Cálculo de Conductores para Instalaciones Fotovoltaicas para Autoconsumo
September 3, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Gë`gu`i em giaeugtir giaeugtirms ms pkrk hastk`kghiams fitivi`tkhgks pkrk kutigiasudi Gktmbirhks K]UIGIAW]DI,, DMLI^K EM GIAIGHDHMAU K]UIGIAW]DI GIAIGHDHMAUIW IW
^mvhmw
(; ^MVHMR)
Brkths
Emtk``m ``ms s Emtk Gurrhgu rhgu`ud `ud Gur
^mv hmws ^mvhm ws
EMWG^H_GH×A M` fa em` hdpumsti k` si` y k`buais itris gkdnhis ma `k airdkthvk cka emspmrtkei em aumvi m` dmrgkei em `k mamrbäk si`kr itivi`tkhgk. @ks hastk`kghiams thmama pkrthgu`krhekems pkrthgu`krhekems qum cka em tmamrsm ma gumatk ma `is gë`gu`is em smgghiams em giaeugtir k mdp`mkr. Ma mstm gursi kprmaemrës k gk`gu`kr `ks `äamks em` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk y k`tmrak pkrk gksis em shstmdks em kutigiasud kutigiasudi i eidèsthgi m haeustrhk`, tmahmaei ma gumatk tieks `ks shabu`krhekems em `ks
hastk`kghiams si`krms itivi`tkhgks y rkziakaei `ks kp`hgkghiams airdkthvks kgtuk`ms girrmspiaehmatms.
ÄAEHGM EM GIAUMAHEIW _K^UM ;. Hastk`kgh÷a em = jR (eidèsthgk) Kbrupkdhmati em pkam`ms FV @kei em girrhmatm giathauk
M`mggh÷a em` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m, pir gkäek em tmash÷a y pir girtighrguhti
@kei em girrhmatm k`tmrak
M`mggh÷a em` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m, pir gkäek em tmash÷a y pir girtighrguhti
_K^UM >. Hastk`kgh÷a em =? jR (haeustrhk`) Kbrupkdhmati em pkam`ms FV @kei em girrhmatm giathauk
M`mggh÷a em` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m, pir gkäek em tmash÷a y pir girtighrguhti
@kei em girrhmatm k`tmrak
M`mggh÷a em` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m, pir gkäek em tmash÷a y pir girtighrguhti
Gë`gu`i em `äamks pkrk uak hastk`kgh÷a fitivi`tkhgk em = jR pkrk kutigiasudi
Ektm;? Ektm;? WM_UHMDN^M, >?;8
Hastk`kgh÷a Fitivi`tkhgk em `k Msgum`k Uègahgk Wupmrhir em Habmahmräk y Ehsmûi Haeustrhk` em `k ]ahvmrsheke _i`htègahgk em Dkerhe
M` fha em` hdpumsti k` si` gia m` ^E 8??/>?;= y `k pistmrhir pun`hgkgh÷a em` ^E >55/>?;8 qum mstkn`mgm aumvks giaehghiams kedhahstrkthvks, tègahgks y mgia÷dhgks em` kutigiasudi em mamrbäk m`ègtrhgk sha euek sia ua aumvi cirhziatm pkrk `ks mamrbäks rmaivkn`ms. Ckbkdis ua rmpksi em `is grhtmrhis tègahgis y `mbk`ms pkrk m` gë`gu`i em `äamks ma shstmdks fitivi`tkhgis. Vkdis k gk`gu`kr `ks `äamks em girrhmatm giathauk y k`tmrak em uak hastk`kgh÷a si`kr fitivi`tkhgk em = jR pkrk kutigiasudi eidèsthgi sha kgudu`kgh÷a.
@k hastk`kgh÷a giastkrë em > strhabs (gkemaks em pkam` gkek uak. Ektis em `is pkam`ms uth`hzkeis<
_itmaghk aidhak` emem sk`hek< 7>? pitmaghk R Umash÷a ma m` puati dëxhdk (] D__)< 72,? V Hatmasheke ma m` puati em dëxhdk pitmaghk (H D__)< 3,65 K Hatmasheke em girtighrguhti (HWG WUG)< 8,;3 K Vk`ir dëxhdi em` fushn`m ma smrhm< ;= K Umash÷a em ghrguhti knhmrti (Vig)< 5>,= V
AIUK< rmgirekdis em qum emnma kdhairkrsm `is nug`ms em `is ghrguhtis pkrk knkrgkr m` dmair ërmk pishn`m y gia m``is kdhairkaei m` mfmgti em `k mvmatuk` gkäek em ua rkyi. K dmair ërmk, dmair tmash÷a haeughek. _ir `i qum pkrk aumstri gksi, uak firdk girrmgtk em gi`igkr `is gkn`ms emnmräk smr gidi shbum<
Hbuk`dmatm giavhmam, ma `k dmehek pishn`m, kbrupkr `is strhabs ma > `ks em d÷eu`is ma mstm gksi. @k kfmgtkgh÷a pir sidnrks smrë k numa smburi `i dës mquhtkthvk pishn`m ma `is d÷eu`is em ua dhsdi strhab. Dmlir si`ugh÷a k qum ua sidnrmkei dmais mquhtkthvi pir `is pkam`ms em gkek strhab.
;. Gë`gu`i em` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk Aüdmri em pkam`ms pir strhab< 3
Aüdmri em strhabs< > @iabhtue em `ks `äamks em gkek strhab< 7? d (`iabhtue em` gkn`m ckstk m` d÷eu`i dës k`mlkei em` havmrsir)
;.;. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m (`kei gg) M`mbhdis m` aumvi gkn`m em _rysdhka mspmghk` pkrk hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks _^XW]A ehsmûkei smbüa m` mstëaekr muripmi MA =?6;3* =?6;3* y m` mstëaekr hatmrakghiak` HMG 6>87?. *M` puati 2;>.=>;. 2;>.=>;.;?; ;?; em `k ]AM-CE 6?765-2-2;> (Whstmdks em k`hdmatkgh÷a si`kr itivi`tkhgk) rmgibm mstk airdk em ehsmûi. M` pti. 7 em `k B]HK-NU 5? rmgidhmaek smbuhr `k ghtkek airdk.
