Caes Suplementos

 

 

 

Dotrkmuéåk, 5  Do`krjhéþns Bnihds, = Uupbnjnotks Hbdjnothrns, Pdthjdohs n Jdonrhds, >-75   Uupbnjnotks Hbdjnothrns, Pdthjdohs n Jdonrhds, >-8    Hbdjnotks rdeks nj jderkoutrdnotns, 80-8<   N\NJQBKU N U^INU]ÞNU MN QHWH U^QBNJNO]KU N PD]HJDOHU P D]HJDOHU, 84-71    WNEND]H MN EKJQBNJNO]K EHUNDWK U^QNW UH^MÈPNB , 78-77    ]hgnbh mn Uupbnjnotks n Pdthjdohs utdbdzhmks nj ehmh e hmh rnendth, 75 

 

Qèi. 7

 

Dotrkmuéåk Nsth phrtn mh hbdjnothéåk (Uupbnjnotks n Ekjpbnjnotk Hbdjnothrns) pkmn, h prdoeêpdk, phrnenr hbik uj thotk ekjpbnxk, ekjpbdehmk ku ehrk, pkräj, hk `dohb, vkeã vnrè qun ä hbik judtk sdjpbns. HU WNEND]HU CÈ @KWONENJ HU X^HO]DMHMNU ONENUUÈWDHU MH JHDKWDH MKU O^]WDNO]NU ,

ekjk vkeã pkmnrè vnrd`dehr oh ‒]hgnbhmnUupbnjnotksnPdthjdohsutdbdzhmksnjehmh Wnendth‚ qun sn noekotrh oh óbtdjh pèidoh mnstn bdvrk (pèi.75). Ok ehpêtubk ‒NxnjpbksnUuinstþnsphrhUupbnjnotksnPdthjdohs ‚ (pèi.84-77) vkeã noekotrhrè tumk qun prnedsh phrh `hznr ujh supbnjnothéåk ekrrnth n shumèvnb. Ekosdmnrk djpkrthotn h bndturh mn tkmks ks ehpêtubks phrh uj jhdkr notnomdjnotk mh djpkrtçoedh nj `kronenr hk snu pnbumk ujh hbdjnothéåk outrdtdvh n ghbhoenhmh.

 

Qèi. 5

 

Do`krjhéþns Bnihds Nsthäujhphrtnelhth,jhsonenssèrdh.Qnékqunbndhekjhtnoéåknsdihhskrdnothéþnsekotdmhshqud.

K ekotnómk mnssn bdvrk ä hprnsnothmk ekj hs jnblkrns mhs dotnoéþns, ekotumk, tãj ehrètnr jnrhjnotn do`krjhtdvk n nj onolujh edreuostçoedh sugstdtud, nj hgskbutk, h krdnothéåk mn uj jämdek-vntnrdoèrdk, nspnedhbjnotn, jhs oåk skjnotn, ok ehsk mn mdstórgdks mn `uomk hbdjnothr, dotkxdehéåk, ku quhbqunr kutrh phtkbkidh rnbhedkohmh á doinståk mn hbdjnotks ku ekothtk ekj kutrks prkmutks. Ehmh hodjhb ä uj domdvêmuk ekj ldstõrdek n phrtdeubhrdmhmns óodehs, n såk judtks ks `htkrns qun pkmnj do`bunoedhr suh shómn n gnj-nsthr, hbäj mn oåk tnrjks ekotrkbn skgrn h quhbdmhmn mks doirnmdnotns ushmks, ekjk h mdnth ä prnphrhmh, hrjhznohmh, k hjgdnotn nj qun vdvn n k nsthmk mn shómn htuhb mk snu hodjhb, notrn kutrks `htkrns. Mnstn jkmk, oåk pkssk jn rnspkoshgdbdzhr pkr rnsubthmks md`nrnotns mks mnsnchmks, doebudomk - jhs sn oåk sn bdjdthmk h - quhdsqunr prncuêzks ku mhoks rnsubthotns mh tnothtdvh mn sniudr hs do`krjhéþns ekotdmhs hqud. Hssdj, hotns mn ekbkehr nj prètdeh hs suinstþns mnstn bdvrk, ekosubtn uj jämdekvntnrdoèrdk mn suh eko`dhoéh phrh vnrd`dehr sn snu hodjhb noekotrh-sn hptk h rnengnr quhbqunr ujh mhs mdnths n eudmhmks mnserdtks hqud. H outrdéåk ä uj pdbhr `uomhjnothb phrh h shómn n mnvn snr trhthmh mn `krjh rnspkosèvnb n särdh. Jhs oåk ä k óodek. ]nolh nj jnotn qun vkeã snjprn prnedshrè ekothr ekj k hekjpholhjnotk mk jämdek-vntnrdoèrdk, hbdès, ekjk cè mnvn ku mnvnrdh nsthr `hznomk.

 

Qèi. =

 

Uupbnjnotks Hbdjnothrns, Pdthjdohs n Jdonrhds K kgcntdvk mks supbnjnotks ä `krthbnenr h mdnth ekj hguomçoedh mn vdthjdohs n jdonrhds djpkrthotns. Do`nbdzjnotn, nssns outrdnotns såk judths vnzns dohmnquhmhjnotn rnprnsnothmks, jnsjk nj hbdjnotks `rnseks. Lkcn, nj rhzåk mh pnrmh murhotn mu rhotn k hrjhznohjnotk n ekzdjnotk, mk nsikthjnotk mk skbk, henbnrhéåk `kréhmh mn ernsedjnotk, eluvh èedmh, notrn kutrks `htkrns, tkroku-sn rnekjnomhmk utdbdzh-bks phrh ekjpbnjnothr quhbqunr mdnth, doebusdvn h okssh. Kutrk `htkr ä qun, jnsjk skg hs jnblkrns ekomdéþns, ä prnedsk tnjpk phrh h pbhoth hgskrvnr ks jdonrhds mk skbk. Ukg hs ekomdéþns jkmnrohs, nj qun `nrtdbdzhotns hrtd`dedhds såk utdbdzhmks phrh henbnrhr k ernsedjnotk, k tnjpk phrh h hgskréåk mn jdonrhds jdo nrhds ä jnokr, k qun bnvh h oêvnds mn jdonrhds jhds ghdxks. Qhrh ks hodjhds ekj shómn jhds `rèidb ku mngdbdthmh, ks supbnjnotks jdonrhds ä phrtn nssnoedhb mh mdnth. Kutrh rhzåk mks supbnjnotks ä nqudbdgrhr ks doirnmdnotns mhs rnendths phrh qun nbhs eujprhj hs okrjhs outrdedkohds phrh eåns rnekjnomhmhs phrh nssns djpkrthotns outrdnotns, ekjk eèbedk, `nrrk, èedmk bdokbndek, vdthjdoh H n vdthjdohs mk ekjpbnxk G. Qkrthotk, oåk pnosn nj supbnjnotks ekjk hbik tkthbjnotn kpedkohb, prdoedphbjnotn k eèbedk. Nbns såk phrtn dotnirhotn mhs rnendths (h jnoks qun q un domdehmk mn kutrh jhondrh pnbk vntnrdoèrdk mk snu hodjhb). Hs rnendths, pkr sd sõ, cè `kronenj hs prktnêohs, ikrmurhs n ldmrhtks mn ehrgkok onenssèrdks, jhs phrh ihrhotdr k oêvnb hmnquhmk mn PD]HJDOHU n JDONWHDU, ushjks jdsturhs prkoths mn vèrdks nbnjnotks mn hbdjnotks djpkrthotns, qun nståk mdspkoêvnds nj suh jhdkrdh nj bkchs mn hbdjnotks nspnedhbdzhmks ku ohturhds, ekjk3 Bnvnmurh outrdedkohb ku mn enrvnch (rdek nj vdthjdohs mk ekjpbnxk G, `nrrk n kutrks outrdnotns) Bnedtdoh (phrh k èedmk bdokbndek, ekbdoh n doksdtkb, qun hcumhj k snu hodjhb njubsd`dehr n hgskrvnr ikrmurhs, jnblkrhr h ekomdéåk mn snu rnvnstdjnotk n suh mdinståk) Hbihs jhrdolhs nj põ ku Hb`h`h H b`h`h nj Qõ (pkr dkmk n jdonrhds) j donrhds) Pdthjdoh E (oåk ä onenssèrdh k`dedhbjnotn phrh eåns, pkrqun nbns sdotntdzhj h suh prõprdh, jhs nxpnrdãoedhs ebêodehs suinrnj hmdedkoè-bh pkr suh djpkrtçoedh). H sniudr, uj rnsujk mh `dohbdmhmn mn ehmh supbnjnotk, gnj ekjk hs vèrdhs `kotns mn hghstnedjnotk.

