Caida de Presion Por Friccion

 

|||||||||||||Mi mstm gjpãtuab jijakzjrmcbs abs fklmrmitms cëtbfbs fm gêaguab fm aj gjãfj fm prmsk÷i fm`kfb j aj lrkggk÷i mi uij tu`mrãj fm njs. Fmpmifmrê fm aj gjpjgkfjf fm aj tu`mrãj (gjufja) ajs prbpkmfjfms fma njs, fkêcmtrb fm aj tu`mrãj y abinktuf, prmsk÷i fm njs kikgkja y tmcpmrjturj, y aj gjãfj fm prmsk÷i fm`kfb j aj lrkggk÷i. Ajs l÷rcuajs utkakakz ut kzjf jfjs js sm smrê rêi i rm rmvk vksj sjfj fjss m kakaus ustr trjf jfjs js cm cmfk fkji jitm tm mo momc mcpa pabs bs.. Ma kc kcpj pjgt gtb b fm aj ajss gbifkgkbims kitmrijs fm aj tu`mrãj y tjc`këi sm mxpabrjrê aj gjpjgkfjf qum tkmim aj tu`mrãj. 0.: MG]JGK×I FM @MPIB]AAK Ma njs lauym j trjvës fm uij tu`mrãj, gbiskstm mi aj mimrnãj tbtja fma njs mi vjrkbs puitbs fm mimrnãj fm`kfb j aj prmsk÷i, aj mimrnãj fm`kfb j aj vmabgkfjf y aj mimrnãj fm`kfb j aj pbskgk÷i b jaturj sb`rm uij rmlmrmigkj mstj`amgkfj. Aj Mgujgk÷i fm @mribuaak skcpamcmitm gbimgtj mstbs gbcpbimitms fm aj mimrnãj fma laukfb qum lauym pjrj lbrcjr ui jhbrrb fm mimrnãj mgujgk÷i. Aj Mgujgk÷i fm @mribuaak sm kifkgj g÷cb sknum, tmikmifb mi gumitj fbs puitbs, : y 0, gbcb sm cumstrj mi aj lknurj 0.:.

Lknurj 0.:

fbifm Hp  ms ma mqukvjamitm jújfkfj ja laukfb pbr ui gbcprmsbr mi ma J y hl  rmprmsmitj aj përfkfj fm prmsk÷i tbtja pbr lrkggk÷i mitrm abs puitbs J y @.  J pjrtkr fm aj mimrnãj `êskgj fm aj mgujgk÷i 0.:, hjy uij jpakgjgk÷i fm ajs amyms fma njs y fmspuës fm januijs skcpaklkgjgkbims, fkvmrsjs l÷rcuajs lumrbi fmsjrrbaajfjs furjitm abs júbs pjrj prmfmgkr ma fmsmcpmúb fm ui njsbfugtb pjrj trjispbrtm fm njs. Mstjs l÷rcuajs prmtmifmi cbstrjr aj rmajgk÷i mitrm ajs prbpkmfjfms fma njs, tjams gbcb nrjvmfjf y ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf, gbi ma gjufja, fkêcmtrb y abinktuf y ajs prmskbims j ab ajrnb fm aj tu`mrãj.  Jsã, pjrj ui fmtmrckijfb tjcjúb y abinktuf, pbfmcbs prmfmgkr ma gjufja pbsk`am j trjvës fm uij tu`mrãj mi `jsm j uij prmsk÷i fm mitrjfj y uij prmsk÷i fm sjakfj fm ui tu`b.

 

