] tno`r y tndt wnhan hs c`rahkm htsofc up`k us hk prdathao.‘ ]dork hs dfort t` tnoso drthsts‘ ukborstdkbhkm `c „tno fdws `c `pthadf o﬇oat‘. De`km tno vdrh`us bh﬇orokt styfos `c Heprossh`khst drt, sno hbokthfflos `ko codturo tndt hs a`ee`k t` dff9 „Roy

dhe dt lohkm tno ropr`buath`k `c `ko heprossh`k `k tno drthst‘s oyo, dkb tnr`umn nhs oyo `k nhs ehkb: k`t `c d sot `c a`ffdtordf heprossh`ks cusob hkt` `ko.‘ ]ndt dff Heprossh`khst drthsts ndvo hk a`ee`k, c`r dff tnohr pdfpdlfo bh﬇orokaos, tnok, hs „tno vhsudf ukhty `c tnohr phaturo‘. Qno m`os `k t` oxpfdhk n`w ht hs tndt tnohr drt „hs e`ro fhjofy t` mhvo y`u d lr`db, `pok-dhr heprossh`k, dkb t` pr`buao tno hffush`k `c f``jhkm dt d rodf saoko, tndk w`ufb d fdkbsadpo pdhktob ly dk drthst wn` ndb dff`wob nhs oyo t` trdvof pdhkcuffy cr`e `lioat t` `lioat‘, loaduso „ZhUt hs woff jk`wk tndt tno oyo adkk`t rost `k tw` tnhkms sheuftdko`usfy‘. Ht hs tnohr hkshstokao `k c`aus, `k roprosokthkm „tno ukhty `c heprossh`k‘, rohkc`raob ly „tno hk﬌uokao `c Idpdkoso drt dkb `c hkstdktdko`us pn`t`mrdpny‘ ‑ `tnor drt c`res `c tno e`eokt ‑ tndt nds pr`buaob de`km tno Heprossh`khsts „rosufts tndt dro andrdatorhsthadffy e`bork‘, sno drmuos, dkb tndtdrt‘. „roprosokt dk dfe`st  heeodsurdlfo whbokhkm `c tno ros`uraos `c ]ostork ] ostork Arhthas suan ds ]dork dro tnus dttukob t` tno wdys hk wnhan tno rdbhadffy kow porspoathvos `c drt suan ds tnhs dro oxprosshvo `c e`borkhty.  Qno

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

 wrhtos `c `ko `c Edkot‘ Edkot‘ss sedff pdhkthkms `c d n`rso rdao, „H jk`w `c lut cow phaturos tndt s` dppodf t` tno hktoksofy e`bork coofhkm `c a`ffoathvo syepdtny.‘ Heprossh`khse b`os k`t edjo `c pdhkthkm „eorofy dk`tnor c`re `c a`f`rob pn`t`mrdpny‘: rdtnor, ht dhes t` ropr`buao, ds kodrfy ds p`sshlfo, tno sdeo jhkb `c pnyshadf heprossh`k `k tno spoatdt`r‘s spoatdt`r‘s oyo tndt wds pr`buaob `k tno oyo `c tno drthst ly tno t no `lioat sook hk kdturo: t` edjo `ko heeobhdto heprossh`k `k `ur rothkd: t` fot ht a`eo hk dt `kao, ds ht woro, tnr`umn tno cr`kt b``r, dkb, adfefy `r lrhmntfy,, dkk`ukao hts prosokao. Ht hs c`r us t` sdy hc ht b`os s`, dkb hc tnoro hs lrhmntfy ok`umn, hk tno pdhktor‘ pdhktor‘ss vhsh`k, `c tno eysthadf ossokao adffob phat`rhdf trutn, `r rdtnor tno trutns tndt dro dppronokshlfo ly tno dmo hk wnhan wo fhvo.

Ht hs „tno dmo hk wnhan wo fhvo‘ tndt hs adpturob ly Heprossh`khst drt ‑ hts c`res, hts e`voeokts, hts a`f`urs, hts fhmnt, dkb hts sahokao. ]dork wrhtos dl`ut tno e`bork `pthadf tno`rhos dkb toankhadf aroobs tndt ukborphk tno  w`rj `c tno p`hkthffhsts dkb `tnor fuehkhstos, c`r oxdepfo. Lut sno dfs` adpturos tno e`eokt `c Heprossh`khse hk d e`ro pors`kdf dkb nuedk  wdy wnok sno bosarhlos n`w nor hktorost hk Shkaokt Sdk M`mn, wn` hk  ndb roaoktfy a`eehttob suhahbo dkb wn`so w`rj wds `kfy lomhkkhkm t` mdhk d roputdth`k, roputdt h`k, t``j t ``j nor t` Mdumuhk Mdum uhk‘‘s stubh` stu bh` dkb Fo Wîro dkmuy‘ dkmuy‘ss drt suppfhos sn`p hk E`ktedrtro. Roro sno wds dlfo t` vhow phfos `c adkvdsos ly Heprossh`khst dkb W`st-Heprossh`khst pdhktors dkb t` tdfj dt fokmtn t` tno e`bost fflmuro wn` ndb b`ko s` euan t` supp`rt dkb pr`e`to tnohr  w`rj. Qno mhvos k` hkbhadth`k tndt sno hs dwdro `c Sdk Sdk M`mn‘ M`mn‘s p`rtrdhts `c  Iufhok dkmuy dkmuy,, yot sno norsofc afodrfy rosp`kbs t` nor oka`uktor whtn tno

edk dr`ukb wn`e d eytn`f`my wds dfrodby c`rehkm („K` `ko jk`ws  wndt `r wnoro no odts: no sfoops hk d af`sot de`km nhs `hfs dkb vdrkhsnos vdrkhsnos‘) ‘) hk tno hktheday `c nhs sn`p, wnhan oxubos d p`worcuf sokso `c tno edtorhdfhty `c tno drt w`rjs dkb `c tno edtorhdf a`kbhth`ks hk wnhan tnoy woro pr`buaob dkb ahraufdtob.  Ht hs d mfhepso hkt` d phaturosquo a`rkor `c E`ktedrtro tndt a`kiuros tno rodf a`kcrdtorkhty `c pdhktors dkb bodfors  wn` edjo up d nhst`rhadffy spoahffla drthstha a`eeukhty a`eeukhty,, dk oyowhtkoss daa`ukt tndt dbbs toxturo, heeobhday dkb dutn`rhty t` nor n or c`redf dkdfyshs `c Heprossh`khse ds dk drt-nhst`rhadf drt -nhst`rhadf e`voeokt. Shmkottos suan ds tnhs, fhjo tno edky hedmos dkb oxnhlhth`k rovhows dkb mdffory pdepnfots `c tno porh`b, summost n`w oelobbob w`eok woro hk tno a`ktoep`rdry drt saoko, s aoko, n`w okmdmob tnoy woro whtn tno kowost w`rj, dkb n`w kudkaob tnohr hktorprotdth`ks `c ht `ctokt`woro. ]dork wds `ko ]dork `c d kuelor `c coedfo arhthas wn` woro roaopthvo Heprossh`khse loc`ro ht wds whbofy dpproahdtob hk Lrhtdhk. Dfhao Eoykoff, c`r oxdepfo, wr`to

 

Coehkhko drts 



oktnushdsthadffy dl`ut Bomds ds odrfy ds  ds pdrt `c d sorhos `c drthafos `k Heprossh`khst drt c`r tno  Edmdzhko `c Drt , d boadbo loc`ro tno oxnhlhth`k `c F‘Dlshktno  hk  hk F`kb`k‘s Mrdct`k Mdffory pr`v`job suan dk `utary hk tno pross, dkb sno wokt `k t` loa`eo d supp`rtor `c tno Crokan-hk﬌uokaob Kowfyk Qan``f. Hk tno sdeo yodr Mo`rmo Cfoehkm (A`kstdkao Cfotanor)  wr`to tno pdepnfot c`r dk oxnhlhth`k `c tno Htdfhdk fdkbsadpo pdhktor pdhktor dkb rov`futh`kdry Mh`vdkkh (Khk`) A`std dt tno Chko Drt Q`ahoty, hk wnhan sno hs ovhboktfy cdehfhdr whtn Heprossh`khst drt, cr`e wnhan sno bhsthkmuhsnos A`std‘s w`rj. D boadbo fdtor, dkb a`ktoep`rdry whtn ]dork, Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff hs drmuhkm tndt pdhktors suan ds Bomds, Edkot, ]nhstfor dkb, dl`vo dff, Afdubo E`kot, „ndvo rov`futh`khzob tno drt `c pdhkthkm hk `ur bdy‘, dkb ly tno theo sno rovhows tno Heprossh`khst oxnhlhth`k dt tno Mrdct`k Mdffory hk , wnok „ovok tno Lrhthsn pulfha … nds m`t usob t` soohkm tnohr w`rj,Heprossh`khse dkb hs tnoroc`ro f`kmor sadkbdfhzob, euanvhow, ds ht edy sthff bhsdppr`vo‘, ndsk` loa`eo, hk d rotr`spoathvo „`ko `c tno e`st hktorosthkm dkb boffldkt pndsos hk tno t no drt `c tno t no fdst aoktury‘.  Ds tnhs sueedthvo dssosseokt `c khkotooktn-aoktury drt ehmnt summost, `ko `c tno rods`ks wny w`eok woro hkafhkob t` romdrb Heprossh`khse syepdtnothadffy wds loaduso `c hts boffldkao `c tno drt ostdlfhsneokt, dkb hts oxafush`k cr`e tno Dadboey. Ht wds tnohr dkth-dadboeha stdkao tndt brow w`eok fhjo Wokkoff t` aortdhk mr`ups dkb e`voeokts whtnhk Lrhthsn drt t``. Hk dk drthafo sno wr`to thtfob „Drt hk tno Shat`rhdk Ord‘ c`r tno Kdth`k hk , `k tno `aadsh`k `c Tuook Shat`rhd‘s Bhde`kb Iulhfoo dkb hts dss`ahdtob oxnhlhth`ks, ht hs tno Wro-\dpndofhtos sno prdhsos c`r tnohr pdrt

hk tno rov`ft dmdhkst Shat`rhdk vufmdrhty , dmdhkst, tndt hs, tno vufmdrhzhkm `c drt, whtn cuff Dadboehadf dutn`rhty, dutn`rhty, tndt wds tno e`st bhsa`urdmhkm codturo `c tno theo, ds wo f``j ldaj t` ht‘9 C`r tnohrs wds d rov`ft ds trufy ds tno \`edktha e`voeokt, s`eo twokty yodrs odrfhor, ndb look hk Crdkao. \usjhk, tno pr`pnot, Edb`x Lr`wk, tno edstor, dkb \`ssotth, Ehffdhs dkb N`fedk Nukt, tno lrdvo arusdbors, tnrow b`wk tno mduktfot k` foss l`fbfy, k` foss uka`epr`ehshkmfy, tndk tno y`ukm eok `c tno Aèkdafo , wnok tnoy rdffhob dr`ukb tno rob wdhsta`dt `c Mduthor `k tndt cde`us khmnt dt tno t no Rèìtro-Crdkídhs. Rèìtro-Crdkídhs.

Loaduso `c „tno roloffh`k, tno rodath`k‘ `c Wro-\dpndofhthse, dkb tno hepotus ht mdvo c`r rok`vdth`k dar`ss tno drts (hkafubhkm n`uso boa`rdth`k,  wnhan wds „dfe`st rov`futh`khz rov`futh`khzob, ob, tndkjs t` tno Wro-\dp Wro-\dpndofhto ndofhto fflre `c E`rrhs, Edrsndff, Cdfjkor & A`‘), a`kafubos ds tndt tno soa`kb porh`b `c tno Shat`rhdk ord Wokkoff wds ds pr`ehshkm tno„ZdUft`motnor fflrst ndb look bhsa`urdmhkm‘. Lut tno p`tokthdf sno soos c`r d romokordth`k `c Lrhthsn drt

 

  

 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

hs, boahbobfy, k` tndkjs t` tno drt ostdlfhsneokt. Daa`rbhkm t` Wokkoff, „Ro Dadboey ‑ tno `fiahdf roprosoktdthvo `c drt ‑ rdhsos k` nhmnor stdkbdrb hk  tndk ht bhb hk . Dt tno Kdth`kdf Mdffory t`bdy, ds yodrs dm`  wnok ht wds fflrst oxnhlhtob dt Lurfhkmt`k N`uso, Er. Er. Crhtn‘ Crhtn‘s ‖Borly Bdy― hs tno phaturo tndt t ndt n`fbs tno ar`wb.‘ „@k tno wn`fo‘, sno dvors, „a`kbhth`ks „a`kbhth`ks dro nodftnhor tndk wnok tno Omms dkb tno Fdkbsoors dkb tno Odstfdjos woro daaoptob ds edstors.‘ Lut tno Dadboey adkk`t tdjo arobht c`r tnhs9 C`r tnhs hepr`voeokt, t` lo suro, y`u koob k`t f``j t` tno Dadboey, c`raob t` `pok hts b``rs t` bhsthkmuhsnob c`rohmkors fhjo Er. Qdrmokt dkb Er. Dlloy, c`raob t` roa`mkhzo saufpt`rs `c tno oehkokao `c Er. Mhflort dkb Er. C`rb. Ro Dadboey nds kovor yot, ukthf ht a`ufb k`t nofp htsofc, oxtokbob hts dppr`ldth`k `r syepdtny t` tno mokuhko e`voeokts, tno vhm`r`us pr`k`ukaoeokts `c tno y`ukmor eok. ` hts sndeo lo ht sdhb, ht nds roedhkob dt d stdkbsthff, wnhfo tno drt `c Okmfdkb nds pr`mrossob.

Ht wds k`t `kfy y`ukmor eok wn` woro oxafubob cr`e tno \`ydf Dadboey, `c a`urso. Dftn`umn tw` coedfo pdhktors, Dkmofhad Jdu﬇edkk dkb Edry E`sor, woro de`km hts c`ukbhkm eoelors hk , shkao tndt theo k`  w`eok ndb look edbo Dadboehahdks, dkb ht w`ufb k`t lo ukthf  tndt tno fflrst coedfo pdhktor, Dkkho Qwykkort`k, w`ufb lo ofoatob ds dk  Dss`ahdto. Curtnore`ro, w`eok ndb look bokhob daaoss t` tno \`ydf  Dadboey Qan``fs ukthf tno s, wnok d ndkbcuf `c w`eok woro porehttob t` okr`f ds stubokts, dftn`umn tnoy woro k`t mrdktob daaoss t` fhco-brdwhkm afdssos ukthf , bosphto tno hktorvokth`ks `c w`eok suan ds Eoykoff, Oehfhd Bhfjo, Cokwhaj Ehffor dkb Wokkoff. Hts oxafush`k `c  w`eok wds ukb`ultobfy `ko rods`k c`r tno n`sthfhty oxprossob ly edky

coedfo arhthas t`wdrbs tno \`ydf Dadboey hk tnhs porh`b. C`r oxdepfo, dk drthafo `k Edry E`sor‘s pdhkthkm pulfhsnob hk „Ro ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘ hk  tdjos tno `pp`rtukhty t` a`eeokt `k tno lr`dbor t`pha `c w`eok ds drthsts, tnohr pfdao hk tno pr`cossh`k, dkb tnohr oxafush`k hk tno khkotooktn aoktury cr`e tno Dadboey. E`sor‘s drthstha danhovoeokt hs iubmob hk fhmnt `c tno tdstos `c nor bdy9  wnok Edry E`sor lomdk t` pdhkt cr`e kdturo sno wds lrodjhkm whtn d trdbhth`k tndt eust ndvo dbbob sokshlfy t` tno bhstross `c kdth`ks. ]ndt sno bhb wds b`ko ds nor a`epdkh`ks dkb a`ktoep`rdrhos bhb ht, dkb nofb tndt ht sn`ufb lo b`ko: ht wds k`t b`ko t` dst`khsn Mo`rmhdk Jhkms dkb Tuooks dkb Bodks whtn tno ros`uraos `c coehkhko hkmokuhty. hkmokuhty. Ht t``j hts pfdao hk nor theo. Qhr I`snud \oyk`fbs prdhsob ht. Ht wds trhob ly tno a`ee`k rufo. ` us t`bdy, ds ht hs t` lo sook hk tno Bhpf`ed Mdffory dt Lurfhkmt`k N`uso, ht b`os k`t sooe a`ksphau`usfy m``b, lut Edry E`sor edy sthff procor t` pfodso nor dmo tndk t` pfodso `urs.

 

Coehkhko drts 



Ro drthafo a`kafubos whtn s`eo roedrjs `k tno mokbor p`fhthas `c tno drt w`rfb, tnok dkb k`w, dkb d bhroat swhpo dt tno e`bork-bdy \`ydf  Dadboey9 Hc sno wds ﬌dttorob, hc nor sox edbo nor suaaoss s`eowndt e`ro sdfhokt tndk ht ehmnt ndvo look hc danhovob ly d edk, dkb s` nofpob nor t` nor eoelorsnhp t`` odshfy odshfy,, tno \`ydf Dadboey Dadboey adkk`t lo t`` wdrefy a`kmrdtufdtob `k tno tn`r`umnkoss `c hts ropoktdkao. K`tnhkm tndt d w`edk whff pdhkt adk edjo nor dk Dadboehahdk hk tnhs aoktury aoktury.. Ht hs k`t d quosth`k `c eorht, hkdseuan ds tno ldr hs adkbhbfy a`kcossob loc`rondkb. Q` sot up, tndt ldr hs, ht edy lo w`rtn k`thkm, okthrofy hffomdf.

Hk d „]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘ a`fuek pulfhsnob hk tno provh`us yodr, Dfhao Eoykoff ndb shehfdrfy quosth`kob tno fomdfhty `c tno Dadboey‘s p`shth`k `k w`eok, brdwhkm `lfhquofy `k nor shstor tno pdhktor Ofhzdlotn Lutfor‘s oxporhokao `c oxafush`k9

 wnok `ko w`edk wds vory kodr motthkm tno n`k`urs … tno quosth`k wds  wnotnor tno \`ydf Dadboey sn`ufb `r sn`ufb k`t lo „dftorob‘ „dftorob‘ t` dff`w c`r nor ofoath`k. Ht hs, n`wovor, t` edjo tno prosokt aust`e `c oxafush`k fomdf tndt tno fdws w`ufb ndvo t` lo dftorob … tno \`ydf Dadboey ehmnt put htsofc hkt` `rbor ly d fdw hkadpdahtdthkm c`r eoelorsnhp dff pdhktors wn` dro w`eok, `r dff pdhktors ndvhkm lfuo oyos, `r dff pdhktors, sdy, l`rk hk Jokt. @ko k`k-drthstha dkb k`k-toankhadf oxafush`k whff lo ds rods`kdlfo ds dk`tnor.

Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Ehffor wds t` rohtordto, ds pdrt `c d sustdhkob pulfha adepdhmk dmdhkst w`eok‘s oxafush`k, Eoykoff‘s p`hkt tndt Mo`rmo HHH‘s a`kcorrdf `c d \`ydf Andrtor up`k d c`ukbhkm eoelorsnhp tndt hkafubob

tw` coedfo pdhktors eodkt tndt ht wds k`t hffomdf c`r w`eok t` lo ofoatob t` tno \`ydf Dadboey. Rr`umn`ut tno s dkb hkt` tno twokthotn aoktury sno drmuob vhm`r`usfy tndt w`eok suan ds Ofhzdlotn Lutfor, dkb dfs` Nokrhottd \do, Afdrd E`ktdfld, F`uhso I`pfhkm, Fuay Joep-]ofan, Edrhdkko Qt`jos dkb Nofok Dffhkmnde, woro drthsts `c d adfhlro t` lo ofoatob Dadboehahdks. Hk , sno wds sthff dsjhkm9 „]nok whff tnoro lo d  w`edk drthst \D H w`kbor0‘  Ds hc t` a`epoksdto c`r tnhs systoedtha oxafush`k cr`e tno Dadboey Dadboey,, coedfo arhthas wrhthkm tnr`umn`ut tno Shat`rhdk porh`b edbo ht tnohr lushkoss t` oksuro tndt w`eok woro k`t dfs` oxafubob cr`e tno drt-nhst`rhadf adk`k ly aofolrdthkm tno danhovoeokts `c l`tn nhst`rhadf dkb a`ktoep`rdry w`eok hkwrhthkm tno drts.d Ds wo `c sdwcoedfo hk tnodrthsts, fdst andptor, Ideos`k ndb a`ktoepfdtob stuby dkb hkDkkd tno ovokt bov`tob d soath`k `c Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb Dlr`db  ()  () t` d bhsaussh`k `c w`eok pdhktors. \ovhowhkm  E`bork Wdhktors   hk tno s, Ndkkdn

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

Fdwrdkao arhthahsob \usjhk c`r nhs cdhfuro t` dajk`wfobmo tno r`fo `c l`tn soxos, dkb dff afdssos, hk tno pr`buath`k `c loduthcuf dkb usocuf drt, dr t, drmuhkm tndt shkao tno Ehbbfo Dmos, „cr`e tno k`lfo ovok t` tnopodsdkt‘, drthstha pr`mross ndb hkv`fvob d a`ffdl`rdth`k lotwook tno soxos. s oxos.  Hk dk drthafo `c , `k „Ro Obuadth`k dkb Oepf`yeokt `c ]`eok‘, sno afdheob tndt  w`eok hk nor `wk theos, fhjo tnohr dkaost`rs, nofb „proahsofy tno sdeo p`shth`k ds eok‘ hk „tno „tno tw` nhmnost bopdrteokts `c hktoffoatudf oxorth`k ‑ fhtordturo dkb tno drts‘. dr ts‘. Ly tnhs theo Ofhzdlotn C. Offot ndb pulfhsnob dk okthro v`fueo `k tno nhst`ry `c w`eok‘s drt. N`wovor, ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos   () edjos k` dttoept, ly hts dutn`r‘s `wk dbehssh`k, „t` mhvo ofdl`rdto arhthquos `r d a`kkoatob nhst`ry `c drt‘: rdtnor, „Ro dhe nds look shepfy t` sn`w wndt w`edk nds b`ko, whtn tno mokordf a`kbhth`ks cdv`urdlfo `r ukcdv`urdlfo t` nor o﬇`rts, dkb t` mhvo s`eo heprossh`ks `c tno andrdator `c odan bhsthkmuhsnob drthst ds edy lo borhvob cr`e d cdhtncuf roa`rb `c nor pors`kdf oxporhokaos.‘ C`r tno rovhowor `c tno l``j hk tno  Dtnokdoue, tnhs rokbors nor stuby `c fhttfo vdfuo9 „Nor k`thaos dro sadraofy dt dff arhthadf: tnoy ruk tnr`umn tno aokturhos, lotwook f`km phfos `c f`adf dkb opnoeordf roputdth`ks, whtn k`w dkb tnok d lrhmnt kdeo up`k tno r`ff, dkb tno coedfo drthsts hk tno adtom`ry dro prosoktob, whtn rdro oxaopth`ks, up`k `ko fovof `c crhmhb dkb c`redf oxaoffokao.‘  R`umn „﬌`dthkm b`wk tno aurrokt wnhan nds sot s ot hk cr`e tno hktoffoat-`c-w`eok p`hkt `c vhow‘, Offot hs k` coehkhst. ]nhfo dajk`wfobmhkm tndt e`bork w`eok ndvo mrodtor croob`e dkb hepr`vob obuadth`k dkb pr`cossh`kdf `pp`rtukhthos tndk ovor loc`ro tndt „ndvo oka`urdmob tno dbvdkaoeokt `c w`eok ds drthsts

loy`kb dky p`hkt rodanob`c hk „tno proaobhkm dmos‖oedkahpdth`k― , sno bhss`ahdtoswnhan norsofcw`ufb cr`e a`ktoep`rdry supp`rtors s`-adffob urmo Zw`edkU hkt` d a`urso dmdhkst kdturo, dkb a`ktrdry t` tno moktfokoss dkb e`bosty `c nor sox‘. Qno wrhtos dl`ut d sdepfo `c khkotooktn-aoktury  w`eok drthsts9 dl`ut Bdvhb‘ Bdvhb‘ss coedfo puphfs, c`r oxdepfo, de`km tnoe A`kstdkao Edrho Andrpokthor dkb Dkmèfhquo E`kmoz: dl`ut \omkduft‘s stubokts, hkafubhkm Edbdeo Dkz`k dkb Q`pnho Muhffoedrb: dkb ahtos  w`eok suan ds A`kstdkao Edyor Edyor,, Edbdeo Ofho dkb Wnhfhlorto Fob`ux,  wn` pdhktob hk tno edkkor `c Mrouzo Mrouzo.. N`wovor, tnoy dro fuajy hc tnoy mot d soktokao odan `c lfdkb bosarhpth`k, dkb ht wds k`t ukthf Offok A. Afdyt`k pulfhsnob Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts  hk  hk  tndt d e`ro a`epronokshvo daa`ukt `c tno nhst`ry `c w`eok‘s drt hk Okmfdkb dppodrob. Afdyt`k lfuktfy `lsorvos9 „@ur kdthvo pdhktors … ndvo foct lut cdhktfy heprossob c``tprhkts `k tno sdkbs `c theo. Roy b` k`t mfhttor hk tno spfokb`r `c rok`wk, fhjo tnohr shstors `c tno pok `r `c tno tn o lusjhk.‘ Wrosuedlfy

 

Coehkhko drts 



loaduso `c tno pduahty `c w`eok drthsts hk Okmfdkb, Afdyt`k bov`tos s`eo spdao hk nor nhst`ry `c Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts  t`  t` w`eok wn` dro „ukc`rtukdtofy k`t Okmfhsnw`eok‘,  suan ds Qusdkkdn N`eol`ft, Fdvhkhd oorfhkaj dkb Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh,  lut sno wrhtos dl`ut d m``b rdkmo `c Okmfhsn drthsts dathvo hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, dkb nor l``j roedhks usocuf ds d rocorokao l``j, ovok tn`umn ht b`os k`t bhsauss tno drt htsofc hk dky boptn. Afdyt`k b`os dttoept t` dbbross tno quosth`k `c wny Okmfdkb nds nhst`rhadffy pr`buaob s` cow w`eok drthsts. Qno daa`ukts c`r tnohr dlsokao loc`ro tno rohmk `c Nokry SHHH ly tno cdat tndt „ZhUk tn`so r`umn, rubo dmos, coedfos a`ufb k`t w`rj loy`kb tno l`ukbdrhos `c tnohr n`eos, `r tno wdffs `c tnohr a`kvokt‘. Curtnore`ro, Curtnore`ro, „ZtUno e`ro kooby afdss woro k`t sufiahoktfy obuadtob t` lo adpdlfo `c dky bosarhpth`k `c drt w`rjedksnhp‘. Qno wds t` lo s`eowndt e`ro adustha dl`ut tno hbo`f`mhadf c`raos tndt ehfhtdto dmdhkst w`eok‘s delhth`ks hk d v`fueo `k Coedfo ]drrh`rs   pulfhsnob tnroo yodrs fdtor9  ]nhspor ht k`t hk Mdtn tndt d w`edk sn`ufb bdro ovor t` trdksmross tno fhkos fdhb b`wk ly W`pufdr Wroiubhao. D w`edk hs d sul`rbhkdto daahbokt hk arodth`k, quhto dk dctortn`umnt, d suppfoeoktdry k`th`k, d p`stsarhpt … Edk (tn`umn no hs porehttob t` hkafubo hk nhs suporl dff-a`epronokshvo hbokthty, w`edk) hs lhm, str`km, k`lfo, hktoffoatudf9 d Lohkm. ]`edk hs sedff, wodj, sofb`e k`lfo, dkb `umnt k`t t` lo a`ksah`us `c tno shmkhffladkao `c tno w`rb Hktoffoatudf … Hc ht lo pr`vob ly ndrb cdats tndt w`edk hs k`t d p``r, wodj arodturo, tnok sno eust lo roprhedkbob ds lohkm edsaufhko. ` lrdkb d w`edk ds lohkm edsaufhko, hs supp`sob t` lo quhto sufiahokt t` brhvo nor a`worhkm ldaj t` nor ‘lr`hbory-crdeo dkb nor futo. 

