Cadena Productiva Yacon Amazonas Original

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

DKADIC 

Ihktckdah

Âtcb D DD =.> =.=

=.9 DDD 9.>

9.=

9.9

Wîe.

DKQ]HASIIDHK

9

CKQH]KH SMDINIDÙK ECHE]Î@DIN FN CIHKHBDN ACF TNIÙK Cvhfuidùk acf Tniùk Dbphrtnkidn Cihkùbdin Wrhauithrcs/ns Nerhpciunrdhs Wrhauithrcs/ns acf Tniùk Kÿbcrh Jcitîrcns Ycbmrnans y Ihscijnans Wrhauiidùk Nkunf acf Tniùk ]ckadbdckth phr Jcitîrcn Kÿbcrh ac Inbpnþns nf Nþh Bnkh ac Hmrn pnrn su Wrhauiidùk

3 3 3 3 0 4 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7 >7

Bcrinah  Nphrtc acfDktcrkh TniùkynfCxtcrkh WMD BN]IH FCENF C DKYQDQSIDHKNF CF BC]INAH ACF TNIÙK IN]NIQC]D_NIDÙK ACF W]HASIQH Khbmrc Ihbÿk Khbmrc Idcktâ`dih Wcrdhah Pcectntdvh ]cqucrdbdckths Can`hifdbîtdihs Wrhauiidùk Sshs Ihbcridnfdznidùk YDQSNIDÙK NIQSNF T QCKACKIDNY Ihksubh Knidhknf Wcr Inpdtn Qckackidns ac Ihksubh Wrhauiths Yustdtuths CF BC]INAH DKQC]KNIDHKNF  Nkîfdsds ac fn H`crtn  Nkîfdsds ac fn Acbnkan Cxdeckidns acf Bcrinah Dktcrknidhknf

>> >> >> >= >= >= >= >9 >9 >9 >1 >5 >5 >5 >: >: >4 =7 =3 =3

>

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Âtcb

9.1

9.3

Ihktckdah Hphrtukdanacs acf Bcrinah Dktcrknidhknf CF BC]INAH DKQC]KH  Nkîfdsds ac fn Acbnkan  Nkîfdsds ac fn H`crtn Cxdeckidns acf Bcrinah Dktcrkh HWH]QSKDANACY T ]DCYEHY Hphrtukdanacs ]dcsehs

Wîe. =0 =5 =5 =5 =: 9> 9> 9=

=

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

D.

DKQ]HASIIDHK

Cf prcscktc ahiubckth vcrsn shmrc cf Tniùk (Ybnffnktjus shkijd`hfdus) y sus phtckidnfdanacs ck cf bcrinah knidhknf cdktcrknidhknf, cf prhpùsdth ac cstc cstuadh cs prhphridhknr nfinkics shmrc cf `ruth yn bckidhknah y cxpfdinr su dbpnith ck cf ihbcridh dktcrdhr y cxtcrdhr ck fhs ÿftdbhs nþhs n trnväs acadvcrshs prhauiths. ukn hrdednrdn ac fn rcedùky cs Nkadkn ac Yuanbärdin, pcrtckcic nCffnyniùk `nbdfdncsac fnscspcidc Nstcrnicnc (ihbpucstns) uk iuftdvh trnadidhknf ac fn phmfnidùk hrdedknf acf Wcrÿ, utdfdznan ck bcadidkn trnadidhknf. Cf ynihk cs ukn pfnktn pcrckkc ac uk bctrh y bcadh n trcs ac nfturn. Cf sdstcbn rnadiufnr cstî ihbpucsth ac rnâics rcscrvnktcs y inrkhsns, quc pucack nfinkznr jnstn uk tnbnþh ac =3 ib. fhkedtua phr >7 ib.ac adîbctrh. Fns rnâics ac nfbnicknbdckth shk prdkidpnfbcktc `usd`hrbcs, pcrh n bckuah naqudcrck `hrbns drrceufnrcs acmdah nfihktnith ihk pdcarns acf sucfh h phr fn prcsdùk ac fns rnâics vcidkns. Cxdstck ad`crcktcs `hrbns jhrtâihfns, tnfcs ihbh fn mfnkin, nknrnkonan y bhrnan< acktrh inan ukh ac ihk fns `hrbns jnmrân nuk bnyhr Csn mdhadvcrsdana acmc scr prhtcedan bnyhr dktcräs, y pnrn cffhvnrdnmdfdana. cf Icktrh Dktcrknidhknf ac fn Wnpn, ihk scac ck kucstrh pnâs, bnktdckc ukn ac fns bnyhrcs ihfciidhkcs eckätdins ac TNIÙK. Ck fhs ÿftdbhs tdcbphs cf TNIÙK jn naqudrdah ernk dbphrtnkidn pnrn fn dkaustrdn nfdbcktnrdn y bcadidknf, pucs cs ukn ac fnsphins pfnktns ac fns quc sc pucac hmtckcr inktdanacs dkaustrdnfcs acdksufdkn, fn iunf pucac rccbpfnznr n fn sninrhsn, prcscktc ckcf nzÿinr ac bcsn y quc n`citn fn snfua jubnkn nf prhauidr adnmctcs. Fn Adnmctcs Bcffdtus cs ukn ac fns ck`crbcanacs bîs ihbukcs ac kucstrhs tdcbphs, prhauidan prdkidpnfbcktc phr fhs bnfhs jîmdths nfdbcktdidhs quc fn phmfnidùk jn nahptnah acmdah n fns vnrdnidhkcs ihkstnktcs acf qucjnicr adnrdh, sdtunidùk quc jn trnâah ihksdeh cf kh tckcr uk iudanah naciunah phr fn nfdbcktnidùk. Fn advcrsdana ac `fhrn ihk fn quc iucktn kucstrn knidùk, fn iunf cs buy vnrdnan acmdah n sus ihkadidhkcs ifdbîtdin, sc iucktn ihk ukn advcrsdana ac icktrhs ac hrdeck, ihk advcrshs c`ciths y prdkidpdhs nitdvhs. Ydk cbmnreh, ck ihktrnstc ihk cstc phtckidnf, shk buy csinsns fns dkvcstdenidhkcs idcktâ`dins rcnfdznans phr fhs pcrunkhs, nf pukth quc fn bnyhr pnrtc ac fhs ihkhidbdckths quc tckcbhs shmrc fn quâbdin ac kucstrns pfnktns jnk sdah prhphridhknahs phr cxtrnkocrhs. Insd 43% ac fhs rciurshs eckätdihs vcectnfcs quc jhy ihkidtnk cf dktcräs ac fhs dkvcstdenahrcs idcktâ`dihs ck pnâscs acsnrrhffnahs prhvdckck ac fhs pnâscs ck vâns ac acsnrrhffh. Bîs ac ahs tcridhs ac fn advcrsdana y fn rdquczn mdhfùedin ac 9

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

fn tdcrrn cstîk fhinfdznahs ck shfh adcidsdctc ac csths pnâscs, cktrc fhs iunfcs cstî cf pcrÿ. Cf yniùk cs uk prhauith ac fn advcrsdana mdhfùedin kntdvn ac ckhrbcs c`ciths mckä`dihs pnrn fn snfua jubnkn, pucs sus rnâics ihktdckck `ruithhfdehsniîrdahs (@hs), uk tdph pnrtdiufnr ac nzÿinrcs ac mnon adecstdmdfdana quc nphrtn phins infhrâns nf hrenkdsbh y pucac scr ihksubdah phr fhs adnmätdihs acmdah n quc kh cfcvn cf kdvcf ac efuihsn ck fn snkerc. Ernidns nf dbpufsh acf mdhihbcridh ck cf pnâs, n ihbdckzhs ac fn aäinan ac =777, dkstdtuidhkcs knidhknfcs c dktcrknidhknfcs, pÿmfdins y prdvnans, sc dktcrcsnrhk phr rcvnfhrnr prhauiths ac fn mdhadvcrsdana ihbh cf yniùk. Fh hmoctdvhs crnk ihkscrvnr cf rciursh, shmrc thah phr su vnfhr eckätdih, y anrfc uk ush cihkùbdih quc ihksdacrc fn sdtunidùk ac fhs nithrcs quc pnrtdidpnk ck thah cf prhicsh, cspcidnfbcktc fns ihbukdanacs rcsphksnmfcs ac su iuftdvh. Ihk cstc ÿftdbh prhpùsdth, sc jn acsnrrhffnah cf ck`hquc ac inackn ac vnfhr ihbh bäthah ac nkîfdsds quc pcrbdtc cktckacr fns rcfnidhkcs `ukidhknfcs prhauiidùk, nihpdh, trnks`hrbnidùk y ihbcridnfdznidùk< y fns quc sc cstnmfcick cktrc fhs nithrcs quc pnrtdidpnk ck cf prhicsh, acsac fn prhauiidùk prdbnrdn jnstn cf ihksubh `dknf.

1

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

DD. =.>

CKQH]KH AC TNIHK

SMDINIDÙK ECHE]Î@DIN Cf prcscktc cstuadh tdckc ihbh îbmdth n fn ]cedùk ac Nbnzhkns. Fn iunf Fdbdtn nf Khrtc ihk cf ciunahr, nf cstc ihk fn rcedùk Fhrcth, nf suahcstc ihk fn rcedùk Ynk Bnrtâk y nf hcstc rcedùksdcrrn Inonbnrin. cf khrhrdcktc ac cstc pnâs, phscc pnrtc ihk ac fnfnrcedùk y pnrtcCstî ac fnsdtunan rcedùk ck scfvn. Fn nftdtua ac Ijnijnphyns inpdtnf ac fn rcedùk cs ac =,993 bskb. Cstî ihk`hrbnan phr 5 prhvdkidns (Stiumnbmn, Ijnijnphyns, Fuyn, ]harâeucz ac Bckahzn, Mhkenrî, Mneun y Ihkahrinkqud)< phscc :9 adstrdths, sus ifdbns vnrân acsac 17 ·I nf khrtc jnstn = ·I ck fns ihradffcrns acf sur. Cf prhbcadh ac tcbpcrnturn cs ac =3 ·I. Ck fn scfvn nbnzùkdin fn tcbpcrnturn cs nftn. N ihktdkunidùk hmscrvnrcbhs fn supcr`didc y phmfnidùk ac fns prhvdkidns prhv dkidns ac fn rcedùk ac Nbnzhkns.

ISNA]H K· 7>. SMDINIDÙK ACF CYQSADH WH] W]HPDKIDNY. Wrhvdkidn

Yupcr`didc

Whmfnidùk

Acksdana

Inpdtnf

Nftdtua

Ijnijnphyns

(lb½) 9 9>=,95

14.577

(/lb½) >3,77

Ijnijnphyns

Mneun

3 03=,5=

5>.535

>=,04

Mneun

Mhkenrî

= :04,03

=5.103

4,35

>.493

Ihkahrinkqud

>5 453,94

19.9>>

=,1>

Fuyn ]harâeucz ac Bckahzn

9 =90,0:

1:.9=:

>1,49

Oubmdffn Ynktn Bnrân ac Kdcvn Fîbua

= 934,94

=0.9:4

>>,>:

Bckahzn

=.777

9 :1=,49

>74.719

=:,95

Mneun Ernkac

Stiumnbmn

bskb =.993 1=7 =97 >.437 117

@ucktc? Cfnmhrnidùk acf Cstuadh ac`dkdtdvh =.=

FN CIHKHBÂN ACF TNIÙK Cvhfuidùk acf Tniùk. Cs ukn pfnktn ahbcstdinan ck fhs Nkacs, jnmdäkahsc cxpnkadah ac fns bhktnþns jÿbcans jnidn cf khrtc y sur n fh fnreh ac fhs acifdvcs jÿbcahs nkadkhs y vnffcs dktcrnkadkhs scihs y fn ihstn pcrunkn, phr fhquc cs iuftdvnah ck buijns fhinfdanacs ndsfnans n trnväs ac fhs Nkacs, Ciunahr, cf sur ac Ihfhbmdn, jnstn cf khr-hcstc nrecktdkh (prhvdkidnsac Ynftn y Ououy), cktrc fhs >:77 y =:77 bskb, ck ifdbns tcbpfnahs bhktnþhshs. Ydk cbmnreh, sc nanptn `îidfbcktc n ukn advcrsdana nbpfdn ac ifdbns y sucfhs, acsac cf kdvcf acf bnr jnstn fhs 9377 bskb, sdckah nftdtuacs bcadns cktrc >377 y =777 bskb fns bcohrcs pnrn fn prhauiidùk ac rnâics rcscrvnktcs. Fns dk`hrbnidhkcs ac fhs 3

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

ÿftdbhs nþhs dkadink quc ck Pckczucfn y Ihfhbmdn yn kh sc prhauic, phr fh tnkth, su iuftdvh sc rcauic n Ciunahr, Wcrÿ, Mhfdvdn y cf khrtc ac Nrecktdkn< Ck Mhfdvdn y Ciunahr su iuftdvh cs bckhr y sc acstdkn prdkidpnfbcktc nf nuth ihksubh. Cf yniùk cs ukn pfnktn nrmustdvn kntdvn ac fns bhktnþns jubcans ac Wcru y Mhfdvdn, ahbcstdinan phr fn phmfnidùk acf Qnjunktdksuyh. Cs ukn pfnktn buy ihkhidan phr fn phmfnidùk pcrunkn prcjdspîkdin, phr cf aufzhr ac sus rnâics ckerhsnans quc fn ihksubânk ihbh "`rutn" `rcsin, h acspuäs ac cxphkcrfn nf shf phr ukhs aâns pnrn nubcktnr su aufzurn. Cf prdbcr rcedstrh csirdth shmrc cf yniùk, npnrcic ihk Mcrknmä Ihmhck >099 y sc rc`dcrc n quc sc ihksubc ihbh `rutn iruan quc bcohrn su snmhr sd sc cxphkc nf shf y nf jcijh ac quc aurn buijhs aâns acspuäs ac scr ihscijnan, sdk bnfhernrsc< phr cf ihktrnrdh sc vucfvc bîs nernanmfc. Whr su pnrtc Tnihvfc`` (>499) adic quc cf yniùk sc ckiucktrn ck insd thahs fhs `nrahs `ukcrnrdhs ac Wnrnins. Qnbmdäk sc jnk ckihktrnah adscþhs ac sus rnâics ck pdkturns ac Knzin. Cbcredù jnic nprhxdbnanbcktc jnic 1377 nþhs. Cxdstck cvdackidns nrquchfùedins (icrîbdins, tcxtdfcs, rcsths ac rnâics) shmrc cf ush acyniùk ck fns iufturns Knzin (377n.I. ’  ’577 a.I.), rcprcscktnidhkcs ac fns rnâics ck fhs mhranahs y `dthbùr`dins ckicrîbdins, Knzin (377 a.I.-577 a.I.), Wnrnins (>377  ’ 377 n.I.) y Bhijdin (377 n.I.  ’ 577 a.I.), ck fn ihstn pcrunkn. Fhs dkadhs fh cstdbnmnk buijh y fh ihksubânk ck rceufnr prhphridùk ck fn `dcstn acf Ihrpus Ijrdstd. Dkifusdvc sc jn ckihktrnah rcsths ac yniùk ck tubmns prcdkins. Aurnktc fn äphin ac fn Ihfhkdn fhs cspnþhfcs fh usnmnk ihbh nfdbckth ac fhs bnrdkcrhs aurnktc fhs vdnocs ac fn ihkqudstn. Ck Nrecktdkn cxdstck rcsthsInkacfnrdn, nrquchfùedihs ck Wnbpn Ernkac, Ynftn, nshidnahs n fn iufturn quc scrcihfcitnahs acsnrr hffù cktrc acsnrrhffù cf > y >777 nþhs A.I ck cf khrhcstc ac cstc pnâs. Ck cf Wcrÿ insd ck thahs fhs acpnrtnbckths sc sdcbmrn yniùk, sdckah  Nbnzhkns, Inonbnrin, Hxnpnbpn, Juîkuih y Wukh fhs fuenrcs ihk i hk bnyhr îrcn scbmrnan. Ck cf Wcrÿ, cf îrcn cstdbnan ac sdcbmrn ihk `dkcs ihbcridnfcs ck cf =77= `uc ac 077 jns.

