CAC Preparação

December 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Kurse ah Nçøhs ah KelNjaes VrhVNrNçëe >.

hxVdesbves

=.

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— N vejQNah NKblN aN VessbmbdbaNah.“

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Hxpdesbves V]EKH[[E VB]EQÂKJBKE AH DNJÇNLHJQE AH @EGE >.GHJH]NDBANAH[

n). Kcnln-sh prekhsse pbretâkjbke ah dnjçnlhjte ah ège, nquhdh hl quh n knrgn eu knrgns hxpdesbvns sëe nkbejnans pñr lhbe ah ul hskervnlhjte pbretâkjbke. m).Xln hskervn â kejstbtuìan per uln knrgn, kel uln hspedhtn eu kerahd ahtejnjth ahvbanlhjth dbgnae æ hdn. k).Hskervnlhjte? Â n ephrnçëe ah dbgnr n hspedhtn eu kerahd ahtejnjth æ knrgn, a).Hskervnlhjte pbretâkjbke , â n prhpnrnçëe ah uln knrgn pnrn shr ahtejnan per uln hspedhtn kelul h ul phançe ah hstepbl, teaes mhl dbgnaes hjtrh sb., e hstepbl `nz hxpdeabr uln hspedhtn kelul, quh per sun vhz prevekn n ahtejnçëe an knrgn eu kerahd ahtejnjth, quh preveknrî, hjtëe, n hxpdesëe an knrgn. h).[h lnbs uln knrgn ahvh shr ahtejnan sbludtnjhnlhjth, e prekhsse pbretâkjbke ahvh shr kelmbjnae kel kerahd ahtejnjth, pnrn nsshgurnr n hxpdesëe sbludtíjhn. `).E sbsthln pbretâkjbke ah dnjçnlhjte ah ège â kejstbtuìae, jerlndlhjth, per nkhjahaer, hstepbl h hspedhtn kelul. =.V]HVN]NÇËE AE H[QEVBL. n).Kel e ndbknth ah hstrbnr, kertnr h dnjçnr èrn, nprexblnanlhjth, =6 kl (ul pndle) an hxtrhlbanah ae hstepbl, perquh ns hxtrhlbanahs, qunjae hxpestns ne nr dbvrh, per lnbs ah =1 cerns, nmservhl ulbanah. m).Kertnr 6> (ul) lhtre ah hstepbl h vhrb`bknr e shu thlpe ah quhbln. k).Hl ùjçëe ae thlpe ah quhbln ae hstepbl, kertnr ul phançe kel e kelprblhjte jhkhssîrbe pnrn phrlbtbr quh e hdhlhjte quh brî nkhjaï-de nkhjaï -de sh kedequh n uln abstíjkbn shgurn, njths qquh uh sh aï n hxpdesëe an knrgn. a).Xl hstepbl lnd kertnae, bjshrbae hl uln hspedhtn peah preveknr uln `ndcn. E hstepbl ahvh shr kertnae shgujae sun shçëe rhtn .Npebnr e hstepbl kejtrn uln suphr`ìkbh sûdban, pnrn sh nsshgurnr ah quh hdh shrî kertnae kerrhtnlhjth. ;.V]HVN]NÇËE AN H[VEDHQN

n) Bjsphçëe an hspedhtn. ]htbrnr, kel n lëe, uln hspedhtn an knbxn. Bjsphkbejnr n hspedhtn, edcnjae phde shu erb`ìkbe. [h phrkhmhr qundquhr lntârbn hstrnjcn hstrn jcn eu suohbrn je shu bjthrber, shgurîshgurî-dn dn kel n nmhrturn pnrn mnbxe h snkuab-dn dhvhlhjth pnrn ahsemstruì-dn. ahsems truì-dn. Jëe mnthr jn hspedhtn kel eu kejtrn emohtes aures. Jujkn bjtreauzbr qundquhr tbpe ah emohte n jëe shr e hstepbl eu kerahd ahtejnjth je erb`ìkbe an hspedhtn. Kedeknçëe ae hstepbl jn hspedhtn [hgurnr n hspedhtn vhrtbkndlhjth h `nzï-dn ahskhr ahdbknanlhjth semrh e hstepbl, ntâ quh sun knrgn `bquh hl kejtnte kel n hxtrhlbanah ae hstepbl. Jëe terkhr eu èrçnr e hstepbl ahjtre ahjtr e an hspedhtn. >

[h n hxtrhlbanah ae hstepbl hstbvhr nlnssnan eu lubte dnrgn pnrn phjhtrnr, jnturndlhjth, jn hspedhtn, kelprblb-dn, rednjae e hstepbl hjtrh es ahaes.

Kele hstrbnr n hspedhtn ûnjae e hstepbl hstbvhr kedeknae ahjtre an hspedhtn, shgurî-de kel e pedhgnr h e ahae njudnr an lëe hsquhran h hsthjahr e bjabknaer semrh n pejtn an hspedhtn, n `bl ah susthjtî-dn, `brlhlhjth, kejtrn n hxtrhlbanah ae hstepbl Ahsdbznr e ahae njudnr pnrn es meraes an hspedhtn, pnrn gubnr e ndbknth ah hstrbnr, aurnjth n ephrnçëe ah hstrbns, lhsle je hskure. Hstrbnr n hspedhtn nprexblnanlhjth n 6,8 kl ah sun hxtrhlbanah nmhrtn. Xln hstrbn hxhkutnan prûxbln ne hxpdesbve peah `nzï-de ahtejnr. ah tejnr. Kele prhknuçëe, lnjthr n pejtn an hspedhtn pnrn èrn h n`nstî-dn ae kerpe, rhndbznjae e hstrbnlhjte kel n hspedhtn juln pesbçëe mnbxn h dnthrnd hl rhdnçëe æ `rhjth ae kerpe, gbrnjae n knmhçn h prethghjae es edces je lelhjte hl quh nphrtnr e ndbknth.

1.V]HKNXÇËE [h e kejoujte hstepbl-hspedhtn prhkbsnr `bknr jul ahthrlbjnae deknd per lnbs ah =1 cerns, njths ah shr nkbejnae, eu qunjae `bknr hl deknd ÿlbae, prethghr n dbgnçëe ae hstepbl kel n hspedhtn, utbdbznjae ul kelpeste pnrn vhançëe eu sumstíjkbn sblbdnr. Hspedhtn kelul

Hstepbl

Knrgn

=

8.NKBEJN]? Nkhjah-sh e hstepbl, utbdbznjae-sh es nkhjahaerhs L-> eu L-= eu, nbjan, kertnjae-sh dejgbtuabjndlhjth n hxtrhlbanah dbvrh ae hstepbl hl khrkn ah > kl, kedeknjae-sh n knmhçn ah ul pndbte ah `ûsère jn `hjan preauzban phde kerth h rbsknjae-sh e `ûsère, eu usnr ul bsquhbre, thjae-sh e kubanae ah vhrb`bknr sh e hstepbl èb rhndlhjth nkhse e ephrnaer ahvh hl shguban, prekurnr rnpbanlhjth ul deknd n`nstnae n`ns tnae h shgure, quh e prethon aes hhstbdcnçes. stbdcnçes. 0 @NDCN[ JE V]EKH[[E VB]EQÂKJBKE AH DNJÇNLHJQE AH @EGE n) KELE HPBQN] @NDCN[- Xln knrgn kuoe nkbejnlhjte thjcn `ndcnae â lubte phrbgesn. Ver bsse, ahvhles Qhr grnjah kubanae n `bl ah hvbtnr ns `ndcns emshrvnjae-sh es pejtes shgubjths .>) Vrhpnrnr kerrhtnlhjth ns hskervns .=) Absper kubanaesnlhjth e hxpdesbve. ( hvbtnr quh es phtnraes `bquhl n`nstnaes hjtrh sb). .;) Kedeknr nkhrtnanlhjth n hskervn (`nzhr kel quh hdn `bquh mhl prhsn ne hxpdesbve rhstnjth). .1) ûndquhr hjkcblhjte ahvh shr `hbte kel kubanae pnrn jëe anjb`bknr n knrgn prhpnrnan. .8) Xsnr n tâkjbkn npreprbnan je nkbejnlhjte. .0) ]hkelhjan-sh e hlprhge ae prekhsse aupde ah dnjçnlhjte ah ège. [h es = prekhsses èrhl bjstndnaes kerrhtnlhjth, ker rhtnlhjth, ul ahdhs, per khrte nkbejnrî n knrgn.

m) V]EPÎPHB[ KNX[N[ AN[ @NDCN[.>) Hstepbl hl lnu hstnae .=) Hxpdesbve ahthrbernae .;) Bjkerrhtn bjstndnçëe ans hskervns .1) @ndtn ah vhrb`bknçëe ae nkhjablhjte ae hstepbl k) KELE ]HLEPH] @NDCN[- Ne surgbr n `ndcn, ahvh-sh hsphrnr ;6 lbjutes, hl thlpe ah pnz, njths ah sh telnr qundquhr prevbaïjkbn pr evbaïjkbn pnrn rhlevh-dn, n `bl ah sh hvbtnr ppessìvhbs essìvhbs rhtnraes. Jnturndlhjth, hl khrtns sbtunçøhs ah kelmnth n blpertíjkbn blpertíjk bn an ahstrubçëe peahrî blper n vhrb`bknçëe blhabntn an `ndcn, oustb`bknjae e rbske n quh shrî hxpeste e phssend hsphkbndbznae . .>) [h n knrgn jëe tbvhr hjkcblhjte, kedequh jhdn uln jevn hskervn h nkbejh .=) [h e hjkcblhjte ah thrrn jëe èr suphrber n ;6 kl prekurh snjnr n `ndcn hxpdeabjae uln knrgn hskervnan ahhjthrrnan 866g semrh n thrrn .;) [hjevn n knrgn `ndcnan hstbvhr n lnbs ahah ;6kemhrturn kl â jhkhssîrbe rhlevhr e hjkcblhjte. Bste ahvhrî shr `hbte kel e lîxble kubanae h shl utbdbznr `hrrnlhjtns lhtîdbkns. ûnjae n knrgn hstbvhr qunsh ahskemhrtn, snjnr n `ndcn hxpdeabjae uln jevn knrgn semrh n thrrn quh rhsteu. Eutre prekhsse quh sh peahrî utbdbznr qunjae n knrgn hstbvhr hjthrrnan â `nzhr ul jeve murnke abstnjth ;6 kl ae prblhbre h kel n lhsln preùjabanah9 hjtëe, nkbejnr uln jevn jev n knrgn kedeknan jn jevn hsknvnçëe. hsk nvnçëe. .1) [hlprh quh pessìvhd, ahvh-sh vhrb`bknr qund n knusn prevîvhd an `ndcn n `bl ah hvbtnr quh shon rhphtban. .8) Ns `ndcns ahvhl shr bjvhstbgnans per hdhlhjtes cîmhbs je lnjushbe ah hxpdesbves h knpnkbtnaes pnrn hxhkutnr tnbs ephrnçøhs. Ah prh`hrïjkbn, ahvhl shr snjnans phde prûprbe hdhlhjte quh prhpnreu ns knrgns h e kbrkubte ah dnjçnlhjte ah ège.

;

V]EKH[[E HDÂQ]BKE AH DNJÇNLHJQE AH @EGE >.GHJH]NDBANAH[ n) dnjçnlhjte ah ège phde prekhsse hdâtrbke â nquhdh kuon nçëe bjbkbnd â uln kerrhjth hdâtrbkn. m) N kerrhjth hdâtrbkn `dubjae ntrnvâs ae kbrkubte nkbejnrî ns abvhrsns hspedhtns quh n hdh hstbvhrhl nssekbnans. [h ns hspedhtns hstbvhrhl dbgnans hl knrgns, hstns hxpdeabrëe. k) N prhpnrnçëe ah uln knrgn pnrn shr ahtejnan per ul prekhsse hdâtrbke â kcnlnan ah —hskervnlhjte hdâtrbke“.

a) Jëe kejhktnr e hxpdeser ne knme kejauter ah hdhtrbkbanah, ntâ vhrb`bknr e kbrkubte, hxhkutnr es thsths h ns knrgns hstbvhrhl prejtns pnrn e nkbejnlhjte. h) hskervn hdâtrbkn? Xln hskervn kejsbsth ah ul phtnrae ah hxpdesbve kel ul nrtb`ìkbe knpnz ah `nzï-de hxpdeabr. Xln hskervn hdâtrbkn â, pertnjte, kejstbtuìan ah ul phtnrae h uln hspedhtn hdâtrbkn h es nkhssûrbes jhkhssîrbes pnrn prhjahr n hspedhtn ne phtnrae. Jetnr quh es hdhlhjtes hjknrrhgnaes ah preauzbr n kerrhjth hdâtrbkn jëe `nzhl pnrth an hskervn QH[QH[ AE[ KELVEJHJQH[ AE [B[QHLN HDÂQ]BKE AH DNJÇNLHJQE @EGE

AH

>.Qhsth ae hxpdeser n) Phrb`bknr sh n pnrth lhkíjbkn ae hxpdeser hstî hl mens kejabçñhs, nkbejnjae-e vnrbns vhzhs, shl dbgnr jnan n shus merjhs. =.Dbgnçëe ae hxpdeser? n) Es kejauterhs jëe ahvhl shr dbgnaes ne hxpdeser hjqunjte e kbrkubte jëe hstbvhr vhrb`bknae h e hjknrrhgnae ae nkbejnlhjte ans knrgns jëe hstbvhr khrte ah quh jbjguâl sh hjkejtrn jn zejn ah phrbge. E hjknrrhgnae ah nkbejnr e hxpdeser ahvh hxhkutnr e trnmndce phssendlhjth, jëe e trnjs`hrbjae pnrn eutre hdhlhjte sem qundquhr prhthxte pr hthxte Nthjçëe ‛ Es hxpdeserhs jëe sëe nahqunaes pnrn nkbejnr knrgns ah kbrkubtes hl pnrndhde. ;.Qhsth aes `bes kejauterhs? n) Qhstnr e gndvnjñlhtre, preveknjae ul kurte-kbrkubte hl shus aebs merjhs. N ngudcn ae gndvnjñlhtre ahvhrî sh ahsdeknr, jul sndte, pnrn n eutrn hxtrhlbanah m) Hjkestnr es `bes kejauterhs kejauterh s ah uln hxtrhlbanah jes merjhs ae gndvnjelhtre. N ngudcn jëe sh levhr. >.[hahvh n ngudcn sh ahsdeknr, es `bes kejauterhs hstëe hl kurte-kbrkubte k)Oujtnr es `bes kejauterhs ah uln hxtrhlbanah an membjn. Hjkestnr es `bes an eutrn hxtrhlbanah jes merjhs ae gndvnjñlhtre? >.N ngudcn ahvhrî sh ahsdeknr, bjabknjae uln ah`dhxëe ah nprexblnanlhjth 0,8 Ecls eu =; n =1 ujbanahs pnrn ul kelprblhjte ah >86 lhtres ah `be kejauter Jr >3 NWG [h n ngudcn jëe sh lhxhr, es `bes ahvhl hstnr relpbaes. =.Xl dbghbre levblhjte an ngudcn bjabkn ul pejte ah ndtn rhsbstïjkbn quh peah shr letbvnae per `be suoe, kejhxñhs lnd `hbtns eu `bes kel pnrth ans suns phrjns quhmrnans. ;.E `be kejauter peah shr thstnae jn membjn, lns ahvh shr thstnae jevnlhjth npûs Qhr sbae ahshjrednae, perquh jhstn epertujbanah peahrî shr hvbahjkbnan n hxbstïjkbn ah pnrths, quh jëe sëe phrkhmbans qunjae e `be hstî hjrednae. 1

1.Qhsth an hspedhtn hdâtrbkn n. Qhstnr e gndvnjñlhtre m. Jëe usnr èjth ah ndblhjtnçëe lnbs èrth ae quh n ae gndvnjñlhtre, perquh n hspedhtn h spedhtn peahrî shr nkbejnan. 8.[hquïjkbn ae thsth an hspedhtn hdâtrbkn? n. rhtbnr n hspedhtn an sun knbxn h shpnrnr ns suns hxtrhlbanahs, rhlevhjae e —scujt“ m. kedeknr n hspedhtn hl tnd sbtunçëe quh ul nkbejnlhjte eknsbejnd jëe prevequh `hrblhjtes n quhl hstbvhr h`htunjae e thsth. Kele sughstëe, kedeknr n hspedhtn sem ul knpnkhth ah nçe, sem ul snke ah nrhbn eu ntrîs ah ndgul emstîkude hxbsthjth je deknd ae thsth. k. Hjkestnr ns hxtrhlbanahs aes `bes kejauterhs jes merjhs ae gndvnjñlhtre ? a. sh n ngudcn sh levhr, n hspedhtn hstî men9 h. sh n ngudcn jëe sh levhr, n hspedhtn hstî ah`hbtuesn, ahvhjae shr ahstruìan, oujtnjae-n n uln knrgn quh hsthon pnrn shr nkbejnan. `. [h n mnthrbn ae gndvnjelhtre hstbvhr men, n sun ngudcn ahvhrî bjabknr =8 (vbjth kbjke) ujbanahs (khrkn ah 6 Ecls), qunjae èr thstnae, h nprexblnanlhjth =1(vbjth quntre) ujbanahs ( khrkn ah = Ecls), qunjae uln hspedhtn hl mens kejabçøhs â thstnan. . 0.V]HKNXÇÑH[ >.Ns hspedhtns hdâtrbkns, npûs rhtbrnae e scujt, peahl ahtejnr ahvbae ns kerrhjths bjauzbans phdn rnabe`rhquïjkbn (]@). Ver bsse, sû rhtbrn-de qunjae èr utbdbzî-dns. =)Qrnjslbsserhs lûvhbs eu pertîthbs jëe ahvhl trnjslbtbr n lhjes ah 86l ah qundquhr hspedhtns hdâtrbkn eu sbsthln ah dnjçnlhjte ah ège 7.DBGNÇØH[ H HLHJAN[? n.Dbgnçøhs >)Vnrn hvbtnr `ndcns knusnans per dbgnçøhs hdâtrbkns lnd `hbtns, ul hdhlhjte, quh kejchçn phr`hbtnlhjth n tâkjbkn ahssns dbgnçøhs, ahvh shr e ÿjbke rhspejsîvhd rhspejsîvh d per teans ns dbgnçøhs ae kbrkubte. =)Ahvhrî `nzhr, phssendlhjth, teans ns hlhjans, pnrn hstnr shgure ah quh teans ns hspedhtns hstëe bjkduìans je kbrkubte h quh teans ns dbgnçøhs hjtrh es kejauterhs ans hspedhtns, prbjkbpnbs h shkujaîrbes, hstëe phr`hbtns h quh jëe cî kurte-kbrkubte. m.Hlhjan >.Hlhjan ah rnme ah perke n. ]hlevhr tean exbançëe eu qundquhr eutrn sumstíjkbn quh thjcn sh `bxnae æs hxtrhlbanahs ahshjknpnans aes kejauterhs, kubanjae pnrn quh es lhsles jëe sh quhmrhl eu hj`rnquhçnl. m. Vrethghr n dbgnçëe ah uln èrth trnçëe trnçë e nkbahjtnd, ntnjae es kejauterhs ntrnvâs ah ul jû abrhbte, ahbxnjae ul kelprblhjte jns hxtrhlbanahs quh pessbmbdbth n hlhjan rhgudnlhjtnr k. Knse cnon phrbge an hlhjan teknr n thrrn eu eutre kejauter, hjvedvï-dn kel `btn bsednjth.

8

3.KB]KXBQE HL [Â]BH Hlprhgnl-sh kbrkubtes hl sârbh pnrn dbgnr knrgns nkbejnans hdhtrbknlhjth per lhbe ah hxpdeser. n Kbrkubtes hl sârbh lnbs kelulhjth usnaes >.Kbrkubte hl sârbh kelul ‛ Vnrn sh `nzhr uln dbgnçëe hl sârbh kelul, mnstn dbgnr ul aes kejauterhs an hspedhtn an >¿ knrgn n ul aes kejauterhs an =¿ knrgn, dbgnr e quh semrn an =¿ n ul aes kejauterhs an hspedhtn an ;¿, h nssbl per abnjth, ntâ sû rhstnr dbvrh ul kejhkter an >¿ knrgn h ul eutre an ÿdtbln. Hsths aebs sëe, `bjndlhjth, dbgnaes nes kejauterhs prbjkbpnbs. =.Kbrkubte hl sârbh sndte ah rë ‛ Hsth kbrkubte â pnrtbkudnrlhjth usnae pnrn nkbejnr knrgns pnrn nmhrturn ah krnthrns eu qunjae n dbjcn ah knrgns â lubte hxthjsn. hxthjsn . Hsth prekhsse kejsbsth hl dbgnr ndthrjnanlhjth ns knrgns, kele lestrn n `bgurn nmnbxe, hdblbjnjae n jhkhssbanah ah sh dnjçnr ul knme kejauter lubte dejge pnrn ndknjçnr n hxtrhlbanah lnbs abstnjth an dbjcn ah knrgns.

Kbrkubte

Kbrkubte

hl

hl sârbh

sârbh

sndte ah rë

2.KB]KXBQE HL VN]NDHDE EX HL [Â]BH-VN]NDHDE >) Jëe sëe jerlndlhjth usnaes hl knlpnjcn, perquh per quh e shu nkbejnlhjte jhkhssbtn ah uln èrth hdâtrbkn, e quhshr jëeusnaes â e knse an preauzban per ul lubtes hxpdeser. =) kerrhjth Hsths kbrkubtes ahvhl selhjth per hdhlhjtes hsphkbndbznaes, per rhquhrhrhl kîdkude kubanaese pnrn nsshgurnr n hxpdesëe ah teans ns knrgns.

KÎDKXDE AH KN]GN >. BJQ]EAXÇËE N prhshjth bjstruçëe vbsn hjsbjnr e kîdkude ah knrgns pnrn ahstrubrles phçns ah nçe (trbdces, vbgns, knmes h kerrhjths)9 phçns ah lnahbrn (îrverhs, vbgns, knvndhths), ah kejkrhte h nmhrturn ah krnthrns. Â hvbahjth n blpertíjkbn ahstn shssëe, vbste quh jn grnjah lnberbn ans Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes, â jhkhssîrbn n bjthrabçëe eu ahstrubçëe ah ahthrlbjnae ndve, h jhl shlprh kejtnrhles kel n 0

nouan ah tâkjbkes hl hjghjcnrbn, quh pessnl jes nuxbdbnr je pdnjhonlhjte. H n pessbmbdbanah an lbssëe vbr n kcnùranr, thjae hl vbstn ul kîdkude hrrnae ah knrgn utbdbznae â bjkejkhmìvhd, hl vbrtuah ah sh trntnr ah uln trepn ah Kelnjaes. Vnrn tnjte â prhkbse, tëe selhjth utbdbznr es hjsbjnlhjtes quh sh shguhl.

AH[HJPEDPBLHJQE n. Ghjhrndbanahs Je use ans `ûrludns quh sh shrëe rëe hstuanans n shgubr, e vnder emtbae pnr pnrnn knrgn (K) ( K) shrî shlprh sh lprh emtbae hl QJQ, je hjtnjte peah shr quh vhjcnles n utbdbznr eutre tbpe ah hxpdesbves. Vnrn bsse, hxbsth e keh`bkbhjth ah vnder rhdntbve ahstbjnae n knan tbpe ah hxpdesbve, pnrn quh jûs pessnles nanptnr e jesse vnder hl QJQ pnrn e eutre tbpe ah hxpdesbve, sëe hdhs? h dhs? Qnmhdn ah h`hbtes rhdntbves Hxpdesbve

H`hbte rhdntbve

QJQ

>,66

Qhtrbted

>,=6

K-;

>,;1

K-1

>,;1

Jbtre nlbae

6,30

Jbtrnte ah nlñjbn nlñjbn

6,1=

Abjnlbth lbdbtnr

6,2=

Abjnlbth kelul 16%

6,08

Abjnlbth kelul 86% Abjnlbth kelul 06%

6,08 6,3;

Abjnlbth nlñjbn 16%

6,1>

Abjnlbth nlñjbn 86%

6,10

Abjnlbth nlñjbn 06%

6,8;

Abjnlbth ghdntbjn 16%

6,1=

Abjnlbth ghdntbjn 86%

6,17

Abjnlbth ghdntbjn 06%

6,70

7

Vnrn snmhrles n qunjtbanah ah —eutre hxpdesbve“ n shr utbdbznae, mnstn abvbabr n qunjtbanah hl QJQ jhkhssîrbn phde shu h`hbte rhdntbve. ûnjtbanah ae hxpdesbve n utbdbznr < ûnjt hl QJQ Keh` ah vnder rhdntbve Hx? ûnd n qunjtbanah ah abjnlbth lbdbtnr jhkhssîrbn pnrn kertnrles uln vbgn lhtîdbkn quh, phdn npdbknçëe an `ûrludn, jhkhssbth ah 766 7 66 g ah QJQ5 ûnjt Abj Lbdbtnr < 766 < 706,37 6,2= ûnjtes knrtukces vekï hlprhgnrbn ahssh hxpdesbve, snmhjae-sh quh knan knrtukce phsn =66 g? 706,37 < ;,3 < 1 knrtukces =66 Vhdes hxhlpdes rhndbznaes vbles quh qunjae sh trnmndcn kel hxpdesbves, ab`bkbdlhjth emthrhles anaes hxntes, shjae jhkhssîrbn shlprh ul nrrhaejanlhjte pnrn e jÿlhre blhabntnlhjth suphrber ah rhtnraes ae tbpe quh hstëe shjae usnaes.

m. H`hbtes ans hxpdesøhs N èrçn preauzban jn hxpdesëe â abrhtnlhjth preperkbejnd æ qunjtbanah h ne tbpe ae hxpdesbve hlprhgnae. Hjtrhtnjte, es h`hbtes ah ahstrubçëe ahphjahl ae kejtnte hjtrh n knrgn h e emohtbve n ahstrubr h ah èrln phdn qund n èrçn hxpdesbvn â abrbgban kejtrn hssh emohtbve.

k. Knrgns pnrn kertnr nçe Je kîdkude ah knrgns pnrn kertnr nçe, jûs vhrhles auns `ûrludns, uln pnrn nçe ah hstruturns (quh sëe ns vbgns hjkejtrnans hl kejstruçøhs) h eutrn pnrn nçes hsphkbnbs, quh sëe nçes lnbs aures per emthrhl hdhlhjtes ab`hrhjths ae knrmeje, sëe es nçes hlprhgnaes hl phçns ah hjgrhjnghjs, hjgrhjnghjs , hbxes ah trnjslbssëe, dílbjns ah trnterhs eu letejbvhdnaerns, letejbvhdnaer ns, htk. k.>. @ûrludn pnrn nçe ah hstruturns k) Kndkudnr n knrgn pnrn e kerth an phçn ah nçe ah `bgurn 3

Îrhn N? =6x866kl= Îrhn M8x1,8 lhtres .preùjabanah? 6,78l n >,8l .hxpdesbves? ùres ?>8ig ah ]elp ah pnv?866g ah QJQ pnrn knan 8kl ah hsphssurn. - H`hbtes? dnrgurn-8 vhzhs n preùjabanah ae ùre preùjabanah - >,=8 vhzhs n preùjabanah aes ùres. Hxthjsëe - =,16 pnrn knan dnae

- @nzhr hxhrkìkbe ah krnthrns.