 

Qèi. >

 

Uupbnjnotk mn Eèbedk @kotns supbnjnothrns mn eèbedk såk ‒nssnoedhds ‒ nssnoedhds‚‚ n ‒kgrdihtõrdhs kgrdihtõrdhs‚‚ nj ehmh rnendth. Hbäj mdssk, ehmh rnendth mnvn tnr ujh prkpkréåk mn eèbedk n `õs`krk hmnquhmh. Njgkrh k krihodsjk supkrtn vhrdhéþns mn `krjh shumèvnb, k dmnhb ä sn h rnbhéåk mn Eèbedk/@õs`krk oh mdnth mks eåns nstdvnr notrn 8,7 n 8,= phrtns mn eèbedk phrh 8 phrtn mn @õs`krk - uj pkuek jhds mn eèbedk mk qun k `õs`krk. Ä gkj rnsshbthr qun nxdstn ujh `bnxdgdbdmhmn ekosdmnrèvnb. H jhdkrdh mks hodjhds `dehråk judtk gnj ekj 8 h 7 phrtns mn eèbedk phrh 8 `õs`krk. Ä md`êedb mntnrjdohr nxhthjnotn ks vhbkrns rnhds oks hbdjnotks prnphrhmks. Inrhbjnotn, ks jdonrhds mn kssks ku mn `kotns mn eèbedk purk, såk `hedbjnotn hgskrvdmks pnbk krihodsjk, noquhotk qun hqunbns h phrtdr mn `kotns vninthds pkmnj snr jnoks mdinrêvnds. Mn hekrmk ekj k OWE (844=), hpnohs 51% h =1% mk `õs`krk mn krdinj vninthb ä ekosdmnrhmk mdspkoêvnb phrh k krihodsjk. H quhotdmhmn supbnjnothr mn eèbedk n `õs`krk ä domdehmh nj ehmh rnendth, snomk k `õs`krk hmdedkohmk skjnotn sn h `kotn mn eèbedk qun nstdvnr utdbdzhomk oåk tdvnr `õs`krk su`dednotn. K eèbedk oåk sõ ä `uomhjnothb phrh h shómn mks kssks n mnotns, ekjk thjgäj huxdbdh oh ekotrhéåk juseubhr (doebusdvn mk ekrhéåk) n oh trhosjdssåk mks djpubsks onrvksks. Jhs oåk pnosnmnbn. qun^j k`nrnenomk ujh bndtn enreh hk snumn hjdiåk nsthrè onenssdmhmns eåk hmubtk mnxêehrh 81 fi mn rnqunr 8.111 vkeã ji mn eèbedksuprdomk pkr mdh hn oujh xêehrh mn bndtn dotnirhb (5,7>% mn ikrmurh) noekotrhjks hpnohs 778 ji mn eèbedk. Mn hekrmk ekj k Mr. Dho Gdbbdoilurst (hutkr mn mdvnrsks bdvrks gnj ekolnedmks skgrn outrdéåk ehodoh), k phpnb mk eèbedk vhd judtk hbäj mh jdonrhbdzhéåk õssnh3 ‒ Keèbedkä

nssnoedhbphrhh`uoéåkonurkjuseubhr,ehrmdkvhseubhr,djuodtèrdhnnomõerdoh.Ä vdth vdthbb ph phrh rh h ekhi ekhiubh ubhéå éåk k mk mk shoi shoiun un.. K eèbe eèbedk dk `k `krj rjh h h nstru nstrutu turh rh nsqu nsqunb nbät ätde deh h ku ku k edtknsqunbntkmnotrkmnehmheäbubh,nehmheäbubhmkekrpkmnpnomnmkeèbedkphrh hpkdhr hpk dhr hs`uo hs `uoéþn éþns s nozdjè nozdjètde tdehs, hs, h sdohbd sdohbdzhé zhéåk åkek ekrpk rpkrh rhbb n jhotnr jhotnr h nsthgd nsthgdbdm bdmhmn hmn mh jnjgrhohenbubhr .‚ Ks rnqudsdtks mn eèbedk phrh eåns mnpnomnj mn `htkrns ekjk rhéh, dmhmn, inoätdeh n ekomdéåk. Ä pkr dssk qun vkeã mnvn ekosubthr snu vntnrdoèrdk phrh ihrhotdr qun h mdnth mk snu eåk (qun ä suh óodeh `kotn mn eèbedk) snch outrdedkohbjnotn ghbhoenhmh n pnrskohbdzhmh phrh hs onenssdmhmns nspneê`dehs mk snu eåk. Lè mdrntrdzns inrhds qun `krhj mhmhs pnbk Ohtdkohb Wnsnhrel Ekuoedb  (OWE),  (OWE), ujh mdvdsåk mh Ohtdkohb Hehmnjy k` Uednoens. Mn hekrmk ekj k OWE, ks eåns hmubtks shumèvnds inrhbjnotn rnqunrnj >1 ji mn eèbedk pkr qudbk mn pnsk ekrpkrhb. Qkr nxnjpbk, uj eåk mn > fi prnedsh mn 7>1 ji mn eèbedk pkr mdh, uj eåk mn 7> fi prnedsh mn 87>1 ji pkr mdh n uj eåk mn >1 fi prnedsh mn 7.>11 ji pkr mdh. Un vkeã tdvnr hbiujh móvdmh skgrn h ekomdéåk mn shómn mk snu hodjhb ekosubtn k snu vntnrdoèrdk phrh mnsekgrdr h quhotdmhmn enrth mn eèbedk phrh hs onenssdmhmns nspneê`dehs mk snu eåk.  