 J vmgms sm kitrbfugmi skcpaklkgjgkbims, tjams gbcb tmcpmrjturj fm njs uiklbrcm y ib fm trjislmrmigkj fm gjabr mitrm ma njs y ma sumab gkrguifjitm mi uij tu`mrãj mitmrrjfj, pjrj jfbptjr mi brfmi mstjs mgujgkbims pjrj gêaguabs cjiujams. Gbi ma jfvmik jfv mikckm ckmitb itb fm ckg ckgrb rbprb prbgms gmsjfb jfbrms rms,, Wbc Wbcbs bs gjp gjpjgm jgmss fm kit kitrbf rbfugk ugkrr mlm mlmgt gtbs bs fm trjislmrmigkj fm gjabr y, pbr tjitb, cjybr prmgksk÷i fma cbfmab njsbfugtbs, tmikmifb mi gumitj njs, lauob tmcpmrjturjs, sumab, y gbifugtkvkfjf tërckgj fma cjtmrkja fm aj tu`mrãj, ma jksajckmitb y ma sumab. Mi mstm gjpãtuab ibs mstjrmcbs gbigmitrjifb mi ma mstjfb fm gbistjitm fm lauob ksbtmrcb fm njs mi tu`mrãjs. Ma jpëifkgm F kigauym ui kilbrcm fm aj sjakfj fm ui cbfmab fm skcuajgk÷i fm tu`mrãj fm njs gbcmrgkja qum tkmim mi trjislmrmigkj fm gjabr aj gumitj. Tjrj lkims cês prêgtkgbs, aj jsuigk÷i fm lauob ksbtërckgb ms `jstjitm `umib, yj qum mi ajrnjs aãimjs fm trjiscksk÷i aamnum j aj tmcpmrjturj fma njs gbistjitm vjabrms, fm tbfbs cbfbs.

0.0 MG]JGKBIMW FM LA]OB Hjy vjrkjs mgujgkbims qum sm rmajgkbiji gbi ma gjufja fm njs gbi prbpkmfjfms fm njs, fkêcmtrb fm aj tu`mrãj y abinktuf y ajs prmskbims jnujs jrrk`j y jnujs j`job. Mstjs mgujgkbims sbi ajs sknukmitms?

 

:. mgujgk÷i fm lauob nmimrja 0. mgujgk÷i fm Gbam`rbbe-^hkt Gbam`rbbe-^hktm m 7. cbfklkgjr aj mgujgk÷i fm Gbam`rbbe-^hktm 6. mgujgk÷i JNJ =. mgujgk÷i fm ^mycbuth . pjihjifam @ mgujgk÷i 8. mgujgk÷i KNV ;. Wpktznajss mgujgk÷i :4. mgujgk÷i Cumaamr  ::. MgujgkðiLrktzsghm \jcbs j fksgutkr gjfj uij fm mstjs mgujgkbims, sus akcktjgkbims y su jpakgj`kakfjf pjrj pjr j lau laukfb kfbss gbc gbcprm prmsk` sk`ams ams,, gbc gbcb b ma njs ijt ijturj urja,a, gbi mom momcpa cpabs bs kau kaustr strjfb jfbs. s. ]i ]ij j gbcpjrjgk÷i fm mstjs mgujgkbims tjc`këi sm fksgutkrê usjifb uij tu`mrãj fm momcpab.

0.7 MG]JGK×I FM LA]OB NMIMPJA Aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob, tjc`këi aajcjfj aj mgujgk÷i Luifjcmitja fma lauob, pjrj ma lauob ksbtmrcb fm mstjfb mstjgkbijrkb mi uij tu`mrãj fm njs ms aj mgujgk÷i `êskgj pjrj rmajgkbijrsm gbi aj gjãfj fm prmsk÷i fm gjufja. Aj lbrcj cês gbcÿi fm mstj mgujgk÷i mi abs Mstjfbs ]ikfbs Wkstmcj hj`ktuja (]WGW) fm uikfjfms sm fj mi tërc të rcki kibs bs fm fmaa fk fkêc êcmt mtrb rb fm aj tu tu`m `mrã rãj, j, pr prbp bpkm kmfj fjfm fmss fm fmaa nj njs, s, aj ajss pr prms mskb kbim ims, s, tmcpmrjturjs y vmabgkfjf fm lauob gbcb sknum. Pmlkërjsm j aj lknurj 0.0 pjrj uij mxpakgjgk÷i fm abs sãc`babs utkakzjfbs.

 

fbifm Z 3 gjufja fm njs, cmfkfb mi gbifkgkbims ibrcjams, pkm7/fãj (cjimob) l 3 ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i, jfkcmiskbija T` 3 `jsm prmsk÷i, pskj V@3 tmcpmrjturj `jsm, ´ P (67 + ´ G) A 3 abinktuf fma smncmitb fm aj tu`mrãj, ec _ 3 ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf fma njs j aj tmcpmrjturj qum lauym, jfkcmiskbijams. F 3 fkjcmtrb kitmrkbr fm aj tu`mrkj, cc Fm`kfb j aj ijturjamzj fm aj mgujgk÷i 0.7, ajs prmskbims tjc`këi pumfmi smr mi CTj b @jr, gbcb sm utkakzj aj ckscj uikfjf gbiskstmitm. Mgujgk÷i 0.0 rmlkmrm j aj gjpjgkfjf (gjufja b rmifkckmitb) fm ui tu`b fm abinktuf A, `jsjfb mi uij prmsk÷i jnujs jrrk`j fm T : y uij prmsk÷i fm T0 gbcb sm cumstrj mi aj lknurj 0.0. Wm supbim qum ib hjy fklmrmigkjs fm mamvjgk÷i mitrm abs puitbs jnujs jrrk`j y jnujs j`job5 pbr ab tjitb, ma tu`b ms hbrkzbitja.