>0

;. KEJKDX[ËE Pbles jëe cnvhr grnjahs ab`bkudanahs pnrn kndkudnrles ns knrgns, je hjtnjte â jhkhssîrbe grnjah nthjçëe h zhde pnrn rhndbznçëe aes Kîdkudes, pebs qundquhr ahskubae peahrî nknrrhtnr jul kîdkude hrrnae, nknrrhtnjae je jëe kulprblhjte an lbssëe.

Hxpdesbves h Ahstrubçøhs ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes) n) Bahjtb`bknr ns preprbhanahs, tbpes h knrnkthrìstbkns ae lnthrbnd lbdbtnr ah ahstrubçëe9 m) Ahskrhvhr ns lhabans ah shgurnjçn je lnjushbe ah hxp hxpdesbves9 desbves9 k) Ahskrhvhr ns tâkjbkns ah utbdbznçëe ae hqubpnlhjte lbdbtnr ah ahstrubçëe9 a) Ahskrhvhr es prekhsses ah hskervnlhjte h dnjçnlhjte ah ège9 h) Kndkudnr n nlphrnghl jhkhssîrbn pnrn dnjçnlhjte ah ège hl ul kbrkubte hdâtrbke9 `) Kbtnr es tbpes ah ahstrubçëe9 h g) Kndkudnr knrgns jhkhssîrbns nes abvhrses tbpes ah ahstrubçëe, hlprhgnjae hxpdesbves lbdbtnrhs h kelhrkbnbs pnrn kertnr nçe, trbdces, lnahbrn, knrgns ah prhssëe, rupturn, h nmhrturn ah krnthrns.

— Îgun, Hsperre h Dnlmn, e hstbde KELNJAE[ ah shr.“ >7

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Qepegrn`bn B.

BJQ]EAXÇËE? >. Vnrn quh snmhr dhr uln knrtn juln nçëe ah Kelnjaes5 Kelhjtnr quh ul kbvbd ne kchgnr hl uln jevn kbanah abspøh ah abvhrses rhkurses pnrn

hjkejtrnr e knlbjce ahshonae. Abspejae ah lnpns eu ntâ `nzhjae bjangnçøhs peah-sh kchgnr ne shu ahstbje. Hl kelmnth, hjtrhtnjte, e Kelnjaes sh hjkejtrn hl îrhns ah ab`ìkbd nkhsse, hl thrrbtûrbe bjblbge eu hl deknbs kuoe e ÿjbke lhbe ah kejauzb-de ne shu emohtbve â n sun prhkbsn erbhjtnçëe ntrnvâs an knrtn. Vnrn uln phssen hl vbnghl n ul pnìs hstrnjghbre, es cnmbtnjths deknbs peahl ntâ prhstnr nuxìdbe n quhl seumhr sh hxprhssnr je babeln. Jn tepegrn`bn n kebsn sh prekhssn an lhsln lnjhbrn. Knse sh bjthrprhth kerrhtnlhjth n —dbjgunghl“ ans knrtns sh kchgn n qundquhr dugnr. Knmh dhlmrnr quh knrtns ah erbhjtnçëe kederbans h kel ahtndchs prhkbses ae thrrhje sëe kebsns quh jëe brhles absper hl sbtunçëe ah kelmnth. Xln vhz ahjtre ae thrrbtûrbe bjblbge, lubtns vhzhs ns knrtns quh hstnrhles utbdbznjae shrëe ah hskndns lubte phquhjns, es ahtndchs ae thrrhje jëe npnrhkhrëe kel tnjtn ah`bjbçëe eu jbtbahz, thjae hl vbstn quh hssn knrtn èb blprhssn ntrnvâs ah ètes ah sntâdbth, blnghjs ah rnanr, ètes nârhns, htk. BB. AH[HJPEDPBLHJQE? >. @ujanlhjtes? n. Knrtns Qepegrî`bkns? B) E quh â uln knrtn tepegrî`bkn5 Xln knrtn â ul ahshjce. Xl ahshjce ae thrrhje h ans kebsns quh n lëe ae celhl kejstrubu semrh hdh. BB) Hskedchr ul nduje pnrn dhr n ah`bjbçëe quh sh hjkejtrn je qunare. BBB) Auns kebsns quh kelpdbknl dbghbrnlhjth n dhbturn ah uln knrtn? Vrblhbre per hdn shr pdnjn h rhprhshjtnr nkbahjths trbablhjsbejnbs h shgujae, qunjae n emshrvnles, vhles ul ahshjce `hbte per ul emshrvnaer n grnjah ndturn, e quh â uln vbsëe ab`hrhjth anquhdn quh thles qunjae, ae prûprbe thrrhje, vbsnles eutre pejte ae thrrhje. BP) Kubanaes kel n knrtn? >) Xtbdbznçëe ah pertn-knrtns eu pdnstb`bknçëe9 =) Lâteae ah aemrnghl9 ;) @eteknrtns ‛ jëe aemrnr eu hjrednr. m. Kejvhjçøhs Knrtegrî`bkns h [ìlmedes Lbdbtnrhs? B) Xln Knrtn â ul ahshjce, h kele tnd, ab`hrhjkbn-sh ah uln ètegrn`bn nârhn per, ne kejtrîrbe ah ètes aes nkbahjths ae thrrhje, hstnr jhdn sìlmedes quh n rhprhshjtnl. BB) Lestrnr n `bgurn ae knlpe ah ùthmed kel shus oegnaerhs rhprhshjtnaes per sìlmedes h abzhr quh jn knrtn hsshs h sshs sìlmedes sëe ns Kejvhjçøhs Knrtegrî`bkns. BBB) Lestrnr ndgulns kejvhjçøhs knrtegrî`bkns hl use phde K =>-;6, h ns kerhs quh sëe hlprhgnans h e quh hdns sbgjb`bknl? >) Vrhte9 Nzud9 Nzud9 Phrlhdce9 Knstnjce h Phrah. BP) [ìlmedes Lbdbtnrhs? rhprhshjtnl es vîrbes tbpes ah hdhlhjtes hstrbtnlhjth lbdbtnrhs quh sh abstrbmuhl je thrrhje. k. Hskndns?

>3

B) Ah`bjbçëe? [edbkbtnr pnrn ul nduje quh hdh ah`bjn e quh â hskndn. Hl shguban lestrnr n blnghl an `nkn LI = kel n râgun ne dnae pnrn hxpdbknr hl peukns pndnvrns kele ùjkbejn n preperçëe knrtn ‛ thrrhje. BB) Kdnssb`bknçëe? Kbtnr quh ns knrtns sh kdnssb`bknl hl phquhjns, lâabns h grnjahs, bsse ah nkerae kel e tnlnjce an hskndn. BBB) Qbpes ah Hskndns? >) Julârbkn? rhprhshjtnan per jÿlhres (lestrnr uln hskndn julârbkn). =) Ah hqubvndïjkbn? rhprhshjtnan per ul tndëe (lestrnr n blnghl blnghl ae tndëe) BP) Bjstrulhjtes pnrn lhabçëe? lestrnr n râgun, e hskndìlhtre, e hsqunare h e kurvìlhtre. P) Nprexblnçëe ah hskndn eu hrre grî`bke kelhtbae? 6,= ll ‛ Dege, lestrnr nes ndujes quh qunjte lhjer n hskndn an knrtn lnbs blpertnjth sh terjn e kejchkblhjte ae hrre grî`bke, pebs ndgulns bjstndnçøhs hl phquhjns hskndns jëe vbrëe rhprhshjtnans h lubtns vhzhs shrëe emohte ah jessns nçøhs ah Kelnjaes. PB) Ntrnvâs ah uln phrgujtn sblpdhs hl uln knrtn sem e peahr aes ndujes anr ul premdhln kel aebs pejtes pnrn emthjçëe an abstíjkbn n phrkerrhr je thrrhje. =. Abrhçëe h Nzbluths? n. Ghjhrndbanahs? n abrhçëe shrvh pnrn ahthrlbjnr pejtes eu emohtes je thrrhje hl rhdnçëe n pejtes kejchkbaes. Lestrnr n blnghl ae lbdbtnr npertnjae pnrn e jerth h pnrn ul íjgude qundquhr. m. Xjbanahs ah lhaban njgudnr? B) Grnus, Lbjutes, [hgujaes? >¿ < 06‒ h >‒ < 06‒‒. BB) Lbdâsbles? ;06¿ < 0166‒‒‒. Lestrnr n blnghl an hqubvndïjkbn hjtrh ns ujbanahs ah lhabans h hl shguban `nzhr ul premdhln sblpdhs ah trnjsèrlnçëe hjtrh hjtr h hdns. k. Abrhçëe mnsh eu ah rh`hrïjkbn? N abrhçëe hjtrh aebs pejtes â hxprhssn per ul íjgude. Je hjtnjte hssh íjgude thl uln abrhçëe bjbkbnd quh â n abrhçëe ah rh`hrïjkbn. Hxbsthl trïs abrhçøhs mnsh? B) Jerth Phranahbre eu Ghegrî`bke? Â ul deknd je pdnjhtn Qhrrn. Lestrnr n blnghl an Qhrrn kel uln pdnkn je jerth. BB) Jerth Lngjâtbke? Â ul pejte ae Vdnjhtn quh, ahvbae n èrçn ah retnçëe, grnvbanah, ntrnb lngjhtbknlhjth uln ngudcn ah nçe an mÿssedn. Kedeknr e blë jn trnjspnrïjkbnhtk, njthrber. BBB) Jerth an ûnarìkudn? Â e trnkhonae quh hjqunarn n knrtn je pnphd. Veah ntâ kebjkbabr kel e jerth lngjâtbke (knse ah knrtns ah erbhjtnçëe) lns phde `nte ah hstnrles rhprhshjtnjae je pdnje ndge quh jn rhndbanah â kurve, ghrndlhjth e J^ jëe npejtn pnrn e JL. a. Abngrnln ah Erbhjtnçëe? B) Ahkdbjnçëe Lngjâtbkn? >) Â e íjgude èrlnae hjtrh e JL h JP. BB) Kejvhrgïjkbn ah Lhrbabnjes? >) Â e íjgude èrlnae hjtrh e J^ h JP. BBB) Íjgude ^L? >) Â e íjgude èrlnae hjtrh e J^ h JL.

>2

Lestrnr e abngrnln ah erbhjtnçëe h rhssndtnr n blpertíjkbn ah snmhr kndkudnr e íjgude aes abvhrses tbpes ah jerth pnrn quh uln knrtn njtbgn thjcn ntundbznae shu JL h nssbl pessnles ahkdbjî-dn h jes erbhjtnr. h. Nzbluth? Xsnae pnrn ahthrlbjnr n abrhçëe ah ul pejte hl rhdnçëe n eutre. E nzbluth krhskh je shjtbae cerîrbe h sh abvbah hl trïs tbpes? B) Nzbluth Lngjâtbke9 BB) Nzbluth Phranahbre9 BBB) Nzbluth ah ûnarìkudn eu Dnjçnlhjte. Lestrnr n blnghl ae lbdbtnr npejtnjae pnrn ul nzbluth qundquhr. BP) Kejtrn Nzbluth? lestrnr n blnghl aes aebs lbdbtnrhs, ul ah kestns pnrn e eutre h hxpdbknr quh e kejtrn nzbluth â >36¿ ae nzbluth ah rh`hrïjkbn. Hxhkutnr ndgulns quhstøhs pnrn e turje ah trnçnr nzbluths jn knrtn. P) ]ule? â e lhjer íjgude quh uln pesbçëe èrln kel n abrhçëe Jerth ‛ [ud. Lestrnr n blnghl kel hxhlpdes ah rules h hxhkutnr ndgulns phrgujtns. `. Mÿssedn? Bjstrulhjte pnrn lhaban ah íjgudes cerbzejtnbs h erbhjtnçëe an knrtn kel e thrrhje. B) Dblme lûvhd9 BB) Dblme `bxe9 BBB)

Kubanaes je hlprhge? >) Vrhshjçn ah `hrre9 lngjhtes, kejauterhs ah hdhtrbkbanah, Ptr, Ptr, htk. =) Abstíjkbns lìjblns ah shgurnjçn? n) Dbjcns ah ndtn thjsëe? 06 l9 m) Ptr eu KK? =6 l9 k) Nrnlh `nrpnae? >6 l9 a) LNG? 6; l9 h) @uzbd? 6>l. ;) Kele rhtbrnr ul nzbluth an mÿssedn? @nzhr teaes es ndujes edcnrhl pnrn suns lhsns h kel suns mÿssedns rhtbrnr ul nzbluth qundquhr shl edcnr pnrn e kelpnjchbre. ke lpnjchbre. Phrb`bknr nssbl quhl snmh eu jëe rhtbrnr ul nzbluth. ;. Ahsbgjnçëe h Deknçëe ah pejtes jn knrtn? Hl nçøhs ah Kelnjaes, e ÿjbke nlbge quh abspeles â n knrtn. Ah teaes es aekulhjtes quh kej`hkkbejnles n knrtn [h h sun erbhjtnçëe ah shus â quhn pessub n lnber blpertíjkbn. jëeprhpnrnçëe, deknrles kerr kerrhtnlhjth htnlhjthhesdeknçëe pejteshxntn jn knrtn, jëe pejtes, kchgnrhles dugnr ndgul, h pber, dhvnrhles jesse ahstnknlhjte pnrn shr nprbsbejnae, eu lerte. Vnrn bsse thles hsshs kbjke lâteaes ah ahsbgjnr h deknr pejtes jn knrtn? n. Keerahjnans Ghegrî`bkns? Lestrnr e gdeme tthrrhstrh hrrhstrh kel es lhrbabnjes h pnrndhdes h hxpdbknr kele ah `nz n deknçëe ntrnvâs ae knjte an knrtn h ntrnvâs an râgun lbdblhtrnan bjkdbjnan kel mnsh h auns dbjcns ah >‒. Hxhrkbtnr deknjae ul pejte h rhtbrnjae ns keerahjnans ah ul pejte anae. m. Keerahjnans ]htnjgudnrhs? Ahsbgjnl e pejte ntrnvâs ah sun qunarìkudn ah rh`hrïjkbn. Veahl shr? B) Ibdelâtrbkns >Il½9 BB) Chktelâtrbkns >66 l½9 BBB) Ahknlâtrbkns >6l½9 BP) Lâtrbkns >l½. =6

Lestrnr uln `bgurn quh bdustrh es abvhrses tbpes ah keerahjnans rhtnjgudnrhs, h hl shguban `nzhr ul hxhrkìkbe ah deknçëe jn knrtn ah pessh aes ndujes h ahpebs ul ahthrlbjnjae ns keerahjnans ah ul pejte anae. k. Keerahjnans Vednrhs? Kelprhhjah ul pejte erbghl, uln abrhçëe erbghl (pejte ah rh`hrïjkbn). Ndâl absse `nz-sh n lntrìkudn ae pejte ntrnvâs an ahsbgjnçëe an abrhçëe ae pejte prekurnae (hl grnus eu lbdâsbles) h ah sun abstíjkbn ae pejte ah rh`hrïjkbn. B) VD (611 ‛ ;366) ‛ hl grnus9 BB) VD (6726 ‛ ;366) ‛ hl lbdâsbles9 a. Dbjcn Kûabge? Kelprhhjah ul pejte erbghl h ul pejte ah rh`hrïjkbn, n dbjcn hjtrh hsshs aebs pejtes â ahsbgjnan ntrnvâs ans BHKel kel uln ker ah rh`hrïjkbn. N pnrtbr ae pejte erbghl kedekn-sh ] pnrn rhtngunran h @ pnrn `rhjth. E thrkhbre hdhlhjte â n abstíjkbn hl chktñlhtres ntâ n mnsh an phrphjabkudnr quh vnb anr je pejte ahshonae. E qunrte hdhlhjte â e pesbkbejnlhjte ae pejte hl rhdnçëe n dbjcn ah rh`hrïjkbn rh `hrïjkbn (A pnrn abrhbtn h H pnrn pn rn hhsquhran). squhran). E qubjte hdhlhjte â n abstíjkbn, hl chktñlhtres, an dbjcn ah rh`hrïjkbn ntâ e pejte. Hxhlpde? PH]LHDCN (]>3 ‛ H7) h. Qhdn Kûabge? Nkhtnte qunarbkudnae ah >6x>6. Vejte ah rh`hrïjkbn (ahthrlbjnae jns BHKel), nmkbssn h erahjnan h shus ahkblnbs. Hxhlpde? S(18 ‛ 03) 1. ]hprhshjtnçëe ae ]hdhve? B) Kurvns ah levblhjtes jìvhd? Bjabknl èrln ae emohte. ans knrtns kel hskndn lubte phquhjn ejah khrtes ae ndturn thrrhjeh jëe npnrhkhl kel@ndnr n jbtbahz su`bkbhjth h ab`bkudtnl n erbhjtnçëe. BB) Kerhs cbpselâtrbkns? ahthrlbjnl ns zejns ah ndtbtuahs ans hdhvnçøhs. BBB) Vejtes Ketnaes? pejtes ae thrrhje ejah â ahthrlbjnan n ndtbtuah deknd. Lestrnr e kejh kel ns kurvns ah jìvhd pnrn e mel hjthjablhjte an kurvn ah jìvhd. 8. @erlns ae Qhrrhje? n. Hdhlhjtes? B) Phrthjths eu hjkestns pdnjns, kñjknvns h kejvhxns9 BB) Dbjcn ah krbstn h dbjcn ah ùjae? >) Krbstn lbdbtnr h krbstn Qepegrî`bkn m. @erlns Hdhlhjtnrhs? B) Hspbgëe9 BB) Gnrupn9 BBB) Hsperëe. k. @erlns Kelpestns? B) Lnlhdëe9 BB) Kedbjn9 BBB) Vbke9 BP) Vdntñ P) Kede9 PB) ]nvbjn. a. Dhbs ae Leahdnae? Lestrnr ns blnghjs ans èrlns ae thrrhje h `nzhr uln rîpban bahjtb`bknçëe ahdns. [h nthr lnbs jns dhbs ae leahdnae rhssndtnjae ns kurvns ah jìvhd hl knrtns ah hskndn phquhjn. 0. Bahjtb`bknçëe an Knrtn kel e Qhrrhje?

=>

Vnrth lnbs blpertnjth an bjstruçëe. N bahjtb`bknçëe ae pejte ah ul rhsgnth, e quh jes dhvn ne kulprblhjte ah lbssëe eu n kejauçëe ae tbre ah uln nhrejnvh vhl prbjkbpndlhjth an bahjtb`bknçëe an knrtn kel e thrrhje hl quhstëe. n. Erbhjtnçëe an Knrtn? B) Vrblhbre trnmndce â nkcnr e jerth? >) Vhdn mÿssedn9 =) Vrekhsse an selmrn h ae `be ah prule9 ;) Vrekhsse ae rhdûgbe. BB) Hl shguban `nz-sh n ahkdbjnçëe lngjâtbkn h phdn suphrpesbçëe an mÿssedn eu n abrhçëe ae jerth ae thrrhje, nkcnae phdes lâteaes hxphabtes, semrh e jerth lngjâtbke an knrtn m. Dekndbznçëe ah pejtes phdn bjthrshçëe? B) Æ vnjth? Aebs pejtes kejchkbaes ah ejah sh snmh e nzbluth pnrn e emohtbve, ntrnvâs n sun bjthrshçëe peah-sh ahthrlbjnr e pejte hxnte ae thrrhje BB) Æ râ? Kele `nzhr uln bjthrshçëe æ râ? >) Hxpdbknr pnrn quh shrvh uln bjthrshçëe æ râ, abzhr quh hl deknbs kele jn Knntbjgn hdn â lubte utbdbznan pnrn deknçëe ah jesse pejte hstnçëe. Hxhkutnr ul phquhje hxhrkìkbe jn knrtn kel es ndujes anjae es pejtes abstnjths shus nzbluths pnrn quh es ndujes, ntrnvâs ae kejtrn nzbluth, ahthrlbjhl e pejte hstnçëe. 7. @etegrn`bn Nârhn?oujtnlhjth eu ntâ lhsle pnrn sumstbtubr n knrtn. Kele èb abte je n. Hlprhgnan bjìkbe an bjstruçëe, jhl shlprh vnles absper ah knrtns tepegrî`bkns pnrn rhndbznr ns jessns nçøhs ah Kelnjaes prbjkbpndlhjth per hstnrles jns rhtngunrans ae bjblbge. m. N sbtunçëe bahnd â n ah uln knrtn tepegrî`bkn ndbnan n uln ètegrn`bn nârhn rhkhjth pnrn hxhkutnrles jessns ntundbznçøhs. k. @bjndbanahs? ahthrlbjnr abstíjkbns, abrhçøhs h pnrn lhdcer lhdcer hskedchr btbjhrîrbes. a. Vnrn ahthrlbjnans lbssøhs sû kejshgubrhles anaes nt ntrnvâs rnvâs ans ètegrn`bns nârhns. h. Qbpes ah ètegrn`bn nârhn? B) ûnjte n bjkdbjnçëe? >) Phrtbknd ‛ hbxe ûtbke phrphjabkudnr ne sede9 =) Emdìqun ‛ hbxe ûtbke emdìque ne sede9 BB)

ûnjte ne `bdlh? >) Kederban9 =) Vnjkrelîtbkn9 ;) Bj`rnvhrlhdcn. `. Lesnbkes? ]hujbëe ah vîrbns ètegrn`bns nârhns B) Kejtrednae ‛ oujçëe `hbtn shl rhsphbtnr ns lbjÿkbns ae thrrhje BB) Jëe kejtrednae ‛ oujçëe lbjukbesn h phr`hbtnlhjth knsnae kel e Qhrrhje. g. Bjskrbçøhs lnrgbjnbs ans ètegrn`bns nârhns? B) ]hspejsnmbdbanah ah hxhkuçëe an @erçn Nârhn9 BB) Hl prbjkbpbe shu grnu ah sbgbde â rhshrvnae? BBB) Dhbturn?

==

H Nhr ‛ 86 N; ‛ 8?0?P ‛ =;?0?>666 - =66?866 ‛ =;88[1;>;W ‛ H[QÎABE LXJBKBVND, ]O ‛ KEJ@BAHJKBND >) H Nhr Nhr ‛ Xjbanah quh hxhkuteu n lbssëe9 =) 86 N; ‛ nje ah >286 h lb lbssëe ssëe ètegrî`bkn nârhn j¿ 6;9 ;) 8?0?P ‛ rede ae `bdlh 89 jhgntbve 09 vhrtbknd9 1) =;?0?>666 ‛ abn, lïs h cern quh èb tbrnan n ètegrn`bn9 8) =66?866 ‛ Abstíjkbn èknd an lîqubjn (hl ll)9 ndturn an nhrejnvh (hl lhtres) ‛ pnrn n abstíjkbn èknd hl pedhgnans n ndturn â anan hl pâs9 0) =;88[1;>;J ‛ keerahjnans ghegrî`bkns ae kkhjtre hjtre an ètegrn`bn9 7) H[QÎABE LXJBKBVND, ]O ‛ tìtude ahskrbtbve ae emohte ètegrn`nae9 3) KEJ@BAHJKBND ‛ Kdnssb`bknçëe ae grnu ah sbgbde ([@K). c. Kîdkude an hskndn an knrtn phdns suns bjskrbçøhs lnrgbjnbs? B) Vhdn abstíjkbn èknd h phdn ndturn ah vñe? H < abstíjkbn èknd (ll) / ndturn ah vñe (ll) Je knse nkbln ahskrbte â ah >?=866 BB) Vhdn kelpnrnçëe kel n knrtn an rhgbëe9 BBB) Vhdn kelpnrnçëe kel e thrrhje. 3. @eteknrtns? @etegrn`bn nârhn eu lesnbke shjae quh kel qunarìkudns, bjskrbçøhs lnrgbjnbs h jelh jes nkbahjths h deknbs ae thrrhje. n. Pnjtnghjs an @etegrn`bn nârhn pnrn n knrtn tepegrî`bkn? B) ]bquhzn hl ahtndchs9 BB) ]hpreauzban hl peuke thlpe9 BBB) Bjèrlnçøhs ntundbznans. m. Ahsvnjtnghjs? B) Absterçëe knusnan phde rhdhve jëe phrlbth uln men ahthrlbjnçëe ah abstíjkbn9 BB) Ab`bkudanah ah dhr kel duz ah`bkbhjth9 BBB) Ahtndchs ah bjthrhssh lbdbtnr rhssndtnaes jn knrtn ns vhzhs sëe emskures jn ètegrn`bn. 2.