Qèi. 0

 

Hbiujhs mhs `kotns mn eèbedk @hrdolh mn kssks

@hrdolh mn kssks, vnomdmh phrh h supbnjnothéåk mn hodjhds mn nstdjhéåk. Pkeã thjgäj pkmn ushr nssns vnomdmks nj bkchs mn prkmutks ohturhds phrh usk lujhok, jhs snrè mnsonensshrdhjnotn jhds ehrk. H quhbdmhmn ä prhtdehjnotn h jnsjh. Nstns prkmutks vãj mn `kotns jhds purhs mk qun h `hrdolh mn kssks vnomdmh phrh hmughéåk nj chrmdj, qun ouoeh mnvn snr ushmk ekjk uj hbdjnotk. hbdjnotk. H `hrdolh mn kssk ä `kotn mn eèbedk ohturhb phrh ehroêvkrks n `kronen judtks jdonrhds. ]hjgäj ä ujh `krjh ekovnodnotn, `èedb mn utdbdzhr, n judtk ekoenotrhmh mn eèbedk. Nbh ekotäj eèbedk, gnj ekjk `õs`krk, jhs, ohs quhotdmhmns okrjhbjnotn hprnsnothmhs, skgrh eèbedk phrh nqudbdgrhr k `õs`krk. @hrdolh mn kssk ä h jnblkr nsekblh phrh eåns mn irhomn pkrtn, nspnedhbjnotn hqunbns ekj prkgbnjhs õssnks ku sdohds mn mdspbhsdh mh hoeh. Nxdstnj vèrdhs jhrehs mdspkoêvnds, n nbhs vhrdhj uj pkuek oh ekoenotrhéåk mn eèbedk. Qkräj, htä komn nu snd, ok Grhsdb, nstn tdpk mn prkmutk nstè prkdgdmk phrh usk oh hbdjnothéåk mn hodjhds. K Jdodstärdk mh Hirdeubturh, Qneuèrdh n Hghstnedjnotk  (mk JHQH) JHQH ) rnstrdoidu uskku pkrqun, jnsjk trhthmh oåkä nsthrdh bdvrn "prdko" mh vhehsnu bkueh NNG. Nstn eudmhmk ekjn hnstnrdbdzhmh, gdksniurhoéh phrh qun k Grhsdb oåk tnolh prkgbnjhs nj nxpkrthr ehron n prkmutks bèetnks. Un vkeã prkeurhr oh dotnront helhrè vèrdhs rnendths mn ekjk `hznr suh prõprdh `hrdolh mn kssks, jhs, jnsjk oåk lhvnomk nvdmnotn rdsek mk prêko ku NGG, oåk rnekjnomk. Nxdstnj `hrdolh mn kssks djpkrthmhs (Gkon Jnhb) qun såk jhds hekosnblèvnds n henssêvnds qun pkmnj snr utdbdzhmhs ekj sniurhoéh ― ekjk vnrnjks jhds hmdhotn. jhrdolhs nj Qõ ku Hb`h`h  Hbihs jhrdolhs Hb`h`h nj Qõ

Qrkpkredkohj ujh `krjh judtk purh mn eèbedk n tnj h vhothinj, phrh hbiuos hodjhds, mn oåk snr prkvnodnotn mn `kotn hodjhb. Nbh thjgäj k`nrnen judtks gkos jdonrhds. Un k snu hodjhb oåk iksth mk shgkr mh hbih jhrdolh ku vkeã nstè ekj md`deubmhmn mn noekotrè-bh, pkmn sugstdtudr pkr hb`h`h nj põ. põ. Hbihs tnj jdonrhds jhrhvdblksks, jhs h hb`h`h thjgäj ä judtk vhbkrdzhmh, judtk rdeh nj jdonrhds, pkmnomk snr ushmh ekjk uj sugstdtutk hmnquhmk. @ks`htk mdeèbedek  (`ks`htk mn eèbedk mdgèsdek) 

Qhrh hqunbns qun prn`nrnj oåk ushr prkmutks mn krdinj hodjhb, jhs qun onenssdthj mn ujh jhdkr quhotdmhmn ekjgdohmh e kjgdohmh mn eèbedk n `õs`krk oh mdnth mk qun k `kronedmk pkr uj prkmutk hpnohs mn eèbedk, pkmn sugstdtudr pkr `ks`htk mdeèbedek. Nstn prkmutk ä mdspkoêvnb nj bkchs mn hodjhds ku nj bkchs mn hbdjnotks ohturhds.  

Qèi. 9

 

Eèbedk nj põ ku nj ekjprdjdmks

Ehmh rnendth `kronen ujh mksn suinrdmh su inrdmh mn eèbedk, nxprnssh nj jdbdirhjhs (ji). Hk ekotrèrdk mh `hrdolh mn kssks, nsth nsekblh okrjhbjnotn oåk `kronen onoluj `õs`krk hmdedkohb, k qun sdiod`deh jnoks mn eèbedk tkthb ä onenssèrdk phrh nqudbdgrhr h quhotdmhmn tkthb mn `õs`krk cè mdspkoêvnb oh rnendth. Pkeã pkmn `kronenr eèbedk "sdjpbns" ekjk k ehrgkohtk mn eèbedk, eèbedk qunbhtk, ibuekohtk mn eèbedk ku bhethtk mn eèbedk. Nxentk phrh k ehrgkohtk mn eèbedk, nstns såk thjgäj ekosdmnrhmks hs `krjhs jhds hssdjdbhmhs mn eèbedk. Pnrd`dqun oh ntdqunth mh njghbhinj phrh vnr quhotk põ ku quhotks ekjprdjdmks vkeã mnvn ushr phrh diuhbhr ks jdbdirhjhs mn eèbedk skbdedthmks oh rnendth. Un vkeã ekjprhr nj ekjprdjdmks, usn uj pdbåk, ku trdturhmkr mn pêbubh phrh rnmuzd-bks h põ hotns mn jdsturhr oh ekjdmh. H `krjh jhds `èedb mn ushr ä k nj põ. Ehseh mn kvk nj põ

Nssh ä h jnblkr jhondrh mn dosnrdr k eèbedk oh mdnth mk snu pnt mn `krjh sustnotèvnb n nekoýjdeh. Hbäj mn snr k ehjdolk jhds ghrhtk, ä judtk rdeh nj ehrgkohtk mn eèbedk. Ä uj supbnjnotk qun vkeã jnsjk pkmn `hznr nj ehsh snj ihsthr ohmh. Phbn pnmdr phrh k vdzdolk, phrh ks hjdiks n htä nj phmhrdhs. Mdeh3 iuhrmn hs ehsehs  cè bhvhmhs snj thjphr phrh oåk `krjhr gkbkr. gkbkr. Pnch ekjk `hznr k põ mn ehseh mn kvk -Bhvn hs ehsehs mks kvks bkik hpõs hgnrtks

n mndxn-hs snehr htä qun vkeã tnolh heujubhmk ujh mózdh ku hbik hssdj. (Ehmh ehseh mn kvk dotndrk `hz enreh mn ujh ekblnr mn elè mn põ, k qun nqudvhbn h enreh mn 8.5< jei

8.945 ^D

Ekuvn, ekzd mh Enr nh ds jhtdoh ds

8/7 xêeh rh 8 xêehr h mn elè

==5 jei 8>1-751 jei

8.=9> ^D >11-909 ^D

Jh otndi h

8 ekblnr mn skph

49 jei

575 ^D

Kvk

8 uodmhmn

48 jei

515 ^D

Bnd tn dotni rh b

8 ekpk (711jb)

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779 ^D

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MnphrthjnotkmnHirdeubturhmksNsthmks^odmks-^UMH

Pdthjdohs G K ekjpbnxk G enbubhr. ä uj ekocuotk mn okvn vdthjdohsGldmrksskbóvnds héåk ok jnthgkbdsjk Pdthjdohs mk ekjpbnxk såk nssnoedhdsekj phrhdjpkrthotn k `uoedkohjnotk okrjhb mk ekrpk n, pkrthotk, phrh uj ekrpk shumèvnb. K tnrjk "Pdthjdohs G" rn`nrn-sn h ujh `hjêbdh mn vdthjdohs, doebudomk tdhjdoh (G8), rdgk`bhvdoh (G7), odhedoh (G5), èedmk photktãodek (G>), pdrdmkxdoh (G0), gdktdoh (L, G9  ku G jdbdirhjhs mh `õrjubh mk ekjpbnxk G phrh ihrhotdr prkpkréþns ekrrnths mks prdoedphds ekjpkonotns (tdhjdoh, rdgk`bhvdoh, odhedoh) n jnoks mhs kutrhs mhs Pdthjdohs G.  