M` gkn`m _^XW]A em _rysdhka ehsmûkei smbüa `k airdk muripmk em rmmrmaghk MA =?6;3 supmrk maskyis dmehikdnhmatk`ms, dmgëahgis, quädhgis y em umbi. Ms `k si`ugh÷a _rysdhka em gk`heke pkrk m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk em `ks hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks. M` gkn`m _^XW]A thmam ein`m khs`kdhmati khs`kdhmati gudp`hmaei gudp`hmaei gia m` G÷ehbi Uègahgi em `k Mehfgkgh÷a, EN CM, pti. 7.>.7.7, m` puati 2;>.5;>.;?; em `k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-22;> y `is p`hmbis em giaehghiams tègahgks em` HEKM< _GU Hastk`kghiams Giamgtkeks k ^me y ^me y _GU Hastk`kghiams Khs`keks em ^me ^me (vmr puatis =.; ma `is eis eigudmatis). eigudmatis). _krk mdpmzkr tidkdis m` vk`ir em hatmasheke em girtighrguhti ma giaehghiams WUG pkrk rmk`hzkr m` gë`gu`i pirqum ksä intmaermdis `k smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m y pir hatmasheke em girtighrguhti ma ua si`i gë`gu`i. Hatmasheke em girtighrguhti (H WG WUG)< 8,;3 K Ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk m` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a smrë dhxti<
_rhdmr trkdi k `k hatmdpmrhm gia gkak` pritmgtirk khs`katm (gudp`m HUG-NU >6, pti. 2.;. m HUG-NU 7?, pti. >.;.>.) ↞ shstmdk thpi N; Wmbuaei trkdi nkli tuni ma diatklm supmrfghk` ma hatmrhir (HUG-NU >6, pti. 2.;.) ↞ shstmdk thpi N;
X gk`gu`kdis `k smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m shbuhmaei `ks haehgkghiams em `k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-=-=> (4 HMG 6?765-=-=>) i shbuhmaei m` gktë`ibi _rysdhka em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk NU em` pkrk `is eis shstmdks em hastk`kgh÷a pritmgtirk y tuni) k `i `krbi rmgirrhei em `ks `äamks em girrhmatmehmrmatms giathauk, (gkak` msgibhmaei `k smggh÷a si`ugh÷a dës m`mvkek em `is > gksis. \iak hatmdpmrhm ↞ shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a N;
Gimfghmatms em girrmggh÷a pkrk m` trkdi mxtmrhir<
_ir kggh÷a si`kr ehrmgtk (]AM >?57=, pti. 7.;.>.;.5)< ?,8 _ir tmdpmrkturk em =? ¼G ma hatmdpmrhm (]AM-CE 6?765-=-=>, tkn`k N.=>.;5)<
?,8
_ir kbrupkdhmati em > ghrguhtis em > strhabs (]AM-CE 6?765-=-=>, tkn`k G.=>.7)< ?,3 (vmr tkn`k k giathaukgh÷a) _ir hastk`kgh÷a itivi`tkhgk bmamrkeirk (HMG 6>=53)< ;,5
Wmbüa tkn`k 5 em HMG 6>=53. M` ^MNU giashemrk ;,>= ma su HUG-NU 5? pmri ms uak HUGNU ai hahghk`dmatm pmaskek pkrk shstmdks itivi`tkhgis. itivi`tkhgis. @k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-22;> (kpkrtkei N>) giashemrk qum nkli ghmrtks giaehghiams emnm kudmatkrsm m` gimfghmatm ;,>=. @k hrrkehkgh÷a si`kr mxtrktmrrmstrm, vk`ir dëxhdi tm÷rhgi em `k mamrbäk si`kr ehspiahn`m ms `k gkatheke titk` em mamrbäk prigmematm em` Wi`, ma tieks `ks `iabhtuems em iaek, pir uaheke em thmdpi y pir uaheke em ërmk em uak supmrfghm airdk` k `is rkyis si`krms y k `k ehstkaghk dmehk matrm `k Uhmrrk y m` Wi`. Wmbüa m` Rir`e ^kehkthia ^mmrmagm Gmatrm (R^^G) m` vk`ir ms em ;762 R/d¾. Whmaei `k hatmasheke em girtighrguhti em` pkam` (HWG WUG) pripirghiak` k `k hrrkehkgh÷a y pir cknmr shei gk`gu`kek ma giaehghiams mstëaekr k ;??? R/d> m` gimfghmatm k mdp`mkr smrë ;,5 (≃ ;,762). Wh pumem pkrmgmr m`mvkei rmgiremdis qum ma Mstkeis ]aheis ] aheis sm mdp`mk gidi gimfghmatm ;,=6. ;,>= pkrk m` gë`gu`i em` gkn`m ma bmamrk` y ;,>= pir `k rkehkgh÷a si`kr mxtrktmrrmstrm (;,>= x ;,>= 4 ;,=6). Ma m` gksi M5 em `k airdk HMG 6>=53 (Hastk``kthia kae Wkmty ^mquhrmdmats ir _citivi`tkhg (_V) Bmamrktirs) y ma m` puati 2;>.577.;?; em ]AM-CE 6?765-2-2;> sm rmgibm `k ai amgmsheke em pritmbmr giatrk sinrmhatmashekems* sinrmhatmashekems* (`i qum hauym ma `k m`mggh÷a em` gimfghmatm girrmgtir k` k`zk em H WG WUG (vmr tkn`k 5 em `k ghtkek airdk). Gidi dugci sm emrhvkräk `k girrhmatm em uak gkemak k itrk pir m``i ai ms amgmskrhi pritmbmr. Wä smrë amgmskrhi smgghiakeir pkrk gkek gkemak pkrk piemr ipmrkr ma m``ks y pkrk khs`kr k` havmrsir. *^mgidmaekdis *^mgidmaekd is ma guk`quhmr gksi smbuhr `ks hastrugghiams em knrhgkatms em pritmgghiams.
_krk m` gksi em dës em > gkemaks (strhabs) `k girrhmatm em gë`gu`i em` gkn`m smrë `k em` ehspishthvi em pritmggh÷a giatrk sinrmgkrbks (vmr tkn`k 5 em HMG 6>=53).
Dkyirkdis m` 5? % `k hatmasheke y kp`hgkdis m` rmsti em gimfghmatms havmrskdmatm havmrskdmatm pkrk intmamr `k smggh÷a em giaeugtir ehrmgtkdmatm ehrmgtkdmatm ma `k tkn`k em hatmashekems kedhshn`ms< H‘mxt 4 8,;3 x ;,5 / (?,8 x ?,8 x ?,3) 4 ;8,37 K Gia mstm vk`ir hrmdis k `k tkn`k G.=>.;.nhs G .=>.;.nhs em ]AM-CE 6?765-=-=> (i gktë`ibi _rysdhka em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk NU) NU ) Vkdis prhdmri k gk`gu`kr `k hatmasheke em hatmrhir pkrk nusgkr ma `k tkn`k (H‘ hat) y ksä nusgkrmdis k `k vmz `k smggh÷a däahdk em mxtmrhir y em hatmrhir. \iak hatmrhir ↞ shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a N;
Gimfghmatms em girrmggh÷a pkrk m` trkdi hatmrhir< _ir kbrupkdhmati em > ghrguhtis em > strhabs (]AM-CE 6?765-=-=>, tkn`k G.=>.7)< ?,3 _ir hastk`kgh÷a itivi`tkhgk bmamrkeirk< ;,5 H‘hat 4 8,;3 x ;,5 / ?,3 4 ;6,?2 K Emnmdis matrkr pir `k gi`udak hzquhmrek gia m` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a thpi N; y ``mbkr ckstk S@_M> k` trktkrsm m` _^XW]A em gkn`m tmrdimstkn`m qum sipirtk 8? ¼G ma rèbhdma pmrdkamatm y smr ghrguhtis em > giaeugtirms kgthvis pir trktkrsm em girrhmatm giathauk.
_iemdis vmr qum ma kdnis gksis (hatmrhir y mxtmrhir) `k smggh÷a däahdk k uth`hzkr pir m` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m smräk ;,= dd¾ pumsti qum pkrk mstm gk`hnrm `k gi`udak ;? n (hatmrhir) rmmlk ua vk`ir em hatmasheke dëxhdk em >? K (0 ;8,37 K). Wh nhma emnmräkdis pmaskr ma gkn`m em smggh÷a supmrhir pkrk piemr hatmrgk`kr pritmggh÷a matrm `k hatmasheke dëxhdk em `k hastk`kgh÷a y `k hatmasheke dëxhdk kedhshn`m em` gkn`m. Kemdës, tmahmaei ma gumatk qum `i airdk` ms magiatrkr giamgtirms pkrk hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks itivi`tkhg ks pkrk smgghiams 5 ‗ 6 dd¾. Mstm giaehghiakatm gidmrghk` ckgm rmgidmaekn`m pmaskr, em didmati, didmati, ma smggh÷a däahdk em 5 dd¾ pkrk m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk.
;.>. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir gkäek em tmash÷a (`kei gg) M` puati = em `k HUG-NU 5? em` ^MNU ehgm mxprmskdmatm< …`k gkäek em tmash÷a matrm m` bmamrkeir y m` puati em hatmrgiamxh÷a k `k ^me em Ehstrhnugh÷a _ün`hgk i k `k hastk`kgh÷a hatmrhir, ai smrë supmrhir k` ;,= % pkrk `k hatmasheke aidhak`.
_iemdis matmaemr qum m` bmamrkeir matrmbk su mamrbäk k `k sk`hek em` havmrsir, pir tkati, tmaeräkdis kgitkei m` ;,= % em gkäek em tmash÷a dëxhdk matrm m` havmrsir y m` gukeri bmamrk` em dkaei y pritmggh÷a (GBD_) gidi puati em hatmrgiamxh÷a k `k hastk`kgh÷a hatmrhir.
Ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk ai tmamdis ua vk`ir mspmghfgkei em gkäek em tmash÷a ah ma m` ^MNU ah ma `k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-=-=> ma `k qum sm magumatrk vkgäi m` kpkrtkei 2;>.=>= thtu`kei Gkäek em tmash÷a ma `ks hastk`kghiams em `is giasudheirms . Hbuk` gia mstm tätu`i tkdpigi ais kpirtknk akek, pmri mstkaei ma n`kagi hbuk` k`büa eäk tmamdis giatmahei qum ais kg`krm. M` _`hmbi em Giaehghiams Uègahgks em Hastk`kghiams Giamgtkeks k ^me em` HEKM (_GUG-^MV ‗ lu`hi >?;;) ehgm >?;;) ehgm `i shbuhmatm ma su kpkrtkei =.=.>. ma rm`kgh÷a `k gkäek em tmash÷a ma m` gkn`mkei em girrhmatm giathauk< @is giaeugtirms smrëa em ginrm y tmaerëa `k ` k smggh÷a kemgukek pkrk mvhtkr gkäeks em tmash÷a y gk`matkdhmatis. Giagrmtkdmatm, pkrk guk`quhmr giaehgh÷a em trknkli, `is giaeugtirms emnmrëa tmamr `k smggh÷a sufghmatm pkrk qum `k gkäek em tmash÷a smk hamrhir em` ;,= %.