Erbhjtnçëe an @etegrn`bn nârhn? n. Kelpnrnçëe kel e thrrhje9 m. Kelpnrnçëe kel n knrtn9 k. Vhdn selmrn h cern quh èb rhtbrnan n ète. >6. Erbhjtnçëe h Jnvhgnçëe Qhrrhstrh? N prîtbkn ahsth nssujte shrî `hbtn aurnjth ns ephrnçøhs. Ndhrtnr nes ndujes quh n kerrhtn hxhkuçëe aes prekhablhjtes nqub hjsbjnaes `nkbdbtnrî n ùturn hxhkuçëe h pdnjhonlhjte an nçøhs ah Kelnjaes. n. Hqubph ah jnvhgnçëe? B) Kejstbtubçëe? >) Celhl ‛ knrtn / Celhl Celhl ‛ mÿssedn9 =) Celhl ‛ pnsse? Je lìjble =9

=;

;) Celhl ‛ pejte eu mndbzn? [hrî utbdbznae prbjkbpndlhjth qunjae hstbvhrles ephrnjae hl deknbs ah ab`ìkbd vbsbmbdbanah h ejah n erbhjtnçëe ntrnvâs mÿssedn sh terjh ndge jëe sû jhkhssîrbe kele tnlmâl qunsh hxkdusbve. BB) N`hrbçëe ae pnsse? Vnsse sblpdhs h pnsse aupde BBB) [btunçëe ah hlprhge? >) Anr n abrhçëe ah jnvhgnçëe9 =) Erbhjtnr e ANK ntrnvâs an knrtn an mÿssedn h ae thrrhje9 ;) [btunçøhs ah jhmdbjn, l lntn ntn ahjsn, hskurbaëe, htk. m. Vrekhablhjtes phkudbnrhs ne Celhl ‛ knrtn / Celhl ‛ mÿssedn aurnjth ns nçøhs ah Kelnjaes? B) @nsh ah pdnjhonlhjte h prhpnrnçëe? >) Lbssøhs? n) Bdulbjnr n knrtn sh èr jhkhssîrbe9 m) Qbrnr nzbluths h abstíjkbns pnrn pejtes jìtbaes je btbjhrîrbe9 k) Blphrlhnmbdbznr9 a) Krbptegrn`nr tean bjèrlnçëe hskrbtn jns knrtns9 h) Hvbtnr ne lîxble knrnkthrbznr ah lnjhbrn ah`bjbtbvn e btbjhrîrbe h e emohtbve an lbssëe9 `) Xtbdbznr rhkurses pnrn hdblbjnr kel e lîxble ah vhdekbanah ns bjèrlnçøhs pnrn quh, hl ah knpturn jnan knbn jns lëe ae bjblbge. =)knse Lnthrbnbs n kejauzbr? n) Mÿssedn kel sbjnd èsèrhskhjth9 m) N`hrbr n mÿssedn ntrnvâs an utbdbznçëe ah eutrn mÿssedn9 k) Vertn knrtn9 a) Mnstëe pnrn e celhl ‛ pejte9 h) Dnjthrjn vhdnan9 `) Vejkce shlprh æ lëe9 ;) Vdnjhonlhjte ae bt btbjhrîrbe bjhrîrbe prbjkbpnd h ndthrjntbve? n) Phrb`bknr e lhdcer btbjhrîrbe kejsbahrnjae e ahsgnsth an trepn, e sbgbde, n ab`bkudanah ah pregrhssëe, n surprhsn h n rnpbahz. m) Vrhvhr pejtes ah rhujbëe je btbjhrîrbe. k) Dhvnjtnr nzbluths ah ùgn9 a) pejteseskrìtbkes9 h)   Dhvnjtnr Dhvnjtnr teaes nzbluths h abstíjkbns9 `) Hstuanr teae e thrrhje h nvndbnr e quh vnb vhr aurnjth sun pregrhssëe, prhvhr qunbs hdhvnçøhs shrëe udtrnpnssnan udtrnpnssnans, s, bgnrnpâs, htk. g) Vrhpnrnr es lhbes vbsunbs, oujtnlhjth kel tean hqubph ah jnvhgnçëe (e celhl ‛ knrtn nsshssern kejstnjthlhjth e kelnjanjth hl shu pdnjhonlhjte h keerahjn n prhpnrnçëe aes lhbes vbsunbs). c) Vrhpnrnr e knbxëe ah nrhbn9 b) Vrekurnr jujkn hx`bdtrnr phde lhsle btbjhrîrbe ah bj`bdtrnçëe. o) ûnare ah Btbjhrîrbe ah bj`bdtrnçëe h hx`bdtrnçëe kel nzbluths h abstíjkbns. 1) Aurnjth n hxhkuçëe an lbssëe? Nsshssernr kejstnjthlhjth e kelnjanjth bjèrlnjae-e kel njthkhaïjkbn aes pejtes krìtbkes, pejtes ah rhujbëe, V]VE, htk. =1

Qepegrn`bn ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Bahjtb`bknr n —hskndn ah knrtns“ jns knrtns tepegrî`bkns9 m) Bahjtb`bknr ns kejvhjçøhs knrtegrî`bkns h sìlmedes lbdbtnrhs jns knrtns tepegr tepegrî`bkns. î`bkns. k) Bahjtb`bknr nkbahjths pdnjblâtrbkes h ndtblâtrbkes jn knrtn h je thrrhje9 a) Dekndbznr h ahsbgjnr pejtes jn knrtn per lhbe ah thdn kûabge, dbjcn kûabge, keerahjnans rhtnjgudnrhs pednrhs h ghegrî`bkns9 h) Ahthrlbjnr abrhçøhs h nzbluths pnrn erbhjtnçëe h jnvhgnçëe9 `) Erbhjtnr n knrtn per lhbe ah mÿssedn eu ae thrrhje9 h g) Dekndbznr pejtes per lhbe aes prekhsses ah bjthrshçëe nvnjth h n râ.

— Es KELNJAE[ jëe sëe lhdcerhs jhl pberhs ae quh jbjguâl, lns `nz kebsns quh selhjth es KELNJAE[

peahl `nzhr lhsle. lhsle. Kelnjaes!“ =8

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes >. Ghjhrndbanahs n. Ah`bjbçëe >) Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes [ëe nçøhs jerlndlhjth ngrhssbvns, rhndbznans per trepn qundb`bknan, ah vnder h kejstbtubçëe vnrbîvhbs, ntrnvâs ah uln bj`bdtrnçëe per thrrn, lnr eu nr kejtrn ndves ah vnder sbgjb`bkntbve, dekndbznaes hl îrhns cestbs eu sem kejtredh ae Bjb. =. @nshs ah Hlprhge ae ANK n. Vrâ bsednlhjte. - Klt Mtd @ Hsp oî ]km n Lbs h hjkejtrn-sh ]dz Hstuae ah [btunçëe kel shu HL. - Hdl sumerabjnaes ]dz Nast hsphkì`bke, hl N shlhdcnjth n an Lbs ]km , kel teans Krtr quh n hjvedvh. - E Nast jerlndlhjth shrî Qrls ntrnvâs HK. m. Bsednlhjte >) Krtr. - Npûs ]km L / ]dz Jerlns ah Kl /@bjndbzn kel e M]B@BJ. =) @bjndbanahs - Ljt [bgbde an Lbs - Krbn kejabçøhs pnrn quh n `rnçëe hlphjcnan sh ahabquh bjthgrndlhjth pnrn n Vrhp, Vdo h Qrj an lbssëe ;) Îrhn ah Bsednlhjte n) [hk Er - Hskedcn an N B

- Vdo bjstndnçøhs

- Ljt N Bs

m) Bjstndnçøhs hxbsthjth. - [ndn Vdo

- Mnjchbre - [ndn ah mrb`bj

- N Qrj @bs

- Ndeo

- N ]njkce - N ]krh

- V [nu =0

k. Bj`d >) Ah`bjbçëe -Qâkjbkn ah Lvt, ]dz ah leae [gd, kel n `bjndbanah ah kejkhjtrnr phssend h eu lnthrbnd hl N cestbd eu sem Kt Bjb, vbsnjae æ rhndbznçëe ah Ep lbdbtnrhs. =) Bj? [nìan ae N Bse ;) Qrl? V]VE a. Nç Emo >) @nsh lnbs ahdbknan h blpertnjth ah uln Nç Klaes, quh Krtr e kulprblhjte an lbssëe. =) Qbpes n) Hdblbjnçëe

m) Ahstrubçëe

k) ]hsgnth

a) Knpturn

h) Eutres (bjthrabçëe, hlmesknan, htk)

h. Hx`d >) Ah`bjbçëe - Qâkjbkn ah Lvt, ]dz ah leae sbgbdese, kel n `bjndbanah ah rhtbrnr phs-send h eu lnthrbnd ah îrhn cestbd eu sem Kt Bjb. - ]hterje p/ N Nlg. `. Ahmrbh`bjg >) [hlprh ]dz npûs e kulprblhjte an lbssëe. =) E Hdl Ep rhterjn æ N Bse, ejah prevbahjkbnrî ul rhdntûrbe lbjukbeseans Nç ]dz je phrìeae hl quh hsthvh bj`bdtrnan. ;) N krìtbkn â shlprh ]dz npûs e phrìeae ah rhpeuse h nvndbnçëe lâabkn, shrî jes ledahs ae —M]B@BJ“.

=7

;. Ergnjbznçëe ghrnd h pnrtbkudnr ae ANK n. Ghrnd ANK

GpKlae

Hsk Np @

Hsk Nss

Hsk [hg

m. Vnrtbkudnr (hl ùjçëe an lbssëe). lbssëe) . >) Hsk Nss n) Gp Nss m) Gp Qnr Hsp (Qnr Hsshjkbnbs Hssh jkbnbs h Qnr kelpdhlhjtnrhs). - Gp Hdblbjnçëe.

- Gp Ahstrubçëe

- Gp Knpturn.

- Gp ]hsgnth

- Gp [bdhjkbnlhjte ah shjtbjhdn.

- Gp Bjthrabçëe.

- Gp Mdequhbe.

- Gp Pbgbdíjkbn

k) Gp Np @e =) Hsk [hg n) Gp [hg (j¿ PN + >, je lìjble )

m) Gp nkedcblhjte.

k) Gp prethçëe. ;) Gp Klae n) [um Klt

m) Lsg, ]Ep.

k) Gubns, leterbstns, lnthbres, pbdetes, lâabkes, htk. a) ûhl thl selhjth n lbssëe hsphkì`bkn.

=3

k. Lbssøhs n) Hskndøhs >) Nssndte - Khrrnr semrh e Bjb

- Nssndte phde @e.

- Qnr Hsphkbnbs

- ]hk Nprexblnae.

- Lbssøhs Hsphkì`bkns (lbssëe) =) [hgurnjçn - Vrethghr eAst aurnjth e Asdek. - Gunrjhkhr e V]VE, Hstm sun [hg. - Bsednr n N Emo, blphabjae n kchgnan ah rhèrçes eu snìan ah Hdl Bjb. (Vrethghr e Hsk Nss aurnjth n Nç Emo) - Gunrjhkhr n Ves Ptr, hlmnrknçøhs, htk. - Lbssøhs hsphkì`bkns. - Vrethghr e ]ht ae Hsk Nss. m) Grupes - Vnrn knan Gp, ntrbmubr ns lbssøhs hsphkì`bkns, hl ùjçëe ah suns phkudbnrbanahs. - Ns lbssøhs aes hskndøhs shrëe abstrbmuìans nes grupes, ah uln lnjhbrn mhl lnbs prhkbsn h ahtndcnan. k) Gp Klae - Ergnjbznae pnrn Keer aes hskndøhs. a) Ems? (>) Es Gp shrëe ergnjbznaes hl ùjçëe an Lbssëe, Bjblbge, Qhrrhje h lhbes. (=) Ns Lbssøhs ntrbmuìans nes Hskndøhs eu Grupe, pnrn `bjs lhteaedûgbkes, ahvhl, hl prbjkìpbe shr jn Erahl Krejedûgbkn aes hvhjtes

=2

- Hxhlpdes? (n) Jn Bj - Vrethghr e Asdek preperkbejnjae n shgurnjçn phdn emshrvn- çëe æ `rhjth eu nes `dnjkes. - Eutrn lbssøhs. (m) Je Vd Qîtbke Qhr - Vrethghr e Asdek, preperkbejnjae n shgurnjçn phdn Ems æ `rhjth eu ne `dnjkes. (k) Je V]VE - Lbssøhs hsphkb`bkns. (a) Jn Nçëe je Emohtbve - Lbssøhs bjhrhjths n knan H[K / Gp - Ahtndcnr mhl. (h) Je ]ht (eu Hx`d) - Lbssøhs bjhrhjths 1. [hdhçëe ah celhjs, nrlns h hqubpnlhjtes n. [hdhçëe hl ùjçëe an Lbssëe, Bjblbge, Qhrrhje h Lhbes. m. Hskedchr es celhjs nahqunaes nahqun aes æs lbssøhs, hl ùjçëe ah ssuns uns knrnkthrìstbkns, `ìsbkns, psbkedûgbkns, snjbtîrbns, vìkbes, htk. k. Ns nrlns h es Hqp shrëe hskedcbaes, tnlmâl, hl ùjçëe aes nlmbhjths ephrnkbejnbs. 8. Kejautn ae ANK n. Ergnjbznçëe pnrn e levblhjte. >) @nterhs quh bj`duhl. n) Bjblbge ‛ [bt, Vess Ktt

m) Ljt Bjthgrbanah tîtbkn k) Nç Emo

a) Kt celhjs

h) Phd Asdek

g) [hg ae Ast

c) Kejabçøhs ae Qhr b) Kejabçøhs Lhtheredûgbkns

`) [bgbde ans Nç

;6

o) Pbsbmbdbanah =) @erlnçøhs? n) Kedujn

m) Dbjcn

k) ]nkbekbjnr kel? - Kt

-Vetïjkbn ah @e æ `rhjth h nes `dnjkes. - Pbsbmbdbanah .

- Phdekbanah ah ahsdeknlhjte. m. V ]hu >) Ghjhrndbanahs - Deknd ejah Ast peah rhujbr-sh h rhegnjbznr-sh. - Es pessìvhbs Vt ]hu sëe dhvnjtnans phde hstuae jn knrtn, shjae kej`brlnae aurnjth e Asdek, ahvhjae shr kejchkbae ah teaes es kelpejhjths. - @îkbd Bat h Nkhsse, phrlbtbr ah`hsn thlperîrbn h prepbkbnr kemhrtns h nmrbges =) Qbpes - Bjbkbnd - Dek je bjthrber ans D Nlg

- Btj - Dek je Btj Asdek

- V]VE ;) Vrekhablhjtes n) Knse cnon absphrsëe? - ]hgrhssnr ne ÿdtble Vt ]hu eu Nvç ntâ e Vrex - Jn rhergnjbznçëe, telnr Laa jhkhssîrbns ne presshgublhjte. - Ah`bjbr kejabçøhs (thlpe lîxble ah hsphrn, jÿlhre ah celhjs, htk. k. Nç Ktt Bjb >) Dhvnjtnr, kejtbjunlhjth, ns pessbmbdbanahs ah ntunçëe ae Bjb h n kejau-tn n shr naetnan. Ljt hstuae ah sbtunçëe kejtìjue. =) Hxhrkhr Kt celhjs (KB jhkhssbanah Ljt abskbpdbjn ah ruìaes). ;) Ngbr rîpbae h h`bknzlhjth. 1) Nahstrnlhjte ae ANK jn npdbknçëe ans Qâkjbkns ah Nçøhs Blhabntns a. Nç H Vrge h Vt Ktk ;>

>) Ghjhrndbanahs. - [ëe îrhns eu pejtes quh e`hrhkh rhstrbçøhs ne Lvt, `bknjae, jerlnd-lhjth, e ANK vudjhrîvhd nes @e h eu n Ems Bjb. =) Vrekhablhjtes Ghrnbs. - Dhvnjtnr aurnjth e Vdo, prhvhjae h trnjslbtbjae n kejautn ne ntbj-gì-des. - Ahsmeranr, sh èr pessìvhd. - Vrhvhr eu sedbkbtnr Np @e, [`k. - ]dz ]hk h Hstm [hg. - Qrnjsper rîpbae h sbdhjkbesnlhjth, per grupes eu bjabvbaundlhjth ;) Vrekhablhjtes pnrtbkudnrhs. n) Hstrnans - Kurvns eu trhkces lnbs hstrhbtes quh pessun kemhrtns ah nlmes es dnaes. m) Kdnrhbrns - Ahsmeranr. k) Vejths - Hvbtnr ]hk h Pbg teaes es Vt quh phrlbtnl Ems h @e semrhn lhsln. a) Kurses a'îgun - ]hk lnrghl ah pnrtban h ]hk h Hstm [hg jn lnrghl epestn. - Knse hxbstn vnu, ntrnvhssnr rnpbanlhjth. - Je rhterje, hvbtnr n trnvhssbn je lhsle pejte - Knse cnon meths, hvbtnr ahbxî-des jn lnrghl ejah ceuvh e ahshlmnrquh. h) Knshmrhs eu pevenaes - Hvbtnr - ]haemrnr prhskrbçøhs rhdntbvns ne sbgbde. - Ljt abstíjkbns su`bkbhjth je ahsmeranlhjte, pnrn quh es këhs jëe phrkhmnl e Ast. `) Ahs`bdnahbres h deknbs prepìkbes pnrn hlmesknans. - ]hk njths. - Pnjgunran h @dnjkegunran h Hdl dbg. N [hg ahsdekn-sh je dblbth ae knlpe ah emshrvnçëe.

;=

g) Emt nrtb`bkbnbs - Hvbtnr pnssnghjs. h. Kejtredh - Bj`dub ahkbsbvnlhjth jn ntunçëe ae Ast - Klt ahvh thr n knpnkbanah ah lnjemrnr shus celhjs h kejauzbr es @eges. - N knahbn ah kelnjae â e Vkp Hdl Kt, je hjtnjte ns erahjs peahl shr trnjslbtban phde Klt abrhtnlhjth n ndgul celhl. - Hl teaes es lhbes ah Kel abspejìvhbs. - [um Klt n rhtngunran. - Qeaes ahvhl hstnr nthjtes ne ghstes hlbtbaes. - Kejtnghl. - Celhl n celhl (Gp/Hsk) p/ grnjahs h`htbves. - Vhdn kedujn. - Npûs N Vrge, Vt Ktk, htk. `. [hgurnjçn >) Aurnjth e Vdo. - Vrhvhr Laa p/ hvbtnr surprhsn Bjb. - Hstuae ah sbtunçëe Vdo jn knrtn lbjukbesn. - Hstm dbg jhkhssîrbns æ Keer Np Nh eu ah @e. - ]bgeresn abskbpdbjn ah duzhs h ruìaes, Xt kerrhtn ae thrrhje . - Pbg teans ns Abrh. - Ndhrtnr kejstnjthlhjth es celhjs. =) Aurnjth es Asdek. - @erlnçëe h absphrsëe nahqunan ne thrrhje. - Kejstnjth hstuae ae thrrhje. ;;

- [hgurnjçn æ `rhjth, kel abstíjkbn kelpntìvhd (kejtnte vbsund h Np lÿtue). - Hskdnrhkhaerhs. - Vrhvhr reaìzbe. - [hg jes `dnjkes - abstrbmubçëe ah shterhs ah Ems. - [hg æ rhtngunran. - [hg pnrn kbln. ;) Jes ndtes n) @bjndbanah jes Ndtes. - Ems, hskutnr eu bahjtb`bknr qundquhr Ntv Bjb. - Qrnjslbtbr Lsg, ndblhjtnçëe, ahsknjse, erbhjtnçëe h ]hk. m) Kejghdnr k) Ndte? Qelnr pesbçøhs (pâ, oehdce eu ahbtnae), nprevhbtnjae ns kemhrtns h nmrbges hxbsthjth jns blhabnçøhs. a) Ndte gunranae - Vnrnan lnbs predejgnan, jn qund e Ast teln ul Aspe lnbs nmhrte h Hdl peahl shr ahstnknaes pnrn Ekp Ves aelbjnths. 1) Jes Emo - Kerrhtn Xt Gp [hg, abspestes ah leae n bsednr N Emo h kel n `bjndbanah ah prethghr n Nç Hsk Nss. - Hl ndgujs knse n Gp Nss, npûs hxhkutnrhl e Nss phde @e eu `ì-sbke, èrjhkhl n prethçëe Nprex n Gp quh ntunl je Emo. g) Nçëe je emohtbve - Hstm [hg ne ntbjgbr V]VE. - ]dz ]hk. - ]ntb`bknr eu rhtb`bknr e Vdo npûs e ]hk, Bjè n shus kelnjaes. - Hxhkutnr n telnan ae Aspe. - Ekp ns Ves aes Hsk Nss h [hg ne lhsle thlpe, sh pessìvhd. ;1

- Hstm [hg. - Hsk [hg Ljt Klt Bjè semrh Ntv Bjb. - Blphabr n hjtrnan ah ]h` Bjb jn N, npûs e bjìkbe an Nçëe. - Vrethghr e ]ht Hsk Nss, ]ht Lat E eu sbjnd kejvhjkbejnae. - Kt ahsaemrnlhjte ae Hsk. Ekp Ves k/ rnpbahz h e lîxble ah kubanae, musknjae e sbgbde. - Gp Np @e ahshjknahbn es tbres (Lat E, npûs ]hm @e Bjb, Htk). Vre-kurn jhutrndbznr eEmo. [usphjah eu Qrjp e tbre. - Gp Nss kejqubstnl e Ljt Emo, prethghjae n ntunçëe aes ahlnbs Gp ah shu hskndëe. - Jëe hxbstbjae Np @e, E(s) Gp(s) Nss peahrî (ëe) rhndbznr e Nss phde @ege. c. ]htrnblhjte - Bduabr e Bjb qunjte ne Btj ah rhgrhsse ae Ast. - Lat E, sbjnd kejvhjkbejnae eu hl ahthrlbjnae lelhjte kelmb-jnae, ntrnvâs Btj prhvbste ntâ e V]VE, rhergnjbznjae-sh rhergnjbznjae-s h sem n prethçëe ae Hsk [hg, njths ah ah presshgubr. - Nlnrrnr n shqôïjkbn ae ]ht h hxhkutî-de kejèrlh e Vdo h hjsnbnae - Vnrn relphr e Ktt k/ Bjb, ntunr phde @e ntrnvâs ae Hsk [hg. - Gpes phrshgubaes jëe ahvh ahjujkbnr e V]VE. Bduabr e Bjb per lhbe ah Vreg hl thrrhje ab`ìkbd. ]hhstnmhdhkhr e Ktt k/ ANK hl eutres V ]hu eu ]ht bsednanlhjth.

Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Vrhhjkcblhjte an knahrjhtn ah pdnjhonlhjte ae Klt ANK.

—Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes? [ëe nçøhs jerlndlhjth ngrhssbvns, rhndbznans per trepn qundb`bknan, ah vnder h kejstbtubçëe vnrbîvhbs, ntrnvâs ah uln bj`bdtrnçëe per thrrn, lnr eu nr kejtrn ndves ah vnder sbgjb`bkntbve, dekndbznaes hl îrhns cestbs eu sem kejtredh ae Bjblbge.“ ;8

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ @ND 7,0= L201 Vnrn-@nd @X_BD NXQELÎQBKE DHPH 7.0=ll L201 (VN]N - @ND) >. CB[QÛ]BKE E ùzbd shlb-nutelîtbke â n nrln dejgn, quh utbdbznjae n èrçn ah hxpnjsëe aes gnshs, rhndbzn teans ns ephrnçøhs ah ùjkbejnlhjte lhjes e AH[HJGNQBDCNLHJQE, E AB[VN]E H N VH]KX[[ËE. E prblhbre leahde rhndlhjth prîtbke èb krbnae per CB]NL LNSBL hl >331. Hl >338, e nustrìnke PEL LNJJDBKCH] preohteu ul ùzbd quh peabn shr utbdbznae kele nutelîtbke h shlb-nutelîtbke. Hl >330 surgbu e knrtukce lhtîdbke "DHMND" , utbdbznjae pûdvern shkn, quh phrlbtbu n rîpban hveduçëe aes leahdes shlb-nutelîtbkes. Jn >ª GXH]]N LXJABND sëe utbdbznaes aebs leahdes? e nlhrbknje "LEJA]NGEL" h e `rnjkïs "[NBQ HQBHJJH". jn =ª GXH]]N LXJABND , npnrhkhrnl abvhrses leahdes? es nlhrbknjes "GN]NJA" , "LNX[H] 1>ll" h "WNDQH]" 1>ll" h es russes "G-1;" H "LV-11". Hl >28;, musknjae `nkbdbtnr e npebe degìstbke lÿtue, ns jnçøhs phrthjkhjths æ EQNJ (Ergnjbznçëe ae trntnae ae Ntdíjtbke Jerth) rhsedvhrnl pnarejbznr e nrlnlhjte h lujbçëe ah suns èrçns nrlnans . @eb naetnae e kndbmrh 7,0=ll pnrn e nrlnlhjte dhvh.

=. NV]H[HJQNÇËE -Jÿlhre ah hstequh ae hxârkbte (JHH) ........... >668 > 600 >66 -Bjabkntbve lbdbtnr............................................ @z 7,0= L201 VN]N@ND -Jelhjkdnturn............................................... @uzbd 7,0= L201 VN]N@ND

;. KN]NKQH]Ì[QBKN[ n. Nsphktes kdnssb`bkntûrbes >) Qbpe....................Vertîtbd =) Hlprhge.............Bjabvbaund ;) Vrbjkìpbe leter....@erçn ah hxpnjsëe aes gnshs 1) @ujkbejnlhjte...[hlb-nutelîtbke 8) Knrrhgnlhjte.....]htreknrgn 0) ]nbnlhjte..........Ndln rnbnan, kel 61 rnbns æ abrhbtn 7) Kndbmrh...............7,0=ll m. Anaes Julârbkes >) Vhse? ;0

- An nrln shl e knrrhgnaer.............. 1,=66 Ig - Ae knrrhgnaer vnzbe........................ 6,=86 Ig - Ae knrrhgnaer kchbe........................ 6,7;6 Ig =) Phdekbanah thûrbkn ah tbre...................>=6 QVL ;) Phdekbanah prîtbkn ah tbre? - Qbre kejtìjue...................................>=6 QVL - Qbre bjthrlbthjth.............................. 06 QVL 1) Ndknjkh lîxble...............................;.366 l 8) Ndknjkh ah utbdbznçëe? - [hl dujhtn.....................................066 l - Kel dujhtn.....................................366 l k. Ndblhjtnçëe >) Knrrhgnaer........................ Qbpe ke`rh lhtîdbke kel knpnkbanah pnrn =6(vbjth) knrtukces

1. NKH[[Û]BE[ n. Mnjaedhbrn m. Meknd pnrn dnjçnlhjte ah grnjnans h quhmrn-kcnlns k. Ndçn pnrn dnjçnlhjte ah grnjnan a. ]hèrçnaer pnrn tbre ah `hstbl h. Mnbejhtn `. Dujhtn pnrn tbre hsphkbnd

8. [EM]H[[NDHJQH[ n. Es semrhssndhjths sëe phçns quh nkelpnjcnl n nrln pnrn uln uln trekn blhabntn.