Qèi. 87

 

@kotns Ohturhds mk Ekjpbnxk G

-  Pdthjdoh G8 (]dhjdoh)3 Enrnhds dotnirhds, bndtn, kvks, ehron vnrjnblh, `êihmk n `ruths ekjk h bhrhoch. -  Pdthjdoh G7 (Wdgk`bhvdoh)3 Pninthds, iråks, bnvnmurhs, bndtn n mnrdvhmks, ehron, `êihmk n sêotnsn pkr ghetärdhs dotnstdohds. -  Pdthjdoh G5  (Odhedoh)3 Bndtn n mnrdvhmks, inrjn mn trdik, injh mn kvk, ehron n `êihmk. -  Pdthjdoh G>  (Èedmk Qhotktãodek)3 Ehrons vnrjnblhs, `êihmk, rdos, inrjn mn trdik, grõekbds, ghthth n tkjhtn. -  Pdthjdoh G0 (Qdrdmkxdoh)3 Pninthds, iråks dotnirhds, inrjn mn trdik, bndtn, kvks, `êihmk n ehron. -  Pdthjdoh G9 (Gdktdoh)3 Pninthds (prdoedphbjnotn bniujns) n ehron. - 

-  Pdthjdoh G4  (Èedmk @õbdek)3 Pninthds `kblksks, okzns, bniujns, bhrhoch, iråks dotnirhds, jdblk, hjnomkdj n jdómks. -  Pdthjdoh G88 (Ehrodtdoh)3 Ehron, nspnedhbjnotn mn ehrondrk. 87 -  Pdthjdoh dotnstdohds.G  (Ekghbhjdoh)3 Bndtn n kvks, `êihmk, jóseubks, prkmuéåk pkr ghetärdhs

Pdthjdoh E Mnotrn hs vdthjdohs, h Pdthjdoh E prkvhvnbjnotn ä h jnblkr ekolnedmh oh eurh lujhoh ku hodjhb. K ekrpk lujhok oåk prkmuz h vdthjdoh E n ks ekrpks mks eåns prkmuznj p rkmuznj judtk pkuek `rnotn hk strnss n h pkbudéåk quêjdeh mh vdmh jkmnroh (Eåns prkmuznj =1 ji pkr qudbk mn pnsk pkr mdh mn Pdthjdoh E). H ehrãoedh mn Pdthjdoh E prkvkeh h mn`dedãoedh mhs ehphedmhmns eurhtdvhs, ibhomubhrns, edreubhtõrdhs, djuokbõidehs n rninonrhtdvhs mk ekrpk. H Pdthjdoh E ä k prdoedphb hotdkxdmhotn skbóvnb nj èiuh mk ekrpk, k qun h tkroh ujh hrjh djpkrthotn ok hrsnohb mk sdstnjh djuokbõidek ekotrh ghetärdhs n vêrus. ]hjgäj hcumh h prktninr ks èedmks ikrmks doshturhmks n hs Pdthjdohs H n N mn snrnj kxdmhmhs, prktninomk suh pktãoedh. ^jh vdthjdoh prktntkrh nssnoedhb phrh h shómn mk ekrpk nj inrhb, nbh ä nspnedhbjnotn djpkrthotn phrh h onutrhbdzhéåk mn rhmdehds bdvrns. Nbh thjgäj hcumh3 Qrkmuéåk mn ekbèinok n jhotäj h pnbn shumèvnb6 Qrkjkvn h edehtrdzhéåk mn `nrdmhs, tnedmk edehtrdedhb, `rhturhs6 @krthbnen ks vhsks shoiuêonks6 Hcumh k ekrpk h utdbdzhr k èedmk `õbdek (G 4) n k `nrrk prnvnodomk honjdh, mnprnssåk, n mknoéhs ehrmêhehs6 Uupkrth h ibçomubh tdjk6 Jnblkrh h prkmuéåk mn eäbubhs ], hujnoth h rnsdstãoedh h do`neéþns vdrhds n ghetnrdhohs, n hbiujhs hbnridhs.

 

Qèi. 85

 

Mksns mdèrdhs suinrdmhs phrh Eåns Qnsk mk Hodjhb

Pdthjdoh E

(Eåk ku Ihtk)

(ji)

411 i h > fi

07> ji pkr mdh

0 h 88 fi

8.7>1 pkr mdh

87 h 77 fi

7.>11 pkr mdh

75 h => fi

5.9>1 pkr mdh

Hedjh mn => fi

htä >.111 pkr mdh

@kotn3 Homd Grkwo , hutkrh mk ]lnYlkbnQntMdnt.  Ä

ekolnedmh dotnrohedkohbjnotn ekjk pdkondrh nj eudmhmks lkbêstdeks phrh hodjhds mn nstdjhéåk.

Oh jhdkrdh mhs vnzns, n phrh h jhdkrdh mks hodjhds mn nstdjhéåk, ä uj õtdjk supbnjnotk. K ehsk NUQNEÊ@DEK qun vkeã oåk mnvn ushr ä phrh pnmrhs mn kxhbhtk mn eèbedk nj eåns n ihtks. Nstns såk uj tdpk mn erdsthb oåk usuhb, qun sn `krjh oh urdoh èedmh. Un k snu hodjhb mn nstdjhéåk tdvnr pnmrhs mn kxhbhtk, notåk vkeã prnedshrè njprnihr kutrks jätkmks.

Pdthjdoh M H vdthjdoh M ä h prdoedphb rnspkosèvnb pnbh hgskréåk mn eèbedk n `õs`krk ok krihodsjk. Dssk h`nth ujh irhomn vhrdnmhmn mn `uoéþns ok ekrpk. Wnenotnjnotn, tnj tdmk judth htnoéåk hk qun h mn`dedãoedh mn vdthjdoh M pkmn p kmn `hznr hks okssks eåns. Ekjk h vdthjdoh M ekotrkbh k eèbedk, pkueh vdthjdoh M pkmn hphrnenr ekjk mn`krjdmhmns õssnhs (rhqudtdsjk) n mds`uoéåk mk sdstnjh djuokbõidek. Nxdstnj mkds tdpks mn vdthjdoh M3 vdthjdoh M7 (qun prkvãj prdoedphbjnotn mn `kotns mn pbhoths) n vdthjdoh M5 (qun ä h `krjh jhds ótdb phrh eåns n vnj prdoedphbjnotn mn ehrons ikrmurkshs n `êihmk). `kotns otns mn Pdthjdoh Pdthjdoh M såk3  Hs jnblkrns `k

Õbnk mn `êihmk mn ghehblhu n pndxns ikrmurksks (shbjåk, htuj, shrmdolh, ehvhbh) Injh mn kvk Hbdjnotks mnrdvhmks mk Bndtn ekjk jhotndih n qundcks ikrmurksks

Pdthjdoh N Ävèrdhs rnekjnomhmk mksn nxtrh`uoéþns mn Pdthjdoh N, uj mk hotdkxdmhotn, mdnth mks eåns pkr rhzþns. Nbhujh oåk sõ huxdbdh djpkrthotns ekrpk, thds oh ekjk ekjghtn ekotrh mknoéhs, jhs thjgäj hcumh h jdodjdzhr ks n`ndtks mh pkbudéåk. H Pdthjdoh N hcumh h prnsnrvhr n prktninr h Pdthjdoh H n èedmks irhxks nj kutrks supbnjnotks n hbdjnotks.  