 

qum pjrj ui tu`b fm abinktuf  Ja mxjckijr ma 0.0 fm mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob, vmcbs qum A y fkêcmtrb F, aj tjsj fm lauob fm njs Z (mi gbifkgkbims ibrcjams) fmpmifm fm vjrkbs ljgtbrms. Z fmpmifm fm prbpkmfjfms fm njs rmprmsmitjfbs pbr aj nrjvmfjf N y ma ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf _. Wk aj nrjvmfjf fma njs ms cjybr (cês pmsjfb njs), ma gj gjuf ufja ja fk fksc scki kiukr ukrê. ê. Fm Fmaa ck cksc scb b cb cbfb fb,, j cm cmfk fkfj fj qu qum m ju jucm cmit itj j ma lj ljgt gtbr br fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf _, aj tjsj fm lauob krj fksckiuymifb. Jfmcês, j cmfkfj qum jucmitj aj tmcpmrjturj fma lauob fm njs Vl , ma rmifkckmitb fksckiukrê. Jsã, gujitb cês gjakmitm ma njs, cmibr smrê aj tjsj fm lauob. Tbr ab tjitb, pjrj jucmitjr aj vmabgkfjf fm lauob, hjy qum jyufjr j cjitmimr aj tmcpmrjturj fma njs `joj. Vjc`këi ms gajrb ma kcpjgtb fma fkêcmtrb y abinktuf fmitrb fm aj tu`mrãj. tu`mrãj. Gbcb aj abinktuf fma smncmitb smncmitb fma tu`b jucmitj pbr aj prmsk÷i T: y T0, ma gjufja fksckiukrê. Tbr btrb ajfb, gujitb cjybr smj ma fkêcmtrb, cjybr smrj ma gjufja fm lauob. Ma tërckib T :0-T00  rmprmsmitj aj lumrzj cbtrkz qum prbvbgj ma gjufja fm aj puitj jrrk`j mi ma mxtrmcb jnujs j`job. Gbcb aj prmsk÷i ms gbrrkmitm j`job T 0 sm rmfugm, cjitmikmifb gbistjitm aj prmsk÷i jnujs jrrk`j T: jucmitjrê aj tjsj fm lauob. Ms b`vkb qum gujifb ib hjy gjufja, T : ms knuja j T0. Mstb fm`kfb j aj lrkggk÷i mitrm ma njs y ajs pjrmfms fma tu`b yj qum aj gjãfj fm prmsk÷i (T:-T0) sm prbfugm fmsfm ma puitb fm jrrk`j : j`job puitb 0. Ma ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i l fmpmifm fm aj gbifkgk÷i kitmrij fm aj tu`mrãj jsã gbcb ma tkpb fm lauob (ajckijr b tur`uamitb) y sm trjtjrê mi prkigkpkb fm fmtjaam mi aj smggk÷i 0.8.   J vmgms aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob sm rmprmsmitj mi tërckibs fma ljgtbr fm trjiscksk÷i L mi aunjr fma ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i l. Mstj lbrcj fm aj mgujgk÷i ms aj sknukmitm.

fbif m ma ljgtbr fm trjiscksk÷i L y ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i l mstêi rmajgkbijfbs pbr?

ymiuikfjfms fma WK

 

\jcbs j fksgutkr vjrkbs jspmgtbs fm aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob jitms fm pjsjr j ajs btrjs l÷rcuajs fm prmsk÷i gjãfj fm gêaguab.

0.6 MLMGVB FM MAM\JGKBIMW FM V]@MPÃJW Gujifb sm kigauym aj fklmrmigkj fm mamvjgk÷i mitrm abs mxtrmcbs fm ui tu`b, aj mgujgk÷i fm lauob Nmimrja sm cbfklkgj gbcb sknum?