0. @H]]NLHJQN[ n. Ns `hrrnlhjtns ahstbjnans æ lejtnghl h ahslejtnghl sëe abstrbmuìans nes ab`hrhjths hskndøhs ah lnjuthjçëe , ah nkerae kel ns lbssøhs quh dchs sëe ntrbmuìans. m. Vnrn es trnmndces ah lnjuthjçëe ergíjbkn, n aetnçëe â n sshgubjth? hgubjth? >) >¿ hskndëe? H[QEOE AH DBLVH_N H [HX KEJQHßAE.

;7

=) =¿ hskndëe? Medsn ah nkhssûrbes ah lnjuthjçëe ah =¿ hskndëe.

7. LXJBÇËE n . Xtbd Xtbdbzn bzn es shgubjths knrtukces ? -Knr 7,0= Ld.............................Erabjîrbe (guhrrn) -Knr 7,0= V`..............................Vhrùrnjth -Knr 7,0= Qr..............................Qrnçnjth -Knr 7,0= @t..............................@hstbl -Knr 7,0= Dç.............................Vnrn dnjçnlhjte ah grnjnan -Knr 7,0= V`d.............................Vhrùrnj V`d.............................Vhrùrnjth th -bjkhjabîrbn -Knr 7,0= Ljo...........................Ah lnjhoe m. Xtbdbzn es shgubjths tbpes ah grnjnan -Njtbphssend -Njtbknrre -Bjkhjabîrbe -Ah hxhrkìkbe

AH[LEJQNGHL AH >ª H[KNDËE >) LHABAN[ V]HDBLBJN]H[ >) Nmrbr n kerejcn rhmntìvhd =) rhtbrnr e knrrhgnaer ;) hxhkutnr aebs gedphs ah shgurnjçn 1) trnvnr n nrln 8) rhtbrnr n mnjaedhbrn =) AH[LEJQNGHL AH >ª H[KNDËE >) nmrbr n knbxn an kudntrn ;3

=) rhtbrnr e kejoujte `hrredce blpudser ae `hrredce tnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn ;) shpnrnr e kejoujte `hrredce blpudser ae `hrredce an tnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn 1) shpnrnr e `hrredce ae blpudser ae `hrredce 8) rhtbrnr e phrkurser 0) shpnrnr e phrkurser ah sun ledn 7) rhtbrnr e emturnaer ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 3) rhtbrnr e ïlmede h n ledn ae ïlmede 2) shpnrnr e ïlmede ah sun ledn >6) rhtbrnr ns pdnkns ae gunran-lëe ;) LEJQNGHL AH >ª H[KNDËE >) lejtnr ns pdnkns ae gunran lëe =) kedeknr n ledn ae ïlmede je ïlmede ;) kedeknr e ïlmede h n ledn ae ïlmede je kbdbjare ah gnshs 1) lejtnr e emturnaer ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 8) kedeknr n ledn ae phrkurser je phrkurser 0) lejtnr e phrkurser je `hrredce 7) lejtnr e `hrredce je blpudse ae `hrredce 3) lejtnr e kejoujte `hrredce blpudser ae `hrredce h n tnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn 2) kedeknr jn nrln e kejoujte `hrredce blpudser ae `hrredce tnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn >6) `hkcnr n knbxn an kudntrn 1) LHABAN[ KELVDHLHJQN]H[ >) hjgntbdcnr n nrln =) ahstrnvnr n nrln ;) ahshjgntbdcnr n nrln h trnvnr 1) kedeknr n mnjaedhbrn 8) kedeknr e knrrhgnaer 0) @hkcnr n kerejcn rhmntìvhd ;2

VHÇN[ NVÛ[ AH[LEJQNGHL AH >ª H[KNDËE >) Knrrhgnaer =) Mnjaedhbrn ;) Qnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn 1) Blpudser ae `hrredce 8) Vbje ae phrkurser 0) @hrredce 7) Ledn ae phrkusser 3) Vhrkusser 2) Emturnaer ae kbdbjare ah gnshs >6) Ledn ae ïlmede >>) Ïlmede >=) Vdnkns ae gunran-lëe >;) Kejoujte nrlnçëe-kerejcn h knje-knbxn an kudntrn

=. Ahslejtnghl ae =¿ hskndëe Qhl per `bjndbanah n lnjuthjçëe ah = ¿ hskndëe h â ah rhspejsnmbdbanah ae Km No Lhk Nrlt D [X. Jn rhndbznçëe ans ephrnçøhs shrî jhkhssîrbe utbdbznr `hrrnlhjtns hsphkbnbs, tnbs kele? kcnvh an lnçn ah lbrn, kcnvh ae hxtrnter, kcnvh hl —Q“ h kcnvh ah `hjan. ª

> Ephrnçëe ]HQB]N] N[ VDNKN[ AE GXN]AN-LËE n. Ahsnphrtnr e pnrnùse hxbsthjth jn pnrth njthrber an pdnkn abrhbtn. m. [hpnrnr ns pdnkns h rhtbrî-dns ah shus npebes. k. Emshrvnr quh e pnrnùse â hjgnstnae jn pdnkn abrhbtn.

=ª Ephrnçëe AH[LEJQNGHL AE HSQ]NQE] Ahvh shr `hbtn kel kubanae pnrn quh e hxtrnter h shu blpudser jëe shonl dnjçnaes n abstíjkbnphdn èrth prhssëe ae blpudser an ledn ae hxtrnter. Cî aebs prekhsses? 16

>¿ prekhsse? utbdbznjae n kcnvh ae hxtrnter. - Hjknbxnr n kcnvh jn pnrth pesthrber ae `hrredce9 - Vrhjahr n pejtn an kcnvh je erb`ìkbe ae blpudser ae hxtrnter. @erçnjae n ndnvnjkn pnrn n rhtnrgunran, prhjah-sh e blpudser h rhtbrn-sh rhtbrn-s h e hxtrnter. - Vnrn dbmhrnr n blprhssëe an ledn ae blpudser, dhvn-sh n ndnvnjkn ae hxtrnter æ `rhjth, rhtbrnjae-sh e blpudser ae hxtrnter. - [hpnrnr e blpudser ae hxtrnter ah sun ledn ¿

= prekhsse? utbdbznjae ul knrtukce eu tekn pbje. - Bjtreauz-sh n pejtn ae knrtukce je erb`ìkbe ae blpudser ae hxtrnter, kelprblbjae èrthlhjth e blpudser h dbmhrtnjae e hxtrnter. Qhr n prhknuçëe ah hvbtnr n absthjsëe. - N shgubr, ahbxn-sh snbr ah shu ndeo , kel kubanae, e blpudser ae hxtrnter h sun ledn. - [hpnrn-sh e blpudser h ledn.

;ª Ephrnçëe [HVN]NÇËE AE KNJE- KNBSN AN KXDNQ]N AN N]LNÇËE- KE]EJCN - Bahjtb`bquh n knvbdcn ae hbxe an nrlnçëe, jn `nkh hsquhran an nrln. - Kel uln kcnvh ah `hjan, ahsnpnrnùsh n knvbdcn ae hbxe an nrlnçëe h rhtbrh-n ae hbxe an nrlnçëe. - Kel e nuxìdbe an prûprbn knvbdcn, ah ul tekn pbje eu knrtukce, hlpurrh e hbxe an nrlnçëe, an hsquhran pnrn n abrhbtn, rhtbrnjae-e. - [hpnrh e kejoujte knje- knbxn an kudntrn ae kejoujte nrlnçëe- kerejcn. -

1ª Ephrnçëe AH[LEJQNGHL AN LNÇN AH LB]N Njths ah bjbkbnr n ahslejtnghl an lnçn ah lbrn, Ahvhles ntnrrnkcî-dn kelpdhtnlhjth kel n kcnvh an lnçn ah lbrn kejtnjae e jÿlhre ah —kdbis“, e quh phrlbtbrî lejtî-dn jn lhsln pesbçëe. Hl shguban, ahsntnrrnkcî-dn kelpdhtnlhjth h rhtbrî-dn oujtnlhjth kel e hjgrnznaer h ledn an lnçn ah lbrn. Emshrvh quh es rhssndtes ae hjgrnznaer `bknl pnrn kbln.

8ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE AB[VN]NAE] 1>

Bahjtb`bknr e abspnrnaer jn `nkh hsquhran ae knje-knbxn an kudntrn Gbrî-de 26¿ je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe, h`htunjae dhvh prhssëe pnrn trîs, kejtbjunjae e levblhjte ntâ rhtbrî-de an knbxn an kudntrn.

0ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE ]HGB[Q]E AH QB]E H [HGX]NJÇN Gbrî-de je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe ntâ quh `bquh jn pesbçëe vhrtbknd hl rhdnçëe æ kerejcn. Ne ntbjgbr n pesbçëe, puxh-e pnrn èrn.

8ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE AB[VN]NAE] Bahjtb`bknr e abspnrnaer jn `nkh hsquhran ae knje-knbxn an kudntrn Gbrî-de 26¿ je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe, h`htunjae dhvh prhssëe pnrn trîs, kejtbjunjae e levblhjte ntâ rhtbrî-de an knbxn an kudntrn.

0ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE ]HGB[Q]E AH QB]E H [HGX]NJÇN Gbrî-de je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe ntâ quh `bquh jn pesbçëe vhrtbknd hl rhdnçëe æ kerejcn. Ne ntbjgbr n pesbçëe, puxh-e pnrn èrn.

8ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE AB[VN]NAE] Bahjtb`bknr e abspnrnaer jn `nkh hsquhran ae knje-knbxn an kudntrn Gbrî-de 26¿ je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe, h`htunjae dhvh prhssëe pnrn trîs, kejtbjunjae e levblhjte ntâ rhtbrî-de an knbxn an kudntrn.

0ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE ]HGB[Q]E AH QB]E H [HGX]NJÇN Gbrî-de je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe ntâ quh `bquh jn pesbçëe vhrtbknd hl rhdnçëe æ kerejcn. Ne ntbjgbr n pesbçëe, puxh-e pnrn èrn. 1=

7ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE LN]QHDE

^XNQ]E EVH]NÇØH[ MÎ[BKN[ - Dbmhrnr e lnrthde h kejauzb-de. - ]htbrnr e blpudser ae lnrthde æ `rhjth vngnresnlhjth - ]htbrnr n pdnkn superth aes hbxes. - ]htbrnr e hbxe ae lnrthde. Bahjtb`bknr e lnrthde ahjtre an nrlnçëe. Kel uln ans lëes kelprbln e lnrthde pnrn mnbxe h nkbejnjae e gntbdce vngnresnlhjth kejauzn e lnrthde n sun pesbçëe lnbs nvnjçnan, ahskelprblbjae nssbl n sun ledn. Kel uln kcnvh ah `hjan eu ul knrtukce bjtreauzbjae per mnbxe ae hsteoe an ledn ae lnrthde, `nçn-e snbr ae npebe an nrlnçëe, thjae e kubanae ah hjvedvï-de kel lëe pnrn hvbtnr e dnjçnlhjte n abstíjkbn. Hl shguban rhtbrh e kejoujte? hsteoe, cnsth-gubn h ledn ae lnrthde, shpnrnjae-es ahpebs. Gbrh n pdnkn superth aes hbxes pnrn kbln h rhtbrh-n phdn rhtngunran. (Blpertnjth pnrn jëe phrahr es hbxes). E hbxe ae lnrthde hstîe dbvrh. Kel ul tekn pbje eu lhsle n ujcn, hlpurrh-e phdn hsquhran h rhtbrh-e phdn abrhbtn, n shgubr rhtbrn lnrthde.

3ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE GNQBDCE BJQH]LHABÎ]BE Bahjtb`bknr e gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe je ùjae an nrlnçëe, kedeknjae per semrh e gntbdce. Kel ul tekn pbje kelprblbr e hbxe ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe pnrn abrhbtn, ne lhsle thlpe quh shgurn-sh e gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe hjtrh es ahaes pedhgnr h bjabknaer pnrn blphabr quh sndth per nçëe ah sun ledn. Kejtbjunjae n kelprblbr e hbxe, rhtbrh-e phdn abrhbtn h hl shguban e gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe.

2ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AE GNQBDCE Bahjtb`bknr e gntbdce. Hlpurrh pnrn kbln dbvrnjae-e ah shu blpudser.

>6ª Ephrnçëe ]HQB]NAN AN LEDN H BLVXD[E] AE GNQBDCE BJQH]LHABÎ]BE Kele ÿdtbln hspbrn an ledn ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe â nmhrtn, hxtrnì-dn oujte kel e blpudser ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe kel nuxìdbe an kcnvh ah `hjan eu an ujcn.

>>ª Ephrnçëe 1;

]HQB]NAN AN[ LEDN[ ]HKXVH]NAE]N[ ]htbrh e pnrnùses an kcnpn an sedhbrn, emshrvnjae quh e lhsle pessub uln nrruhdn ah prhssëe. ]htbrh n kcnpn an sedhbrn. Kel n kcnvh hl —Q“, rhtbrh e pnrnùse ans ledns h eutrn nrruhdn prhknvhjae-sh kejtrn n absthjsëe ans ledns. ]htbrnjae-sh ah shu ndeonlhjte. Emshrvh quh e pnrnùse ans ledns pessub uln nrruhdn ae tbpe dbsn h quh n hxtrhlbanah epestn ne pnrnùse pessub uln cnsth. ]hkelhjan-sh n ahslejtnghl ahstns ledns shlprh quh n nrln thjcn knìae jn îgun.

>=ª Ephrnçëe AH[LEJQNGHL AE KN]]HGNAE] Kel ul tekn pbje eu knrtukce kedeknae je erb`ìkbe hxbsthjth je ùjae ae knrrhgnaer, èrkh-e pnrn kbln h pnrn trîs ntâ quh hdh ahsdbzh pnrn èr khrkn ah >kl. [hpnrh-e ae knrrhgnaer, `bknjae nthjte æ absthjsëe an ledn ae knrrhgnaer. ]htbrh kubanaesnlhjth n ledn ae knrrhgnaer ntâ quh e trnjspertnaer hsthon prejte pnrn snbr. Gbrh-e je shjtbae dejgbtuabjnd rhtbrnjae-e phdn pnrth pesthrber ae knrrhgnaer. Emshrvh quh sû uln hxtrhlbanah an ledn hjknbxn-sh phr`hbtnlhjth je trnjspertnaer. 6>. Mnjaedhbrn 6=. Blpudser ae `hrredce 6;. Vbje ae phrkurser 61. Ledn ae phrkurser 68. Vhrkurser 60. Qnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn

67. Ledn Emturnaer ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 63. ae ïlmede 62. Ïlmede >6. Vdnkns ae gunran-lëe >>. Hxtrnter >=. @hrredce >;. Ledn ae hxtrnter kel nlerthkhaer >1. Blpudser ae hxtrnter >8. Knvbdcn ae hbxe an nrlnçëe >0. Hbxe an nrlnçëe >7. Ledn an lnçn ah lbrn >3. Hjgrnznaer >2. Lnçn ah lbrn

=6.   Kejoujte Abspnrnaerknje-knbxn kel lednan kudntrn =>.

==. ]hgbstre ah tbre h shgurnjçn =;. Cnsth-gubn an ledn ae lnrthde =1. Ledn ae lnrthde =8. Hsteoe an ledn ae lnrthde =0. Vdnkn superth aes hbxes =7. Hbxe ae lnrthde

=3. Hbxe Lnrthde =2. ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe ;6. Gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe ;>. Ledn h blpudser ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe ;=. Gntbdce ;;. Vnrnùse an kcnpn an sedhbrn kel nrruhdn ;1. Kcnpn an sedhbrn ;8. Vnrnùse ans ledns rhkuphrnaerns h

nrruhdns ;0. Ledns rhkuphrnaerns h cnsth-gubn (jëe shpnrnr) ;7. Kejoujte nrlnçëe kerejcn ;3. @ujae ae knrrhgnaer ;2.   Ledn Kerpeae aeknrrhgnaer knrrhgnaer 16. 1>. Qrnjspertnaer

11

;. Jelhjkdnturn n. Vnrn kelprhhjsëe ae hstuae ae ùjkbejnlhjte thles quh nprhjahr n jelhjkdnturn ah ndgulns pnrths h phçns @z 7,0= L201. Qhles bjbkbndlhjth jevh kejoujtes? - ae NVN]HDCE AH VEJQN]BN9 - N]LNÇËE9 - KNBSN AN KXDNQ]N9 - KNJE9 - KN]]HGNAE]9 - KBDBJA]E AH GN[H[9 - KE]EJCN9 - @H]]EDCE9 - BLVXD[E] AE @H]]EDCE >) Je NVN]HDCE AH VEJQN]BN, hjkejtrnles? n LNÇN AH LB]N h n NDÇN AH LB]N. -LNÇN AH LB]N? Vessub 1 grnaunçøhs abstbjtns. -NDÇN AH LB]N? Â grnaunan ah =66 n 066l h pessub = pnrnùses pnrn kerrhçëe ah abrhçëe. =) Jn N]LNÇËE, hjkejtrnles? n) Kcnvhtn ae trbjke an nrlnçëe9 m) Lhknjbsle an nrlnçëe? (>) ]hgbstre ah tbre h shgurnjçn (=) Blpudser ae lnrthde? cnsth-gubn an ledn ae lnrthde, ledn ae lnrthde h hsteoe an ledn ae lnrthde (;) Vdnkn superth aes hbxes (1) Lnrthde h hbxe ae lnrthde (8) Gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe h shu hbxe (0) Gntbdce h blpudser ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe (7) Blpudser ae gntbdce Hbxe an nrlnçëe h knvbdcn ae hbxe an nrlnçëe ;) Jn KNBSN AN KXDNQ]N, hjkejtrnles? n) Qndëe an Knbxn an Kudntrn m) ]htâl ae Knrrhgnaer k) Onjhdn ah Hohçëe a) ]nlpns ah Nkhsse h) Ndeonlhjte an Mnrrn ae Hxtrnter `) Npebe ae @hrredce g) Hohter c) ]htâl ae @hrredce 1) Je KNJE, hjkejtrnles? n) Kílnrn m) ûhmrn-kcnlns (>) Meknd pnrn e dnjçnlhjte ah grnjnans9 (=) Hjtndch pnrn `bxnçëe an mnbejhtn9 18

(;) ]hkhpter ae rhèrçnaer pnrn e tbre ah `hstbl9 8) Je KN]]HGNAE], hjkejtrnles? n)Kerpe ae knrrhgnaer m)Ledn ae knrrhgnaer k)Nmns ae knrrhgnaer a)Qrnjspertnaer h)Gnjkce ae knrrhgnaer `) @ujae ae knrrhgnaer 0) Je KBDBJA]E AH GN[H[, hjkejtrnles? n) Njhd rhgudnaer ah hsknph ah gnshs m) Ïlmede h ledn ae ïlmede k) Hvhjte ah nalbssëe a) Emturnaer ae kbdbjare ah gnshs h) Erb`ìkbes ah hsknph ah gnshs rhsbaunbs `) Mdeke ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 7) Jn KE]EJCN, hjkejtrnles? n) m) k) a)

Vujce kel hsteoe ah dblphzn Gunran lnte Kcnpn an sedhbrn h pnrnùse k/ nrruhdn ah prhssëe Ledns rhkuphrnaerns, cnsth gubn ans ledns rhkuphrnaerns h pnrnùse ans ledns rhkuphrnaerns kel nrruhdn.

@nd 7,0=ll L 201 Vnrn-@nd ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Bahjtb`bknr ns knrnkthrìstbkns9 ahslejtnghl h lejtnghl (=¶ hskndëe)9 ephrnçëe h Lnjhoe. QBVE[ AH BJKBAHJQH[

@NDCN JN HSQ]NÇËE

@NDCN JN VH]KX[[ËE @NDCN JN HOHÇËE

KNX[N[ >-Gnrrn ae hxtrnter gnstn eu quhmrnan. =-Ledn ae hxtrnter quhmrnan eu `rnkn. ;-Pbredn ae hsteoe quhmrnan. 1-]hkue bjkelpdhte ae `hrredce per bjsu`bkbïjkbn bjsu`bkbïjk bn ah gnshs. >-Vejtn ae phrkusser gnstn eu quhmrnan. >-Hohter quhmrnae. =-Bjsu`bkbïjkbn =-Bjsu`bkbïjk bn ah gnshs.

KE]]HÇØH[ >-[umstbtubr e hxtrnter. =-[umstbtubr n ledn. ;-[nknr e hsteoe an kílnrn. 1-]hgudnr e hsknph ah gnshs. >-[umstbtubr e phrkusser. >-[umstbtubr e hohter. =-]hauzbr e hsknph ah gnshs. 10

@NDCN JN NDBLHJQNÇËE

@NDCN JE HJGNQBDCNLHJQE

@NDCN JE KN]]HGNLHJQE

@NDCN JE AB[VN]E @NDCN JN NV]H[HJQNÇËE @NDCN JE AH[HJGNQBDCNLHJQE JHGN

>-Kerpe ae knrrhgnaer nlnssnae. =-]htâl ae knrrhgnaer gnste. ;-Ledn ae rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer quhmrnan. >-Bjsu`bkbïjkbn >-Bjsu`bkbïjk bn ah gnshs. =-Ahjth ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe gnste (tbre shlb-nutelîtbke). ;-Knuan ae abspnrnaer gnstn (tbre nutelîtbke). 1-Ledn ae abspnrnaer `rnkn eu quhmrnan (tbre nutelîtbke). >-Bjsu`bkbïjkbn >-Bjsu`bkbïjk bn ah gnshs. =-Hsteoe relpbae je bjthrber an kílnrn. ;-Lujbçëe ah`hbtuesn. 1-Nmns ae knrrhgnaer nlnssnans. 8-Ledns rhkuphrnaerns `rnkns eu quhmrnans. >-Ledn ae lnrthde quhmrnan eu `rnkn. >-Ledn ae knrrhgnaer `rnkn eu quhmrnan. =-Qrnjspertnaer nlnssnae. ;-Kerpe ae knrrhgnaer nlnssnae. >-Ahjth ae abspnrnaer quhmrnae. >-Lujbçëe ah`hbtuesn.

>-[umstbtubr e knrrhgnaer. =-[umstbtubr e rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer. ;- [umstbtubr n ledn. >-]hauzbr e hsknph ah gnshs. =-[umstbtubr e gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe. ;-[umstbtubr e abspnrnaer. 1-[umstbtubr n ledn. >-]hauzbr e hsknph ah gnshs. =-[nknr e hsteoe an kílnrn. ;-[umstbtubr n lujbçëe. 1-[umstbtubr e knrrhgnaer. 8-[umstbtubr ns ledns. >-[umstbtubr n ledn. >-[umstbtubr n ledn. =-[umstbtubr e trnjspertnaer. ;- [umstbtubr e knrrhgnaer. knrrhgnaer. >-[umstbtubr e abspnrnaer. >-[umstbtubr n lujbçëe.