Ly tno okb `c tno aoktury, w`eok arhthas woro dttoepthkm e`ro sorh`us

dkdfyshs `c tno w`rj `c coedfo prdathth`kors hk tores `c tnohr kom`thdth`k `c mokbor hssuos. Nofok Yheeork, c`r oxdepfo, wr`to dk drthafo hk , „Ro  ]`rj  ] `rj `c Ehss Lossho Lossho W`ttor‘, W`ttor‘, c`r tno Edmdzhko `c Drt  hk  hk wnhan sno bosarhlos tno Anhadm`-ldsob saufpt`r ds „edhkfy d w`edk‘s saufpt`r‘, k`thkm9 k`thkm9 „Qno fflkbs nor sulioats hk Deorhadk e`bork w`eok, tn`so korv`us, nhmnfystrukm, oxahtdlfo pr`buats `c d vhrhfo po`pfo wnhan hs edbo up `c dff rdaos dkb dff afheos.‘ Yheeork andrdatorhsos saufpturo ds d „edsaufhko‘ drt, lut dttrhlutos W`ttor‘s pdrthaufdr sjhff t` nor coedfo hbokthty. Bhsausshkm nor saufpturo okthtfob „X`ukm E`tnor‘, c`r oxdepfo, Yheeork bosarhlos n`w „ZtUno y`ukm saufpt`r nds adumnt t` porcoath`k tno t`ko dkb dte`spnoro  wnhan hs hs e`st dttrdathv dttrdathvo, o, dkb norohk sno turks turks t` dbvdktdm dbvdktdmoo nor sox, whtn whtn hts fflko sokshlhfhthos. Xot Xot rdrofy ukbor nor ndkbs b`os d fflmuro f`so f`s o hk strokmtn `r c`rao, ds hs dfe`st ukhvorsdffy tno adso whtn w`eok saufpt`rs wn` dro dpt t` cdff sn`rt hk tnhs edsaufhko drt.‘ Eoykoff wr`to hk d shehfdr vohk, `ctok

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

dk`kye`usfy, dl`ut nor shstor Ofhzdlotn Lutfor‘s w`rj hk dk`tnor edsaufhko-hbokthfflob mokro, tndt `c ldttfo pdhkthkm, tn`umn sno dfs` aofolrdtob tno „coehkhko‘ drt prdathao Dfed-dboed, lrhkmhkm nor `wk dutn`rhty ds d coedfo arhtha t``c norFdurd dssosseokt `c tno drthst‘s w`edkfy tnoeos dkb styfo. Fhjowhso Cokwhaj Ehffor prdhsob tno „edsaufhko‘ rodfhse `c aofolrhty dkhedfhîro  \`sd  \`sd L`knour, wn`so pdhkthkm Ro N`rso Cdhr  ndb  ndb adusob d soksdth`k wnok ht wds oxnhlhtob hk F`kb`k hk , oqudffy whtn tno cdsnh`kdlfo coehkhkhty `c l`tn tno drt dkb tno pors`k `c F`uhso I`pfhkm.   D rovhowor `c tno ]`eok‘s Luhfbhkm, pdrt `c tno  Anhadm` ]`rfb‘s Cdhr, prdhsob tno eurdf boa`rdth`k `c tno vosthlufo, bobhadtob t` tno roprosoktdth`k `c w`eok‘s w`eok‘s w`rj, c`r sn`whkm s n`whkm tndt „w`eok edy lo edstors `c drt, dkb adk trodt str`km sulioats suaaosscuffy, ds woff ds eok‘, shkmfhkm `ut Dkkho Qwykkort`k‘‘s bophath`k `c Cf`rokao Khmnthkmdfo hk tno Arheod c`r sn`whkm Qwykkort`k „n`w str`km w`eok w`eok‘‘s drt adk lo hk a`f`ur, boshmk, dkb soktheokt‘. Hc ht wds sthff rdro c`r hkbhvhbudf w`eok drthsts t` ndvo okthro drthafos bov`tob t` tnohr w`rj, ly tno s tnoy woro stdkbdrbfy hkafubob hk rovhows `c mr`up oxnhlhth`ks, dftn`umn ovok s` hk ehxob sn`ws tno edhk c`aus hs `ctok `k tno tn o edfo drthsts. drt hsts. ]oro ]oro tnoro k`t spdao a`kstrdhkts, ]dork ]dork sdys hk „Q`eo K`tos `k Crokan Heprossh`khse‘, sno „sn`ufb bofhmnt t` fhkmor … `k Ehss Edry Adssdtt‘s Adssdtt‘s trufy w`edkfy stubhos `c e`tnors dkb anhfbrok, `r cofhaht`us, croo trdksfdth`ks `c tno oxquhshto syktnotha drt `c tno  Idpdkoso‘.  Idpdko so‘. Wokkof  Wokkofff bhb k`t mokordffy edjo d p`hkt `c mhvhkm spoahdf dttokth`k t` coedfo drthsts, lut ovok sno wrhtos dl`ut pdhkthkms oxnhlhtob ly Ers Qtdkn`po C`rlos dkb Ers Dfed-dboed hk tno sprhkm sn`ws dt tno \`ydf Dadboey dkb tno Kow Mdffory hk , dkb sno okbs nor rovhow `c tno  Heprossh`khst sn`w tno`c Mrdct`k qudfhfflob okb`rsoeokt `c tno dt w`rj Lortno Mdffory E`rhs`t9whtn dk `kfy sfhmntfy

 Ds c`r Edbdeo E`rhs`t, ds k`w sook, sno adffs c`r fhttfo rosorvo hk `ko‘ `ko‘ss trhluto t` nor. Qno pfdaos d e`bof loc`ro tno ehrr`r dt d k`t vory hktorosthkm e`eokt `c tno t`hfot, `r d shttor b`hkm k`tnhkm dt dff hk d mdrbok, dkb nor a`f`r hs s` bofhadto, nor vdfuos s` rhmnt, tndt `ko soos `kfy tno tokbor ndre`ky `c mrdys `r pdfo m`fbs. Dkb hc nor fhttfo edrhkos p`hkt whtn`ut ehstdjo t` tnohr `rhmhk hk Edkot, tnoy dro tno w`rj `c dk hktoffhmokt puphf. Cow `tnor w`eok wn` ndvo vokturob t` prdathao dk drt cr`e wnhan tnohr sox sooes t` bhsqudfhcy tnoe, adk dppr`dan nor.

Wokkoff b`os k`t noro vokturo dk oxpfdkdth`k c`r wny ht hs tndt w`eok dro bhsqudfhfflob ly tnohr sox cr`e loa`ehkm oehkokt drthsts, lut ofsownoro sno summosts tndt edky w`eok sooe eorofy t` „pfdy whtn dk drt `r pr`cossh`k t` wnhan eok bov`to tnohr fhvos. Roy bdllfo d fhttfo hk pdhkt, dkb tnok n`po t` a`epoto whtn eok wn` ndvo stubhob c`r yodrs.‘ Qno rofdtos n`w

 

Coehkhko drts   

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d coedfo stubokt dt tno \`ydf Dadboey Qan``fs w`k d prhzo c`r boshmk, dkb wds a`eehssh`kob t` boa`rdto tno bhkhkm ndff dt Mhrt`k, lut mdvo up 

„loaduso tno fdl`r w`ufbdrthst oktdhf‘. Wokkoff t` tno puzzfhkm quosth`k `c `c „ZwUny tno htw`edk nds  look rdro‘roturks hk d sueedthvo drthafo okthtfob „Drt „Drt dkb ]`eok‘, ]`eok‘, wrhttok ukusudffy ukbor nor `wk kdeo, dkb nor fdst c`r tno Kdth`k, pulfhsnob hk . Ro quosth`k hs puzzfhkm loaduso, hk nor vhow, „tno nhkbrdkaos t` nor pdtn aortdhkfy ndvo look foss‘ tndk c`r, sdy, coedfo pnyshahdks dkb fdwyors. ]`eok „woro k`t ldkhsnob hk tno pdst cr`e tno stubh` dkb tno w`rjsn`p, wnoro, k` b`ult, d trdhkhkm w`ufb ndvo look tnohrs ndb tnohr mokhus hepordthvofy adffob c`r ht‘. Ro pr`lfoe sooes t` lo tndt suan mokhus hs a`ksphau`usfy fdajhkm hk w`edkjhkb9 „cr`e tno F`uvro t` tno _fizh, cr`e tno Wrdb` t` tno \hijs, y`u edy f``j hk vdhk c`r d w`edk t` rhvdf Sofäsquoz ds p`rtrdht pdhktor, `r hkt`rott` ds boa`rdt`r, `r Ehanofdkmof` ds saufpt`r, `r \oelrdkbt ds otanor ‑ `r rdtnor, y`u edy f``j hk vdhk c`r dfe`st dky w`edk dt dff‘. K`r woro w`eok hktorbhatob cr`e prdathshkm drt9 „Hkboob, wnok tno fdbyfhjo vhrtuos woro e`st dt d proehue, drt wds kovor hkafubob de`km tno ukfdbyfhjo vhaos. ` bdllfo hk pdhkt wds d p`fhto daa`epfhsneokt c`r tno fdbhos‘, dkb prosuedlfy, sno drmuos, `tnor w`eok w`ufb ndvo ndb tno andkao, fhjo Edry E`sor dkb  Dkmofhad  Dkmof had Jdu﬇edk Jdu﬇edkk, k, t` db`pt drt ds d pr`cos pr`cossh`k, sh`k, ndb tnoy ndb d e`bhaue `c tdfokt. Xot whtn tno oxaopth`k `c Edbdeo Shmèo Fo Lruk k` a`epdrdlfo drthsts prosoktob tnoesofvos ukthf \`sd L`knour dkb tnok Lortno E`rhs`t dkb Edry Adssdtt adeo df`km. L`knour sno bosarhlos ds „d w`edk `c ukusudffy edsaufhko pnyshquo dkb toepordeokt‘, whtn „s`eotnhkm `c … vhrhfhty … hk nor w`rj‘: E`rhs`t, ds d m``b stubokt `c Heprossh`khse, wn` pr`buaob tndt `rhmhkdfhty: wds „d ro-oan` `c tnods rhmnt tnhkm hktoffhmoktfy ukborst``b‘, lutw`rj whtn`ut Adssdtt, „tno bhsahpfo, k`t tno pr`pnot‘

`c Heprossh`khse, lut dk drthst hk dff sno b`os, dkb d fflko ardctsedk , wn`, Wokkoff k`tos dppr`vhkmfy, „w`rjs ds d edk w`rjs‘. Adssdtt wds l`rk hk , dkb wds dathvo hk tno fdtor khkotooktn aoktury. Qurvoyhkm tno andkmos tndt ndvo tdjok pfdao hk nor fhcotheo, Wokkoff hs struaj ly wndt d rov`futh`k tnoro nds look c`r coedfo drthsts `vor tndt porh`b9  ]nok sno lomdk t` w`rj, w`eok drthsts woro cow cow.. K` K`w w tnoy dro kuelorob ly tno nukbrobs, ly tno tn`usdkbs. Ro san``fs ovorywnoro dro ds `pok t` tnoe ds t` eok. Roy adk lrdvo tno Fdthk Tudrtor whtn`ut bdkmor t` tnohr roputdth`k. Deorhadk san`fdrsnhps sokb tnoe t` Wdrhs … Q`ahothos `c w`eok drthsts dro edky: s` dro tnohr oxnhlhth`ks. Ro Qdf`ks `c Wdrhs, tno Dadboey, Dadboey, tno Hktorkdth`kdf, dkb `tnor mdfforhos `c F`kb`k wofa`eo tno  w`rj `c w`eok `k tnohr tnohr wdffs.

 

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 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

N`wovor, ovok whtn dff tnhs, dkb tno `lvh`us ldrrhors roe`vob, „tno w`rfb sthff wdhts c`r tno w`edk mokhus‘. Hk sue9 „Hk tno pdst ndrbfy dky w`eok

 

db`ptob drt ds Burhkm fflcty yodrsly`rtnohr s`, tnoy rusnob hkt` drtdhkpr`cossh`k. ar`wbs. Dkb drt hstnods fdst ukandkmob rusn ndvo ds ht  wds ly tnohr hkbh﬇orokao.‘ Wokkoff a`kcossos t` lo ldflob ly tno cdat tndt  w`eok ndvo ndvo daa`epfhsnob daa`epfhsnob s` fhttfo hk hk drt, dkb okbs okbs nor drthafo `k tno lfodj k`to9 „tno rods`k, wnok ht hs ukborst``b, edy oxpfdhk `ur truo fhehtdth`ks ds w`eok lottor tndk dky tno`ry nhtnort` `﬇orob ly tno stubokt `c sox‘. Hc tno oxporhokao `c coedfo drthsts ndb andkmob ds rdbhadffy ds Wokkoff summosts hk tno fdst ndfc `c tno khkotooktn aoktury, s` ndb tndt `c w`eok oktorhkm tno pr`cossh`ks `c drt nhst`ry dkb arhthadf i`urkdfhse `vor tno sdeo porh`b. K` f`kmor wds ht d edttor `c d cow hktrophb w`eok fhjo Dkkd  Ideos`k dkb Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo rdhshkm tnohr v`haos t` quosth`k \usjhk \usjhk‘‘s nomoe`kha adtoanhse (Wokkoff ndb pr`k`ukaob hk  „\usjhk‘s todanhkms dro dfrodby `ls`foto, sdvo hk tno pr`vhkaos pr`vhkaos‘): ‘): rdtnor, w`eok t``j tnohr pfdao df`kmshbo eok ‑ hc k`t oqudffy, k` f`kmor sopdrdtofy ‑ hk d arhthadf a`eeukhty tndt ndb loa`eo vdstfy oxpdkbob dkb boe`ardthsob ly tno trdksc`redthvo trdksc `redthvo p`wor `c tno tn o edss eobhd. eo bhd. Wokkoff‘s Wokkoff‘s drthafo drt hafo „Drt „Drt dkb ]`eok‘ ]`eok‘ dppodrob hk , dkb dfrodby tno khkotooktn-aoktury w`rfb sno rotr`spoathvofy survoyob eust ndvo coft vory bhstdkt. Ro Mrodt ]dr ]dr,, tnok hk hts fflkdf e`ktns, ndb lr`umnt dl`ut boahshvo andkmos hk tno mokbor `rbor. `rbor. Dr`ukb . ehffh`k w`eok mdhkob tno v`to hk , dkb coedfo adkbhbdtos a`ufb c`r tno fflrst theo sooj ofoath`k. N`wovor, c`r Shrmhkhd ]``fc, tno rodffy boahshvo snhct tndt sopdrdtob nor `wk mokordth`k cr`e tndt `c nor Shat`rhdk pdrokts, tno e`eokt wnok, ds sno e`eokt`usfy put ht, „nuedk andrdator andkmob‘, ndb tdjok pfdao kodrfy d boadbo odrfhor, „`k `r dl`ut Boaoelor ‘. Dkb tno aufturdf wdtorsnob t` wnhan sno rocors ndb k`tnhkm t` b`  whtn mokordf mokordf ofoath`ks `r coedfo coedfo su﬇rdmo9 ht wds wds dk drt oxnhlhth`k oxnhlhth`k ‑ spoahffla-

dffy, tno fflrst W`st-Heprossh`khst dffy, W`st-Hepross h`khst sn`w, `rmdkhsob ly nor crhokb tno drthst drt hst dkb drt arhtha \`mor Cry ‑ dk oxnhlhth`k wn`so shmkhffladkao hk e`bork aufturdf nhst`ry nds look hk pdrt botorehkob ly tno arhthadf ossdy d coedfo wrhtor  w`vo dr`ukb dr`ukb ht hk . Ht Ht w`ufb lo dk`tnor fflcty yodrs yodrs loc`ro soa`kb-wdvo coehkhse w`ufb rovhow tno nhst`ry dkb nhst`rh`mrdpny `c drt cr`e d porspoathvo kowfy sndrpokob ly tno ]`eok‘s E`voeokt, lut tno whbo rdkmo `c drt fhtordturo bhsaussob hk tnhs stuby st uby boe`kstrdtos tndt Shat`rhdk drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas woro mhvhkm sorh`us dttokth`k t` tno pfdao `c w`eok hk, dkb tnohr dlsokaos cr`e, tndt t ndt nhst`ry, dkb t` tno quosth`k p`sob ly Fhkbd K`anfhk hk , „]ny Ndvo Roro Look K` Mrodt ]`eok Drthsts0‘, f`km loc`ro tnoy woro tno sulioat `c e`bork arhthadf boldto.

 

A`kafush`k

Ro boahsh`k t` fheht tno sulioat `c tnhs l``j t` w`eok wds d a`ksah`us `ko. H an`so t` wrhto dl`ut coedfo drt nhst`rhdks dkb arhthas, rdtnor tndk dl`ut khkotooktn-aoktury drt wrhthkm ds d wn`fo. Ly somromdthkm tno w`rj `c w`eok, ht edy lo drmuob tndt H ndvo ukcdhrfy bokhob tnoe d pfdao hk tno edhkstrode, dfe`st ds omromh`usfy ds tn`so aufturdf nhst`rhdks wn` ndvo hmk`rob tnoe dft`motnor. Ro e`st okfhmntokob `c tno Shat`rhdk w`eok  wn` dro ey sulioat w`ufb fhjofy bopf`ro ey boahsh`k `k tno mr`ukbs tndt w`eok wn`so w`rj hs m``b koob k` spoahdf pfodbhkm. Ndrrhot Mr`to, Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo dkb Iokky Fhkb c`ukbob tno Q`ahoty `c Coedfo Drthsts hk  loaduso w`eok pdhktors woro k`t tdjok sorh`usfy dkb ndb bhfiaufty hk fflkbhkm pr`cossh`kdf trdhkhkm dkb oxnhlhthkm tnohr w`rj pulfhafy. Lut drt nhst`rhdks suan ds Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao ndb ehsmhvhkms. Qno prdhsob tno Q`ahoty‘s c`ukbors c`r tnohr hkhthdthvo, lut edhktdhkob tndt ht wds dfwdys lottor c`r w`eok t` oxnhlht df`kmshbo eok: ostdlfhsnhkm dk dss`ahdth`k „oxafushvofy c`r tnoesofvos‘, sno sdhb, wds t` rhsj edrmhkdfhsdth`k.   Dkb `tnor w`eok arhthas dkb drthsts dr thsts sndrob nor vhow. vhow. Dfhao Eoykoff dkb nor shstor Ofhzdlotn Lutfor dpproahdtob tno vdfuo `c coedfo kotw`rjs, lut kohtnor cdv`urob dff-w`eok oxnhlhth`ks. Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Ehffor, fhjo Eoykoff,

 w`ufb rovhow `kfy ehxob sn`ws, loaduso somromdtob oxnhlhth`ks `c fdby drthsts woro `ctok `c suan f`w qudfhty tndt tnoy ndreob tno roputdth`k `c  w`eok drthsts ds d wn`fo9 „] „]oo dff jk`w tndt tno coolfo, a`ee`kpfdao, thehb w`rj tndt hs `k tno wn`fo wndt hs sn`wk tnoro b`os k`t roprosokt hk cdat tno dttdhkeokt `c w`eok hk drt, yot wo adkk`t afodr `ur iubmeokt `c tno hffush`k dkb tno tnhrb rdto sn`ws mhvo dk heprossh`k tndt w`eok‘s w`rj hs hkovhtdlfy tnhrb rdto.‘  Fhjo Mo`rmo Ofh`t hk nor rovhow ossdy „Qhffy K`vofs ly Fdby K`vofhsts‘ (), Ehffor drmuob tndt w`eok woro tnohr `wk w`rst okoehos9 t`fordthkm dkb a`kb`khkm p``r-qudfhty w`rj ly  w`eok prdathth`kors tdhktob tno roputdth`k `c tnohr wn`fo sox. „Roro hs 

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

k` sox hk drt‘, sno boafdrob. Wokkoff wds lfuktor sthff hk nor roioath`k `c tno dhes `c tno Q`ahoty c`r ]`eok Drthsts, ds ht wds adffob ly tno okb `c tno aoktury9 „Hc w`eok dro pdhktors, woff dkb m``b. Lut fot tnoe tdjo tnohr andkaos daa`rbhkmfy, dkb k`t whtn afde`r`us roehkbors tndt tnoy dro  w`eok dctor dff, dkb tnoroc`ro tnoroc`ro t` lo trodtob trodtob whtn tno tokborkoss tokborkoss dkb anhvdfry buo t` tnohr sox.‘ Qno a`kafubos, rdtnor lrutdffy9 „Hc tnoy adkk`t pdhkt, tnoy sn`ufb k`t oxnhlht.‘ Ly tno sdeo t`jok, H ehmnt dsj hc tno coedfo arhthas wn`so w`rj H ndvo aurdtob hk tnhs dff-w`eok l``j sn`ufb ndvo look dff`wob t` tdjo tnohr andkaos hk d ehxob a`ffoath`k. D kuelor `c tnoe, dctor dff, ndvo ndb `ko w`edk rotr`spoathvos rotr`spoathvos hk tno c`re `c bobhadtob bobhadtob e`k`mrdpns e`k`mrdpns tndt tosthcy t` t` tnohr aurrokay dkb mr`whkm roputdth`ks hk tno twokty-fflrst aoktury. Dkkd  Ideos`k, Oehfhd Oehfhd Bhfjo, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, Odstfdjo, Dfhao Eoykoff Eoykoff dkb Sork`k Foo dro k`w dajk`wfobmob ds edi`r a`ktrhlut`rs t` tno Shat`rhdk drt w`rfb, dkb suan ds Ehandof Chofbey Chofb droboahsh`k daafdheob `ouvro tndt hkafubos tnohr`tnors wrhthkm dl`ut drt. Q` b`os t` c`r nhvodktnoso w`eok `﬇ hkt` d mr`up bofflkob ly tnohr sox fomhthehso afdhes tndt tnohr w`rj wds k`t ds m``b `r ds hep`rtdkt ds tndt `c tnohr edfo poors0 Rdt tnoy woro k`t trufy hktomrdtob hk tno pr`cossh`kdf fflofb0 B`os ht ro-hksarhlo d Shat`rhdk mokbor lhkdry dl`ut wnhan okfhmntokob Shat`rhdk w`eok woro tnoesofvos saopthadf0 Ey rods`ks c`r trodthkm coedfo drt arhthas ds d bhsaroto adtom`ry dro tnrooc`fb. Chrst, ht hs afodr tndt tnoso w`eok tnoesofvos vdfuob tnohr coedfo pr`cossh`kdf kotw`rjs dkb mokodf`mhos, dkb a`ksah`usfy cdsnh`kob mokborob hbokththos ds pr`cossh`kdf wrhtors, dkb H ndvo whsnob t` adpturo tnhs hk ey `wk dkdfyshs. Qoa`kb, c`aushkm `k coedfo arhthas nds okdlfob eo t` hbokthcy pdttorks whtnhk w`eok‘s wrhthkm dl`ut drt tndt edy lo hkvhshlfo wnok f``jhkm dt ohtnor tno cuff rdkmo `c drt fhtordturo `r dt tno w`rj `c d shkmfo

dutn`r. Ro systoeha hksthtuth`kdf dkb pors`kdf a`kstrdhkts hep`sob up`k dutn`r.  w`eok, c`r oxdepfo, dkb tnohr strdtomhos c`r `vora`ehkm `r ahrauevokthkm tnoe loa`eo afodror wnok tnoy dro a`kshborob ds d pr`cossh`kdf mr`up.  Dkb fflkdffy fflkdffy,, tno tno cdat tndt w`eok ndvo ndvo look `ehttob `ehttob cr`e e`st daa`ukts daa`ukts `c tno khkotooktn-aoktury drt w`rfb eodks tnoy k`w koob t` lo nhmnfhmntob hk tores `c tnohr mokbor hc tnoy dro t` tdjo tnohr rhmntcuf pfdao hk cuturo nhst`rhos. Hk tno dss`ahdtob fflofb `c Shat`rhdk drt, Idk Edrsn dkb Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk aurdtob d ph`koorhkm oxnhlhth`k `c Wro-\dpndofhto w`eok drthsts hk . Rohr dhe wds t` a`rroat tno heprossh`k foct ly tno  Wro-\dpndofhto dt tno dto Mdffory tnorohktorvokth`ks woro k`ko. D a`ksoquokao `c lf`ajlustor tno  oxnhlhth`k dkb `c `tnor tndt coehkhst hs tndt tno dto‘s  Wro-\dpndofhto sn`w strossos tno hep`rtdkao `c coedfo

 

A`kafush`k



prdathth`kors. Ht hs ey lofhoc tndt tno shstorn``b `c Shat`rhdk arhthas lokofflts cr`e d shehfdrfy sopdrdthst dppr`dan, k`t loaduso tnoy adkk`t stdkb up df`kmshbo tnohr edfo poors, lut loaduso tnoy ndvo look c`r t`` f`km hkvhshlfo. Roy koob t` lo kowfy ukborst``b ly d kow mokordth`k. Ro pr`ioat `c coehkhse, hk drt nhst`ry ds woff ds hk `tnor fflofbs, hs `kfy hk pdrt d roaupordthvo `ko, hkv`fvhkm tno roa`vory `c komfoatob w`eok. E`ro hep`rtdktfy, ht andffokmos us t` tnhkj dl`ut roprosoktdth`k, dkb dl`ut tno s`ahdf dkb p`fhthadf cukath`ks `c aufturo. Hk tnhs rospoat, ht sooes aruahdf t` ro﬌oat `k wndt w`eok ndb t` sdy dl`ut drt hk d porh`b wnok drt arhthahse ndb dk ukproaoboktobfy hep`rtdkt r`fo hk pulfha bhsa`urso dkb tno c`redth`k `c aufturdf vdfuos. ]nok @sadr ]hfbo‘s andrdator Mhflort dkk`ukaos hk „Ro Arhtha ds Drthst‘ hk  tndt „ZhUt hs t` arhthahse tndt tno cuturo lof`kms‘, dkb hedmhkos dk „obuadth`kdf systoe‘ wnhan w`ufb „try dkb bovof`p hk tno ehkb d e`ro sultfo qudfhty `c dppronoksh`k dkb bhsaorkeokt‘, hs sueehkm updrts. tno Rhs Shat`rhdk lofhoc otn`s tndt httndt hs hepordthvo t` okmdmo no arhthadffy whtn tno hs d arhthadf w`eok nofpob t` arodto. ]hfbo okvhsdmos tno bovof`peokt `c d wn`fo dadboeha bhsahpfhko, dkb ht hs `kfy cdhr tndt tno c`redthvo r`fo `c w`eok hk hts c`ukbdth`k sn`ufb lo dajk`wfobmob dkb ukborst``b, rdtnor tndk rhbhaufob `r bhehkhsnob. H ndvo drmuob dmdhkst tno poraopth`k `c s`eo twokthotn-aoktury coehkhst drt nhst`rhdks tndt tnohr Shat`rhdk proboaoss`rs woro, dt d c`redthvo e`eokt c`r tno dadboeha bhsahpfhko dkb tno pr`cossh`k, a`epfhaht hk tno arodth`k `c dk dfe`st oxafushvofy edsaufhko adk`k. Ht hs ey a`ktokth`k tndt hk c`redf drt nhst`rhos ds woff ds hk `tnor mokros `c Shat`rhdk wrhthkm (tno k`vof, trdksfdth`ks, muhbol``js, p`otry, i`urkdfhse) tnoro dro edky oxdepfos `c coehkhst hktorvokth`ks hk boldtos dl`ut drt. Dt d nhst`rhadf e`eokt wnok kohtnor tno pr`cossh`k k`r tno bhsahpfhko woro cuffy bofflkob,  w`eok t``j tno andkao t` lo ukbhsahpfhkob. Roy oxpf`htob tno delhmu-

`us torrdhk `c tno ehbbfolr`w dkb tnoy sohzob tno `pp`rtukhty t` ndvo d r`fo hk tno ostdlfhsneokt `c tno nhmnost dadboeha dkb pr`cossh`kdf stdkbdrbs. ` ldkhsn tnoso w`eok cr`e tno arhthadf adk`k w`ufb lo ds shmkhffladkt dk `ehssh`k ds t` fodvo `ut coedfo prdathth`kors cr`e tno adk`k `c drt htsofc.  Ds H n`po tnhs stuby whff ndvo edbo afodr afodr,, H ndvo k` whsn t` summost tndt tnoro woro adtom`rhadf bh﬇orokaos lotwook tno wdy eok dkb w`eok f``job dt `r wr`to dl`ut drt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury. H ndvo hkstodb s`umnt t` oxpf`rodrt, tnotno nhst`rhadf a`kbhth`ks wnhan w`eok oxporhokaob dkb roprosoktob bh﬇orokaos lotwookhkw`eok, dkb n`w suan cdat`rs sndpob, dkb woro sndpob ly, l`tn mokbor dkb mokro. Ds I`dk Qa`tt

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

nds drmuob, ht hs hkauelokt up`k nhst`rhdks `c w`eok t` dttokb t` tno „andkmhkm, dkb `ctok rdbhadffy bh﬇orokt, nhst`rhadf a`ktoxts whtnhk wnhan  w`eok ds sulioats adeo hkt` lohkm‘, t` roa`mkhso tndt „a`ffoathvo hbokththos dro hkvoktob ds pdrt `c s`eo o﬇`rt `c p`fhthadf e`lhfhsdth`k‘, t` tnhkj dl`ut „n`w hbokthty wds ostdlfhsnob, n`w w`eok whtn vdstfy bh﬇orokt dmokbds hbokthfflob whtn `ko dk`tnor dar`ss theo dkb s`ahdf p`shth`ks p`shth`ks‘,‘, dkb t` try t` oxpfdhk „ZwUndt woro tno eoandkhses `c suan a`ffoathvo dkb rotr`spoathvo hbokthffladth`k‘. F``jhkm dt drt, H summost, dkb wrhthkm dl`ut drt ‑ dl`ut tno oxporhokao `c f``jhkm dt phaturos, dl`ut vhsudf dostnothas dkb dl`ut drt‘s nhst`rhos ‑ hs nhmnfy mokborob, `ctok hk vory a`epfox wdys. Ey sulioats hkafubo d kuelor `c w`eok wn`so hbokththos woro a`ksah`usfy sofc-cdsnh`kob. Q`eo brossob hk edkkhsn af`tnos dkb w`ro tnohr ndhr ar`ppob, s`eo dssueob d edfo kdeo, s`eo d edfo v`hao ‑ k`t ukusudf hk tno khkotooktn aoktury. dkb Lut toxtudf H ndvo spoahfflahty, okbodv`urob s`eo nhst`rhadf tnokovortnofoss eoandkhsest`lyoxpf`ro, wnhan whtn tnoy hbokthfflob a`ffoathvofy dkb rotr`spoathvofy ds dkb whtn w`eok. H ndvo dttoeptob t` tnhkj dl`ut tno oxtokt t` wnhan, c`r dff tnohr bh﬇orokaos hk afdss, soxudfhty, obuadth`k dkb hktoffoat, tnoy f``job fhjo (tnoy sdw, dkb  woro sook, so ok, ds) w`eok. H de hktorostob hk tno a`kkoath`ks lotwook tno st`rhos tnoso w`eok t`fb dl`ut tnoesofvos, dkb tnohr okmdmoeokt whtn drt dkb tno edtorhdf dkb aufturdf ahrauestdkaos hk wnhan tnoy wr`to. H de spoahffladffy a`kaorkob whtn n`w tnohr wrhthkm wrh thkm dl`ut drt wds aufturdffy au fturdffy eobhdtob. ]`eok ]`eok ndb t` kom`thdto shmkhffladkt s`ahdf, hktoffoatudf dkb hksthtuth`kdf ldrrhors t` loa`eo pr`cossh`kdf wrhtors, dkb ht sooes t` eo hep`rtdkt t` dssoss tnohr w`rj hk fhmnt `c tno bhsaurshvo a`kstrdhkts up`k wndt tnoy woro dlfo t` sdy. H ndvo a`kaoktrdtob `k n`w w`eok arhthas dppr`danob dkb eobhdtob tno w`rj `c adk`khadf `r kodr-adk`khadf pdhktors, lut H ndvo dfs`

 

a`kshborob tnohr wrhthkm dl`ut a`ktoep`rdry drt prdathao dkb kow drt c`res, ds woff ds tnohr bovof`peokt `c kow, dkb `ctok mokborob, arhthadf adtom`rhos. Ro w`eok H ndvo a`kshborob edy k`t, ds Bol`rdn Anorry dkb `tnors `lsorvo, ndvo look dff tndt hktorostob hk wrhthkm dl`ut w`eok drthsts (dftn`umn, ds wo ndvo sook, s`eo woro): lut tnohr wrhthkm, tnohr nhst`rh`mrdpny,, dkb tnohr wdys `c nhst`rh`mrdpny ` c soohkm dkb `c tno`rhshkm tno`rhs hkm vhsh`k dro `ctok oxtrd`rbhkdrhfy hedmhkdthvo dkb dbvoktur`us hk wdys tndt, ds H ndvo trhob t` summost, edy lo fhkjob t` tnohr mokbor. Roy tnus mdvo l`tn w`eok dkb eok kow e`bofs c`r f``jhkm dt dkb wrhthkm dl`ut drt tndt ndvo pr`vhbob d c`ukbdth`k c`r e`bork wdys `c soohkm dkb ukborstdkbhkm drt dkb hts nhst`rhos.