Gk`gu`krmdis pums giashemrkaei giashemrkaei tkdnhèa ua ;,= % em gkäek em tmash÷a dëxhdk ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk.
@k tmash÷a em gkek strhab em 3 pkam`ms smrë< ]D__ 4 3 x 72,? 4 >86 V @k gkäek em tmash÷a dëxhdk ma vi`is pkrk m` `kei em girrhmatm giaauk ms< Ε] 4 ;,=/;?? x >86 4 5,55 V @k giaeugvheke em` ginrm (Ϟ) ms 5=,= d/(Ψ/dd¾). Vk`ir k 8? ¼G pir trktkrsm em gkn`m tmrdimstkn`m. Ai ms u pmshdhstk tmahmaei ma gumatk qum m` gkn`m _^XW]A pumem sipirtkr ;>? ¼G ma m` giaeugtir eurkatm >? ??? c (mst prieughrsm ma `is gkn`mkeis em hastk`kghiams fitivi`tkhgks).
@k hatmasheke aidhak` ms `k qum ais ek `k pitmaghk aidhak`, pir tkati, m` vk`ir pkrk m` puati em dëxhdk pitmaghk (H D__ 4 3,65 K)
@k smggh÷a däahdk pir gkäek em tmash÷a ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk giathauk smrë pir tkati 5 dd¾. Grhtmrhi qum eidhak sinrm m` em hatmasheke kedhshn`m (5 1 ;,=). Matiagms m` gkn`m k mdp`mkr smrë em ;Ò5 dd¾ thpi _^XW]A pkrk `k giamxh÷a matrm `is pkam`ms y m` havmrsir.
;.7. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir girtighrguhti (`kei gg) Mstm gë`gu`i ms hdp`äghti k` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m pums cmdis pkrthei em `k hatmasheke em girtighrguhti pkrk gk`gu`kr `k smggh÷a. katmrhirdmatm, k` trktkrsm em eis gkemaks (strhabs) Kemdës, gidi sm ck gidmatkei katmrhirdmatm, em pkam`ms ma pkrk`m`i ai ms amgmskrhk pritmggh÷a giatrk sinrmhatmashekems yk qum prieughei ua girtighrguhti `k hatmasheke ma guk`quhmrk em `ks > gkemaks ai supmrkrë m` vk`ir em girtighrguhti aidhak` (ekti em` pkam`).
>. Gë`gu`i em` `kei em girrhmatm k`tmrak.
Umash÷a em sk`hek em` havmrsir (] GK)< >7? V Hatmasheke dëxhdk em sk`hek em` havmrsir (hatmasheke aidhak`)< >;,6 K @iabhtue em `k `äamk matrm m` havmrsir y m` gukeri bmamrk` em dkaei y pritmggh÷a< ;= d
>.;. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m (`kei gk) Msgibmdis m` gkn`m Kudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) hastk`ëaei`i nkli tuni brkpkei k `k pkrme.
Gkn`m Kudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) em k`tk smburheke gia g`ksm em rmkggh÷a k` umbi G gks;n.e;.k; M` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a thpi pkrk gkn`m du`thgiaeugtir nkli tuni ma diatklm supmrfghk` ms N>.
Hbuk`dmatm pkrk mstm gksi sm trktk em uak `äamk gia > giaeugtirms gkrbkeis (k` ai giashemrkrsm m` em pritmggh÷a kgthvi. M` gkn`m ms tmrdimstkn`m (vmr `hstk em gkn`ms tmrdip`ësthgiss y tmrdimstkn`ms ma m` gktë`ibi _rysdhka em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk tmrdip`ësthgi NU). Ma mstm gksi s÷`i kp`hgkdis gimfghmatm dkyirkeir ;,>= pirqum m` havmrsir yk `hdhtk `k girrhmatm em sk`hek. M` rmsti em `is gimfghmatms em` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk ai matrk ma lumbi. M` ghrguhti ms üahgi, ai irdk pkrtm em ua kbrupkdhmati, mstë k `k sidnrk ma hatmrhir y k `k tmdpmrkturk mstëaekr em Mspkûk (5? ¼G vk`ir dëxhdi). H‘gk 4 >;,6 x ;,>= 4 >2 K
Vmdis ma `k gi`udak 3n qum `k smggh÷a em 5 dd> sipirtk ckstk 7> K (1 >2 K). Wmrë `k smggh÷a kedhshn`m.
>.>. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir gkäek em tmash÷a (`kei gk) Ε] 4 ;,=/;?? x >7? 4 7,5= V
Umahmaei ma gumatk qum `k hatmasheke aidhak` ms `k dëxhdk em sk`hek em` havmrsir (>;,6 K)
@k smggh÷a airdk`hzkek hadmehktk supmrhir ms 6 dd¾. M` gkn`m k hastk`kr smräk Kfudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) em 7B6.
>.7. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir girtighrguhti (`kei gk) Gidprinkrmdis sh `k smggh÷a däahdk tègahgkdmatm kedhshn`m (6 dd >) kedhthrë m` Gidprinkrmdis girtighrguhti däahdi. @k ÷rdu`k em `k B]HK-NU-KAMSI 7 ais pmrdhtm gk`gu`kr m` vk`ir em girtighrguhti<
M` vk`ir k giashemrkr pkrk m` trkdi em girrhmatm k`tmrak y trktëaeism em uak hastk`kgh÷a bmamrkeirk smrë m` girtighrguhti däahdi qum emnk amgmshtkr `k pritmggh÷a katms em` gukeri bmamrk` em dkaei y pritmggh÷a, giashemrkaei giashemrkaei qum m` girtighrg girtighrguhti uhti sm prieugm k `k sk`hek em` havmrsir. @is havmrsirms thmama rmbu`kek `k girrhmatm dëxhdk em sk`hek y gia `is gë`gu`is rmk`hzkeis (;,>= vmgms >;,6 K) `k smggh÷a pir m` grhtmrhi em` girtighrguhti girtighrguh ti smrë sufghmatm (vhsti emsem `k sk`hek ma k`tmrak em` havmrsir).
Vkdis k giashemrkr si`kdmatm `k rmshstmaghk pkrk shdp`hfgkr k` trktkrsm em smggh÷a pmqumûk `k rmkgtkaghk hauym pigi (≃?,?3 Ψ/jd). ]th`hzkdis m` vk`ir em rmshsthvheke em` ginrm k ;=? ¼G (vk`ir em tmdpmrkturk msthdkei pkrk girtighrg girtighrguhti). uhti).
Gk`gu`kdis em` ginrm `k rmshsthvheke k ;=? ¼G tidkaei `k ÷rdu`k em `k ]AM >??7 (HMG >3)< ϋGuU 4 ;/=3 x (; + ?,??787 x (U->?)) ↞ ϋGu;=? 4 ;/=3 x (; + ?,??787 x (;=?->?)) 4 ?,?>6?= dd¾²Ψ/d dd¾²Ψ/d
Wh `k pritmggh÷a em gurvk G katms em` gukeri bmamrk` em dkaei y pritmggh÷a ms em 7> K (ekei qum `k hatmasheke dëxhdk smrë em >2 K y m` giaeugtir em 6 dd > sipirtk ckstk 5; K (vmr tkn`k em hatmashekems kedhshn`ms) kedhshn`ms) `k girrhmatm däahdk qum ksmburk m` ehspkri dkbaèthgi ms 7>? K, hamrhir k ;5;7 K. Vmr B]HK-NU >>, pti. ;.;. Hggdäa 1 Hd 4 ;? Ha ï ;5;7 K 1 7>? K 4 ;? x 7> K @k smggh÷a em 6 dd > ms vë`hek pir m` grhtmrhi em` girtighrguhti. M` gkn`m k hastk`kr smrë Kfudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) em 7B6 .
K]UIGIAW]DI WI@K^ FIUIVI@UKHGI. M` prhdmr pksi ckghk `k trkashgh÷a mamrbèthgk.