17

13

Dhghjan 78-Gntbdce 61-Kbdbjare ah gnshs 70-Ledn ae gntbdce 68-Vbje ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 77-Blpudser ae gntbdce 60-Njhd rhgudnaer ah hsknph ah gnshs 73-Gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe 67-Duvn ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 72-Npebe an ledn ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe 63-ûhmrn-kcnlns 36-Ledn ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe bjthrlhabîrbe 62-Ledn-rhtâl an grnjnan >6-Ledn ah trnvnlhjte ae njhd rhgudnaer ah hsknph ah 3>-Hbxe an gntbdce h ae gntbdce bjthrlhabîrbe 31-Ledn ae rhgbstre ah tbre h shgurnjçn gnshs 38-Lhrgudcnaer ae rhgbstre ae rhgbstre ah tbre h shgurnjçn >>-Lnssn ah lbrn >=-Mrnçnahbrn ae znrhdce njthrber an mnjaedhbrn 30-Vbje ae rhgbstre ah tbre h shgurnjçn 37-Qrbjke an nrlnçëe >1N-_nrhdce njthrber an mnjaedhbrn 33-Ledn ae trbjke an nrlnçëe >2-Vnrnùse ae znrhdce njthrber an mnjaedhbrn 32-Lhrgudcnaer ae trbjke an nrlnçëe =6-Ledn ae rhtâl an lnssn ah lbrn 26-Vbje-gubn ae trbjke an nrlnçëe =>-Ïlmede ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 28-Vnrnùse an kcnvhtn ae trbjke an nrlnçëe ==-Ledn ae ïlmede ae kbdbjare ah gnshs 20-Gunran-lnte =;-Hjgrnznaer an lnssn ah lbrn 27-Vujce =8-Npebe ae `hrredce =3-Hohter 23-Verkn ah `bxnçëe ae pujce >6>-Qrnjspertnaer ae knrrhgnaer =2-Vbje ae hohter >6=-Ledn ae trnjspertnaer ae knrrhgnaer ;6-Kerpe an ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe >6;-@ujae ae knrrhgnaer ;>-Kcnvhtn an ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe >61-Qnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn ;=-Lhrgudcnaer ae pujce an ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe ;;-Ledn ae lhrgudcnaer ae pujce an a n ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe ;1-Vbje an kcnvhtn h ae lhrgudcnaer an ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe ;8-Vujce an ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe ;0-]htâl ae pujce an ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe ;2-Npebe an ledn ae rhtâl ae `hrredce 16-Ledn ae rhtâl ae `hrredce 1>-Qhkdn ae rhtâl ae `hrredce 1=-Vbje an thkdn ae rhtâl ae `hrredce 1;-]htâl ae knrrhgnaer   11-Ledn ae rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer 18-Vnrnùse-hbxe ae rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer h ae rhtâl ae `hrredce 10-@hrredce 17-Hxtrnter

>68-Ledn rhkuphrnaern hxthrber >60-Ledn rhkuphrnaern bjthrber >67-Cnsth ans ledns rhkuphrnaerns >63-Abspnrnaer >62-Ledn ae abspnrnaer >>6-Hbxe an nrlnçëe >>>-Knvbdcn ae hbxe an nrlnçëe >>=-Kerpe an ndçn ah lbrn >>;-Vnrnùse ah kerrhçëe ae ahsvbe an ndçn ah lbrn >>1-Kurser an ndçn ah lbrn >>8-Metëe shrrbdcnae ae kurser an ndçn ah lbrn >>0-Ledn ae metëe shrrbdcnae ae kurser an ndçn ah lbrn >>7-Vbje-dblbtnaerr ae kurser an ndçn ah lbrn >>7-Vbje-dblbtnae >>3-Ledn ah trnvnlhjte aes pnrnùses ah kerrhçëe ae ahsvbe an ndçn ah lbrn

13-Ledn ae hxtrnter 12-Nlerthkhaer ah vbmrnçëe an ledn ae hxtrnter 86-Vhrkusser 8>-Ledn ae phrkusser 8=-Vbje ae phrkusser 8;-Kerpe ae blpudser ae `hrredce 81-Cnsth ae blpudser ae `hrredce 88-Ledn an cnsth ae blpudser ae `hrredce 80-Lhrgudcnaer an cnsth ae blpudser ae `hrredce 87-Hbxe an cnsth ae blpudser ae `hrredce 83-Blpudser ae hxtrnter 0=-Vdnkn-superth aes hbxes ae lnrthde h ae gntbdce 07-Qume ndeonlhjte ans ledns rhkuphrnaerns 76-Lnrthde 7>-Hbxe ae lnrthde 7=-Cnsth-gubn an ledn ae lnrthde 7;-Ledn ae lnrthde 71-Hsteoe an ledn ae lnrthde lnrthde

>>2-Mnsh ae znrhdce znrhdce pesthrber pesthrber an an mnjaedhbrn mnjaedhbrn >==-Vbje ae >=8-Vnrnùse an kerejcn >=0-Nrruhdn ae pnrnùse an kerejcn >=3-Vnrnùse an kcnpn an sedhbrn >=2-Vnrnùse an knuan ah `bxnçëe an kerejcn h ae znrhdce pesthrber an mnjaedhbrn mnjaedhbrn >;3-Vnrnùse ah `bxnçëe ae gunran-lëe >;2-Gedn ae gunran-lëe >16-Kerpe an ndçn ah trnjsperth >1>-Vujce an ndçn ah trnjsperth >1=-Nrruhdn an ndçn ah trnjsperth >1;-Njhd ah prhssëe an ndçn ah trnjsperth >11-Nrruhdn ah prhssëe pnrn e pnrnùse ae gunran-lëe >18-Nrruhdn kñjbkn ahjtnan an kcnpn an sedhbrn >10-Njhd ah prhssëe ae pnrnùse ae gunran-lëe gunran-lëe

12

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Vst 2ll L27; BLMHD Hstn hxkhdhjth pbstedn lbdbtnr â ahrbvnan an `nlesn Vst 18 L2>>, `nmrbknan h nphr`hbçenan ne dejge ah 76 njes phdn Kedt n pnrth ae preohte ah Oecj Mrewjbjg h trnjsèrlnan pnrn e kndbmrh 2ll phdn BLMHD - Btnoumî. Vhdn shjsnthz ae shu ahshjce, shgurnjçn h remusthz, es phrbtes lbdbtnrhs n kejsbahrnl n lhdcer nrln ah ah`hsn nprexblnan oî kejstruìan. Ver hsth letbve, semrhvbvhu n auns guhrrns lujabnbs, kejtbjunjae n prhstnr hxkhdhjths shrvbçes ntâ ceoh. N sun kej`bnmbdbanah pnrn e kelmnth h prhkbsëe ah tbre phrlnjhkhl bjndthrnaes. N BLMHD, ahpebs ah `nmrbkî-dn per lubtes njes je kndbmrh 18, hstuaeu h preohteu sun `nmrbknçëe eu trnjsèrlnçëe pnrn kndbmrh 2ll Vnrnmhddul. [uns phçns kelpejhjths rhkhmhl trntnlhjte suphr`bkbnd pnrn kdblns h kejabçøhs Qrepbknbs h e sshu hu knrrhgnaer pnsseu n thr knpnkbanah pnrn 63 knrtukces, quh, kel lnbs ul jn kílnrn phr`nz ul knrrhgnlhjte tetnd ah 62 knrtukces, su`bkbhjths pnrn utbdbznçëe hl kelmnth, kel rîpban trekn ah knrrhgnaer sh jhkhssîrbe, lnjthjae e hqubdìmrbe an nrln shl dch ndthrnr n hlpudcn aurn njntñlbkn. Nphsnr ah krbtbknan per ndgujs, es dnmerntûrbes lbdbtnrhs ntâ ceoh jëe kejshgubrnl krbnr eutre tbpe ah nrln ah perth quh kejshgubssh rhujbr, kel nkhjtunan vnjtnghl, ns knrnkthrìstbkns an Vst eu n supdnjtnsshl jes nsphktes kejsbahrnaes jhgntbves.   JßLH]E AH H[QE^XH AE HSÂ]KBQE? JHH >668 >60;7=0-=  B JABKNQBPE LBDBQN] ?   JELHLKDNQX]N?

Vst 2L27;

Vbstedn 2L27; (BLMHD)

KN]NKQH]Ì[QBKN[  Nsphktes

Kdnssb`bkntûrbes

 Qbpe ? Ah perth  Hlprhge? Bjabvbaund  Vrbjkìpbe leter? Xtbdbznçëe abrhtn aes gnshs 

@ujkbejnlhjte? [hlb-nutelîtbkn, pebs rhndbzn nutelntbknlhjth teans ephrnçøhs ah ùjkbejnlhjte, hxkhte e ahshjgntbdcnlhjte, abspnre h n phrkussëe

 Knrrhgnlhjte?

]htreknrgn

 ]nbnlhjte? 1 n 0 rnbns an hsquhran pnrn n abrhbtn 

Kndbmrh? 2 ll. Julârbkes

 Anaes

86

 Vhse

shl knrrhgnaer ..................................................... >,6> Ig

 Vhse kel e knrrhgnaer vnzbe ......................................... >,>6 Ig  Vhse kel knrrhgnaer kelpdhte ...................................... >,=6 Ig  Phdekbanah n =8 l an nrln ......................................... ;12 l/s  Phdekbanah thûrbkn h Vrîtbkn ah tbre .............................. nbjan jëe èb ahthrlbjnan  Ndknjkh ah utbdbznçëe .................................................... 86 l  Lujbçëe

....................................................................... 2 ll —Vnrnmhddul“

 Knpnkbanah

ae knrrhgnaer ............................................ 3 knrtukces

 Kelprblhjte an nrln .................................................. =>,3 kl  Vhjhtrnçëe hl tnmntbjgn n 86 l ................................... 16kl  Vhjhtrnçëe hl mdeke ah pbjce n 86 l .......................... >6 kl 

Nkhssûrbes  Nkhssûrbe ah lnjuthjçëe? pessuh n vnrhtn h hskevn ah dblphzn  Nkhssûrbe

ah trnjsperth? nprhshjtn bjkerpernae ne pujce n prhsbdcn pnrn keraëe ah shgurnjçn eu ndçn pnrn `bnaer. AH[LEJQNGHL H LEJQNGHL AH >¿ H[KNDËE  Lhabans  >ª

Vrhdblbjnrhs

Lhaban? ]HQB]N] E KN]]HGNAE]

Kelprblbr n knmhçn shrrbdcnan ae rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer quh dbmhrnrî e knrrhgnaer ah shu ndeonlhjte je pujce, blpudsbejnae per sun ledn.  =ª

Lhaban? HSHKXQN] AEB[ GEDVH[ AH [HGX]NJÇN

Dhvh e `hrredce n rhtngunran h sedth-e per auns vhzhs.  ;ª

Lhaban? BJ[VHKBEJN] N KÍLN]N

Khrtb`bquh-sh ah quh jëe cî knrtukce eu hsteoe jn kílnrn.  1ª

Lhaban? AH[HJGNQBDCN] N N]LN

Kel e pedhgnr dhvh e këe pnrn n rhtngunran, kelprbnl n thkdn ae gntbdce h kejtredh e levblhjte pnrn `rhjth ae këe, shl ahbxnr cnvhr e kcequh je phrkursser. phrkur sser.

8>

 Ahslejtnghl

ah >¿ Hskndëe

Â rhndbznan phde usuîrbe h thl `bjndbanah hxhkutnr n lnjuthjçëe ah >¿ hskndëe. Qhl 0 ephrnçøhs.  >ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E H[QEOE AN LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N

n) Vuxh e këe pnrn n rhtngunran h gbrh e Abspesbtbve ah [hgurnjçn ae këe pnrn kbln. m) Npebnr n nrln kel e knje vedtnae pnrn kbln h e pujce pnrn e ephrnaer. Kelprblbr n knmhçn shrrbdcnan ae hsteoe an ledn rhkuphrnaern h gbrhn lnjgn ae knje pnrn n hsquhran (shjtbae cerîrbe). N`reuxnr grnantbvnlhjth n prhssëe semrh e rh`hrbae hsteoe ntâ quh e lhsle snb ae shu ndeonlhjte èrçnae phdn ledn rhkuphrnaern, thjae e kubanae pnrn jëe sedtnr ah vhz e hsteoe.  =ª Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] N LNJGN AE KNJE

n) Gbrn-sh n lnjgn ae knje pnrn n abrhbtn h rhtbrn-sh n lhsln.

m) Ahstrnvh n nrln9 gbrh e Abspesbtbve ah [hgurnjçn [hgur njçn ae këe pnrn mnbxe.  ;ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] N KCNPHQN AH @BSNÇËE AE KNJE

n) ]hkunr e `hrredce ntâ quh n hxtrhlbanah ae rhssndte shrrbdcnae an kcnvhtn kebjkban kel hjtndch lâabe hxbsthjth je `hrredce, hlpurrnr e hbxe an kcnvhtn quh n`dern ae dnae abrhbte an nrlnçëe, rhtbrnjae-ns hl shguban.  1ª

Ephrnçëe? [HVN]N] E @H]]EDCE AN N]LNÇËE

n) Qhjae e kubanae ah lnjthr e pujce vedtnae pnrn kbln, puxn-de pnrn n rhtngunran, lnjthjae e `hrredce jn lëe.  8ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E QXME GXBN AN LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N H N LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N

n) ]htbrh e tume gubn phdn rhtngunran puxnjae-e. N ledn rhkuphrnaern â rhtbrnan phdn `rhjth ae `hrredce.  0ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E KNJE

n) Nbjan kel e `hrredce jn pesbçëe njthrber, vbrn-sh e hde ah prbsëe ae knje pnrn n mekn ae lhsle. Hl shguban, dhvnjtn-sh n pnrth pesthrber ahsth, `nzhjae kel quh sh ahshjgrnzhl ae `hrredce es rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs ae knje h dnvn-sh e knje pnrn n `rhjth ntâ quh nmnjaejh tetndlhjth e `hrredce. Qhrlbjnan n ahslejtnghl ah >¿ hskndëe, thrhles ns shgubans phçns an hsquhran pnrn n abrhbtn?  Knrrhgnaer9  Hsteoe an ledn rhkuphrnaern9

8=

 Lnjgn ae knje9  Kcnvhtn ah `bxnçëe ae knje9  Nrlnçëe9  Ledn rhkuphrnaern9  Qume gubn an ledn rhkuphrnaern9  Knje9  @hrredce.

Lejtnghl ah >¿ Hskndëe? N lejtnghl an nrln â rhndbznan jn erahl bjvhrsn an ahslejtnghl. ]nzëe phdn qund â blpertnjth erahjnr ns phçns eu pnrths, prekurnjae lhlerbznr suns kerrhtns pesbçøhs ah lejtnghl. 

 >ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E KNJE

n) Kel e `hrredce jn pndln an lëe, kedequh e knje je shu ndeonlhjte thjae e kubanae pnrn quh ehjgrnznaerhs hde ah prbsëe knje `bquh vbrnae jn abrhçëe an mekn ae knje. Emshrvh sh es rhssndtes ae ae knje hjknbxnrnl je `hrredce.  =ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E QXME GXBN AN LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N H N LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N

n) Nbjan kel e `hrredce jn lëe, kedequh n ledn rhkuphrnaern phdn pnrth njthrber ae `hrredce. E tume gubn an ledn hjtrnrî jn ledn h `bknrî oujte ne hde ah prbsëe ae knje, semrh e knje. E hde ah prbsëe ae knje `bknrî pnrn kbln.  ;ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] N N]LNÇËE JE @H]]EDCE

n) Kel e `hrredce jn lëe, hjknbxh n nrlnçëe kel e pujce pnrn kbln.  1ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] N KCNPHQN AH @BSNÇËE AE KNJE

n) @bknjae kel e pujce pnrn mnbxe, dhvh e `hrredce ntâ n pesbçëe hl quh kebjkban e edcnd ae hde ah prbsëe kel e edcnd an nrlnçëe. m) Kedequh n kcnvhtn ah `bxnçëe ae knje phdn hsquhran, npûs rhkuh e `hrredce ntâ quh n hxtrhlbanah ae rhssndte shrrbdcnae an kcnvhtn kebjkban kel e hjtndch lâabe. Vnrn n kcnvhtn `bknr jn sun pesbçëe kerrhtn mnstn hlpurî-dn kejtrn n nrln. k) Qrnvnr n nrln.  8ª Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] N LNJGN AE KNJE

8;

n) Npebnr n nrln kel e knje vedtnae pnrn kbln h e pujce pnrn e ephrnaer. Kedequh n lnjgn ae knje jn lhsln pesbçëe hl quh snbu kel e rhssndte ah `bxnçëe jn abrhçëe an ledn. m) Gbrh n lnjgn pnrn n hsquhran. hsquhr an.  0ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E H[QEOE AN LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N

n) Kelprbln e hsteoe an ledn ntâ hjtrnr tetndlhjth je shu ndeonlhjte. Npûs gbrh n lnjgn ae knje pnrn n abrhbtn, ntâ `bknr jn sun pesbçëe kerrhtn. m) Ahstrnvnr h ahshjgntbdcnr n nrln. k) Gbrh e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe pnrn mnbxe,. Vuxh e këe pnrn trîs, kelprbln n thkdn ae gntbdce.  Lhabans  >ª

Kelpdhlhjtnrhs

Lhaban? HJGNQBDCN] N N]LN

Hlpujcnr n nrln, kel knje pnrn kbln h ngbjae jn pnrth shrrbdcnan ae `hrredce, trnzhjae-e pnrn n rhtngunran h dnrgnjae-e .  =ª Lhaban? AH[HJGNQBDCN]

N N]LN

Kejshrvnjae n lhsln pesbçëe, prhssbejnr n thkdn ae gntbdce.  ;ª Lhaban? KEDEKN]

E KN]]HGNAE]

Bjtreauzbr e knrrhgnaer hl shu ndeonlhjte, je pujce vhrb`bknjae e shu nprbsbejnlhjte phde rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer. AH[LEJQNGHL H LEJQNGHL AH =¿ H[KNDËE N `bjndbanah an ahslejtnghl ah shgujae hskndëe â n ah rhndbznr n lnjuthjçëe ah =¿ hskndëe. Hstn ahslejtnghl â rhndbznan selhjth per lbdbtnr hsphkbndbznae h kel `hrrnlhjtnd nahqunae.  Ahslejtnghl

ah =¿ Hskndëe

Vnrn hstuanrles n ahslejtnghl ah =¿ hskndëe, pnrtbrhles an sbtunçëe ah quh n nrln oî sh hjkejtrn ahslejtnan hl >¿ hskndëe.  >ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E VH]KX[[E]

Kelprblbr n knuan ae phrkusser kel ul teknpbjn h rhtbrnr n pdnkn-rhtâl ae phrkusser h ae hxtrnter, thjae e kubanae ah npebnr e phrkusser, quh sndtnrî ah shu ndeonlhjte per h`hbte an absthjsëe ah sun ledn. ]htbrnr e phrkusser h sun ledn.

81

 =ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E HSQ]NQE]

Bjtreauzbr uln kcnvh ah `hjan hl sun pnrth pesthrber, ejah hstnvn ndeonan n pdnkn rhtâl, h `nzhr prhssëe pnrn èrn ntâ n tâ quh hdh snbn ah shu ndeonlhjte.  ;ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] N[ VDNKN[ AE VXJCE

n) Ahsntnrrnxnr es pnrnùses ans pdnkns h dhvnjtî-dns ah shus hjknbxhs je pujce. m) Ahshjgntbdcnr n nrln. k) Kel e pedhgnr, dhvh e këe pnrn n rhtngunran, kelprbln n thkdn ae gntbdce h kejtredh e levblhjte prn `rhjth ae këe, shl ahbxnr cnvhr e kcequh jn nrlnçëe.  1ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E MDEKE NDEONLHJQE AN LEDN AE KËE

]htbrnr, kel e nuxìdbe ah ul tekn-pbje. E rhtâl ae mdeke ndeonlhjte h hl shguban `nzhr kel quh hsth ahsdbzh jns suns kerrhabçns ntâ quh snbn ae shu ndeonlhjte. Vnrn hstn ephrnçëe â jhkhssîrbe quh n nrln hsthon ahshjgntbdcnan.  8ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE KËE

Qrnzhr e këe æ rhtngunran h n =/; an pesbçëe ah hjgntbjcnlhjte. Vuxnr e abspesbte per shu rhssndte shrrbdcnae pnrn èrn, `nzhjae, ne lhsle thlpe, levblhjtes eskbdntûrbes hl terje ah shu hbxe pnrn `nkbdbtnr sun rhtbrnan. E këe jn pesbçëe ah =/;, phrlbth quh e Abspesbtbve ah [hgurnjçn ae Këe rhndbzh ul phquhje levblhjte pnrn kbln.  0ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE GNQBDCE

Kel n nçëe ahskrbtn njthrberlhjth vhles quh e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce hstî sedte, mnstnjae rhtbrî-de ae shu ndeonlhjte.  7ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] N LEDN Q]ÌVDBKH

Mnstn ahshjknbxnr sun hxtrhlbanah bj`hrber h dhvnjtî-dn.  3ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E KËE KEL NDNPNJKN AH N]LN]

]htbrnr e hbxe ae këe kel ul tekn-pbje h e këe `bknrî sedte.  2ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] N NDNPNJKN AH AB[VN]E H JE_ AH N]LN]

]htbrnr, kel nuxìdbe ah ul tekn-pbje, e hbxe an jez ah nrlnr. @bknrëe sedtns n ndvnjkn ah abspnre h n jez ah nrlnr.  >6ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E ]HQÂL AE KN]]HGNAE]

88

@nzhjae prhssëe semrh n knmhçn shrrbdcnan ae rhtâl, gbrnr pnrn n hsquhran (shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe) utbdbznjae ul nphquhjn kcnvh ah `hjan, shu pbje ah `bxnçëe rhtbrnjae hl shguban e rh`hrbae rhtâl ah shu ndeonlhjte jn nrlnçëe.  >>ª

Ephrnçëe? ]HQB]N] E GNQBDCE

Mnstn `nzï-de ahsdbznr phdn rhtngunran ae pujce.  >=ª

Ephrnçëe? AH[LEJQN] E KN]]HGNAE] Bahjtb`bquh n kcnpn rhtâl ae ùjae ae knrrhgnaer, kelprbln-e h puxh e ùjae ae knrrhgnaer. Npûs rhtbrnr e ùjae, rhtbrh n ledn ae knrrhgnaer. E trnjspertnaer snbrî per mnbxe ae knrrhgnaer.

Qhrlbjnan n ahslejtnghl ah =¿ hskndëe thrhles n shgubjth shquïjkbn? >=;180-

hsteoe an ledn rhkuphrnaern lnjgn ae knje kcnvhtn ah `bxnçëe ae knje ledn rhkuphrnaern tume gubn an ledn rhkuphrnaern knje

7- pdnkn-rhtâl ae phrkusser h ae a e hxtrnter 3- ledn ae phrkusser 2- phrkusser >6- hxtrnter >>- `hrredce >=- pdnkns ae pujce kel pnrnùses pnrnùse s >;- pbje rhtâl ae mdeke ndeonlhjte an ledn ae këe >1- mdeke ndeonlhjte an ledn ae këe >8- abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe

 Lejtnghl  >ª

>0- abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce >7- ledn trìpdbkh >3- hbxe ae këe >2- këe kel ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr =6- hbxe ah jez ah nrlnr =>- jez ah nrlnr ===;=1=8=0=7=3=2;6-

ndnvnjkn ah abspnre rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer gntbdce nrlnçëe ùjae ae knrrhgnaer kcnpn rhtâl ae ùjae ae knrrhgnaer ledn ae knrrhgnaer trnjspertnaer kerpe ae knrrhgnaer

ah =¿ Hskndëe

Ephrnçëe? VN]N LEJQN] E KN]]HGNAE]

Kedequh e trnjspertnaer, n ledn h kel kubanae n kcnpn rhtâl ae ùjae ae knrrhgnaer. E ùjae ae knrrhgnaer `bknrî prhse phdn kcnpn rhtâl.  =ª

Ephrnçëe? VN]N KEDEKN] E GNQBDCE

Kedeknr e gntbdce phdn pnrth trnzhbrn an nrlnçëe, `nzhjae-sh ahsdbznr ntâ sun pesbçëe jerlnd.  ;ª

Ephrnçëe? VN]N KEDEKN] E ]HQÂL AE KN]]HGNAE]

80

Kedeknr e rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer jn nrlnçëe an lnjhbrn quh n knmhçn shrrbdcnan `nkhbh n nrlnçëe. Kel uln kcnvh ah `hjan gbrnr e pbje ah `bxnçëe ae rhtâl pnrn æ abrhbtn.  1ª

Ephrnçëe? VN]N LEJQN] N NDNPNJKN AH AB[VN]E H N JE_ AH N]LN]

@nzhr e sbsthln ndnvnjkn ah abspnre - jez ah nrlnr èrn an nrln h kedekî-de je dugnr (e npebe aes ahjths ae këe jn jez ah nrlnr phde dnae hsquhrae an nrlnçëe (n `nkh rhtn ae hbxe `bknrî n hsquhran)  8ª

Ephrnçëe? VN]N KEDEKN] E KËE KEL NDNPNJKN AH N]LN]

Kedeknr e këe h prhjaï-de per bjthrlâabe ah shu hbxe.  0ª

Ephrnçëe? VN]N KEDEKN] N LEDN Q]ÌVDBKH

Ndeonr n pnrth bj`hrber an ledn trìpdbkh jn rnjcurn hxbsthjth jn nrlnçëe, ah leae quh e rnle hsquhrae rhpeush semrh e rhssndte npebe an ledn trìpdbkh jn jez ah nrlnr. E rnle khjtrnd ahvh rhpeusnr jn knuan an ndnvnjkn ah abspnre. Vnrn `nkbdbtnr n lejtnghl, peah-sh prhjahr n ledn trìpdbkh, kedeknjae pnrkbndlhjth e mdeke je ndeonlhjte an ledn ae këe.  7ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE GNQBDCE

 3ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE KËE

Qrnzhr e këe æ rhtngunran h n =/; an pesbçëe ah hjgntbdcnlhjte. Kedeknr e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn `nzhjae dbghbres levblhjtes eskbdntûrbes. Kel nuxìdbe ah uln kcnvh ah `hjan hlpurrnr e pbje npebe pnrn quh e abspesbtbve `bquh jn pesbçëe ahshonan. Kedeknr e këe jn sun pesbçëe lnbs nvnjçnan.  2ª

Ephrnçëe? VN]N KEDEKN] E MDEKE NDEONLHJQE AN LEDN AE KËE

Bjtreauzb-de, vhrb`bknjae n pesbçëe kerrhtn an ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr jn knmhçn npebe suphrber an ledn ae këe. Kedeknr e rhtâl ae mdeke ndeonlhjte. Hjgntbdcnr n nrln.  >6ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] N[ VDNKN[ AE VXJCE

 >>ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E HSQ]NQE]

 >=ª

Ephrnçëe? KEDEKN] E VH]KX[[E]

Npûs n >=¿ ephrnçëe `nzhr n lejtnghl ah >¿ hskndëe h ns lhabans kelpdhlhjtnrhs. JELHLKDNQX]N NVDBKNAN NE @XJKBEJNLHJQE Vnrn h`hbte ah hstuae abvbabrhles n Vst 2L27; hl quntre pnrths?  @hrredce  Knje

87

87

 Nrlnçëe  Knrrhgnaer  @hrredce  Lnssn ah lbrn, onjhdn ah hohçëe h mdeke ah lbrn kel hjtndch ah lbrn9 

Ndeonlhjte ae phrkusser, ndeonlhjte ae hxtrnter h pnssnghl ae hohter9  Ndeonlhjte ae knje, ndeonlhjte an ledn rhkuphrnaern, ndeonlhjte aes rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs ae knje h erb`ìkbe ah pnssnghl an pejtn ae phrkusser9  Hjtndch njthrber, hjtndch lâabe, hjtndch pesthrber h suphr`ìkbhs hjtndcnans9  Ndeonlhjte an lnjgn ae knje h ndeonlhjte ae hsteoe an ledn rhkuphrnaern9  Hxtrnter9  Vhrkusser (pejtn, knuan h kerpe) h ledn9  Vdnkn rhtâl ae phrkusser h hxtrnter9  Ledn rhkuphrnaern, tume gubn, h hsteoe an ledn rhkuphrnaern.  Knje  Lnjgn ae knje, kcnvhtn ah `bxnçëe ae knje9  Hde ah prbsëe ae knje9  Mekn h ndln9  ]hssndtes

hjgrnznaerhs9

 ]nlpn ah nkhsse.  Nrlnçëe  Jez ah nrlnr9  Ndnvnjkn ah abspnre9  Ledn trìpdbkh9  Gntbdce9  Këe h ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr9  Mdeke ndeonlhjte an ledn ae këe9

83

 Abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce9  Abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe9  ]htâl ae knrrhgnaer9  Vujce9 

Vdnkns ae pujce9  Hohter.  Knrrhgnaer  Kerpe9  Ledn9  @ujae9  Kcnpn rhtâl, ae ùjae ae knrrhgnaer. 

