Cambridge IGCSE Geography
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eography Workbook Guinness ar r et t Nagle
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Geography Workbook uinness Garrett Nagle aul
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Contents Theme 1 Population and Settlement 1 1 Population dynamics
1 2 Migration
1 3 Population structure 1 4 Population density and distribution 1 5 Settlements and service provision 1
6 Urban settlements
1
7 Urbanisat ion
10 13 14 20
Theme 2 The The Natural N atural Environment 2 1 Earthquakes and volcanoes 2 2 Rvers
2
2 3 Coasts
3
2 4 Weather
35
2 5 Climate and natural vegetation
36
Theme 3 Economic Development
43 43 51 55 58
3 1 Development 3 2 Food p roduction 3 3 Industry
3 4
Tourism
2
25
3 5 Energy
6
3 Water
66
3 7 Environmental risks o f economic development
69
Theme 4 Geographical
7
kills
4 1 Geographical skills
Ph ot oco pying
pr o hibited pro
and Investigations
75
Cambridge IGCSE Ge o graphy W o rk b oo k
G
opulation and Settlement
• 1 1 Population dynamics 1 Look a t Figure 2 on page 2 of the textbook. When did the world s population reach:
a 1 billion? b 5 billion? c 7 billion? 2 When is t he world s population forecast to reach 8 billion? ...
3 In
y ur textbook
look a t Table 1 on page 2, and read the paragraph on page 3 commenting
on Table 1.
a
o w many people were born in 2012?
b
ow many people died in 2012?
c
By how much did the world s population increase in 2012? ...
4 When was t he highest rate of global population growth? ...
5 List the five largest countries in terms of population in 2012.
2
3
4 5
6 Define the birth rate.
7 Which world regions have the highest and lowest birth rates?
Highest . Lowe~
8 If a country has a birth rate of 32/1000 and a death rate of 8/1000, what is its rate of natural increase?
Cambridge IGCSE Geography Workbook
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POPULATION
ND SETTLEMENT
9 Name the five stages of the model of demographic transition Stagel Stage2 Stage3
Stage4 Stages 10 Where and
why
in the
model of demographic transition
is
the rate of population growth highest?
11
Define totalfertilityrate .
12
Give one reason why the total fertility rate birth rate
13
How can the infant mortality rate influence the level of fertility
14 a What type of graph b What name
is
is
Figure
10 on page
is
a better/more detailed measure of fertility than the
in
a country?
8 of your textbook?
given to the slanted line on the graph?
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Geography Workbook
11
opulation dynamics
15 Describe the correlation between the total fertility rate and the percentage of girls enrolled secondary education, illustrated y Figure 10
16
Define life expectancy at birth .
17
Which Whi ch worl d regions have the highest and lowest life expectancy figures?
in
Highest . owe~
18
In
which type of country do infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis kill many people?
19 Where
in the
world
is HIV/AIDS
most prevalent? ...
20 Describe two factors responsible for high rates of
HIV/AIDS
2
21
Define optimum population .
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e
POPULATION
ND SETTLEMENT
22 Give two reasons why the world as a whole might be considered t o be over-populated.
23 Define population policy .
24 What
is
the name given t o a population policy that:
a promotes large families? ... b aims to reduce population growth? ... 25 How effective has China s one-child one -child pol policy icy been
in
reducing fertility?
26 What problems has the one-child policy created
in
China?
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1 2 Migration
7 W f
•
has France, along with a numb er of other developed countries, taken measures to encourage fertility?
12
igration
Look at Figure 1 on page 19 of the textbook 1 Defi Define ne migrati on .
2 Explain the difference between push and pull factors
in
migration.
3 Give an example t o explain voluntary migration.
4 Give an example t o explain involuntary (for (forced) ced) migratio n.
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POPULATION
ND SETTLEMENT
5 Look at Figure4 on page 2 of your textbook. Why do more international migrants move from the South (the developing world) to the North (the developed world) rather than in the reverse direction?
6 Why
population movement within countries at a much higher level than movements between countries?
7
In
is
which country
is
the largest ever internal migration currently taking place place??
8 Define rural depopulation .
9 Give two causes of rural depopulation.
10 Define counterurbanisation .
0
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Geography Workbook
1 2 Migration
Why has
counterurbanisation
examples of
2 Fill in two
the
lmpactoncountrlesoforigin
occurred
in
so many developed countries?
impact of international migrat migration ion
Impact
on
in
each
countries of destin destination ation
of t h e six
3 Define remittances .
How high
15 Give
2
two
were
global
examples
remittance
of t h e
flows
in
in t h e table
below
Impact on migrants themselves
Negative
4
cells
2012?
benefits of remittances t o developing countries
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IGCSE
Geography Workbook
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•
POPULATION
ND SETTLEMENT
opulation structure
1.3
B;ngl;desh
. .
10
B
6
4
2 0 0 2 Population(million,)
4
6
8
10
Bangladesh: the population pyramid for 2013 1 Define population structure .