Qèi. 8=

 

Lè muhs jhondrhs qun nstn supbnjnotk pkmn snr `kronedmk

-  @kotn ohturhb Pdthjdoh N - Qrkeurn pkr prkmutks qun ekotnolh θ-tkek`nrkb  (hb`h),  (hb`h), qun ä h `krjh ohturhb, pkssud jhdkr htdvdmhmn gdkbõideh ä k jhds hguomhotn hotdkxdmhotn bdpksskbóvnb oks tnedmks. H vhrdnmhmn nj eèpsubh mn inbhtdoh `kronen uj gkj "rnedpdnotn mn hrjhznohjnotk". Hgrh ujh okvh eèpsubh (8 ^D : 8 ji) phrh h rnendth ku jdsturn ok õbnk vninthb. Oåk lè prkgbnjh nj ushr jhds Pdthjdoh N mk qun k jkothotn skbdedthmk, sn `kr jhds ekovnodnotn. -  Õbnk mn iärjno mn trdik - Nsth ä ujh gkh jhondrh mn `kronenr Pdthjdoh N. Jhs tnolh eudmhmk phrh qun k õbnk mn iärjno mn trdik oåk nstnch rhoéksk, qun ä mntnetèvnb pkr uj shgkr bdindrhjnotn hjhrik ok `dohb. Qrn`drh k õbnk mn iärjno mn trdik nj `krjh mn eèpsubh. Bndh h ntdqunth phrh mntnrjdohr h quhotdmhmn hprkprdhmh mn ushr.

 

Qèi. 8>

 

Hbdjnotks rdeks nj jderkoutrdnotns Ks jderkoutrdnotns såk sugstçoedhs nssnoedhds qun k ekrpk prnedsh phrh tkmks ks prkenssks jnthgõbdeks n, qun oh jhdkrdh mks ehsks, oåk pkmnj snr sdotntdzhmks pnbk krihodsjk. Pnch h sniudr hbiuos mks jnblkrns hbdjnotks qun ekotäj irhomn vhrdnmhmn mn vdthjdohs, ekjk H, E, M, N, F n vdthjdohs mk ekjpbnxk G, n jdonrhds ekjk eèbedk, `õs`krk, pktèssdk, `nrrk n zdoek.

Bnvnmurh Outrdedkohb ku mn Enrvnch K qun vkeã ekosniun noekotrhr jhds `hedbjnotn ä h bnvnmurh mn enrvnch jnsjk, qun ä judtk sdjdbhr. H md`nrnoéh ä qun h bnvnmurh outrdedkohb ä eubtdvhmh phrh snr utdbdzhmh ekjk uj supbnjnotk hbdjnothr, noquhotk h bnvnmurh mn enrvnch ä mndxhmh phrh prkmuéåk mn enrvnch. Outrdedkohbjnotn nbhs såk ghsdehjnotn diuhds, nxentk qun h bnvnmurh mn enrvnch ä jhds nbnvhmh nj erõjdk, uj jdonrhb djpkrthotn oh utdbdzhéåk mn héóehr pnbk krihodsjk. Notåk, vkeã pkmn utdbdzhr h bnvnmurh mn enrvnch ok buihr mh outrdedkohb, sn nsth oåk pumnr snr noekotrhmh. Hssdj ekjk h bnvnmurh outrdedkohb, h bnvnmurh mn enrvnch ä uj hbdjnotk ‒gdkmdoçjdek‚ hdomh jhds n`dehz qun k inrjn mn trdik. Onoluj kutrk hbdjnotk noenrrh ujh ekjgdohéåk tåk pnr`ndth, n skg ujh `krjh tåk hssdjdbèvnb, mn sugstçoedhs outrdtdvhs djpkrthotns ku rhrhs. Hbäj mdssk, skg nstn pkotk mn vdsth, h bnvnmurh mn enrvnch ‒supbnjnoth‚ ks enrnhds jhds n`dehzjnotn mk qun `hz k bndtn ku h ehron.  H bnvnmurh mn enrvnch ekotäj ekotäj

-  >1% mn prktnêohs judtk mdinstêvnds -  ]kmks ks hjdokèedmks domdspnosèvnds á vdmh (ldstdmdoh, bdsdoh, trdptk`hok, bnuedoh, `nodbhbhodoh, edstdoh, nte.) -  ^jh quhotdmhmn nxenpedkohbjnotn nbnvhmh mn ibuthtdåk, pnptêmnk sub`hthmk sk`rnomk ujh héåk prnpkomnrhotn oks `noýjnoks vdthds n, nj phrtdeubhr, ohs rnhéþns mn õxdmk-rnmuéåk, oks prkenssks mn mnsdotkxdehéåk n mn rnsdstãoedh ás do`neéþns -  Bnedtdoh n ikrmurh `ks`krhmh -  8= shds jdonrhds nssnoedhds - hssdj ekjk kbdiknbnjnotks -  @htkrns ehthbêtdeks, hbiuos mks quhds hdomh oåk ekjpbnthjnotn dmnotd`dehmks -  89 vdthjdohs notrn hs quhds k irupk ekjpbntk (n nj `krtn prkpkréåk) mhs vdthjdohs G, ekj nxenéåk mh vdthjdoh G87 mh quhb sõ sn noekotrhj vnstêidks -  Xuhotdmhmns djpkrthotns mn nrikstnrkb (prkvdthjdoh M7).

 

Qèi. 80

 

Irçoubks mn Bnedtdoh H bnedtdoh ä ujh djpkrthotn `kotn ohturhb mn Ekbdoh, Doksdtkb n Èedmk Bdokbndek. H Ekbdoh n k Doksdtkb såk ekjpkonotns vdthds mhs jnjgrhohs mn tkmhs hs eäbubhs n tãj phpäds djpkrthotns ok ernsedjnotk n htdvdmhmns enbubhrns, hbäj mn hcumhrnj snu hodjhb h njubsd`dehr n hgskrvnr ikrmurhs, jnblkrhomk h ekomdéåk mn snu rnvnstdjnotk n suh mdinståk. Cè k èedmk bdokbndek ä uj èedmk irhxk nssnoedhb pkbd-doshturhmk mh `hjêbdh ýjnih 0, qun, phrtdedph mh nstruturh mn jnjgrhohs enbubhrns, prkjkvn h shómn ehrmdkvhseubhr n `krthbnen k sdstnjh djuokbõidek. @õs`krk, Qktèssdk, Pdthjdoh N n Ýjnih 5, thjgäj såk `kronedmks nj irhomns quhotdmhmns pnbh Bnedtdoh

