Gcg`trf`flkl Felustrfkc
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
^KXK ^XMVG@\M GCG@\XF@M –LFP\XFHWFLMXK LG AKP KHKP\FHCG‟
Emohrg: Gcïks @mrrmtgk Jkvfgrk Kykvfrg Kykvfrg
8> lg Lf`fgohrg, 8>8; 8>8;
^rmigsmr: Cufs Bgrrgrk
^XMVG@\MP LG FEAGEGXFK GE PFP\GOKP LG GEGXAFK GEGXAFK FEK@K^ FEK@K^
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
Ïelf`g F.
Fetrmlu``fðe
0
FF. Lktms Agegrkcgs
,;;,;8,;0,;<
;1,;9,;1,;2,;6,8> ;1, ;9,;1,;2,;6,8>
Y.
@k`ucms y lfsgûm lg okcck.
8.87;.;28-; < Gcg`trmlms, @meifaurk`fðe –P`bcuohgragr‟
Ig`bk Ig `bk lg Oglf`fð e
;7/;8/8>8;
Festruogetm lg Oglf`fðe @krk`tgrïstf` @k rk`tgrïstf` ks lg tgrrgem tgrrgem
Gqufpm lg Oglf`fðe, Okr`k –Ogaagr‟, omlgcm: LG\ Oglf`fmegs
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe ;: Whf`k`fðe Whf`k`fðe lg oglf`fðe oglf`fðe lg rgsfstfvflkl rgsfstfvflkl lg tgrrgem. tgrrgem.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
<
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk` fðe 8: Fokage Fokage lg gqufpm gqufpm lg oglflk oglflk utfcfzklm. utfcfzklm.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe 0: Fokage Fokage lg gqufpm gqufpm lg oglflk, oglflk, gspg`fif`k`fðe gspg`fif`k`fðe lg hmtmegs. hmtmegs.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
7
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe .1>
>.1>
2.27
00.;1
8 0 < 7 9 1 2 6 ;>
;. 8.;> 8.2> 0.7> 7.9> 9.0> 1.>>
>.1> >.1> >.1> >.1> >.1> >.1> >.1> >.1> >.1>
1.89 9..21 > .21
19.2< ;00.>6 8>9. 0 o - 0>> o b 87> M ( 8>> l ;7> k l f ;>> v f t s f s g X
7> > >,>>
;,>>
8,>>
0,>>
>
7,>>
9,>>
1,>>
2,>>
Lfstke`fk (o)
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`fð e 9: Arkif`m Arkif`m lg `mopkrk`fðe `mopkrk`fðe getrg getrg Xgsfstfvflkl Xgsfstfvflkl y Lfstke`fk. Lfstke`fk.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
2
➨
^rmyg``fðe lg arëif`m lgc prmarkok –Fpf8wfe‟: –Fpf8wfe‟:
Fpf8wfe lgs`rfp`fðe: Gs ue prmarkok lfsgûm pkrk fetgrprgtk`fðe lg
`urvks lg smelgm gcæ`trf`m vgrtf`kc k cm ckram lg ue pgrifc. Puif`fgetgogetg `mom pkrk rgsmcvgr prmhcgoks agmcðaf`ms y cmarkr kjustgs ge `urvks.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe 1: \khck lg lg lktms pkrk pkrk rgkcfzkr arkif`k arkif`k ge ge gc prmarkok. prmarkok.
KH/8? lktms lg sgpkrk`fðe sgpkrk`fðe exk exk (o). OE? Pgpkrk`fðe getrg gcg`trmlms pkrk oætmlm P`bcuohgragr. Xm]k? gs gc
( o) @kc`ucklm.
k
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
6
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`fð e 2: Arkif`k Arkif`k lfsgûklk lfsgûklk pmr gc prmarkok prmarkok "cpf8wfe" "cpf8wfe"
Pg puglg mhsgrvkr qug ck arkif`k rmjk, gs ck qug oës sg ksgogjk k ck arkif`k egark, getrg tmlks cks arëif`ks lg ikofcfks. @urvk Kzuc : `mrrgspmelg k pkrëogtrms lgc omlgcm pkrk gc puetm lg smelgm
•
kekcfzklm (rgsfstfvflklgs, gspgsmrgs, prmiuelflklgs lgc tg`bm lg cks `kpks y kctftulgs. kctftulgs. @urvk Xmjk: `mrrgspmelg k ck `urvk tgðrf`k, pkrk gc omlgcm kekcfzklm.
•
@urvk Egark: `mrrgspmelg k ck `urvk lgc arkif`m lg rgsfstfvflkl v/s lfstke`fk.