Dbphrtnkidn Cihkùbdin. Cf iuftdvh ac yniùk cs buy dbphrtnktc ck fn bcadidkn knturnf. Wrcscktn uk sdstcbn sumtcrrîkch ihbpfcoh ckihktrnkahsc rc`crckidns quc scnk tumäriufh, rdzhbn sdbphadnf, rdzhbn fcþhsh h rnâz tumcrhsn. 0

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Cxdstc uk ernk phtckidnf ac acsnrrhffh nerhdkaustrdnf nfrcacahr acf yniùk quc rcqudcrc `hrtnfcicrsc n kdvcf ac cstnah, cbprcsn c ukdvcrsdanacs ihk fn `dknfdana ac acbhstrnr quc cstn pfnktn iucktn ac ukn advcrsd`dinidùk ac prhauiths y `hrbns ac ihbcridnfdznidùk ihk ukn nicptnmdfdana acf bcrinah knidhknf c dktcrknidhknf, y ihk prhpdcanacs snfuanmfcs c dkhiuns, tnfcs ihbh fns sdeudcktcs? Ihktrnrdh htrns fhpfnktns, nfbnicknk @ucktc ac dksufdkn inrmhjdarnths ck `hrbn.- ac nfbdaùk, ac cf Tniùk jnic ckquc `hrbn ac dksufdknfhs u hfdeh`ruithsn, ihkhidan ihbh nfdbckth ac fn `fhrn dktcstdknf (`ukidùk prcmdùtdin), pr cmdùtdin), fh iunf cs `nvhrnmfc pnrn fns pcrshkns quc su`rck ac adnmctcs. Ihk fn rcnitdvnidùk ac fns mnitcrdns dktcstdknfcs ÿtdfcs, tdckck fhs eärbckcs bnfdekhs phins phsdmdfdanacs ac cxpnksdùk. Cf cqudfdmrdh dktcstdknf dk`fuyc phsdtdvnbcktc ck fn rceufnidùk ac fn ernsn ck fn snkerc y ck fn pdcf.

C`citdvh nktdadnmätdih.- phr su nitdvn phtckidn jdphefdiäbdin pnrn rcauidr cf kdvcf ac nzÿinr ck fn snkerc? n). ]cauic fn inktdana ac ihfcstcrhf y trdefdiärdahs (ihktrn fn nrtcrdhsifcrhsds). m). @nvhrcic cf acsnrrhffh ac fn mâ`dah mnitcrdn y acf mnidffus sumtdfds ck cfihfhk. I). Cvdtn cf ircidbdckth ac fhs bdirhhrenkdsbhs putrc`nitdvhs quc tdckack nprhvhinr adnrrcns. a). Wucac ihrrcedr acshrackcs csthbninfcs mnstnktc ihbukcs ihbh nidacz, dkadecstdhkcs y trnsthrkhs eîstrdihs. Cstuadhs rcnfdznahs ck fn Skdvcrsdana Knidhknf ac Qruodffh ck nkdbnfcs ac cxpcrdbcktnidùk ihk adnmctcs dkauidan, n fhs quc sc fcs subdkdstrù cf oueh acf yniùk< kh bhstrnrhk nftcrnidhkcs ck fn efdicbdn ac csths nkdbnfcs. Cstc `ckùbckh sc cxpfdin, phrquc fn `ruithsn, acsnfhon acf thrrcktc snkeuâkch n fn efuihsn, jnidn fhs tcodahs. Ihksciucktcbcktc sc pharân cfnmhrnr sucrh npnrtdr ac cstc tdph ac nzÿinr, cvdtnkah rdcsehs ac jdpcrefdicbdn ck fhs pnidcktcs. Yd mdck sc trntn ac uk prhauith knturnf iuyhs prdkidpdhs nitdvhs kh cstîk ihbpfctnbcktc nknfdznahs kd acsiumdcrths, jn phadah ihbprhmnr quc fn pfnktnn acpnfdnr Tniùk, cspciâ`dinbcktc sus jhons,scpucack nyuanr sdekd`dintdvnbcktc fn adnmctcs.

]cauic h bnktdckc cf kdvcf ac Efuihsn ck Ynkerc.- Fn rnâz tumcrhsn nfbnickn prdkidpnfbcktc `ruith hfdeh sniîrdahs (@HY), uk tdph cspcidnf ac nzÿinrcs ihk ntrdmuths ckhrbcbcktc mckc`didhshs pnrn fn snfua jubnkn phrquc kh cfcvnk cf kdvcf ac efuihsn ck fn snkerc, fh quc jn ihkvcrtdah nf yniùk ck uk rciursh phtckidnfbcktc dbphrtnktc pnrn cf bcrinah ac prhauiths adctätdihs y ac pcrshkns quc pnacick adnmctcs. Fns jhons tdckck prhpdcanacs jdphefdicbdnktcs, cs acidr, quc iunkah sc thbn uk bntc ac fns jhons acf ynihk ckthkics sc fhern rcauidr fn ihkicktrnidùk ac fn efuihsn 5

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

ck fn snkerc, ac csn bnkcrn fns pcrshkns adnmätdins sdcktck uk nfdvdh iunkah thbnk uk bntc ac ynihk, scktdrîk csc nfdvdh phr quc fn efuihsn cs rcauidan ck su ihkicktrnidùk.

]cauic fhs rdcsehs ac Iîkicr ac Ihfhk.- Fhs prhmdùtdihs tdckck fn inpnidana ac dkjdmdr fn prhfd`crnidùk acmnitcrdns anþdkns ck cf ihfhk, cstns mnitcrdns prhauick thxdknsnbhkdnihs) y sustnkidns phtckidnfbcktc inkicrâeckns (ihbpucsths kdtrhshs, nbdknsy phr cffh, quc uk naciunah ihksubh supfcbcktnrdh ac @HY ck fn adctn eckcrn uk c`cith `nvhrnmfc ck fn snfua acf ihfhk. Dkvcstdenidhkcs jcijns ck nkdbnfcs ac fnmhrnthrdh jnk acbhstrnah quc cf ihksubhac @HY rcauic cf rdcseh ac acsnrrhffnr fcsdhkcs prc inkicrhsns ck cf iùfhk. Cf nzuinr acf ynihk cs mckc`didh pnrn fns md`dah mnitcrdns quc sc ckiucktrnk ck cf ihfhk, cs acidr csns md`dah mnitcrdns phkck mnoh ihktrhf n fns htrns mnitcrdns quc prhauick sustnkidns tùxdins y anþdkns pnrn cf hrenkdsbh, phr csh sc adic quc cf ynihk ihktrdmuyc n bcohrnr fn `fhrn bdirhmdnkn y phr tnkth ihktrdmuyc n prcvckdr uk prhmnmfc iîkicr nf ihfhk.

Nitdvdana Dkbukhfùedin.- Wrcvdckc dk`ciidhkcs enstrh dktcstdknfcs, cf c`cith rceufnahr ac fhs hfdeh `ruitnkhs shmrc cf sdstcbn dkbukhfùedih cs dkadrcith, cs acidr, `nvhrcick cf ircidbdckth ac fhs prhmdùtdihs fhs quc prhauick mckc`didhs dkbukhfùedihs nitdvnkah fhs bnirù`nehs fhinfcs y nubcktnkah fn prhauiidùk ac dkbukhefhmufdkn N scircthrn, tnkth fhinf ihbh sdstäbdin, bhaufnkah cf pcr`df ac idthqudkns y dkauidckah fn adsbdkuidùk ac fn rcspucstn n fhs nktâeckhs ac fhs nfdbckths. Cxdstck prucmns cxpcrdbcktnfcs quc cvdackidnk cstn prhpdcana< cksnyhs ck rnthkcs dkbukh suprdbdahs ihk idifh `hs`nbdan ahkac prcscktù nitdvdana dkbukhfùedin nf cstdbufnr cf nubckth acf kÿbcrh ac fhs efhmufhs mfnkihs y rhohs y sdk cvdackidn ac thxdidana n fns ahsds cksnynans.

Htrhs mckc`didhs Ck fn Ynfua?    h  h  h  h  h  h

Bcohrn fn nsdbdfnidùk acf infidh. Cstdbufn fn sâktcsds ac vdtnbdkns acf Ihbpfcoh M. Nphrtn mnoh ihktckdah infùrdih. Fhs nzÿinrcs prcscktcs kh shk inrdheäkdihs. Ihktrhfn cf cstrcþdbdckth y nubcktn fn cxircidùk. Cf cbpfnsth ac fns jh jhons ons infdcktcs cs cbpfcnah pnrn ihbmntdr cf rcubntdsbh y nfeukhs ahfhrcs busiufnrcs. :

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

@hrrnoc.- Fns jhons shk cbpfcnans ihbh `hrrnoc acmdah n su nfth ihktckdah ac prhtcâkns? cktrc >> y cf >5 % nprhxdbnanbcktc. nprhx dbnanbcktc. Cf adnekùstdih acf Tniùk ck fn ]cedùk a ac c nbnzhkns cs ihk ddk`hrbnidùk k`hrbnidùk prdbnrdn y sciukanrdn< Fn dk`hrbnidùk cstnaâstdin ck pnrtc scrî rc`crckidnf y ac sustckth phr fh quc kh sc adsphkc ac dk`hrbnidùk ck fhs rcphrtcs acf DP Icksh Knidhknf Nerhpciunrdh =7>=. Fn cstrntcedn pnrn fhernr fn dk`hrbnidùk jn ihksdstdah ck fn vdsdtn ac inbph n fhs fuenrcs ac prhauiidùk trnmnonkah adrcitnbcktc ihk fhs mckc`didnrdhs adrciths c dkadrciths ck thrkh n fns vhfuktnacs, inpnidanacs y rciurshs cxdstcktcs ck fns îrcns ac prhauiidùk. Wnrn cstdbnr fhs dkadinahrcs ihbh shk? Kÿbcrh ac prhauithrcs acadinahs n fn prhauiidùk, Kÿbcrh ac Jcitîrcns scbmrnans y ihscijnans, Wrhauiidùk nkunf, ]ckadbdckth phr jcitîrcn, Kÿbcrh ac inbpnþns nf nþh, Iunkth ac bnkh ac hmrn rcqudcrc pnrn su prhauiidùk, quc phricktnoc ac fn prhauiidùk sc ihksubc y Iunkth vn pnrn cf bcrinah dktcrkh y cxtcrkh, su nphrtc nf WMD. jn rcnfdznah ukn bucstrnfn nprhauithrcs, fhs mckc`didnrdhs Adrciths tdckck Yc iuftdvhs ac Tniùk acckiucstn `hrbn nfcnthrdn, `ukidhknrdhs acquc fns  Neckidns Nernrdns y n `ukidhknrdhs ac htrns dkstdtuidhkcs quc trnmnonk ihk cf Iuftdvh acf Tniùk y tnbmdäk ihk fhs mckc`didnrdhs dkadrciths ihbh ihbcridnfdznahrcs ck bcrinahs fhinfcs acf îbmdth ac prhauiidùk ac cstc iuftdvh.  Nacbîs sc jn utdfdznah fn dk`hrbnidùk ac Dktcrkct adsphkdmfc ac bnkcrn rc`crckidnf.

Wrhauithrcs/ns ac Tniùk. Ck insd thahs fhs acpnrtnbckths acf Wcrÿ sc sdcbmrn yniùk, sdckah Nbnzhkns, Inonbnrin, Hxnpnbpn, Juîkuih y Wukh fhs fuenrcs ihk bnyhr îrcn scbmrnan. Ck cf Wcrÿ, cf îrcn cstdbnan ac sdcbmrn ihk `dkcs ihbcridnfcs ck cf =77= `uc ac 077 jn. Ck Mhfdvdn y Ciunahr su iuftdvh cs bckhr y sc acstdkn prdkidpnfbcktc nf nuthihksubh. CkNrecktdkn sc sdcbmrn sùfh ck fns prhvdkidns khrtcþns ac Ououy y Ynftn. @ucrn ac fhsNkacs, Mrnsdf (Ynh Wnufh) y Onpùk (ihk >77 jn) shk fhs pnâscs ihk bnyhr îrcn aciuftdvh.   ]cedùk Fn Fdmcrtna, Htuzih (Wrdkidpnfbcktc ck Ssqudf), Ynktdneh ac Ijuih y Yîkijcz Inrrdùk   ]cedùk Inonbnrin.- Inonbnrin (Wrdkidpnfbcktc ck fn ihbukdana? Junfqud , Ihktubnzî, Ynk Bnrihs, YnkDeknidh y Onäk   ]cedùk Wdurn.- Nynmnin y Junkinmnbmn







  ]cedùk Nkinsj.- Junrnz, Inrnz y Tukeny



4

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Kÿbcrh ac Jcitîrcns Ycbmrnans y Ihscijnans. Fns cstnaâstdins h`didnfcs ac îrcns ac sdcbmrn ac yniùk ck cf Wcrÿ shk buy csinsns. Ck fns uftdbns trcs aäinans cf îrcn ac sdcbmrn nkunf ac yniùk `uc buijh bckhr n >77 jn, ck thah cf pnâs, sceÿk fns cstnaâstdins h`didnfcs acf bdkdstcrdh ac nerdiufturn. Cs n pnrtdr acf nþh =777 quc fn sdcbmrn ihbcridnf ac yniùk ihbdckzn n dkircbcktnrsc ck ad`crcktcs rcedhkcs acf Wcrÿ, pnrn cf nþh =77=, sc cstdbù ck kh bckhs ac 077 jn fn supcr`didcscbmrnan ac yniùk ck fns prdkidpnfcs zhkns ac prhauiidùk. Cstn id`rn sc drn buftdpfdiîkahsc ernaunfbcktc acmdah n su bnyhr acbnkan ck cf bcrinah. 