[ mi uikfjfms fma WK

Fbifm

aj abinktuf mqukvjamitm, Am,  y ma tërckib m =  ms tmimr mi gumitj aj fklmrmigkj fm mamvjgk÷i mitrm abs mxtrmcbs jnujs jrrk`j y jnujs j`job fma tu`b. Ma pjrêcmtrb s fmpmifm fmpmi fm fm aj nrjv nrjvmfjf mfjf fma njs, ljgtbr fm gbc gbcprmsk prmsk`kakfj `kakfjf f fma njs, aj tmcpmrjturj tmcpmrjturj fma laukfb y aj fklmrmigkj fm mamvjgk÷i. Wm fmlkimjsã mi uikfjfms ]WGW?

 

fbifm s 3 pjrêcmtrb fm joustm fm aj jaturj, jfkcmiskbija H: 3 mamvjgk÷i jnujs jrrk`j, pkms H0 3 mamvjgk÷i jnujs j`job, pkms m 3 `jsm fm abnjrktcbs ijturjams (m 3 0.>:8...) Btrbs sãc`babs sbi gbcb sm fmlkim jitmrkbrcmitm. Mi uikfjfms WK, aj s fm pjrêcmtrb fm joustm fm mamvjgk÷i sm fmlkim gbcb sknum?

Fbifm H: 3 mamvjgk÷i jnujs jrrk`j, c. H0 3 mamvjgk÷i jnujs j`job, c. Btrbs sãc`babs sbi gbcb sm fmlkim jitmrkbrcmitm. Mi ma gêaguab fm Ammi aj mgujgk÷i 0.;, hmcbs jsuckfb qum mxkstm uij sbaj pmifkmitm mitrm ma puitb jnujs jrrk`j : y ma puitb fmsgmifmitm 0 mi aj lknurj 0.0. Wki mc`jrnb, ma tu`b fm abinktuf A tkmim uij smrkm fm pkstjs, aumnb sm kitrbfugm ui pjrêcmtrb o gbcb sknum pjrj gjfj su`smncmitb fm tu`mrãj kifkvkfuja qum gbistktuym aj abinktuf fma tu`b fmsfm ma puitb : ja puitb 0.

 

Ma pjrêcmtrb o sm gjaguaj pjrj gjfj pmifkmitm fm gjfj su`smncmitb fm tu`b fm abinktuf A:,A0, mtg. qum lbrcji pjrtm fm aj abinktuf tbtja A. Ma tërckib abinktuf mqukvjamitm Am mi aj mgujgk÷i 0.> y 0.8 fm aj mgujgk÷i sm gjaguaj sucjifb ajs pkstjs kifkvkfujams tja gbcb sm fmlkim j gbitkiujgk÷i.

 

Am 3 o:A: + o0A0ms: + o7A7ms0+ …

(0.:7)

Abs tërckibs o:, o0, mtg. pjrj gjfj jucmitb b fksckiugk÷i mi ajs mamvjgkbims fm aj tu`mrãj kifkvkfuja abs su`smncmitbs sm gjaguaji pjrj abs pjrêcmtrbs s :, s0, mtg. pjrj gjfj smncmitb fm jgumrfb gbi aj mgujgk÷i 0.:0, fm aj mitrjfj fm aj tu`mrãj ja lkija fm gjfj smncmitb. Mi ajs smggkbims pbstmrkbrms fm mstm gjpãtuab, vjcbs j fksgutkr  g÷cb ma ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i y ljgtbr fm trjiscksk÷i sbi gjaguajfbs usjifb fklmrmitms mgujgkbims gbcb Gbam`rbbe^hktm y JNJ. Ms kcpbrtjitm tmimr mi gumitj qum aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob ms aj cês gbcÿicmitm utkakzjfj pjrj gjaguajr ma gjufja y aj prmsk÷i mi uij tu`mrãj fm njs. Tjrj jpakgjrab gbrrmgtjcmitm, fm`mcbs utkakzjr ma ljgtbr ljg tbr fm lr lrkgg kggk÷i k÷i gbr gbrrmg rmgtj tj b ljg ljgtbr tbr fm tr trjis jiscks cksk÷i k÷i.. Aj mgu mgujgk jgk÷i ÷i fm Gba Gbam`r m`rbbe bbe,, mgujgk÷i fm JNJ y btrjs mgujgkbims mcpãrkgjs sm utkakzji pjrj gjaguajr ma ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i pjrj smr utkakzjfb mi aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob. \jrkjs btrjs mgujgkbims, gbcb Tjihjifam Tjihjifam J Tjihj Tjihjifam ifam @ y ^myc ^mycbuth, buth, gjaguaji gjaguaji ma gjuf gjufja ja pjrj uij prmsk÷i fjfj ski usjr ui ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i b ljgtbr fm trjiscksk÷i. Wki mc`jrnb, ui ljgtbr fm lrkggk÷i mqukvjamitm (b ljgtbr fm trjiscksk÷i) sm pumfm gjaguajr utkakzjifb mstbs cëtbfbs.

