CÁCH SỬ DỤNG “A” “AN” VÀ “THE” 1 – A vµ An An: ®−îc dïng: - Tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o - Hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y - C¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m. vÝ dô:
u: an uncle. h: an hour - HoÆc tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®−îc ®äc nh− 1 nguyªn ©m. VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP A: ®−îc dïng: - Tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phô ©m (consonant). - Dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni. a university, a uniform, a universal, a union. - Tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt ®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu trong c©u. - §−îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of. - Dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn. VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand. - Tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn. VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ®äc lµ one and a half kilos. Chó ý: 1/2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half). - dïng tr−íc half khi nã ®i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp. VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn. - Dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5...= a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth. - Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ. VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day. - Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, dïng trong c©u c¶m th¸n. VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls. - a cã thÓ ®−îc ®Æt tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname): VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith. a Mr.Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ng−êi ®µn «ng ®−îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ng−êi l¹ ®èi víi ng−êi nãi. Cßn nÕu kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ng−êi nãi biÕt «ng Smith. 2 – The - §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2 trong c©u. - The + noun + preposition + noun. VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America. - The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him. - Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt. VÝ dô: She is in the garden.
- The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way. VÝ dô : The first week; the only way. - The + dt sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ®æi danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes. Nh−ng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tr−íc. VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. - The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult. - The + adj ®¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ ®éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ®−îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tËt; The unemployed = nh÷ng ng−êi thÊt nghiÖp. - Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ®r næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö. VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic. - The + East / West/ South/ North + noun. VÝ dô: The East/ West end. The North / South Pole. Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu vùc ®Þa lý. VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany. - The + tªn c¸c ®å hîp x−íng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng. VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles. - The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu. VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain. - The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ®×nh hä nhµ ... VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ®×nh nhµ Smith. - The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh ®Ò cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt ng−êi nµy víi ng−êi kh¸c cïng tªn. VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter. - Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng (chØ ®i tíi ®ã lµm môc ®Ých chÝnh). VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.
We go
to church (®Ó cÇu nguyÖn) to court (®Ó kiÖn tông) to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh) to prison (®i tï) to school / college/ university (®Ó häc)
T−¬ng tù We can be
in bed at church in court in hospital at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university. We can
leave school leave hospital be released from prison.
Víi môc ®Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the. VÝ dô: I went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures. Students go to the university for a class party.
B¶ng dïng THE vµ kh«ng dïng THE trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt. Dïng THE
Kh«ng dïng THE
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Tr−íc c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c dry nói. VÝ dô: The Rockey Moutains. • Tr−íc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ giíi hoÆc vò trô. VÝ dô: The earth, the moon, the Great Wall • Tr−íc School/college/university + of + noun VÝ dô: The University of Florida. The college of Arts and Sciences. • Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun.
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VÝ dô: The first world war. The third chapter. Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn c¸c khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®−îc tÝnh tõ ho¸. VÝ dô: The Korean war. Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ Great Britain.
VÝ dô: The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi lµ 1 quÇn ®¶o. VÝ dô: The Philipin. • • • •
Tr−íc c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang tÝnh lÞch sö. VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè. VÝ dô: The Indians, the Aztecs. Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. VÝ dô: To play the piano. Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ. VÝ dô: The applied Math. The theoretical Physics.
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Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ýt). VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói VÝ dô: Mount Mckinley Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chïm sao VÝ dô: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
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Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy khi tr−íc nã lµ 1 tªn riªng. VÝ dô: Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University. • Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ®Õm.
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VÝ dô: World war one Chapter three. Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó nguyªn. Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Sweden, Venezuela vµ c¸c n−íc ®−îc ®øng tr−íc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng. VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa.
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Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn. VÝ dô: Europe, California. Tr−íc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo. VÝ dô: Baseball, basketball. Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu t−îng trõ nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt. VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness. Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung. VÝ dô: Mathematics, Sociology. Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt. VÝ dô: Christmas, Thanksgiving.
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