Wrhauiidùk Nkunf ac Tniùk. Wnrn cf iîfiufh ac fn prhyciidùk ac fn prhauiidùk ac yniùk sc rcnfdzù bcadnktc fn tnzn prhbcadh ac prhauiidùk, sdckah cstn acf >3% sc prhycitnrhk jnstn cf nþh =7>1 fh iunfsc hmtuvh uk vnfhr ac ]= nicptnmfc. Acmcbhs rcinfinr quc cf vnfhr ac fn prhyciidùkshfh sc thbnrhk ihbh anths `ucktcs ac shfh trcs nþhs, bhtdvh phr cf iunf jnmrî uknvnrdnmdfdana dkidcrtn ck iunkth nf rcsuftnah. ]ckadbdckth phr Jcitîrcn. Cf inrîitcr buy dktcrcsnktc ck yniùk cs su nftn prhauitdvdana, nfeukhs rcphrtcs adsphkdmfcs dkadink vnrdnidùk acsac =7 n 07 thkcfnans phr Jn. Hmvdnbcktc, fn fhinfdanay cf iuftdvnr oucenk uk rhf dbphrtnktc ck fns vnrdnidhkcs acf rckadbdckth. Ydk cbmnreh, ihk uk muck bnkcoh nerhkùbdih y cf cbpfch ac `crtdfdznktcs y scbdffn ac muckn infdanasc pucack nfinkznr rckadbdckths supcrdhrcs. Ck Inonbnrin sc fhernk ihk idcrtn `nidfdana rckadbdckths phr ckidbn ac fns 37 t/jn, bdcktrns quc ck Ynh Wnufh, Mrnsdf, sc jnk ihksceudah rckadbdckths phr ckidbn ac fns 07t/jn utdfdznkah `crtdfdznktcs bdkcrnfcs. Ck fn rcedùk ac Nbnzhkns sc fhern 1: t/jn (]ckadbdckth prhbcadh) Kÿbcrh ac Inbpnþns nf Nþh.  Cf pcrdhah ac iuftdvh h pcrdhah vcentntdvh acf Tnihk cs n`citnah phr kubcrhshs `nithrcs ihbh fn nfturn, tcbpcrnturn, cf tdph ac sucfh n`citnfn fhkedtua acf iuftdvh< ck eckcrnf, ck fns zhkns nftns ac fhs nkacs aurn ac >7 n >= bcscs, bdcktrns quc n nfturns quc vnk acsac fhs 7 n =777 bctrhs aurn ac 0 n>7 n >7 bcscs.   Bnkh ac Hmrn pnrn su Wrhauiidùk. Fn inktdana ac bnkh ac hmrn ck ohrknfcs ck prhauiidùk pnrn > jcitîrcn ac yniùk ihbcridnf ck fn ]cedùk ac Nbnzhkns Qäikdin ac prhpnenidùk? phr phridhkcs ac icpn (scbdffn ihkvckidhknf) Cphin ac sdcbmrn? adidcbmrc ihk Kdvcf Qcikhfùedih? bcadh. Yc kcicsdtn ck thtnf >07 ohrknfcs adstrdmudahs ac fn sdeudcktc bnkcrn? >7

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Dkihrphrnidùk acf nmhkh >7 ohrknfcs< Cxtrniidùk ac csqucocs >3 ohrknfcs Acsdk`ciidùk ac csqucocs 9 ohrknfcs - Wrcpnrnidùk ac inbns >= ohrknfcs Bnktckdbdckth ac inbns = ohrknfcs - Ynin ac pfîktufns ckrndznans >= ohrknfcs  Npcrturn ac jhyhs >7 ohrknfcs -Wfnktnidùk (trnspfnktc) >7 ohrknfcs - ]dcehs >7  ohrknfcs Acsjdcrmhs - Wrdbcr acsjdcrmh >7 ohrknfcs - Yceukah acsjdcrmh :  ohrknfcs - Qcricr acsjdcrmh 3 ohrknfcs - Ihktrhf `dthsnkdtnrdh 9 ohrknfcs- Ihscijn Ihrtc ac tnffhs tnffhs (`hffnoc) 0 ohrknfcs - Invn y snin ac rnâics >: oh ohrknfcs rknfcs  ’ Acsenoc : ohrknfcs - Fdbpdczn y scfciidùk : ohrknfcs  ’ Cbmnfnoc >7 ohrknfcs.

Bcrinah Dktcrkh y Cxtcrkh. Fn prhauiidùk ac Tniùk vn nf bcrinah dktcrkh rcedhknf, nf bcrinah knidhknf c dktcrknidhknf. Nphrtc ac fn Wdtnjnyn nf WMD. Kh rcedstrn anths h`didnfcs acf nphrtc nf WMD cstc iuftdvh y sc tdckc anths cstnaâstdihs buy fdbdtnahs n adsphsdidùk ac fhs prhauithrcs nerhpciunrdhs y prh`csdhknfcs phr fns dkstdtuidhkcs rcsphksnmfcs acf acsnrrhffh nernrdh rcedhknf. =.9

BN]IH FCENF. Cf Ehmdcrkh ]cedhknf ac Nbnzhkns n trnväs ac niucrahs ac Ihkicoh ]cedhknf K· >4>-=7>9< K· 73>-=7>1< Wfnk ]cedhknf ac Acsnrrhffh Ihkicrtnah W]AI =7>0-=7=>< W]HIHBWDQC =7>3 y =7>0< Kh jn ihksdacrnah nf iuftdvh acf Tniùk ac prdhrdana ]cedhknf. Whr fh tnkth Adrciidùk ]cedhknf Nernrdn ck cf nþh =7>0 ck iubpfdbdckth ac su `ukidùk ac @hbcktnr cf Acsnrrhffh ac fhs pcqucþhs y bcadnkhs prhauithrcs nerhpciunrdhs bcadnktc inpnidtnidùk, nsdstckidn täikdin n trnväs ac prhyciths ac dkvcrsdùk pÿmfdin.   Wnrn fh iunf cs dkadspcksnmfc eckcrnr fn fâkcn a ac c Mnsc pnrn fn cfnmhrnidùk ac prhyciths prhauitdvhs ihk ck`hquc ac Inackn Wrhauitdvn y ac adscþnr c dbpfcbcktnr uk sdstcbn ac bhkdthrch y cvnfunidùk fn Adrciidùk ]cedhknf Nernrdn prcvcc fn fn ihktrntnidùk acf scrvdidh ac ihksufthrdn pnrn cf Nkîfdsds Dacktd`dinidùk y Cfnmhrnidùk acf Adnekùstdih sdtunidhknf ac fn Inackn ac Pnfhr acf yniùk ck fn ]cedùk ac nbnzhkns, ihk fh iunf sc actcrbdknrî fn dbphrtnkidn acf iuftdvh acf Tniùk ck fn ]cedùk ac Nbnzhkns y su ihktrdmuidùk nf acsnrrhffh cihkùbdih ac fhs pcqucþhs y bcadnkhs prhauithrcs y su cspnidh ck fn prdhrdana ac iuftdvhs nftcrkntdvhs pnrn cf bcrinah dktcrkh y cxtcrkh y fn rcpcriusdùk ck fn cihkhbân ac fhs pcqucþhs y bcadnkhs prhauithrcs y acbîs nithrcs ac fn Inackn ac Pnfhr acf Tniùk.

>>

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

DDD. 9.>

CF BC]INAH ACF TNIÙK

IN]NIQC]D_NIDÙK ACF W]HASIQH. Khbmrc Ihbÿk.  Khbmrcs ck qucijun? yniùk, yniubn. Khbmrcs ck nybnrn? yniubn ynlubn Tniùk (Wcrÿ, Mhfdvdn, Nrdzhkn, Nrecktdkn), ffniùkh(ac hrdeckynrdlhnijdrn. qucijun), iuyh sdekd`dinah cs neunah dksâpdah, ffnlwnsj, nrdihbn, oâinbn y nfeukhs acrdvnahs ac äsths, ihbh ffnqhk, ffniub, ffniubn, yniubpd, nrdiubn ijdinbn, oâinbn, sjdinbn, oâqudbn,  odqudbdffn, ffniohk, ffniohk, ffnihk, puijc, pujc.

Khbmrc Idcktâ`dih. Qnxhkhbân acf Tniùk. Cf yniùk  (  YY bn bnffn ffnktjus ktjus s hki hkijd jd`hfd `hfdus us ) cs uk tumäriufh iuftdvnah ck fns zhkns iîfdans y tcbpfnans ac fn Ihradffcrn ac fhs Nkacs phr su tcxturn iruodcktc y snmhr aufic. Cf ynihk cs ukn ac fns => cspcidcs quc pcrtckcick nf eäkcrh Ybnffnktjus.    Nukquc nfeukns vcics cs ihk`ukadan ihk fn oâinbn, cf yniùk cs rcnfbcktc uk ‖pnrdcktc‒ icrinkh acf edrnshf y cf thpdknbmur (Jcfdn Jcfdnktjus ktjus tumcrhs tumcrhsus us ).

Qnmfn K¿ >.- Qnxhkhbdn acf ynihk Qnxhkhbân   ]cdkh

? Wfnktnc

  Advdsdùk

? Bnekhfdhpjytn







  Ifnsc   Hrack

? Bnekhfdhpsdan ? Nstcrnfcs

  @nbdfdn

? Nstcrnicnc

  Yum`nbdfdn

? Nstcrhdacnc

  Qrdmu

? Bdffcrdcnc

  Eäkcrh

? Ybnffnktjus 

  Cspcidc

? Y . shkijd`h shkijd`hffdus (WHCWW. & CKAF.) J. ]HMDKYHK  

  Ydkhkhbdn

? Whfybkdn shkijd`hfdn Whcpp. & Ckaf 















>=

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Wcrdhah Pcectntdvh. Fn Aurnidùk ac fns `nscs `ckhfùedins ac fns niicsdhkcs ac Ybnffnktjus shkijd`hfdus ihfcitnans ck prhbcadh Inrnitcrâstdin Qdcbph ck aâns acsac fn sdcbmrn (aâns)< Mrhtnbdckth ac fns ycbns >3 aâns< @fhrnidùk >=3 aâns y Ihscijn =37 aâns. Qdcbph niubufnah acsac fn sdcbmrn nstn fn ihscijn =47 aâns. ]cqucrdbdckths Can`hifdbîtdihs. Ck cf Wcrÿ, fns bcohrcs ihkadidhkcs pnrn su acsnrrhffh sc ckiucktrnk cktrc cf pdsh nfth ac fn rcedùk yuken,y cf pdsh bcadh ac fn rcedùk qucijun, sceÿk fn ifnsd`dinidùk ac Wufenr Pdanf (>4:>), ck cf rnkeh nftdtuadknf ac >>77 n =377 bskb. Ck cf khrtc pcrunkh, shk csinshs fhs fuenrcs ahkac ircic nrrdmn ac fhs 9,777 b. (Tukeny, Dklnwnsd), pcrh su iuftdvh sc cxtdckac jnidn fn icon ac scfvn, ac fhs acpnrtnbckths ac Inonbnrin, Nbnzhkns y Ynk Bnrtâk. Qcbpcrnturn. Acsnrrhffn mdck ck fn sdcrrn y ck fhs vnffcs dktcrnkadkhs< ihk tcbpcrnturns bcadns nkunfcs ac >1 n =7 ·I. Fns tcbpcrnturns bckhrcs n >7 ·I rctnrank su ircidbdckth y nfnrenk cf pcrdhah vcectntdvh, bcrbnkah fhs rckadbdckths. Yd fn tcbpcrnturn cxicac fhs =0·I, y fn jubcana acf sucfh cs dksu`didcktc, fn pfnktn sc cstrcsn y bnrijdtn cxicsdvnbcktc, n`citnkah su khrbnf acsnrrhffh. Cf yniùk cs buy susicptdmfc n fns jcfnans, pcrh cstn fdbdtnktc sc ihbpcksn ihk ukn cxicfcktc inpnidana ac rcmrhtc. Cf iuftdvh acsidckac jnstn fn ihstn, sdk bnyhr prhmfcbn< sdk cbmnreh, jny cvdackidns quc ck cstns nftdtuacs, fn tumcrdznidùk kh cs acf thah c`didcktc. Jubcana. Cf iuftdvh acsnrrhffn khrbnfbcktc ck uk rnkeh ac 337 n > 777 bb ac ffuvdn nkunfcs. Ydk cbmnreh, cs dbphrtnktc quc ck fhs idkih prdbcrhs bcscs acspuäs ac fn sdcbmrn, kh fc `nftc ukn ahtnidùk ac neun ukd`hrbc y `rciucktc. N pnrtdr ac fn `fhrnidùk, cf sucfh acmc bnktckcr fn jubcana su`didcktc pnrn `nvhrcicr fn tumcrdznidùk y uk muck acsnrrhffh ac fn pfnktn. Fuz. Qdckc uk ihbphrtnbdckth dkad`crcktc n fn fhkedtua acf aân y n fn dktcksdana ac fn fuz< ck tärbdkhs eckcrnfcs, cf iuftdvh acmc rcidmdr bâkdbh kucvcy jhrnspcrh ac fuz. Ircic mdck mnoh shbmrn ac îrmhfcs `rutnfcsihbh y htrhs nrmusths, tnbmdäk n pfckh shf< acf bdsbh bhah, acsnrrhffn mdck nshidnah ihk bnâz, jhrtnfdzns y htrhs iuftdvhs.

Wrhauiidùk Fhs rckadbdckths hmtckdahs n kdvcf cxpcrdbcktnf (=3 n 0> t/jn), pcrbdtck dk`crdr quc fns ihkadidhkcs pnrn dkdidnr ukn prhauiidùk prc ihbcridnf y ihbcridnf n ihrth pfnzh, cstîk anans. Fn rustdidana acf iuftdvh< cf mnoh rdcseh quc h`rcic fn cihfheân ac fn rcedùk ac Nbnzhkns< fn `ukidhknfdana acf iuftdvh pnrn naciunrsc y prhspcrnr mnoh sdstcbns nshidnahs< sus nfths rckadbdckths y fhs mnohs ihsths ac prhauiidùk< fh pcr`dfnk ihbh ukh ac fhs fhs äxdths iuftdvhsnfinkznahs nftcrkntdvhsihk bîscfrcktnmfcs y ihk bnyhr ijnkic pnrn ihbpfcbcktnr noâ pîprdln, fn >9

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

pnftn y fns bckcstrns. Ac htrh fnah, cxdstck fns inpnidanacs y jnmdfdanacs su`didcktcs cktrc fhs nerdiufthrcs pnrn prhphkcr y acsnrrhffnr uk bnkcoh täikdih naciunah acf iuftdvh y hrdcktnah nf bcrinah. Ydk cbmnreh, cstns inpnidanacs y jnmdfdanacs acmck scr ihktdkunbcktc `hrtnfcidans bcadnktc fn inpnidtnidùk y cf dktcrinbmdh ac cxpcrdckidns.

SYHY AC TNIHK Sshs trnadidhknfcs acf ynihk.   Qrnadidhknfbcktc cf yniùk cs cs ihksubdah pnrn infbnr fn sca aurnktc fns `nckns ac trnmnoh ck cf inbph, ck nfeukns fhinfdanacs cs usnah pnrn rcouvckcicr fn pdcf y nfdvdnr prhmfcbns enstrh dktcstdknfcs, jcpîtdihs y rcknfcs.   Fn rnâz rcscrvnktc ac yniùk p phscc hscc uk snmhr aufic nernanmfc, sc ihksubc usunfbcktc acspuäs ac uk pcrâhah ac scinah nf shf, cstc prhicadbdckth dkircbcktn cf aufzhr ac fns rnâics y cstîk fdstns iunkah fn pdcf cbpdczn n nrruenrsc.   Qnb Qnbmd mdäk äk cs usnah ih ihbh bh h `r `rck ckan an ck nfe nfeukn uknss `cs `cstdvd tdvdana anacs cs rcfded rcfdedhsn hsns. s.   Fns rnâics tumcrhsns acf yniùk pucack scr ihksubdans adrcitnbcktc ck `hrbn iruan, nsâ ihbh ihidans u jhrkcnans.   Ac fn rnâz rnynan y ihfnan sc hmtdckc ukn rc`rcsinktc mcmdan.   Fns jhons shk ihbcstdmfcs y ihktdckck ernk ernkacs acs inktdan inktdanacs acs ac prhtcâkns.   Cf ihk ihksubh subh adrcith nfdvdn fn sca, ihbh phstrc y ck ouehs cs nfdb nfdbckth ckth dacnf pnrn adnmätdihs   Ck bcrinahs fhinfcs ac fhs nkacs cf yniùk sc ifnsd`din ihbh ukn `rutn y sc vckacoukth n htrhs ihbh ijdrdbhyns, bnkznkns, pdþn, cti. y kh ihk pnpns, hin, uffuih, bnsjun h nrrninijn.