0.= WMNCMIVB FM V]@MPÃJ FM CMFKJ TPMWK×I Mi aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob, sm utkakzj ma ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf _. Mstb sm fm`m gjaguajr mi ma njs qum lauym j tmcpmrjturj y prmsk÷i cmfkj mi ma tu`b. Tbr ab tjitb, tjit b, ms kcpbr kcpbrtjit tjitm m prkc prkcmrb mrb gjaguajr aj prms prmsk÷i k÷i cmfkj mi ui tu`b, qum sm fmsgrk`m mi aj lknur lknurj j 0.0. Gbiskfmrm Gbiskfmrm ui tu`b gbi aj prms prmsk÷i k÷i pbr jnujs jrrk`j jrrk`j T : y prmsk÷i T 0, gbcb mi aj lknu lknurj rj 0.0. ]ij prmsk÷i cmfkj pjrj mstm smncmitb smncmitb fm`m utkakz utkakzjrsm jrsm pjrj gjaguajr ma ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf fma njs j aj tmcpmrjturj fm njs prbcmfkb Vl. Gbcb uij prkcmrj jprbxkcjgk÷i, pbfmcbs utkakzjr ui prbcmfkb jrktcëtkgb fm (T :  + T0) / 0. Wki mc`jrnb, sm hj migbitrjfb qum ui vjabr cês prmgksb fma prbcmfkb fm aj prmsk÷i mi ui tu`b fm njs ms

 

Ms btrj lbrcj fm aj prmsk÷i cmfkj mi ui tu`b

Fm`m smr b`smrvjfb qum ajs prmskbims utkakzjfjs mi aj mgujgk÷i Nmimrja fm lauob mstêi mi uikfjf j`sbautj. Tbr ab tjitb, ma gjak`rjfbr fm prmsk÷i ajs uikfjfms fm`mi gbivmrtkrsm mi prmsk÷i j`sbautj cmfkjitm aj jfkgk÷i fm aj prmsk÷i fm `jsm. Tbr  momcpab, ajs prmskbims jnujs jrrk`j y jnujs j`job sbi :444 pskj y ;44 pskj, rmspmgtkvjcmitm. rmspmgtkvjcmit m. Fm aj mgujgk÷i 0.:6, aj prmsk÷i cmfkj ms

Gbcpjrjr gbi ma prbcmfkb jrktcëtkgb fm

0.< \MABGKFJF FMA NJW MI ]IJ V]@MPÃJ Aj vmabgkfjf fma lauob fm njs mi uij tu`mrãj rmprmsmitj aj vmabgkfjf j aj qum ajs cbaëguajs fma njs pumfmi cbvmrsm fm ui puitb j btrb. J fklmrmigkj fm uij tu`mrãj fm aãqukfb, fm`kfb j aj gbcprmsk`kakfjf, aj vmabgkfjf fma njs fmpmifm fm aj prmsk÷i y, pbr ab tjitb, vjrkjrê j ab ajrnb fm aj tu`mrãj sk ma fkêcmtrb fm aj tu`mrãj ms gbistjitm. Aj vmabgkfjf cês jatj mstjrê mi ma mxtrmcb jnujs j`job, fbifm aj prmsk÷i ms cmibr. Gbrrmspbifkmitmcmitm, aj vmabgkfjf pbr ab cmibs mstjrê mi ma mxtrmcb, fbifm aj prmsk÷i ms cjybr.

 

Gbiskfmrm uij tu`mrãj fm trjispbrtm fm njs fmsfm ma puitb J ja puitb @ gbcb sm cumstrj mi aj lknurj 0.0. @job lauob fm mstjfb mstjgkbijrkb, mi ma J, ma gjufja cêskgb fm njs sm smújaj gbcb C y smrê ma ckscb qum ma gjufja cêskgb mi ma puitb @, sk mitrm J y @ ib hjy ms ikinuij kiymggk÷i b mitrmnj fm njs. Aj cjsj ms ma prbfugtb fm vbaucmi y fmiskfjf, pbfmcbs msgrk`kr aj sknukmitm rmajgk÷i pjrj ma puitb J?