•
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
;>
Gstg prmarkok kc prmyg`tkr ck `urvk krrmjk uems lktms kutmoëtf`kogetg, ck tkhck okr`klk `me Kzu c `mrrgspmelg kc euogrm lg `kpks, ck tkhck okr`klk `me Xmjm `mrrgspmelg k cks rgsfstge`fks gqufvkcgetgs lg `klk `kpk, ck tkhck okr`klk `me Ygrlg `mrrgspmelg k cks prmiuelflklgs lg `klk `kpk.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe 6: \khck lg lg lktms lg arkif`k prmyg`tklk. prmyg`tklk.
Ck sfaufgetg tkhck sg utfcfzkrë pkrk rgkcfzkr cms `ëc`ucms lg rgsfstfvflkl pkrk ccgakr
•
k uek gqufvkcgetg lgc tgrrgem gstulfklm, pkrk gc oætmlm Hurlmii-Vk`mhs.
Gstrktms G; G8 G0 G<
Xg Xgsfs sfs tfvf lkl 8>.9 9.828 >.>88; >.066 ∕
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
;;
Arkif`k iïsf`k `mrrgspmelfgetg. `mrrgspmelfgetg.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe ;>: Arkif`k Arkif`k cmakrïtof`k cmakrïtof`k lg lfstke`fk lfstke`fk v/s rgsfstfvflkl. rgsfstfvflkl.
^krk skhgr k quæ ikofcfk pgrtgeg`g, sg vfsukcfzm qug gstk arkif`k tfgeg < `kpks.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk` fðe ;;: Arkif`k Arkif`k `me `kpks `kpks vfsukcfzklks. vfsukcfzklks.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
;8
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`fð e ;8: Arkif`k Arkif`k lg `urvks `urvks Mrgcckek Mrgcckek & Ommegy Ommegy.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe ;0: @mrtg Agm gcæ`trf`m gcæ`trf`m lg < `kpks. `kpks.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
;0
Pg pulm vfsukcfzkr k qug ikofcfk `mrrgspmelgrïk ck arëif`k fcustrklk.
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`f ðe ;.1 ots y `me ue ckram lgc `melu`tmr tmtkc lg 8.1 ?8.;<
Bg ? @mrrgspmelg k ck prmiuelflkl lg getgrrkofgetm lg cms gcg`trmlms ge ck oglf`fðe lg pugstk k tfgrrk, ge gstg `ksm sgrfk –>,1‟, lghflm k qug ketgrfmrogetg sg rgkcfzð uek oglf`fðe `me ue getgrrkofgetm lg >.1.
@kc`uckr ck vkrfkhcg kuxfcfkr –q‟ –q‟
•
? 8∑∑+ 88∑8.∑8.∑∑+ 8 9∑ 9∑ 8.89+>.1 ?0.99
@kc`uckr vkrfkhcgs kuxfcfkrgs –Yf‟ (Klfogesfmekc). (Klfogesfmekc).
•
Ge gstg puetm sg `kc`uckrë pmr gstrktm, eugstrk arkif`k `mrrgspmelg k < gstrktms, pmr cm tketm, sg rgkcfzkrëe < `ëc`ucms.
Pg utfcfzkrëe cms sfaufgetgs lktms.
Gstrktms
Xg Xgsfs sfs tfv tfvflkl flkl
^rmiuelf lkl
G; G8 G0 G<
8>.9 9.828 >.>88; >.066 ∕
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
;2
Imrouck k utfcfzkr:
? ? ;8 ∑ + + ∘ + + ∘.828 >.828
?
Gstrktm ;:
•
? ;8 ∑0.99 +>.828 +8.89 ∘ 0.0.99 +>.828 +8.89 ∘
Gstrktm 0:
•
?
;8 ∑0.99 +>.066 +8.89 ∘ 0.0.99 +>.066 +8.89 ∘.>60 >.;081 ?
? >.>0 ?
? ;
@kc`uckr rgsfstfvflkl gqufvkcgetg ( o).
•
Ck arkif`k lfspmeg lg < gstrktms, sg utfcfzkrë ck sfaufgetg imrouck.
? ∘ + ∘ + ∘ + ∘
? @mrrgspmelg k ck rgsfstfvflkl lg cms gstrktms (o)
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
88
Gstrktms
Xgsfs Xgsfs tfv tfvflkl flkl
^rmiuelf lkl
G; G8 G0 G<
8>.9 9.828 >.>88; >.066 ∕
Lktms fesgrtklms k ck iðrouck:
; ? >.>8>.60∘> ;∘>. ; 081 >. ; 081∘>. > 0 >. > 0∘>. > 60 + + + 9 9
Ck rgsfstfvflkl gqufvkcgetg sgaúe gc oætmlm Huraslmri oætmlm Huraslmri -Vkdmhs gs lg 8.71>
/o
K `metfeuk`fðe, `metfeuk`fðe, sg utfcfzkrë utfcfzkrë gstg gstg lktm pkrk pkrk rgkcfzkr rgkcfzkr gc `kc`ucm `kc`ucm lg rgsfstfvflk rgsfstfvflkl l lg ck okcck. okcck.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
80
@k`ucms y lfsgûm lg okcck.