Hb`h`h K okjn Hb`h`h sdiod`deh nj èrhgn "K jnblkr hbdjnotk" n "Qhd mn tkmks t kmks ks hbdjnotks", n tnj sdmk utdbdzhmh oh jnmdedoh ohturhb á ghsn mn pbhoths lè jhds mn 8.>11 hoks. Oh Jnmdedoh trhmdedkohb Eldonsh, cè oh hotdiudmhmn, ushvhj `kblhs mn Hb`h`h phrh trhthr mdstórgdks mk hphrnblk mdinstdvk n trhthr ks rdos. Oh Jnmdedoh trhmdedkohb mh hrtrdtn n mnHyurvnmdeh rntnoéåk mn èiuh. ä utdbdzhmh oh jè mdinståk n phrh hbdvdhr ks sdotkjhs @dtktnrhpnuths n Ohturkphths ushj Hb`h`h phrh trhthr honjdh n phrh hujnothr h prkmuéåk mn bndtn jhtnrok. Hbiuos Lnrghbdsths thjgäj h rnekjnomhj nj ehsks mn mnsoutrdéåk, mngdbdmhmn n mn mknoéh prkbkoihmh, mnvdmk á Hb`h`h snr uj pktnotn hbdjnotk outrdtdvk. H Hb`h`h ä rnhbjnotn judtk outrdtdvh n ekotäj quhotdmhmns sdiod`dehtdvhs mn prktnêoh, eèbedk, `õs`krk, `nrrk, jhioäsdk, vdthjdoh G, E, N, M n F. Ä uj mks hbdjnotks ekj jhds Ebkrk`dbh (hprkx. 8i nj 811 i). Ä thjgäj uj hbdjnotk qun ekotäj thjgäj irhomn quhotdmhmn mn `kbhtk n ä ekosdmnrhmh hbehbdodzhotn. Ekotäj sugstçoedhs ekjk dsk`bhvkohs dsk`bhvkohs   n ekujnstnrkb , qun sn bdihj hks rnenptkrns mn nstrkiãodk ok ekrpk nxnrenomk uj phpnb mn nqudbdgrhmkr lkrjkohb. H Hb`h`h thjgäj pkmn hcumhr h mdjdoudr ks oêvnds mn ekbnstnrkb e kbnstnrkb ok shoiun, pnbhs shpkodohs oh Hb`h`h sn bdihrnj hk ekbnstnrkb n hssdj prnvnodrnj h suh hgskréåk.

Hbihs - Fnbp H Fnbp, qun doebud vèrdhs nspäedns mn ujh pbhoth mn jhr ekjuj, ä uj supnrhbdjnotk n supbnjnotk hbdjnothr nj `krjh sneh, sn h jhreh `kr eko`dèvnb. Fnbp oåk ä k jnsjk qun @ueus vnsdeubksus n judtks kutrks vninthds mk jhr, pkr dssk oåk eko`uomh. H Fnbp ä k hbdjnotk ekj jhdkr ekoenotrhéåk mn eèbedk (81 vnzns jhds qun k bndtn) n ä ujh nxenbnotn hbtnrohtdvh hk shb, ä thjgäj hbth nj `dgrhs n tnj prktnêohs, ekotäj jhds mn 01 vdthjdohs nssnoedhds notrn nbhs, Pdthjdohs H, G, E, N, G 87, tnj gnthehrktnok, jdonrhds n jderk jdonrhds qun såk `hedbjnotn hgskrvdmks pnbk krihodsjk, thjgäj ä rdeh nj jhioäsdk, `nrrk, jhoihoãs, pktèssdk, sõmdk, zdoek, noxk`rn n ekgrn.  

Qèi. 89

 

H Fnbp pkmn snr ushmh phrh trhthjnotk mh tdrkdmn, nj ehsks mn ldpnrtdrnkdmdsjk n ldpktdrnkdmdsjk, ghdxk jnthgkbdsjk, mdinståk pkgrn, prkgbnjhs mn rdos, jnblkr edreubhéåk, huxdbdh oh prnvnoéåk n eurh mn prkgbnjhs ekjk do`bhjhéþns, hrtrdtns, rnujhtdsjk, sdstnjh djuodtèrdk, mkrns mn ehgnéh, strnss, mdhrrndh, ubenrhs, domdinståk, `bhtubãoedh, prkgbnjhs rnspdrhtõrdks n kgnsdmhmn. H Fnbp thjgäj tnj n`ndtk okrjhbdzhmkr oks onrvks, hrtärdhs, pdbkrk, eõbko, `êihmk, vnsêeubh gdbdhr, pçoernhs, tugk gêbdek, ibçomubh mh prõsthth, ótnrk, tnstêeubks n kvèrdks. Nbh thjgäj ä ekolnedmh pkr snr gkh phrh h qunmh mn m n pãbk n uolhs shumèvnds, hcumh ekotrh oèusnhs murhotn h irhvdmnz, bdjph k ekrpk mn rhmdhéþns, jhotäj hs ibçomubhs suprhrrnohds shumèvnds, prnvdon k ernsedjnotk mn tujkrns n erdh jnjgrhoh j njgrhoh enbubhr. Fnbp htuh ekjk hotdgdõtdek, pkds hcumh h bdjphr k shoiun. Ä ghrhth, hjpbhjnotn mdspkoêvnb, sniurk n gnoä`dek. Un tdvnr md`deubmhmn nj noekotrhr h Fnbp, vkeã pkmn utdbdzhr h hbih @ueus (@ueusPnsdeubksus (@ueusPnsdeubksus)) ku h hbih Fkjgu (mhsldjh (mhsldjh ku  ku lhdmhd lhdmhd), ), ku, Nspdrubdoh (ä ujh edhokghetärdhn, oåk ujh hbih vnrmn-hzub, ekjk `deku juomdhbjnotn ekolnedmh). Un snu hodjhb oåk iksthr mk shgkr (såk jndk hjhrihs) pkmn sugstdtudr pkr Hb`h`h nj põ. ]kmhs hs kpéþns såk judtk ju dtk rdehs nj eèbedk n jderkoutrdnotns.

 

Qèi. 8<

 

Nxnjpbks n Uuinstþns phrh Uupbnjnotks n Pdthjdohs Eèbedk ― ^tdbdzhmk nj prhtdehjnotn tkmhs hs rnendths  Un vkeã prn`nrdr ushr @hrdolh mn Kssks ekjk supbnjnotk mn eèbedk n `õs`krk, suidrk qun utdbdzn uj mnstns mkds, pnbh krmnj, ujh vnz qun vkeã oåk noekotrhrè pkr hqud (ouoeh `kronéh `hrdolh mn kssks phrh chrmdohinj). Uåk djpkrthmks, jhs vhbnj h pnoh pnbh quhbdmhmn n pnbk eustk gnon`êedk. Pkeã pkmn ekjprhr nstns prkmutks nj mdvnrsks sdtns, ekjk h hjhzkj.ekj n n-ghy.ekj, ekj notrnih ok Grhsdb. FHB, Gkon Jnhb Qkwmnr =>1 i (^$ 88,jimnjhioäsdk   Ku [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

OKY @kkms, Gkon Jnhb Qkwmnr =>= i  (^$ )  7,9i(8ekblnrmnelè):)    8ekjprdjdmk:8.111jiEèbedk+911ji@õs`krk  

Ku [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[   

+

Eèbedk Eh ^odbd`n 01 ehpsubhs 1ji  (W$ 89,81)    8eèpsubh:7>1jimneèbedk @õs`krk Q ^odbd`n 01 ehpsubhs 8.111ji (W$ 74,4=)    8eèpsubh:811jimn`õs`krk

  Okth33 Ekosubtn Uupbnjnotk mn Eèbedk phrh Okth Eèbedk phrh vnrd`dehr kutrhs `kotns mn eèbedk n h prkpkréåk notrn Eèbedk/@õs`krk. Un vkeã prn`nrdr, usn @hrdolh mn Ehseh mn Kvks ekjk supbnjnotk mn eèbedk, ujh õtdjh `kotn mn eèbedk n `õs`krk. Ekosubtn Pnch ekjk `hznr k põ mn ehseh mn kvk kvk.. Qhrh jhdkrns do`krjhéþns ekosubtn snu vntnrdoèrdk, nbn pkmnrè hcumhr ekj dstk.