 





Qnmfn K¿ =.- Ihbphsdidhk kutrdidhknf acf Tnihk  Ihktckdah ck >77 ers ac fn pnrtc ihbcstdmfc  Neun :0.07 Wrhtcâkns 7.97 Ernsn 7.97 Inrmhjdarnths >7.37 @dmrn 7.37 Ickdzn 7.97 Infhrâns 09 Pdtnbdkns Inrhtckh 7.7: Qdnbdkn 7.7> ]dmh`fnvdkn 7.>7 Kdnidkn  Nidah Nsiùrmdih

7.99 1.>7 >1

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Bdkcrnfcs ( bes ) Infidh ( In ) @ùs`hrh ( W ) Jdcrrh( @c )

=9.7 =>.7 7.9

Ijnkinin ac ynihk. Acf oueh ac fns rnâics jcrvdans sc prcpnrn ukn cspcidc ac ijnkinin quc sc pucac utdfdznr ihbh rccbpfnzh acf nzÿinr, sdeudckah uk prhicadbdckth sdbdfnr n fn hmtckidùk ac fn inþn ac nzÿinr.

Ijdps scihs ac ynihk. Fhs Ijdps scihs (scinahs y trntnahs ihk mdsuf`dth ac shadh), fn rnâz cs pcfnan y fuceh ihrtnan ckrhanons mdck acfenans. Cstns shk scinans n 07·I y fuceh nfbnicknahs phr uk tdcbph dkactcrbdknah

Ckiurtdahs ac ynihk. Yc ihksubck pcfnkah fn pdcf, h bczifnkah ihk htrns `rutns ihbh pfîtnkh, knrnkohs.  Onrnmc ac ynihk Cf onrnmc ac yniùk cs uk prhauith khvcahsh, ihk nfth ihktckdah ac @HY (jnstn 37%), rcsuftnah ac fn ihkicktrnidùk acf zubh ac fns rnâics. Yus inrnitcrâstdins `âsdins y hrenkhfäptdins shk pnrcidans n fn bdcf ac nmcon ac bnpfc h ac inþn ac nzÿinr y pucac scr cbpfcnah pnrn prhpùsdths pnrcidahs, pcrh ihk fn vcktnon ac scrvdr n ihksubdahrcs prchiupnahs ck rcauidr su dkecstn infùrdin y bcohrnr fn infdana ac su nfdbcktnidùk Cf onrnmc ac yniùk tdckc uk snmhr buy pnrtdiufnr y nukquc cs uk prhauith aufic y mnstnktc nernanmfc, rcsuftn ad`âidf jnicr   ukn ihbpnrnidùk ac snmhr ihk htrh prhauith ac inrnitcrâstdins sdbdfnrcs. Wucac ihksubdrsc adrcitnbcktc ihbh uk onrnmc adctätdih y prcmdùtdih. Wucac utdfdznrsc ihbh cxicfcktc rccbpfnzh acf nzÿinr ck prhauiths ac mnoh vnfhr infùrdih. Wucac utdfdznrsc ihbh uk caufihrnktc prcmdùtdih ck thah tdph ac nfdbckths y mcmdans `ukidhknfcs. Acmdah n su rcauidan ihktrdmuidùk infùrdin nf hrenkdsbh jubnkh (jnstn 17 n 37% bckhs infhrâns quc fn bdcf ac nmcons), cf ihksubh ac onrnmc ac yniùk >3

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

pucac scr rcihbckanah n pcrshkns quc acscnk mnonr ac pcsh y n pcrshkns ihk prhmfcbns ac shmrc pcsh y hmcsdana Cf nfth ihktckdah ac `hs`hhfdeh sninrdah (@HY) ck cf onrnmc ac yniùk nsceurn ukn bcohr snfua acf trnith enstrh dktcstdknf. Fns mnitcrdns `hrbnahrns ac inrdcs acktnfcs shk dkinpnics ac bctnmhfdznr fhs @HY, phr cffh cf ihksubh ac onrnmc ac yniùk, ck ihbpnrnidùk n fn bnyhrân ac caufihrnktcs, nyuan n rcauidr cf rdcseh ac `hrbnidùk ac inrdcs ck fhs adcktcs. Bcohrnr fn nsdbdfnidùk ac infidh, îidah `ùfdih y idcrtns vdtnbdkns acfihbpfcoh M< rcauidr cf kdvcf ac ihfcstcrhf y trdefdiärdahs ck fn snkerc< rcauidr cfrdcseh ac acsnrrhffnr iîkicr ac ihfhk< y, `hrtnfcicr fn rcspucstn acf sdstcbndkbukhfùedih  Nfeukhs cstuadhs idcktâ`dihs jnk acbhstrnah quc cf ihksubh ac @HY k khcfcvn hcfcvn cf kdvcf ac efuihsn ck snkerc, dkifush ck pcrshkns ihk adnmctcs tdph = (Nffcsct nf. >444). Cf onrnmc ac yniùk pharân nyuan n prcvckdr y nfdvdnr prhmfcbns ac cstrcþdbdckth. Qnmfn 9? Ihbphsdidùk `âsdih-quâbdin acf onrnmc ac yniùk  Ckcreân (Linf.) Yùfdahs Yhfumfcs (¿Mrdx) Acksdana (e/bf.) Wrhtcâkns (%) Wj Neun (%) Ernsn (%) Inrmhjdarnths (%) @dmrn Iruan (%) Ickdzns n 577¿I (%)

=7>.1=  5>.77  >.911  7.70  3.77  =4.0>  >.5: 00.=4  7.=7 =.70

@ucktc? IJNPC_ (=771) 

Ssh `hrrnecrh acf Tniùk. ]csuftnahs ac nkîfdsds quâbdihs ac fns jhons y tnffhs ck Dtnfdn, dkadink vnfhrcs ac prhtcâkn mrutn ac >>.95% y >5.>=% rcspcitdvnbcktc. Cf Kntdhknf ]cscnrij Ihukidf rcphrtn quc cf Tniùk pucac tckcr uk phtckidnf ihbh `hrrnoc, dkadin nacbîs quc cf `hffnoc ircic naciunanbcktc mdck y quc cf `hrrnoc scih ihktdckc ac >> n >5% ac prhtcâkn, ac = n 5% ac ernsn y 9: n 1>% ac cxtrnith fdmrc ac kdtrùeckh. Ydk cbmnreh scþnfn quc nfeukhs ifhkcs ac yniùk pucack ihktckcr Ycsqudtcrpckc Fnithkcs ck fns jhons, fh iunf fdbdtnrân su ush ihbh nfdbckth `hrrnocrh. Ydk cbmnreh fhs Ycsqudtcrpckc Fnithkcs tdckc ush ck Ctkhvctcrdknrd.

>0

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Yum prhauiths ac ynihk.   Fn Insinrn ac Tniùk 

Cs hmtckdah aurnktc cf prhicsh ac pcfnah thtnf acf yniùk, cf rckadbdckth ac  onrnmc yniùk cstnrî suocth n fn hmtckidùk ac cstc sum prhauith, csth acpckacrî buijh acf tdph ac pcfnah quc sc rcnfdzn quc pucac scr? bnkunf, bciîkdih h ac quâbdih y csahbästdihs utdfdznah phr ihbukdanacs inbpcsdkns pnrn fn nfdbcktnidùk nkdbnfcs ihbh iuycs, ihkcohs, phridkhs cti.   Mnenzh ac ynihk.



Htrhs ac fhs sum prhauiths hmtckdahs cs cf mnenzh cxtrnâah bcadnktc cf prhicsh ac cxtrniidùk acf yniùk. Ck cstn ctnpn sc pdcrac nfrcacahr acf =7% acf pcsh ac fns rnâics pcfnans ck `hrbn ac mnenzh. Fn bcrbn cs ernkac acmdah n quc cf mnenzh cs cfdbdknah ihk uk ihktckdah ac jubcana buy nfth (bîs acf :7% acf pcsh acf mnenzh cstî ck `hrbn ac oueh). Cstc pucac scr prhicsnah y ihkvcrtdah ck thrtn pnrn fn nfdbcktnidùk ac enknah c dkifush pucac scr utdfdznah ck ernkacs inktdanacs ihbh nktdadnrrcdih h nktdmnitcrdnkh. Ihbcridnfdznidùk Ihk rcspcith nf yniùk, sus prhauiths dktcrbcadhs kh cstîk tnk advcrsd`dinahs, Ydk cbmnreh, fn jnrdkn ac yniùk cs cf prhauith ihk ircidcktc acbnkan cxtcrdhr. Ck Kucvn _cfnkan sc vckac niî ihbh uk inbhtc iruah pcrh oukth n fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs h ahkac sc vckac `rutns. Iunfqudcrn pcksnrân quc iunkah sc musin yniùk oukth ihk fns pnpns h fhs hffuihs, pcrh kh cs nsâ, ck cf Wcrÿ sc ckiucktrn yniùk oukth ihk fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs y fns `rutns cf c f bdsbh trnth sc fc an ck fhs ad`crcktcs pnâscs.

9.=

YDQSNIDÙK NIQSNF T QCKACKIDNY. Ihksubh Knidhknf Wcr iîpdtn Cf yniùk sc ckiucktrn ck prhbcadh ck >,9 le./pcrshkn ac bnkcrn efhmnf oukth n fn Nrrninijn, Bnin, bnsjun y Hin. Ihk fh iunf phacbhs ihkifudr quc su ihksubh kh sc ckiucktrn buy prhbhidhknah phr cf acsihkhidbdckth ac sus prhpdcanacs y ush. Wcrh sd tdckc ukn tckackidn n dkircbcktnrsc shmrc thah ck cf bcrinah bukadnf quc cstn ck sumdan cf ihksubh ac iuftdvhs hreîkdihs ihk prhpdcanacs nftcrkntdvns prhpdns ac fn bcadidkn trnadidhknf.

>5

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn 1? Ihksubh pcr iîpdtn ac yniùk 

@ucktc? DKCD-Ckiucstn knidhknf ac Wrcsupucsths `nbdfdnrcs =770-=774  Qckackidns ac Ihksubh. Yc cstdbn quc ck fhs ÿftdbhs nþhs, fn acbnkan ac prhauith `rcsih ac yniùk, tnkth ac rnâics ihbh ac jhons pnrn `dftrnktcs, sc jn dkircbcktnah y su tckackidn dkadin quc sc bnktckarî. Cbprcsns acadinans n fn cfnmhrnidùk ac kutrniäutdihs jnk vdsth ck cf yniùk uk prhauith ihk buijh phtckidnf nerhdaustrdnf. Cs pcrtdkcktc dkdidnr h prhpdidnr, vâkiufhs ihk cbprcsns ihbh YSBNI @HHA< ECK WC]ß< YNKQN KNQS]N< LNDQN< NBC]DINK ]HSQC YNI< y htrns acf rnbh quc cstîk prhicsnkah yniùk ck ad`crcktcs `hrbns (bdcf, onrnmc, jnrdkn, jhoucfns, `dftrnktcs, cti). Ac htrh fnah, fhs nicrinbdckths ihk dkstdtuidhkcs ihbh fns Skdvcrsdanacs y cf Icktrh Dktcrknidhknf ac fn Wnpn, acadinans n fn dkvcstdenidùk ck cstc iuftdvh, acmck `hrtnfcicrsc< pucs nf bnreck ac kh tckcr knturnfczn cbprcsnrdnf, sdrvck ihbh vâkiufhs h dktcrbcadnrdhs ac phtckidnfcs ihbprnahrcs n kdvcf ihbcridnf.

Wrhauiths Yustdtuths. Whr tckcr sdbdfdtua ck iunkth n snmhr y ihksdstckidn ihk idcrths caufihrnktcs quc cxdstck ck cf bcrinah (fn bdcf ac nmcon, fn bdcf ac inþn, fn bdcf ac bnpfc, cti.). Cf onrnmc ac yniùk pucac ihksdacrnrsc uk sustdtuth jdphinfùrdih ac csths caufihrnktcs.

Fn bdcf ac nmcon. Fn bdcf prhicac ac fns nmcons, fns iunfcs fn prhauick n pnrtdr acf käitnr quc rciheck ac fns `fhrcs ac fns pfnktns ck cf inbph. Cs ihksdacrnan ihbh ukh ac fhs nfdbckths bîs kutrdtdvhs quc sc ihkhick phr su ihktckdah ac vdtnbdkns, snfcs bdkcrnfcs y nzÿinrcs ac `îidf adecstdùk. Cf nfth ihktckdah ac inrmhjdar nths (`ucktc ac ckc reân ac rîpdan adsphsdidùk) y fn prc rcsc sck kidn idn ac jhrbhkns, vdtnbdkns, nbdkhîidahs, bdkcrnfcs y htrhs ihkstdtuycktcs hreîkdihs, fc ihk`dcrck supfcbckthnfdbcktdidh

n

cstc

prhauith

uk

nfth

phtckidnf

ac >:

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Nfenrrhmdkn.  Nfdbckth knturnf y kutrdtdvh ac dkihbpnrnmfc vnfhr ckcreätdih prhvckdcktc acf  Nfenrrhmh (Wrhshpds pnffdan), îrmhf quc nmukan ck fhs acsdcrths acf khrtc acf Wcrÿ. Cstn cspcidc ac onfcn sc prcpnrn ck vndkns acf Nfenrrhmh, quc sc jnic jcrvdr uk actcrbdknah tdcbph jnstn ihkvcrtdrsc ck uk fâqudah buy nernanmfc, bnktckdckah fhs bîs nfths cstîkanrcs ac infdana ck su prhauiidùk. Buy shfdidtnan ck rcphstcrân y ihitcfcrân. Cs uk nfdbckth nf quc sc fc ntrdmuyck prhpdcanacs `hrtd`dinktcs y vdehrdznktcs. Cs utdfdznah ihbh ckcredznktc knturnf, cspcidnfbcktc pnrn cstuadnktcs y acphrtdstns. Cs rcihbckanah ihksubdrfh ck thahs fhs ouehs y cksnfnans ac `rutns. Cktrc sus mckc`didhs trnadidhknfcs tckcbhs?   Cxicfcktc ckcredznktc ckcredznktc pnrn than ffn n `nb `nbdfdn, dfdn, dacnf ck inshs ac nkcbdn nkcbdn..     @ucktc knturnf ac infidh, `hrtnfcic fhs jucshs.    Ihktrdmuyc n rc`hrznr naciunanbcktc cf sdstcbn kcrvdhsh.     Bcohrn fn nitdvdana icrcmrnf.   







  Nyuan c`citdvn ck fn ctnpn ac fn bckhpnusdn.    Nyuan n prcvckdr fn nksdcana, cf kcrvdhsdsbh y fn acprcsdùk.  