 

A`kafush`k



Hk „Hkdppronokshvokoss‘, `ko `c tno fdst p`oes no wr`to loc`ro nhs bodtn hk , \`lort Lr`wkhkm nds nhs edfo dkb coedfo andrdators hkv`jo I`nk \usjhk dkb Sork`k Foo ds d wdy `c a`eeokthkm hr`khadffy `k soxudf bh﬇orokao, dkb `k n`w tnhkms f``j t` eok dkb t` w`eok.   Ro p`oe lomhks whtn tno edfo spodjor dkb nhs coedfo a`epdkh`k stdkbhkm „shepfy crhokb-fhjo shbo ly shbo / Showhkm d twhfhmnt a`uktry‘ hk dk dppdroktfy sndrob mdzo. Lut tno w`edk „ZlrodjsU shfokao‘, dssorthkm nor boshro t` a`ktr`f tno fflofb `c vhsh`k, whsnhkm sno ndb nor porspoathvo mfdss. Quan `pthadf bovhaos dro, ds I`kdtndk Ardry roehkbs us, „shtos `c l`tn jk`wfobmo dkb p`wor tndt `pordto bhroatfy `k tno l`by `c tno hkbhvhbudf‘, dkb tno porspoathvo mfdss noro shmkhfflos tno w`edk‘s whsn t` bofflko dkb a`ktr`f nor p`shth`k vhs-ç-vhs k`t `kfy tno vhow lut dfs` nor a`epdkh`k. Eodkwnhfo tno „ukk`thaob‘ edk ly nor shbo, bospordto c`r nor „romdrb‘, „koobhkm lut d f``j‘, whffs nor t` lrodj nor „hkdppronokshvo stdro‘, shfoktfy hepf`rhkm nor, „fot y`ur oyos eoot ehko‘. Lut tno w`edk a`kthkuos dathvofy t` f``j, tdjhkm pfodsuro hk nor mdzo, hkshsthkm up`k nor r`fo ds `lsorvor. Qno uttorfy a`kc`ukbs tno spoaufdr stdtus nor a`epdkh`k whsnos t` a`kcor up`k nor, ly rocushkm t` lo tno whffhkm `lioat `c nhs cdktdshshkm dkb a`orahvo mdzo. Ro vhow roehkbs nor `c s`eotnhkm sno nds rodb ‑ „k`t‘, sno tnhkjs, „ly \usjhk‘ ‑ hk rosp`kso t` wnhan tno bhsmruktfob edfo spodjor adusthadffy `﬇ors dt tno okb `c tno p`oe tno summosth`k tndt tno kdeo sno hs sodranhkm c`r hs porndps Sork`k Foo (hts pfdaoeokt ds tno p`oe p`oe‘‘s fflkdf w`rbs mhvos ht pdrthaufdr wohmnt). Ro hkv`adth`k `c \usjhk dkb Sork`k Foo dff`ws us t` f`adto tno p`oe whtnhk tno fdrmor crdeo `c tno soxudf p`fhthas `c spoatdt`rsnhp, dkb ukborfhkos tno bh﬇orokt, hkboob a`epothkm, vhowhkm p`shth`ks `c edsaufhkhty dkb coehkhkhty whtnhk tno e`bork `aufdr fflofb. Chctook yodrs fdtor, hk d „W`stsarhpt `k \usjhk‘ tndt edy dfs` summost d p`stsarhpt t` ey l``j, Sork`k Sork`k Foo wr`to d wdrefy aofolrdt`ry a`eeoe`rdthvo drthafo `k \usjhk‘s w`rj dkb nhs fomday t` tno e`bork w`rfb. Hk

ht, sno a`eeokbs nhs „edky-shbob mokhus‘. Qno dajk`wfobmos nor `wk hkboltobkoss t` nhe, k`t fodst c`r tno wdys no tdumnt nor, dkb d wn`fo mokordth`k, n`w t` f``j dt drt, dkb t` ukborstdkb tndt „drt wds sprukm cr`e bdhfy fhco dkb fflt c`r bdhfy fhco‘s a`ksuepth`k‘.  Ht hs d phoao tndt dfs` ﬌dms up tnohr bh﬇orokaos, tn`umn ‑ bh﬇orokaos tndt dro, hktorosthkmfy, adst ds mokordth`kdf rdtnor tndk soxudf. \usjhk wds, hk nor vhow, ndeporob rdtnor tndk okdlfob ly nhs cdhtn9 „dfds, tno ukhvorso `c \usjhk hs (bosphto hts shkmhkm strodes dkb roi`hahkm e`uktdhks) hkort, eoandkhadf: d bodb  wohmnt fummob dl`ut ly d pors`kdf (dkb `k tno wn`fo hkofiahokt) arodt`r, dkb roquhrhkm t` lo p`job dkb sa`fbob ly \usjhk nhesofc‘.   Nhs

 



 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

pdrthaufdr rofhmh`us a`se`f`my wds „c`hstob `k nhe ly tno pdst‘, dkb hs k`t, Foo probhats, wndt whff survhvo c`r cuturo mokordth`ks: k`r whff nhs b`medtha tdx`k`ey `c drt. „\usjhk‘s bofhlordto hktokth`k wds t` pfdao urkor dl`vo Afdubo, M`tnha dl`vo \okdhssdkao, tno Ehbbfo Dmos dl`vo e`bork theos, ndkb fdl`r dl`vo edanhkory, Wr`tostdkthse dl`vo Adtn`fhahse, dkb Lhlfhadf hktorprotdth`k dl`vo sahokthffla‘: lut, sno drmuos, „tnhs pr`mrdeeo edttors fhttfo dkb s``k whff edttor k`t ZdtU dff‘. \dtnor, ht hs tno lr`db tok`r `c nhs wrhthkms, tnr`umn wnhan „ZnUo nds sn`wk us drt, nhst`ry, nhst`ry, kdturo, okfdrmob, trdksc`reob dkb mf`rhfflob tnr`umn tno f`vhkm okormy `c nhs sphrht‘, tndt whff okburo. Foo wrhtos ds \usjhk‘s bhsahpfo, lut dfs` ds nhs poor. Nor oxpross purp`so hs t` sue up nhs danhovoeokt dkb nhs hktoffoatudf fomday, t` oka`urdmo dctor-a`eors t` rodb nhs w`rj. Qno brdws d sndrp bhsthkath`k lotwook \usjhk‘s a`ktoep`rdrhos, wn` t`fordtob „tno systoe `c syel`fhadf eotdpnyshas dkb b`medtha e`rdfs‘ hk wnhan no sot nhs dostnotha hktuhth`ks „whtn s` tobh`us dk hkmokuhty‘, dkb „`ur e`bork ndlhts `c tn`umnt‘, wnhan ndvo k` pdthokao c`r „tnhs drthfflahdf crdeow`rj‘. Qno p`hkts `ut tndt „‖e`bork― eodkt c`r \usjhk, k`t `ur fdttor-bdy ndlhts `c ehkb … lut tno eoktdf ndlhts … `c tno soa`kb dkb tnhrb qudrtors `c tno khkotooktn aoktury: `c tndt porh`b `c and`tha edtorhdfhse, `c ndkb t` e`utn rutnfoss om`hse, dmdhkst wnhan k`t `kfy Adrfyfo adeo t` pr`tost, lut Jdrf Edrx dfs`‘. Foo dbbrossos norsofc hk pdrthaufdr t` nor y`ukmor rodbors loaduso, sno sdys, sno hs a`kvhkaob tndt, „cdr-sprodbhkm ds wds nhs hk﬌uokao `k nhs heeobhdto a`ktoep`rdrhos, dkb fdrmo ds hs tno bolt (tn`umn `ctok soa`kb-ndkb dkb ukdajk`wfobmob) ukdajk`wfobmo b) buo t` nhe ly tno c`ff`whkm mokordth`k, tno vory lost `c \usjhk‘s ofiaday adk lo oxpoatob hk tno cuturo‘. hs strhjhkm ds dssosseokt wo rodb nor`cw`rbs d aoktury fdtor hs, fflrst, tndt sno ]ndt wds rhmnt hk nor wndt`vor ht wds tndt cuturo mokordth`ks  w`ufb vdfuo hk \usjhk \usjhk‘‘s w`rj: dkb, soa`kb, tndt tno w`edk wn` wr`to  whtn suan dutn`rhty dkb hkshmnt dl`ut nhs fomday c`r cuturo mokordth`ks

 w`ufb norsofc shkj hkt` ukbosorvob `lsaurhty c`r euan `c tno twokthotn aoktury. D p`rtrdht `c Sork`k Foo ly nor anhfbn``b crhokb I`nk Qhkmor Qdrmokt (Chm. (Chm. ) ) roprosokts nor ds d v`rdah`us `lsorvor. Nor spoatdafos edrj `ut tno ahrauecorokao `c nor mdzo dkb crdeo nor whbo-dwdjo oyos, sooehkm t` shmkhcy k`t ey`phd lut, pdrdb`xhadffy, nor adpdahty t` soo. Edky vhsht`rs t` dto Lrhtdhk, wn` a`ufb rodbhfy hbokthcy tno sulioat `c Andrfos Cdhrcdx Eurrdy‘s  p`rtrdht `c I`nk \usjhk, w`k‘t roa`mkhso tnhs  w`edk whtn tno pokotrdthkm oyos (s` ukfhjo Qdrmokt Qdrmokt‘‘s e`ro cdehfhdr s`ahoty p`rtrdhts `c loduthcuf, cdsnh`kdlfy brossob w`eok). Ro adpth`k toffs tno e`bork vhowor tndt Sork`k Foo, wn` loquodtnob tno p`rtrdht t` tno

 

A`kafush`k

Chm. . I`nk Qhkmor Qdrmokt, Sork`k Foo  ()  ()



 

dto Mdffory dt nor bodtn hk , „wds tno psoub`kye `c tno wrhtor Sh`fot Wdmot (‑), lost jk`wk c`r nor l``js `k Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao drt‘. Hk tnhs stuby H ndvo trhob t` rost`ro tn`so l``js, dkb tno nukbrobs `c l``js, drthafos, p`oes, k`vofs, muhbol``js dkb adtdf`muos ly `tnor w`eok wn`  wr`to dl`ut drt hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, aoktury, t` `ur phaturo `c tno Shat`rhdk drt saoko. Hk nor `wk dttoept t` „try t` lrhkm Ze`bork rodborsU ldaj t` d stuby `c \usjhk‘, Sork`k Foo bhsthkmuhsnob lotwook wndt wds ossokthdf

 

  

 ]`eok  ] `eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Drt Nhst`ry Nhst`ry hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury 

hk nhs w`rj dkb wndt wds opnoeordffy `c hts theo. H ndvo c`ff`wob tno sdeo dppr`dan hk romdrb t` Foo norsofc dkb t` ey `tnor coedfo sulioats. H n`po tno l``j H ndvo wrhttok whff boe`kstrdto tndt Shat`rhdk w`eok  wr`to a`epoffhkmfy dl`ut tnohr okmdmoeokt whtn vhsudf aufturo. H n`po ht  whff sn`w tndt tnoy edbo shmkhffladkt dkb okburhkm a`ktrhluth`ks t` tno nhst`rh`mrdpny `c drt: dkb tndt \usjhk dkb Wdtor, edrvoff`us tn`umn tnoy  woro, woro k`t tno tno `kfy v`haos edjhkm edjhkm tnoesofvos nodrb hk tno khkotooktn khkotooktn-aoktury drt w`rfb. Hkboob, H summost tnoy adk `kfy lo ukborst``b k`w hk tno a`ktoxt `c d lr`dbor pulfha bhsa`urso `k drt tndt hs dajk`wfobmob t` ndvo hkafubob w`eok.

 

K`tos 

 

Hktr`buath`k     Lorkdrb Loroks`k Loroks`k Dranhvo. Dranhvo. EQ Fottors lotwook tno Loroks`ks dkb Jdtndrhko Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por. Shffd H dtth, Cf`rokao (Sokhao,  @at`lor ).     Tu`tob hk Dfhs`k Lr`wk, „S „Sork`k ork`k Foo dkb tno \okdhssdkao9 Cr`e Lurajndrbt t` Loroks`k‘, Shat`rhdk dkb Obwdrbhdk \osp`ksos t` tno Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao , ob.  I`nk Odst`k Fdw Fdw dkb Foko Þstoredrj-I`nd Þstoredrj-I`ndksok. ksok. Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, Dsnmdto, , p. .     Ndr`fb H. Qndphr`, \usjhk hk Htdfy9 Fottors t` nhs Wdrokts  . @xc`rb9 Afdrokb`k, , pp. ‑.     Qoo D. E. N`fa`el, „Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt Nhst`rhdk‘, Drt Nhst`ry     ()9 ‑ (). ]rhthkm     Qoo \danof ouj`fsjy‘s ouj`fsjy‘s oxaoffokt l``j, l``j , Ro Fhtordto Oyo9 Shat`rhdk Drt ]rhthkm dkb E`borkhst Dostnothas . @xc`rb dkb Kow X`rj9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ﬇.: dkb I`nk Wduf E. Jdkwht, Shat`rhdk Drt Arhthahse dkb tno ]`edk ]rhtor . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑, ‑.     K`tdlfo oxaopth`ks dro Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk whtn Dbofo E. N`fa`el, ob., ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑. ]ostp`rt, A`kk., dkb F`kb`k9 Mrookw``b, : Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk, „Arhthadffy Qpodjhkm‘, ob. Afdrhssd Adeploff @rr. Edkanostor ]`eok hk tno Shat`rhdk Drt‑: ]`rfb , Eodmndk Arhthadf S`haos9 ]`eok _khvorshty Wross, , pp. Afdrjo, dkb Drt Arhthahse hk Lrhtdhk ‑ . Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, : dkb ]`edk ]rhtor  ]rhtor , . Roro hs d mr`wJdkwht, Shat`rhdk Drt Arhthahse dkb tno ]`edk hkm l`by `c w`rj `k tno drt-nhst`rhadf wrhthkm `c hkbhvhbudf w`eok suan ds Sork`k Foo. Qoo, c`r oxdepfo, roaokt drthafos hk Shat`rhdk Qtubhos 9 Qtocdk`

Ovdkmofhstd, „Sork`k Foo hk tno Sdthadk9 Ro _kodsy Dffhdkao `c Dostnothahse dkb Drando`f`my‘, ,  (Dutuek )9 ‑: I`kdn Qhomof, „Ro Edtorhdf `c C`re9 Sork`k Foo dt tno Sdthadk dkb @ut `c Ht‘, ,  (]hktor )9 ‑:  Dtnokd Srott`s, Srott`s, „‖Hk tno af`tnos `c bodb po`pfo―9 Sork`k Sork`k Foo dkb Dkaostrdf Eoe`ry‘,‘, ,  (]hktor )9 ‑. Eoe`ry     Bol`rdn Anorry, Wdhkthkm ]`eok9 Shat`rhdk ]`eok Drthsts . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, , p. .     Edrthk Idy, „Qa`pha Idy, \omheos `c E `borkhty‘, y‘, hk, Shsh`k C`stor. Qodttfo9 Ldy Wross/Bhd DrtE`borkht C`ukbdth`k, pp.dkb ‑Shsudfhty  (p. ). , ob. Ndf 

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

    I`kdtndk Ardry, oankhquos `c tno @lsorvor9 @k Shsh`k dkb E`borkhty hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury . Adelrhbmo, Edss., dkb F`kb`k9 EH Wross, . ]. I. . Ehtanoff tdjos hssuo whtn Ardry‘s fdaj `c hktorost hk „tno oephrhadf nhst`ry `c spoatdt`rsnhp, hk tno stuby `c vhsudfhty ds d aufturdf prdathao `c ovorybdy fhco, `r hk tno `lsorvor/spoatdt`r‘ `lsor vor/spoatdt`r‘ss l`by ds edrjob ly mokbor, afdss, `r otnkhahty‘, dkb hk pdrthaufdr whtn nhs stdtoeokt tndt „k` oxdepfo … adk lo f`adtob oephrhadffy‘. Qoo ]. ]. I. I . . . Ehtanof Eh tanoff,f, Whaturo Ro`ry9 Ossdys `k Sorldf dkb Shsudf \oprosoktdth`k . Anhadm` dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , pp. ‑. W`shth`ks hk Auftur Aufturdf df Qtubhos . F`kb`k9      Ofspotn Wr`lyk, Qoxhkm tno Qofc9 Mokborob W`shth`ks \`utfobmo, , p. .       Qoo, c`r oxdepfo, Moredhko Mroor, Mroor, Ro @lstdafo \dao9 Ro C`rtukos `c ]`eok Wdhktors dkb tnohr ]`rj . F`kb`k9 ]ohbokcofb & Kha`fs`k, , p. : Anorry, Wdhkthkm ]`eok, p. .      Dfhao Eoykoff, „D ]`edk hk Mroy‘, hk Wr`so dkb W`otry9 Aoktokdry S`fueo , ob. Croborhaj Wdmo ot df ., ., whtn d lhlfh`mrdpnhadf dkb arhthadf hktr`buath`k ly S. Qdajvhffo-]ost. F`kb`k9 Adpo, , pp. ‑ (pp. ‑).      Fdurd Eufvoy, Eufvoy, „Shsudf Wfodsuro dkb Kdrrdthvo Ahkoed‘, Qarook ,  (Dutuek )9 ‑.      Eoykoff, Wr`so dkb W`otry , p. . ]`rjs `c I`nk Q. Qdrmokt, \.D. ]htn dk Hktr`buat`ry K`to ly Ers Eoykoff .       Qoo Ro ]`rjs F`kb`k9 ]hffhde Nohkoedkk: Kow X`rj9 Andrfos Qarhlkor‘s Q`ks, .      Eoykoff, Wr`so dkb W`otry , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Dfhao Eoykoff, Ro Qphrht `c Wfdao dkb @tnor Ossdys . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9  I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy L`bfoy Nodb, , , pp. ‑ (pp. (pp. ‑).      Eoykoff, Ro Qphrht `c Wfdao , pp. ‑ (pp. , ). Rhs dspoat `c nor w`rj roadffs Sork`k Foo‘s bosarhpth`k `c tno usadk fdkbsadpo, wnhan hs shehfdrfy sndpob ly tno oyos `c tno lon`fbor9 „Ovor „Ovor andkmhkm ds y`u e`vo, nhffs rhshkm `r shkjhkm ds y`u e`ukt `r bosaokb, curfhkm `r ukcurfhkm ds y`u m` t` tno rhmnt `r t` tno foct, vdffoys dkb rdvhkos `pokhkm `r af`shkm up, tno wn`fo a`uktry dftorhkm, t` spodj, hts dtthtubo dkbd mosturo ds quhajfy dfe`st, quhto ds porcoats`a`ksoauthvokoss, ds b`os mrodt adtnobrdf wnok y`u dkb wdfjwhtn r`ukb ht‘ (Fdurus K`lhfhs9 Andptors `k Drt dkb Fhco . F`kb`k9 I`nk Idko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, , pp. ‑).      Eoykoff, Ro Qphrht `c Wfdao , pp. ‑ (p. ).      Qoo „Qndb`ws‘, hk Eoykoff, Ro Qphrht `c Wfdao , pp. ‑: „Af`ub‘, hk Ossdys ly

 Dfhao Eoykoff . F`kb`k9 Lurks & @dtos, , pp.  : Kowfyk , Drt I`urkdf  I`urkdf   ()9 ‑, ‑.      „]dffs‘, hk Eoykoff, Wr`so dkb W`otry , pp. ‑ (p. ): „Q`fhtubo‘, hk Eoykoff, Ro Qphrht `c Wfdao , pp. ‑ (p. ).      Dfhquhs Dfhquhs,, „Drt „Drt Arhthas `c `bdy‘, `bdy‘, Drt I`urkdf  (Iufy  (Iufy )9 .      Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , p. .      Tu`tob hk dfhd Qand﬇or, Ro C`rm`ttok Coedfo Dostnotos9 Fhtordry Aufturo

hk Fdto Shat`rhdk Shrmhkhd, , p. Okmfdkb  . . Andrf`ttosvhffo dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty Wross `c

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 



     Tu`tob hk Iuko Ldbokh, Ro Qfokbor roo9 D Fhco `c Dfhao Eoykoff . Wdbst`w, A`rkwdff9 dll N`uso, , p. .      Tu`tob hk Sh`fd Sh`fd Eoykoff, Eoykoff, Dfhao Eoykoff9 D Eoe`hr . F`kb`k9 I`kdtndk Adpo, , p. .      „Dk Deorhadk dfjs dfjs dl`ut Drt‘, Edmdzhko `c Drt     (Edy )9 ‑ ().      Sork`k Foo, Fhel`, dkb @tnor Ossdys . F`kb`k9 Mrdkt \handrbs, , p. .      „Ro W`hkt W`hkt `c N`k`ur‘, hk Ossdys ly Dfhao Eoykoff , pp. ‑ (pp. , ).      Ehanof C`uaduft, Ro @rbor `c Rhkms9 Dk Drando`f`my `c tno Nuedk Qahokaos . F`kb`k9 dvhst`aj Wulfhadth`ks, , pp. ‑. ]`rjs `c I`nk Q. Qdrmokt, \.D., pp. ‑, .      Ro ]`rjs      Dfhao Eoykoff, „D Tuosth`k `c Wr`prhoty‘, dlfot   ( Iuko )9 ‑. Qoo Eodmndk Afdrjo‘s bhsaussh`k `c tno a`ktr`vorsy hk Arhthadf S`haos , pp. ‑, dkb hk „rdksfdthkm Kubus9 E`borkhty dkb tno Lrhthsn Dadboey‘s Kow Af`tnos‘, hk Arhthadf Oxandkmo9 Drt Arhthahse `c tno Ohmntooktn dkb Khkotooktn Aokturhos hk \usshd dkb ]ostork Our`po , ob. Adr`f Dbfde dkb Iufhot Qheps`k. Lork9 Wotor Fdkm, , pp. ‑.      „Ro A`f`ur `c Fhco‘, hk Eoykoff, Wr`so dkb W`otry , pp. ‑ (p. ). Qoo

Coedfo Wr`soC`rm`ttok dkb W`otry       Qand﬇or, Eoykoff, Ro , pp. Dostnotos  , ., pp. ‑.      Dk drmueokt tndt hs dfs` edbo ly Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk hk „Arhthadffy Qpodjhkm‘, p. . I`nk Wduf E. Jdkwht, t``, drmuos c`r d e`ro hkafushvo vhow `c Shat`rhdk drt arhthahse, dkb oxpf`ros tno okmdmoeokt `c k`vofhsts whtn a`ktoep`rdry hbods dl`ut drt, hk Shat`rhdk Drt Arhthahse dkb tno ]`edk ]rhtor.      Dkkd Ideos`k, „Dkbrod Dkbrod Edktomkd‘, Edktomkd‘, Wokky Edmdzhko     ()9 . \oprhktob Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy . kb hk Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors dkb `c tno Wr`mross `c Wdhkthkm obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , pp. ‑ (p. ).      Qoo ouj` ouj`fsjy, fsjy, Ro Fhtordto Oyo , p. .      Andrf`tto Lr`ktê,  Idko Oyro , ob. \handrb I. Bukk. Kow X`rj dkb F`kb`k9  ].. ]. K`rt`k  ] K`rt`k & A`epdky A`epdky,, ZU ZU , , p. p. . Qoo Dkt`khd F`sdk`, Ro ]`edk Wdhktor hk Shat`rhdk Fhtordtur Fhtordturo  o . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, .    Ofhzdlotn   \`lhks Wokkoff, „Fos Drts bo fd Coeeo‘, Andutduqudk   ()9 ‑ ().  

 Ro pr`cossh`k `c drt nhst`ry 

]rhthkm `c Drt Drt‘s‘s    Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj, Bh﬇orokahkm tno Adk`k9 Coehkhst Boshro dkb tno ]rhthkm Nhst`rhos . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, , pp. ‑.

   Kdtndkhof Ndwtn`rko, @ur @fb N`eo, dkb Okmfhsn K`tol``js ,  v`fs., tn obk (L`st`k9 N`umnt`k Ehflhk A`epdky, ), v`f. HH, p. .    @k Q`pnhd Wodl`by Ndwtn`rko, soo Iufho O. Ndff, „‖A`ehkm t` Our`po―, A`ehkm t` Dutn`rsnhp9 Q`pnhd Ndwtn`rko dkb nor K`tos hk Okmfdkb dkb Htdfy‘, Fomday9 D I`urkdf `c Deorhadk ]`eok ]rhtors  ,   ,  (Iuko )9 ‑: dkb andptor  `c Dkkdedrhd C`rehboffd Ofsbok, \`edk Covor9 B`eosthahty dkb Kdth`kdfhse hk Atn Deorhadk ]`eok‘s ]rhthkm  (A`fuelus9   (A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, ), pp. ‑.

 



K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

    Kdtndkhof Ndwtn`rko, Ro Edrlfo Cduk, ob. Qusdk Edkkhkm. @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , p. .     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .     Dbofo N`fa`el, „Dkkd Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt Nhst`rhdk‘,   ()9 ‑.   Nhst`ry      Drt Dfhquhs, Dfhquhs , „Drt „Drt Arhthas `c `-Bdy‘, `-Bdy‘, Drt I`urkdf  (Iufy  (Iufy )9 ‑ ().     Moredhko Mroor, Ro @lstdafo \dao9 Ro C`rtukos `c ]`eok Wdhktors dkb tnohr ]`rj . F`kb`k9 ]ohbokcofb & Kha`fs`k, , p. .     Bol`rdn Anorr Anorryy, Wdhkthkm ]`eok9 Shat`rhdk ]`eok Drthsts . F`kb`k dkb Kow  X`rj9  X `rj9 \`utfobmo, \`utfobmo, , p. .      K. K. Coftos,  E`bos `c Wr`buath`k `c Shat`rhdk K`vofs. _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , p. . C`r curtnor bhsaussh`k `c tno quosth`k `c pr`cossh`kdfhse hk tno khkotooktn aoktury, soo N. Worjhk, Ro \hso `c Wr`cossh`kdf Q`ahoty9 Okmfdkb shkao . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, . @k w`eok dkb tno pr`cossh`k `c wrht]`edk `c Fottors9 Eytns hkm hk tno porh`b, soo Fhkbd N. Wotors`k, Loa`ehkm d ]`edk `c Dutn`rsnhp dkb Cdats `c tno Shat`rhdk Edrjot . Wrhkaot`k _khvorshty Wross, : Iubhtn I`nkst`k dkb Nhfdry Crdsor, „Ro Wr`cossh`kdfhzdth`k `c ]`eok‘s  ]  ]rhthkm9 OxQndtt`aj. Oxtokbhkm tokbhkm tno Adk`k‘,‘, hk Adk`k ]`eok dkb Fhtordturo Fhtordtur hk ‑: Lrhtdhk Edry ‑ ob.rhthkm9 I`dkko Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, , opp. Iodk, A`rlott, \oprosokthkm Coehkhkhty. Ehbbfo-Afdss Qulioathvhty hk Shat`rhdk dkb Obwdrbhdk ]`eok‘s Dut`lh`mrdpnhos . @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, : Bohrbro Bdvhb, Hktoffoatudf ]`eok dkb Shat`rhdk Wdtrhdrany9 Ndrrhot Edrthkodu, Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott Lr`wkhkm, Mo`rmo Ofh`t . F`kb`k9 Edaehffdk, : B`r`tny Eorehk, M`bhvd‘s \hbo9 ]`eok `c Fottors hk Okmfdkb, ‑. Lf``ehkmt`k9 Hkbhdkd _khvorshty Wross, : Rdhs O. E`rmdk, ob., Shat`rhdk Qdmos dkb Aufturdf Auftur df Bhsa`urso9 Bhsa`urso 9 \okom`thdthkm Mokbor dkb W`wor . Kow Lrukswhaj9 \utmors Shat`rhdk hdk ]rhthkm dkb dk b ]`rjhkm ]`rjhkm ]`eok9 _khvorshty Wross, : Iufhd Qwhkboffs, Shat`r Ro @tnor Qhbo `c Qhfokao . Adelrhbmo9 W`fhty, .       Fdurho Jdko Fow, „Aufturdf „Aufturdf Dkxhoty Dkxho ty hk Dkkd Ideos`k‘ Ideos`k‘s Drt Arhthahse‘, Qtubhos hk Okmfhsn Fhtordtur Fhtordturo  o     ()9 ‑ (‑).      C`r d kudkaob bhsaussh`k `c n`w hk w`eok f`adtob tnoesofvos oeormhkm pr`cossh`k `c dutn`rsnhp tno khkotooktn aoktury soowhtnhk Fhkbd tno N. Wotors`k, Loa`ehkm d ]`edk `c Fottors9 Eytns `c Dutn`rsnhp dkb Cdats `c tno Shat`rhdk Edrjot . Wrhkaot`k _khvorshty Wross, .      Fow, „Aufturdf Dkxhoty Dkxhot y Hk Dkkd Ideos`k‘ Ideos`k‘s Drt Arhthahse Arhthah se‘,‘, p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .       M. C. C. ]ddmok ]ddmok,, Wotor Wduf \uloks, nhs Fhco dkb Mokhus , trdks. \. \. K`of, ob.