 

Qèi. 84

 

Qkbdvdthjdodek-jdonrhb Ekjpbntk phrh Eåns Qkbdvdthjdodek-jdonrhb E åns (õtdjh okvdmhmn pkr hqud)  Ä gkj vnr ujh njprnsh särdh dovnstdr nj uj prkmutk mn hbth quhbdmhmn mnstdohmk nspnedhbjnotn á supbnjnothéåk mh Hbdjnothéåk Ohturhb ehsndrh snj kssks (nxhthjnotn k okssk ehsk). Ä h bdolh @kkm Mki, bhoéhmh rnenotnjnotn ok jnrehmk grhsdbndrk. ]rhth-sn mn uj pkbdvdthjdodek-jdonrhb ekjpbntk phrh htnomnr nspnedhbjnotn hs onenssdmhmns mn vdthjdohs, jdonrhds n hjdokèedmks oh Hbdjnothéåk Ohturhb ehsndrh eruh snj kssks prkmuzdmh pnbh njprnsh Gktuplhrjh, mnsmn 7181 ok sntkr mn supbnjnotks phrh hodjhds. K prkmutk `kd nspnedhbjnotn mnsnovkbvdmk phrh suprdr hs ehrãoedhs mn mdvnrsks outrdnotns, doebusdvn eèbedk, `õs`krk n kutrks jdonrhds n vdthjdohs, ekj ghsn ok Ohtdkohb Wnsnhrel Ekuoedb Outrdnot Wnqudrnjnots k` Mkis hom Ehts - OWE (7110) OWE (7110) n gkbntdos mh Hsskedhtdko k`  Hjnrdeho @nnm Ekotrkb Ekotrkb K``dedhbs Mki hom Eh Ehtt @kkm Outrdnot Q Qrk`dbns rk`dbns - HH@EK (718=). HH@EK (718=). Hohbdshomk k prkmutk kgsnrvhjks h prnsnoéh p rnsnoéh mn jhtärdhs-prdjhs mn hbth quhbdmhmn, ekjk hjdokèedmks mn õtdjh hgskréåk, jdonrhds qunbhthmks, prngdõtdeks JKU (jhohokbdiksshehrêmnks jhohokbdiksshehrêmnks)) n @KU ( `rutkbdiksshehrêmnks ( `rutkbdiksshehrêmnks), ), eóreujh, nxtrhtk mn yueeh, ekbdoh (outrdnotn nssnoedhb qun `hz phrtn mk ekjpbnxk G), gdktdoh (G9,L), vdthjdohs H, G, M, N n F, qun ekjpbnjnothj k hbdjnotk ehsndrk eru snj kssks, `kronenomk ujh nxenbnotn outrdéåk n nqudbêgrdk ohs onenssdmhmns mdèrdhs mk okssk hjdiåk, hj diåk, h uj eustk ghsthotn g hsthotn rhzkèvnb. Kutrk pkotk bnihb, n judtk djpkrthotn, ä k `htk mh bdolh @kkm Mki oåk ekotnr hbdjnotks trhosiãodeks, héóehrns (ku ibdeksn), ekosnrvhotns, ekrhotns ku `bhvkrdzhotns sdotätdeks. Qkr noquhotk såk kdtk vnrsþns mk prkmutk, snomk quhtrk phrh eåns shumèvnds3 Jhoutnoéåk (hmubtks shumèvnds), Ernsedjnotk (`dblktns), Uãodkr (dmksk) n Jdonrhds (eåk hmubtk shumèvnb mn phbhmhr nxtrnjhjnotn nxdinotn), n quhtrk phrh eåns ekj onenssdmhmns nspnedhds (phrh supbnjnothr mdnths nspnedhds, ekj rnstrdéþns n rn`kréks nj mntnrjdohmks outrdnotns phrh huxdbdhr ok ekotrkbn mn mknoéhs). Hs dostruéþns mn usk vãj ekj k prkmutk, jhs ä nssnoedhb ekosubthr snu vntnrdoèrdk skgrn quhb vnrsåk ä h jhds hmnquhmh phrh supbnjnothr hs rn`ndéþns mk snu hjdiåk. Phbn judtk h pnoh pnbh quhbdmhmn n ekjkmdmhmn3 www.gktuplhrjh.ekj.gr/pnt-bdon/ www.gktuplhrjh.ekj.gr/pnt-bdon/  

 

Qèi. 71

 

EKJQBNJNO]K EHUNDWK U^QNW UH^MÈPNB  ]rhth-sn mn ujh rnendth ekj dotudtk mn doebudr vhbdksks jderkoutrdnotns ohs rn`ndéþns mks pnts. Nbh ä judtk nbkidhmh pkr vntnrdoèrdks n nspnedhbdsths nj outrdéåk hodjhb, n judtk ekpdhmh n utdbdzhmh. Nsth jdsturh, rdeh nj outrdnotns, pkmn snr utdbdzhmh nj prhtdehjnotn tkmhs hs rnendths (ehsk vkeã oåk utdbdzn uj Uupbnjnotk Uu pbnjnotk Ekjpbntk cè prkotk). Hs rnendths, pkr sd sõ, cè `kronenj hs prktnêohs, ikrmurhs n ldmrhtks mn ehrgkok onenssèrdks, jhs phrh ihrhotdr k oêvnb hmnquhmk mn vdthjdohs n jdonrhds, ushjks jdsturhs prkoths mn vèrdks nbnjnotks mn hbdjnotks djpkrthotns, qun nståk mdspkoêvnds nj suh jhdkrdh nj bkchs mn hbdjnotks nspnedhbdzhmks ku ohturhds, thds ekjk3 -  Bnvnmurh Outrdedkohb ku mn Enrvnch (rdek nj vdthjdohs mk ekjpbnxk G (tdhjdoh (G8), rdgk`bhvdoh (G7), odhedoh (G5), èedmk photktãodek (G>), pdrdmkxdoh (G0), gdktdoh (L, G 9 ku G.111 ji (8> i) mn Eèbedk + 0.>11 h 9.>11 ji mn @õs`krk (prkpkréåk hprkxdjhmh mn Eh/@k) Okths33 Okths

K tnkr mn eèbedk n `õs`krk vhrdh eko`krjn h `kotn utdbdzhmh n thjgäj mn prkmutk phrh prkmutk. Qkrthotk, vkeã mnvnrè prkpkredkohbdzhr hs quhotdmhmns rnqunrdmhs phrh h jdsturh. Hmdedkon h quhotdmhmn mnstn Ekjpbnjnotk Uhumèvnb, phrh ehmh rnendth, eko`krjn hs dostruéþns mn ehmh ujh.

Phrdhéþns   Uugstdtudéåk mn Bnvnmurhs H bnvnmurh ä kpedkohb, n sn vkeã prn`nrdr oåk h ushr, ghsth rnmuzdr k eèbedk oh `õrjubh mnstn Ekjpbnjnotk Uhumèvnb phrh 5.111 ji + 8.511 h 8.>11 ji mn @õs`krk ku 8¿ mn  

Qèi. 78

 

ekblnr mn elè mn põ mn ehseh mn kvk. Nj sniudmh, usn h jnthmn mh quhotdmhmn usuhb mk Ekjpbnjnotk Uhumèvnb nspned`dehmk nj ehmh rnendth. Qhrh sugstdtudr ks outrdnotns pnrmdmks, hmdedkon uj supbnjnotk jubtdvdthjêodek jdonrhb ekjpbntk phrh hodjhds oh hbdjnothéåk mdèrdh, ushomk h quhotdmhmn rnekjnomhmh ok rõtubk mk prkmutk. Onstn ehsk, oåk hmdedkon vdthjdoh H, E, ku N skbdedthmhs ohs rnendths, pkrqun snråk `kronedmhs hmnquhmhjnotn pnbk prõprdk jubtdvdthjêodek. 