Ektm6 Ektm6 WM_UHMDN^M, >?;8
Kutigiasudi si`kr fitivi`tkhgi. M` prhdmr pksi ckghk `k trkashgh÷a mamrbèthgk.
@k mamrbäk `hdphk gkek vmz dës gidpmththvk. M` knkrktkdhmati em `ks MM^^,s knrm uak vmatkak em ipirtuaheke pkrk gudp`hr gia `is inlmthvis em rmeuggh÷a em `k mdhsh÷a em GI> y emskfkr `is rhmsbis emrhvkeis em` gkdnhi g`hdëthgi. Wmbüa m` FDH matrm >??8 y >?;2 `is prmghis em `ks turnhaks m÷`hgks y em `is pkam`ms si`krms rmbhstrkria `ks dkyirms gkäeks em prmghis em matrm `ks umatms mamrbèthgks gia nklks mdhshiams em gkrniai. @is emsgmasis umria em` 26% pkrk `is pkam`ms si`krms em` 76% pkrk `ks turnhaks m÷`hgks, giavhrthèaei`ks ma k`tmrakthvks gidpmththvks ai si`i rmatm k `ks dës giatkdhakatms qum uth`hzka gidnusthn`ms ÷sh`ms, sh ai tkdnhèa rmspmgti k `ks umatms em mamrbäk trkehghiak`ms dës nklks ma gkrniai, gidi `k cherim`ègtrhgk y `k aug`mkr.
`k m`mgtrhgheke _rmghi em `k m`mgtrhgheke ma tèrdhais tèrdhais em gistm gistm mquhvk`matm mquhvk`matm (@GIM). (@GIM).
(Ma e÷`krms pir DRc. @GIM
Uhmam ma gumatk tieis `is gistms k `i `krbi em `k vhek üth` em `k hastk`kgh÷a, sha sunshehis ah hdpumstis). Ma >?;2, sm havhrth÷ dës ma mamrbäk si`kr qum ma tieks `ks emdës tmgai`ibäks em nkli gkrniai gidnhakeks. Dhmatrks ma gistm em `k bmamrkgh÷a m÷`hgk y si`kr ehsdhauy÷, m` em `k mamrbäk aug`mkr y `k cherim`ègtrh cherim`ègtrhgk gk kudmat÷ ua >;% y 8% rmspmgthvkdmatm, ma m` dhsdi pmrhiei. @k H+E ma tmgai`ibäks si`krms y m÷`hgks, su mstkaekrhzkgh÷a y `ks mgiaidäks em msgk`k cka cmgci pishn`m uais pkam`ms si`krms gkek vmz dës mfghmatms y nkrktis.
Ms m` didmati em` Kutigiasudi K utigiasudi Wi`kr Fitivi`tkhgigudp`hr `is prhaghpk`ms rmtis M` smgtir m`ègtrhgi mstë ``kdkei ``kdkei k smr pritkbiahstk pkrk gudp`hr qum Mspkûk sm p`katmk ma su trkashgh÷a mamrbèthgk. Wm gmatrka ma m` Kutigiasudi Wi`kr Fitivi`tkhgi ‐KWF—, pir `k giavhggh÷a em qum mstë ``kdkei k kgtukr k gtukr gidi pk`kagk em ua gkdnhi qum supiam uak brka ipirtuaheke pkrk `is smgtirms em `k haeustrhk, smrvhghis, rmshemaghk` rmshemaghk` i m` em `k divh`heke.
@k trkashgh÷a mamrbèthgk ai ms trkashgh÷a. Ms rmvi`ugh÷a. X ms m s si`kr.
Wmbüa `i gidmatkei ma m` katmrhir krtägu`i _^XWDHKA K@ EHK, @k airdkthvk em vhmam em Muripk, m` ‐_AHMG— (_`ka Akghiak` Hatmbrkei em Mamrbäk y G`hdk) dkrgk `k cilk em rutk k smbuhr pir Mspkûk ma `k pr÷xhdk eègkek y qum matrm sus prhaghpk`ms inlmthvis inlmthvis mstëa `k trkasirdkgh÷a em `ks umatms em mamrbäk gia ua 5>% em irhbma rmaivkn`m y kudmatkr `k mfghmaghk mamrbèthgk ma ua 5?%. Urkeughei ma aüdmris msi supiam gmrrkr 8 p`katks em gkrn÷a em `ks ;5 kgtuk`ms sudkei k ua prigmsi em rmeuggh÷a em aug`mkrms. Ma trkaspirtm sm kpumstk pir `k divh`heke m`ègtrhgk gia inlmti em qum tieis `is gigcms smka em mdhshiams ? ma >?5?. M` ‐_AHMG— supiam uak ipirtuaheke em kgthvheke mgia÷dhgk em` irema em >??.??? D em muris ckstk >?7? gia uak havmrsh÷a pün`hgk prmvhstk em` >?%, mspmghk`dmatm ma vhvhmaek. Ukdnhèa sm prmvèa aumvis =? BR em rmaivkn`ms , gia hdpirtkaghk ma m` k`dkgmakdhmati m hagrmdmati em` nidnmi y ua emsp`hmbum em `k bmamrkgh÷a em itivi`tkhgk itivi`tkhg k ma giduahekems gidpkrtheks, gidpkrtheks, qum dmlirkrë `k gidpmtmaghk y mstknh`hzkrë prmghis y gistms matrm itris nmamfghis. Gmatrëaeiais ma m` kutigiasudi, m` mstkei yk kauagh÷ k prhdmris em >?;8 m` emskrri``i em uak mstrktmbhk akghiak` em kutigiasudi qum giatrhnuyk k gudp`hr shbahfgkthvkdmatm m` _AHMG. M` prhdmr chti mstrktèbhgi pkrk m` kutigiasudi ma mstm kûi um m` pkskei = em knrh`, m` binhmrai mspkûi` kprin÷ gia m` ^E >55/>?;8 ua aumvi ^mb`kdmati qum shdp`hgk m` prigmehdhmati pkrk qum guk`quhmr giasudheir prieuzgk y giasudk m`mgtrhgheke y tkdnhèa m`hdhak tksks i ‐pmklms—, mstkn`mghmaei uak nksm dës g`krk pkrk rmbu`kr su usi. Uiei msti kvirmgm m` kutigiasudi tkati k mdprmsks gidi k pkrthgu`krms. @ks rmbu`kghiams kathbuks mrka mspmghk`dmatm rmstrhgthvks. _rhaghpk`dmatm giatmaäk eis kgtirms ambkthvis, ai sm rmtrhnuäk pir `k m`mgtrhgheke ai bkstkek y vi`gkek ma `k rme y in`hbknk k pkbkr pmklms pir `k mamrbäk prieughek pir uai dhsdi k trkvès em mquhpis priphis. Gia `k aumvk airdkthvk, msti gkdnhk<
Gidpkrthmaei tieis bkakdis. @k aumvk `my vk ua pksi dës k``ë y tkdnhèa rmbu`k m` kutigiasudi gi`mgthvi. Gia m` aumvi ^E >55/>?;8, tkdnhèa sm diehfgk `k @my >5/>?;7, em >6 em ehghmdnrm, m` smgtir m`ègtrhgi, ksä gidi m` ^E 8??/>?;=, em 8 em igtunrm, Uk` gidi sm gidmatk ma m` katmrhir krtägu`i _rysdhka K@ EHK. Aumvis cirhziatms pkrk m` kutigiasudi WFV. Wi`ughiams _rysdhka. Ckn`k sinrm m` kutigiasudi gi`mgthvkdmatm, gukaei pmrtmamgm k ua brupi em ehvmrsis giasudheirms qum sm k`hdmatka nkli kgumrei, em `k mamrbäk m`ègtrhgk prigmematm em `ks hastk`kghiams prieugtirks prieugtirks pr÷xhdks. Wm gidprmaema gidi hastk`kghiams pr÷xhdks<
@ks giamgtkeks k `k rme hatmrhir em `is giasudheirms ksighkeis i uaheis k trkvès em `äamks ehrmgtks. [um mstèa giamgtkeks k `k rme em ehstrhnugh÷ ehstrhnugh÷a a em NU emrhvkek em ua dhsdi GU. [um mstèa giamgtkeks k uak rme em NU k uak ehstkaghk dëxhdk em =?? d.
[um mstèa unhgkeks ma uak dhsdk rmmrmaghk gktkstrk` (ma sus prhdmris ;5 eäbhtis).