 

Fn bdcf ac inþn. Fn bcfnzn h bdcf ac inþn cs buy rdin ck jdcrrh, bnekcsdh y vdtnbdkns acf eruph M, sdckah dacnf pnrn acphrtdstns, nkcbdns, kdþhs, `ntden h phstpnrths. Fn bcfnzn h bdcf ac inþn cs uk ckaufznktc knturnf dacnf pnrn rciupcrnr `ucrzns y ads`rutnr ac susnmhr   9.9

BC]INAH DKQC]KNIDHKNF.  Fns pnrtdans quc tdckck bnyhr nihedan ck cf cxtcrdhr shk fn ac ‖Tniùk  Hreîkdih ck Cxtrnith y Whfvh‒, fc sdeuc fn  prcscktnidùk ‖Onrnmc ac Tniùk‒. Fn acbnkan ac htrh prhauith acrdvnah cs cf ‖Oueh ac Khkd ihk Svn, Tniùk y Bnin. Qnbmdäk sc cxphrtn ihbh, ‖Cxtrnith Knturnf y Jhoucfns Ycbdscins‒, y ck vdstn

quc tdckc prhpdcanacs adctätdins sc usn ck fn prcpnrnidùk y cxp cxphrtnidùk hrtnidùk ac ‖Bcrbcfnan Adctätdin ac Wdþn, @rcsn, Bnkeh y Bnrniuyî ihk Tniùk‒. Htrns prcscktnidhkcs shk fhs ‖@dftrnktcs ac Jhons ac Tniùk‒, ‖Bdcf y Whfvh ac Tniùk‒ y ‖Käitnr ac Wdþn ihkTniùk‒.  

Fn Nshidnidùk ac Cxphrtnahrcs dkadin quc cf rnkldke ac pnâscs acstdkh acf Tnihk, cstî ihbpucsth phr >0 pnâscs fdacrnah phr CC.SS. quc ihkicktrn cf 09% ac fhs ckvâhs thtnfcs, sceudah phr Mrnsdf (=3% acf thtnf). Htrhs acstdkhs quc ihbprnk yniùk pcrunkh shk ]cdkh Skdah, Onpùk,    Nrumn, @rnkidn, Kucvn

>4

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

_cfnkan y Jhkaurns. Whr bhkths buijhs bckhrcs, sc ckiucktrnk Yudzn, Ijdfc, ]cpÿmfdin Ijcin y Mäfedin. ]cspcith n fns cbprcsns cxphrtnahrns, NACZ rc`drdù quc Nerhdkaustrdns @fhrds Y.N.I. (Ynktn Knturn) fdacrù cf rnkldke. Cxphrtù cf 30% acf thtnf ac fhs ckvâhs, fc sdeuc Cihnkadkh Y.N.I. ihk cf =4% acf thtnf, E U Ijdnke & Iân Y.N., cktrc htrns. Ihk rcspcith nf yniùk, sus prhauiths dktcrbcadhs kh cstîk tnk advcrsd`dinahs, Ydk cbmnreh, fn jnrdkn ac yniùk cs cf prhauith ihk ircidcktc acbnkan cxtcrdhr. Ck Kucvn _cfnkan sc vckac niî ihbh uk inbhtc iruah pcrh oukth n fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs h ahkac sc vckac `rutns. Iunfqudcrn pcksnrân quc iunkah sc musin yniùk oukth ihk fns pnpns h fhs hffuihs, pcrh kh cs nsâ, ck cf Wcrÿ sc ckiucktrn yniùk oukth ihk fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs y fns `rutns cf bdsbh trnth sc fc an ck fhs ad`crcktcs pnâscs Fn adnmctcs cs ukn ck`crbcana quc n`citn n =3.: bdffhkcs ac jnmdtnktcs ck CCSS, fh quc rcprcscktn uk :,9% ac fn phmfnidùk acf pnâs, sceÿk anths pnrn =7>7 acf IAI. Ck cf =7>7, uk thtnf ac 54 bdffhkcs ac cstnahukdackscs ac =7 nþhs h bîs prcscktnk ihkadidùk ac prc-adnmctcs, quc jnic rc`crckidn n ukhs kdvcfcs ac efuihsn ck snkerc (N>i) phr ckidbn ac fh khrbnf, pcrh kh fh su`didcktcbcktc nfths ihbh pnrn scr ifnsd`dinahs ihbh adnmctcs. Ydk cbmnreh, fhs dkadvdauhs ihk prcadnmctcs tdckck uk rdcseh bîs cfcvnah ac acsnrrhffnr adnmctcs acf tdph =. Qnkth cs nsâ, quc fn adnmctcs cs fn säptdbn inusn ac bucrtc ck fhs Cstnahs Skdahs, sceÿk anths acf IAI cstdbnahs pnrn =7>7. Whr fh tnkth, ck Cstnahs Skdahs y cf rcsth acf bukah, cf ush acf yniùk cstî buy fdenah ihk fn adnmctcs y ihk cf ihksubh ac caufihrnktcs knturnfcs, nacbîs ac cstnr rcfnidhknah ihk fhs inshs ac hmcsdana h shmrcpcsh. Yceÿk fhs dbphrtnahrcs khrtcnbcrdinkhs ac dkercadcktcs knturnfcs ihksuftnahs pnrn cstc cstuadh, fn acbnkan ac yniùk cstî nubcktnkah ck fhs ÿftdbhs nþhs, sdckah ihksubdah ihbh caufihrnktc pnrn ush pcrshknf, pcrshk nf, y ihbh dksubh h bntcrdn prdbn pnrn fn prcpnrnidùk ac supfcbckths y nfdbckths. Kh jny cstuadhs ihbcridnfcs kd id`rns ac vcktns v cktns n kdvcf knidhknf acmdah n su rcfntdvn khvcana ck cstc bcrinah, fh quc n su vcz phkc ac bnkd`dcsth cf csinsh kdvcf ac ihkhidbdckth ac cstc prhauith ck CCSS. Yubnah n csth, fn prhauiidùk prhaui idùk ac yniùk ck cf pnâs cs prîitdinbcktc drrcfcvnktc drrcf cvnktc y sc rcauic n idcrth kÿbcrh k ÿbcrh ac iuftdvhs pnrn ihksubh `nbdfdnr. Ihbh ihksciuckidn sc pucac dktcrprctnr dktcrpr ctnr quc thanvân jny uk fnreh inbdkh ck cf quc cauinr n fn phmfnidùk shmrc cf yniùk y sus mckc`didhs, quc trncrî hphrtukdanacs `uturns pnrn su ihbcridh.

Nkîfdsds ac fn H`crtn. Cf iuftdvh acf yniùk sc sdeuc c`citunkah ck `hrbn trnadidhknf y cf scinah ihktdkÿn jnidäkahsc ck cf shf. Wrcahbdkn cf iuftdvh ck fns ijnirns/jucrtns =7

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

`nbdfdnrcs, sdckah ästn ukn ac fns rnzhkcs acf vnfhr quc fc ntrdmuyc cf bcrinah ck fn nitunfdana. Ck Mrnsdf sc iuftdvn cktrc adcz y vcdktc jcitîrcns ac yniùk, ck cf Wcrÿ cstnbhs uk phih bns phr ckidbn ac csn id`rn. Ck Kucvn _cfnkan kh pnsn ac fns adcz jcitîrcns y ck Onpùk cstn cktrc =7 y 97 jcitîrcns, njhrn sd ihbpnrnbhs cf îrcn thtnf ck cf cxtrnkocrh ac sdcbmrn ac yniùk cs buy supcrdhr n fn sdcbmrn ck Wcrÿ. Cxdstck kucvhsy rcphrtcs qucrcsuftnahs ac quc cf yniùk ckac Qndwîk, ck Ihrcn, ck Infd`hrkdn, ihk muckhs phrqucscsccstn jnkscbmrnkah anah iucktn fns prhpdcanacs bcadidknfcs acf yniùk Cf yniùk pnrn phacr ihscijnrsc ck rnâics ihbcstdmfcs, tdckc quc rcidmdr cf iudanah acf nerdiufthr. Yc sdcbmrn acsac Ynk Deknidh ck cf khrtc ac Inonbnrin, prùxdbh nf Ciunahr, jnstn Ynbmdn ck Wukh, tnbmdäk icrin ac fn `rhktcrn ihk Mhfdvdn y n trnväs ac thahs fhs vnffcs dktcrnkadkhs ac Wcrÿ ihbprckadahs cktrc fhs >377 y fhs =377 bctrhs nprhxdbnanbcktc. Cf yniùk sc sdcbmrn n trnväs ac ukhs prhpîeufhs ffnbnahs rdzhbns, ck scptdcbmrc y sc ihscijn ck bnyh h oukdh acf sdeudcktc nþh. Yc sdcbmrn y sc ihscijn oukth nf bnâz. 

Ck cf prhicsnbdckth jny vnrdcanacs ac yniùk quc fuceh ac pcfnrsc sc hsiurcick, sc hxdank, pcrh sd sc fc phkc ukns ehtns ac fdbùk sc pnrn csn hxdanidùk, jny htrns vnrdcanacs quc kh sc kcercnk rîpdanbcktc y bnktdckck su ihfhr, fns iunfcs acmck ad`ukadrsc. Fn prcsckidn ac yniùk ck cf bcrinah cstnahukdacksc y curhpch, sc pharân ifnsd`dinr cktrc cf cbpfcnah ihbh bntcrdn prdbn h prhauith scbdtcrbdknah pnrn bnku`niturnr supfcbckths adctätdihs h nfdbckths `ukidhknfcs< y cf prhauith tcrbdknah fdsth pnrn su ihksubh. Ihbh cocbpfh, cf onrnmc ac yniùk pharân usnrsc ihbh bntcrdn prdbn pnrn fn rcnfdznidùk ac nfeukhs nfdbckths ihbh pharân trntnrsc ac tnmfctns ac ijhihfntc, h ihbh prhauith tcrbdknah ck cf insh ac scr utdfdznah ihbh caufihrnktc phr cf ihksubdahr `dknf.

Qnmfn K¿ 3.- Ifnsd`dinidùk acf ush ac yniùk Ihbh Bntcrdn Wrdbn Tniùk ck phfvh Tniùk `rcsih Onrnmc ac yniùk Cxtrnith ac yniùk Tniùk acsjdarntnah @ucktc? Cfnmhrnidùk prhpdn

Ihbh Wrhauith tcrbdknah Onrnmc ac yniùk Iîpsufns h pnstdffns ac yniùk Qä ac jdcrmns ihk yniùk Yknil ac yniùk acsjdarntnah Nfdbckth ihk ihktckdah ac yniùk

Whr fh eckcrnf, cf prdkidpnf ush quc sc fc an nf yniùk cs ihbh caufihrnktc tnkth pnrn adnmätdihs ihbh pnrn usunrdhs prchiupnahs phr fn snfua quc musink nftcrkntdvns nf nzÿinr trnadidhknf. Nacbîs, cs cbpfcnah oukth n htrns jdcrmns h dkercadcktcs phr su mckc`didh ihkoukth pnrn fn snfua. =>

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn K¿ 0.- Cvhfuidùk ac fns cxphrtnidhkcs Wcrunkns ac Tniùk    Nþh

Pnfhr @HM SY$

=77> =77= =779 =771 ==73 =770 =775 =77: =774 =7>7 =7>> =7>=

=7354.:3 >3>::5.97 9993:.>5 >71:39.99 :5350.95 >3=39>.71 =>93>=.94 9=5575.00 93>104.50 0=7=75.:0 >741495.51 >1=15>>.15

Phfubck Mruth Le 9:93.95 >4503.10 =:>3.5> >=>91.54 :4=7.31 >5::9.33 >:339,4= 9770>.>4 =3>>1.1: 171=3.74 :77>7.=5 5470=.91

13:9997.41 9>:3:=.5> @ucktc? W]HBWC]S / YSKNQ

Pnfhr Skdtnrdh prhbcadh SYA/le 3.95 5.0: >>.:3 :.01 4.:= :.39 >>.3> >7.47 >9.44 >3.91 >:.=3 >:.7=

Pnrdnidhk % vnfhr @HM

Pnrdnidhk % vhfubck mruth le

09:.71 -5:-71 =>1.91 ->0.1: 51.>5 94.4: 39.1: 5.=3 50.10 5:.31 97.>=

3>3.93 -:3.53 997.45 -=0.14 >77.1: 9.53 0=.7= ->0.10 07.40 1:.13 9>.53

>1.94

Fns cxphrtnidhkcs pcrunkns ac yniùk sc jnk inrnitcrdznah phr ukn cvhfuidùk ircidcktc ck fhs ÿftdbhs nþhs, tnf y ihbh sc pucac nprcidnr ck cf iunarh nktcrdhr. Yc trntn ac fns cxphrtnidhkcs thtnfcs rcnfdznans n kdvcf bukadnf, fns iunfcs `ucrhk ac nprhxdbnanbcktc scscktn thkcfnans ck =7>>, suphkdckah uk dkircbckth ac insd cf 37% ihk rcspcith nf nþh nktcrdhr. Nadidhknfbcktc, tnbmdäk qucan rcprcscktnan fn cvhfuidùk ircidcktc sceudan phr cf vnfhr ukdtnrdh prhbcadh ac adijns cxphrtnidhkcs. Acf thtnf ac fns cxphrtnidhkcs ck vhfubck ac yniùk ck =7>>, cf ::% `uc acstdknah n Cstnahs Skdahs, phr fh quc sc pucac ihksdacrnr ihbh cf prdkidpnf pnâs ihksubdahr ac cstc prhauith pcrunkh. Cf bhkth rcsdaunf cstuvh rcpnrtdah cktrc ]cdkh Skdah (9.0>%), Nustrnfdn (>.4>%), Ijdfc (>.=9%), Nfcbnkdn (>.>3%) y htrhs (1.93%). Fhs anths ac cstns cxphrtnidhkcs y su cvhfuidùk qucank rcihedahs ck fn, ac ahkac sc dktcrprctn uk nubckth ac 01.9% pnrn fns cxphrtnidhkcs ck vhfubck n CCSS ihk rcspcith n =7>7.