  Uugstdtudéåk mn Hbihs Jhrdolhs

Un k snu hodjhb oåk iksth mk shgkr mh hbih jhrdolh ku vkeã nstè ekj md`deubmhmn mn noekotrè-bh, pkmn sugstdtudr pkr ² xêehrh mn põ p õ mn hb`h`h. Hbihs tnj jdonrhds jhrhvdblksks, jhs h hb`h`h  thjgäj ä judtk vhbkrdzhmh, judtk rdeh nj jdonrhds, pkmnomk snr ushmh ekjk uj sugstdtutk hmnquhmk. ^jh `krjh mn hjnodzhr k shgkr mh hbih ä `hznomk uj jndk-h-jndk mn hbih n hb`h`h oh quhotdmhmn domdehmh oh rnendth (² mn xêehrh). ^jh jdsturh judtk rdeh n supnr shumèvnb. Un onolujh mnsshs kpéþns `uoedkohr, n vkeã oåk nstdvnr utdbdzhomk uj supbnjnotk vdthjêodek-jdonrhb ekjpbntk, ekjprn uj supbnjnotk ‒jdonrhb‚ nj ujh bkch mn hbdjnotk ohturhb. Wnphrn ok rõtubk n vnch quhb ä h mksn phrh uj snr lujhok. Uupkolh qun k snr lujhok pnsn hprkxdjhmhjnotn 91 qudbks n rnmuzh h mksn rnekjnomhmh prkpkredkohbjnotn phrh k pnsk mk snu hodjhb. Qkr nxnjpbk, sn snu eåk pnsh 4 qudbks, notåk h quhotdmhmn h ushr ä 4 mdvdmdmk pkr 91 : 85% mh qu quhotdmhmn hotdmhmn rnekjnomhmh phrh lujhoks. ^sn dssk ekjk ujh rn`nrãoedh phrh ekjprdjdmks ku eèpsubhs. Okth33 Okth

Unjprn nxdstn ujh prnkeuphéåk quhotk hks supbnjnotks ekoenotrhmks, pkrqun ä pkssêvnb mhr ujh mksn jhdkr qun h rnekjnomhmh. ^sn `kotns mn hbdjnotks ohturhds phrh `kronenr jdonrhds, ä h jnblkr rnekjnomhéåk.

^jh mdeh bnihb ä thjgäj `kronenr Nxtrhtk mn Tueeh (kpedkohb) K nxtrhtk mn Tueeh oåk tnj ekotrhdomdehéþns. Nbh pkssud vèrdks eekjpkonotns kjpkonotns ekj pktnotn htdvdmhmn hotdkxdmhotn, snomk domdehmk phrh `dos hbdjnothrns n mn supbnjnothéåk. Nbn prkmuz n`ndtks ekotrh ujh vhrdnmhmn mn `uoiks phtkiãodeks n bnvnmurhs, jnblkrh k sdstnjh djuokbõidek, rnmuz h prkmuéåk mn õxdmk oêtrdek, n mnvdmk ás suhs prkprdnmhmns tnoskhtdvhs, hujnoth h hgskréåk mn outrdnotns, jnblkrhomk h mdinståk n k hprkvndthjnotk mks hbdjnotks. Uniuomk nstumks cè pugbdehmks, h Tueeh rnmuz nj quhsn 01% mk kmkr mhs `nzns. K prkmutk ä ohturhb, oåk tnj elndrk onj ikstk. Ghsth mdbudr 5 ikths nj 711 jb mn èiuh n `kronenr oh tdinbh mn èiuh hk hodjhb mdhrdhjnotn. H èiuh qun skgrhr mnvn snr ckihmh ckihm h `krh n h Tueeh rnpksth skjnotn ok kutrk mdh, ku snch, sn k snu hodjhb eekosujdr kosujdr jhds mn 711 jb mn èiuh pkr mdh, oåk tnj onenssdmhmn mn ekbkehr k prkmutk okvhjnotn, skjnotn hs 5 ikths mdèrdhs ä k su`dednotn.  

Qèi. 77

 

]hgnbh mn Uupbnjnotks n Pdthjdohs utdbdzhmks nj ehmh Wnendth WNEND]HU

Ekjpb

----- Eèbedk n @õs`krk -----

Uupbnjnotk k | Ehseh mn Kv Kvk k Ehsndrk Uupbnjnot

--- Pdthjdohs ---H

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Qrktnêoh Hodjhb*

WNEND]HU GÈUDEHU QHWH EÅNU

Mnbêedh mn Hvns ekj Hvn Hvndh dh

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Wnendth á Grhsdbndrh

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Hvndh n Kvks

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Jnxdmdolk mn Ehron n Enrnhds

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Qkbnoth phrh Eåns

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Ehbmdolk mn @ndcå k Doernjnothmk Doernjnothmk phrh Eåns

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Enrnhds ekj kvks phrh Eåns

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Mdnth Ehodoh phrh Qnrmh mn Qnsk # 8

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Mdnth Ehodoh phrh Qnrmh mn Qnsk # 7

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WNEND]HU WÈQDMHU N @WNUEHU QHWH EÅNU

WNEND]HU QHWH ONENUUDMHMNU NUQNEDHDU

@õrjubh phrh @dblktns mn Eåns * WNEND]HU PNIN]HWDHOHU

MDN]H ]NWHQÃ^]DEHU

Mdnth phrh Eåns Hbärideks # 8 Mdnth phrh Eåns Hbärideks # 7 MDN]HU QHWH QWKGBNJHU MN QNUK

MDN]HU QHWH QWKGBNJHU WNOHDU

Mdnth Ehodoh phrh Qrkgbnjhs Wnohds *

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 * ^tdbdznprn`nrnoedhbjnotnprktnêohsmnkrdinjhodj ^tdbdznprn`nrnoedhbjnotnprktnêohsmnkrdinjhodjhb3ehsnêohnbhethbgujdoh(mnrdvhmksmkbndtn) hb3ehsnêohnbhethbgujdoh(mnrdvhmksmkbndtn) nkvhbgujdoh(mnrdvhmhmhebhrhmnkvk) 

** ^snhPdthjdohEoh`krjhmnHsekrghtkmn ^snhPdthjdohEoh`krjhmnHsekrghtkmnUõmdkpõ(äjhdsphbhtèvnb) Uõmdkpõ(äjhdsphbhtèvnb)  Okth33 Kutrhs vdthjdohs, jdo Okth jdonrhds nrhds n hjdokèedmks såk p prkvdmhs rkvdmhs pnbhs prõprdhs prõprdhs rnendths ku pkr ku kutrks trks supbnjnotks ohturhds quhomk skbdedthmk, ekjk bnvnmurh outrdedkohb ku mn enrvnch. Ok ehsk mn utdbdzhr uj pkbdvdthjdodek-jdonrhb ekjpbntk (ekjk k @kkm Mki), utdbdzn hpnohs nbn ekjk supbnjnotk ohs rnendths sniudomk hs dostruéþns mn usk mk prkmutk. Ekosubtn rniubhrjnotn k jämdek vntnrdoèrdk phrh shgnr sn snu hodjhb tnj hbiujh mn`dedãoedh ku onenssdmhmn nspnedhb.

 

Qèi. 75