Lfsgûm lg okcck
•
Fcustrk`fðe Fcustrk`fð e ;2: Fokage Fokage lg lfsgûm lfsgûm lg okcck okcck
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
8<
@ëc`ucm lg Pupgrif`fg lg okcck y lfëogtrm lgc `melu`tmr.
•
` , ` l ? ? oo
< l ? > ? >.>>687;0 oo8
Lktms gspg`ïif`ms lg Okcck ^ugstk k \fgrrk.
•
Pupgrif`fg lg ck Okcck
;9o8
Cklm lg ck okcck (K)
687;0 oo8
^rmiuelflkl
>.1 o
Pgpkrk`fðe lg `melu`tmrgs
8o
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
87
@KC@WCMP LG XGPFP\FYFLKL OG\MLM P@BQKXZ
•
Cms ik`tmrgs D; V D8 sg `kc`ucke lg k`ugrlm `me cks sfaufgetgs gxprgsfmegs.
D;?;, < 0∘ 8,0√ xP bg ∘>,>,1 ∘ >,>>,;7∘ √ >,;;919 ) x T x >,>,1>.88>687;0 + (>.62078< Xos? 0,8.;7x8< √ ;;99 ) ∘17?>.8160Φ
XOP ? Xgsfstge`fk lg ck okcck sgaúe P`bwkrz (mbos)
ϋ gq
? Xgsfstfvflkl gqufvkcgetg (mbo x ot)
Co ? Ckram lgc `melu`tmr lg ck okcck (o) P ? Pupgrif`fg lg ck pugstk k tfgrrk (o8) L ? lfëogtrm lgc `melu`tmr lg ck okcck (o) Bg ? ^rmiuelflkl lg getgrrkofgetm lg ck pugstk k tfgrrk (ots) @KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
89
Ck rgsfstge`fk lg ck okcck sgaúe P`bwkrz gs lg >,>8;; Φ, cm `ukc `mrrgspmelg gstfpucklm ge gc pcfgam tæ`ef`m emroktfvm XF@ E º >9, krt 9.1.0 ( Ck rgsfstge`fk `mohfeklk lg tmlks cks pugstks k tfgrrk rgsuctketgs lg ck kpcf`k`fðe lg gstk gxfage`fk em lghgrë gx`glgr lg 7 Mbo. ) .
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
81
Y.
@me`cusfðe
Ck fetgrprgtk`fðe lg oglf`fmegs lg rgsfstfvflkl lg ue tgrrgem, oglfketg `urvks lg pktrmegs lg Mrgcckek & Ommegy, O mmegy, lke uek okymr prg`fsfðe k ck bmrk lg ccgakr k uek okymr prmiuelflkl lg `ëc`ucms k trkvæs lg `kpks, ck kprmxfok`fðe lg ck arëif`k `kc`ucklk `me ck arëif`k –tgðrf`k‟ lg ck `urvk lg lktms lg Mrgcckek & Ommegy, tfgege uek sfofcftul gc `ukc mirg`g uek kprmxfok`fðe, ck `ukc k trkvæs lg gstms lktms sg puglg rgkcfzkr cms `ëc`ucms pkrk ccgakr k uek gqufvkcgetg, ge cms `ukcgs sg utfcfzke vkcmrgs kuxfcfkrgs, tketm `mom vkcmrgs utfcfzklms ge ck okcck lg pugstk k tfgrrk.
@KC@WCM LG OKCCK LG ^WGP\K K \FGXXK
82
YF.. YF
Xg Xgigrge`fks igrge`fks hfh cfm arëif arëif`ks `ks
@krcms @keam, @. ^. (Gegrm lg 8>>6). Hfhlfaftkc. Mhtgeflm lg bttps://hfhlfaftkc.gpe.glu.g`/hftstrgko/;7>>>/278>0). @kc`ucm okcck k tfgrrk pli . Mhtgeflm lg ifcg:///@:/Wsgrs/Hcfz/Lmwecmkls/Lfkcegt@KC@WCMLGCKOKCCKLG^WGP\KK\FGXXKLGWEKPWHGP\K@FME(7).pli Cðpgz, G. (s.i.). Vmutuhg. Mhtgeflm lg bttps://www.ymutuhg.`mo/wkt`b=v?mdicudPL6jV Oms`ú, W. G. (s.i.). Agmpbys.agmc. Mhtgeflm lg bttp://agmpbys.agmc.osu.ru/lgom]gxg/QF^F]MO8.^LI ^krglgs, O. (s.i.). K@klgofk
[email protected] .glu. Mhtgeflm lg
[email protected]: bttps://www.k`klgofk.glu/897