@k aumvk `mbhs`kgh÷a knrm `k ipgh÷a em prieughr su priphk mamrbäk k eis tmrghis em `k pin`kgh÷a. M` cmgci em qum kcirk sm pmrdhtk qum uak hastk`kgh÷a prieugtirk em KWF pumek smr uskek pir vkrhis vmghais em uak dhsdk giduaheke i em mehfghis pr÷xhdis, uak dkamrk em gidpkrthr `k mamrbäk y ehstrhnuhr `is bkstis, kpirtkaei kemdës mxhnh`heke k` shstmdk. ]a kspmgti duy hdpirtkatm qum piam m` kutigiasudi k ehspishgh÷a em dugcis dh``iams em pmrsiaks qum ai thmama vhvhmaeks i mehfghis cknh`htkeis pkrk uak hastk`kgh÷a itivi`tkhgk itivi`tkhgk y kudmatk `k rmatknh`heke em `is qum thmama `k pishnh`heke em hastk`kr ua mquhpi em prieuggh÷a. Uiekväk qumeka kspmgtis pir rmsi`vmr. @is rmb`kdmatis ai rmbu`ka g÷di sm emnma kgirekr `is bkstis y `is giasudheirms qum `i gidpkrtma, kuaqum m` Dhahstmrhi mstë yk trknklkaei ma m``i. Em didmati sm rhbm pir kgumreis prhvkeis matrm `ks pkrtms ma `is qum `k dkyiräk em `is gksis sm kp`hgk ua gimfghmatm em rmpkrti rmsu`tkatm em `k rkthi matrm `k pitmaghk haehvheuk` haehvheuk` giatrktkek giatrktkek y m` titk` em pitmaghks pitmaghks giatrktkeks. Mstm thpi em si`ughiams ai sia titk`dmatm mquhtkthvks y lustks gukaei cky dugck ehmrmaghk matrm brkei em kutigiasudi y `k gidpmaskgh÷a pir haymggh÷a k rme em gkek uai em `is giasudheirm giasudheirmss gi`mgthvhzkeis gi`mgthvhzkeis..
‐[uhzës priati smrë pishn`m qum m` priphmtkrhi em ua vmcägu`i m`ègtrhgi rmghnk uak rmtrhnugh÷a pir haymgtkr k `k rme m`mgtrhgheke k`dkgmakek ma su nktmräk ma ua didmati ma qum m` shstmdk `k amgmshtm—.
Aumvis cirhziatms pkrk m` kutigiasudi fitivi`tkhgi. Wi`ughiams _rysdhka.
Ektm= Ektm= WM_UHMDN^M, >?;8
@k matrkek ma vhbir em` ^mk` Emgrmti @my ;=/>?;3 ck em hagrmdmatkr aitkn`mdmatm m` aüdmri em hastk`kghiams fitivi`tkhgks pkrk kutigiasudi. M` keh÷s k` ``kdkei ‐hdpumsti k` si`— knrm `k pumrtk k ua dkyir kprivmgckdhmati em `k rkehkgh÷a si`kr em aumstri pkäs. _rysdhka kgudu`k brka mxpmrhmaghk ma `k fknrhgkgh÷a y ehsmûi em `is gkn`ms amgmskrhis pkrk `k hastk`kgh÷a mxtmrhir m hatmrhir. @k aumvk `my k``kak m` gkdhai pkrk kvirmgmr `k fburk em` bmamrkeir-giasudheir matmaehmaei qum ms uak irdk em kprivmgckr `ks umatms rmaivkn`ms y k su vmz rmakr `k msgk`kek em prmghis ma `k tkrhk m`ègtrhgk rmeughmaei `k emdkaek trkehghiak`. Ah gkrbis, ah pmklms pir usi em `äamks, m` ^E@ ;=/>?;3 m`hdhak tiei thpi em trknks mgia÷dhgks pkrk kvirmgmr m` emskrri``i em shstmdks em bmamrkgh÷a pkrk giasudi priphi. @k prhdmrk brka emdkaek em` smgtir itivi`tkhgi mstë skthsmgck. Wm pmrdhtm qum uak hastk`kgh÷a pkrk kutigiasudi pumek smr em gidüa nmamfghi pkrk vkrhis giasudheirms. giasudheirms. Gia `k `my katmrhir `k mamrbäk emnäk smr kshbakek si`kdmatm k` thtu`kr üahgi em `k hastk`kgh÷a. Ai s÷`i cknäk `hdhtkghiams tègahgks ma `k katmrhir `my em >?;=. @is prifmshiak`ms em` smgtir sm qumlknka kdkrbkdmatm em `is trëdhtms in`hbktirhis, gumsth÷a qum ehsukeäk
k dugcis pitmaghk`ms nmamghkrhis ehrmgtis em `k bmamrkgh÷a pkrk giasudi priphi. M` aumvi prigmehdhmati fkgh`htkrë `k bmsth÷a eigudmatk` y `k `mbk`hzkgh÷a em `ks hastk`kghiams hastk`kghia ms bmamrkeirks. M` gidmatkei ^E@ tkdnhèa giatmdp`k itrks dmeheks ehakdhzkeirks pkrk vmcägu`i m`ègtrhgi y `k mfghmaghk mamrbèthgk.
Gkn`ms _rysdhka pkrk kutigiasudi fitivi`tkhgi _rysdhka ehspiam em tiei thpi em si`ughiams pkrk hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks, itivi`tkhgks, emsem `is gkn`ms pkrk `k ziak em gkptkgh÷a si`kr, prmsmatms ma tiei thpi em hastk`kghiams, ckstk `is gkn`ms pkrk giamxh÷a ma k`tk tmash÷a pkrk vmrthei em `k mamrbäk ma rme. Wha i`vhekr gkn`ms giavmaghiak`ms y mspmghk`ms pkrk giduahgkghiams. _krk m` gksi pkrthgu`kr em `ks hastk`kghiams pkrk kutigiasudi _rysdhka ehspiam em eis prieugtis pkrk tmaehei mxtmrhir ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk giathauk gia 7? kûis em vhek üth`. Kdnis mstëa ehsmûkeis smbüa MA =?;6;3 qum mxhbm `k ]AM-CE 6?765-2-
2;> (Whstmdks em k`hdmatkgh÷a si`kr itivi`tkhgk) ksä gidi smbüa m` mstëaekr hatmrakghiak` HMG 6>87?.
_^XW]A
Emsgkrbkr fgck tègahgk
Umash÷a aidhak`< ?,6/; jV (dëx. ;,3 jVeg) Airdk em ehsmûi< MA =?6;3 (mstëaekr muripmi) m HMG 6>87? (mstëaekr hatmrakghiak`) Gmrgkei pir Nurmku Vmrhtks Giaeugtir em ginrm mstkûkei G`ksm em rmkggh÷a k` fumbi Mgk ^mshstmaghk k `k hatmdpmrhm y k kbmatms quädhgis (vmr maskyis ma gck tègahgk) Ein`m khs`kdhmati Kpti pkrk smrvhghis d÷vh`ms
UMGW]A
Emsgkrbkr fgck tègahgk
Umash÷a aidhak`< ?,6/; jV (;,3 jVeg dëx.) Airdk em ehsmûi< MA =?6;3 (mstëaekr muripmi) m HMG 6>87? (mstëaekr hatmrakghiak`) Gmrgkei pir UÐV
Giaeugtir em ginrm mstkûkei G`ksm em rmkggh÷a k` fumbi Mgk ^mshstmaghk k `k hatmdpmrhm y k kbmatms quädhgis (vmr maskyis ma gck tègahgk) Ein`m khs`kdhmati Kpti pkrk smrvhghis d÷vh`ms Kpti pkrk sitmrrkdhmati ehrmgti
Kfudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW)
Emsgkrbkr fgck tègahgk
_krk `k hastk`kgh÷a hatmrhir ma bmamrk` ms rmgidmaekn`m m` gkn`m Kfudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) Umash÷a aidhak`< ?,6/; jV G`ksm em rmkggh÷a k` fumbi Ggk-s;n,e;,k;
Wh `k hastk`kgh÷a hatmrhir sm rmk`hzk nkli tuni sm pumem uth`hzkr tkdnhèa giaeugtir khs`kei thpi Kudmx G`kss 2=? V (KW)
Kfudmx G`kss 2=? V (KW)
Emsgkrbkr fgck tègahgk
Wh `k hastk`kgh÷a hatmrhir sm rmk`hzk nkli tuni sm pumem u`hzkr tkdnhèa giaeugtir khs`kei pi Kfudmx G`kss 2 Umash÷a aidhak`< 5=?/2=? V
G`ksm em rmkggh÷a k` fumbi Ggk-s;n,e;,k;
_^XW]A® _^ XW]A® pkrk hastk`kghiams fitivi`tkhgks smbüa m` mstëaekr hatmrakghiak` HMGmuripmi 6>87? MA =?6;3 m
Ektm>= Ektm>= L]AHI, >?;8
Aumvi gkn`m _^XW]A® pkrk hastk`kghiams fitivi`tkhgks smbüa m` mstëaekr muripmi MA =?6;3 y m` mstëaekr hatmrakghiak` HMG 6>87?. @k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-2-2;> sinrm shstmdks em k`hdmatkgh÷a si`kr fitivi`tkhgk (FV) smûk`k qum `is gkn`ms emsthakeis k smr uth`hzkeis ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk mstkrëa ehsmûkeis smbüa `k airdk MA =?6;3. _^XW]A® ms `k aumvk si`ugh÷a em _rysdhka pkrk su hastk`kgh÷a qum kemdës tkdnhèa gudp`m gia m` prhdmr mstëaekr hatmrakghiak` pkrk gkn`ms fitivi`tkhgis, HMG 6>87? (>?;2).