 Dkkd Ideos`k. Ideos`k. F`kb`k, , pp. vh, vhh.      Ndr`fb H. Qndphr`, \usjhk hk Htdfy9 Fottors t` nhs Wdrokts  , @xc`rb9 Afdrokb`k, , pp. ‑.      Ro ]`rjs `c I`nk \usjhk, ob. O. . A``j dkb Dfoxdkbor ]obborlurk.  v`fs. F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Dffok, ‑, v`f. , p. .      Qoo, c`r oxdepfo, D. E. N`fa`el, „Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt Nhst`rhdk‘,  Drt Nhst`ry      ()9 ‑: Bdvhb D. Fubfoy, „Dkkd  Ideos`k dkb B. M. \`ssotth9 Nhs _so `c Nor Nhst`rhos‘, Nhst`rhos‘, ]`edk‘s Drt I`urkdf  

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

 



]`edk  ()9 ‑: Iubhtn I`nkst`k,  Dkkd Ideos`k9 Shat`rhdk, Coehkhst, ]`edk `c Fottors . Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Qa`fdr Q a`fdr,, , ospoahdffy andptor .      Fow Fow,, „Aufturdf Dkxhoty Dkxhot y Hk Dkkd Ideos`k‘ Ideos`k‘s Drt Arhthahse Arhthah se‘,‘, p. .      N`fa`el, „Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt Nhst`rhdk‘, pp. , ‑. N`fa`el ahtos  Eoe`hrs d pdpor `clytnoAdr`f Odrfy Mhls`k-]``b, Htdfhdk Wdhktors ‘,‘, „Q`eo @lsorvdth`ks `k Dkkd Ideos`k‘s bofhvorob dt tno _khvorshthos Drt Dss`ahdth`k `c Adkdbd A`kcorokao hk Adfmdry,  Colrudry , wnhan f``js dt Ideos`k‘s Moredk s`uraos.      N`fa`el, „Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt Nhst`rhdk‘, p. .      Qoo Dbofo E. Orkstr`e, „Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo‘s Odstfdjo‘s Nhst`ry `c @ur F`rb ds oxoepfh fflob hk w`rjs `c drt 9 Ro`f`my, Drt dkb Dostnotha \odath`k‘,  Drt Nhst`ry  ,   ,  (Qoptoelor )9 ‑: dkb I`nk Wduf E. Jdkwht, Shat`rhdk Drt Arhthahse dkb tno ]`edk ]rhtor . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, , andptor , , pp. ‑, `k tno pdrt pfdyob ly w`eok suan ds Odstfdjo hk tno bovof`peokt `c drt arhthahse ds d pr`cossh`kdf bhsahpfhko hk Lrhtdhk.      I`urkdfs dkb A`rrosp`kbokao `c Fdby Odstfdjo , ob. Andrfos Odstfdjo Qehtn. Qusdkkd v`fs., F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, v`f.  Drt , p. c`r .tno@k Fdby Odstfdjo, soo dfs` Kdth`k9 Ro Odstfdjos dkb Dvory-Tudsn dkb Iufho, Qnofb`k, tno Shat`rhdk Drt ]`rfb. F`kb`k9 Ro Kdth`kdf Mdffory A`epdky, .      I. B. Wdssdvdkt. `ur `c d Moredk Drthst hk Okmfdkb whtn K`thaos `c Wrhvdto Mdfforhos, dkb \oedrjs `k tno Qtdto `c Drt , trdks. ZOfhzdlotn \hmlyU.  v`fs., F`kb`k9 Qdukbors dkb @tfoy, , v`f. , p. v.      Mustdv Crhobrhan Crhobrhan ]ddmok, ]ddmok, rodsuros `c Drt hk Mrodt Lrhtdhk9 Lohkm dk Daa`ukt

`c tno Anhoc A`ffoath`ks `c Wdhkthkms, Brdwhkms, Qaufpturos, Hffuehkdtob Ess., &a., &a , trdks. Ofhzdlotn \hmly Odstfdjo.  v`fs., F`kb`k9 I. Eurrdy,  dkb .      Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, Chvo Mrodt Wdhktors .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 F`kmedks, Mrook dkb A`., , v`f. , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Dk`kye`us rovhow `c Ofhzdlotn Offot, ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos ,  Dtnokdoue  ( Boaoelor )9 , qu`tob hk Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk, „Arhthadffy Qpodjhkm‘, ]`eok hk tno Shat`rhdk Drt ]`rfb , ob. Afdrhssd Adeploff @rr. Edkanostor dkb Kow X`rj9 Edkanostor _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑ (p. ).      Dk`kye`us rovhow rovhow `c Offok. A. Afdyt`k, Afdyt`k, Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts ,  Drt I`urkdf   ( Dumust )9 .      I`urkdfs dkb A`rrosp`kbokao `c Fdby Odstfdjo , v`f. , p. .

     Hlhb Hlhb..      Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, „Mh`vdkkh E`roffh9 Ro Wdtrh`t dkb Arhtha‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow     (Iufy )9 ‑ (, , ).      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. . Qoo Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, „Wn`t`mrdpny‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow    (Dprhf )9 ‑.      Odstfdjo, „Mh`vdkkh E`roffh‘, p. .

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

     I`urkdfs dkb A`rrosp`kbokao `c Fdby Odstfdjo , v`f. , pp. , . Qofc-W`rtrdht dht cr`e nor Fottors dkb Bhdrhos , ob. Ldrldrd      Edry Loroks`k9 D Qofc-W`rtr Qtrdanoy dkb Idyko Qdeuofs. F`kb`k9 Shat`r M`ffdkaz, , p.  (fottor cr`e Edry A`stoff`o t` Ndkkdn ]nhtdff Qehtn,  Qoptoelor ).      Edry ]nhtdff A`stoff`o, „Ro Kow dkb tno @fb Drt Arhthahse‘, Khkotooktn Aoktury   (Edy )9  (Edy ‑ (, ‑).      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo t` Ers A`stoff A`stoff`o, `o, 0 Colrudry, . Wdhkthkm ds Wr Wrdathsob dathsob ly tno @fb Htdfhdk dkb    ZEdryU Eorrhfflo   Eorrhfflofb, fb, Ro Drt `c Crosa` Wdhkthkm

Qpdkhsn Edstors, whtn d Wr Wrofhehkdry ofhehkdry Hkquhry Hkt` tno Kdturo `c tno A`f`urs _sob hk Crosa` Wdhkthkm , ob. D. A. Qowtor. F`kb`k9 Dfoa hrdkth, , p. hx.      Hlhb Hlhb.,., „Wrocdao‘.      Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Lodtrhao b‘Osto, Buanoss `c Ehfdk ‑9 D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt dkb Q`ks: Kow X`rj9 O. W. Butt`k dkb A`., , p. v.      Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Hsdloffd b‘Osto, Edranh`koss `c Edktud ‑9 D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , v`f. , p. hx.      Qoo Dkmofd Oedkuof, ob., D Lrhmnt \oeoelrdkao9 Ro Bhdrhos `c Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, ‑. F`kb`k9 ]ohbokcofb & Kha`fs`k, , p. . Hktorosthkmfy, `tnor coedfo drt nhst`rhdks, suan ds Dkkd Ideos`k dkb Sork`k Sork`k Foo, dfs` ndb t` a`ktokb whtn tno arhthahse tndt tnohr hbods woro k`t tnohr `wk.      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Edub Aruttwoff Aruttwoff t` Edry Loroks`k, Wdrhs, Wdrhs, .      Oehfhd Bhfjo, Crokan Wdhktors `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff & Q`ks, , pp. ‑. KL Ldpthsob Oehfhd Crdkahs Qtr`km, sno edrrhob Edrj Wdtths`k hk , dkb pulfhsnob nor odrfy w`rj ukbor tno kdeo Crdkahs Wdtths`k. Dctor nhs bodtn dkb nor edrrhdmo t` Qhr Andrfos Bhfjo, sno pulfhsnob ds Oehfhd Bhfjo.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. vh.      Jdfh Hsrdof, Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos9 Oehfhd Bhfjo dkb Shat`rhdk Aufturo. Kow X`rj dkb @xc`rb9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑.      A`fhk Ohsfor, „Fdby Bhfjo (‑)9 Ro Qhx fhvos `c dk Drt Nhst`rh Nhst`rhdk dk‘,‘, hk Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk dkb Dbofo E. N`fa`el, obs., ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑. ]ostp`rt, A`kk.9 Mrookw``b, , pp. ‑.      ZOehfhd Wdtths`k Wdtths`kU, U, ukshmkob rovhow, rovhow, ]ostehkstor \ovhow  k.s.  k.s.  ()9 ‑.       Mo`rmo Ofh`t, Ehbbfoedran. Ndre`kbsw`rtn9 Wokmuhk, , andptor , pp. , .      Qoo Ldrldrd Adhko‘ Adhko‘ss daa`ukt `c tno pr`lfoedthadf rofdth`ksnhp rofdth`ksn hp lotwook e`tnor dkb bdumntor hk „E`tnorhkm Coehkhse/E`tnorhkm Coehkhsts9 \dy Qtrdanoy dkb Ro Aduso ‘,‘, ]`eok‘s Nhst`ry \ovhow  ,  ,  ()9 ‑.

     Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk Qnoredk whtn Dbofo Dbofo E. N`fa`el, N`fa`el, obs., ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑. ]ostp`rt, A`kk., dkb F`kb`k9 Mrookw``b, , p. .      Ers Adffa`tt, Ossdys `wdrbs tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm . F`kb`k9 Obwdrb E`x`k, , pp. ‑.      „Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt‘, Moktfoedk‘s Edmdzhko   k.s.  ()9 , qu`tob hk I`nkst`k, Dkkd Ideos`k, p. .

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑   



     „Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt‘, Lrhthsn dkb C`rohmk \ovhow    ()9 .      Fow Fow,, „Aufturdf Dkxhoty hk Dkkd Ideos`k‘s Ideos`k‘s Drt Arhthahse‘, pp. , , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Edry `c Ideos`k, \ovhow Eorrhfflofb,   (Idkudry\ovhow   )9 ‑ (). Fomokbs `c tno Edb`kkd , Obhklurmn    Hlhb   Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Eobhovdf dkb \okdhssdkao rodthsos `k tno Drts `c Wdhkthkm . Ehko`fd, K.X.9 B`vor Wulfhadth`ks,  (), pp. v, vhh, x. xh.      Qoo Adr`fhko Wdfeor, „A`f`ur, Anoehstry dkb A`rsots9 Edry Wnhfdbofpnhd Eorrhfflofb‘s Bross ds d Chko Drt ‘,‘, A`stueo  ,  ,  (Idkudry )9 ‑.      Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, „Wn`t`mrdpny‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow   (Dprhf )9 ‑ ().      Sork`k Foo, Oupn`rh`k9 lohkm Qtubhos `c tno Dkthquo dkb tno Eobhdovdf hk tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, , v`f. , p. .    N`eh J. Lndlnd, Ro F`adth`k `c Aufturo . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo,   , p. .      Ro Dut`lh`mrdpny `c Edrmdrot @fhpndkt , ob. Ofhsdlotn Idy. @xc`rb dkb Kow  X`rj9  X `rj9 @xc`rb _khv _khvorshty orshty Wross, Wross, , p. .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Lorkdrb Loroks`k t` Ehandof ZJdtnorhko LrdbfoyU, Cf`rokao,  Boaoelor .      Tu`tob hk Shkotd A`fly, A`fly, Sork`k Foo9 D Fhtordry Lh`mrdpny . Andrf`ttosvhffo dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Shrmhkhd Wross, , pp. ‑.    Loroks`k Dranhvo, Ehandof t` Edry, , Shffd \`sd, Qdturbdy, . C`r   deushkm daa`ukts `c tnhs vhsht, soo Es. fottor , dkb ]`rjs dkb Bdys9 Cr`e tno I`urkdf `c Ehandof Chofb , ob. . dkb B. A. Qturmo E``ro. F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , pp. ‑. Mrdkb dkb Qadfo . F`kb`k9 N`bbor      Ehrdkbd Qoye`ur, @tt`fhko E`rroff9 Fhco `k tno Mr & Qt`umnt`k, , p. .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Edub Aruttwoff t` Edry Loroks`k, Wdrhs,  Boaoelor .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Edub Aruttwoff Aruttwoff t` Edry Loroks`k, Loroks`k, Wdrhs, Wdrhs, k.b., .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Edub Aruttwoff t` Edry Loroks`k, Wdrhs,  Boaoelor .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Edub Aruttwoff Aruttwoff t` Edry Loroks`k, Loroks`k, Wdrhs, Wdrhs, k.b., .      Hlhb Hlhb..      Hlhb Hlhb..      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo t` Ers A`stoff`o, A`stoff`o,  Colrudry Colrudry .

     Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo t` Ers A`stoff`o, A`stoff`o,  Qoptoelor .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo t` Ers A`stoff`o, A`stoff`o,  Colrudry Colrudry .      Orkost Qdeuofs, Lorkdrb Loroks`k9 Ro Edjhkm `c d A`kk`hssour . Adelrhbmo, Edss.9 Ndrvdrb _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑.      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo t` Ers A`stoff`o,  Colrudry Colrudry ,  Qoptoelor .

 



K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

     Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo t` Ers A`stoff`o, A`stoff`o,  Colrudry .      Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo Odstfdjo t` Er Loroks`k,  Iuko . .      Hlhb Hlhb..  

 Ro drt `c fflath`k     Loroks`k Dranhvo, Dranhvo, Edub Aruttwoff Aruttwoff t` Edry Loroks`k, Wdrhs, Wdrhs, k.b., .     Edub Aruttwoff, Chro dkb Cr`st . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, , p. .     Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , ﬇.     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .     _kfhjo nhs whco, whco, wn` hs „sn`rt, „sn`rt, dkb rdtnor cdt‘ ‑ p``r Edry Loroks`k Loroks`k strummfob  whtn nor wohmnt, dkb wds wds tduktob ly Lorkdrb Lorkdrb c`r lohkm cdt. cdt.     Aruttwoff, Chro dkb Cr`st , pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Sork`k Foo, Fhel`, dkb @tnor Ossdys . F`kb`k9 Mrdkt \handrbs, , pp. ‑.      Aruttwoff, Chro dkb Cr`st , p. .      Obeukb M`sso, Hktr`buath`k t` Moeed Corrumhd, ]`edk‘s C`ffy , trdks. Nofok Yheeork. F`kb`k9 Nohkoedkk , p. vh. Dkb soo, c`r oxdepfo, Edry Eorrhfflofb, „Ro Koob `c Qdkhtdry Jk`wfobmo t` ]`eok‘, Bulfhk _khvorshty  Edmdzhko    (Qoptoelor, )9 ‑, dkb drthafos pulfhsnob hk tno  Drt  I`urkdf  dkb  dkb Qndrpo‘s F`kb`k Edmdzhko  a`ffoatob  a`ffoatob ds Bross ds d Chko Drt . F`kb`k9  Drtnur Ndff, Shrtuo, & A`., : F`uhsd whkhkm, whkhkm, ]`rjn`usos dkb ]`eok‘s ]`rj . F`kb`k9 F`kmedk, Lr`wk, Mrook, F`kmedks, & \`lorts, : Oehfhd Bhfjo, „Lokofflt Q`ahothos dkb rdbos _kh`ks c`r ]`eok‘, C`rtkhmntfy \ovhow  k.s.   k.s.  (Iuko )9 ‑, dkb „]`edk Qu﬇rdmo hk Okmfdkb‘, K`rtn  Deorhadk \ovhow      (Colrudry )9 ‑: Ofhzdlotn Wokkoff, Fhco `c Edry ]`ffst`koardct .9.9 L`st`k9 \`lorts Lr`s.,  dkb „D Aoktury `c ]`eok‘s \hmnts‘, C`rtkhmntfy \ovhow     (`.s.),  (k.s.) (Qoptoelor )9 ‑.      Qoo Wdeofd Morrhsn Morrhsn Kukk‘ Kukk‘s drmueokt hk „Arhthadffy „Arhtha dffy Qpodjhkm‘, hk @rr, ]`eok hk tno Shat`rhdk Drt ]`rfb  ]`rfb , pp. ‑.       Qoo Dkt`khd F`sdk`, Ro ]`edk Wdhktor hk Shat`rhdk Fhtordturo . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, . Coehkhse      Qoo bhsaussh`ks `c tnhs pdhkthkm hk Bol`rdn Anorry, Loy`kb tno Crdeo9 Coehkhse dkb Shsudf Aufturo, Lrhtdhk ‑. F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo,

, pp.  ,  : dkb Edrsnd Eosjhee`k, ]`eok Edjhkm Drt9 Nhst`ry, Qulioathvhty, Dostnothas . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, , pp. ‑. okdkt `c ]hfbcoff Ndff , ob. Qtovho Bdvhos. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk,      Dkko Lr`ktê, Ro okdkt , p. .      Edrmdrot @fhpndkt, Ro Rroo Lr`tnors . Kow X`rj9 B. Dppfot`k dkb A`., , p. .

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 



     Bhkdn Euf`aj Ardhj, @fhvo dkb Ro Ndfc-Adsto , ob. A`rd Jdpfdk. @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , pp. , .      „Ro Qhstors hk Drt‘, Drt‘, Hffustrdtob Oxnhlht`r dkb Edmdzhko `c Drt     ()9 ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑.      Shrmhkhd ]``fc, ` tno Fhmntn`uso , ob. Qtoffd EaKhan`f dkb Noreh`ko Foo. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, , p. .      Offd Nopw`rtn Bhx`k, Ro Qt`ry `c d E`bork ]`edk . F`kb`k9 Eotnuok, , pp. , .      Dkko Rdajordy \htanho,  Ehss Dkmof Dkb Cufnde Fdwk. F`kb`k9 Qehtn, Ofbor, & A`., , p. .      C`r hktorosthkm bhsaussh`ks `c Bhajsoo‘s pdhkthkm, soo Q. W. Adstords, „‖Ro Koaosshty `c d Kdeo―9 W`rtrdydfs dkb Lotrdydfs `c Shat`rhdk ]`eok Drthsts‘, hk Mokbor dkb Bhsa`urso hk Shat`rhdk Drt dkb Fhtordturo , ob. D. N. Ndrrhs`k dkb L. dyf`r. BoJdfl9 K`rtnork Hffhk`hs _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑: Crdeo  deo , pp. ‑. dkb Anorry, Loy`kb tno Cr      Qoo Nodtnor hffoy hffoy,, „Lfhkbkoss dkb ]rhthkm, ]rhthkm, ‑‘.  ‑‘. _kpulfhsnob WnB tnoshs, _khvorshty `c F`kb`k, .      Andrf`tto Lr`ktê, Shffotto , ob. Edrj Fhffy Fhff y dkb `ky `ky dkkor. dkkor. F`kb`k9 F`kb`k 9 Wokmuhk, , p. .      Crdkaos r`ff`po, B`eostha Edkkors `c tno Deorhadks , ob. B`kdfb Qedffoy. Kow X`rj, , pp. ‑.      Mo`rmo Ofh`t,  Ehbbfoedran. Ndre`kbsw`rtn9 Wokmuhk, , andptor , pp. , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Bol`rdn Anorry dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj, „]`edk ds Qhmk hk Wro-\dpndofhto Fhtordturo9 D Qtuby `c tno \oprosoktdth`k `c Ofhzdlotn Qhbbdff‘, Drt Nhst`ry  ,  ,  (Iuko )9 ‑ ().      Edry Ofhzdlotn Lrdbb`k, Fdby Dubfoy‘s Qoarot , ob. Iokky L`urko dyf`r. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, , p. .      Sork`k Foo,  Ehss Lr`wk.  v`fs., Obhklurmn9 ]hffhde Lfdajw``b dkb Q`ks, , v`f. , pp. , , .  

 Mhrf muhbos9 trdvof, trdksfdth`k, ojpnrdshs

d s Hktorprotors `c    Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk Qnoredk whtn Dbofo Dbofo E. N`fa`el, N`fa`el, obs., ]`eok ds tno Shsudf Drts . ]ostp`rt, A`kk., dkb F`kb`k9 Mrookw``b Wross, , p. .    Qoo Qdrd Ehffs, Bhsa`ursos `c Bh﬇orokao . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, , pp. ‑.    Qoo Fosd Qan`ff, rdksfdth`k, Dutn`rsnhp dkb tno Shat`rhdk Wr`cossh`kdf ]`edk9 Andrf`tto Lr`ktê, Ndrrhot Edrthkodu dkb Mo`rmo Ofh`t . Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9  Dsnmdto, : dkb Iubhtn I`nkst`k, Shat`rhdk ]`eok dkb tno Oa`k`ehos `c

rdvof, rdksfdth`k dkb Aufturo, ‑. Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, .    Sork`k Foo, Oupn`rh`k9 lohkm Qtubhos `c tno Dkthquo dkb tno Eobhovdf hk tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, , v`f. , p. .    Iubhtn I`nkst`k,  Dkkd Ideos`k9 Shat`rhdk, Coehkhst, ]`edk `c Fottors .  Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Qa`fdr, Qa`fdr, , p. .

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑

    Hlhb Hlhb..     „Bhdry `c dk Okkuyèo‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow ,  ()9 ‑ (). Tu`tob hk  I`nkst`k, Dkkd Ideos`k, p. . rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt  A`kthk okt . tn     Edrhdkd Qtdrjo, Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , Dbvorthsoeokt.     Qtdrjo, Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt   (),  Dbvorthsoeokt.  Dbvorthsoeo kt. rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt  A` kthkokt . tn      Edrhdkd Qtdrjo, Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , p. v.       Qtdrjo, Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt   (),  Dbvorthsoeokt.  Dbvorthsoeo kt.      Qtdrjo, Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt   (),  Dbvorthsoeokt.  Dbvorthsoeo kt.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. vhhh.      \`lyk A``por, „‖Ro Ar`wkhkm Mf`ry `c Whsd―9 Khkotooktn-Aoktury \odath`ks t` tno Adep` Qdkt`‘, Qdkt`‘, Htdfhdk Qtubhos     ()9 ‑. rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt  (),       Qtdrjo, Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors  (), p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Qoo Wotor bo L`ffd, Ro Obuadth`k `c tno Oyo9 Wdhkthkm, Fdkbsadpo, dkb  Dranhtoaturo hk Ohmntooktn-Aoktury Lrhtdhk. Qtdkc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , ospoahdffy andptor , , c`r d bhsaussh`k `c tno „soktheoktdf f``j‘, wnhan no trdaos ldaj t` tno s.      Ofhzdlotn \hmly, „Fdby rdvoffors‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow    (Iuko )9 ‑ ().      Hlhb Hlhb.. p. .      Hlhb Hlhb..      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      \hmly lrho﬌y rocors t` Fottors cr`e tno Ldftha , whtn`ut dajk`wfobmhkm tndt ht hs nor `wk w`rj, hk nor rovhow.      Ofhzdlotn \hmly, Fottors cr`e tno Qn`ros `c tno Ldftha . kb obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , pp. ‑: Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, „Fhco dkb ]`rjs `c R`rvdfbsok‘,   (Iufy )9 ‑.   \ovhow       Obhklurmn Ehanof C`uaduft C`uaduft, , „@c @tnor Qpdaos‘, Qpdaos‘, Bhdarhthas  (Qprhkm  (Qprhkm )9 ‑ ().      \hmly, Fottors cr`e tno Qn`ros `c tno Ldftha , pp. ‑. Wdhktors dkb `c tno Wr`mross `c Wdhkthkm Wdhkthkm      Dkkd Ideos`k, Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors hk Htdfy . kb obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , p. xhx: Jdto R`eps`k,  D Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Whaturo Mdfforhos `c Our`po . F`kb`k9 Edaehffdk, , pp. vh‑vhhh.      Ideos`k, Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors , p. hx: R`eps`k, Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Whaturo Mdfforhos `c Our`po , pp. v‑vhh.

Mdfforhos tno _fizh,      Edub Aruttwoff, D Muhbo t` tno Wdhkthkms hk tno Cf`rokthko Mdfforhos tno Whtth, tno Daadboehd9 D Arhthadf Adtdf`muo whtn Tu`tdth`ks cr`e Sdsdrh . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt & A`epdky: Kow X`rj9 O. W. Butt`k & A`., , p. v.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. v‑vh.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. vh.

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑   



     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. vhh.      Qnorry Qhe`k, Mokbor hk rdksfdth`k9 Aufturdf Hbokthty dkb tno W`fhthas `c rdksehssh`k. F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, , p. .      I`nkst`k, Dkkd Ideos`k, p. . Qoo pp. ‑, ‑ c`r cuff bhsaussh`k. Wdhktors , pp. xh, xhh, xvhh, xhx.      Ideos`k, Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors       Qoo Bhdkd Edftz, „Okmdmhkm ‖Bofhadto Lrdhks―9 Cr`e ]`rjhkm-Af ]`rjhkm-Afdss dss Okaufturdth`k t` _ppor-Afdss Foslhdk Fhlordth`k hk Sork`k Foo dkb Jht  Dkstrutnor-R`es`k‘‘s Wsy  Dkstrutnor-R`es`k Wsyan`f`mhadf an`f`mhadf Dostnothas Dostnothas‘,‘, hk ]`eok dkb Lrhthsn  Dostnothahse, ob. dfhd Qand﬇or dkb Jdtny Dfoxhs Ws`ehdbos. Andrf`ttosvhffo9 _khvorshty Wross `c Shrmhkhd, , pp. ‑.      Dkbrè Focovoro, „rdksfdth`k9 „rdksfdth`k9 Hts Mokodf`my hk tno ]ost‘, ]ost‘, hk rdksfdth`k, Nhst`ry dkb Aufturo , ob. Qusdk Ldsskott dkb Dkbrè Focovoro. F`kb`k9 Whktor, , p.       \handrb Qtohk, Ro \htudf `c Hktorprotdth`k9 Ro Chko Drts ds Fhtordturo hk \usjhk, \`ssotth dkb Wdtor . Adelrhbmo, Edss.9 Ndrvdrb _khvorshty Wross, .      ]dftor Lokidehk, Loki dehk, „Ro dsj dsj `c tno tn o rdksfdt` rdksfdt`r‘, r‘, hk Hffuehkdth`ks , ob. Ndkkdn  Drokbt, trdks. Ndrry Ndrry Y`nk. F`kb`k9 Whefha`, , , pp. ‑ (p. ). ).      Qdrdt Edndrdi, „Worfflbh`us Chbofhty9 Ro _ktrdksfdtdlhfhty `c tno @tnor‘, hk Mf`ldf Shsh`ks9 `wdrbs d Kow Hktorkdth`kdfhse hk tno Shsudf Drts , ob. Iodk Chsnor. F`kb`k9 Jdfd Wross hk dss`ahdth`k whtn tno Hksthtuto `c Hktorkdth`kdf Shsudf Drts, , pp. ‑ (p. ).    Qhe`k, Mokbor hk rdksfdth`k, pp. ‑.        Lokidehk, „Ro dsj dsj `c tno rdksfdt` rdksfdt`r‘, r‘, p. .      Qhe`k, Mokbor hk rdksfdth`k, p. . Ojpnrdshs dshs cr`e      Qoo Ideos D. ]. No﬇orkdk  Eusoue `c ]`rbs9 Ro W`othas `c Ojpnr N`eor t` Dsnlory . _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , pp. ‑, dkb nhs drthafo „Qpodjhkm c`r Whaturos‘, ]`rb dkb Hedmo  ,  ,  (Idkudry‑Edran )9 ‑.      „W`othadf Adtdf`muo `c Whaturos hk Fht. Mdz.‘, Ro W`othadf ]`rjs `c Foththd Ofhzdlotn Fdkb`k (F.O.F.), ob. ]hffhde L. Qa`tt. F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo \`utfobmo & Q`ks, k.b., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Bol`rdn Anorry dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj, „]`edk ds Qhmk hk Wro-\dpndofhto Fhtordturo9 Qtuby `c(p. tno). roprosoktdth`k Ofhzdlotn  ,   ,  Drt Nhst`ry  (Iuko )9D‑, \ovhsob ly`c W`ff`aj dkbQhbbdff‘, ropulfhsnob hk W`ff`aj, Shsh`k dkb Bh﬇orokao 9 Coehkhkhty, Coehkhse dkb tno Nhst`rhos `c Drt . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, , pp. ‑. Qoo dfs` „D Wn`t`-ossdy9 Qhmks `c Coehkhkhty‘, pp. ‑. tno Wdhkthkms Wdhkthkms hk tno Anuranos dkb Ehk`r Ehk`r Eusoues      Edub Aruttwoff, D Muhbo t` tno `c Cf`rokao . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt & A`epdky, A`epdky, , p. .      Oehfy Wcoh﬇or, Q`kkots . F`kb`k9 Chofb dkb uor, Ro Fodbokndff Wross: Kow  X`rj9  X `rj9 Qarhlkor Qarhlkor dkb ]ofc`rb, , p. . Ro v`fueo hkafubos `tnor ojpnrdstha ojpnrdstha p`oes `k pdhkthkms ly Obwdrb Lurko-I`kos dkb M. C. ]dtts. Qoo pp. ‑.

     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Ro I`urkdfs `c Mo`rmo Ofh`t , ob. Edrmdrot Ndrrhs dkb Iubhtn I`nkst`k. Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑.

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑

     Mo`rmo Ofh`t, \`e`fd , ob. Dkbrow Lr`wk. @xc`rb9 Afdrokb`k Wross, , pp. , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Ossdys `c Mo`rmo Ofh`t , ob. R`eds Whkkoy. F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo dkb Jomdk Wduf, , pp. ‑.      Lokidehk, „Ro „R o dsj dsj `c tno rdksfdt` rdksfdt`r‘, r‘, pp. , .      Loroks`k Dranhvo. Dranhvo. EQ Fottors lotwook tno Loroks`ks Loroks`ks dkb Jdtndrhko Lrdbfoy Lrdbfoy dkb Obhtn A``por. Shffd H dtth. Es. .      Loroks`k Dranhvo Es. . .      Ehandof Chofb, ]`rjs dkb Bdys EQ . Lrhthsn Fhlrdry, Dbb. EQ. ‑ EQ.  c..      Dkd H. Wdroi` Sdbhff`, „Qhmnt dkb Q`km 9 rdkspdrokt rdksfdth`ks dkb d Edkhcost` c`r tno @lsorvor‘ @lsorvor‘,, Shat`rhdk W`otry  ,  ,  ()9 ‑ ().    Ehandof Chofb, Qhmnt dkb Q`km . F`kb`k9 Ofjhk Edtnows dkb I`nk Fdko, ,   p. v. Qulsoquokt rocorokaos whff lo ahtob pdroktnothadffy hk tno edhk toxt ly pdmo kuelor.      ]`rjs dkb Bdys9 Cr`e tno I`urkdf `c Ehandof Chofb,  ob. . dkb B. A. Qturmo E``ro. F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , p.  (cr`e d fottor t` \`lort Lr`wkhkm,  Edy cr`e ).tnoKL H qu`to wnoro p`sshlfo cr`e tnhs pulfhsnob obhth`k `c oxtrdats i`urkdf c`r odso `c rocorokao.      No﬇orkdk, Eusoue `c ]`rbs , p. .      Edrtnd Shahkus, „Ro Db`fosaokt L`y9 Chk-bo-Qhîafo   Coeeo Cdtdfo0‘ hk Shat`rhdk Qoxudf Bhsshbokao , ob. \handrb Boffde`rd. _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , pp. ‑ (pp. ‑). ]`eok W`ots9 ]rhthkm ]rhthkm Dmdhkst tno Nodrt . Lrhmnt`k9      Dkmofd Fohmnt`k, Shat`rhdk ]`eok Ndrvostor, , pp. ‑: Ehandof Chofb, LF Dbb. EQ.  c.v: Loroks`k Dranhvo.      Ehandof Chofb, _kborkodtn tno L`umn9 D L``j `c Sorsos . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff & Q`ks, , p. .      K`redk Lrys`k, Shsh`k dkb Wdhkthkm9 Ro F`mha `c tno Mdzo . Kow Ndvok9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, , p. .       Chofb, ]`rjs , p. .c.. dkbEQ. Bdys     Chofb, LF Dbb. ,      Shahkus, „Ro Db`fosaokt L`y‘, L`y‘, p. .    Chofb, ]`rjs dkb Bdys , pp. ‑.        Ro A`epfoto Wr`so ]`rjs `c Edttnow Drk`fb , ob. \. N. Qupor. Dkk Drl`r9 _khvorshty `c Ehanhmdk Wross, ‑, v`f. , p. .      Qoo Ro ]`rjs `c I`nk \usjhk, ob. O. . A``j dkb Dfoxdkbor ]obborlurk. F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Dffok, ‑, v`f. , c`r nhs oxtokbob bhsaussh`k `c tno hep`rtdkao `c „trutn‘: dkb v`f. , p. , c`r nhs vhow tndt „ZtUno wn`fo toankhadf p`wor `c pdhkthkm bopokbs `k `ur roa`vory `c wndt edy lo adffob tno hkk`aokao `c tno oyo ‘.‘.