Wrdkidpnfcs bcrinahs bcrinahs n ahkac sc cxphrtn ynihk  Nfcbnkdn, Nrecktdkn, Nrumn, Nustrnfdn, Nustrdn, Mäfedin, Mrnsdf, Inknaî, Ijdfc, Ihstn ]din, Cstnahs Skdahs, @rnkidn, Euntcbnfn, Jhkaurns, Onpùk, Bäxdih, Kucvn _cfnkan, Wndscs Mnohs, ]cdkh Skdah, ]cpumfdin Ijcin, Yudzn, Pckczucfn ==

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn K¿ 5.- Wrdkidpnfcs bcrinahs ac Tnihk Bcrinah

% Pnr >9->= -13% ->31% >>0% =71% >344% -0>:% -:=% --

Cstnahs Skdahs Mrnsdf  Nfcbnkdn ]cdkh Skdah Onpùk Cspnþn Euntcbnfn Wnâscs Mnohs Inknaî Htrhs Wndscs (>7) @ucktc? Ydicx

% Wnrt. >9 :7% 4% 9% =% >% >% >% 7% 7% >%

@HM >9 >,734.:> >=3.77 99.15 =:.0: >4.00 >0.7> 5.77 0.14 3.47 >4.0:

Fn vcktnkn ihbcridnf pnrn cf ynihk pcrunkh, ihdkidac ihk fn äphin ac ihscijn ac ynihk, quc sc dkdidnk ck fhs bcscs ac bnyh oukdh y sc prhfhken jnstn fhs bcscs ac scptdcbmrc y hitumrc. Qnmfn K¿ :.- Pcktnkn ihbcridnf pnrn cf Tnihk Wcrunkh W crunkh. Ckc @cm Bnr Nmr Bny Ouk Ouf Neh Ycp Hit Khv Adi Z Z Z Z

Qnmfn K¿ 4.- fhs >7 prdkidpnfcs pnâscs dbphrtnahrcs ac Tnihk   K¿

Wnâs

%Pnr >=->>

%Wnrt =7>=

Qhtnf Dbp. (bdffhk SY$)

>

Cstnahs Skdahs

43%

0>%

=1.0:

= 9

Inknaî Ihrcn acf Yur

>75% -97%

3% 1%

>.:5 1.59

1

Bnfnsdn

1>%

9%

>.41

3

Ydkenpur

>1%

9%

=.>9

0

Ijdkn

534%

9%

7.=0

5

]cdkh Skdah

>%

9%

=.>>

:

Onpùk

3:%

=%

>.79

4

Jhke Lhke

-=7%

=%

>.47

>7

@rnkidn

-7%

=%

>.=7

Htrhs Wnâscs

-54%

>=%

15.==

@ucktc? IHBQ]NAC =7>=

=9

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn K¿ >7.- Fhs >7 prdkidpnfcs pnâscs cxphrtnahrcs K¿

Wnâs

%Pnr >=->>

%Wnrt >=

Qhtnf Cxp. (bdffhk SY$)

>

Ijdkn

==%

1>%

=9.5:

=

Qndfnkadn

7%

=>%

>3.77

9 1

Wcrÿ Dkahkcsdn

>3% -19%

>1% 3%

:.=: 3.33

3

Ejnkn

-54%

1%

>9.>7

0

Cstnahs Skdahs

35%

=%

>.74

5

Mrnsdf

-0%

=%

>.:>

:

Ydkenpur

>=:%

=%

7.31

4

Bnfnsdn

>>3%

>%

7.19

>7

Wnâscs Mnohs

=3%

>%

7.5>

-15%

0%

5.5=

Htrhs Wnâscs @ucktc? IHBQ]NAC =7>=

Qnmfn K¿ >>.- Wrdkidnfcs cbprcsns cxphrtnahrns %Pnr >3->1

%Wnrt. >3

9%

07%

-=>%

=7%

>:70%

3%

WC]SPDNK KNQS]C Y & Y Y.N.I.

-=1%

=%

CIHNKADKH Y.N.I.

-04%

=%

--

>%

3>35% --

>% >%

-1%

>%

--

9%

Cbprcsn W]DBN @N]BY Y.N.I. KNQS]NF WC]S Y. N.I.  N.I. ]NDK@H]CYQ JC]MNF W]HASIQY Y.  N.I. N.I.

WC]SPDNK JC]DQNEC Y.N.I PDFFN NKADKN Y.N.I. DKLN @]CYJ Y.N.I. DKPC]YDHKCY =N Y.N.I. Htrns Cbprcsns (94)

 

@ucktc? YSKNQ @ucktc? YSKNQ

Wnrtdans nrnkicfnrdns acf ynihk   Iùadeh nrbhkdznah? >>70=7  jnrdkn, säbhfn y phfvh ac sneÿ y ac rnâics ac bnkadhin yuin, neunturbns pntnins, mntntns mhkdnths, inbhtcs y tumäriufhs sdbdf. rdihs ck `äiufn h ck dkufdkn ac fn pnrtdan 75>1



=1

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn K¿ >= .- Wnrtdan nrnkicfnrdn acf Tnihk Wnrtdan nrnkicfnrdn >=>>474747

Acsirdpidùk nrnkicfnrdn Acbns pfnktns, pnrtcs ac pfnktns, scbdffns y `ruths ac fns utdfdz. ck pcr`ubcrdn, bca )

Nknfdsds ac fn Acbnkan. Fn prchiupnidùk phr ukn naciunan nfdbcktnidùk ihk bcohr infdana nf dkecrdr cf nfdbckth pcrbdtdckah prcvckdr fn adnmctcs jn sdah cf acthknktc pnrn rcvnfhrnr cf ihksubh ac ffnihk ck cf Wcru y ck thah cf bukah. Ydckah fn adnmctcs ukn ck`crbcana irùkdin, quc vn ck nubckth ihkstnktc (ck C.S? sc infiufn quc fn phmfnidùk adnmätdin ffcenrn n 937 9 37 bdffhkcs ck cf =7=3), quc sc inrnitcrdzn phr cf nzÿinr cfcvnah ck fn snkerc y quc eckcrn dbphrtnktcs ihsths jubnkhs, shidnfcs y cihkùbdihs y sceudrî jnidäkahfh nbckhs quc cbprckanbhs bcadans dkbcadntns pnrn ihktrhfnr cstn pnkacbdn, ph fh qucfn acbnkan ac ihksubh ac ffnihk, sceudrî ihbh ihksciuckidn, tnbmdäk ck uk ihkstnktc nubckth ck fhs sdeudcktcs nþhs. Cf dkircbckth ck fn acbnkan acf yniùk jn dkicktdvnah su iuftdvh. Jnstn jnic phihs nþhs crn scbmrnah sùfh pnrn nuthihksubh y pnrn su ihbcridnfdznidùk ck `crdns rurnfcs cspcidnfcs. Ydk cbmrneh, ck fn nitunfdana, idckths ac `nbdfdns inbpcsdkns ck thah cf Wcrÿ sc acadink n su iuftdvh pnrn su ihbcridnfdznidùk ck fhs bcrinahs idtnadkhs y ck fhs supcrbcrinahs.

Cxdeckidns acf Bcrinah Dktcrknidhknf. Fcy IWYIDN Fn fcy cfnmhrnan phr Fn Ihbdsdùk pnrn fn sceurdana ac prhauiths ac ihksubh ac fhs CC.SS. (IWYI) prcscktn ukn ckbdckan quc ihksdacrn idcrths rcqudsdths ac nkîfdsds y icrtd`dinidùk pnrn fhs `nmrdinktcs c dbphrtnahrcs ac prhauiths rceufnahs, dkifusdvc prhauiths pnrn kdþhs ac jnstn >= nþhs ac cana.   Yc ihksdacrn? - fâbdtc ck ihktckdah thtnf a ac c pfhbh (077 ppb), - fâbdtc fâbdtcss ac `tnfnths pnrn idcrths prhauiths (>777 ppb), - cstîkanrcs hmfdenthrdhs pnrn  oueuctcs.   Fhs `nmrdinktcs c dbphrtnahrcs, ernkacs y pcqucþhs, ac prhauiths dk`nktdfcs, kh prcidsnrîk nknfdznr h icrtd`dinr ihk csths kucvhs rcqudsdths< sdk cbmnreh, acmcrîk iubpfdr ihk fhs fâbdtcs ac pfhbh y `tnfnths, fhs cstîkanrcs hmfdenthrdhs pnrn oueuctcs y htrhs rcqudsdths.   Cktrnan ck vdehr? >7 ac `cmrcrh ac =7>7. 





=3

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Skdùk Curhpcn Kdvcfcs bîxdbhs ac ihktnbdknktcs (`rutns, vcectnfcs, scbdffns, ouehs `rutns)< ]cefnbckth >::>/=770. c. Kdvcfcs bîxdbhs ac rcsdauhs ac pcstdidans ck nfdbckths (@rutns, vcectnfcs, icrcnfcs) ]cefnbckth 940/=773. `. Cbmnfnocs ck ihktnith ihk fhs nfdbckths acmck cvdtnr bdernidhkcs ac cfcbckths ac su ihbphsdidùk ck nfdbckths quc pucack scr pcfderhshs ck fn snfua ]cefnbckth >493/=771. e. Nrhbns y nadtdvhs nuthrdznahs? ]cefnbckths /Adrcitdvns quc ac`dkck fhs nadtdvhs y su ihkadidhkcs ac utdfdznidùk. j. ]cefnbckth >493-=771 Qrnznmdfdana Hphrtukdana ac Bcrinah Acmdah n fn nftn pcrcidmdfdana ac fns rnâics y fns jhons, fhs prhauiths prhicsnahs h`rcick ukn nftcrkntdvn n fn ihbcridnfdznidùk trnadidhknf ac rnâics `rcsins. Acsac cf =779 vnrdhs supcrbcrinahs acf Wcrÿ h`rcick ad`crcktcs prhauiths prhicsnahs? onrnmc, zubh, bcrbcfnan, jhoucfns y tä. Nukquc fn prhauiidùk nÿk cs ck pcqucþn csinfn, yn sc jn cbpcznah n cxphrtnr yniùk n Onpùk, Cstnahs Skdahs y nfeukhs pnâscs curhpchs. Fn ernk acbnkan ac dk`hrbnidùk shmrc cf yniùk dkadin quc jny buijh dktcräs ck cstc iuftdvh, ck vnrdhs pnâscs acf bukah.

Inktdanacs acbnkanans y prcidhs Fhs prcidhs acf bcrinah bnyhrdstn kubcrh =, dkadin fhs prcidhs ck cf iunf > ldfh iucstn $ >.13 quc cs uk prcidh prhbcadh. Fhs prhauiths quc bîs acbnkan tdckck shk cf yniùk, cs fn bdcf, cf cxtrnith y fns jhoucfns. Acf yniùk sc nprhvcijn tnkth fn rnâz ihbh fns jhons. Fns rnâics shk scfciidhknans, fnvnans, pcfnans y trhznans. Wnrn cfnmhrnr ijdps sc acsjdarntn ck rhanons acfenans, bdcktrns quc pnrn hmtckcr jnrdkn, fuceh acf scinah sdeuc fn bhfdckan. Nsâ bdsbh, pnrn fn hmtckidùk acf onrnmc (h bdcf), fns rnâics ihk cxtrusnans y su zubh cs ihkicktrnah. Fns jhons scfciidhknans sc pufvcrdznk n ad`crcktc ernkufhbctrân sceÿk sc acstdkck n cxtrniths, `dftrnktcs pnrn dk`usdùk h ckinpsufnah/ tnmfctcnahh ck fn cfnmhrnidùk ac shmrcs Sk nkîfdsds ac prcidhs ac fhs prhauiths ac yniùk prcscktcs ck cf bcrinah ac Cstnahs Skdahs, n trnväs ac fn hmscrvnidùk ac anths ac bdkhrdstns ihk vcktn ck Dktcrkct. Ac thans fns cbprcsns y prhauiths nknfdznahs, sc jn rcnfdznah uk prhbcadh ihk cf `dk ac dacktd`dinr cf prcidh phr hkzn pnrn inan `hrbn ck quc cf yniùk vdckc ihbcridnfdzîkahsc, y tckdckah ck iucktn quc ukn hkzn cqudvnfc n =:.93 ernbhs. Fhs rcsuftnahs hmtckdahs sc bucstrnk ck fn `deurn >=, ac fhs quc sc acsprckac quc iunkth bîs cfnmhrnah cstî cf prhauith n fn vcktn, bnyhr prcidh tdckc. Nsâ, fn `hrbn ac yniùk bîs cihkùbdin cs cf phfvh, fc sdeuc cf acsjdarntnah, cf onrnmc, cf cxtrnith y fns iîpsufns.

=0

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn Qnmf n K¿ >9.- W Wrcid rcid hs prhbcadh ac > h hkzn kzn ac yniùk ck C C SS (vcktn phr Dk Dktcrkc tcrkct)

Whfvh $>.:0

Acsjdarntnah $=.73

Onrnmc $=.>>

Cxtrnith $:.77

Iîpsufns $:.4>

@ucktc? Cfnmhrnidùk prhpdn 

Qnmfn K¿ >1.- Wrcidhs @HM ]c`crckidnfcs (SY$ / LE]) =7>1 ADI =.54

KHP =.54

HIQ 9.13

YCW 9.7:

NEH =.90

OSF 9.::

OSK 9.5>

BNT 1.:7

NM] =.:>

BN] 1.7:

@CM 3.:0

CKC 9.:5

=7>3 ADI =.99

KHP =.03

HIQ =.09

YCW 9.10

NEH =.:1

OSF =.51

OSK 5.07

BNT 1.=0

NM] >5.:=

BN] =.15

@CM 9.9>

CKC >.:1

@ucktc? YSKNQ 9.1

BC]INAH DKQC]KH.  Nkîfdsds ac fn Acbnkan. Cf dkircbckth ck fn acbnkan acf yniùk jn dkicktdvnah su iuftdvh. Jnstn jnic phihs nþhs crn scbmrnah sùfh pnrn nuthihksubh y pnrn su ihbcridnfdznidùk su  ihbcridnfdznidùk ck `crdns rurnfcs cspcidnfcs. Ydk cbmrneh, ck fn nitunfdana, idckths ac `nbdfdns inbpcsdkns ck thah cf Wcrÿ sc acadink n su iuftdvh pnrn su ihbcridnfdznidùk ck fhs bcrinahs idtnadkhs y ck fhs supcrbcrinahs.

Nkîfdsds ac fn H`crtn Cf Tniùk sc iuftdvn prdkidpnfbcktc ck fn sdcrrn. Cf bnyhr prhauithr cs cf acpnrtnbckth ac Wukh, ihk ukn prh auiidùk ac =35 QB, fuceh sdeuc Junkinvcfdin ihk ukn prhauiidùk ac 11 QB, Oukâk ihk =0 QB y `dknfbcktc Fn Fdmcrtna ihk >1 QB. Ydk cbmnreh fn ]cedùk ac Nbnzhkns iucktn ihk fns ihkadidhkcs ifdbîtdins ck sus zhkns nfthnkadkns ùptdbns pnrn cf acsnrrhffh ac a c cstc iuftdvh.