M` kubm em `ks hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks ``mv÷ hahghk`dmatm hahghk`dmatm k `k hastk`kgh÷a em gkn`ms giavmaghiak`ms,, ai ehsmûkeis pkrk uak vhek üth` pri`iabkek ma `ks giaehghiams em uak giavmaghiak`ms hastk`kgh÷a em hatmdpmrhm gia k`tk mxpishgh÷a k `k kggh÷a ktdisèrhgk i em sustkaghks quädhgks ma matirais haeustrhk`ms. _igi emspuès kpkrmghmria gkn`ms nkli ehsmûi mspmgäfgi y gmrthfgkeis pir irbkahsdis mxtmrais. Gia m` pksi em` thmdpi piemdis ckn`kr ciy yk em ua gkn`m qum ms ruti em` giaighdhmati y mxpmrhmaghk kgudu`keis ma m` brupi _rysdhka y kemdës rmspiaem k` rmghmatmdmatm emfahei mstëaekr muripmi (MA =?6;3) m hatmrakghiak` (HMG 6>87?), m` aumvi _^XW]A®.
_^XW]A®< gia mxgm`matms priphmekems nkli m` mstëaekr muripmi MA =?6;3 y m` hatmrakghiak` HMG 6>87?. Vmr Fhgck Uègahgk | Uègahgk | Vmr Gktë`ibi em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks
_krk rmspiaemr k `ks mxhbmaghks em `ks hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks tkati pir su vkrhmeke gidi pir su mxpishgh÷a kdnhmatk` (mstëthgks, d÷vh`ms, eidèsthgks, haeustrhk`ms, pkrk vmrthei ma rme, mtg.) m` gkn`m _^XW]A® supmrk ua kdp`hi knkahgi em maskyis m`ègtrhgis, dmgëahgis, quädhgis, em rmkggh÷a k` umbi y dmehikdnhmatk`ms.
_rmstkghiams em _^XW]A® vs itris gkn`ms<
Giaeugtir< Ginrm mstkûkei Umash÷a dëxhdk em smrvhghi< ;,>/;,> jVkg: ;,3/;,3 jVeg Nurmku ku Vmrhtks Vmrht ks y KMAI^ Gmrg Gmr gkgh kgh÷a< ÷a< Nurm Wmrvhghis d÷vh`ms< WH Ein`m khs`kdhmati (g`ksm HH)< WH Umdpmrkturk dëxhdk ma m` giaeugtir< 8? ¼G (;>? ¼G eurkatm >?.??? c) ^mshstmaghk k` iziai< HMG 6>87? Ukn.7 pkrk HMG 6?3;;-5?7, MA =?6;3 Ukn.> pkrk MA =?786 pi em prumnk N ^mshstmaghk k `is rkyis ]VK< HMG 6>87? Kamxi M, MA =?6;3 Kamxi M ^mshstmaghk k ëgheis y nksms< HMG 6>?87? Kamxi N y MA =?6;3 Kamxi N 2 eäks >7¼G (A-ëghei ixë`hgi y A-cyer÷xhei s÷ehgi) pkrk HMG 6?3;;-5?5: MA 6?3;;-5?5
_rumnk em giatrkggh÷a< HMG 6>87? Ukn.> pkrk HMG 6?3;;-=?7 MA =?6;3 Ukn.> pkrk MA 6?3;;-=?7
(dëxhdk giatrkggh÷a >%)
^mshstmaghk k` gk`ir cüdmei< HMG 6>87? Ukn.> y MA =?6;3 Ukn.> ;??? c k 8?¼G y 3=% em cudmeke pkrk HMG 6??63->-23, MA 6??63->-23
^mshstmaghk em khs`kdhmati k `krbi p`kzi< HMG 6>3>;-> MA =?78=-8 (>5? c/3=¼G kbuk/;,3jV EG) ^mspmtuisi gia m` dmehi kdnhmatm< Ehrmgvk ^iCW >?;;/6=/M] em `k ]ah÷a Muripmk Maskyi em pmamtrkgh÷a ehaëdhgk< HMG 6>87? Kamxi E, MA =?6;3 Kamxi E Ein`kei k nklk tmdpmrkturk< Ein`kei y k`krbkdhmati k -5?¼G smbüa HMG 6>87? Ukn.> pkrk HMG 6?3;;-=?5 y -=?= y MA =?6;3 Ukn.> pkrk MA 6?3;;-;-5 y MA 6?3;;-=?5 y -=?= ^mshstmaghk k` hdpkgti ma fräi< ^mshstmaghk k` hdpkgti k -5?¼G smbüa HMG 6>87? Kamxi G pkrk HMG 6?3;;-=?6 y MA =?6;3 Kamxi G pkrk MA 6?3;;-=?6 Eurknh`heke em dkrgkei< HMG 6>87?: MA =?786
Msqumdk em kp`hgkgh÷a em gkn`ms em mamrbäk y giduahgkghiams k ua shstmdk itivi`tkhgi itivi`tkhg i pkrk kutigiasud k utigiasudi i gia pishnh`heke em vmrthei ma rme. M` gkn`m _^XW]A® mstë emsthakei k` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk.
Gë`gu`i em `äamks pkrk uak hastk`kgh÷a fitivi`tkhgk em =? jR pkrk kutigiasudi haeustrhk`
Ektm>7 Ektm>7 WM_UHMDN^M, >?;8
Gidi giathaukgh÷a k` mlmdp`i em kutigiasudi eidèsthgi pun`hgkei katmrhirdmatm mxpiamdis kcirk gë`gu`is priphis em ua shstmdk fitivi`tkhgi pkrk uak haeustrhk. K` trktkrsm em =? jR em pitmaghk aidhak` (pitmaghk m`ègtrhgk aidhak` em` havmrsir) `i kemgukei ms pmaskr ma uak pitmaghk phgi ma m` gkdpi itivi`tkhgi itivi`tkhgi supmrhir (ckstk >? %) ekei qum `ks giaehghiams em bmamrkgh÷a bmamrk`dmatm smrëa hamrhirms k `ks aidhak`ms em `is pkam`ms.
@k hastk`kgh÷a giastkrë em ;? strhabs (gkemaks em pkam gkek uak. Ektis em `is pkam`ms uth`hzkeis<
_itmaghk aidhak` em sk`hek< 7=? R Umash÷a ma m` puati em dëxhdk pitmaghk (] D__)< 73,6 V Hatmasheke ma m` puati em dëxhdk pitmaghk (H D__)< 8,?2 K Hatmasheke em girtighrguhti (HWG WUG)< 8,5; K Vk`ir dëxhdi em` fushn`m ma smrhm< ;= K Umash÷a em ghrguhti knhmrti (Vig)< 55,7 V Umash÷a dëxhdk em` shstmdk< ;??? Veg ;? x ;6 x 7=? R 4 =6 ??? R 1 =? ??? R
@k hastk`kgh÷a giamgtkrë ehrmgtkdmatm gia m` havmrsir `ks ;? gkemaks em pkam`ms (strhabs). _masmdis qum aumstri havmrsir pmrdhtm diahtirhzkgh÷a em gkek strhab. Ai smrë amgmskrhi hastk`kr gklk em giamxhiams pkrk giamgtkrsm ma m` havmrsir s÷`i gia ua pishthvi y ua ambkthvi, qum smräk itrk k`tmrakthvk.