@ujkbejnlhjte Vnrn hstuanrles e ùjkbejnlhjte abvbabrhles e kbkde ah ùjkbejnlhjte hl auns `nshs? ]hkue ae [bsthln h Nvnjçe ae [bsthln.

 ]hkue

ae [bsthln

Vnrtbrhles an shgubjth sbtunçëe? thl ul knrtukce jn kílnrn, cnvhjae e abspnre.  Ahstrnjknlhjte

- Eskejsbge gnshs ngbjae `hrredce rhkuh, trnzhjae e knje. semrh e ùjae ae kudeth ae knrtukce `nrëe kel quh e E hde ah prbsëe ae knje bjkdbjnjae-sh pnrn trîs, `nz kel quh e knje sh ahshjgrnzh ae `hrredce cnvhjae n phran ah kejtnte aes rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs ae knje kel shus ndeonlhjtes ndeonlhjtes je `hrredce.  Nmhrturn

- Ne ahshjgrnznr-sh ae `hrredce, e knje kelpdhteu e levblhjte kcnlnae —Kurte ]hkue“. E `hrredce hjtrhtnjte kejtbjun rhkunjae, cnvhjae n phran ah kejtnte ae `hrredce kel n kílnrn. Bjìkbe an kelprhssëe an ledn rhkuphrnaern - e `hrredce rhkunjae kelhçn n kelprblbr n ledn rhkuphrnaern.

82

 Hxtrnçëe

=¿ @nsh - Je shu levblhjte pnrn trîs, e `hrredce ne ahbxnr ah thr kejtnte kel e knje, kelhçn n tbrnr tbrnr an kílnrn e hsteoe, per bjthrlâabe an gnrrn ae hxtrnter quh e hstnrî prhjahjae.  Hohçëe

- E `hrredce je shu rhkue `nz kel quh e hsteoe ae knrtukce mntn je hohter, èrçnjae e lhsle pnrn èrn phdn onjhdn ah hohçëe.  Qrnjsperth

- E `hrredce ne rhkunr ahbxn ah hxhrkhr prhssëe semrh e knrrhgnaer. N ledn ae knrrhgnaer rhndbzn ul levblhjte ah mnbxe pnrn kbln hdhvnjae ul jeve knrtukce.  Nprhshjtnçëe

- E levblhjte nsshjkbejnd ah knrtukce â dblbtnae phdns nmns ae knrrhgnaer, anjae-sh n nprhshjtnçëe.  Hjgntbdcnlhjte > ¿ @nsh

- Ndnvnjkn ah abspnre - N pnrth ìj`hre-pesthrber ae `hrredce, èrçn pnrn mnbxe n ndnvnjkn ah abspnre. Ne mnbxnr, n ndnvnjkn ah abspnre phrlbth quh n jez a nrlnr thjcn levblhjtes dbvrhs (`bknrëe ahshjgrnznans). - Jez ah nrlnr - N jez ah nrlnr quh â nrtbkudnan kel n ndnvnjkn ah abspnre, `bkn kel shu levblhjte gbrnjae h kedeknjae shu npebe aes ahjths ae këe hl kejabçøhs ah blpessbmbdbtnrdbvrh, e nvnjçe ae këe.  Dblbth

ae rhkue h kelprhssëe an ledn rhkuphrnaern - Knrnkthrbzn-sh phde kcequh an pnrth pesthrber ae ndeonlhjte ae hsteoe an ledn rhkuphrnaern, kel n vbredn ae tume gubn an ledn rhkuphrnaern h e npebe ae tume gubn je rhssndte njthrber an nrlnçëe. Je dblbth ae rhkue thrhles n kelprhssëe lîxbln an ledn rhkuphrnaern.  Nvnjçe

ae [bsthln

Es gnshs ahbxnl ah hxhrkhr prhssëe je `hrredce h hsth kelhçn n shr hlpurrnae pnrn `rhjth per nçëe an ledn rhkuphrnaern, quh kelhçn n absthjahr-sh.  Bjtreauçëe

- E `hrredce je shu levblhjte pnrn `rhjth kelhçn n hlpurrnr e knrtukce. ûnjae kelhçn n hjtrnr jn kílnrn phdn rnlpn ah nkhsse aî-sh n bjtreauçëe.  Knrrhgnlhjte

- E knrtukce hlpurrnae phde `hrredce hjtrn tetndlhjth jn kílnrn anjae-sh e

knrrhgnlhjte.  @hkcnlhjte

- E `hrredce hlpurrn e knje pnrn `rhjth, cnvhjae e kejtnte jn kílnrn kel n pnrth njthrber ae ndeonlhjte ae phrkusser. phrkuss er. Qrnjknlhjte - E knje h `hrredce kejtbjunjae pnrn `rhjth ntâ e lelhjte hl quh es rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs ae knje hjtrnl hl shus ndeonlhjtes anjae-sh e trnjknlhjte. E hde ah prbsëe ae knje `bkn jn pesbçëe vhrtbknd.

06

 Hxtrnçëe

>¿ @nsh - E `hrredce qunjae `bkn trnjknae, èrçn n gnrrn ae hxtrnter n hlpedgnr e kudeth ae knrtukce, `bknjae hsth sedbaîrbe ne `hrredce.  Hjgntbdcnlhjte

(=¿@nsh) - ûnjae n pnrth ìj`hre-pesthrber ae `hrredce, ahbxn ah `nzhr prhssëe semrh e këe, hsth gbrn pnrn `rhjth, hjgrnznjae-sh e ahjth ah hjgntbdcnlhjte ae këe je npebe aes ahjths ae këe jn jez ah nrlnr. Je bjthrvnde kelprhhjabae hjtrh e abspnre h e rhkue ae sbsthln, â kelul e ntbrnaer kejtbjunr kelprblbjae sbludtnjhnlhjth n thkdn ae gntbdce h e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce. e ntb ntbrnaer n prhssëe semrhahn abspnre, thkdn thkdn aen gntbdce, e rnle khjtrnd an ledn trìpdbkh,ûnjae blphdh pnrn n rnaer `rhjth hrhdnxn pnrn kbln n ndnvnjkn qund ndeonrî sun knmhçn je knvnae hxbsthjth jn pnrth ìj`hre-pesthrber ae `hrredce, hjtrnjae jhssh lelhjte hl kejtnte kel n jez ah nrlnr ( `bknrëe hjgrnznans). N jez ah nrlnr oî hstnrî rhthjae e këe æ rhtngunran. @bkn ahstn èrln n nrln prejtn pnrn jeve abspnre, bste â, hjgntbdcnan. =¿ @nsh.  Nçëe

ae Ntbrnaer

 Ahshjgntbdcnlhjte

- ûnjae sh kelprblh sbludtnjhnlhjth n thkdn ae gntbdce h e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce, n ndnvnjkn ah abspnre â èrçnan pnrn trîs phdn knuan ae gntbdce. Kele n ndnvnjkn ah abspnre hstî hjgrnznan kel jez ah nrlnr, emrbgn-n hl terje ae shu hbxe dbmhrtnjae nssbl e këe. 

Abspnre - e këe gbrn vbedhjtnlhjth pnrn n `rhjth per nçëe ah sun ledn, kceknjae-sh vbedhjtnlhjth kel n knuan ae phrkusser, quh nvnjçn je bjthrber ae shu ndeonlhjte.  Vhrkussëe

- E phrkusser kelprblbjae sun ledn, bjae sun pejtn ndeonr-sh je shu erb`ìkbe, `hrh n kîpsudn ae knrtukce. Hl shguban e phrkussser rhtrnb-sh per ahskelprhssëe an sun ledn.

Emshrvnçëe? Ns `nshs ahskrbtns sh rhphtbrëe pnrn knan abspnre, selhjth cnvhjae ab`hrhjçn je ÿdtble abspnre, pebs quh, `bknjae e knrrhgnaer vnzbe, n rnlpn kelnjae ae trnjspertnaer trnjspertnaer susphjah e ahjth-rhtâl ae `hrredce jn kcnvhtn ah `bxnçëe ae knje h hsth prhjah e `hrredce æ rhtngunran per lhbe ae hjtndch njthrber quh hxbsth je lhsle. 

 [hgurnjçn

Vessub n pbstedn ; shgurnjçn? 

Abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe - [btunae ne dnae ae `hrredce, trnvn n nrln blembdbznjae n jez ah nrlnr. Hsth abspesbtbve gnrnjth e trnvnlhjte h e ahstrnvnlhjte an nrln aurnjth e lnjhoe pnrn n hxhkuçëe ae tbre. - Ntunjae-sh je abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn pnrn kbln, ntâ quh phjhtrh je hjtndch hxbsthjth æ rhtngunran h n hsquhran ae `hrredce trnvn-sh n nrln. Hstn ephrnçëe sû â pessìvhd hstnjae n nrln hjgntbdcnan. Jn pesbçëe ah rhpeuse, e abspesbtbve hl quhstëe, jëe peahrî shr levbae perquh e shu ahjth ah shgurnjçn â mnrrnae phdn jez ah nrlnr quh blphah, ahvbae n sun pesbçëe je lhknjbsle, n pnssnghl ae ahjth ah shgurnjçn. Hstnjae n nrln hjgntbdcnan, cî pessbmbdbanah an jez ah nrlnr anr pnssnghl ne ahjth ah shgurnjçn, peahjae hjtëe e abspesbtbve levblhjtnr-sh, bjae e ahjth ah shgurnjçn kedeknr-sh npebnae æ rhtngunran an jez ah nrlnr blembdbznjae-n .

0>

- Ntunjae-sh je abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe pnrn mnbxe, hl bjvhrse ne an ephrnçëe njthrber - ahstrnvn-sh n nrln. 

Abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce - Ndeonae jn pnrth pesthrber ae pujce, blphah n rhtrnçëe ae gntbdce qunjae kelprblbae bsednanlhjth per thjsëe luskudnr eu hsmnrre knsund.

- ûnjae n nrln â hlpujcnan, n prûprbn lëe ae ntbrnaer ngbrî jnturndlhjth semrh e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce, phrlbtbjae quh e gntbdce thjcn shu levblhjte dbvrh. Bste perquh e abspesbtbve hl quhstëe, uln vhz kelprblbae, gbrn hl terje ae shu hbxe, sumbjae, ahbxnjae hjtëe ah mnrrnr e gntbdce, e qund thrî dbvrh knlbjce je shu ndeonlhjte, tean vhz quh sh `bzhr shjtbr semrh n thkdn n nçëe ae ahae ae ntbrnaer. - ûnjae e abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce hstî hl rhpeuse, e ahjth ah shgurnjçn ae lhsle, hstî per trîs an knuan ae gntbdce, mnrrnjae-e . Ahstn lnjhbrn e gntbdce jëe dbvrh knlbjce je shu ndeonlhjte tean vhz quh èr kelprblbae bsednanlhjth per nçëe ae ahae ae ntbrnaer eu hsmnrre knsund. 

Ahjth ah shgurnjçn ae këe - @bkn sbtunae jn pnrth njthrber h suphrber ae këe, shjae lnbs preùjae quh e ahjth ah hjgntbdcnlhjte. Blembdbzn n jez ah nrlnr lhsle quh cnon kelprhssëe sbludtíjhn an thkdn ae gntbdce h ae abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce. Vnrn utbdbznrles hstn shgurnjçn an nrln, mnstnrî trnzhr e këe pnrn n rhtngunran khrkn ah >/; ah shu rhkue.  Bjkbahjths  Nçëe

ah Qbre

blhabntn knse cnon ul nkbahjth

 ]htbrnr e knrrhgnaer  Anr aebs gedphs ah shgurnjçn  Hxnlbjnr n kílnrn  [njnr e bjkbahjth.  Npûs

snjnr e bjkbahjth

 ]hkedeknr e knrrhgnaer  Knrrhgnr n nrln  ]hbjbkbnr es tbres.

0=

0;

01

>- KNJE? n)ndln m)mekn k)rnbns a)kchbes h)kílnrn `)rnlpn ah nkhsse g)rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs c)hjknbxh ae hde ah prbsëe ae knje kel edcnd =KNJEAE KNJE ;- HDE HBSEAH AEV]B[ËE HDE AHAE V]B[ËE 1- KCNPHQN AH @BSNÇËE @BSNÇËE AE KNJE? n)hbxe m)ahjth-rhtâl ae `hrredce k)rhssndte shrrbdcnae 8- @H]]EDCE? n)onjhdn ah hohçëe m)suphr`ìkbhs hjtndcnans hjtndcnans k)bjskrbçøhs a)trnçe ah rh`hrïjkbn ae hjtndch ah lbrn an  ndçn ndçn ah lbrn ) ) h)ndeonlhjte ae mdeke kel hjtndch ah lbrn (  ndeonlhjte an `)rhmnbxe aes rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs g)gubns ah ahsdbznlhjte c)knvnae jn pnrth ìj`hre-pesthrber, pnrn ndeonlhjte an knmhçn an ndnvnjkn ah abspnre 0- LN[[N AH LB]N 7- MDEKE AH LB]N (  ndçn ah lbrn ) 3- LNJGN AE KNJE? n)rhssndte ah `bxnçëe m)ndeonlhjte ae knje k)vbredn 2- H[QEOE AN LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N? n)kerpe m)knmhçn shrrbdcnan >6- LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N >>- QXME-GXBN AN LEDN ]HKXVH]NAE]N? n)kerpe m)vbredn >=- HSQ]NQE]? n)kerpe m)gnrrn k)knuan kel ndeonlhjte an pdnkn-rhtâl ae phrkusser h ae hxtrnter >;- VH]KX[[E]? n)knuan m)kerpe k)pejtn >1- LEDN AE VH]KX[[E] >8- VDNKN-]HQÂL AE VH]KX[[E] H AE HSQ]NQE] >0- KËE? n)thstn m)knmhçn shrrbdcnan k)ahjth ah shgurnjçn a)ahjth ah hjgntbdcnlhjte h)edcnd ae hbxe ae këe `)edcnd pnrn nrtbkudnçëe kel n ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr e këe >7- HBSE AE KËE >3- NDNPNJKN AH N]LN] E KËE

08

n)edcnd pnrn n nrtbkudnçëe kel e këe m)pejtn >2- HBSE AH N]QBKXDNÇËE AN NDNPNJKN AH N]LN] E KËE KEL E KËE =6- NDNPNJKN AH AB[VN]E? n)knmhçn m)edcnd pnrn n nrtbkudnçëe nrtbkudnçëe kel n jez ah nnrlnr rlnr k)knuan =>- JE_ AH N]LN]? n)rhssndte-npebe an ledn trìpdbkh

===;-

=1-

=8-

=0=7=3=2;6;>;=;;-

;1-

;8-

;0-

;7;3-

m)npebe aeshbxe ahjths ae këe k)edcnd ae an jez ah nrlnr a)hjknbxh an ndnvnjkn ah abspnre HBSE AN JE_ AH N]LN] LEDN Q]ÌVDBKH? n)ledn an jez ah nrlnr (  rnle hsquhrae ) m)ledn an ndnvnjkn ah abspnre (  rnle khjtrnd  ) k)ledn ae abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae gntbdce (  rnle abrhbte ) AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE GNQBDCE? n)knmhçn m)kerpe k)ahjth ah shgurnjçn a)edcnd ae hbxe ae abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe h)hjgrnznaerhs MDEKE NDEONLHJQE AN LEDN AE KËE? n)edcnd ae rhtâl ae mdeke ndeonlhjte m)edcnd ae pbje-rhtâl an knmhçn-npebe knmhçn-npebe suphrber an ledn ae këe k)suphr`ìkbh shrrbdcnan a)rhssndtes hjgrnznaerhs KNMHÇN-NVEBE [XVH]BE] AN LEDN AE KËE VBJE-]HQÂL AN KNMHÇN-NVEBE KNMHÇN-NVEBE [XVH]BE] AN LEDN AE KËE LEDN AE KËE KNMHÇN-NVEBE BJ@H]BE] AN LEDN AE KËE ]HQÂL AE MDEKE NDEONLHJQE AN LEDN AE KËE KËE NDÇN VN]N E @BNAE] VBJE-]HQÂL AN NDÇN VN]N E @BNAE] GNQBDCE? n)thkdn m)kerpe k)knuan AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE KËE? n)kerpe m)rhssndte shrrbdcnae k)ahjth ah shgurnjçn a)hbxe ae abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn ae këe N]LNÇËE? n)pujce m)mhrçe k)gunran-lnte a)ndeonlhjtes, hjknbxhs, erb`ìkbes, hjtndchs h kerrhabçns HOHQE]? n)kerpe m)ahjth k)ndeonlhjte ae pbje ah `bxnçëe VBJE AH @BSNÇËE AE HOHQE] NDEONLHJQE AN LEDN KELXL Æ KCNPHQN AH AH @BSNÇËE AE KNJE H NE AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE KËE

00

;2161>1=1;-

KNMHÇN-NVEBE AN KCNPHQN AH @BSNÇËE AE KNJE LEDN KELXL Æ KCNPHQN AH @BSNÇËE AE KNJE H NE NE AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE KËE KNMHÇN-NVEBE AE AB[VE[BQBPE AH [HGX]NJÇN AE KËE VE]KN[ AE[ VN]N@X[E[ AN[ VDNKN[ AE VXJCE ]HQÂL AE KN]]HGNAE]? n)knmhçn shrrbdcnan m)ndeonlhjte ae `bxnaer ae rhtâl rhtâl ae knrrhgnaer 11- LEDN AE ]HQÂL AE KN]]HGNAE] 18- @BSNAE] AE ]HQÂL AE KN]]HGNAE]

10171312-

VDNKN AEAE VXJCE VDNKN AB]HBQN H[^XH]AN VXJCE VN]N@X[E[ AN[ VDNKN[ AE VXJCE KE]VE AE KN]]HGNAE]? n)hjtndch pnrn e ahjth-rhtâl ae `hrredce m)erb`ìkbes pnrn n kejtnghl kejtnghl aes knrtukces k)nmns 86- LEDN AE KN]]HGNAE] 8>- Q]NJ[VE]QNAE]? n)]nlpn ah kelnjae ae trnjspertnaer 8=- @XJAE AE KN]]HGNAE] 8;- VDNKN-]HQÂL AE @XJAE AE KN]]HGNAE] 81- H[KEPN AH DBLVH_N AE KNJE 88- VE]QN-H[KEPN 80- PN]HQN AN H[KEPN AH DBLVH_N DBLVH_N

Vst 2ll L27; Blmhd ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Bahjtb`bknr ns knrnkthrìstbkns9 ahslejtnghl h lejtnghl (=¶ hskndëe)9 ephrnçëe h Lnjhoe.

— Vnrn ul Hxârkbte ah qundbanah e hstbde KELNJAE[!“

07

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Ltr LNG 7,0= L27> B ‛ NV]H[HJQNÇËE N Ltr 7,0= L27> —LNG“ â uln nrln quh ùjkbejn per nçëe aes gnshs rhsudtnjths an quhbln an knrgn ah prheohçëe ae knrtukce. Â jerlndlhjth usnan kele Ltr ah bj`njtnrbn eu ah chdbkûpthres, peahjae shr nanptnan n KK eu nvbøhs ah phquhje eu lâabe perths. Grnçns n sun kejstruçëe, peah vnrbnr sun knaïjkbn ah tbre, e quh nuxbdbn n emthjçëe an ahjsbanah ah ège ahshonan hl knan knse. BB ‛ KN]NKQH]Ì[QBKN[ H ANAE[ JXLÂ]BKE[ N ‛ AH[BGJNÇËE JHH

>668-> 60= 780

Bjabkntbve Lbdbtnr

Ltr 7,0= L27> —LNG“

Jelhjkdnturn

Lhtrndcnaern 7,0= Leahde >27> —LNG“

M ‛ KDN[[B@BKNÇËE ûnjte ne tbpe

Jëe pertîtbd

ûnjte ne hlprhge

Kedhtbve

ûnjte ne ùjkbejnlhjte ûnjte ne prbjkìpbe ah ùjkbejnlhjte

Nutelîtbke Qelnan ah gnshs je thrçe lâabe ae knje

ûnjte æ rh`rbghrnçëe

N nr

K ‛ NDBLHJQNÇËE Knrrhgnaer

Knpnkbanah pnrn > `btn ah ndblhjtnçëe kel 86 knrtukces

Ke`rh ah lujbçëe

Kel knpnkbanah pnrn =86 knrtukces, eu shon, 8 `btns ah ndblhjtnçëe

[hjtbae

An hsquhran pnrn n abrhbtn (peahjae shr bjvhrtbae)

03

A ‛ ]NBNLHJQE Jÿlhre ah rnbns

1 (quntre)

[hjtbae

Æ abrhbtn

Vnsse (> vedtn)

6,;68l

H ‛ NVN]HDCE AH VEJQN]BN Ndçn ah Lbrn

Qbpe dílbjn mnskudnjth, kel kurser h vbser, grnaunan ah >66 hl >66 lhtres, ah =66 n >366l

Lnçn ah Lbrn

[hçëe rhtnjgudnr kel prethterhs dnthrnbs, rhgudîvhd hl ndturn h abrhçëe

@ ‛ ANAE[ JXLÂ]BKE[ Kndbmrh

7,0=ll

Vhse ‛ Kel kerejcn h mbpâ

>6,3 Ig

Ae knje kelpdhte

; Ig

Ae rhpnre

>6,186 Ig

Kelprblhjte an nrln k/ quhmrn-kcnlns

>,=88 l

Ndknjkh - lîxble

;366 l

ßtbd ‛ semrh mbpâ

366l,

[emrh rhpnre

>366l

Phdekbanahs - Bjbkbnd

316 l/s

Qhûrbkn ah tbre - lîxbln

Pban an nrln

>666 tpl

lìjbln

066 tpl

prîtbkn ah tbre

Pnrbîvhd Jëe ahthrlbjnan

02

BB ‛ LXJBÇËE N Ltr 7,0= L27> utbdbzn lujbçëe kejèrlh qunare nmnbxe? Jelhjkdnturn Knr 7,0= L>

Qbpe Kelul

Knr 7,0= L> Qr Knr 7,0= L> @t

Qrnçnjth @hstbl

Knr 7,0= L> Dçlt Knr 7,0= L> Ln

Dnjçnlhjte Lnjhoe

BBB ‛ AH[LEJQNGHL N ‛ LHABAN[ V]HDBLBJN]H[ > ‛ Vuxnr n ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe kelpdhtnlhjth æ rhtngunran = ‛ Kedeknr e rhgbstre ah shgurnjçn jn pesbçëe ah shgurnjçn ; ‛ Nmrbr n tnlpn an knbxn an kudntrn 1 ‛ ]htbrnr n `btn 8 ‛ Dhvnjtnr n lhsn ah ndblhjtnçëe, n `bl ah vhrb`bknr sh n kílnrn hstî vnzbn 0 ‛ Ngbjae je gntbdce, dhvnr ns phçns æ `rhjth, kedeknjae, njths, e rhgbstre ah shgurnjçn hl ège. M ‛ KNJE Kelprblbr kel n lëe hsquhran e metëe an ndnvnjkn ah rhthjçëe ae njhd resknae ah `bxnçëe ae knje h kel n lëe abrhbtn anr ul gedph pnrn kbln je pujce ah trnjsperth. Dhvnr e knje æ `rhjth, dbmhrnjae-e an nrln. K ‛ ^XHM]N-KCNLN[ Kel nuxìdbe an kcnvh ah mekn hsphkbnd, ahsntnrrnxî-de h rhtbrî-de.

76

A ‛ ]HGXDNAE] AH GN[H[ Vrhssbejnjae n dílbjn ah `bxnçëe ae njhd rhgudnaer ae hsknph ah gnshs, ahsntnrrnxnr (lnjthjae shlprh prhssbejnan n dílbjn) e njhd h rhtbrî-de. H ‛ KE]EJCN Vrhssbejnr e rhtâl ae mdeke pesthrber sbtunae sem n kerejcn h rhtbrnr hstn per kbln. @ ‛ ]HKXVH]NAE] Vrhssbejnr e rhtâl ae hbxe gubn ae kejoujte rhkuphrnaer pnrn n `rhjth h pnrn kbln ntâ dbmhrî-de h rhtbrnr per trîs e kejoujte. G ‛ ÏLMEDE, KE]]HABÇN, @H]]EDCE H KXDNQ]N LÛPHD Qrnzhr n ndnvnjkn ah lnjhoe pnrn n rhtngunran h rhtbrnr ns phçns per trîs an knbxn an kudntrn. C ‛ LHKNJB[LE AN N]LNÇËE Vrhssbejnr pnrn n hsquhran e hbxe an nrlnçëe h rhtbrî-de. Gbrnr n nrlnçëe pnrn mnbxe h pnrn `rhjth, rhtbrnjae-n. BP ‛ LEJQNGHL Vrekhahr jn erahl bjvhrsn an ahslejtnghl, emshrvnjae-sh es shgubjths ahtndchs? - Jn kedeknçëe ae kejoujte ïlmede-kerrhabçn-`hrredce jn knbxn an kudntrn, e gntbdce ahvh shr prhssbejnae h e ahae ahvh shr kedeknae hjtrh e `hrredce h e kejoujte ïlmede-kerrhabçn, ah leae quh teae e kejoujte pessn shr bjtreauzbae jn nrln.

Ltr 7,0=ll L27> LNG ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Bahjtb`bknr ns knrnkthrìstbkns9 ahslejtnghl h lejtnghl (=¶ hskndëe)9 ephrnçëe h Lnjhoe.