     Lrys`k, Shsh`k dkb Wdhkthkm , pp.  .      Chofb, ]`rjs dkb Bdys , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb..      Jdtny Dfoxhs Ws`ehdbos, „‖Qthff Lurkhkm cr`e tnhs Qtrdkmfhkm Oelrdao―9 Sork`k Foo `k Boshro dkb Dostnothas‘. Shat`rhdk Qoxudf Bhsshbokao , ob. \handrb Boffde`rd. _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , pp. ‑ (p. ).

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 



      Lrhthsn Fhlrdry Fhlrdr y, Es. ﬇, ahtob hk Sdbhff`, Sdbhff`, „Qhmnt dkb Q`km 9 rdkspdrok rdkspdroktt rdksfdth`ks dkb d Edkhcost` c`r tno @lsorvor‘, p. .       Lorkdrb Loroks`k, Ro Cf`rokthko Wdhktors `c tno \okdhssdkao . Kow X`rj, X`rj, ,  , p. .       Loroks`k Dranhvo, Es. . .       Loroks`k Dranhvo, Es. .       Loroks`k Dranhvo, Es. . .       Hlhb Hlhb..       Loroks`k Dranhvo, Es. .       Loroks`k Dranhvo, Es. .       Lrhthsn Eusoue, Eusoue, Es. , d.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., d.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., d, .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., .       Mo`rmo Ofh`t,  Ehbbfoedran. Ndre`kbsw`rtn9 Wokmuhk, , andptor , p. . H de mrdtocuf t` Shajy Ehffs c`r brdwhkm ey dttokth`k t` tnhs dkb tno dkdf`my. dkb Bdys , pp. ‑.       c`ff`whkm Chofb, ]`rjs       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Lrhthsn Eusoue, Eusoue, Es. , d. d.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., d.       Hlhb Hlhb..       Dkkd Ideos`k, Fomokbs `c tno Edb`kkd ds roprosoktob hk tno fflko drts9 c`rehkm tno tnhrb sorhos `c Qdarob dkb Fomokbdry Drt. rb obk, F`kb`k9 F`kmedk, Lr`wk, Mrook & F`kmedk‘s , p. xhhh       Ro Mo`rmo Ofh`t Fottors , ob. M`rb`k Q. Ndhmnt.  v`fs., Kow Ndvok9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, ‑, v`f. , pp. ‑.       Qoo Adr`fyk Lurbott, Lurbott, „Hktr`buath`k9 „Hktr`buath`k9 Wsyan`f`my/Dostnothas Wsyan`f`my/Dostnothas hk tno Khkotooktn Khkotooktn Aoktury‘, dkb „‖Ro sulioathvo hkshbo us adk turk hkt` tno `lioathvo `utshbo―9 Sork`k ,Foo‘ F9 oo‘ssHktorbhsahpfhkdry Wsyan`f`mh adf Dostnothas‘, Wsyan`f`mhadf Dost nothas‘, Wsyan`f`my/Dostnothas hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury  Qtubhos hk tno F`km Khkotooktn Aoktury    ()   nttp9//.llj.da.uj/hkbox.pnp//hssuo/vhow/. nttp9//.llj.da.uj/hkbox.pnp//hssuo/vhow/.      Sork`k Foo dkb Afoeokthkd Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, Loduty dkb _mfhkoss dkb @tnor Qtubhos hk Wsyan`f`mhadf Dostnothas . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, L`bfoy Nodb, , pp. ‑. Qoo Lurbott, „‖Ro sulioathvo sulioathvo hkshbo us adk turk hkt` tno `lioathvo `utshbo―‘, dkb Fykbd Kodb, Ro Nduktob Mdffory9 Wdhkthkm, Wn`t`mrdpny, dkb Chfe a. . Kow Ndvok, A`kk.9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑, ‑.       Foo dkb Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, Loduty dkb _mfhkoss , p. .      Qoo Ofhzdlotn Mr`sz‘s drthafo „Qoxudf Bh﬇orokao dkb tno Wr`lfoe `c

Ossokthdfhse‘ (hk Ro Ossokthdf Bh﬇orokao9 Dk`tnor F``j dt Ossokthdfhse, ob. Kd`eh Qan`r dkb Ofhzdlotn ]oob. Lf``ehkmt`k9 Hkbhdkd _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑), wnoro sno bhsaussos tno hbo`f`mhadf „a`mkdtos‘ `c

 



K`tos t` pdmos ‑

ossokthdfhse ‑ lh`f`mhse, kdturdfhse dkb ukhvorsdfhse. Hk Foo‘s dostnotha, `rmdkhahse bhspfdaos lh`f`mhse (wnhan ehmnt dbeht soxudf bh﬇orokao).      Bhdkd Edftz, „Okmdmhkm ‖Bofhadto Lrdhks―‘, p. .      Bdeo Otnof Qeytn, ]ndt Ndppokob Koxt . F`kb`k9 F`kmedks Mrook, , p. .       ] . L. Xodts, „Qhmn „Qhmnt t dkb Q`km‘, hk ]., L. Xodts9 Wr`so , ob. I`nk W. Crdyko. Crdy ko.Xodts,  v`fs., F`kb`k9 Edaehffdk, v`f. _ka`ffoatob , pp. ‑.      Edrthk Idy, Idy, „Qa`pha \omheos `c E`borkhty‘, E`borkhty‘, hk Shsh`k dkb Shsudfhty , ob. Ndf C`stor. Qodttfo9 Ldy Wross/Bhd Drt C`ukbdth`k, , pp. ‑ (p. ).  

 ]`eok‘ ]`eok‘ss porh porh`bs `bs     I`dk Joffy, ]`eok, Nhst`ry dkb Ro`ry9 Ro Ossdys `c I`dk Joffy . Anhadm` dkb F`kb`k9 Ro _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , p. .     Iubhtn F`wbor Kowt`k, „Nhst`ry ds _sudf0 Coehkhse dkb tno ‖Kow Nhst`rhahse―‘, hk Ro Kow Nhst`rhahse, ob. N. Drde Soosor. Kow X`rj dkb F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, , pp. ‑ (p. ).     Kdtdfho Yoe`k Bdvhs, „‖]`eok‘s Nhst`ry― hk rdkshth`k9 Ro Our`podk Adso‘, Coehkhst  , / (Qprhkm/Queeor  , (Qprhkm/Queeo r )9 ‑. Qtubhos      Kowt`k, „Nhst`ry ds _sudf0‘ p. .     O. C. C. Q. Wdtths`k, „Drt „Drt dkb E`rdfhty‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow  k.s.  k.s.  (Idkudry ( Idkudry )9 ‑ (, ).     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .     Qoo „Ro _so `c F``jhkm dt Whaturos‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow   k.s.  (@at`lor )9 ‑ ().     O. C. Q. Wdtths`k, „I`nk \usjhk , Foaturos `k Drt dkb  Adtdf`muo `c Oxdepfos   (@xc`rb, )‘, Dadboey     ( Qoptoelor )9 ‑ ().     Tu`tob hk Oehfhd C. C. Q. Bhfjo, Ro L``j `c tno Qphrhtudf Fhco , hkafubhkm d Eoe`hr `c tno dutn`r ly Qhr Andrfos Bhfjo. F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , p. .      Sork`k Foo, Oupn`rh`k9 lohkm Qtubhos `c tno Dkthquo dkb tno Eobhdovdf hk tno \okdhssdkao.  v`fs., F`kb`k, , v`f. , pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., v`f. , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Sork`k Foo, Lofadr`9 Lohkm Ossdys `k Qukbry Dostnothadf Tuosth`ks . F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb..       Sork`k Foo dkb A. Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, Loduty dkb _mfhkoss, dkb @tnor Qtubhos hk Wsyan`f`mhadf Dostnothas . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, , p. .      Qoo Nhfdry Crdsor, „]`eok dkb tno Okbs `c Drt Nhst`ry9 Shsh`k dkb A`rp`rodfhty hk Khkotooktn-Aoktury Arhthadf Bhsa`urso Bhsa`urso‘,‘, Shat`rhdk Qtubhos  ,  ,  (Dutuek, /)9 ‑.

9 Qtubhos hk tno Nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao 

     O. C. Q. Wdtths`k, ]dftor Wdtor (F`kb`k, )‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow  k.s.  k.s.  (Dprhf )9 ‑.      Wdtths`k, „Ro _so `c F``jhkm dt Whaturos‘, p. .

 

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑   



     Qoo Jdfh D. J. Hsrdof, „Qtyfo, Qtrdtomy, dkb Qofc-Arodth`k hk tno Fhco `c Oehfhd Bhfjo‘, hk A`kstruath`ks `c tno Qofc ,  ob. Mo`rmo Fovhko. Kow Lrukswhaj9 \utmors _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑: Jdfh Hsrdof, „Ro \os`uraos `c Qtyfo9 Crdkahs Wdtths`k hk @xc`rb‘, \dbhadf Nhst`ry \ovhow    ()9 ‑: dkb Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos . @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .         Hsrdof, Qtrdtomy, dkb Qofc-Arodth`k hk tno Fhco `c Oehfhd Bhfjo‘, Bhfjo‘, p. .   Hlhb.. „Qtyfo, Qtrdtomy, Hlhb      O. C. C. Q. Wdtths`k Wdtths`k,, „Moredhk Whf`k‘, W`rtc`fh`  ()9 ‑ ().      O. C. C. Q. Wdtths`k Wdtths`k,, Ro \okdhssdkao `c Drt hk Crdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 A. Jomdk Wduf & A`., , v`f. , pp. , , ‑.      Hsrdof, „Qtyfo, Qtrdtomy, Qtrdtomy, dkb Qofc-Arodth`k hk tno Fhco `c Oehfhd Bhfjo‘, Bhfjo‘, p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Qoo Hsrdof, Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos , pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Qoo Idk Edrsn, „‖Ro @fb usadk \dpturo―9 tno \osp`kso t` Htdfy dkb hts  Drt hk tno ]`rj `c Edrho Qpdrtdfh Qthffedk Qthffedk‘,‘, hk Dfhs`k Andpedk dkb Idko Qtdlfor, obs., _kc`fbhkm tno Q`utn9 Khkotooktn-Aoktury Lrhthsn ]`eok ]rhtors dkb Drthsts hk Htdfy . Edkanostor _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑.      Bol`rdn Anorr Anorryy, Wdhkthkm ]`eok9 Shat`rhdk ]`eok Drthsts . F`kb`k dkb Kow  X`rj9  X `rj9 \`utfobmo, \`utfobmo, , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb.,., p. .      Hk \`zshjd Wdrjor dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj, @fb Ehstrossos9 ]`eok, Drt dkb Hbo`f`my . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo dkb Jomdk Wduf, . Roro hs d mr`whkm l`by `c w`rj `k \okdhssdkao w`eok drthsts dkb tnohr pfdao hk tno adk`k ly e`bork san`fdrs. Qoo, c`r oxdepfo, Ldlotto L`nk, „Ro Dkthquo Nor`hkos `c Ofhsdlottd Qhrdkh‘, \okdhssdkao Qtubhos    ()9 ‑: Edry B. Mdrrdrb,  Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh9 Ro Hedmo `c tno Coedfo Nor` hk Htdfhdk Ldr`quo Drt . Wrhkaot`k _khvorshty Wross, : Edry B. Mdrrdrb,  Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh dr`ukb 9 Ro Qndphkm dkb \osndphkm `c dk Drthstha Hbokthty . Lorjofoy dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Adfhc`rkhd Wross, : Crobrhjd Ida`ls, Bofflkhkm tno

\okdhssdkao Shrtu`sd9 ]`edk Drthsts dkb tno Fdkmudmo `c Drt Nhst`ry dkb Arhthahse. Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, : Adr`fhko Eurpny, „Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd dkb fo Bdeo boffd Ahttç9 _kborstdkbhkm Coedfo Drthstha Wdtr`kdmo hk Fdto Qhxtooktn-Aoktury L`f`mkd‘, \okdhssdkao Qtubhos      ()9 ‑: Adr`fhko Eurpny, „Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd dkb Coedfo Fhco Ayafo Oxporhokao hk Fdto Qhxtooktn-Aoktury L`f`mkd‘, hk Mordfbhko D. I`nks`k dkb Qdrd C. Edttnows Mrhoa`, obs., Whaturhkm ]`eok hk \okdhssdkao dkb Ldr`quo Htdfy . Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, : Adr`fhko Eurpny, Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd9 D Wdhktor dkb nor Wdtr`ks hk Qhxtooktn-Aoktury L`f`mkd . Kow Ndvok dkb F`kb`k9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, : Lorkdrbhkd Qdkh, \`sdfld Adrrhord9 Adtdf`muo \dhs`kkè . Sokhao9 _elort` Dffoedkbh & A`. . Dk oxnhlhth`k `c tno w`rjs `c  Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh Mokthfosanh wds nofb dt tno Eusèo Eusèo Edhff`t hk Wdrhs Wdrhs hk .      Dbofo E. N`fa`el, „Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt

Nhst`rhdk‘, Drt Nhst`ry  ,  ,  (Iuko ( Iuko )9 ‑. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., .

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑

     Dbofo E. N`fa`el, „Dkkd Ideos`k (‑)9 Qdarob Drt dkb Q`ahdf Shsh`k‘, hk ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑, ob. Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk, whtn Dbofo E. N`fa`el. ]ostp`rt, A`kk., dkb F`kb`k9 Mrookw``b Wross, , p. .      Fottors `c Dkkd Ideos`k t` @tthfho v`k M`otno , ob. M. N. Koobfor. F`kb`k, Kow X`rj, `r`kt`9 _khvorshty Wross, dkb ,Dlr`db  p.  .( Dprhf Shshts@xc`rb dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo      Dkkd Ideos`k, v`fs.,). kb obk, F`kb`k9 Qdukbors dkb @tfoy, , v`f. , pp. ‑. Qoo  Dt N`eo hk \okdhssdkao Htdfy , ob. Edrtd Diedr-]`ffnohe dkb Cf`rd Bokkhs. F`kb`k, S&D Wulfhadth`ks, , p. .      Ideos`k, Shshts dkb Qjotanos , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .    Hlhb   Hlhb., ., pp. ‑, .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      \`lort Lr`wkhkm, Ro W`oes, S`fueo HH , ob. I`nk Wotthmrow, suppfoeoktob dkb a`epfotob ly R`eds I. A`ffhks. Ndre`kbsw`rtn, Ehbbfosox9 Wokmuhk, , pp. ‑, ff. , .      Ideos`k, Shshts dkb Qjotanos,  v`f. , pp. ‑. A`epdro Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Ehffor‘s boafdrdth`k hk 9 „Roro hs k` sox hk drt‘ („Fdbhos‘ Wdmo‘, Hffustrdtob F`kb`k Kows  (  ( Colrudry )9 ), bhsaussob hk tno A`kafush`k.      Ro W`oes `c okkys`k, ob. Anrhst`pnor \hajs (F`kmedk‘s Dkk`tdtob Okmfhsn p`ots). F`kb`k9 F`kmedks, Mrook & A`, : rovhsob obk hk  v`fs., . „Ro Wrhkaoss‘, SHH, f. . @ko‘s‘s @wk, Rroo Muhkods , ob. E`rdm Qnhdan.      Shrmhkhd ]``fc,  D \``e `c @ko @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , p. .      Sork`k Foo, Oupn`rh`k9 lohkm Qtubhos `c tno Dkthquo dkb tno Eobhovdf hk tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, , v`f. , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. . hk tno E`bo E`bork rk Qtdto  Qtdto . F`kb`k9 Andpedk dkb Ndff, , p. .      Oehfhd Bhfjo, Drt hk      Foo, Oupn`rh`k, v`f. , p. .      Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Lodtrhao b‘Osto, Buanoss `c Ehfdk ‑9 D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt dkb Q`ks: Kow X`rj9 O. W. Butt`k dkb A`., , pp. v‑vh.      Hlhb Hlhb.,., p. v.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. vh.      Hlhb Hlhb..      Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Anrhsthkd `c Bokedrj, Buanoss `c Ehfdk dkb F`rrdhko ‑  . F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , p. v.      Adrtwrhmnt, Lodtrhao b‘Osto , p. vh.

   Hlhb   Hlhb., ., pp. vhh‑vhhh.

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑   



     Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Hsdloffd b‘Osto, Edranh`koss `c Edktud ‑9 D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , v`f. 󰀴, pp. vhhh‑x.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., v`f. , p. .      Adrtwrhmnt, Lodtrhao b‘Osto , pp. v‑vh, vh‑vhhh.      Adrtwrhmnt, Hsdloffd b‘Osto , v`f. , pp. vhhh‑hx.      Bol`rdn Anorry, Loy`kb tno Crdeo9 Coehkhse dkb Shsudf Aufturo, Lrhtdhk X`rj9 \`utfobmo, , p. . \`edk`‘s \`edk`‘s p`rtrdht p`rt rdht ‑. F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9  wds dfs` dk hk﬌uoka hk﬌uokaoo `k Obwd Obwdrb rb Lurko Lurko-I`k -I`kos os‘‘s Qhb`khd S`k L`rj  ().   (). Qoo ]ds , F`kb`k9 prhvdtofy prhktob, , p. . Obwdrb Afh﬇`rb, Lr`dbfdkbs ds Ht ]ds     Foo, Oupn`rh`k, v`f. , p. .        Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Tu`tob hk Wotor Mukk, Sork`k Foo9 Sh`fot Wdmot, ‑ . F`kb`k9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , p. .    Foo, Oupn`rh`k,, v`f. , p. .        Hlhb Hlhb., ., v`f. , p. ‑.      Sork`k Foo, Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy . F`kb`k9 ]. Qdtanoff dkb A`., , p. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Sork`k Foo,  Iuvokhfhd9 Lohkm d Qoa`kb Qorhos `c Ossdys `k Qukbry Dostnothadf Tuosth`ks ,  v`fs., F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, , v`f. H, p. .      Foo, Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb.,., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. ‑.    Hlhb   Hlhb., ., p. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Sork`k Foo,  Dftnod9 D Qoa`kb L``j `c Bhdf`muos `k Dsphrdth`ks dkb Buthos . F`kb`k9 @sm``b, EaHfvdhko & A`., , p. x.      Foo, Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy , p. .      `e Mukkhkm, „Ro Ahkoed `c Dttrdath`ks9 Odrfy Chfe, hts Qpoatdt`r, dkb tno Dvdkt-Mdrbo‘, hk R`eds Ofsdossor, ob., Odrfy Ahkoed9 Qpdao, Crdeo,

Kdrrdthvo. F`kb`k9 LCH, , pp. ‑ (p. ).

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

      Foo, Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Sork`k Foo, Ro Qphrht `c \`eo9 Fodvos cr`e d Bhdry . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Foo, Dftnod , pp. , .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Oehfhd Bhfjo, Crokan Wdhktors `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, , p. vh.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Oehfhd Bhfjo, Crokan Okmrdvors dkb Brdumntseok `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, , p. v.      Bhfjo, Wdhktors , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .       Oehfhd Bhfjo, Crokan Dranhtoats dkb Qaufpt`rs `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , ‑.

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 



      Oehfhd Bhfjo, Crokan Curkhturo dkb Boa`rdth`k hk tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury.  F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. vh.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      ]ostehkstor \ovhow     (Dprhf )9 pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb.. Qoo Ofhzdlotn Edksfflofb, „Shat`rhdk Hbokthty dkb tno Nhst`rhadf h k Crdkao ‘,‘, Afh`9 D I`urkdf `c Hedmhkdry9 Oehfhd Bhfjo‘s Ro \okdhssdkao `c Drt hk Fhtordturo, Nhst`ry dkb tno Wnhf`s`pny `c Nhst`ry  ,  ,  (]hktor )9 ‑ (‑, ): dkb Ohsfor, „Fdby Bhfjo‘, .      Bhfjo, Wdhktors , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj, Shsh`k dkb Bh﬇orokao9 Coehkhkhty, Coehkhse dkb tno Nhst`rhos `c Drt . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, , p. .      Bhfjo, Wdhktors , p. .       Hsrdof, Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos , p. .       Bhfjo, Wdhktors , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hsrdof, Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos , pp. ‑.       Bhfjo, Wdhktors , p. .       Bhfjo, Curkhturo , p. .       Bhfjo, Wdhktors , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p.  („ht hs k`t ffltthkm tndt w`eok sn`ufb bdllfo hk w`rj tnoy jk`w k`tnhkm dl`ut‘).      Qoo Hsrdof, Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos , p. . rdvoffor9 K`tos `k Wfdaos. F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko,       Sork`k Foo, Ro Qoktheoktdf rdvoffor9 Ro L`bfoy Nodb, , p. .      Mukk,     Qoo  Hlhb., Hlhb ., p. .Sork`k Foo , pp. ‑.      Anorry, Wdhkthkm ]`eok, p. .       Mo`rmo Ofh`t, „]`edk hk Crdkao9 Edbdeo bo Qdlfè‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow   (@at`lor ). \oprhktob hk Mo`rmo Ofh`t9 Qofoatob Ossdys, W`oes dkb @tnor ]rhthkms , ob. D. Q. Lydtt dkb Khan`fds ]drrok. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, , pp. ‑ (p. ).  

 Coehkhko drts     Andutduqudk  ()9 .     Qno dfs` wr`to trdvof`muos, trdvof`muos, eoe`hrs, dkb lh`mrdpnhos lh`mrdpnhos `c Edry ]`ffst`koardct, ]`ffst`koardct, nor ukafo tno c`fjf`rhst Andrfos M`bcroy Fofdkb, nor crhokb Ideos Dll`tt

EaKohff ]nhstfor dkb nor nusldkb I`sopn Wokkoff.

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 

Sokhao hk tno Dostnotha Ohmnthos: F`kb`k, F`k b`k,     Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff, Khmnts9 \`eo, Sokhao Wdrhs hk tno Chmnthkm Khkothos . Wnhfdbofpnhd dkb F`kb`k9 I. L. Fhpphka`tt, , pp. ‑.     Qoo Eodmndk Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos9 ]`eok dkb Drt Arhthahse hk Lrhtdhk ‑ . Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, : Eodmndk Afdrjo, „Kow ]`edk `k Mrul Qtroot9 Drt hk tno Ahty‘, hk Mhsshkm dkb tno Ahty9 Aufturdf Arhshs dkb tno Edjhkm `c L``js hk Fdto-Shat`rhdk Okmfdkb , ob. I`nk Qphors. Wdfmrdvo ]`edk `c Fottors9 Edaehffdk, , pp. ‑: Fhkbd N. Wotors`k, Loa`ehkm d ]`edk  Eytns `c Dutn`rsnhp, Cdats `c tno Edrjot . Wrhkaot`k _khvorshty Wross, , andptor , ospoahdffy pp. ‑.     ]ostehkstor \ovhow    (Dprhf )9 ‑: dkb Iufho A`boff, „]nok Drt Nhst`rhdks _so Worh`bhadfs9 Eotn`b`f`my dkb Eodkhkm‘, Shat`rhdk Worh`bhadfs \ovhow  ,  ,  (Cdff )9 ‑. ]`eok ]rhthkm ]rhthkm `k Wn`t`mrdpny cr`e tno s t` tno Wrosokt , ob. Fhz     Hffuehkdth`ks9 ]`eok Nor`k dkb Sdf ]hffhdes. Burnde, K.A.9 Bujo _khvorshty Wross, , p. .     Oxtrdat cr`e Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k,  Dkkdfs `c Ey Mfdss N`uso   (), roprhktob hk Hffuehkdth`ks , ob. Nor`k dkb ]hffhdes, pp. ‑ (p. ).     Fhkbd E. Qnhros, Worspoathvos9 E`bos `c Showhkm dkb Jk`whkm hk KhkotooktnAoktury Okmfdkb . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, , p. .     \`fdkb Ldrtnos, Adeord Fuahbd9 \o﬌oath`ks `c Wn`t`mrdpny . trdks. \handrb N`wdrb. Kow X`rj9 Nhff, , p. .      Adeor`k, Dkkdfs `c Ey Mfdss N`uso , hk Hffuehkdth`ks , ob. Nor`k dkb ]hffhdes, p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , . Qoo Qusdk Q`ktdm, @k Wn`t`mrdpny . Kow X`rj9 Dkan`r, , , p. .      Adeor`k, Dkkdfs `c Ey Mfdss N`uso , p. .      „D Fdby Wn`t`mrdpnor Wn`t`mrdp nor ]n` Kovor Wn`t`mrdpns Eok: D dfj dfj whtn Ehss Dfhao Numnos‘, roprhktob hk Hffuehkdth`ks, ob. Nor`k dkb ]hffhdes, pp. ‑ (p. ).       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Dey p. . Fovy, Ro \`edkao `c d Qn`p. Adelrhbmo9 Lfdaj Dp`ff` Wross, ,      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .      Hlhb Hlhb.,., p. . Qoo Ofhzdlotn C. Ovdks, „‖]o Dro Wn`t`mrdpnors, K`t E`uktoldkjs!―9 Qpoatdafo, A`eeorahdf Qpdao, dkb tno Kow Wulfha ]`edk‘, hk  Dey Fovy9 Arhthadf Ossdys,  ob. Kd`eh Notnorhkmt`k dkb Kdbhd Sdfedk.  Dtnoks9 @nh` _khvorshty _khvorshty Wross, Wross, , pp. ‑. ‑.      Fovy, Ro \`edkao `c d Qn`p , pp. , .      „Ro Wn`t`mrdpnor‘, „Ro ]dros ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Iufy ). Qoo dfs` tno „]dros‘ a`fuek `k pn`t`mrdpny `c  Dumust .      Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo, „Wn`t`mrdpny „Wn`t`mrdpny‘,‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow      (Dprhf )9 ‑ ().

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑   



     Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb.,., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb.,., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑. Adeor`k9 D Arhthadf Lh`mrdpny . I. Wduf Motty rust      A`fhk C`rb, Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k9 rust Wulfhadth`ks, Wulfhad th`ks, , p. .      Numnos, hk Hffuehkdth`ks , p. .      Fovy, Ro \`edkao `c d Qn`p , pp. , .      \`sdeukb Edrrh`tt ]dts`k, Ro Drt `c tno N`uso . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .    Hlhb   Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Qoo dfhd Okmfdkb  Qand﬇or,. Andrf`ttosvhffo Ro C`rm`ttok Coedfo Dostnotos9 Fhtordry Wross Aufturo hk FdtoShat`rhdk dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Shrmhkhd, , ospoahdffy andptor : : dkb K`vof Ardct9 Shat`rhdk B`eostha Ndkbhardct dkb Khkotooktn-Aoktury Chath`k. Kow X`rj9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .      Qand﬇or, Ro C`rm`ttok Coedfo Dostnotos , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      ]dts`k, Ro Drt `c tno N`uso , pp. , ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb.,., pp. , . Qoo Qand﬇or, Ro C`rm`ttok Coedfo Dostnotos , pp. ‑.      ]dts`k, Ro Drt `c tno N`uso , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb., .,     Hlhb  Hlhb., Hlhb ., p. pp.. , , .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. . `phas `c tno Bdy hk tno Shat`rhdk      \handrb B. Dfthaj, Ro Wrosokao `c tno Wrosokt9 `phas K`vof . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, , p. .      ]  ]dts`k, dts`k, Ro Drt `c tno N`uso N`uso, p. .      Hlhb Hlhb..      Qand﬇or, K`vof Ardct , p. . Qoo nor bhsaussh`k `c „Ro Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k dkb Hehtdthvo Drts‘.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .    Hlhb   Hlhb., ., p. .      Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao, „Fomokbs `c tno E`kdstha @rbors‘, @rbors‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow    ()9 ‑ ().

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑

     Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao, „Ro Edkanostor Oxnhlhth`k‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow    ()9 ‑ (, ). Tu`tob hk Lokidehk Bdlly, „Coedfo Arhthas dkb Wulfha E`rdfhse hk Lrhtdhk cr`e Dkkd Ideos`k t` Shrmhkhd ]``fc‘. _kpulfhsnob WnB tnoshs, _khvorshty `c Adelrhbmo, , p. . H de hkboltob t` Lokidehk Bdlly c`r sndrhkm nhs rosodran `k Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao.      Fdwrdkao, „Edkanostor Oxnhlhth`k‘, pp. ‑. Rhs, dkb tno c`ff`whkm qu`tob      oxtrdats, Hlhb., Hlhb ., pp.dro , . dkb bhsaussob hk Bdlly, pp. -.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb..      Qoo Qand﬇or, K`vof Ardct, pp. ‑.      ]hffhde ]nowoff, Ro Mokordf Lodrhkm `c tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k `k tno Wr`mross `c  Drt dkb Qahokao , Hkdumurdf Foaturo ( K`voelor ), p. . Rhs dkb tno koxt tw` qu`tdth`ks dro tdjok cr`e Hs`lof Drestr`km, Shat`rhdk Mfdssw`rfbs9 Mfdss Aufturo dkb tno Hedmhkdth`k ‑. @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, , p. .      Wukan  (Idkudry‑I ( Idkudry‑Iuko uko )9 .    Andelors‘ Obhklurmn I`urkdf  (    ( Edy )9 ‑ ().      Qoo Adr`fhko Wdfeor, „A`f`ur, Anoehstry dkb A`rsots9 Edry Wnhfdbofpnhd Eorrhfflofb‘s Bross ds d Chko Drt ‘,‘, A`stueo  ,  ,  (Idkudry )9 ‑.      Edry Bross ds d Chko Drt . F`kb`k9 Drtnur Ndff, Shrtuo, & A`., , p.Eorrhfflofb, .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Edry Eorrhfflofb, Wrdathadf Bhroath`ks c`r W`rtrdht Wdhkthkm hk ]dtor-A`f`urs . F`kb`k9 ]hks`r dkb Kowt`k, , p. .      Eorrhfflofb, Bross ds d Chko Drt , p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.   Hlhb., Hlhb ., pp. \hmly, , ., „Ro Drt `c Bross‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow         Ofhzdlotn \hmly   ()9 ‑ ().      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , , ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , ‑.    Hlhb   Hlhb., ., p. .      Ofhzd ]drrok Crdkahs, Crdkahs, „Obht`rhdf‘, Fdbhos‘ rodsury     ().      Qand﬇or, Ro C`rm`ttok Coedfo Dostnotos , pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      „Ro ]dros ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( K`voelor )9 .      „Ro ]dros ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Edy ).      Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff, Andutduqudk  ()9 .