;. Gë`gu`i em` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk
Aüdmri em pkam`ms pir strhab< ;6 Aüdmri em strhabs< ;? @iabhtue em `ks `äamks em gkek strhab< 6> d (`iabhtue em` gkn`m ckstk m` d÷eu`i dës k`mlkei em` havmrsir)
;.;. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m (`kei gg) M` gkn`m _^XW]A mstë ehsmûkei smbüa m` mstëaekr muripmi MA =?6;3* y m` mstëaekr hatmrakghiak` HMG 6>87?. ]ak bkrkatäk em gk`heke k `i `krbi em `k vhek üth` em `k hastk`kgh÷a itivi`tkhgk. *M` puati 2;>.=>;. 2;>.=>;.;?; ;?; em `k ]AM-CE 6?765-2-2;> (Whstmdks em k`hdmatkgh÷a si`kr itivi`tkhgk) rmgibm mstk airdk em ehsmûi.
M` gkn`m _^XW]A em _rysdhka ehsmûkei smbüa `k airdk muripmk em rmmrmaghk MA =?6;3 supmrk maskyis dmehikdnhmatk`ms, dmgëahgis, quädhgis y em umbi. Ms `k si`ugh÷a _rysdhka em gk`heke pkrk m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk em `ks hastk`kghiams itivi`tkhgks. Gia m` vk`ir em hatmasheke em girtighrguhti ma giaehghiams WUG pkrk rmk`hzkr m` gë`gu`i intmaermdis `k smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m y pir hatmasheke em girtighrg girtighrguhti uhti ma ua si`i gë`gu`i. Hatmasheke em girtighrguhti (H WG WUG)< 8,5; K M` gkn`m hrë hastk`kei ma gkak` pritmgtirk smpkrkek em `k supmrfghm ma m` trkdi mxtmrhir (k` smr hatmdpmrhm kp`hgk HUG-NU 7?, pti. >.;.>.) pkrk qum `k gkak`hzkgh÷a vmath`m dmlir m` gk`ir, ma hatmrhir m` gkn`m hrë ma gkak` pritmgtirk tkdnhèa ma pkrme. Ma kdnis gksis m` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a thpi ms N; (]AM-CE 6?765-=-=>). ]a trkdi mstkrë kmgtkei pir m` si` y itri ai. _ir `i qum pkrk intmamr `k smggh÷a k hastk`kr tmaermdis qum tidkr ua gimfghmatm em girrmggh÷a pir kggh÷a si`kr k` smr `k giaehgh÷a dës emskvirkn`m `k em` trkdi mxtmrhir.
AIUK< kbrupkdis pishthvis pishthvis pir ua `kei y ambkthvis pir itri. Wh sm prieugm ua giatkgti matrm giaeugtirms pir emmgti em khs`kdhmati tmaerëa uak tmash÷a shdh`kr y `ks giasmgumaghks em` k``i smrëa dmairms. Urktëaeism em girrhmatm giathauk ai cky prin`mdks em haeugghiams matrm giaeugtirms cidipi`krms yk qum gidi sknmdis sm prieugma pir `ks vkrhkghiams em girrhmatm, k`bi priphi em shstmdks em girrhmatm k`tmrak. Mxprmskdmatm `i rmgibm m` _`hmbi em giaehghiams tègahgks pkrk hastk`kghiams si`krms fitivi`tkhgks fitivi`tkhgks giamgtkeks k rme em` HEKM (_GU-G-^MV (_GU-G-^MV ‗ lu`hi >?;;) ma su kpkrtkei =.=.;< @is pishthvis y ambkthvis em gkek brupi em d÷eu`is sm giaeughrëa smpkrkeis y pritmbheis em kgumrei k `k airdkthvk airdkth vk vhbmatm. Hbuk`dmatm fburk ma m` puati =.3.5 em` _`hmbi emehgkei k `ks hastk`kghiams khs`keks em rme. X gk`gu`kdis `k smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m shbuhmaei `ks haehgkghiams em `k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-=-=> m HMG 6?765-=-=> (i gktë`ibi _rysdhka em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk NU)
Whstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a N;
Gimfghmatms em girrmggh÷a pkrk m` trkdi mxtmrhir<
_ir si`kr ehrmgtk (]AM >?57=, pti.(]AM-CE 7.;.>.;.5)< ?,8 _ir kggh÷a tmdpmrkturk em =? ¼G ma hatmdpmrhm 6?765-=-=>, tkn`k N.=>.;5)<
?,8
_ir kbrupkdhmati em ;? ghrguhtis ematri em uak mavi`vmatm (]AM-CE 6?765-==>, tkn`k G.=>.7)< ?,5= (pir emmgti yk qum ai cky vk`ir pkrk ;? ghrguhtis) _ir hastk`kgh÷a itivi`tkhgk bmamrkeirk (HMG 6>=53)< ;,5
*@k airdk ]AM-CE 6?765-2-2;> giashemrk qum nkli ghmrtks giaehghiams emnm kudmatkrsm m` gimfghmatm ;,>=. @k airdk HMG 6>=53 tidk ;,5 gidi vk`ir em rmmrmaghk. Vmr krtägu`i katmrhir.
Dkyirkdis m` 5? % `k hatmasheke y kp`hgkdis m` rmsti em gimfghmatms havmrskdmatm havmrskdmatm pkrk intmamr `k smggh÷a em giaeugtir ehrmgtkdmatm ehrmgtkdmatm ma `k tkn`k em hatmashekems kedhshn`ms< H‘mxt 4 8,5; x ;,5 / (?,8 x ?,8 x ?,5=) 4 76.;5 K
Gia mstm vk`ir hrmdis k `k tkn`k G.=>.;.nhs G .=>.;.nhs em ]AM-CE 6?765-=-=> (i gktë`ibi _rysdhka em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk NU) NU ) Emnmdis matrkr pir `k gi`udak hzquhmrek gia m` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a thpi N; y ``mbkr ckstk S@_M> k` trktkrsm m` _^XW]A em gkn`m tmrdimstkn`m qum sipirtk 8? ¼G ma rèbhdma pmrdkamatm y smr ghrguhtis em > giaeugtirms kgthvis pir trktkrsm em girrhmatm giathauk.
@k smggh÷a däahdk k uth`hzkr pir m` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m smräk 5 dd¾ pumsti qum pkrk mstm gk`hnrm `k gi`udak ;?n ek 73 K (1 76,;5 K). _mri m` vk`ir ms duy gmrgkai k` dëxhdi kedhshn`m, pir `i qum pkrk piemr hastk`kr ua ushn`m guyi vk`ir aidhak` mstè matrm m` vk`ir dëxhdi em girrhmatm kedhshn`m ma m` gkn`m (73 K x ?,8 x ?,8 x ?,5= 4 ;7,3= K) y m` vk`ir em girrhmatm dëxhdk qum ghrgu`m uak pritmggh÷a `i kemgukei ms hastk`kr gkn`m em 6 dd> guyk hatmasheke dëxhdk ma `ks giaehghiams em `k hastk`kgh÷a smrë 58 K x ?,8 x ?,8 x ?,5= 4 ;2,36 K. M` ushn`m em vk`ir dëxhdi ;= K (aidhak` em` pkam` FV) pieräk pritmbmr `k hastk`kgh÷a (ematri em` havmrsir ma mstm gksi), su girrhmatm aidhak` ms hamrhir k ;2,36 K y supmrhir k ;7,;2 K (4 76,;5 x ?,8 x ?,8 x ?,5=).
;.>. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir gkäek em tmash÷a (`kei gg) M` puati = em `k HUG-NU 5? em` ^MNU ehgm mxprmskdmatm< …`k gkäek em tmash÷a matrm m` bmamrkeir y m` puati em hatmrgiamxh÷a k `k ^me em Ehstrhnugh÷a _ün`hgk i k `k hastk`kgh÷a hatmrhir, ai smrë supmrhir k` ;,= % pkrk `k hatmasheke aidhak`.
Wm pumem giashemrkr m` ;,= % dëxhdi matrm havmrsir y GBD_, y em kgumrei gia m` _`hmbi em Giaehghiams Uègahgks em` HEKM itri ;,= % gidi vk`ir dëxhdi em gkäek em tmash÷a matrm pkam`ms m havmrsir.