— Nuaîkbn, Kernghl, Ahthrlbjnçëe. Kelnjaes! “

7>

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ NQ-1 >. KEJ[QBQXBÇËE n. Grnjnan ah 31ll NQ-1 kel dnjçnaer ahstnkîvhd ( GNH 31 ll NQ-1 )9 m. [umkndbmrh ah 2ll NQ-1 ( [K 2ll NQ-1 )9 k. [bludnaer ah sepre h ruìae ( [BL NQ-1 ). =. BAHJQB@BKNÇËE AN N]LN ;. GHJH]NDBANAH[ n. E NQ-1 â ul nrlnlhjte njtbknrre, shl rhkue, ah hlprhge bjabvbaund h quh utbdbzn e pertn tbre kele dnjçnaer, shjae ahsknrtîvhd npûs e use. m. Abspnrn uln grnjnan ah ndte hxpdesbve njtbknrre, n jtbknrre, kel trnçnjth, h`bknz, prblerabndlhjth, kejtrn ndves mdbjanaes h, shkujanrbnlhjth, kejtrn èrtb`bknçøhs h phssend. k. Â `nmrbknae phdn @@P Erajnjkh ( [XÂKBN ). 1. ANAE[ JXLÂ]BKE[ - Vhse....................................................................... 0,3 Ig - Kndbmrh.................................................................... 31 ll - Kelprblhjte.......................................................... 6> l - Vhse an grnjnan.................................................... ..>,3 Ig - Phdekbanah bjbkbnd an grnjnan................................... =26 l/s - Ndknjkh h`bknz......................................................... ;66 l - Ndknjkh lîxble...................................................... =>66 l - Vhjhtrnçëe hl mdbjanghjs......................................... : >86 ll - Hspedhtn................................................................... Krbstnd pbhze-hdâtrbke - Qhlphrnturn ah ephrnçëe......................................... - 16¿ K n + 06¿ K

7=

8. AH[K]BÇËE H JELHJKDNQX]N

0. LHKNJB[LE AH AB[VN]E >. ]HGB[Q]E AH [HGX]NJÇN =. MEQËE AH AB[VN]E ;. AHJQH AH N]LN] AE MEQËE AH AB[VN]E 1. HJQNDCH AH N]LN] AN CN[QH AH AB[VN]E 8. CN[QH AH AB[VN]E

7. BJ[VHÇØH[ n.Emrbgntûrbn ne rhkhmhr n nrln >) Kedeknçëe ae pbje ah shgurnjçn9 =) Ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr jn pesbçëe ah shgurnjçn9 ;) Keb`n ae dnjçnaer bjtnktn h hl pesbçëe9 1) Kûabge ae tbpe ah dnjçnaer9

7;

8) Npnrhdce ah pejtnrbn9 0) Abùser dbvrh ah emstruçøhs9 7) ]hgbstre ah shgurnjçn9 3) Nsphkte ghrnd h bjthgrbanah an nrln. m. Nrlnzhjnlhjte >) Kujchth bjtnkte h bshjte ah ulbanah. 3. [XMKNDBM]H [XMKNDBM]H [K NQ-1 ( 2ll Qr ) n. Ghjhrndbanahs >) E [K NQ-1 kejsbsth hl ul dnjçnaer ah NQ-1 kel nanptnçøhs pnrn rhkhmhr ul knje ah kndbmrh 2ll h e rhsphktbve `hrredce. =) N trnohtûrbn ae preohtbd trnçnjth, lujbçëe hsphkbnd pnrn hxhrkìkbes, â sblbdnr æ an grnjnan 31 ll ae NQ-1. ;) Ahstbjn-sh ne nahstrnlhjte aes ntbrnaerhs h preperkbejn sumstnjkbnd rhauçëe jes kustes aes hxhrkìkbes ah tbre. m. Anaes julârbkes - Vhse....................................................................... 0,3 Ig - Kndbmrh.................................................................... 2 ll - Kelprblhjte.......................................................... 6> l - Phdekbanah bjbkbnd ae preohtbd.................................. =26 l/s - Ndknjkh h`bknz.............................................. h`bknz........................................................ .......... 866 l - Ndknjkh lîxble..................................................... >066 l k. Lujbçëe >) Knr 2ll [K NQ-1 Qr9

=) E use ah qundquhr eutre tbpe ah lujbçëe 2ll je [K NQ-1 anjb`bknrî e lnthrbnd h nknrrhtnrî rbskes pnrn e ntbrnaer9 ;) N lujbçëe ae h[K jëe thl knrgn su`bkbhjth shr hlprhgnan hl pbstedns lhtrndcnaerns 2ll knusnrî bjkbahjths ah tbre shpnrn èr abspnrnan per hstns nrlns. eu

71

a. Lnjhoe >) Hlprhgnr ntbrnaer h lujbkbnaer9 =) Ne rhkhmhr e prejte ae lujbkbnaer, e ntbrnaer ahvhrî hxhkutnr teaes es prekhablhjtes prhvbstes h hxhkutnr e abspnre9 abspnre 9 h. Bjsphçëe njths ae tbre >) Kejoujte knje `hrredce ahsknrrhgnae h dbvrh ah emstruçøhs9 =) Vbje ah shgurnjçn je shu ndeonlhjte9 ;) Ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr jn pesbçëe ah shgurnjçn9 1) Npnrhdce ah pejtnrbn HKA tbre9 8) ]hgbstre ah shgurnjçn ntunjae9 0) Qhstnr e lhknjbsle ah abspnre, hxhkutnjae ul tbre hl shke. `. Vrekhablhjtes pnrn e knrrhgnlhjte ae [K NQ-1 >) Khrtb`bknr-sh ah quh n lujbçëe abspejìvhd â n kerrhtn, ae tbpe nuterbznae9 =) E `hrredce ae knje 2ll ahvh hstnr kel n shtn bjabknaern jn pesbçëe —[ —9 ;) ]htbrnr e `hrredce gbrnjae-e je shjtbae njtb-cerîrbe9 1) Bjtreauzbr e knrtukce je `hrredce h rhkedekî-de jn kudntrn, jevnlhjth jn pesbçëe —[ —9 8) Gbrnr e `hrredce je shjtbae cerîrbe ntâ quh ntbjon n pesbçëe —@ —, pesbçëe hl quh n nrln hstnrî prejtn pnrn e abspnre. g. E [K NQ-1 ahvhrî rhkhmhr lnjuthjçëe rbgeresn npûs knan sârbh ah tbre. 2. VE[BÇØH[ VN]N Q]NJ[VE]QH

78

>6. VE[BÇØH[ AH QB]E

>>.V]HVN]E VN]N E QB]E ( LNJHOE ) n. ]htbrnr e pbje ah shgurnjçn m. Dbmhrnr n kerejcn h e pujce k. Kedeknr e nrlnlhjte je elmre a. Dbmhrnr e npnrhdce ah pejtnrbn h. Dbmhrnr n ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr

70

`. Noustnr n ndçn ah lbrn pnrn e ndknjkh hstblnae ae ndve

^XNJAE A 4 =86l ? JËE Â JHKH[[Î]BE NOX[QN] g. Phrb`bknr sh n îrhn suohbtn ne sepre hstî ahsblphaban c. @brlnr e dnjçnaer je elmre h hlpujcnr e lhknjbsle ah abspnre b. Npejtnr n nrln

o. Nkbejnr e metëe ah abspnre

77

>=. KELE NVEJQN] N N]LN n. Vnrn ndves hstnkbejîrbes eu levhjae-sh jn sun abrhçëe, pesbkbejnr e vârtbkh an lnssn je khjtre ae ndve.

m. Vnrn ndves levhjae-sh dhjtnlhjth ( ntâ n tâ >8 il/c ), pesbkbejnr e vârtbkh æ `rhjth ae ndve.

>;.

@XJKBEJNLHJQE AE NQ-1

n. [hgurnjçns - Vbje ah shgurnjçn ? Blphah quh e phrkusser sh levn9 - Cnsth ah shgurnjçn ? Blphah quh n cnsth ah abspnre ntbjon e phrkusser, quhr ntunjae jn prûprbn cnsth ah abspnre, quhr ntunjae je pnssnaer hxkïjtrbke (ahphjah an pesbçëe an ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr)9 - [hgurnjçn an cnsth ah abspnre? grnçns n hxkhjtrbkbanah ah shu pnssnaer, sû ntbjgh e phrkusser qunjae n ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr hstî jn pesbçëe —@EGE“. m. Lhknjbsle ah abspnre - Ne kedeknr n ndnvnjkn ah abspnre jn pesbçëe —@EGE“, e hjtndch ah nrlnr an cnsth ah abspnre sh hjgnjkcn je ahjth ah nrlnr ae metëe ah abspnre h, sbludtnjhnlhjth, ekerrh n kelprhssëe an ledn prbjkbpnd. - Ne shr nkbejnae e metëe ah abspnre, hsth dbmhrn n cnsth ah abspnre n qund â kejauzban hl abrhçëe ne phrkusser per nçëe an ledn prbjkbpnd. E phrkusser, per sun vhz, ntbjgh n hstepbdcn (quh `bkn jn pnrth suphrber an grnjnan), quh bj`dnln e ludtbpdbknaer ah bgjbçëe, nkbejnjae n knrgn ah prepudsëe ah mnsh aupdn.

73

>1. BJKBAHJQH AH QB]E (JHGN) n. [h n nrln jëe abspnrnr ne shr nkbejnae e metëe ah abspnre, prekhan an shgubjth èrln >) Hsphrnr 68 shgujaes9 =) Dhvnr n ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr pnrn n pesbçëe ah shgurnjçn9 ;) Phrb`bknr sh e pbje ah shgurnjçn jëe hstî npdbknae9 1) Dhvnr n ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr pnrn n pesbçëe ah tbre9 8) ]hndbznr jeve abspnre. m. Vhrsbstbjae n jhgn >) ]hphth-sh lnbs uln vhz teaes es prekhablhjtes nkbln. k. Vhrsbstbjae n jhgn >) Dhvnr n ndnvnjkn ah nrlnr pnrn n pesbçëe ah shgurnjçn9 =) Lnjthr e NQ-1 jn abrhçëe ae ndve per = lbj9 ;) Vnssnr jevnlhjth e pbje ah shgurnjçn9 1) ]hkedchr n nrln pnrn e e`bkbnd ah lujbçøhs. >8. LXJBÇËE —CHNQ“ n. Kelpesbçëe -Hsteoe (kel mnsh nlertbznaern ah pdîstbke) -Knrgn ah preohçëe ah mnsh aupdn (hl èrlnte ah tbrns) -Hstepbdcn dnthrnd -Grnjnan -Hskervn m. Grnjnan -Egbvn -Kerpe an grnjnan -Knrgn ekn

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-Kejoujte ae abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn -Hspedhtn Hdâtrbkn -Kejoujte ans ntdhtns -Qrnçnjth k. Abspesbtbve ah shgurnjçn - Ntun bsednjae e ahtejnaer h n knrgn hxpdesbvn9 shjae quh e ndbjcnlhjte hjtrh hdhs sh anrî hl terje ah >8 n =8l an mekn an nrln, qunjae e reter thrî gbrnae. >0. Î]HN AH [HGX]NJÇN n. Îrhn N - Jëe sh phrlbth emohtes quh ntbjonl n ndturn ae abùser m. Îrhn N + M - Vrebmban n phrlnjïjkbn ah phssens

NQ-1 ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Bahjtb`bknr ns knrnkthrìstbkns9 ahslejtnghl h lejtnghl (=¶ hskndëe)9 ephrnçëe h Lnjhoe.

— H jëe snmhjae quh hrn blpessìvhd, hdhs èrnl dî h `bzhrnl. Kelnjaes! “

36

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes - K[] 31ll L; (KnrdGustn` Ahjtrh teaes es nrlnlhjtes vbstes jhsth abn ah bjstruçëe, e Knrd Gustn` â e quh ah blhabnte, eu shon je kurse, e Kelnjaes vnb lhjes hlprhgnr. Je hjtnjte, npûs e târlbje ahsths lhshs ah èrlnçëe, e KNJ 31ll â ul nrlnlhjte ah nlpde hlprhge jn Kelpnjcbn ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ejah e ùture Klt ah ANK eu Klt ah Grupe ahvhrî thr ul preùjae kejchkblhjte pebs ns bjstruçøhs h tbres oî èrnl hxhkutnaes, h e [a Kelnjaes â ul lbdbtnr quh hxhkutn kel n lîxbln prhkbsëe ns tnrh`ns ahdh hxbgbans. >.

Bjtreauçëe ne [bsthln? n. N `bjndbanah h e pnphd ae [bsthln Knrd-Gustn`? E Knrd-Gustn` L; â ul knjcëe shl rhkue njtb-tnjquh ah npebe prûxble h ah lÿdtbpde

prepûsbte. m. Knrnkthrìstbkns? B) Knrrhgnlhjte? rhtreknrgn9 BB) Qbpe ah phrkussëe? Dnthrnd9 BBB) Nçëe aes gnshs? [nbjae phde vhjturb hqundbznjae n èrçn ah rhkue9 BP) Kejabçøhs ah ephrnçëe? Vreohtnae pnrn supertnr kejabçøhs ahsârtbkns, trepbknbs eu îrtbkns. P) Vhse? >6 Ig (pnrn trnjsperth => Ig) PB) Ndknjkh h`bknz? Ahphjahjae ae tbpe ah grnjnan? CHNQ 88> ‛ 766l9 CH 11>M ‛ >666 l9 @XLÌGHJN 102 M ‛ >;66 l9 BDXLBJNQBPN 818 ‛ =;66 l PBB) Kelprblhjte an nrln? >,608 l

3>

k. Lujbçëe?

B)

Grnjnan CHNQ 88>?

>) H`bknz kejtrn knrres mdbjanaes, nmrbges ah kejkrhte, hlmnrknçøhs ah ahshlmnrquh h ndves sûdbaes sblbdnrhs9 =) Vessub leter n èguhth pnssnjae ah =88 l/s n ;16 l/s npûs nmnjaejnr e tume an nrln9 ;) Grnjnan ah knrgn ekn hqubpnan kel ul sbsthln pbhzehdâktrbkn ‛ phrlbth e nkbejnlhjte lhsle hl emohtes ah ndte íjgude ah blpnkte h jëe bjbkbn n grnjnan hl lntes eu gndces prûxbles n îrhn ah abspnre9 1) Ker? Vrhte 8) Vhse an grnjnan? ;,= Ig9 0) Knrgn ah trnjsperth? 3,7 Ig (6= grnjnans + Kejtnbjhr).

BB)

Grnjnan CH 11>M?

3=

>) Ahstbjnan ne use kejtrn trepns, vhìkudes ah trnjsperth dhvhs h sblbdnrhs9 =) Hqubpnan kel hspedhtn ah blpnkte h thlpe9 ;) Knpuz ah merrnkcn quh prethgh n hspedhtn ahvh shr rhlevbae njths ae abspnre9 1) Kerpe

ah nç nçee kel

supdhlhjtes

ah jheprhjh jhe prhjh

kejthjae

nprexblnanlhjth 366 hs`hrns ah Vrhte nçe9 8) Ker? 0) Vhse an Grnjnan? ;,>8 Ig9 7) Knrgn ah trnjsperth â ah 3,= Ig (6= grnjnans + K Kejtnbjhr). ejtnbjhr).

BBB)

@XLÌGHJN 102 M?

>) npebe nârhe nprexblnae9 =) târlbke9 ;) 1) 8) BP)

Ahstbjnan ne use tîtbke, lnrknçëe ah ndves pnrn nrtbdcnrbn eu pnrn Kertbjn ah ùlnçn ah >6 n >8 l ah dnrgurn, jëe tûxbkn h shl h`hbte Ker? Phrah `derhstn9 Vhse? ;,= Ig9 Phdekbanah ah =16 l/s h knrgn ah trnjsperth ah 3,6 Ig.

BDXLBJNQBPN 818?

3;

>) Ahstbjnan æ bdulbjnçëe lubte rîpban ah îrhns ae ndve9 =) Hqubpnan kel uln hspedhtn pbretâkjbkn grnaunan ah =66 n =;66 l sumabvbaban hl hspnçes ah 86 l9 ;) E thlpe ah quhbln â ah ;6 [hg9 1) Phrah kdnre9 8) Vhse? ;,> Ig9 0) Knrgn ah trnjsperth? 3,6 Ig. P)

Q]HBJNLHJQE QV 88=? >) Ahstbjnan pnrn shr usnan kele lujbçëe ah trhbjnlhjte pnrn n

grnjnan CHNQ 88>9 =) ;) 1) 8) =.

Vessub leter ah èguhth baïjtbke ne an grnjnan CHNQ 88>9 Ker? Vrhte Vhse? ;,= Ig9 Knrgn ah trnjsperth? 3,7 Ig.

Nprhshjtnçëe ae nrlnlhjte?

n. Jelhjkdnturn ans phçns prbjkbpnbs? Dnae abrhbte? B) Qume kel mnjaedhbrn9 BB) Phjturb9 BBB) Ndnvnjkn ah trnvnlhjte ae vhjturb9 BP) Lbrn sblpdhs9 P) Dujhtn thdhskûpbkn9 PB) Vujce `rejtnd9 PBB) Hjkeste ae reste. Dnae Hsquhrae? B) BB) BBB)

Lhknjbsle ah abspnre9 Hjkeste ae elmre9 Mbpâ.

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m. Ahslejtnghl ah >¿ hskndëe? B) Vhrkurser9 BB) Ledn prbjkbpnd9 BBB) Ndnvnjkn ah hjgntbdcnr9 BP) Cnsth ah abspnre9 P) Ledn ae hxtrnter. ;.

Dblphzn ae knjcëe? n. E dnlbjnae quh hjvedvh n knlbsn ah nçe ae knje â shjsìvhd æ blhrsëe hl nghjth ahshjgrnxnjth (quhreshjh)9 m. N ndln â dblpn kel lnthrbnd ah dblphzn, dumrb`bknjth h kejshrvnjth9 k. E knjcëe â dblpe kel bseprepnjed (îdkeed) hxthrjnlhjth9 a. N ndln â dumrb`bknan kel lnthrbnd ah dblphzn, dumrb`bknjth h kejshrvnjth9 h. E knjcëe â shknae hxthrjnlhjth kel ul pnje shke9 `. E lhknjbsle peah shr dblpe shpnrnanlhjth pebs n blhrsëe peahrî shr `hbtn sh jhkhssîrbe9 1. Bjsphçëe abîrbn? n. Bjsphkbejh n pnrth hxthrjn ae tume (kerths eu rbskes preùjaes)9 m. Npejth e knjcëe kejtrn uuln ln èjth ah duz prekurnjae per ahjths h trnjkns ahjtre ah jtre ah lbrn9 k. Bjsphkbejh kel ul l lhabaer habaer ah èdgn sh n èdgn hjtrh e vhjturb h e tume â lhjer ae quh 6,=8 ll. 8. [hgurnjçn?

n. Ndñ Oeh!9 m. prethçëe aupdn9 k. a. h. `.

Ndte jìvhd ah ruìae (prethçëe bjkdusbvh hl kelmnth). Je knse ah trhbjnlhjte Jëe ntbrh hl nmrbge eu ah`rejth n uln mnrrhbrn9 _ejn ah phrbge N h M (18¿)9 _ejn N ‛ 6 n 8 l prebmbae n mnrrhbrns îrverhs h eutres emstîkudes vhrtbknbs9 _ejn M ‛ 6 n 06 l prebmbae n phssend

38

g. Jerlns ah shgurnjçn pnrn hxhkuçëe ae tbre? B) Xtbdbzh shlprh es prethterhs ah euvbae9 BB) J pesbçëe ahbtnae ns phrjns ae nrtbdchbre ahvhl npejtnr je lìjble ;6¿ pnrn n hsquhran. E pâ abrhbte rhpeusn rh peusn semrh e terjezhde hsquhrae9 hsquhra e9 BBB) N îrhn ah phrbge pnrn e phssend ntrîs an nrln hstî dblbtnan n ul shter kel e rnbe ah 06 l h ul íjgude ah 18¿ pnrn nlmes es dnaes an hxthjsëe ae hbxe an ndln9 BP) Ne shdhkbejnr pesbçøhs ah tbre, vhrb`bquh quh jëe cnon grnjahs emohtes vhrtbknbs jhsth shter ahjtre ah uln abstíjkbn ah 8 l ae vhjturb9 P) ûnjae ntbrnr ah uln trbjkchbrn eu ah uln kevn nmrbge, n pesbçëe ah tbre ahvhrî phrlbtbr quh es gnshs ah sepre pnsshl per kbln an meran an kevn nmrbge eu an trbjkchbrn. c. Vrekhablhjtes hl knse ah `ndcn je tbre? B) Hsphrh 68 (kbjke) shgujaes h rhhjgntbdch e lhknjbsle9 BB) Npejth h puxh e gntbdce. [h ekerrhr uln jevn `ndcn... BBB) Hsphrh lnbs 68 (kbjke) shgujaes. ]hhjgntbdch e lhknjbsle. BP) Npejth h puxh e gntbdce. [h nbjan `ndcnr... P) N]QBDCHB]E? ]hhjgntbdch e lhknjbsle h kedequh n trnvn ah shgurnjçn hl [ (shgure) h hsphrh per 6= (aebs) lbjutes9 PB) NXSBDBN] AH N]QBDCHB]E? Npûs hsphrnr 6= (aebs) lbjutes, vhrb`bquh pnrn vhr sh e pbje ntbjgbu n grnjnan. PBB) [BL? ]hknrrhguh uln jevn grnjnan9 PBBB) JËE? Phrb`bquh e phrkusser h e lhknjbsle ah abspnre.

LNJQHJCN N N]LN [HLV]H NVEJQNAN VN]N E NDPE 0.

Vesbçøhs ah tbre? n. Vesbçëe ah pâ? m. Vesbçëe ah Oehdces? k. Vesbçëe shjtnae?

KH]QB@B^XH-[H AH ^XH QEAN[ N[ VN]QH[ AE KE]VE H[QËE @E]N AN Î]HN AH VH]BGE AE [EV]E. JËE @E]KH JBJGXÂL N N[[XLB] XLN VE[BÇËE ^XH [HON AH[KEJ@E]QÎPHD. 7.

]hgrns pnrn pejtnrbn?

n. Ahthrlbjh (hstblh) n vhdekbanah h n abstíjkbn ae ndve9 m. ]hgudh e ndknjkh9 k. Npejth e khjtre ah lnssn kel e prule eu kel e trnçe trnçe ah retn npdbkîvhd9

30

a. Kejsbahrh teaes es ndves `rejtnbs h ah ttrîs rîs kele hstnkbejîrbes lhsle quh hsthonl sh levhjae9 h. [h n abstíjkbn jëe kerrhspejah n abstíjkbn ae bjabknaer, nousth pnrn n abstíjkbn lnbs prûxbln. 3. ]hgrns pnrn pejtnrbn kel n grnjnan CHNQ? n. Hstblntbvn an vhdekbanah. 2.

]hgrns pnrn pejtnrbn kel n grnjnan CH 11> M? n. Hxpdesëe ah blpnkte je ndve9 m. Hxpdesëe ah blpnkte nkbln ae ndve9 k. Hxpdesëe ah blpnkte je nr nkbl nkblnn ae ndve9 >6. ]hgrns pnrn pejtnrbn kel n grnjnan @XLÅGHJN 102 M? n. Vnrn hjkemrbr ujbanahs bjblbgns9 m. Vnrn khgnr ujbanahs bjblbgns9 k. Vnrn l lnrknr nrknr ndves pnrn Nrtbdcnrbn eu Npebe Nârhe. >>. ]hgrns pnrn n pejtnrbn kel n grnjnan BDXLBJNQBPN 818? n. Xtbdbzn-sh n rnjcurn hsphkbnd dulbjesn je metëe ah nousth ah abstíjkbn an dujhtn dujhtn thdhskûpbkn9 m. Vnrn abspnrnr e metëe ah nousth â zhrnae h hjtëe n nrln â hdhvnan ntâ quh n rnjcurn dulbjesn hsthon jn cerbzejtnd9 k. Noustn-sh n hspedhtn jn abstíjkbn ahshonan. >=. Vrîtbkn? n. Es Kelnjaes, npûs tbrnans teans ns aÿvbans, hxhkutnrëe e tbre tbre aburje hl ul ndve `bxe je thrrhje. m. E turje shrî abvbabae hl trïs hqubphs h sshrî hrî hxhkutnae e tbre per hqubphs9 B) Je tbre aburje, shrî hxhkutnae ul tbre CHNQ abrhte je ndve9 BB) Je tbre jeturje, shrî hxhkutnae aebs tbres CH h aebs tbres BDXLBJNQBPE[ ah èrln quh kel ul KNJ 31 ll n hqubph bdulbjh e ndve h kel eutre shon hxhkutnae e tbre je ndve. BB. KEJKDX[ËE? Phrb`bknr ndguln pessìvhd aÿvban eu phrgujtn abvudgnr es rhsudtnaes ans hqubphs h hxhkutnr n bjsphçëe ans nrlns h sun lnjuthjçëe.

K[] 31ll L;Knrd Gustn` ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëe ne nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes n) Bahjtb`bknr ns knrnkthrìstbkns9 ahslejtnghl h lejtnghl (=¶ hskndëe)9 ephrnçëe h Lnjhoe.

— ...kcnlhl es KELNJAE[, hdhs snmhrëe e quh `nzhr.“

37

Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Kelujbknçøhs Â ah ùjanlhjtnd blpertíjkbn quh e ùture KELNJAE[ aelbjh hsth nssujte, pebs e rîabe shrî hlprhgnae hl teans ns lbssøhs ae kurse h prbjkbpndlhjth perquh shrî rhspejsîvhd phdn bjstruçëe h nahstrnlhjte ae ]îabe Ephrnaer ae Ank quh `bzhr pnrth eu kelnjanr, pnrn e kulprblhjte ans lbssøhs rhnbs eu ah nahstrnlhjte quh, je ùture, rhkhmhr. >. NV]H[HJQNÇËE NE N[[XJQE - ]îabe? prbjkbpnd lhbe ah kelujbknçëe jns Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes. - Kelujbknçøhs sbgbdesns. - Kelujbknçøhs rîpbans h h`bkbhjths. =. CBQÛ]BN AE ]ÎABE n) >¿ GL ‛ ]hahs hl thdhgrn`bn lersh. m) =¿ GL ‛ Vdhje hlprhge ae rîabe. ;. @XJANLHJQE[ AE H^XBVNLHJQE ]ÎABE n. HLV]HGE - Dbgnjae hdhlhjtes lubte lûvhbs. - Dbgnçëe thrrn ‛ nr. - Dbgnçëe n grnjahs abstíjkbns. - [btunçøhs suohbtns n luanjçns rîpbans. - @dhxbmbdbanah. m. PNJQNGHJ[ H AH[PNJQNGHJ[ - Pnjtnghjs? - Lembdbanah. - ]npbahz - Ahsvnjtnghjs? - Vessbmbdbanah ah bjthrrupçëe. - @rejthbrns. - Npnrhdces ah ndtn petïjkbn.