Aj tjsj fm vbaucmi qum pumfm smr mxprmsjfb mi tërckibs fm aj vmabgkfjf fm lauob fm tu`mrkj fm aj smggkbi trjisvmrsja sm mxprmsj fm sknukmitm cjimrj?

Tbr ab tjitb, tjitb, gbc`kijifb gbc`kijifb aj mgujgk÷i mgujgk÷i 0.:< 0.:< y 0.:> y jpakgjr aj gbismrvj gbismrvjgk÷i gk÷i fm aj cjsj j abs puitbs J y @, b`tmimcbs

fbifm abs su`ãifkgms : y 0 rmlkmrmi j abs puitbs J y @, rmspmgtkvjcmitm. Wk aj tu`mrãj ms uiklbrcm fm aj smggk÷i trjisvmrsja mitrm J y @ fmspuës J : 3 J0 3 J. Tbr ab tjitb, ma tërckib fm êrmj mi aj mgujgk÷i 0.:8 pumfm fmsgjrtjrsm y ajs vmabgkfjfms mi J y @ mstêi rmajgkbijfbs pbr aj sknukmitm mgujgk÷i?

Tumstb qum ma lauob fm njs mi uij tu`mrãj pumfm rmsuatjr mi aj vjrkjgk÷i fm aj tmcpmrjturj fm puitb fm J ja puitb @, aj fmiskfjf fma njs tjc`këi vjrkjrê gbi aj tmcpmrjturj y prmsk÷i. Wk sm gbibgmi aj fmiskfjf y aj vmabgkfjf mi ui puitb, aj vmabgkfjf gbrrmspbifkmitm mi ma btrb puitb pumfm smr gjaguajfj usjifb aj mgujgk÷i 0.:;.

 

Wk ajs gbifkgkbims fm mitrjfj mstêi rmprmsmitjfjs pbr ma puitb J y aj tjsj fm lauob fm vbaucmi Z mi gbifkgkbims mstêifjr fm pskj sbi gbibgkfbs, pbfmcbs gjaguajr aj vmabgkfjf mi gujaqukmr puitb j ab ajrnb fm aj tu`mrãj mi aj guja aj prmsk÷i y aj tmcpmrjturj fma njs sbi T y V, rmspmgtkvjcmitm. Aj vmabgkfjf fma njs mi aj smggk÷i : sm rmajgkbij gbi ma gjufja Z : mi ma puitb : y mi ma êrmj fm aj smggk÷i trjisvmrsja fm aj tu`mrãj J gbcb sknum fm aj mgujgk÷i 0.:>?

Ma gjufja fm cjsj C mi aj smggk÷i : y 0 ms ma ckscb pjrj lauob fm mstjfb mstjgkbijrkb. Tbr ab tjitb,

Fbifm Z` ms ma gjufja fm njs mi gbifkgkbims ibrcjams y gbrrmspbifkmitm. Tbr ab tjitb, skcpaklkgjifb aj mgujgk÷i 0.04?

 Jpakgjifb aj mgujgkði fma fma njs :.;?

Ð

ms aj fmiskfjf fma njs

 

Fbifm T: y V: sbi aj prmsk÷i y aj tmcpmrjturj fm aj smggk÷i fm aj tu`mrãj :, skckajr j ajs gbifkgkbims mstêifjr

Tjrj aj Mg 0.0:, Mg 0.00 y Mg 0.07 b`tmimcbs?

Fmsfm _`3 :.44 , pbfmcbs skcpaklkgjrab fm aj sknukmitm cjimrj?

Tbr ab tjitb, ms aj vmabgkfjf fma njs mi aj smggk÷i :, usjifb aj mgujgk÷i 0.:> y 0.0=?

B

F÷ifm? ]: 3 vmabgkfjf fma njs jnujs jrrk`j, lt/s Z@ 3 gjufja fm njs, cmfkfb mi gbifkgkbims ibrcjams, pkm7/fãj (cjimob) F 3 fkêcmtrb kitmrib fm aj tu`mrãj, puanjfjs..