@k tmash÷a em gkek strhab em ;6 pkam`ms ma m` puati em dëxhdk pitmaghk s mrë< ]D__ 4 ;6 x 73,6 4 6;2,6 V @k gkäek em tmash÷a dëxhdk ma vi`is pkrk m` `kei em girrhmatm giaauk ms< Ε] 4 ;,=/;?? x 6;2,6 4 8,>6 V @k giaeugvheke em` ginrm (Ϟ) ms 5=,= d/(Ψ/dd¾). Vk`ir k 8? ¼G pir smr _^XW]A ua gkn`m tmrdimstkn`m. Ai m pmshdhstk tmahmaei ma gumatk qum pumem sipirtkr ;>? ¼G ma m` giaeugtir eurkatm >? ??? c
Mdp`mkdis kcirk `k hatmasheke aidhak` em` pkam` (8,?2 K) vk`ir em puati em dëxhdk pitmaghk. Gidi sknmdis ms `k hatmasheke pkrk `k qum sm gk`gu`k `k pitmaghk dëxhdk em` pkam` (4 pitmaghk aidhak`).
@k smggh÷a däahdk pir gkäek em tmash÷a ma m` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk giathauk smrë pir tkati 5 dd¾. Matiagms m` gkn`m k mdp`mkr smrë em ;Ò6 dd¾ thpi _^XW]A pkrk `k giamxh÷a matrm `is pkam`ms y m` havmrsir pums eidhak m` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m.
;.7. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir girtighrguhti (`kei gg) Mstm gë`gu`i ms hdp`äghti k` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m pums cmdis pkrthei em `k hatmasheke em girtighrguhti pkrk gk`gu`kr `k smggh÷a. @ks pritmgghiams em `ks gkemaks mstëa ematri em` havmrsir k` tmamr matrkek ehrmgtk em `ks ;? gkemaks sha gklk em giamxhiams prmvhk ma `k qum sm pkskrk em >? giaeugtirms k >. >. Gë`gu`i em` `kei em girrhmatm k`tmrak.
Umash÷a em sk`hek em` havmrsir (] GK)< 5?? V (trhfëshgk) Hatmasheke dëxhdk em sk`hek em` havmrsir (hatmasheke aidhak`)< 27 K Hatmasheke dëxhdk em fk``i k `k sk`hek em` havmrsir< 36 K @iabhtue em `k `äamk matrm m` havmrsir y m` gukeri bmamrk` em dkaei y pritmggh÷a< =2 d
>.;. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir hatmasheke kedhshn`m (`kei gk) Msgibmdis m` gkn`m Kudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) uahpi`kr pums k numa smburi `k smggh÷a si`ugh÷a ai smrë pmqumûk. @k `äamk hrë hastk`kek ma gkak` pritmgtirk `hsk.
Gkn`m Kudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) em k`tk smburheke gia g`ksm em rmkggh÷a k` umbi Ggk-s;n.e;.k;
M` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a thpi pkrk gkn`m uahpi`kr nkli gkak` pritmgtirk fhlkek sinrm pkrme ms N;.
Wm trktk em uak `äamk gia 7 giaeugtirms gkrbkeis (k` ai giashemrkrsm ah m` amutri ah m` em pritmggh÷a kgthvi. M` gkn`m ms tmrdimstkn`m (vmr `hstk em gkn`ms tmrdip`ësthgis y tmrdimstkn`ms ma m` gktë`ibi _rysdhka em gkn`ms y kggmsirhis pkrk NU).
Ma mstm gksi s÷`i kp`hgk m` gimfghmatm em girrmggh÷a em `k HUG-NU 5? (;,>=), m` havmrsir `hdhtk `k girrhmatm em sk`hek (pkrk aumstri gksi girrhmatm dëxhdk em k``i 36 K 0 ;Ò>= x 27 K)). M` rmsti em `is gimfghmatms em` `kei em girrhmatm giathauk ai matrk ma lumbi (ai cky kbrupkgh÷a em ghrguhtis, ai cky kggh÷a si`kr y `k tmdpmrkturk kdnhmatm ms em 5? ¼G) H‘gk 4 27 x ;,>= 4 8;,>= K
Vmdis ma `k gi`udak 3n qum `k smggh÷a em >= dd> sipirtk ckstk ;?? K (1 8;,>= K). Wmrë `k smggh÷a kedhshn`m pir m` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m.
>.>. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir gkäek em tmash÷a (`kei gk) Ε] 4 ;,=/;?? x 5?? 4 6 V ^mgiremdis qum `k hatmasheke aidhak`, amgmskrhk amgmskrhk pkrk m` gë`gu`i, ms `k dëxhdk em sk`hek em` havmrsir.
@k smggh÷a airdk`hzkek hadmehktk supmrhir ms 7= dd¾, supmrhir k` grhtmrhi em hatmasheke kedhshn`m. M` gkn`m k hastk`kr smräk Kfudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) em ;Ò7= pkrk `ks fksms y m` amutri y smrë sughmatm gia ;Ò;6 pkrk m` giaeugtir em pritmggh÷a.
Ukdnhèa pumem hastk`krsm gkn`m du`thpi`kr Kudmx G`kss ;??? V (KW) em =B7=.
>.7. Gë`gu`i em smggh÷a pir girtighrguhti (`kei gk) _krk mdpmzkr tmamdis `k girrhmatm dëxhdk em k``i (36 K) qum ais kgh`htk `k fgck tègahgk em` havmrsir. Gidi cmdis gk`gu`kei pir m` grhtmrhi em `k hatmasheke kedhshn`m pkrk `k girrhmatm dëxhdk dëxhdk em sk`hek em` havmrsir havmrsir (hatmasheke aidhak` aidhak` 4 27 K) gia m` gimfghmatm em `k HUG-NU 5? (;,>=). Umamdis `k smggh÷a gk`gu`kek pkrk sipirtkr tkdnhèa ua mvmatuk` girtighrguhti (;,>= (;,>= x 27 4 8;,>= K 1 36 K). Gidprinkrmdis sh `k smggh÷a däahdk tègahgkdmatm kedhshn`m (7= dd>) kedhthrë m` Gidprinkrmdis girtighrguhti girtighrguh ti däahdi vhsti emsem `k pritmggh÷a k `k matrkek em` GBD_.
^mgurrhdis k `k B]HK-NU-KAMSI 7 pkrk rmgirekr `k ÷rdu`k em gë`gu`i kprixhdkei<
Uidkdis `k sk`hek em` havmrsir pkrk m` girtighrguhti y `k pritmggh÷a katms em `k matrkek em` GBD_. ]th`hzkdis m` vk`ir em rmshsthvheke em` ginrm k ;=? ¼G (vk`ir em tmdpmrkturk msthdkei pkrk girtighrg girtighrguhti). uhti). Gk`gu`kdis em` ginrm `k rmshsthvheke k ;=? ¼G tidkaei `k ÷rdu`k em `k ]AM >???7 (HMG >3)< ϋGuU 4 ;/=3 x (; + ?,??787 x (U->?)) ↞ ϋGu;=? 4 ;/=3 x (; + ?,??787 x (;=?->?)) 4 ?,?>6?= dd¾²Ψ/d dd¾²Ψ/d
Uidkaei pkrk `k rmkgtkaghk m` vk`ir kprixhdkei em ?,?3 Ψ/jd qum ais irmgm m` kamxi B em `k ]AM-CE 6?765-=-=> intmamdis `k hdpmekaghk hdpmekaghk em` nug`m<
Vmdis qum `k rmkgtkaghk gksh ai thmam haumaghk.
Ma m` shstmdk em hastk`kgh÷a N; (S@_M7) `k smggh÷a em 7= dd¾ sipirtk ;>5 K em hatmasheke dëxhdk kedhshn`m. Wknmdis qum pir `k `äamk ghrgu`krë uak hatmasheke dëxhdk em 8;,>= K. _iemdis uth`hzkr ua hatmrruptir kutidëthgi em Ha 4 ;?? K gia gurvk G. @k girrhmatm däahdk qum ksmburk m` ehspkri dkbaèthgi smrë ;? x ;?? 4 ;??? K, gia `i qum `k smggh÷a em `k `äamk em` `kei em girrhmatm k`tmrak mstkrë girrmgtkdmatm ehsmûkek, gudp`hmaei tkdnhèa m` grhtmrhi em` girtighrguhti gia 7= dd¾. Vmr B]HK-NU >>, pti. ;.;. Hggdäa 1 Hd 4 ;? Ha ↞ 726= K 1 ;??? K 4 ;? x ;?? K @k smggh÷a em 7= dd> ms vë`hek pir m` grhtmrhi em` girtighrguhti, girtighrguhti, ms `k smggh÷a k hastk`kr.
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