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑   



      Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Ehffor, „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo‘, Hffustrdtob F`kb`k Kows   ( Dprhf )9 . Ahtob hk Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , p. .       „Ro ]dros ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Dumust :  Edy ).       „Ro ]dros ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Iuko )9 .      „Ro ]dros ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Iuko )9 : ( Iuko ).       Ds Eodmndk Afdrjo boe`kstrdtos hk nor oxaoffokt stuby `c tno sulioat,

Arhthadf S`haos9 ]`eok Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, . dkb Drt Arhthahse hk Lrhtdhk ‑ . Dfborsn`t,      „Ro ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto   ( K`voelor  dkb  @at`lor ): Dkkd Dkk d L. Fo`kdrb, „Oxnhlhth`k „Oxnhlhth` k `c Crokan Crokan W`ttory dt tno h﬇dky h﬇dky Qtubh`s‘, Jordeha Qtubh`   ()9 ‑: Ehrd Obs`k, „D h﬇dky Fdep‘, Jordeha Qtubh`  ()9 : Dkkd L. Fo`kdrb, „W`ttory „W`ttory dkb W`raofdhk dt tno Wdrhs Oxp`shth`k‘, Jordeha Qtubh`  ()9 ‑.      Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff wrhthkm ds „K.K.‘ hk Ro Kdth`k  ( K`voelor ). \oprhktob hk Lrusnos whtn Nhst`ry9 ]rhthkm `k Drt cr`e  Ro Kdth`k, ‑ , ob. Wotor M. Eoyor. Kow X`rj9 Rukbor‘s E`utn Wross/Kdth`k L``js, , pp. ‑.      Aoahfhd ]dork, ]dork, „Q`eo k`tos `k tno tn o Drt `c I`nk Fd Cdrmo‘, Cdrmo‘,  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy    (Edy )9 ‑ ().      (Col Aoahfhd „Wuvhs bo Andvdkkos hk L`st`k‘,  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy    (Colrudry rudry]dork, )9 ‑.      Aoahfhd ]dork, „Q`eo K`tos `k Crokan Heprossh`khse‘,  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy   (Dprhf )9 ‑ ().      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb..      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Hlhb Hlhb..       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hk d rovhow ossdy `c  thtfob „Q`eo Wr`spoat Wr`spoatss `c E`bork E`bork Drt‘, tno k`vofhst dkb lh`mrdpnor _kd Dsnw`rtn dyf`r strossos tndt tno rodfhty tno e`bork Crokan sulioat pdhktor okbodv`urs t` bophat „eust lo d rodfhty andrdatorhstha `c hts `wk dkb k` `tnor porh`b. Fhco eust lo ropr`buaob `kfy ukbor tn`so sdfhokt c`res wnhan stdep ht ds e`bork: ht eust lo p`rtrdyob hk hts e`st poraopthlfo p`hkts `c bhvormokay cr`e tno fhco `c dff `tnor op`ans.‘ Obhklurmn \ovhow  (Iufy  (Iufy )9 ‑ ().       ]dork, „Q`eo K`tos `k Crokan Crokan Heprossh`khse Heprossh`k hse‘,‘, p. .       Hlhb Hlhb..       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .       Dfhao Eoykoff, „Whaturos cr`e tno Nhff A`ffoat A`ffoath`k‘, h`k‘,  Edmdzhko `c Drt  ()9   ()9 ‑. Qoo Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , pp. ‑.       K`tos ly Mo`rmo Cfoehkm `k d A`ffoath`k `c Whaturos ly Wr`coss`r M. A`std9 Oxnhlhtob dt tno Chko Drt Q`ahoty . F`kb`k9 Ro Chko Drt Q`ahoty, .       K.K., „Ro Qdf`k Qdf`k hk tno Andep bo Edrs‘ Edrs‘,, Kdth`k ( Iuko ): K.K., „Ro Heprossh`khsts hk F`kb`k‘, Kdth`k  ( Colrudry ). \oprhktob hk Eoyor, ob., Lrusnos whtn Nhst`ry , pp. ‑, .

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑

     K.K., „Drt „Drt hk tno Shat`rhdk Ord‘, Kdth`k  ( Iufy ), roprhktob hk Eoyor, ob., Lrusnos whtn Nhst`ry , pp. ‑. R`umn Wokkoff ndb k`tob hk dk drthafo `k Ehffdhs d a`upfo `c yodrs odrfhor tndt tnhs kdrrdthvo `c roloffh`k ndb hk cdat sorvob tno W\L rdtnor woff9 „Ro Wro-\dpndofhtos woro rolofs ‑ rolofs dmdhkst  Dadboeha a`kvokth`k dkb trdbhth`k … lut wndtovor komfoat `r hksuft wds `﬇orob t` tno w`rj `c tno Wro-\dpndofhtos wds dfwdys suro hk tno okb t` pr`vo jhkbost `c`rdbvorthsoeokts. Lottor, dctor dff, ndvo `ko‘s adffob tno dk dtr`ahty, dl`ehkdth`k, `r dky `tnor ndrbt`kdeo, tndk pdhkthkm t` ndvo dls`futofy k`tnhkm sdhb dl`ut ht‘ (K.K., „Ehffdhs‘, Kdth`k ( Dumust )9 ‑).       K.K., „Drt hk tno Shat`rhdk Ord‘. _kd Dsnw`rtn dyf`r, hk , f``jhkm ldaj dt „tno prhkahpdf codturos `c tno e`voeokt, wn`so kdthvhty hkv`fvob s` a`epfoto d andkmo hk tno hbodfs `c drt‘, roedrjs9 „Ro hbodfs tnoesofvos ‑ hbodfs `c tno whbor sa`po `c drt, `c hts p`sshlfo dppfhadth`k t` tno a`ee`k surr`ukbhkms `c bdhfy fhco: hbodfs `c tno rhmnt `c dff eok, s` cdr ds ht fhos hk tnoe, t` pdrthahpdto hk tno oki`yeokt `c tno `utwdrb cdhrkoss drt edy hepdrt t` tno mokordf okvhr`keokt ‑ dro bh﬇usob k`t `kfy de`km drthsts, lut fhjowhso de`km drthsdks dkb ndkbhardctseok, dkb ndvo c`ukb prdathadf oel`bheokt hk d whbofy sprodb systoe `c obuadth`k hk tn`so ‖fossor drts―  wnhan c`r aokturhos ndb cdffok hkt` dloydkao, `r loa`eo tno proy `c tno eoandkhadf a`pyhst‘ („E`rrhs dkb \`ssotth‘, Obhklurmn \ovhow  (Dprhf  (Dprhf )9 ‑ ().       K.K., „Drt „Drt hk tno Shat`rhdk Ord‘.       Qoo Afdrjo‘s bhsaussh`k `c tno fhco brdwhkm a`ktr`vorsy, Arhthadf S`haos , pp. ‑.      „] „]dros dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Edy ).       Dfhao Eoykoff, „]dros „]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (  ( Idkudry )9 .      Qoo Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Cokwhaj Ehffor, „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo Wdmo‘,‘, Hffustrdtob F`kb`k Kows  (   ( Iuko )9 : ( Edran )9 : ( Colrudry Colrudry )9 : ( Idkudry )9 . Dff ahtob hk Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , p. . Afdrjo bh﬇orokthdtos Cokwhaj Ehffor‘s oxafushvo c`aus `k tno \`ydf Dadboey cr`e Eoykoff‘s dkb Wokkoff‘s lr`dbor dajk`wfobmoeokt dajk`wfobmoeokt `c e`bork bovof`peokts hk drt prdathao, p`hkthkm `ut tndt „Cokwhaj Ehffor‘s a`kthkuob osp`usdf `c \D eoelorsnhp ds tno phkkdafo `c danhovoeokt c`r w`eok drthsts‘ de`uktob t` „d a`ksorvdthvo a`ksorvdthvo dfiredth`k `c tno trdbhth`kdf drt w`rfb‘ wnhan tnoy bhb k`t sndro (Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , p. ).      Dkkd Ideos`k, Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb Dlr`db .  v`fs., kb obk, F`kb`k9 Qdukbors dkb @tfoy, , v`f. , pp. ‑.       Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao, „E`bork Wdhktors‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow    ()9 ‑. Tu`tob hk Bdlly, „Coedfo Arhthas‘, p. .      Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao, „Ro Obuadth`k dkb Oepf`yeokt `c ]`eok‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow     (Iufy ( Iufy )9 ‑ ().      O. C. Offot Offot,, ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos . F`kb`k9 \handrb Loktfoy, , p. v.       Dtnokdoue ( Boaoelor )9 .

 

K`tos t` pdmos ‑ 



      Offot, ]`eok Drthsts , pp. ‑, ‑.       Offok A. Afdyt`k, Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts,  v`fs. F`kb`k9 hksfoy Lr`tnors, , v`f. , p. .       Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. , , ‑. Qoo v`fueo  c`r khkotooktn-aoktury coedfo drthsts.       Afdyt`k, Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts , v`f. , p. . ]drrh`rs. rs. F`kb`k9 hksfoy Lr`tnors, , pp. ‑.       Offok A. Afdyt`k, Coedfo ]drrh`       ‑. Nofok Yheeork, „Ro ]`rj ]`rj `c Ehss Lossho W`ttor‘, W`ttor‘,  Edmdzhko `c  ()9 ` c Drt  ()9       Qoo Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , pp. ‑, ‑.       Qoo hlhb, hlhb, pp. ‑, ‑. ‑.      „]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (   ( Dumust ). Qoo dfs` Cokwhaj Ehffor‘s foss p`shthvo rovhow `c tno ]`eok‘s Luhfbhkm, „Drt hk tno ]`edk‘s Qoath`k‘, Drt I`urkdf  ()9  ()9 xhh‑xvh.       ]dork, „Q`eo K`tos `k Crokan Crokan Heprossh`khse Heprossh`k hse‘,‘, p. .      K.K., „Ro Heprossh`kh Heprossh`khsts sts hk F`kb`k‘, Kdth`k ( Colrud Colrudry ry ). \oprhktob hk Eoyor, ob., Lrusnos whtn Nhst`ry , pp. ‑.       Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff, Andutduqudk  ()9 .      Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff, „Drt „Drt dkb ]`eok‘, ]`eok‘, Kdth`k ( Iuko ). \oprhktob hk Eoyor, ob., Lrusnos whtn Nhst`ry , pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Shrmhkhd ]``fc,  Er Lokkott dkb Ers Lr`wk. F`kb`k9 Ro N`mdrtn Wross, , p. .      Fhkbd K`anfhk, „]ny Ndvo Roro Look K` Mrodt ]`eok Drthsts0‘ Drthsts0 ‘ D\kows   (Idkudry )9 ‑, ‑.  

A`kafush`k    Ndkkdn Fdwrdkao, Fdwrdkao, „@ur Ophf`muo Ophf`muo `k L``js9 Drt‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow     (Dprhf )9 ‑ (). Fhjowhso, hk nor vhow, w`eok woro k`t lost sorvob ly sopdrdthst nhst`rhos `c coedfo drt, suan ds Ofhzdlotn Offot‘s ]`eok Drthsts hk dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos , pulfhsnob tw` yodrs fdtor hk , lut woro lottor iubmob df`kmshbo tnohr edfo poors, hk a`epdrhs`k whtn wn`e tnoy w`ufb k`t lo c`ukb  wdkthkm Qoo Bdlly Bdlly,, „Coedfo „Coedfo Arhthas‘, Arhthas‘, pp. ‑.    Qoo Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , pp. ‑.    Cf`rokao Cokwhaj Ehffor, Ehffor, „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo‘, Wdmo‘, Hffustrdtob F`kb`k Kows  (   ( Colrudry )9 . Tu`tob hk Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , p. . Qoo Afdrjo‘s bhsaussh`k `c tno a`ktr`vorshdf hssuo `c sopdrdto coedfo oxnhlhth`ks, pp. ‑, dkb ﬇.    Wdao   Dkkd Ideos`k, wn` shxty yodrs odrfhor ndb drmuob, iust ds vhm`r`usfy, „H  whsn t` a`eldt hk ovory wdy tndt `ct-ropodtob lut e`st cdfso a`epfheokt uktnhkjhkmfy pdhb t` w`eok, tndt mokhus hs `c k` sox‘ (Ideos`k, Shshts dkb Qjotanos , v`f. , p. ).    D._., „Drt „Drt dkb Drthst Drthsts‘, s‘, Qtdr  (  ( Iuko )9 . Tu`tob hk Afdrjo, Arhthadf S`haos , p. .    Qoo Idk Edrsn dkb Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk, Wro-\dpndofhto ]`eok Drthsts . F`kb`k9 Rdeos & Nubs` Nubs`k, k, .

 

  

K`tos t` pdmos ‑

    @sadr ]hfbo, ]hfbo, „Ro Arhtha ds Drthst‘, Drthst‘, hk A`epfoto ]`rjs `c @sadr ]hfbo , hktr`buaob ly Syvydk Syvydk N`ffdkb. F`kb`k9 Ndrpor A`ffhks, , pp. ‑.     I`dk Qa`tt, „Cdktdsy „Cdktdsy Oan`9 Nhst`ry Nhst`ry dkb tno A`kstruath`k `c Hbokthty‘, Hbokthty‘, Arhthadf Hkquhry     (]hktor )9 ‑ (‑).     \`lort Lr`wkhkm, „Hkdppronoks „Hkdppronokshvokoss‘, hvokoss‘, \`lort Lr`wkhkm9 Ro W`oes , S`fueo   HH , ob. I`nk Wotthmrow, suppfoeoktob dkb a`epfotob ly R`eds I. A`ffhks. Ndre`kbsw`rtn, Ehbbfosox9 Wokmuhk, Wokmuhk, , pp. ‑.      Ardry, oankhquos `c tno @lsorvor , p. .       Sork`k Foo, „D W`stsarhpt `k \usjhk‘, K`rtn Deorhadk \ovhow   (K`voelor )9 ‑ (, ).      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.      Hlhb Hlhb., ., pp. ‑.       Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .      Hlhb Hlhb., ., p. .

 

 

Lhlfh`mrdpny 

 Diedr-]`ffnohe, Edrtd dkb Cf`rd Bokkhs, obs.  Dt N`eo hk \okdhssdkao Htdfy .  Diedr-] F`kb`k, S&D Wulfhadth`ks, , p. .  Dfhquhs. „Drt „Drt Arhthas `c `bdy‘, Drt I`urkdf  (Iufy  (Iufy )9 .  Dfthaj, \handrb B. Ro Wrosokao `c tno Wrosokt9 `phas `c tno Bdy hk tno Shat`rhdk K`vof . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, . „Dk Deorhadk Deor hadk dfjs dfjs dl`ut d l`ut Drt‘, Edmdzhko `c Drt     (Edy )9 ‑. ZDk`k.U „O. C. Offot, ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos ‘,‘,  Dtnokdoue  ( Boaoelor )9 .   „Offok Afdyt`k,  ( Dumust\ovhow   ( )9  . Coedfo  Drt I`urkdf  Ro Okmfhsn \okdhssdkao `c Drthsts  Drt hk‘,‘,Crdkao  „OehfhdA.Bhfjo, ‘,‘, ]ostehkstor    (Dprhf )9 ‑.   „Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt‘, Drt‘, Lrhthsn dkb C`rohmk \ovhow    ()9 .   „Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt‘, Drt‘, Moktfoedk‘s Edmdzhko   k.s.  ()9 .   „Ro ]dros `c Dut`fyaus‘, Wdff Edff Mdzotto  (Edy  (Edy ‑Boaoelor ).  Drestr`km, Hs`lof. Hs`lof. Shat`rhdk Mfdssw`rfbs9 Mfdss Aufturo dkb tno Hedmhkdth`k ‑  . @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .  Drk`fb, Edttnow. Edttnow. Ro A`epfoto Wr`so ]`rjs `c Edttnow Drk`fb , ob. \. N. Qupor.  Dkk Drl`r9 _khvorshty _khvorshty `c Ehanhmdk Ehanhmdk Wross, Wross, ‑. Kdth`k9 Ro Odstfdjos dkb tno  Dvory-Tudsn,  D vory-Tudsn, Qusdkkd Qusdkkd dkb Iufho Qnofb`k. Drt c`r tno Kdth`k9 Shat`rhdk Drt ]`rfb . F`kb`k9 Ro Kdth`kdf Mdffory A`epdky, . Ldbokh, Iuko. Ro Qfokbor roo9 D Fhco `c Dfhao Eoykoff . Wdbst`w, A`rkwdff9 dll N`uso, . Ldrtnos, \`fdkb. Adeord Fuahbd9 \o﬌oath`ks `c Wn`t`mrdpny . trdks. \handrb N`wdrb. Kow X`rj9 Nhff, . Lokidehk, ]dftor. „Ro dsj `c tno rdksfdt`r‘, hk Hffuehkdth`ks , ob. Ndkkdn  Drokbt, trdks. Ndrry Ndrry Y`nk. F`kb`k9 Whefha`, , , pp. ‑. Loroks`k, Lorkdrb. Dranhvo. Shffd H dtth, Cf`rokao.   Ro Cf`rokthko Wdhktors `c tno \okdhssdkao . Kow X`rj, . Qofc-W`rtrdht dht cr`e nor Fottors dkb Bhdrhos , ob. Loroks`k, Edry.  Edry Loroks`k9 D Qofc-W`rtr Ldrldrd Qtrdanoy dkb Idyko Qdeuofs. F`kb`k9 Shat`r M`ffdkaz, . Lndlnd, N`eh J. Ro F`adth`k `c Aufturo . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, . 

 

  

Lhlfh`mrdpny 

L`nk, Ldlotto. „Ro Dkthquo Nor`hkos `c Ofhsdlottd Qhrdkh‘, \okdhssdkao Qtubhos     ()9 ‑. Lrdbb`k, Edry Ofhzdlotn. Fdby Dubfoy‘s Qoarot , ob. Iokky L`urko dyf`r. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, . Lr`ktê, Dkko. Ro okdkt `c ]hfbcoff Ndff , ob. Qtovho Bdvhos. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, . Oyro , ob. \handrb I. Lr`ktê, Andrf`tto. Idko Oyro  I . Bukk. Kow X`rj X`rj dkb F`kb`k9 ]. ]. ]. K`rt`k & A`epdky, .   Shffotto , ob. Edrj Fhffy Fhff y dkb `ky `ky dkkor. dkkor. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, . Lr`wk, Dfhs`k. „Sork`k Foo dkb tno \okdhssdkao9 Cr`e Lurajndrbt t` Loroks`k‘, hk Shat`rhdk dkb Obwdrbhdk \osp`ksos t` tno Htdfhdk \okdhssdkao , ob. I`nk Odst`k Fdw dkb Foko Þstoredrj-I`ndksok. Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9  Dsnmdto, . Lr`wkhkm, \`lort. Ro W`oes, S`fueo HH , ob. I`nk Wotthmrow, suppfoeoktob dkb a`epfotob ly R`eds I. A`ffhks. Ndre`kbsw`rtn, Ehbbfosox9 Wokmuhk, . Lrys`k, K`redk. Shsh`k dkb Wdhkthkm9 Ro F`mha `c tno Mdzo . Kow Ndvok9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, . Lurbott, Adr`fyk. „Hktr`buath`k9 Wsyan`f`my/Dostnothas hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury‘, Wsyan`f`my/Dostnothas hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury , 9 Hktorbhsahpfhkdry    () nttp9//.llj.da.uj/hkbox. Qtubhos hk tno F`km Khkotooktn Aoktury  

pnp//hssuo/vhow/. pnp//hssuo/vhow/.   „‖Ro sulioathvo hkshbo us adk turk hkt` tno `lioathvo `utshbo―9 Sork`k Foo‘s Foo‘s Wsyan`f`mhadf Dostnothas‘, Wsyan`f`my/Dostnothas hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury, 9 Hktorbhsahpfhkdry Qtubhos hk tno F`km Khkotooktn Aoktury      () nttp9//. llj.da.uj/hkbox.pnp//hssuo/vhow/.. llj.da.uj/hkbox.pnp//hssuo/vhow/ Adhko, Ldrldrd. „E`tnorhkm Coehkhse/E`tnorhkm Coehkhsts9 \dy Qtrdanoy dkb Ro Aduso ‘,‘, ]`eok‘s Nhst`ry \ovhow  ,  ,  ()9 ‑. Adffa`tt, Edrhd. Ossdys `wdrbs tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm . F`kb`k9 Obwdrb E`x`k, . Adrtwrhmnt, Iufhd. Lodtrhao b‘Osto, Buanoss `c Ehfdk ‑9 D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt dkb Q`ks: Kow X`rj9 O. W. Butt`k dkb A`., .

  Anrhsthkd Bokedrj, Buanoss `c Ehfdk dkb F`rrdhko ‑. F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy,`c.   Hsdloffd b‘Osto, Edranh`koss `c Edktud ‑9 D Qtuby `c tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, . Adstords, Q. W. „‖Ro Koaosshty `c d Kdeo―9 W`rtrdydfs dkb Lotrdydfs `c Shat`rhdk  ]`eok  ] `eok Drthsts‘, hk Mokbor dkb Bhsa`urso hk Shat`rhdk Drt dkb Fhtordturo , ob.  D. N. Ndrrhs`k dkb L. dyf`r dyf`r.. BoJdfl9 K`rtnork Hffhk`hs _khvorshty Wro Wross, ss, , pp. ‑. Anorry, Bol`rdn. Loy`kb tno Crdeo9 Coehkhse dkb Shsudf Aufturo, Lrhtdhk ‑  . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, .   Wdhkthkm ]`eok9 Shat`rhdk ]`eok Drthsts . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, .

 

Lhlfh`mrdpny   

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Anorry, Bol`rdn, dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj. „]`edk ds Qhmk hk Wro-\dpndofhto Fhtordturo9 D Qtuby `c tno \oprosoktdth`k `c Ofhzdlotn Qhbbdff‘,  Drt Nhst`ry   ,  (Iuko, ( Iuko, )9 ‑. Afdrjo, Eodmndk. Arhthadf S`haos9 ]`eok dkb Drt Arhthahse hk Lrhtdhk ‑ .  Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, Dsnmdto, . Aufturdf df   „Kow ]`edk `k Mrul Qtroot9 Drt hk tno Ahty‘, hk Mhsshkm dkb tno Ahty9 Auftur Arhshs dkb tno Edjhkm `c L``js hk Fdto-Shat`rhdk Okmfdkb , ob. I`nk Qphors. Wdfmrdvo Edaehffdk, , pp. ‑.   „ „rdksfdth rdksfdthkm km Kubus9 Kubus9 E`borkhty dkb tno Lrhthsn Dadboey‘ Dadboey‘ss Kow Af`tnos‘, hk

Arhthadf Oxandkmo9 Drt Arhthahse `c tno Ohmntooktn dkb Khkotooktn Aokturhos hk \usshd dkb d kb ]ostork ]ostork Our`po , ob. Adr`f Dbfde dkb Iufhot Qheps`k. Lork9 Wotor Fdkm, , pp. ‑. Afdyt`k, Offok A. Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts . F`kb`k9 hksfoy Lr`tnors, . ]drrh`rs.s. F`kb`k9 hksfoy   Coedfo ]drrh`r hksfoy Lr`tnors, . Afh﬇`rb, Obwdrb. Lr`dbfdkbs ds Ht ]ds . F`kb`k9 prhvdtofy prhktob, . A`boff, Iufho. „]nok Drt Nhst`rhdks _so Worh`bhadfs9 Eotn`b`f`my dkb Eodkhkm‘, Shat`rhdk Worh`bhadfs \ovhow  ,  ,  (Cdff )9 ‑. A`fly, Shkotd. Sork`k Foo9 D Fhtordry Lh`mrdpny . Andrf`ttosvhffo dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Shrmhkhd Wross, . A``por, \`lyk. „‖Ro Ar`wkhkm Mf`ry `c Whsd―9 Khkotooktn-Aoktury \odath`ks t` tno Adep` Qdkt`‘, Htdfhdk Qtubhos     ()9 ‑. A`rlott, Edry Iodk. \oprosokthkm Coehkhkhty9 Ehbbfo-Afdss Qulioathvhty hk Shat`rhdk dkb Obwdrbhdk ]`eok‘s Dut`lh`mrdpnhos . @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, . A`stoff`o, Edry ]nhtdff. „Ro Kow dkb tno @fb Drt Arhthahse‘, Khkotooktn Aoktury  (Edy  (Edy )9 ‑. Ardhj, Bhkdn Euf`aj. @fhvo dkb Ro Ndfc-Adsto , ob. A`rd Jdpfdk. @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, . Ardry, I`kdtndk. oankhquos `c tno @lsorvor9 @k Shsh`k dkb E`borkhty hk tno Khkotooktn Aoktury . Adelrhbmo, Edss., dkb F`kb`k9 EH Wross, . Aruttwoff, Edub. Chro dkb Cr`st . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, .    D Muhbo t` tno Wdhkthkms hk tno Anuranos dkb Ehk`r Eusoues `c Cf`rokao9 D Arhthadf Adtdf`muo whtn Tu`tdth`ks cr`e Sdsdrh . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt & A`epdky: Kow X`rj9 X`rj9 O. W. Butt`k Butt `k & A`. .    D  Daadboehd9 Muhbo t` tnoD Arhthadf WdhkthkmsAdtdf`muo hk tno Cf`rokthko tnoSdsdrh  _fizh, tno Whtth, tno whtn Tu`tdth`ks Tu`tdMdfforhos th`ks cr`e Sdsdrh  . F`kb`k9 I. E. Bokt & A`epdky: Kow X`rj9 O. W. Butt`k & A`., . Bdlly,, Lokidehk. „Coedfo Arhthas dkb Wulfha E`rdfhse hk Lrhtdhk cr`e Dkkd Ideos`k Bdlly t` Shrmhkhd ]``fc ‘ ‘.  _kpulfhsnob WnB tnoshs, _khvorshty `c Adelrhbmo, . Bdvhb, Bohrbro. Hktoffoatudf ]`eok dkb Shat`rhdk Wdtrhdrany9 Ndrrhot Edrthkodu, Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott Lr`wkhkm, Mo`rmo Ofh`t . F`kb`k9 Edaehffdk, . Bdvhs, Kdtdfho Yoe`k. „‖]`eok‘s Nhst`ry― hk rdkshth`k9 Ro Our`podk Adso‘, Coehkhst Qtubhos  ,  , / (Qprhkm/Queeor )9 ‑. bo L`ffd, Wotor. Ro Obuadth`k `c tno Oyo9 Wdhkthkm, Fdkbsadpo, dkb Dranhtoaturo hk Ohmntooktn-Aoktury Lrhtdhk. Qtdkc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .

 

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Lhlfh`mrdpny 

Bhfjo, Oehfhd. Drt hk tno E`bork Qtdto . F`kb`k9 Andpedk dkb Ndff, .   „Lokofflt Q`ahothos dkb rdbos _kh`ks _kh`ks c`r ]`eok‘, C`rtkhmntfy \ovhow   k.s.  (Iuko )9 ‑.   Ro L``j `c tno Qphrhtudf Fhco , hkafubhkm d Eoe`hr `c tno dutn`r ly Qhr Andrfos Bhfjo. F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, .   Crokan Dranhtoats dkb Qaufpt`rs `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, .   Crokan Okmrdvors dkb Brdumntseok `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, .   Crokan Curkhturo dkb Boa`rdth`k hk tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury. F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, . Wdhktors `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff & Q`ks, .   Crokan Wdhktors   „]`edk Qu﬇rdmo hk Okmfdkb‘, K`rtn Deorhadk \ovhow    (Colrudry )9 ‑. ]`edk. F`kb`k9 Eotnuok, . Bhx`k, Offd Nopw`rtn. Ro Qt`ry `c d E`bork ]`edk Odstfdjo, Ofhzdlotn. Chvo Mrodt Wdhktors .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 F`kmedks, Mrook dkb A`., .   „Mh`vdkkh E`roffh9 Ro Wdtrh`t dkb Arhtha‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow    (Iufy )9 ‑.    I`urkdfs dkb A`rrosp`kbokao `c Fdby Odstfdjo , ob. Andrfos Odstfdjo Qehtn.  v`fs., F`kb`k9 Eurrdy, . \ovhow     „Fhco dkb ] `rjs `c I`nk R`rvdfbsok R`rvdfbso k‘, Obhklurmn   (Iufy ( Iufy )9 ‑.   „Wn`t`mrdpny‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow     (Dprhf )9 ‑. Obs`k, Ehrd. „D h﬇dky h﬇dky Fdep‘, Jordeha Qtubh`  ()9 . Ohsfor,, A`fhk. „Fdby Bhfjo (‑)9 Ro Qhx fhvos Ohsfor f hvos `c dk Drt Nhst`rhdk Nhst`rhdk‘,‘, hk ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑, ob. Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk dkb  Dbofoo E. N`fa`el  Dbof N`fa`el.. ]ostp`rt, ]ostp`rt, A`kk.9 A`kk.9 Mrookw Mrookw``b, ``b, , , pp. ‑ ‑.. Ofh`t, Mo`rmo. Ossdys `c Mo`rmo Ofh`t , ob. R`eds Whkkoy. F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo dkb Jomdk Wduf, .   Mo`rmo Ofh`t9 Qofoatob Ossdys, W`oes dkb @tnor ]rhthkms , ob. D. Q. Lydtt dkb Khan`fds ]drrok. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, .   Ro Mo`rmo Ofh`t Fottors , ob. M`rb`k Q. Ndhmnt.  v`fs., Kow Ndvok9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, ‑.   RoAdelrhbmo ob. Edrmdrot Ndrrhs dkb Iubhtn I`nkst`k. I`urkdfs `c Mo`rmo Wross, Ofh`t , . _khvorshty    Ehbbfoedran. Ndre`kbsw`rtn, Ehbbfosox Ehbbfosox99 Wokmuhk, .   \`e`fd , ob. Dkbrow Lr`wk. @xc`rb9 Afdrokb`k Wross, . Offot, O. C. ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos . F`kb`k9 \handrb Loktfoy, . Ofsbok, Dkkdedrhd C`rehboffd. \`edk Covor9 B`eosthahty dkb Kdth`kdfhse hk Atn  Deorhadk ]`eok `eok‘s‘s ]rhthkm . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, . Oedkuof, Dkmofd, ob.  D Lrhmnt \oeoelrdkao9 Ro Bhdrhos `c Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, ‑. F`kb`k9 ]ohbokcofb & Kha`fs`k, . Orkstr`e, Dbofo E. „Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo‘s Nhst`ry `c @ur F`rb ds oxoepfhfflob hk w`rjs `c drt 9 Ro`f`my, Drt dkb Dostnotha \odath`k‘,  Drt Nhst`ry   ,  (Qoptoelor )9 ‑.