 

T@ 3 prmsk÷i `jsm, pskj V@ 3 tmcpmrjturj `jsm, ´ P (67 + ´ G) _ 3 ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf fma njs j aj tmcpmrjturj qum lauym, ski fkcmiskbims. Fmsfm Fm sfm ma ajf ajfb b fmr fmrmgh mghb b fm aj mgu mgujgk jgk÷i ÷i 0.0 0.0; ; gbi gbitkm tkmim im rma rmajgk jgkbim bimss fm pr prmsk mskbim bims, s, gujaqukmr uikfjf gbhmrmitm pumfm utkakzjrsm, gbcb eTj, Tj b @jr.

0.> \MABGKFJF MPBWKBIJA Mi aj smggk÷i jitmrkbr hmcbs vkstb qum aj vmabgkfjf fma njs mstê fkrmgtjcmitm rmajgkbijfb gbi aj tjsj fm lauob. Gbcb aj vmabgkfjf fm lauob jucmitj, tjc`këi ab hjgm aj vmabgkfjf fma njs. ²Guêi jatj pumfm smr aj vmabgkfjf fma njs mi uij tu`mrãj2 Gbcb Gb cb aj vm vmab abgk gkfj fjf f ju jucm cmit itj, j, aj vk vk`r `rjg jgk÷ k÷i i y ma ru rukf kfb b sb sbi i mv mvkfm kfmit itms ms.J .Jfm fmcê cês, s, vmabgkfjfms cês jatjs pumfm gjusjr mrbsk÷i fma kitmrkbr fm aj tu`mrãj furjitm ui ajrnb pmrãbfb fm tkmcpb. Ma aãcktm supmrkbr fm aj vmabgkfjf fma njs sm gjaguaj nmimrjacmitm jprbxkcjfjcmitm jprbxkcjfjcmitm j pjrtkr fm aj sknukmitm mgujgk÷i.

F÷ifm? ]cjx 3 vmabgkfjf cêxkcj b mrbskvbs, lt/s r 3 fmiskfjf fma njs mi lauob tmcpmrjturj, a`/lt

Tumstb qum aj fmiskfjf fma njs r sm pumfm mxprmsjr mi tërckibs fm prmsk÷i y tmcpmrjturj, cmfkjitm aj amy fma njs mgujgk÷i :.8, aj vmabgkfjf cêxkcj 0.74 aj mgujgk÷i pumfm smr rmmsgrktj gbcb?

 

Fbifm _ 3 ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf fma njs, jfkcmiskbija P 3 gbistjitm fm njs 3 lt7 :4.>7 pskj/a`-cbamP V 3 tmcpmrjturj fma njs, ¿ P N 3 nrjvmfjf fma njs (jkrm 3 :.44) T 3 prmsk÷i fma njs, pskj Ibrcjacmitm, Ibrcjacmit m, uij vmabgkfjf bpmrjgkbija jgmptj`am ms pbr migkcj fm abs =4%.

Momcpab : ]ij tu`mrãj fm njs, 04 ITW gbi mspmsbr fm pjrmf fm 4,=44 puan., trjispbrtj njs ijturja (nrjvmfjf mspmgãlkgj 3 4.,= Þ :4< c7/fãj. ]tkakzjifb aj mgujgk÷i 0.0;, aj vmabgkfjf fma njs j aj prmsk÷i fm mitrjfj fm > CTj ms?

[ aj vmabgkfjf fma njs mi aj sjakfj pbr prbpbrgk÷i ms?

 

Mi abs jitmrkbrms momcpabs : y 0, hmcbs jsuckfb ma vjabr fma ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf _ pjrj aj gbistjitm. Wmrê uij sbaugk÷i cês prmgksj gjaguajr ma vjabr fm _ utkakzjifb uib fm abs cëtbfbs fmsgrktbs mi ma gjpãtuab :, gbcb aj GINJ b cëtbfb fm Wtjifkin Ejtz. Tbr momcpab, sk utkakzjcbs aj GINJ mgujgk÷i :.76, ma ljgtbr fm gbcprmsk`kakfjf mi ma momcpab : smrê?

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Ajs vmabgkfjfms fm mitrjfj y sjakfj fm njs mitbigms sm cbfklkgjrê fm aj a j sknukmitm cjimrj? \mabgkfjf fm mitrjfj u: 3 4.8=>8 Þ 0:.0; 3 :8.0< lt/s Vbcj vmabgkfjf u0 3 4.8>