2 Onthefigureabove: a add the labels females and males t o the appropriate sides of the population pyramid. b draw horizontal lines t o divide the pyramid into the young dependent population, the economically active population and the elderly dependent population. 3 How many years of age are represented by each bar on a population pyramid? ...
4 Suggest why the the 1 - 14bar.
D 4
and 5-9 bars on the population pyramid for Bangladesh are not as wide as
5 The data in the figure above are shown a population pyramid?
6 Bangladesh
is in
in
millions. What
is
which stage of demographic transition? ...
the alternative way of showing data on
0
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1 3 Population structure
7
In
which stages of demographic transition are:
a Japa n? ... b Niger? . c the
UK?
..
is
8 Why the population structure of urban and rural areas different?
9
in
the same country sometimes markedly
Define the dependency ratio .
10 What does a dependency ratio of 70 mean?
11 Is
12
countries? s? the dependency ratio generally higher in developed or developing countrie
Why
is
the dependency ratio an important factor for a country?
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POPULATION
ND SETTLEMENT
• 1.4 Population density and distribution 1 Explain the difference between population density and population distribution.
Explain the following terms:
3
a
densely populated ...
b
sparsely populated ...
Use your textbook t o insert the population density figures for each world region in the table below: Populationdenslty(peopleperkmZ)ln2012
Region World More developed developed world
Less
developed devel oped world
Africa
Latin America/Caribbean North America Europe
Variations
in world
population density, 2012
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14
4
How much highe r
is
opulation opula tion density densit y
nd
distribution
ver ge popul tion density in the less developed world comp red with the
more developed world? ... 5 Which wor ld region has: a the highest population density? ... b the lowest popul tion density? ... 6 Give three types of natural environment th t re associated with very low population densi densities. ties.
2
3
7 Discuss the factors th t encour ge high popul tion density.
8 Complete the factfile below for the Canadi an northland s a sparsely popul ted region.
Population density
Temperature
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IG SE
Geography Workbook
POPULATION
ermafrost
ransport
Settlement
ND SETTLEMENT
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orkbook
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• 15
ettlements and
Settlement Settl ement s and an d service service provision provision
service provision
1 Definetheterms: a
high- order se servi rvice cess (or goods) ...
b
low- orde r servic services es (or goo ds) ...
2 Arrange these settlements in descending order of size: city conurbation hamlet town village.
3 Study the map of the Lozere district in France below. Refer t o page 40 of the textbook for data on the settlements.
,., =
Nationalnetwmk (N
- L o c a l r o a d (D)
a
i
Describe the site of Mende.
ii
Describe the site of St-Andre-eapceze.
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41
POPULATION
iii
b i
ND SETTLEMENT
Describe the situation of Bagnois-les-Bains.
Suggest why Mende has the highest popul tion
in the
region.
Suggest why St-Andre-capceze has such a smal smalll p opulat ion.
iii
Identify, nd justify, a likely location for nother large settlement
iv
Suggest why a large settlement might not develop
in
in the
this location.
v Suggest two reasons why Badaroux has the second largest popul tion
•
16
rban settlements
rbanisation trends
frica
Europe North
merica
area.
in the
study area.
World urbanisation per cent of tot l urban increase)
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Geography Workbook
16
rban settlements
1 Using the data in the table on page 14 draw two pie charts to show the changes in the percentage of total urban increase. a 1950 2011
b
2011 2050
2 In which region is the most urban increase predicted for 2011 2050?
3 In which region is the share of urban growth predicted t o increase most between 1950 2011 and 2011 2050? ...
4
In which regions is the share of urban growth falling?
5 Briefly outline three advantages of living in an urban area.
2
3
6 Briefly outline three disadvantages of living in an urban area.
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POPULATION
ities
ND SETTLEMENT
y size and total population
The graph below shows total urban population by city size millions) between 1970 and 2011.
The projected data for 2025 are: 1
Lessthan500000
2
500000 999999
3
1000000 4999999
4
5000000 9999999
5
10000000and over
1 Complete the graph above by adding the projected data for 2025. 2 a What is the name given t o a city with over 1 million inhabi tants ? ... ... b What is the name given t o a city with over 1 million inhabitants? ... 3 Identify the size of city in which most people lived in 2011 . . 4 By which year were there more people living in cities of over 10 million compared with cities of 5000000 9999999? ...
5 Comment on the change in total population living in cities of different si sizes zes between 2011 and 2025.
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16
The decline of th the e
merican shopping shopping mall
Read the follow following ing extract about the decline o shopping malls
in
the USA and answer the questions below.
The USA has about 1500 shopp ing mal malls. ls. There are about 70 700 0 super-regional shopping centres and
inter net shopp ing and over-supply of shopping internet malls have contri contributed buted to their decl decline. ine. Medium-
800 smaller regi regional onal shopping mal malls. ls. Th Thee superregional megamalls generally outperfo rm their the ir smaller counterparts. Between 15 and 50 per cent projected d to o f shopping malls in the USA are projecte close in the comin g decad decades. es. Reces Recession sion,, Americans increasingly shopp ing in central part s of th e cit city, y,
sized shopping malls malls are set to far faree worst. Shopping cultu re foll followe owed d housing in the USA and moved to the suburbs followin following g th e Second World War Northlan d Centre in Southfield, Michigan, was a shopp ing mall located just outsi de Detroit. It was built in 1954 but was sold to a developer in 2008.