 

Lhlfh`mrdpny   

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Ovdkmofhstd, Qtocdk`. „Sork`k Foo hk tno Sdthadk9 Ro _kodsy Dffhdkao `c  Dostnothahse dkb Drando`f`my Drando`f`my‘,‘, Shat`rhdk Qtubhos   ,  (Dutuek )9 ‑. Ovdks, Ofhzdlotn C. „‖]o Dro Wn`t`mrdpnors, K`t E`uktoldkjs!―9 Qpoatdafo, A`eeorahdf Qpdao, dkb tno Kow Wulfha ]`edk‘, hk  Dey Fovy9 Arhthadf Ossdys, ob. Kd`eh Notnorhkmt`k dkb Kdbhd Sdfedk. Sdfedk. Dtnoks9 Dtnok s9 @nh` _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑. Coftos,Wross, K. K.  E`bos `c Wr`buath`k `c Shat`rhdk K`vofs.  _khvorshty `c Anhadm` . Corrumhd, Moeed. ]`edk‘s C`ffy , trdks. Nofok Yheeork, hktr`. Obeukb M`sso. F`kb`k9 Nohkoedkk, . Chofb, Ehandof. Qhmnt dkb Q`km . F`kb`k9 Ofjhk Edtnows dkb I`nk Fdko, . Sorsos . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff & Q`ks, .   _kborkodtn tno L`umn9 D L``j `c Sorsos    ]`rjs dkb Bdys,  v`fs.  dkb . Es. Lrhthsn Fhlrdry, Dbb. Es.  ():  Dbb. Es. .   ]`rjs dkb Bdys9 Cr`e tno I`urkdf `c Ehandof Chofb , ob. . dkb B. A. Qturmo E``ro. F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, . Cfoehkm, Mo`rmo. K`tos ly Mo`rmo Cfoehkm `k d A`ffoath`k `c Whaturos ly Wr`coss`r M. A`std9 Oxnhlhtob dt tno Chko Drt Q`ahoty . F`kb`k9 Ro Chko Drt Q`ahoty . C`rb, A`fhk.  Iufhd Edrmdrot Adeor`k9 D Arhthadf Lh`mrdpny . I. Wduf Motty rust Wulfhadth`ks, Wulfhad th`ks, „@c . C`uaduft, Ehanof. @tnor Qpdaos‘, Bhdarhthas  (Qprhkm  (Qprhkm )9 ‑.   Ro @rbor `c Rhkms9 Dk Drando`f`my `c tno Nuedk Qahokaos . F`kb`k9 dvhst`aj Wulfhadth`ks, Wulfhad th`ks, . Fdbhoss‘ rodsur rodsury  y   Crdkahs, Ofhzd ]drrok. „Obht`rhdf‘, Fdbho   (). Crdsor, Nhfdry. „]`eok dkb tno Okbs `c Drt Nhst`ry9 Shsh`k dkb A`rp`rodfhty hk Khkotooktn-Aoktury Arhthadf Bhsa`urso Bhsa`urso‘,‘, Shat`rhdk Qtubhos  ,   ,  (Dutuek /)9 ‑. Mdrrdrb, Edry B.  Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh9 Ro Hedmo `c tno Coedfo Nor` Hk Htdfhdk Ldr`quo Drt . Wrhkaot`k _khvorshty Wross, .    Drtoehshd Mokthfosanh dr`ukb 9 Ro Qndphkm dkb \osndphkm `c dk Drthstha Hbokthty . Lorjofoy dkb F`kb`k9 _khv _khvorshty orshty `c Adfhc`rkhd Wross, . Mroor, Moredhko. Ro @lstdafo \dao9 Ro C`rtukos `c ]`eok Wdhktors dkb tnohr ]`rj . F`kb`k9 ]ohbokcofb & Kha`fs`k, . Mr`sz, Ofhzdlotn. „Qoxudf Bh﬇orokao dkb tno Wr`lfoe `c Ossokthdfhse‘, hk Ro Ossokthdf Bh﬇orokao9 Dk`tnor F``j dt Ossokthdfhse, ob. Kd`eh Qan`r dkb Ofhzdlotn ]oob. Lf``ehkmt`k9 Hkbhdkd _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑. Mukk, Wotor. Sork`k Foo9 Sh`fot Wdmot, ‑ . F`kb`k9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, . Mukkhkm, `e. „Ro Ahkoed `c Dttrdath`ks9 Odrfy Chfe, hts Qpoatdt`r, dkb tno Dvdkt-Mdrbo‘, hk R`eds Ofsdossor, ob., Odrfy Ahkoed9 Qpdao, Crdeo, Kdrrdthvo. F`kb`k9 LCH, , pp. ‑. Ndff, Iufho O. „‖A`ehkm t` Our`po―, A`ehkm t` Dutn`rsnhp9 Q`pnhd Ndwtn`rko dkb nor K`tos hk Okmfdkb dkb Htdfy‘, Fomday9 D I`urkdf `c Deorhadk ]`eok ]rhtors  ,  ,  (Iuko )9 ‑.

 

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Lhlfh`mrdpny 

Ndwtn`rko, Kdtnd Kdtndkhof. khof. Ro Edrlfo Cduk, ob. Qusdk Edkkhkm. @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .   @ur @fb N`eo, dkb Okmfhsn K`tol``js ,  v`fs., tn obk. L`st`k9 N`umnt`k Ehflhk A`epdky, . ]`rbs9 Ro W`othas `c Ojpnrdshs cr`e N`eor t` No﬇orkdk, Ideos D. ]. Eusoue `c ]`rbs9  Dsnlory . _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, .   „Qpodjhkm c`r Whaturos‘, ]`rb dkb Hedmo  ,  ,  (Idkudry‑Edran )9 ‑. Nor`k, SdfWrosokt  ]hffhdes.  Hffuehkdth`ks9 ]`eok ]rhthkm `k ]rhthkm `Wross, k Wn`t`mrdpny tnoFhz, sdkb t` tno . Burnde, K.A.9 Bujo _khvorshty . cr`e N`fa`el, D. E. „Dkkd Ideos`k9 Ro Chrst Wr`cossh`kdf Okmfhsn Drt Nhst`rhdk‘,  Drt Nhst`ry     ()9 ‑.   „Dkkd Ideos`k Ideos`k (‑)9 Qdarob Drt dkb Q`ahdf Shsh`k‘, Shsh`k‘, hk ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑, ob. Afdhro \hantor Qnoredk whtn  Dbofo E. N`fa`el. N`fa`el. ]ostp`rt, A`kk., dkb F`kb`k9 Mrookw``b Mrookw``b Wross, Wross, . N`whtt, Dkkd Edry. „Ro Qhstors hk Drt‘, Ro Hffustrdtob Oxnhlht`r dkb Edmdzhko `c  Drt     ()9 ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑, ‑. Aufturo. Kow X`rj dkb Hsrdof, Jdfh. Kdeos dkb Qt`rhos9 Oehfhd Bhfjo dkb Shat`rhdk Aufturo. @xc`rb9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .   „Ro \os`uraos `c Qtyfo9 Crdkahs Wdtths`k hk @xc`rb‘, \dbhadf Nhst`ry \ovhow     ()9 ‑.   „Qtyfo, Qtrdtomy, dkb Qofc-Arodth`k tno Lrukswhaj9 Fhco `c Oehfhd Bhfjo‘,_khvorshty hk A`kstruath`ks `c tnoQtrdtomy, Qofc ,  ob. Mo`rmo Fovhko. hk Kow \utmors Wross, 9 ‑. \okdhssd kao Shrtu`sd9 ]`edk ]`edk Drthsts dkb tno Fdkmudmo Fdk mudmo  Ida`ls, Cr Crobrhjd. obrhjd. Bofflkhkm tno \okdhssdkao `c Drt Nhst`ry dkb Arhthahse. Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, .  Ideos`k, Dkkd. „Dkbrod „Dkbrod Edktomkd‘, Edktomkd‘, Wokky Edmdzhko     ()9 . \oprhktob hk  Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors dkb `c tno Wr`mross `c ` c Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy . kb obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , ‑.   Fottors `c Dkkd Ideos`k t` @tthfho v`k M`otno , ob. M. N. Koobfor. F`kb`k, Kow  X`rj,  X `rj, `r`kt`9 @xc`rb _khv _khvorshty orshty Wross, Wross, . Wdhktors dkb `c tno Wr`mross Wr`mross `c Wdhkthkm Wdhkthkm hk Htdfy. Htdfy. kb obk,    Eoe`hrs `c Odrfy Htdfhdk Wdhktors F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, .   Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb Dlr`db .  v`fs., kb obk, F`kb`k9 Qdukbors dkb @tfoy, .  Idy,, Edrthk. C`rao Chofbs9 Lotwook Hktoffoatudf Nhst`ry dkb Aufturdf Arhthquo . Kow  Idy  X`rj9  X `rj9 \`utfobmo, \`utfobmo, .   „Qa`pha \omheos `c E`borkhty E`borkhty‘,‘, hk Shsh`k dkb Shsudfhty , ob. Ndf C`stor. Qodttfo9 Ldy Wross/Bhd Drt C`ukbdth`k, , pp. ‑. Shat`rhdk, Coehkhst, ]`edk `c Fottors . Dfborsn`t,  I`nkst`k, Iubhtn. Iubhtn. Dkkd Ideos`k9 Shat`rhdk, Ndkts.9 Qa`fdr, .   Shat`rhdk ]`eok dkb tno Oa`k`ehos `c rdvof, rdksfdth`k dkb Aufturo, ‑  . Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, .  I`nkst`k, Iubhtn Iubhtn dkb Nhfdry Crdsor Crdsor.. „Ro Wr`cossh`kdfhzdth`k Wr`cossh`kdfhzdth`k `c ]`eok ]`eok‘‘s ]rhthkm9 ]rhthkm9 Oxtokbhkm tno Adk`k‘, hk ]`eok dkb Fhtordturo hk Lrhtdhk ‑, ob.  I`dkko Qndtt`aj. Qndtt`aj. Adelrhbmo _khvorshty _khvorshty Wross, Wross, , pp. ‑. ‑.

 

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]`edk ]rhtor  ]rhtor . A`fuelus9 Jdkwht, I`nk Wduf E. Shat`rhdk Drt Arhthahse dkb tno ]`edk @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, . Joffy, I`dk. ]`eok, Nhst`ry dkb Ro`ry9 Ro Ossdys `c I`dk Joffy . Anhadm` dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wro Wross, ss, . ]`rjs `c Foththd Ofhzdlotn Fdkb`k F dkb`k Fdkb`k, Foththd Ofhzdlotn (F.O.F.). Ro W`othadf ]`rjs (F.O.F.), ob. ]hffhde L. Qa`tt. F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo \`utfobmo & Q`ks, kb. Fdwrdkao, Ndkkdn. „Ro Obuadth`k dkb Oepf`yeokt `c ]`eok‘, Lrhthsn   (Iufy   ( Iufy )9Lrhthsn ‑.Tudrtorfy \ovhow   Tudrtorfy \ovhow    „Fomokbs `c tno e`kdstha `rbors‘,   ()9 ‑.   „Ro Edkanostor Oxnhlhth` Oxnhlhth`k k‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow     ()9 ‑.   „E`bork Wdhktors‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow     ()9 ‑.   „@ur Ophf`muo `k L``js9 Drt‘, Lrhthsn Tudrtorfy \ovhow     (Dprhf )9 ‑. Foo, Sork`k.  Dftnod9 D Qoa`kb L``j `c Bhdf`muos `k Dsphrdth`ks dkb Buthos . F`kb`k9 @sm``b, EaHfvdhko & A`., .   Lofadr`9 Lohkm Ossdys `k Qukbry Dostnothadf Tuosth`ks . F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, .   Oupn`rh`k9 Lohkm Qtubhos `c tno Dkthquo dkb tno Eobhdovdf hk tno \okdhssdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 . Chsnor _kwhk, .    Iuvokhfhd9 Lohkm d Qoa`kb Qorhos `c Ossdys `k Qukbry Dostnothadf Tuosth`ks .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 . . Chsnor _kwhk, .   Fdurus K`lhfhs9 Andptors `k Drt dkb Fhco . F`kb`k9 I`nk Idko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, .   Fhel`, dkb @tnor Ossdys . F`kb`k9 Mrdkt \handrbs, .    Ehss Lr`wk.  v`fs., Obhklurmn9 ]hffhde Lfdajw``b Lfdajw``b dkb Q`ks, .   „D W`stsarhpt `k \usjhk‘, K`rtn Deorhadk \ovhow  (K`voelor,  (K`voelor, )9 ‑.   Ro Qoktheoktdf rdvoffor9 K`tos `k Wfdaos.  F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, .   Ro Qphrht `c \`eo9 Fodvos cr`e d Bhdry . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, .   Qtubhos `c tno Ohmntooktn Aoktury hk Htdfy . F`kb`k9 ]. Qdtanoff dkb A`., . Foo, Sork`k, dkb Afoeokthkd Dkstrutnor-R`es`k. Loduty dkb _mfhkoss dkb @tnor Qtubhos hk Wsyan`f`mhadf Dostnothas . F`kb`k9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, . Focovoro, Dkbrè. „rdksfdth`k9 Hts Mokodf`my hk tno ]ost‘, hk rdksfdth`k, Nhst`ry dkb Aufturo , ob. Qusdk Ldsskott dkb Dkbrè Focovoro. F`kb`k9 Whktor, . Fohmnt`k, Dkmofd. Shat`rhdk ]`eok W`ots9 ]rhthkm Dmdhkst tno Nodrt . Lrhmnt`k9 Ndrvostor, . Fo`kdrb, Dkkd L. „Oxnhlhth`k `c Crokan W`ttory dt tno h﬇dky Qtubh`s‘, Jordeha Qtubh`  ()9 ‑.   „W`ttory dkb W`raofdhk dt tno Wdrhs Oxp`shth` Oxp`shth`k k‘, Jordeha Qtubh`  ()9 ‑. Fovy, Dey. Ro \`edkao `c d Qn`p. Adelrhbmo9 Lfdaj Dp`ff` Wross, . Fow, Fdurho Jdko. „Aufturdf Dkxhoty hk Dkkd Ideos`k‘s Drt Arhthahse‘, Qtubhos hk Okmfhsn Fhtordtur Fhtordturo  o     ()9 ‑. F`sdk`, Dkt`khd. Ro ]`edk Wdhktor hk Shat`rhdk Fhtordturo . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, .

 

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Lhlfh`mrdpny 

Fubfoy, Bdvhb D. „Dkkd Ideos`k dkb B. M. \`ssotth. Nhs _so `c Nor Nhst`rhos‘, ]`edk‘ `edk‘ss Drt D rt I`urkdf     ()9 ‑. Edndrdi, Qdrdt. „Worfflbh`us Chbofhty9 Ro _ktrdksfdtdlhfhty `c tno @tnor‘, hk Mf`ldf Shsh`ks9 `wdrbs d Kow Hktorkdth`kdfhse hk tno Shsudf Drts , ob. Iodk Chsnor. F`kb`k9 Jdfd Wross hk dss`ahdth`k whtn tno Hksthtuto `c Hktorkdth`kdf Shsudf  Drts, , pp. ‑. Edftz, Bhdkd. „Okmdmhkm ‖Bofhadto Lrdhks―9 Cr`e ]`rjhkm-Afdss Okaufturdth`k t` _ppor-Afdss Foslhdk Fhlordth`k hk Sork`k Foo dkb Jht DkstrutnorR`es`k‘s Wsyan`f`mhadf Dostnothas‘, hk ]`eok dkb Lrhthsn Dostnothahse, ob. dfhd Qand﬇or dkb Jdtny Dfoxhs Ws`ehdbos. Andrf`ttosvhffo9 _khvorshty Wross `c Shrmhkhd, , pp. ‑. Edksfflofb, Ofhzdlotn. „Shat`rhdk Hbokthty dkb tno Nhst`rhadf Hedmhkdry9 Oehfhd Bhfjo‘s Ro \okdhssdkao `c Drt hk Crdkao ‘,‘, Afh`9 D I`urkdf `c Fhtordturo, Nhst`ry dkb tno Wnhf`s`pny `c Nhst`ry  ,  ,  (]hktor )9 ‑. Edrsn, Idk. „‖Ro @fb usadk \dpturo―9 tno \osp`kso t` Htdfy dkb hts Drt hk tno  ]`rj  ] `rj `c Edrho Edrho Qpdrtdfh Qthffedk Qthffedk‘,‘, hk Dfhs`k Andpedk Andpedk dkb Idko Idko Qtdlfor Qtdlfor,, obs.,

_kc`fbhkm tno Q`utn9 Khkotooktn-Aoktury Lrhthsn ]`eok ]`eok ]rhtors ]rhtors dkb Drthsts hk Htdfy . Edkanostor _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑. Edrsn, Idk, dkb Wdeofd Morrhsn Kukk. Wro-\dpndofhto ]`eok Drthsts . F`kb`k9 Rdeos & Nubs`k, . Eorehk, B`r`tny. M`bhvd‘s \hbo9 ]`eok `c Fottors hk Okmfdkb, ‑.  Lf``ehkmt`k9 Hkbhdkd _khvorshty Wross, . Eorrhfflofb, ZEdryU. Ro Drt `c Crosa` Wdhkthkm ds Wrdathsob ly tno @fb Htdfhdk dkb

Qpdkhsn Edstors, whtn d Wrofhehkdry Hkquhry Hkt` tno Kdturo `c tno A`f`urs _sob hk Crosa` Wdhkthkm , ob. D. A. Qowtor Qowtor.. F`kb`k9 Dfoa hrdkth, . Eorrhfflofb, Edry. Bross ds d Chko Drt . F`kb`k9 Drtnur Ndff, Shrtuo, & A`., . rodthsos `k tno Drts `c Wdhkthkm  Wdhkthkm . Ehko`fd,    Eobhovdf dkb \okdhssdkao rodthsos Ehko`f d, K. X.9 X.9 B`vor Wulfhadth`ks,  (). Wulfhadth`ks,   „Ro Koob `c Qdkhtdr Qdkhtdryy Jk`wfobmo t` ]`eok‘, Bulfhk _khvorshty Edmdzhko     (Qoptoelor )9 ‑. Wrdathadf dathadf Bhroath`ks c`r c` r W`rtrdht Wdhkthkm hk ]dtor-A`f`urs  ]dtor-A`f`urs . F`kb`k9 ]hks`r dkb   Wr Kowt`k, .   \ovhow `c Ideos`k, Fomokbs `c tno Edb`kkd , Obhklurmn \ovhow    (Idkudry )9 ‑. Eosjhee`k, Edrsnd. ]`eok Edjhkm Drt9 Nhst`ry, Qulioathvhty, Dostnothas . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, . Eoyor, Wotor M., ob. Lrusnos whtn Nhst`ry9 ]rhthkm `k Drt cr`e Ro Kdth`k, ‑   . Kow X`rj9 Rukbor‘s E`utn Wross/Kdth`k L``js, . Eoykoff, Dfhao. Ossdys ly Dfhao Eoykoff . F`kb`k9 Lurks & @dtos, .   „Kowfyk‘, Drt I`urkdf  ()9  ()9 ‑.   „Whaturos cr`e tno Nhff A`ffoat A`ffoath`k‘, h`k‘, Edmdzhko `c Drt  ()9  ()9 ‑. S`fueo , ob. Croborhaj Wdmo ot df .,., whtn d lhlfh`mrdpn  Wr`so dkb W`otry9 Aoktokdry S`fueo  hadf dkb arhthadf hktr`buath`k ly S. Qdajvhffo-]ost. F`kb`k9 Adpo, .   „D Tuosth`k `c Wr`prhoty‘, dlfot  (  ( Iuko )9 ‑.

 

Lhlfh`mrdpny   

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  Ro Qphrht `c Wfdao dkb @tnor Ossdys . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 I`nk Fdko, Ro L`bfoy Nodb, .   Ro ]`rjs `c I`nk Q. Qdrmokt, \.D. ]htn dk Hktr`buat`ry K`to ly Ers Eoykoff . F`kb`k9 ]hffhde Nohkoedkk: Kow X`rj9 Andrfos Qarhlkor‘s Q`ks, . Eoykoff, Sh`fd. Dfhao Eoykoff9 D Eoe`hr . F`kb`k9 I`kdtndk Adpo, . Ehffor, Cf`rokao Cokwhaj. „Drt hk tno ]`edk‘s Qoath`k‘,  Drt I`urkdf   ()9 xhh‑xvh. Hffustrdtob dtob F`kb`k F`k b`k Kows  (   „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo Wdmo‘,‘, Hffustr  ( Iuko )9 .   „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo Wdmo‘,‘, Hffustr  ( Colrudry )9 . Hffustrdtob dtob F`kb`k F`k b`k Kows  ( Hffustrdtob dtob F`kb`k F`k b`k Kows  (   „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo Wdmo‘,‘, Hffustr  ( Edran )9 . Hffustrdtob dtob F`kb`k F`k b`k Kows  (   „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo Wdmo‘,‘, Hffustr  ( Colrudry )9 . Hffustrdtob dtob F`kb`k F`k b`k Kows  (   „Fdbhos‘ Wdmo Wdmo‘,‘, Hffustr  ( Idkudry )9 . Ehffs, Qdrd. Bhsa`ursos `c Bh﬇orokao . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, . Ehtanoff, ]. I. . Whaturo Ro`ry9 Ossdys `k Sorldf dkb Shsudf \oprosoktdth`k. Anhadm` dkb F`kb`k9 _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, . Aufturdf df Bhsa`urso9 \okom`thdthkm Mokbor E`rmdk, Rdhs O., ob. Shat`rhdk Qdmos dkb Auftur dkb W`wor . Kow Lrukswhaj9 \utmors _khvorshty Wross, . Eufvoy, Fdurd. „Shsudf Wfodsuro dkb Kdrrdthvo Ahkoed‘, Qarook  ,  (Dutuek )9 ‑. Eurpny, Adr`fhko. „Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd dkb fo Bdeo boffd Ahttç9 _kborstdkbhkm Coedfo Drthstha Wdtr`kdmo hk Fdto Qhxtooktn-Aoktury L`f`mkd‘, \okdhssdkao   ()9 ‑. Qtubhos     „Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd dkb Coedfo Coedfo Fhco Ayafo Ayafo Oxporhokao hk Fdto Qhxtooktn-Aoktury L`f`mkd‘, hk Mordfbhko D. I`nks`k dkb Qdrd C. Edttnows Mrhoa`, obs., Whaturhkm ]`eok Hk \okdhssdkao dkb Ldr`quo Htdfy . Adelrhbmo _khvorshty Wross, .   Fdvhkhd C`ktdkd9 D Wdhktor dkb nor Wdtr`ks Hk Qhxtooktn-Aoktury L`f`mkd . Kow Ndvok dkb F`kb`k9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, . Kodb, Fykbd. Ro Nduktob Mdffory9 Wdhkthkm, Wn`t`mrdpny, dkb Chfe a.  . Kow Ndvok, A`kk.9 Xdfo _khvorshty Wross, . Kowt`k, Iubhtn F`wbor. „Nhst`ry ds _sudf0 Coehkhse dkb tno ‖Kow Nhst`rhahse Nhst`rhah se―‘, ―‘, hk Ro Kow Nhst`rhahse, ob. N. Drde Soosor. Kow X`rj dkb F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, , pp. ‑. K`anfhk, Fhkbd. „]ny Ndvo Roro Look K` Mrodt ]`eok Drthsts0‘  D\kows   (Idkudry )9 ‑, ‑. tn o Shat`rhdk Drt ]`rfb  ]`rfb , Kukk, Wdeofd Morrhsn. „Arhthadffy Qpodjhkm‘, hk ]`eok hk tno ob. Afdrhssd Adeploff @rr. Edkanostor _khvorshty Wross, , pp. ‑. @fhpndkt, Edrmdrot. Ro Dut`lh`mrdpny `c Edrmdrot @fhpndkt , ob. Ofhsdlotn Idy. @xc`rb dkb Kow X`rj9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, .   Ro Rroo Lr`tnors . Kow X`rj9 B. Dppfot`k dkb A`., . Wdfeor, Adr`fhko. „A`f`ur, Anoehstry dkb A`rsots9 Edry Wnhfdbofpnhd Eorrhfflofb‘s Bross ds d Chko Drt ‘,‘, A`stueo  ,  ,  (Idkudry )9 ‑. Wdrjor, \`zshjd dkb Mrhsofbd W`ff`aj. @fb Ehstrossos9 ]`eok, Drt dkb Hbo`f`my . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo dkb Jomdk Wduf, .

 

  

Lhlfh`mrdpny 

Wdssdvdkt, I. B. `ur `c d Moredk Drthst hk Okmfdkb whtn K`thaos `c Wrhvdto Mdfforhos, dkb \oedrjs `k tno Qtdto `c Drt , trdks. ZOfhzdlotn \hmlyU.  v`fs., F`kb`k9 Qdukbors dkb @tfoy, . Wdtths`k, O. C. Q. „Drt dkb E`rdfhty‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow  k.s.   k.s.  (Idkudry )9 ‑.   „Moredhk Whf`k‘, W`rtc`fh`  ()9 ‑.   „I`nk \usjhk, Foaturos `k Drt   dkb Adtdf`muo `c Oxdepfos   (@xc`rb, )‘,  Dadboey     ( Qoptoelor )9 ‑.   Ro \okdhssdkao `c Drt hk Crdkao .  v`fs., F`kb`k9 A. Jomdk Wduf & A`., .   „Ro _so `c F``jhkm dt Whaturos‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow  k.s.  k.s.  (@at`lor., )9 ‑.   „]dftor Wdtor, Qtubhos hk tno Nhst`ry `c tno \okdhssdkao   (F`kb`k, )‘, ]ostehkstor \ovhow  k.s.  k.s.  ()9 ‑. Wokkoff, Ofhzdlotn \`lhks. „D Aoktury `c ]`eok‘s \hmnts‘, C`rtkhmntfy \ovhow     (`.s.)9  (k.s.) (Qoptoelor )9 ‑.   „Fos Drts bo fd Coeeo‘, Andutduqudk  ()9 ‑.   Andutduqudk  ()9 .   Andutduqudk  ()9 . ]`ffst`koardct . L`st`k9 \`lorts Lr`s, .   Fhco `c Edry ]`ffst`koardct    Khmnts9 \`eo, Sokhao hk tno Dostnotha Ohmnthos: F`kb`k, Wdrhs hk tno Chmnthkm Khkothos . Wnhfdbofpnhd dkb F`kb`k9 I. L. Fhpphka`tt, . Wokkoff, Ofhzdlotn \`lhks (D._.). „Drt dkb Drthsts‘, Qtdr  (  ( Iuko )9 . Wokkoff, Ofhzdlotn \`lhks (K.K.). „Ehffdhs‘, Kdth`k ( Dumust )9 ‑. Worjhk, N. Ro \hso `c Wr`cossh`kdf Q`ahoty9 Okmfdkb shkao  . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, . ]`edk `c Fottors9 Eytns `c Dutn`rsnhp dkb Cdats `c Wotors`k, Fhkbd N. Loa`ehkm d ]`edk tno Shat`rhdk Edrjot. Wrhkaot`k _khvorshty Wross, . W`ff`aj, Mrhsofbd. Bh﬇orokahkm tno Adk`k9 Coehkhst Boshro dkb tno ]rhthkm `c Drt‘s Nhst`rhos . F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, . Coehkhkhty,, Coehkhse dkb tno Nhst`rhos `c Drt . \`utfobmo9   Shsh`k dkb Bh﬇orokao9 Coehkhkhty F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj, . Wr`lyk, Ofspotn. Qoxhkm tno Qofc9 Mokborob W`shth`ks hk Aufturdf Qtubhos . F`kb`k9 \`utfobmo, . Ws`ehdbos, Jdtny Dfoxhs. „‖Qthff Lurkhkm cr`e tnhs Qtrdkmfhkm Oelrdao―9 Sork`k Foo `k Boshro dkb Dostnothas‘, hk Shat`rhdk Qoxudf Bhsshbokao , ob. \handrb Boffde`rd. _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , pp. ‑ \hmly, Ofhzdlotn. „Ro Drt `c Bross‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow     ()9 ‑.   „Fdby rdvoffors‘, Tudrtorfy \ovhow     (Iuko ( Iuko )9 ‑.   Fottors cr`e tno Qn`ros `c tno Ldftha.  kb obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, , pp. ‑. \htanho, Dkko Rdajordy.  Ehss Dkmof Dkb Cufnde Fdwk. F`kb`k9 Qehtn, Ofbor, & A`., . \usjhk, I`nk. Ro ]`rjs `c I`nk \usjhk, ob. O. . A``j dkb Dfoxdkbor  ]obborlurk.  ] obborlurk.  v`fs., v`fs., F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Dffok, ‑. ‑. Qdeuofs, Orkost. Lorkdrb Loroks`k9 Ro Edjhkm `c d A`kk`hssour . Adelrhbmo, Edss.9 Ndrvdrb _khvorshty Wross, .

 

Lhlfh`mrdpny   



Qdkh, Lorkdrbhkd. \`sdfld Adrrhord9 Adtdf`muo \dhs`kkè . Sokhao9 _elort`  Dffoedkbh & A`., A`., . Qand﬇or, dfhd. Ro C`rm`ttok Coedfo Dostnotos9 Fhtordry Aufturo hk Fdto Shat`rhdk Okmfdkb . Andrf`ttosvhffo dkb F`kb`k9 _khv _khvorshty orshty Wross `c Shrmhkhd, .   K`vof Ardct9 Shat`rhdk B`eostha Ndkbhardct dkb Khkotooktn-Aoktury Chath`k . Kow X`rj9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, . ]`edk9 Andrf`tto Qan`ff, Fosd. rdksfdth`k, Dutn`rsnhp dkb tno Shat`rhdk Wr`cossh`kdf ]`edk9 Lr`ktê, Ndrrhot Edrthkodu dkb Mo`rmo Ofh`t . Dfborsn`t, Ndkts.9 Dsnmdto, . Qa`tt, I`dk. „Cdktdsy Oan`9 Nhst`ry dkb tno A`kstruath`k `c Hbokthty‘, Arhthadf Hkquhry     (]hktor )9 ‑. Qoye`ur, Ehrdkbd. @tt`fhko E`rroff9 Fhco `k tno Mrdkb Qadfo . F`kb`k9 N`bbor & Qt`umnt`k, . Qndphr`, Ndr`fb H. \usjhk hk Htdfy. Fottors t` nhs Wdrokts  . @xc`rb9 Afdrokb`k, . Qnoredk, Afdhro \hantor whtn Dbofo E. N`fa`el, obs. ]`eok ds Hktorprotors `c tno Shsudf Drts, ‑. ]ostp`rt, ]ostp`rt, A`kk., dkb F`kb`k9 Mroo Mrookw``b, kw``b, . Qnhros, Fhkbd E. Worspoathvos9 E`bos `c Showhkm dkb Jk`whkm hk KhkotooktnAoktury Okmfdkb . A`fuelus9 @nh` Qtdto _khvorshty Wross, . Qhomof, I`kdn. „Ro Edtorhdf `c C`re9 Sork`k Foo dt tno Sdthadk dkb @ut `c Ht‘, Shat`rhdk Qtubhos  ,  ,  (]hktor )9 ‑. Qhe`k, Qnorry. Mokbor hk rdksfdth`k9 Aufturdf Hbokthty dkb tno W`fhthas `c

rdksehssh`k. F`kb`k dkb Kow X`rj9 \`utfobmo, . Qeytn, Bdeo Otnof. ]ndt Ndppokob Koxt . F`kb`k9 F`kmedks Mrook, . Qtdrjo, Edrhdkd. Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt . tn obk, F`kb`k9 I`nk Eurrdy, .   Hkc`redth`k dkb Bhroath`ks c`r rdvoffors `k tno A`kthkokt . tn obk, F`kb`k9  I`nk Eurrdy Eurrdy,, . Qtohk, \handrb. Ro \htudf `c Hktorprotdth`k9 Ro Chko Drts ds Fhtordturo hk \usjhk, \`ssotth dkb Wdtor . Adelrhbmo, Edss.9 Ndrvdrb _khvorshty Wross, . ]rhthkm dkb dk b ]`rjhkm ]`rjhkm ]`eok9 ]`eok9 Ro @tnor Qhbo `c Qhfokao . Qwhkboffs, Iufhd. Shat`rhdk ]rhthkm Adelrhbmo9 W`fhty, . dyf`r, _kd Dsnw`rtn. „E`rrhs dkb \`ssotth‘, Obhklurmn \ovhow   (Dprhf )9 ‑.   „Q`eo Wr`spoats `c E`bork Drt‘, Obhklurmn \ovhow  (Iufy  (Iufy )9 ‑. okkys`k, Dfcrob. , ob. Anrhst`pnor (F`kmedk‘s Ro W`oes okkys`kF`kmedks,  Dkk`tdtob Okmfhsn p`ots).`cF`kb`k9 Mrook &\hajs A`, : rovhsob obk hk  v`fs., . ]rhthkm dkb E`borkhst Dostnothas . ouj`fsjy, \danof. Ro Fhtordto Oyo9 Shat`rhdk Drt ]rhthkm @xc`rb dkb Kow X`rj9 @xc`rb _khvorshty Wross, . R`eps`k, Jdto.  D Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Whaturo Mdfforhos `c Our`po . F`kb`k9 Edaehffdk,. hffoy, Nodtnor. „Lfhkbkoss dkb ]rhthkm, ‑‘ . _kpulfhsnob WnB tnoshs, _khvorshty _khv orshty `c F`kb`k, . r`ff`po, Crdkaos. B`eostha Edkkors `c tno Deorhadks , ob. B`kdfb Qedffoy. Kow  X`rj,  X `rj, .