=5

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

Qnmfn >3? H`crtn ac Tniùk 

@ucktc? Nkunrdh ac cstnaâstdin Nerâihfn acf bdkdstcrdh ac Nerdiufturn y ]dceh. Cxdeckidns acf Bcrinah Dktcrkh.  NKQCW]HTCIQH AC KH]BN ]CEDHKNF ACF IHACZ WN]N FN ]NÂ_ QSMC]HYN AC TNIÙK \Ybnffnktjus shkijd`hfdus (Whcpp. & Ckaf.) J. ]hmdkshkR. >. AC@DKDIDÙK ACF W]HASIQH Cstn Khrbn sc npfdin n fns vnrdcanacs y/h tdphs ihbcridnfcs ac rnâics rcscrvnktcs ac yniùk hmtckdans ac Ybnffnktjus shkijd`hfdus (Whcpp. & Ckaf.) J. ]hmdkshk, ac fn `nbdfdn Nstcrnicnc, quc jnmrîk ac subdkdstrnrsc `rcsins nf ihksubdahr, ac sudkaustrdnf. nihkadidhknbdckth y ckvnsnah. Yc cxifuyc cf yniùk acstdknah nacspuäs fn cfnmhrnidùk =. ADYWHIDYDHKCY ]CFNQDPNY N FN INFDANA =.> ]C^SDYDQHY BÂKDBHY Ck thans fns intcehrâns, n rcscrvn ac fns adsphsdidhkcs cspcidnfcs pnrn inan intcehrân y fns thfcrnkidns pcrbdtdans, cf yniùk acmcrî cstnr? - cktcrh< - mdck `hrbnah< - snkh, acmcrîk cxifudrsc fhs prhauiths n`citnahs phr pharcaubmrc, bhjh h actcrdhrh quc jnenk quc kh scnk npths pnrn cf ihksubh< - fdbpdh, y prîitdinbcktc cxckth ac iunfqudcr bntcrdn cxtrnþn vdsdmfc, cxicpth nqucffns sustnkidns pcrbdtdans quc prhfhkeuck su vdan ÿtdf< - cxckth h prîitdinbcktc cxckth ac pfnens quc n`citck nf nspcith eckcrnf acf prhauith< - cxckth h prîitdinbcktc cxckth ac anþhs inusnahs phr pfnens< cxckth ac ac jubcana cxtcrkn `rdehrâ`din< nkhrbnf, snfvh fn ihkacksnidùk n su rcbhidùk ukn iîbnrn - cxckth ac iunfqudcrihksdeudcktc hfhr y/h snmhr cxtrnþhs< - cxckth h prîitdinbcktc cxckth ac anþhs bciîkdihs y bneuffnaurns< - cxckth ac päradan ac ihfhr ck fn pufpn. Nacbîs, tckcr ihksdstckidn `drbc y kh prcscktnr anþhs phr jcfnans h csinfanaurns. =.>.> Cf yniùk acmcrî jnmcr nfinkznah uk ernah nprhpdnah ac acsnrrhffh `dsdhfùedih, tckdckah ck iucktn fns inrnitcrâstdins ac fn vnrdcana y fn zhkn ck quc sc prhauic. Cf acsnrrhffh y ihkadidùk acf yniùk acmcrî scr tnf quc fc pcrbdtn? shphrtnr cf trnksphrtc y fn bnkdpufnidùk< y - ffcenr ck cstnah sntds`nithrdh nf fuenr ac acstdkh. =.= IFNYD@DINIDÙK Cf yniùk sc ifnsd`din ck trcs intcehrâns, sceÿk sc ac`dkck n ihktdkunidùk? =:

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

=.=.> Intcehrân ‖Cxtrn‒ Cf yniùk ac cstn intcehrân acmcrî scr ac infdana

supcrdhr y inrnitcrâstdin ac fn vnrdcana y/h tdph ihbcridnf. Kh acmcrî tckcr ac`ciths, snfvh ac`ciths supcr`didnfcs buy fcvcs sdcbprc y iunkah kh n`citck nf nspcith eckcrnf acf prhauith, su infdana, cstnah ac ihkscrvnidùk y prcscktnidùk ck cf ckvnsc. =.=.= Intcehrân D Cf yniùk ac cstn intcehrân acmcrî scr ac muckn infdana y inrnitcrâstdin ac fn vnrdcana y/h tdph ihbcridnf. Wharîk pcrbdtdrsc, sdk cbmnreh, fhs sdeudcktcs ac`ciths fcvcs, sdcbprc y iunkah kh n`citck nf nspcith eckcrnf acf prhauith, su infdana, cstnah ac ihkscrvnidùk y prcscktnidùk ck cf ckvnsc? Ac`ciths fcvcs ac `hrbn< - Jcrdans h anþhs idintrdznahs, sdcbprc y iunkah kh supcrck cf 3% ac fn supcr`didc acf prhauith< - ]nspnaurns, sdcbprc y iunkah kh supcrck cf >7% ac fn supcr`didc acf prhauith. IZ/FNI >=/>:/>3 : Ck kdkeÿk insh fhs ac`ciths acmcrîk n`citnr n fn pufpn acf prhauith. =.=.9 Intcehrân DD Cstn intcehrân ihbprckac cf yniùk quc kh pucac ifnsd`dinrsc ck fns intcehrâns supcrdhrcs, pcrh sntds`nic fhs rcqudsdths bâkdbhs cspcid`dinahs ck fn Yciidùk =.>. Wharîk pcrbdtdrsc, sdk cbmnreh, fhs sdeudcktcs ac`ciths, sdcbprc y iunkah cf yniùk ihkscrvc sus inrnitcrâstdins csckidnfcs ck fh quc rcspcitn n su infdana, cstnah ac ihkscrvnidùk y prcscktnidùk? - Ac`ciths ac `hrbn< - Jcrdans h anþhs idintrdznahs, sdcbprc y iunkah kh supcrck cf >7% ac fn supcr`didc acf prhauith< - ]nspnaurns, sdcbprc y iunkah kh supcrck cf =7% ac fn supcr`didc acf prhauith. Ck kdkeÿk insh fhs ac`ciths acmcrîk n`citnr n fn pufpn acf prhauith. 9. ADYWHYDIDHKCY ]CFNQDPNY N FN IFNYD@DINIDÙK WH] INFDM]CY Cf yniùk, ac niucrah n sus inrnitcrâstdins ac pcsh y adîbctrh sc pucac ifnsd`dinr ck? Ifnsd`dinidùk Adîbctrh bnyhr (ib.) Wcsh (e) Infdmrc > ; 5 ; 977 Infdmrc = ≣ 3 ≣ >=7 Infdmrc 9 6 3 6 >=7 Qhahs fhs infdmrcs pucack tckcr fns `hrbns

sdeudcktcs? `usd`hrbc, hvnf u nhvnan c drrceufnr. Nfeukhs iuftdvnrcs ac yniùk tdckck tckackidn n `hrbnr uk kÿbcrh bnyhr ac rnâics fdsns y sdbätrdins quc htrhs. 1. ADYWHYDIDHKCY ]CFNQDPNY N FNY QHFC]NKIDNY Ck inan ckvnsc sc pcrbdtdrîk thfcrnkidns ac infdana y infdmrc pnrn fhs prhauiths quc kh sntds`nenk fhs rcqudsdths ac fn intcehrân dkadinan. 1.> QHFC]NKIDNY AC INFDANA 1.>.> Intcehrân ‖Cxtrn‒ Cf 3%, ck kÿbcrh h ck pcsh, ac yniùk quc kh sntds`nen

fhs rcqudsdths ac cstn intcehrân pcrh sntds`nen fhs ac fn Intcehrân D h, cxicpidhknfbcktc, quc kh supcrc fns thfcrnkidns cstnmfcidans pnrn p nrn cstn ÿftdbn. 1.>.= Intcehrân D Cf >7%, ck kÿbcrh h ck pcsh, ac yniùk quc kh sntds`nen fhs rcqudsdths ac cstn intcehrân pcrh sntds`nen fhs ac fn Intcehrân DD h, cxicpidhknfbcktc, quc kh supcrc fns thfcrnkidns thfcrnki dns cstnmfcidans pnrn cstn ÿftdbn. 1.>.9 Intcehrân DD Cf >7%, ck kÿbcrh h ck pcsh, ac yniùk quc kh sntds`nen fhs rcqudsdths ac cstn intcehrân kd fhs rcqudsdths bâkdbhs, ihk cxicpidùk ac fhs =4

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

prhauiths n`citnahs phr pharcaubmrc h iunfqudcr htrh tdph ac actcrdhrh quc jnen quc kh scnk npths pnrn cf ihksubh. 1.= QHFC]NKIDNY AC INFDM]C Wnrn thans fns intcehrâns, cf 3%, ck kÿbcrh h ck pcsh, ac yniùk quc ihrrcsphkan nf infdmrc dkbcadntnbcktc supcrdhr y/h dk`crdhr nf dkadinah ck cf ckvnsc. 3. ADYWHYDIDHKCY ]CFNQDPNY N FN W]CYCKQNIDÙK W]CYCKQ NIDÙK 3.> JHBHECKCDANA Cf ihktckdah ac inan ckvnsc acmcrî scr jhbheäkch y cstnr ihkstdtudah ÿkdinbcktc phr yniùk acf bdsbh hrdeck, vnrdcana y/h tdph ihbcridnf, infdana y infdmrc. Fn pnrtc vdsdmfc acf ihktckdah acf ckvnsc acmcrî scr rcprcscktntdvn ac thah cf ihktckdah. IZ/FNI >=/>:/>3 4 3.= CKPNYNAH Cf yniùk acmcrî ckvnsnrsc ac tnf bnkcrn quc cf prhauith qucac acmdanbcktc prhtcedah. Fhs bntcrdnfcs utdfdznahs ck cf dktcrdhr acf ckvnsc acmcrîk scr kucvhs, cstnr fdbpdhs y scr ac infdana tnf quc cvdtc iunfqudcr anþh cxtcrkh h dktcrkh nf prhauith. Yc pcrbdtc cf ush ac bntcrdnfcs, ck pnrtdiufnr pnpcf h scffhs, ihk dkadinidhkcs ihbcridnfcs, sdcbprc y iunkah cstäk dbprcshs h ctdquctnahs ihk tdktn h pcenbckth kh tùxdih. Cf yniùk acmcrî adsphkcrsc ck ckvnscs quc sc noustck nf Iùadeh Dktcrknidhknf ac Wrîitdins ]cihbckanah pnrn cf Ckvnsnah y Qrnksphrtc ac @rutns y Jhrtnfdzns @rcsins (INI/]IW 11->443). 3.=.> Acsirdpidùk ac fhs Ckvnscs Fhs ckvnscs acmcrîk sntds`nicr fns inrnitcrâstdins ac infdana, jdedckc, vcktdfnidùk y rcsdstckidn kcicsnrdns pnrn nsceurnr fn bnkdpufnidùk, cf trnksphrtc y fn ihkscrvnidùk nprhpdnahs ac yniùk. Fhs ckvnscs acmcrîk cstnr cxckths ac iunfqudcr bntcrdn y hfhr cxtrnþhs. 0. BN]INAH H CQD^SCQNAH 0.> CKPNYCY ACYQDKNAHY NF IHKYSBDAH] Nacbîs ac fhs rcqudsdths ac fn Khrbn Eckcrnf acf Ihacx pnrn cf Ctdquctnah ac Nfdbckths Wrcckvnsnahs (IHACZ YQNK >- >4:3), sc npfdinrîk fns sdeudcktcs adsphsdidhkcs cspciâ`dins? 0.>.> Knturnfczn acf Wrhauith Inan ckvnsc acmcrî ctdquctnrsc ihk cf khbmrc acf prhauith, y pharî ctdquctnrsc ihk cf khbmrc ac fn f n vnrdcana h iuftdvnr. 0.= CKPNYCY KH ACYQDKNAHY N FN PCKQN NF WH] BCKH] Inan ckvnsc acmcrî ffcvnr fns sdeudcktcs dkadinidhkcs ck fctrns nerupnans ck cf bdsbh fnah, bnrinans ac `hrbn fcedmfc c dkacfcmfc y quc scnk vdsdmfcs acsac cf cxtcrdhr, h mdck ck fhs ahiubckths quc nihbpnþnk cf cbmnrquc. 0.=.> Dacktd`dinidùk Khbmrc y adrciidùk acf cxphrtnahr, ckvnsnahr y/h cxpcadahr. Iùadeh ac dacktd`dinidùk (`niuftntdvh)= . 0.=.= Knturnfczn acf Wrhauith Khbmrc acf prhauith sd cf ihktckdah kh cs vdsdmfc acsac cf cxtcrdhr. Khbmrc ac fn vnrdcana h iuftdvnr (`niuftntdvh). 0.=.9 Hrdeck acf Wrhauith Wnâs ac hrdeck y, `niuftntdvnbcktc, adstrdth ahkac sc prhauoh h khbmrc knidhknf, rcedhknf h fhinf acf fuenr. 0.=.1 Cspcid`dinidhkcs Ihbcridnfcs - Intcehrân< - Infdmrc< - Wcsh kcth. 0.=.3 Bnrin ac Dkspciidùk H`didnf (`niuftntdvn) 5. IHKQNBDKNKQCY 97

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

5.> Cf prhauith nf quc sc npfdin fns adsphsdidhkcs ac fn prcscktc Khrbn acmcrîk iubpfdr ihk fhs kdvcfcs bîxdbhs ac fn Khrbn Eckcrnf acf Ihacx pnrn fhs Ihktnbdknktcs y fns Qhxdkns prcscktcs ck fhs Nfdbckths y Wdckshs (IHACZ YQNK >49->443). 5.= Cf prhauith nf quc sc npfdin fns adsphsdidhkcs ac fn prcscktc Khrbn acmcrîk iubpfdr ihk fhs fâbdtcs bîxdbhs ac rcsdauhs ac pfneudidans cstnmfcidahs phr fn Ihbdsdùk acf Ihacx Nfdbcktnrdus. :. JDEDCKC :.> Yc rcihbdckan quc cf prhauith rceufnah phr fns adsphsdidhkcs ac fn prcscktc Khrbn sc prcpnrc y bnkdpufc ac ihk`hrbdana ihk fns sciidhkcs nprhpdnans acf Iùadeh Dktcrknidhknf ]cihbckanah ac Wrîitdins - Wrdkidpdhs Eckcrnfcs ac Jdedckc ac fhs Nfdbckths (INI/]IW >->404), Iùadeh ac Wrîitdins ac Jdedckc pnrn @rutns y Jhrtnfdzns @rcsins (INI/]IW 39-=779) y htrhs tcxths pcrtdkcktcs acf Ihacx, tnfcs ihbh iùadehs ac prîitdins y iùadehs ac prîitdins ac jdedckc. :.= Cf prhauith acmcrî noustnrsc n fhs irdtcrdhs bdirhmdhfùedihs cstnmfcidahs ac ihk`hrbdana ihk fhs Wrdkidpdhs pnrn cf Cstnmfcidbdckth y fn Npfdinidùk ac Irdtcrdhs Bdirhmdhfùedihs n fhs Nfdbckths (INI/EF =>->445).