1 Name a suburban shopping mall. 2 Explain why out- of-tow n centres (shoppi ng malls) malls) are
in
decline
in
the USA
3 Outline the advantages of out-of-town shopping centres. centres.
4
rban settlements
Briefly explain the disadvantages of out of town shopping centres.
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POPULATION
Poverty and
ND SETTLEMENT
ccess t o w ter in
Read t h e following extract questions below.
about
etroit
poverty and access t o
In July 2014 Detroit officials agreed to a pause in their attem attempt pt to recover 89 million in overdue water bills by cutting the supplies of people behind with their payments. In Detroit, the median household income is now less than hal f the national average. Anyone who owes ISO or is
1
water
in Detroit, USA,
and
answer t h e
more t han two months overdue with their water bills bil ls fac faces es being cut off from the water supply. Some 80 customers are behind on their bills. In June 2014 2014 the city council increased incre ased water prices by 8.7 per cent, which made Detroit's water bills nearly twice twice the US average.
Defi ne medi an .
2 a How does t h e median household income in Detroit compare with
b Comment
3 How
are t h e
4 How do
on t h e
the
Detroit city authorities trying t o raise their income?
water
5 Comment
household income in Detroit compared with
bills in Detroit compare with
on t h e
likely impacts and success
the
of
rest
of t h e
USA?
Detroit's water policy.
the
US national average?
US national average.
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Cambridge IGCSE Geography Workbook
1.6
Urban quality o f life
-
rban settlements
Study the data in the table below and answer the questions that follow. Current
City
Central
growth
population
In city In
density
millions
{population
(not metro reolon)
km')
o fthe t he
GOP
Life
2010-
pp population USS)
2025
living In
Daily water
{years) ' '
20
(pp hour) the city
ship
(litres/pp)
000
New York
Shanhai London Mexico City
Johannesburg Mumbai SiioPaulo Istanbul
Source: Based on Urban Age Note: pp=perperson
1 Identify the city with the largest population .. 2 Which city has the highest population density? ... 3 Identify the city that is projected to have the largest population growth between 2019 and 2025.
4 Which ci city ty acc account ountss for the largest percentage of its country s population? ... 5 a Identify the richest city in terms of GDP per person ... b Which is the poorest city in terms of GDP per person? ... Calculate the ratio of the richest city t o the poorest city, in terms of GDP per person ...
6 In which city is life expectancy: a
highest? ...
b lowest lowest?? ... 7 Which city has the highest proportion of young people (i.e. those aged under 20 years)? ...
8 Comment on levels of car ownership among the cities.
emissions (kg pp)
HonciKong
c
Annual
consumption CD
under
country's
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POPULATION
ND SETTLEMENT
9 Complete the graph below and comment on the relationship between emissions.
0
GDP in
10 20 3 0 40 50 60 7 0 80 GDP(US ' 000)
• 1.7
rbanisation
The two photos below show a market town and a ce ntral business distri district. ct.
Photo A
Photo B
1 Identify which photo shows:
a a market town ...
b part of a
2 Describe the main characteristics of Photo
A
3 Describe the main characteristics characteristics of Photo
B
CBD
urban areas and C0 2
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@ Th The e Natu Natural ral •
21
Geography Workbook
IGCSE
nvironment
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Tectonics
I E ~5--Z:~::t~Z ·~~~·~......,::::::::::::::: :Ji 2
SeaH'vel
4
1
Sea~
1 The figures on the left show a
co n ev o l can o an d as h i el d v o l can o
1
-
a ldentifybothtypesofvolcano A
~o
Vertic al and
B
horizontal
b For each volcano, identify features 1-4. A
2
3
so Horizontal
4
distance km)
c
Estimate the width and height of both types of volcano.
A
B
d Distinguish between magma and lava.
2 Describe the main characteristics of shield volcanoes and cone volcanoes.
4 .
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TH
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
he imp ct o f volcanoes Volc Vo lcan ano o
Deaths Deat hs
Majo rca useo fde aths
Tambora lndonesia Krakatoa lndonesia MtPelee Martinique
Ash flows
NevadodelRuiz Colombia Unzen Japan
Mudflows Volcanocollapse tsunami
Laki lceland Kelut Indonesia
Mudflows
Galunggung lndonesia
Mudflows Mudflows Mudf lows lava flows
Vesuvius ltaly
Study the table above which provides data on the most deadly volcanoes since 1600. 1 Which country has been most affected by deadly volcanoes? ... 2 Identify the most frequent hazard associated with volcanic eruptions
3 Explain how volcanic eruptions may lead t o starvation
4 Distinguish between extinct dormant and active volcano volcanoes. es.
5 Suggest why the death toll from volcanoes is normally relatively low.
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21
arthquakes and volcanoes
Ea rthqu a ke im pacts The diagram below shows some of the characteristics of an earthquake and some impacts. Rock0
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