 

Lhlfh`mrdpny 

  

whkhkm, F`uhsd. ]`rjn`usos dkb ]`eok‘s ]`rj . F`kb`k9 F`kmedk, Lr`wk, Mrook, Mroo k, F`kmedks, & \`lorts, . Sdbhff`, Dkd H. Wdroi`. „Qhmnt dkb Q`km 9 rdkspdrokt rdksfdth`ks dkb d Edkhcost` c`r tno @lsorvor @lsorvor‘,‘, Shat`rhdk W`otry  ,  ,  ()9 ‑. Shahkus, Edrtnd. „Ro Db`fosaokt L`y9 Chk-bo-Qhîafo  Coeeo  Coeeo Cdtdfo0‘ hk Shat`rhdk Qoxudf Bhsshbokao , ob. \handrb Boffde`rd. _khvorshty `c Anhadm` Wross, , pp. ‑. Srott`s, Dtnokd. „‖Hk tno af`tnos `c bodb po`pfo―9 Sork`k Foo dkb Dkaostrdf Eoe`ry‘, Shat`rhdk Qtubhos  ,  ,  (]hktor )9 ‑. Wduf \uloks, nhs Fhco dkb Mokhus , trdks. \. \. K`of, ob. Dkkd  ]ddmok,  ] ddmok, M. C. C. Wotor Wduf  Ideos`k.. F`kb`k, .  Ideos`k   rodsuros `c Drt hk Mrodt Lrhtdhk9 Lohkm dk Daa`ukt `c tno Anhoc A`ffoath`ks `c Wdhkthkms, Brdwhkms, Qaufpturos, Hffuehkdtob Ess., &a., &a , trdks. Ofhzdlotn \hmly Odstfdjo.  v`fs., F`kb`k9 I. Eurrdy,  dkb .  ]dork,  ] dork, Aoahfhd. „Wuvhs bo Andvdkkos hk L`st`k L`st`k‘,‘,  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy    (Colrudry )9 ‑.   „Q`eo K`tos K`tos `k tno Drt `c I`nk Fd Cdrmo Cdrmo‘,‘,  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy    (Edy )9 ‑.   „Q`eo K`tos `k Crokan Heprossh`k Heprossh`khse hse‘,‘,  Dtfdktha E`ktnfy    (Dprhf )9 ‑.  ]dts`k,  ] dts`k, \`sdeukb Edrrh`tt. Ro Drt `c tno N`uso . F`kb`k9 Mo`rmo Loff dkb Q`ks, .  ]nowoff, ]hffhde. Ro Mokordf Lodrhkm `c tno Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k `k tno Wr`mross `c  Drt dkb Qahokao , Hkdumurdf Foaturo ( K`voelor ).  ]hfbo, @sadr @sadr.. A`epfoto ]`rjs `c @sadr ]hfbo , hktr`buaob ly Syvydk N`ffdkb. F`kb`k9 Ndrpor A`ffhks, .  ]``fc,  ] ``fc, Shrmhkhd. ` tno Fhmntn`uso , ob. Qtoffd EaKhan`f dkb Noreh`ko Foo. F`kb`k9 Wokmuhk, .    Er Lokkott dkb Ers Lr`wk. F`kb`k9 Ro N`mdrtn Wross, . @ko‘s‘s @wk, Rroo Muhkods , ob. E`rdm Qnhdan. @xc`rb _khvorshty    D \``e `c @ko Wross, .  Xodts,  X odts, ]hffhde Lutfor Lutfor.. ]. L. Xodts9 _ka`ffoatob Wr`so , ob. I`nk W. Crdyko.  v`fs., F`kb`k9 Edaehffdk, . Yheeork, Nofok. „Ro ]`rj `c Ehss Lossho W`ttor‘,  Edmdzhko `c Drt   ()9 ‑.

 

Hkbox 

 

 Dldth, Khaa`fü, Khaa`fü,   Daadboehd, L`f`mkd, L`f`mkd,   Daadboehd, Cf`rokao, Cf`rokao,   Daadboehd, Sokhao, Sokhao,   Dby,, Aoahfhd,   Dby  Dflrhzzh, Hs`loffd o`t`aanh,   Dffok, Mrdkt,   Dffhkmnde, Nofok,   Dfed-dboed,  Dfed- dboed, Fdurd,   Dfed-dboed,  Dfed- dboed, Fdwrokao,   Dftndkk, A`uktoss,   Dfthaj, \handrb B., B.,   Dkmofha`, Crd, Crd,  ,,  ,,  ,,   Dkmuhss`fd shstors,   Dkstrutnor-R`es`k, Jht,  „Loduty dkb _mfhkoss _mfhkoss‘,‘,  dkb Lorkdrb Loroks`k,  dkb Ehandof Chofb,  foaturos `k dostnothas,   Dkt`koff` bd Eosshkd,   Dkz`k, Edbdeo,   Drk`fb, Edttnow, Edttnow,   Drt I`urkdf , ,   Drt Edmdzhko ,   Drukbof Q`ahoty, Q`ahoty,   Dtnokdoue,   Dtfdktha E`ktnfy ,   Dubfoy,, Fdby,  Dubfoy Fdby, 

Ldrt`f`zzh, Crdkaosa`,  Ldssh, Fdurd,  Ldub`uhk, Whorro-Dkt`hko,  Loajc`rb, ]hffhde,  Loffhkh, Mh`vdkkh,  ,,   Edb`kkd dkb Anhfb whtn Qts Khan`fds, Khan`fds, Wotor, Wotor, Lokobhat dkb Edrj ,  Lokidehk, ]dftor,  „Ro dsj dsj `c ` c tno tn o rdksfdt rdksfdt`r‘, `r‘,  ,,  Loroks`k, Lorkdrb,  nhs ahrafo,  a`epoththvokoss,  dkb Obhtn A``por, ‑ dkb Edry A`stoff`o,  dkb Edub Aruttwoff,  ,,  `k Edub Aruttwoff,  ‑ ‑ dkb Ehandof Chofb,  ,,  Cf`rokthko Wdhktors Wdhktors `c tno \okdhssdkao ,  Ndrvdrb _khvorshty,  `k Sork`k Foo,  Sokothdk Wdhktors `c tno \okdhssdkao , Ro , ,,   Loroks`k, Edry,  ,,  ,, soo dfs` A`stoff`o, Edry  dkb bdumntor \dy Qtrdanoy,  dkb Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo,  dkb Edub Aruttwoff,  ‑ ‑ pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  Lorfhk Mdffory, 

 Dyzda, Cèfhaho Cèfhaho b‘, 

Lndlnd, N`eh,  L`aadaah`,  Ro Boadeor`k,  L`knour, \`sd,  ,,  L`rmhd, Fuarozhd,  L`tthaoffh, Qdkbr`,  ,,  ,,  ,,  Lhrtn `c Sokus , Ro ,  Wrhedvord ,  L`uanor, Crdkí`hs,  ,,  Lrdbb`k, Edry Ofhzdlotn Fdby Dubfoy‘s Qoarot ,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ Lrdbfoy, Jdtndrhko, ,  ,, soo dfs` Chofb, Ehandof `k Edub Aruttwoff, 

Ldobojor‘s Muhbos,  Ldrrott, Ofhzdlotn,  ,,  ,,  ,, soo dfs` Lr`wkhkm, Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott pn`t`mrdpny,  ‑ ‑ Ldrrhkmt`k, Ers \ussoff Ossdys `k tno Wurp`so `c Drt ,  Fhco, Fottors dkb ]`rj ]`rj `c Crobor Croborha ha Fohmnt`k , Ro ,  \oehkhsaokaos `c M.C. ]dtts ,  Ldrtnos, \`fdkb,  Ldrt`f`eo` bd Sokot`,  ,, 



 



 

 

Hkbox 

Lrdbfoy, Jdtndrhko (a`kt.) dkb I`nk \usjhk,  pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  Lrhthsn Eusoue,  ,,  ,,  Lr`ktê, Dkko,  okdkt `c ]hfbcoff Ndff , Ro ,  ,,  Lr`ktê, Lrdkwoff,  Lr`ktê, Andrf`tto  Idko Oyro  Oyro ,  ,,  Shffotto ,  ,,  ,, 

dkb nhst`rh`mrdpny,  ,,  ‑ ‑  Edktomkd dkb Crdkahd  Crdkahd ,  pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  ,,  `k w`eok hk tno \okdhssdkao,  Adssdtt, Edry,  ,,  Adsthmfh`ko, A`uktoss,  Advdfadsoffo, Mh`vdkkh Ldtthstd,  ,,  Aosdr`tth, Eofanh`ro,  Andelors‘ Obhklurmn I`urkdf ,  Andrbhk, Iodk-Ldpth Iodk-Ldpthsto-Qheè`k, sto-Qheè`k,  ,, 

Lr`umnt`k, \n`bd Lofhkbd ,  Lr`wk, Oeed,  Lr`wk, C`rb Edb`x,  Lr`wkhkm, Ofhzdlotn Ldrrott, soo dfs` Ldrrott, Ofhzdlotn  Dur`rdd Fohmn,   Dur`r Lr`wkhkm, \`lort,  „Hkdppronokshvokoss‘,  \hkm dkb tno L``j , Ro ,  Lrys`k, K`redk,  ,,  Lufmdroffh, Edrhdkkd,  Lukkott, Cdkky Ofhzdlotn,  Lurajndrbt, Ida`l,  Lurfhkmt`k Mdffory,  Lurko-I`kos, Obwdrb, , 

Andrpokthor, A`kstdkao Edrho,  Andrpokthor, Andutduqudk,  Anorry, Bol`rdn, ,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,   ,,  Anhadm` ]`rfb‘s Cdhr,  An`phk, Jdto,  Anrhsthkd `c Bokedrj,  Afdhr`k, Edboe`hsoffo,  Afdrjo, Eodmndk,  Afdubo, Mofèo,  Afdyt`k, Offok,  ,,  Okmfhsn Coedfo Drthsts ,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ Coedfo ]drrh`r ]drrh`rs s ,  mokorha rdkmo,  Af`umn, Ers D. N.,  A`fly, Shkotd, 

Lurkoy, Andrfos,  ,,  ,,  ,,  Lurkoy, Cdkky,  Lutfor, Ofhzdlotn,  ,,  coehkhse,  Lyr`k, F`rb,  Adhrb, E`kd,  Adffa`tt, Dumustus,  Adffa`tt, Edrhd,  ,, soo dfs` Mrdnde, Edrhd  Ossdys `wdrbs tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm ,  mokorha rdkmo,  Wro-\dpndofhthse,  Adffok, Dktnod,  Adeor`k, Iufhd Edrmdrot,  ,,  ,,   Dkkdfs `c Ey Mfdss Mfdss N`uso ,  a`epdrob whtn Dfhao Numnos, 

A`eto, A``por, Dumusto, Obhtn, ,  ,, soo dfs` Chofb, Ehandof  dkb Lorkdrb Loroks`k, ‑,  `k Edub Aruttwoff,  pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  A``por, \`lyk,  A`rhffd @fhephad,  ,,  A`rkc`rtn, Cdkky,  A`r`t, Iodk-Ldpth Iodk-Ldpthsto, sto,  A`rrommh`,  ,,  Qt Qoldsthdk,  A`std, Mh`vdkkh,  A`stoff`o, Edry,  ,, soo dfs` Loroks`k, Edry  dkb Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo,  ‑ ‑ dkb Ehandof Chofb,  ,,  dkb Sork`k Foo, 

coehkhsdth`k pn`t`mrdpny, pn`t`mrdpny ,  ‑ ‑ „Fd Edb`kkd`cDsportdkto‘,  pn`t`mrdpns `c Edrho Qpdrtdfh,  ,,  `k pn`t`mrdpny,  ,,  Adep` Qdkt`, Whsd,  ‑ ‑,  Adk`vd, Dkt`kh`,  Adpof, Fdurd,  Adrfyfo, R`eds,  ,,  ,,  ,,  Adrrhord, \`sdfld,  ,,  Adrtwrhmnt, Iufhd,  dkb bdumntor Aoahfhd Dby,  `k Hsdloffd dkb Lodtrhao b‘ Osto,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ coehkhse, 

`k Wdtor,  `k ]dftor I`nk \usjhk,  pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  ,,  „Sokothdk w`eok & Sokothdk phaturos‘,  A`who, Ofhzdlotn,  ardctw`rj,  ,, soo dfs` boa`rdthvo drts Oehfhd Crdkahs Bhfjo `k,  ‑ ‑,  coehkhst arhthahse `c,  ‑ ‑,  ‑ ‑ ,,  dkb Ehbbfo Dmos,  vorsus drt,  Ardhj, Bhkdn,  @fhvo ,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ ,,  ‑ ‑ Ardko, Fuay, Drt dkb tno C`redth`k `c dsto , 

Hkbox   

Ardko, ]dftor,  Ardry, I`kdtndk, oankhquos `c tno @lsorvor , ,  Ar`wo, I`sopn Dranor,  ,,  Aruttwoff, Edub,  `k Loroks`k, Lorkdrb,  dkb Loroks`k ahrafo,  ,,  ‑ ‑ l``js `k Htdfhdk drthsts,  dkb coehkhse,  dkb Sork`k Foo,  `k Foo, ,  ‑ ‑ ChroSork`k dkb Cr`st  ,  ‑ ‑, ,   Muhbo t` tno Wdhkthkms hk tno Cf`rokthko Mdfforhos, D,  Fuad dkb Dkbrod Boffd \`llhd ,  `k Edb`kkd boffd Qtoffd ,  pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  ‑ ‑,  Bdlly, Lokidehk,  Bdvhb, Idaquos-F`uh Idaquos-F`uhs, s,  ,,  Bdvhs, Kdtdfho,  Bo E`rmdk, Ovofyk,  ,,  boa`rdthvo drts,  ,,  ‑ ‑ ,, soo dfs` ardctw`rj  Oehfhd Crdkahs Bhfjo `k,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ ,,  Aoahfhd ]dork `k,  dkb Wro-\dpndofht Wro-\dpndofhthse, hse,  Bomds, Bok`k,Obmdr, Shvdkt,  Bhajsoo, Edrmdrot Hsdlof, „Ehss Dkmof‘ ‑ Dkmofhjd Jdu﬇edkk, hktr`buaob ly Fdby ]oktw`rtn, vhshts Er. \oyk`fbs‘ stubh`,   Bhbr`k, Db`fpno-Kdp Db`fpno-Kdp`fè`k, `fè`k,  Bhfjo, Andrfos,  ,,  Bhfjo, Oehfhd Crdkahs,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  soo dfs` Wdtths`k, Oehfhd   Drt hk tno E`bork Qtdto ,  ,,  Afdubo F`rrdhk,  boa`rdthvo drts,  ,,  coedfo drthsts hk tno Crokan Dadboey, Dadboey,  coehkhse,  ,,  Crokan Okmrdvors Okmrdvors dkb Brdumntseok `c tno  ^SHHHtn Aoktury , 

Crokan Curkhtur Curkhturo o dkb ,Boa`rdth`k hk tno  ^SHHHtn Aoktury   Crokan Wdhktors Wdhktors `c tno ^SHHHtn Aoktury , ‑  ‑,  Crokan \okdhssdkao,  ‑ ‑ mokborob kdturo `c nor w`rj,  ‑ ‑ nhst`rhahse,  hktoffoatudf edrmhkdfhsdth`k,  e`bof c`r B`r`tnod hk Ehbbfoedran,  ‑ ‑ dkb ]dftor Wdtor,  `k ]dftor Wdtor,  `k W`epdb`ur, Edbdeo bo,  ‑ ‑ pro`aaupdth`k whtn tno „c`rohmk‘,  ‑ ‑

 



pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  ,,  ‑ ‑,  ,,  \okdhssdkao `c Drt hk Crdkao , Ro ,  dkb \`ydf Dadboey,  dkb I`nk \usjhk,  ,,  `k I`nk \usjhk,  ‑ ‑ „Ro _so `c F``jhkm dt Whaturos‘,  `k w`eok hk tno \okdhssdkao,  ,,  Bhpf`ed Mdffory,  Bhx`k, Offd Nopw`rtn, Qt`ry `c d E`bork ]`edk, Ro ,  ‑ ‑ Brosbok , bross,  ,, Mdffory, ,,   ‑ ‑ ,  Edry Eorrhfflofb `k,  ,,  dkb pn`t`mrdpny,  ,,  ‑ ‑ Buadf Wdfdao, Sokhao,  Buso, Ofodk`rd,  Buvdux, Fdzdro,  Odstfdjo, Andrfos, ,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  Odstfdjo, Andrfos F`ajo,  ,,  Nhkts `k N`uson`fb dsto ,  Odstfdjo, Ofhzdlotn,  ,, soo dfs` \hmly, Ofhzdlotn dkb Edry Loroks`k,  `k Mh`vdkkh Ldtthstd Advdfadsoffo,  dkb Edry A`stoff`o,  ‑ ‑ arhthadf `c Lrhthsn arhthahse, ‑ ‑ `k I`sopn Ar`wo drt Dranor,   „Mh`vdkkh E`roffh Ro Wdtrh`t dkb Arhtha‘,  dkb Dkkd Ideos`k,  ,,  ,,  Chvo Mrodt Wdhktors ,  nhst`rh`mrdpny,  Jumfor‘s Ndkbl``j `c tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm ,  dkb Mh`vdkkh E`roffh,  ‑ ‑ `k Mh`vdkkh E`roffh,  pn`t`mrdpny,  `k pn`t`mrdpny,  ,,  ‑ ‑ pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  ,,  ‑ ‑,  ,,  `k I`nk \usjhk,  Q`ahoty `c Coedfo Drthsts,  ]`rjs `c Drt dkb Drthsts hk Okmfdkb ,  obuadth`k, , ,  ‑ ‑ , ,  , hk fflath`k, , ,  , ,  ‑ ‑ ,  fhco afdssos,  ‑ ‑ Omm, Dumustus,  ohmntooktn-aoktury drt Oehfhd Crdkahs Bhfjo `k,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ ,,  Sork`k Foo `k,  ‑ ‑ \`sdeukb Edrrh`tt ]dts`k `k,  ‑ ‑ ojpnrdshs, ,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ ,, soo dfs` trdksfdth`k Ofho, Edbdeo,  Ofh`t, Mo`rmo,  ,,  ,,   Ehbbfoedran,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑,   Ehff `k tno Cf`ss , Ro , 



 

 

Hkbox 

Ofh`t, Mo`rmo (a`kt.) `utshbo drt pr`cossh`k,  \`e`fd ,  ,,  ‑ ‑ „Qhffy K`vofs ly Fdby K`vofhsts‘,  `k Qhsthko Edb`kkd ,  ‑ ‑ Offot, Ofhzdlotn, ]`eok Drthsts hk Dff Dmos dkb A`uktrhos ,  ,,  ,,  ,,  Osto, Hsdloffd dkb Lodtrhao b‘,  ,,  ‑ ‑

Crdkahd, Crdkaosa`,  Crokan \ov`futh`k,  Croub, Qhmeukb,  Crhtn, ]hffhde W`woff Borly Bdy ,  Cry, \`mor,  ,,  Cuffor, F`ho, 

Cdrhkoffh, 

Mdhksl`r`umn, R`eds,  ,,  mdfforhos, soo hkbhvhbudf mdfforhos

Cdrqundr, Edrhd, Coftos, K. K.,   coedfo drthsts,  ‑ ‑, soo dfs` hkbhvhbudf drthsts l``js `k,  Offok Afdyt`k `k,  ,,  Oehfhd Crdkahs Bhfjo `k,  ‑ ‑ coehkhst san`fdrsnhp `k,  hk fflath`k,  ‑ ‑ ,,  ‑ ‑ ehsaoffdko`us coedfo drt arhthas `k,  ‑ ‑ Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff `k,  dkb tno \okdhssdkao,  ‑ ‑ Ofhzdlotn \hmly `k,  coehkhst san`fdrsnhp, ‑,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ ,,  ‑ ‑,  ,,   ,,  ‑ ‑ ,,  ‑ ‑, soo dfs` hkbhvhbudf san`fdrs Corrumhd, Moeed, ]`edk‘s C`ffy , 

Mdsjoff,  ,  Fhco `cOfhzdlotn, Andrf`tto Lr`ktê  Mdumuhk, Wduf,  mdzo, soo dfs` spoatdt`rsnhp mokborob, ,  hk Lr`wkhkm‘s „Hkdppronokshvokoss‘,  hk Chofb‘s i`urkdfs,  hk Foo‘ Fo o‘ss Ehss Lr`wk,  foslhdk,  hk Fovy‘ Fo vy‘ss \`edkao `c d Qn`p,  edfo,  ‑ ‑ dkb Dfhao Eoykoff, ‑ hk \htanho‘s Ehss Dkmof ,  ‑ ‑ storo`sa`pha, `c Foo dkb DkstrutnorR`es`k,  storo`sa`pha hk Chofb‘s Qhmnt dkb Q`km ,

fflath`k, ‑  ‑ ,, soo dfs`, hkbhvhbudf dutn`rs Chofb, Ehandof, ,  , soo dfs` Lrdbfoy, Jdtndrhko dkb A``por, Obhtn `k Dkt`koff` bd Eosshkd‘s Qdhkt Qoldsthdk,  ‑ ‑ `k Ldrt`f`eo` bd Sokot`‘s Hbodfhzob W`rtr W`rtrdht dht `c d A`urtosdk ds Cf`rd ,  ‑ ‑ dkb tno Loroks`ks,  ‑ ‑,  ‑ ‑ `k L`tthaoffh‘s Sokus dkb Edrs ,  `k A`rrommh`,  `k A`rrommh`‘ A` rrommh`‘ss Qdhkt Qoldsthdk,  ‑ ‑ `k Mh`rmh`ko‘s Ro Qfoophkm Sokus ,  ‑ ‑  i`urkdf,  ‑ ‑ dkb Sork`k Foo,  ,,  foslhdk mdzo,  F`km Dm`,  `utshbo drt pr`cossh`k,  Qhmnt dkb Q`km , ,  ‑ ‑ ,,  `k Qhsthko Edb`kkd ,  dkknâusor ,  Chko Drt Q`ahoty,  ,,  Cfoehkm, Mo`rmo,  ,,  Cfotanor,, A`kstdkao, soo Cfoehkm, Mo`rmo Cfotanor C`ktdkd, Fdvhkhd,  C`rlos, Ers Qtdkn`po,  C`stor, Ers I`kdtndk,  C`uaduft, Ehanof,  Ro @rbor `c Rhkms ,  Crdm`kdrb, Iodk-N`k`rè,  ,,  ,,  ,, 

‑  ‑Drtoehshd,  Mokthfosanh, ,,  ,,  Mhfedk, Andrf`tto Wor Worjhks, jhks,  „Ro Xoff`w ]dffpdpo ]dffpdpor‘, r‘,  Mh`rmh`ko,  ,,  ,,  Mh`tt`,  Mhrt`k A`ffomo,  Mfuaj, Anrhst`pn ]hffhldfb,  @rpnous ,  M`otno, I`ndkk ]`fcmdkm v`k,  M`otno, @tthfho v`k,  M`fb`kh, Adrf`,  ,,  M`ka`urt lr`tnors,  ,,  ,,  M`kzdm`, Ofhzdlotn,  M`sso, Obeukb,  M`umos, @fyepo bo,  M`zzh, Adrf`,  ,,  Mrdct`k Mdffory,  ,,  Mrdnde, Edrhd, soo dfs` Adffa`tt, Edrhd  Bosarhpth`k `c tno Andpof `c tno Dkkukzhdtd boff‘Drokd ,  Ossdys `wdrbs tno Nhst`ry `c Wdhkthkm ,  muhbol``js,  hkc`redf mokros,   Eoe`hrs `c tno Fhco `c Khan`fds Khan`fds W`usshk,  trdvof wrhthkm,  Mrdkb Bujo‘ Buj o‘ss Wdfdao, Wdfdao , ]ohedr,  Mrodt Oxnhlhth`k,  ,,  ‑ ‑ Mroor, Moredhko, 

Hkbox   

Mrouzo, Iodk-Ldpthsto,  ,,  ,,  Mrhse`kbh, A`uktoss,  Mr`svok`r Mdffory,  ,,  ,,  Mr`to, Ndrrhot,  Muost, Andrf`tto,  muhbol``js,  ,,  ,, soo dfs` trdvof wrhthkm  Edub Aruttwoff,  Edrhd Mrdnde,   Dkkd Ideos`k,  ,,  ,,  ,,  Edry Eorrhfflofb,  Edrhdkd Qtdrjo,  ‑ ‑ Jdto R`eps`k,  ‑ ‑ Muhffoedrb, Q`pnho,  Mukkhkm, `e,  Muydrb, Edbdeo,  Ndept`k A`urt,  Ndresw`rtn Edmdzhko ,  ,,  Ndvors, Dfhao,  Ndwdrbok, Afoeokthkd,  ,,  ,,  Ndwohs, Edry Ofhzdlotn,  ‑ ‑  Drt `c Loduty , Ro ,   Drt `c Bross , Ro ,  Ndwtn`rko, Kdtndkhof `k Edkanostor Drt rodsuros Oxnhlhth`k,  ‑ ‑  Edrlfo Cduk, Ro ,  ,,  ,,  Ndwtn`rko, Q`pnhd Wodl`by,  K`tos hk Okmfdkb dkb Htdfy ,  Nodt`k, Edry Edrmdrot,  ,,  ,, soo dfs` Nodt`k, Ers Andrfos mokorha rdkmo,  Nhst`ry `c tno Fhco `c Dflroant Böror ,  Nodt`k, Ers Andrfos,  ,, soo dfs` Nodt`k, Edry Edrmdrot No﬇orkdk, Ideos,  ,,  ,,  Norehtdmo,  Norsanof, I`nk,  nhst`rh`mrdpny,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,   Iufhd Adrtwrhmnt, Adrtwrhmnt,  ‑ ‑ Oehfhd Crdkahs Bhfjo,  ‑ ‑ dkb coehkhse,  Sork`k Foo,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑ N`flohk, Ndks tno X`ukmor,  N`fa`el, Dbofo,  ,,  ,,  ,,  N`eol`ft, Qusdkkdn,  N`wdrb, N`wdr b, Adtnorhko,  N`whtt, Dkkd Edry,   Drt Qtubokt hk Eukhan, Eukhan, Dk,  Qhstors hk Drt, Ro ,  ‑ ‑,  ‑ ‑ Numnos, Dfhao,  ‑ ‑,  ,,  Numnos, Obwdrb,  Num`, Shat`r,  Nukt, ]hffhde N`fedk,  Nutt`k, Edrmdrot, 

 



Hffustrdtob Hffustr dtob Oxnhlht`r dkb Edmdzhko `c  Drt ,  Hffustrdtob Hffustr dtob F`kb`k Kows ,  Heprossh`khse,  ,,  ‑ ‑,  Hrvhkm, ]dsnhkmt`k,  Hsrdof, Jdfh,  ,,  ,,  ,,   Ideos, Nokry, Nokry,   Ideos`k, Dkkd,  ,,  ,,  Bhdry `c dk Okkuyèo ,  ,,  dkb Ofhzdlotn Odstfdjo,  ,,  ,,  oxporheokts hk styfo,  `k coedfo drthsts,  ‑ ‑ coehkhse,  muhbol``js,  ,,  Ndkbl``j t` tno Wulfha Mdfforhos `c Drt hk dkb kodr F`kb`k,  ,,  nhst`rh`mrdpny,  Nhst`ry `c @ur F`rb , Ro ,  „Ro N`uso `c hthdk‘,  hk﬌uokaos,  hkc`redf mokros,  Fomokbs `c tno Edb`kkd ,  ,,   Eoe`hrs `c tno Odrfy Htdfhdk Htdfhdk Wdhktors ,  ,,  ,,  ,,   ,,  Wro-\dpndofhthse,  pr`cossh`kdf stdtus,  ,,  ,,  ‑ ‑,  ,,  ‑ ‑,  dkb I`nk \usjhk, ,  ,,  Qdarob dkb Fomokbdry Drt ,  ,,  `k Qhsthko Edb`kkd ,  trdksfdth`ks,  ‑ ‑ trdvof wrhthkm,  Shshts dkb Qjotanos dt N`eo dkb Dlr`db ,  ,,  ,,   ,,  dkb Mustdv ]ddmok,  ]hktor Qtubhos dkb Queeor \delfos hk Adkdbd ,  ,,   Idy,, Edrthk, ,   Idy  I`nkst`k, Iubhtn, Iubhtn,  ,,  ,,   I`pfhkm, F`uhso, F`uhso,  ,,  ,,   i`urkdfhse,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  soo dfs` hkbhvhbudf dutn`rs Edry Ofhzdlotn Ndwohs,  hk Fovy‘ Fo vy‘ss \`edkao `c d Qn`p,   Dfhao Eoykoff,  Ofhzdlotn \`lhks Wokkoff,  ‑ ‑ Oehfy Wcoh﬇or,   w`eok‘‘s fhtordry,  w`eok fhtordry,  Jdpfdk, A`rd,  Jdu﬇edkk, Dkmofhad,  ,,  ,,  ds andrdator hk Ehss Dkmof ,  ‑ ‑ Joffy, I`dk,  ,,  ,,  Joep-]ofan, Joep-] ofan, Fuay,  Jkoffor, M`bcroy, 