9.3

HWH]QSKDANACY T ]DCYEHY.  Hphrtukdanacs. Cf TNIÙK WC]SNKH NF BC]INAH AC ONWÙK Ck iunkth n fhs pnâscs acbnkanktcs, Onpùk vdckc bhstrnkah ernk dktcräs phr cf Tniùk pcrunkh ihkstdtuyäkahsc ck cf prdkidpnf acbnkanktc. Yceÿk cstuadhs sc jn actcrbdknah fn cxdstckidn ac ukn acbnkan pnrn prhauiths caufihrnktcs acrdvnahs ac Tniùk ck cf bcrinah onphkäs. Onpùk cs cf bcrinah ihksubdahr bîs ernkac ac nfdbckths `ukidhknfcs. Ac niucrah nf ]äedbck Eckcrnf pnrn pfnktns bcadidknfcs , csths prhauiths sc ihbcridnfdznk ck su `hrbn ihbpfctn, ihrtnahs h pufvcrdznahs. Fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs eckcrnfbcktc pnsnk acsac fhs ernkacs bnyhrdstns n fhs `nmrdinktcs ck su `hrbn cktcrn y sdk prhicsnr. Cf bcrinah Onphkäs, prcscktn cxicfcktcs pcrspcitdvns jn- idn uk bnyhr ircidbdckth, ck cf ihksubh ac adijhs prhauiths y cspciâ`dinbcktc, ck fh quc rcspcitn n fhs caufihrnktcs knturnfcs. Ck Onpùk icrin acf 37% ac fhs bäadihs onphkcscs prcsirdmck bcadinbckths n mnsc ac jdcrmns knturnfcs. Fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs shk dbphrtnans phr ernkacs bnyhrdstns onphkcscs qudckcs adstrdmuyck n fns cbprcsns `nrbniäutdins. Iuftdvnr ck Onpùk rcsuftn subnbcktc inrh, cs acidr tdckc nfths ihsths ac prhauiidùk, tnkth nsâ quc fhs prhauiths dbphrtnahs shk n bckuah bîs mnrnths quc fhs ahbästdihs. N kdvcf shidnf, fn tnsn ac ircidbdckth phmfnidhknf sc ckiucktrn nfrcacahr ac uk 7.9% ck fhs ÿftdbhs 1 nþhs. Cf bcrinah onphkäs ck tärbdkhs ac dkercsh, ihstubmrcs, rnzn, dadhbn y eusths prhbcadh cs jhbheäkch, fn ifnsc bcadn cstî ihk`hrbnan phr bns acf 53% ac fhs ihksubdahrcs. Ck Onpùk ac inan >7 jnmdtnktcs, 9 tdckck prhmfcbns 9>

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

rcfnidhknahs ihk adnmctcs y = bîs ihk phtckidnfdanacs n tckcrfhs< cs acidr cf 37% ac fn phmfnidùk onphkcsn cstî prhpcksn h su`rc ac prhmfcbns ac adnmctcs. Cf bcrinah onphkäs pnrn pfnktns bcadidknfcs sceÿk OCQ]H> nsidckac n 17, 777 Q.B. nf nþh ircidckah cktrc uk : y >3% nkunf ac fns iuîfcs sc dbphrtn acf :3% n 47% y cstî ihkstrudah nprhxdbnanbcktc phr =77 vnrdcanacs. Onpùk dbphrtn fn bnyhrân ac fns pfnktns bcadidknfcs y nrhbîtdins prdkidpnfbcktc ac Ijdkn (0>%) y ac fn ]cpÿmfdin ac Ihrcn (>3%). Onpùk musin htrns `ucktcs ac nmnstcidbdckths pucsth quc Ijdkn jn nubcktnkah cf ihksubh dktcrkh.  Nitunfbcktc ck cf Onpùk sc vckac Tniùk, mnoh fns sdeudcktcs `hrbns< fns rnâics nf knturnf, iùbh tä (jhons, tnffh, rnâz), ihbh ckiurtdahs, ck phfvh, ck instdffns , cti, nprhvcijnkah insd cf >77% ac fn pfnktn, fh quc tnbmdäk sc ihbprhmù ihk bucstrns ac csths prhauiths prhicacktcs ac Onpùk, phr ecstdhkcs ac fn cbmnonan ck adijh pnâs. Fhs onphkcscs njhrrnk nprhxdbnanbcktc uk >0% ac sus dkercshs. Fhs ensths bîs ernkacs ac su phmfnidùk shk pnrn nfdbcktnidùk, trnksphrtc, ihbukdinidùk, fciturn, rcircnidùk y vcstdbcktn. Fhs ihksubdahrcs  onphkcscs tdckck fn rc rcputnidùk putnidùk ac scr buy cxdecktcs, pnrn hmtckcr infdana i nfdana n uk prcidh rnzhknmfc. Whr su nfth cstîkanr ac vdan anah su dkercsh prhbcadh nkunf ac SY$9=,777 aùfnrcs y su nfth phtckidnf ac ihksubh. Ck fn nitunfdana, Onpùk h`rcic uk ckthrkh phfâtdih cstnmfc, ck fhs ÿftdbhs nþhs kh jnk cxdstdah bnyhrcs inbmdhs quc ck fhs nktcrdhrcs bîs prùxdbhs Csth khs dk adin quc cs buy dktcrcsnktc fn kcehidnidùk ihk cffhs. Fn acbnkan acf Tniùk sc cstdbn utdfdznkah fn bnyhr prhauiidùk ck Onpùk quc cs anan phr fn Skdvcrsdana ac Dmnlnrd ck Jhllndah. Fn prhauiidùk cs ck >77 jcitîrcns nfinkznkah 1,777 thkcfnans bätrdins nf nþh. Yc cspcrn uk ircidbdckth ck cf ihksubdahr acf Tniùk cktrc uk : y >3% nkunf nf deunf quc fns htrns jdcrmns bcadidknfcs y prhauiths adctätdihs y `ukidhknfcs. Fn prhyciidùk mnoh trcs csicknrdhs? n) Bîs prhmnmfc, m) Wcsdbdstn, i) Hptdbdstn. Whr htrh fnah, Fn bcohr bnkcrn ac dkercsnr nf bcrinah onphkäs cs n trnväs ac ‖Qrnadkes Ihbpnkdcs‒, h cbprcsns ihbcridnfdznahrns ffnbnans ‖Yheh Yjhsjns‒,  cstns pucack scr ac vnrdns intcehrâns sceÿk su vhfubck ac

hpcrnidhkcs. Yu sdstcbn ac trnksphrtc cs tnk c`didcktc quc fhs prcidhs ac fhs prhauiths shk insd fhs bdsbhs ck thah cf pnâs. Qrcs prdkidpnfcs Cbprcsns Ihbcridnfdznahrns (Yjhsjns) Onphkcsns ck Fdbn shk? Bdtsud acf Wcrÿ Y.N., Bdtsumdsjd acf Wcrÿ Y.N., Bnrumckd acf Wcrÿ Y.N. Cf prcidh quc pnen cf ihksubdahr `dknf onphkäs phr cf ldfh ac Tniùk `rcsih cs ac SY$>.77 Le.  

]dcsehs. Cf prdkidpnf prhmfcbn ck iunkth nf iuftdvh cf Tniùk cs fn `nftn ac dk`hrbnidùk acf bdsbh, cs acidr fn cxdstckidn ac nsdbctrâns ac fn dk`hrbnidùk. Fn bnyhrân ac fhs nerdiufthrcs kh ihkhick fns vcktnons acf prhauith acmdah n quc cstc iuftdvh cs rcfntdvnbcktc kucvh, y fhs quc fh ihkhick kh iucktnk ihk than fn dk`hrbnidùk kcicsnrdn pnrn fhernr ukn prhauiidùk c`didcktc. Cs acidr, fhs nerdiufthrcs kh 9=

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

tdckck fhs ihkhidbdckths su`didcktcs ck iunkth n fns täikdins ùptdbns ac iuftdvh? iuîkah y iùbh npfdinr fhs pcstdidans, iuîkah rcenr, iuîkah rhtnr fhs iuftdvhs, cktrc htrhs. Nacbîs kh cstîk nf tnkth ac dk`hrbnidùk rc`crcktc n îrcns ac sdcbmrns thtnfcs c dktckidùk ac sdcbmrn n `uturh, tdcbphs ac ihscijn, prcidhs rcnfcs y cstdbnahs, cktrc htrns ihsns. Whr fh quc buijns vcics sc ank sdtunidhkcs ac shmrch`crtn ihk fn ihksdeudcktc inâan ck fhs prcidhs acmdah n quc fns acidsdhkcs ac sdcbmrn kh sc rcnfdznk ck mnsc n dk`hrbnidùk nitunf. Fn dk`hrbnidùk nsdbätrdin sc an tnbmdäk ck cf sdstcbn ac prcidhs y ck fn ihbcridnfdznidùk acf iuftdvh, fh iunf kh pcrbdtc nf prhauithr ac Tniùk ihksceudr prcidhs naciunahs pnrn sus prhauiths, aconkah ac enknr y ck buijhs inshs pcradckah ck fn vcktn phr kh tckcr dk`hrbnidùk shmrc fns prdkidpnfcs vnrdnmfcs quc n`citnk nf bcrinah ac su prhauith. Cs phr cstn `nftn ac dk`hrbnidùk quc n pcsnr quc cf Tniùk cs uk iuftdvh nftcrkntdvh ihk ernkacs hphrtukdanacs ck cf bcrinah dktcrknidhknf anahs sus mckc`didhs, cstî sdckah prhauidah ac bnkcrn dkc`didcktc y ck `hrbn fdbdtnan acmdah n quc kh sc iucktn ihk fn dk`hrbnidùk naciunan shmrc fn ernk acbnkan bukadnf quc tdckc cstc prhauith, shmrc thah ck Onpùk, SYN y fn Skdùk Curhpcn, ahkac fn phmfnidùk musin dktrhauidr ck su nfdbcktnidùk prhauiths snfuanmfcs ihk mckc`didhs n sus hrenkdsbhs y n fn bckhr dkecstn ac infhrâns phsdmfc. Htrn prhmfcbîtdin, cs fn `nftn ac niicsh nf iräadth phr pnrtc ac fhs nerdiuf thrcs acmdah n quc cf scithr nernrdh cs ihksdacrnah phr fns dkstdtuidhkcs `dknkidcrns ihbh nftnbcktc rdcsehsh yn quc cxdstc ukn nftn prhmnmdfdana ac quc fhs prästnbhs hthrenahs n fhs nerdiufthrcs kh scnk pnenahs. Yc fc pcridmc ihbh uk scithr nftnbcktc rdcsehsh phrquc jny buijhs `nithrcs quc dkidack ck fhs prhyciths quc sc ffcvnk n inmh ck cstc scithr< ihbh shk? cf ifdbn, fns cstnidhknfdanacs, cktrc htrhs. ]cspcith n fhs prhmfcbns cxdstcktcs ck cf iuftdvh acf Tniùk, sc pfnktcn fn nerdiufturn ihktrnitunf ihbh ukn nftcrkntdvn pnrn quc fhs nerdiufthrcs hmtckenk cf `dknkidnbdckth quc kcicsdtnk acmdah n quc fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf (cbprcsn ihbprnahrn) fhs nvnfc nktc ukn dkstdtuidùk `dknkidcrn ihrrcsphkadcktc h nktc cf prhvccahr ac dksubhs, ac scr cf insh. Acmdah n fn rcfnidùk quc sc cstnmfcic cktrc fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf y cf nerdiufthr, pharân rcauidrsc cf rdcseh ac dkiubpfdbdckth.  Nacbîs fhs nerdiufthrcs, n erdiufthrcs, nf cstn cstnmfcicr mfcicr uk ihktrnth ihk fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf nsceurnk fn vcktn thtnf ac su prhauiidùk n uk prcidh anah y sc mckc`didnk ac fhs scrvdidhs quc fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf fcs h`rczin, ihbh trnks`crckidn ac tcikhfheân, dk`hrbnidùk ck iunkth n täikdins ac iuftdvh y bcrinahs phtckidnfcs, cktrcen ac scbdffns, `crtdfdznktcs y nsdstckidn täikdin. N fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf, fc ihkvdckc quc fn prhauiidùk ac fhs nerdiufthrcs scn ùptdbn, acmdah n quc cstn sc nmnstcicrî ac fn prhauiidùk ac fhs nerdiufthrcs ihk `dkcs ac cxphrtnidùk bnyhrbcktc. Fhs nerdiufthrcs phr su pnrtc sc ihbprhbctck n iubpfdr ihkadidhkcs ac inktdana, infdana, `cijn y fuenr ac cktrcen ac fns ihscijns. Cstn rcfnidùk ihktrnitunf cxdec n fhs nerdiufthrcs tckcr dk`hrbnidùk 99

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY  

 

ADNEKHYQDIH AC FN INACKN AC PNFH] ACF TNIHK‒ 

‖

nicrin ac fns cxdeckidns ac fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf< iuîkah kcicsdtn fn bntcrdn prdbn, quä pcstdidans iubpfck ihk fns khrbns ac cxphrtnidùk< quä rcqudsdths acmc ffcknr cf iuftdvh ck iunkth n tcxturn, `hrbn, snmhr, ihfhr, vnrdcana, cktrc htrhs. Cf prhmfcbn cs quc fn phsdmdfdana ac cstnmfcicr ukn rcfnidùk ihktrnitunf ihk ukn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf kh cstî buy ad`ukadan, sc jnk anah phihs inshs. Nacbîs fn sdcbmrn phr ihktrnth kh cstî fdmrc acf prhmfcbn ac fn dk`hrbnidùk nsdbätrdin, h iunf ad`diuftn fn nanptnidùk ac fhs nerdiufthrcs n fhs rcqudsdths ac fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf. Nacbîs yn sc jnk anah inshs ac pcqucþhs c dkifush bcadnkhs nerdiufthrcs, quc jnk sdah cstn`nahs phr cbprcsns nerhdkaustrdnfcs h cxphrtnahrcs quc sc ffcvnrhk su prhauiidùk y kh fcs pnenrhk. Cstc prhmfcbn sc rc`dcrc n fhs ihktrnths dkihbpfcths, quc qudcrc acidr quc kh sc pucack prcvcr thans fns sdtunidhkcs quc sc anrîk ck cf `uturh acmdah n fn `nftn ac dk`hrbnidùk, phr fh quc pucack suredr adsputns cktrc pnrtcs. Ck eckcrnf, fn sdtunidùk nitunf ac iuftdvh rcfcenah y fn dkcxdstckidn ac ukn tcikhfheân nprhpdnan pnrn cf iuftdvh ac Tniùk, acmc scr uk dbpcrntdvh pnrn sdstcbntdznr cstrntäedinbcktc uk nmnkdih ac hpidhkcs täikdins y idcktâ`dins, quc pcrbdtnk trnks`hrbnr fn nerdiufturn trnadidhknf acf Tniùk, phr ukn nerdiufturn ihbpctdtdvn, cihkùbdinbcktc rcktnmfc y cihfùedinbcktc shstckdmfc. Whr fh cxpucsth, fn cxphrtnidùk ac Tniùk cvdacktcbcktc tdckc uk ernk phtckidnf acmdah n fns vcktnons ihbpnrntdvns ihk fns quc iucktn cf pnâs rcspcith n cstc iuftdvh, y rcshfvdckah fhs prhmfcbns ac dk`hrbnidùk ck iunkth n fn prhauiidùk y ihbcridnfdznidùk acf prhauith, cf Wcrÿ pharî ihkvcrtdrsc ck ukh ac fhs bnyhrcs nmnstcicahrcs bukadnfcs ac cstc prhauith. Nsdbdsbh, n pcsnr ac ihktnr ihk vcktnons ihbpnrntdvns pnrn cf Tniùk, cf Wcrÿ kh fns cstî nprhvcijnkah acmdah n fn dksu`didcktc dk`hrbnidùk shmrc cf ernk phtckidnf ihk cf quc iucktn cstc prhauith ck cf bcrinah fhinf c dktcrknidhknf. Fhs prhauithrcs ac Tniùk acsihkhick fhs bcinkdsbhs dktcrkhs y cxtcrkhs ac ihbcridnfdznidùk acf Tniùk, fh iunf fhs ffcvn n acsihkhicr fn acbnkan dktcrknidhknf. Fhs nerdiufthrcs ac Tniùk nf cstnmfcicr ukn rcfnidùk ihktrnitunf ihk ukn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf cstnrânk nsceurnkah fn vcktn thtnf ac su prhauiidùk n uk prcidh anah, ihk fh iunf sc prhtceck nktc cvcktunfdanacs, tnfcs ihbh inâans ck fhs prcidhs. Nacbîs sc pharânk mckc`didnr ac fn nsdstckidn täikdin, cktrcen ac scbdffns, cktrcen ac `crtdfdznktcs, cktrc htrhs scrvdidhs quc hthren fn cbprcsn nerhdkaustrdnf ihk fh iunf hmtdckck ukn prhauiidùk bîs c`didcktc.  

91

AD]CIIDHK ]CEDHKNF AC NE]DISFQS]N NBN_HKNY