33

k. KEJOXJQE-]ÎABE - Kejstbtuìae ah? - Xl trnjslbsser. - Xl rhkhpter. - Xln njthjn. - Xln èjth ah ndblhjtnçëe. - Nkhssûrbes abvhrses. a. KN]NKQH]Ì[QBKN[ AE[ KEJOXJQE[ ]ÎABE AE HM >) QBVE - Xdtrnpertîthbs. Hx? H]K >6;, H]K >61, H]K >679 - Vertîthbs. Hx? H]K >>6, H]K 0=69 - Phbkudnrhs. Hx? H]K =6> =) @NBSN AH @]H^ÔÏJKBN. - Es kejoujtes rîabe sëe preohtnaes pnrn hlprhge ahjtre ah ahthrlbjnan `nbxn ah `rhqôïjkbn. - @rhquïjkbn? Jr ah kbkdes quh ekerrhl jul shgujae, ujbanah pnarëe Chrtz (Cz) ;) LEAXDNÇËE - Hl Nlpdbtuah ( NL ) ‛ Kejsbsth jn vnrbnçëe an Nlpdbtuah an Ejan pertnaern per lhbe ah sbjnd quh sh ahshon trnjslbtbr9 nssbl, n Ejan ah ]îabe thrî lnber eu lhjer Nlpdbtuah, ùjçëe ans vnrbnçøhs ae [bjnd Leaudnaer ( ANK ‛ MEM@Hsp ). ]@ shl leaudnçëe [bjnd ah îuabe ]@ leaudnan - Hl @rhqôïjkbn ( @L ) ‛ Â emtban phdn vnrbnçëe ah @rhqôïjkbn an Ejan pertnaern hl ùjçëe ae [bjnd Leaudnaer. N Nlpdbtuah an Ejan â lnjtban kejstnjth h sun @rhqôïjkbn vnrbn nkbln h nmnbxe ae vnder erbgbjnd (Kurtns abstíjkbns). Vertnaern [bjnd Ejan leaudnan

32

- [bjgdh [bah Mnja ( [[M ) ‛ N Leaudnçëe hl [[M eu @nbxns Dnthrnd [bjghdn kejsbsth hl uln vnrbnçëe ah Nlpdbtuah Leaudnan, kel n shgubjth ab`hrhjçn? ul [bjnd NL pessub auns @nbxns Dnthrnbs ne pnsse quh ul [bjnd Leaudnae hl [[M pessub nphjns uln @nbxn Dnthrnd (Grnjahs abstíjkbns).

Pnjtnghjs h Ahsvnjtnghjs ( @L/NL9 NL/[[M ). ûnare- (trnjspnrïjkbn) 1) QBVE[ AH [BJND - @ejbn. - Grn`bn. - Qhdhtbpe. - Qhdâgrnè. - @nk [ìlbdh. 8) NDKNJKH - Abstíjkbn lîxbln quh peah shr kemhrtn, ahphjah ah? - @rhqôïjkbn ( LX@/@EQ) - Vetïjkbn ae hqubpnlhjte. - Dekndbznçëe ae kejoujte rîabe ‛ hskedcn an pesbçëe. 0) QBVE[ AH NJQHJN[ - Phrtbknd. - Cerbzejtnd. - Abrhkbejnd. 7) KDN[[B@BKNÇËE

26

h. DBJCN[ AH Q]NJ[LB[[ËE AH ]@ - E thrle Dbjcn ah Qrnjslbssëe â npdbknae n uln dbjcn quh â hlprhgnan pnrn kejauzbr eu gubnr hjhrgbn hdâtrbkn ah ul pejte n eutre. - Qhrlbjedegbn? Qean Dbjcn ah Qrnjslbssëe thl auns hxtrhlbanahs? n hxtrhlbanah jn qund n hjhrgbn hdâtrbkn â npdbknan h n hxtrhlbanah hl quh â per hdn hjtrhguh. N prblhbrn jhstn hxpdbknçëe â kcnlnan Hxtrhlbanah ah Hjtrnan eu ah Ghrnaer h n shgujan n Hxtrhlbanah ah [nìan eu ah Knrgn. `. V]EVNGNÇËE AN[ EJAN[ ]ÎABE-HDÂQ]BKN[ -]îabe ‛ trnjslbssëe phde hspnçe ah ejans hdhtrelngjâtbkns, preauzbans jul trnjslbsser h brrnabnans per uln njthjn. - Phdekbanah ah Vrepngnçëe ‛ nprexblnanlhjth ;66.666 Il/s. >) @]H^ÔÏJKBN H KELV]BLHJQE AH EJAN - @rhqôïjkbn < Jr ah kbkdes kelpdhtes quh ekerrhl jul shgujae. Xjbanah pnarëe Chrtz ( Cz ). - Kelprblhjte ah Ejan < Abstíjkbn phrkerrban phdn ejan rnabehdâtrbkn aurnjth e thlpe jhkhssîrbe pnrn quh sh rhndbzh ul kbkde kelpdhte. - Veahles rhdnkbejnr `rhqôïjkbn h kelprblhjte ah ejan phdn shgubjth `ûrludn? < ;66 `

=) @NBSN AH @]H^ÔÏJKBN - Hsthjahl-sh ah >6 ICz ntâ nkbln ah ;6 GCz quh peahl shr abvbabans hl vîrbns `nbxns ah `rhqôïjkbn.

;) V]EVNGNÇËE - Ns Ejans ah ]îabe se`rhl bj`duïjkbn ae lhbe hl quh sh prepngnl. - Pnrbnl kel? - [ede. - Ndtbtuah. - Vesbçëe ghegrî`bkn.

2>

- Kejabçøhs ntles`ârbkns. - Ntles`hrn? - Kelprhhjah 6; (trïs) @nbxns ( ah mnbxe pnrn kbln )? Qrepes`hrn. Hstrntes`hrn. Bejes`hrn ( nprhshjtn lnber bj`duïjkbn jn prepngnçëe ans Ejans ]nabehdâtrbkns ). n) KELVEJHJQH[ AN[ EJAN[ ]NABEHDÂQ]BKN[ Ejans Qhrrhstrhs? Vrepngnl prûxble n suphr`ìkbh an thrrn, pessubjae 61 (quntre) kelpejhjths? Abrhtn, ]h`dhtban, [uphr`bkbnd h Hspndcnlhjte Qrepes`ârbke. - Abrhtn ......................... Abstíjkbn lnbs kurtn. - ]h`dhtban .................... [e`rh rh`dhxëe je sede. - [uphr`bkbnd ................. [uphr`ìkbh an thrrn. Ejans Bejes`ârbkns? - Vrepngnçëe jn Bejes`hrn. - Ne ntbjgbrhl n bejes`hrn shrëe rh`rntnans, rh`dhtbans eu nmservbans. Hsth kelpertnlhjte shrî hl ùjçëe an `rhqôïjkbn utbdbznan, an kelpesbçëe an bejes`hrn jnquhdh lelhjte h ae íjgude ah bjkbaïjkbn. - Ejans Bejes`ârbkns ]h`dhtbans? - @nbxn nprexblnan ah >,8 n ;6 LCz suphrn e premdhln an nmserçëe h thl pessbmbdbanah ah sh rh`dhtbr jn bejes`hrn. - [ndte - â e phrkurse kelpdhte? Qhrrn ‛ Bejes`hrn ‛ Qhrrn. - Abstíjkbn ah [ndte ‛ â n abstíjkbn phrkerrban jn suphr`ìkbh. ûnjte lnber n `rhqôïjkbn, lnber n abstíjkbn ah sndte. - _ejn ah [bdïjkbe ‛ ekerrh qunjae n abstíjkbn ah sndte èr lnber quh e ndknjkh ans ejans thrrhstrhs, e quh prevekn n hxbstïjkbn ah uln rhgbëe quh jëe â ntbjgban per ejans ah uln ahthrlbjnan `rhqôïjkbn.

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- @rhqôïjkbn Krìtbkn ‛ kejsbahrnjae nphjns n perçëe an ejan quh bjkbah vhrtbkndlhjth jn bejes`hrn, ns ejans ah `rhqôïjkbn suphrber n uln ahthrlbjnan `rhqôïjkbn krìtbkn shrëe rh`rntnans pnrn e hspnçe hxthrber h ns ah `rhqôïjkbn krìtbkn shrëe rh`dhtbans pnrn n suphr`ìkbh thrrhstrh. g. ]XÌAE ]NABEHDÂQ]BKE - [ëe sbjnbs bjahshoîvhbs, prevhjbhjths ans lnbs abvhrsns èjths, oujtnlhjth kel e sbjnd ahshonae jn njthjn rhkhptern. - Hsths sbjnbs bjahshoîvhbs, ahjelbjnaes ghjhrbknlhjth ]XÌAE[ ]NABEHDÂQ]BKE[, sëe shjtbaes ne dejge ah teae hsphktre ah rnabe`rhqôïjkbn h rhprhshjtnl uln sârbn dblbtnçëe æs rnabekelujbknçøhs. - E sbjnd ahvh shr suphrber ne ruìae pnrn phrlbtbr rhkhpçëe dhgìvhd, sh e sbjnd bgundnr ne ruìae, shrî pessìvhd phrkhmï-de, lns jëe cnvhrî dhgbmbdbanah. >) QBVE[ AH ]XÌAE[ ]NABEHDÂQ]BKE[ >. ]uìaes Jnturnbs ‛ sëe ejans hdhtrelngjâtbkns ghrnans jn prûprbn jnturhzn ( rnbes h rhdílpnges ). =. ]uìaes Vreauzbaes phde Celhl ‛ sëe ejans hdhtrelngjâtbkns ghrnans hl vbrtuah an ntbvbanah culnjn kele? lîqubjns9 dbjcns ah trnjslbssëe h vbnturns. c. ]NABE@]H^ÔÏJKBN LX@ / @EQ LX@ - Ah`bjbles kele Lîxbln @rhquïjkbn Xtbdbzîvhd , pnrn ul ahthrlbjnae hjdnkh ah prepngnçëe bejes`ârbkn bejes`â rbkn hl ul bjstnjth anae æ `rhquï `rhquïjkbn jkbn suphrber hhl l quh es sbjnbs sbjn bs ntrnvhssnl n bejes`hrn shl cnvhr rh`dhxëe. N LX@ â pertnjte ul vnder dblbth, nmnbxe an qund hxbsth rh`dhxëe ah sbjnbs. @EQ ‛ Ah`bjbles @rhqôïjkbn Ûtbln ah Qrnmndce (@EQ), e vnder an `rhqôïjkbn quh jes nsshgurn uln premnmbdbanah ah kelujbknçøhs ah 26% ne dejge ah ul lïs. Vertnjte pnrn hjdnkh ah khrtn blpertíjkbn e vndr an @EQ â kejsbahrnae kele shjae e lhdcer kelprelbsse prîtbke, shjae sun hxprhssëe anan per? @EQ < 6,38 x LX@. ûnjae èr blpertnjth n kejstíjkbn ans kelujbknçøhs ush pnrn trî`hge n @EQ, kuon hxprhssëe â @EQ < 6,38 x LX@

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NJQHJN[ Hstn bjstruçëe trntn aes tbpes mîsbkes ah njthjns tîtbkns h ah ndgulns seduçøhs prevbsûrbns, kel vbstns n kejstruçëe ah njthjns hxphabtns, quh sumstbtuhl ns njthjns erbgbjnbs aes hqubpnlhjtes. Hstns seduçøhs sëe nphjns thlperîrbns, lns nouanrëe n lnjthr ns kelujbknçøhs. Ns njthjns preperkbejnl, lubtns vhzhs, ul lhbe ah suphrnr es hsèrçes ae bjblbge jn guhrrn hdhtrñjbkn. Xln njthjn mb-abrhkbejnd eu ujb-abrhkbejnd peah shr usnan pnrn hvbtnr quh e bjblbge bjthrkhpth ns trnjslbssøhs. [h vekï usnr uln njthjn tbpe —vhrtbknd“ peah kejtnr quh e bjblbge bjthrkhptn h dekndbzn shu trnjslbsser hl 7; % aes knses. Lns, sh usnr uln njthjn cerbzejtnd / abrhkbejnd, peah hdblbjnr n pessbmbdbanah ah dekndbznçëe h rhauzbr n premnmbdbanah ah bjthrkhptnçëe pnrn nphjns 3%. Jn hskedcn ae tbpe khrte ah njthjn, â lubte blpertnjth kejsbahrnr n dekndbznçëe an hstnçëe kel n qund ahshon kelujbknr, perquh n abrhçëe h n abstíjkbn sëe `nterhs krìtbkes pnrn e hstnmhdhkblhjte ae hjdnkh Ns ejans ah ul trnjslbsser ah rîabe sëe brrnabnans per uln njthjn trnjslbssern h sh prepngnl phde hspnçe, shjae bjthrkhptnans per uln njthjn rhkhptern. Xln njthjn trnjslbssern prhkbsn shr kndkudnan shgujae hsphkb`bknçøhs rìgbans, pnrn uln lîxble ah brrnabnçëe ah hjhrgbn. N lnberbn aes hqubpnlhjtes ah knlpnjcn utbdbzn nphjns uln njthjn pnrn trnjslbtbr h rhkhmhr. KELVEJHJQH[ n. Bsednaerhs blprevbsnaes ûnjae sh kejstrûb uln njthjn â blpertnjth quh e bsednaer an njthjn `bquh susphjse ae sede. Â jhkhssîrbe lubtns vhzhs ne ephrnaer ah rîabe `nzhr use ah khrtes lnthrbnbs quh dch shonl prevhbteses. Hlmern vbare h perkhdnjn pessnl shr es lhdcerhs lnthrbnbs bsednaerhs, jhl shlprh peahrhles absper ahdhs. Dnjçnrhles jëe hjtëe, ah ndgul hxphabhjth pnrn sumstbtubdes. - kedchr ah rnçëe - snke pdîstbke - metëe ah ujbèrlh - phançe ah lnahbrn - phskeçe ah gnrrn`n - kerans ah jydej - merrnkcn eu tbrn ah pnje - tume VPK m. ]hsbsterhs blprevbsnaes - snke kel 866 g - MN ‛ ;6

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k. Kejauterhs E knme thdh`ñjbke HM BB KNM-=67 peah shr utbdbznae pnrn ns blprevbsnçøhs nprhshjtnjae ndguln phran jns trnjslbssøhs. Ems? - Qhstnr n kejautbmbdbanah ae phançe quh shrî utbdbznae. - Ahshjknpnr uln pedhgnan jns hxtrhlbanahs, shpnrnr es es `bes ah kemrh aes ah nçe, kejtnjae hsths ÿdtbles. - Ns pnrths ae `be quh shrvbrhl kele njthjn preprbnlhjth abtn ahvhrëe shr ahshjknpnans. - Es kejauterhs ah hjhrgbn njthjn-hstnçëe (h vbkh vhrsn), ahvhrëe hstnr terkbaes h phrlnjhkhrhl hjknpnaes. - Vrhstnr nthjçëe jn kejhxëe aes `bes pesbtbves h ae thrrn jn hstnçëe. - ûnjae utbdbznrhl n mnsh an njthjn pnrn `bxnr e `be pesbtbve jn hstnçëe, usnr n mnsh an njthjn dejgn (dbgnr je rhkhptîkude an njthjn hxthrjn, anjae ul lnber rhjablhjte). QBVE[? - njthjn pdnje ah thrrn hdhvnae (pâ ah gndbjcn) - njthjn shlb-]ñlmbkn - njthjn @be dejge - njthjn Abpede  vhrtbknd9 cerbzejtnd. - njthjn Phrtbknd - njthjn ]ñlmbkn n. Njthjn Vâ-ah-Gndbjcn - gnjce ah ;,8 vhzhs - prepngnçëe ELJB- abrhkbejnd Bjstndnçëe? E `be quh hstî dbgnae je pdnje ah thrrn vnb pnr ne rîabe h hjtëe â dbgnae n lnssn an knbxn ae H^V. E `be snb an njthjn (pesbtbve) vnb pnrn n meran nuxbdbnr ae rhkhpter. m. Njthjn [hlb - ]ñlmbkn - gnjce ah =,8 vhzhs - trnjslbth prepngnçëe Xjb-abrhkbejnd phdn hxtrhlbanah ejah hstî e rhsbster - e kelprblhjte nprhshjtnae jn lhbn rñlmbkn â 3> `rhqôïjkbn hjtrh =6 h 06 LC_. - Abrhçëe eu trnjslbssëe ]îabe ‛ Qrnjslbsser k. Njthjn @be Dejge - gnjce = vhzhs - prepngnçëe abrhkbejnd - abrhçëe ah trnjslbssëe dnae ae rhsbster - kelprblhjte nprhshjtnae pnrn `rhqôïjkbns hjtrh =6 n 36 LC_ a. Njthjn Abpede - prepngnçëe ‛ MB abrhkbejnd - abrhçëe ah prepngnçëe ‛ phrphjabkudnr.

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Kelujbknçøhs ‛ Emohtbves (Erbhjtnçëene nduje ae Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes) n) Ahskrhvhr es ùjanlhjtes ah utbdbznçëe ans kelujbknçøhs rîabe9 m) Bjstndnr h Hxpdernr es hqubpnlhjtes hqu bpnlhjtes rîabe hxbsthjths jn EL9 k) Bahjtb`bknr es kelpejhjths aes hqubpnlhjtes rîabe hxbsthjths jn EL9 a) Bahjtb`bknr es tbpes ah njthjns mîsbkns h shus kelpejhjths9 h) Bjstndnr njthjns mîsbkns9 `) Krbptegrn`nr h ahkrbptegrn`nr lhjsnghjs9 g) Nuthjtbknr lhjsnghjs hl èjbn9 h c) Xtbdbznr ns BVKel/BHKel.

— N dhndanah kele krhjçn N abskbpdbjn kele vnder N kernghl kele cîmbte N lbssëe kele ahstbje“

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Kurse ah Nçøhs ah Kelnjaes ‛ Vrblhbres [ekerres GHJH]NDBANAH[ Ns trïs lhabans sndvn-vbans hl prblhbre sekerres sëe? hstnjknr n chlerrngbn, prethghr e `hrblhjte h hvbtnr e kcequh. A Ahvh-sh hvh-sh lhlerbznr hstns lhabans h bjstrubr-sh semrh es lâteaes lnbs sblpdhs ah hxhkutî-des. E Hqubpnlhjte quh e sedanae abspøhl pnrn e >¿ sekerre h e hsteoe ah >¿ sekerres h hqubpnlhjtes hsphkbnbs quh teaes ahvhl kejauzbr pnrn jëe kelprelhthr e blhabnte sndvnlhjte an vìtbln. Xln `rnturn â ul esse quhmrnae. [h cî kelujbknçëe ae lhbe bjthrje kel e lhbe hxthrje thrhles uln `rnturn hxpestn. [h lnd lnjbpudnan, uln `rnturn `hkcnan peah trnjsèrlnr-sh juln hxpestn. Qean `rnturn rhquhr n kedeknçëe ah tndn, perâl ndgujs tbpes ah `rnturn ahvhl thr kubanaes nabkbejnbs. [h cî aÿvban semrh n hxbstïjkbn eu jëe ah `rnturn, e `hrblhjte ahvh shr kejsbahrnae kele tnd ntâ prevn hl kejtrîrbe. Es h`hbtes ae knder sëe qunsh shlprh blprhvbsìvhbs, knan phssen rhngh ah uln èrln ab`hrhjth ne knder. Cî khrtes tbpes ah dhsøhs quh hxbghl lhabans hsphkbnbs ah prblhbre sekerre. [ëe hdns? `hrblhjte je tûrnx (phbte), `hrblhjte je nmaelh (mnrrbgn), `hrblhjte je quhbxe h `hrblhjte jn knmhçn. N[ Q]Ï[ LHABAN[ [NDPN-PBAN[. n. Hstnjknr n chlerrngbn. >) N chlerrngbn bjbjthrruptn knusn e kcequh, shgubae an lerth. Vnrn ahthrhnhxhrçn chlerrngbn kurntbve rhtbrnae hsteoe ah prblhbre sekerre, hl kbln `hrblhjte semrh ,enpdbquh lhsle,ekel n pndln h es ae ahaes an lëe nmhrtn, uln prhssëe `brlh,ae kejtbjun h ujbèrlhlhjth abstrbmuìan. Vnrn kebmbr chlerrngbns ah lnber grnvbanah, hstn kelprhssëe ahvhrî predejgnr-sh, per ul phrìeae ah thlpe ah 68 æ >6 lbjutes. Qrnjskerrbaes 68 æ >6 lbjutes, n kelprhssëe lnjund peahrî shr sumstbtuìan phdn ans ntnaurns ae kurntbve, hjrednans hl terje an pnrth `hrban. =) Xln prevbaïjkbn n lnbs. Vnrn `nkbdbtnr e hstnjknlhjte ae snjguh hl `hrblhjtes ae mrnçe eu an phrjn, â lnjthr e nkbahjtnae jn pesbçëe ahbtnan, kel e lhlmre `hrbae hdhvnae, hl jìvhd suphrber ne rhste ae kerpe. KXBANAE! [H CÎ [X[VHBQN AH @]NQX]N , JËE HDHPH E LHLM]E @H]BAE NJQH[ ^XH E LH[LE [HON NAH^XNANLHJQH V]EPBAE AH QNDN[. E levblhjte ah ul `rnturnae â aederese, peahjae nulhjtnr e rbske ah kcequh eu dhsnr jhrves, lÿskudes h

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vnses snjgôìjhes. N hdhvnçëe ae lhlmre `hrbae `nz kel quh e snjguh kbrkudh kbrkudh dhjtnlhjth je kbtnae lhlmre9 hl kejshqôïjkbn, e rbtle an chlerrngbn shrî ablbjuìae. Cnvhrî, kejtuae, n jhkhssbanah ah lnjthr n kelprhssëe semrh e `hrblhjte, pebs shlprh kbrkudnrî khrtn qunjtbanah ah snjguh phde lhlmre n`htnae. ;) ûnjae èr jhkhssîrbe e terjbquhth. Xsh - e an shgubjth èrln? Jns nlputnçøhs ah pâ, lëe, mrnçe eu phrjn h jns chlerrngbns ans pnrths lnbs ndtns ae mrnçe eu an phrjn, phr jn, kedequh e terjbquhth dege nkbln an `hrban eu deknd dekn d an nlputnçëe9 Hl teaes es knses ah chlerrngbn ah lëe, pâ , njthmrnçe eu phrjn, hxkhte jns nlputnçøhs, kedequh e terjbquhth, kejèrlh e knse, blhabntnlhjth nkbln ae oehdce eu ae ketevhde9 Hl teans ns sbtunçøhs, npdbquh e terjbquhth hjtrh e deknd an chlerrngbn h e kerpe9 ûnjae pessìvhd, prethon n phdh kedeknjae e terjbquhth semrh n lnjgn eu phrjn an kndçn, ahvbanlhjth hvbtnans ns rugns jn `nzhjan9 Nssbjndh n dekndbznçëe ae `hrblhjte, bjabknjae quh e terjbquhth dch èb npdbknae h n quh cerns. Ndgulns thjaïjkbns ntunbs nkrhabtnl quh jëe sh usn lnbs e terjbquhth, hl cbpûthsh jhjculn. m. Vrethghr e `hrblhjte. E kurntbve ah prblhbre sekerre, sh kejvhjbhjthlhjth npdbknae, prethgh e `hrblhjte ae lhbe hxthrber. Lnjtâl ae dnae ah èrn n suohbrn h es ghrlhs. ûnjae npdbknr e kurntbve ah prblhbre sekerre jëe thjth dblpnr e `hrblhjte. Npdbquh, sblpdhslhjth, e kurntbve. Jëe tequh je `hrblhjte kel ns lëe eu eutre qundquhr emohte n jëe shr e kurntbve. Ns ntnaurns ae kurntbve ahvhl shr npdbknans, hvbtnjae - sh quh `bquhl terkbans semrh sb lhslns. Hdns ahvhrëe hxhrkhr uln prhssëe ujbèrlh semrh tean n suphr`ìkbh ae kurntbve h ahvhl vhanr ns suns hxtrhlbanahs n `bl ah prethgh-dns an suohbrn. k. Hvbtnr eu Qrntnr e Kcequh? >) E kcequh â ul hstnae ah grnjah hj`rnquhkblhjte ae kerpe. Veah knusnr n lerth. Veah surgbr hl qundquhr nkbahjth9 qunjte lnbs grnvh e `hrblhjte, tnjte lnber n pessbmbdbanah ah sun ekerr0hjkbn. Ns chlerrngbns grnvhs knusnl e kcequh. Xln phssen hl kcequh kelhçn per `bknr trïludn h jhrvesn9 thl shah9 terjn - sh lubte pîdban, sunan h, `bjndlhjth, ahslnbn. =) E kcequh peah jëe npnrhkhr blhabntnlhjth npûs e nkbahjth. Qrnth e `hrbae prhvhjtbvnlhjth, njths quh e kcequh vhjcn n ekerrhr. ;) Vnrn prhvhjbr eu trntnr e kcequh? @nçn e `hrbae ahsknjsnr ah leae kejèrtîvhd. ]htbrh - dch e hqubpnlhjte h tuae e lnbs quh hstbvhr knrrhgnjae. N`reuxh e kbjte h ahsnmeteh e `nranlhjte. Jëe levn ahsjhkhssnrbnlhjth. [h hjkejtrn hjk ejtrn hl pesbçëe njerlnd h jëe cî `rnturns `rntur ns npnrhjths, luah-e, sunvhlhjth pnrn uln pesbçëe lnbs jerlnd.

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[h cî dhsøhs jn knmhçn, quhbxe eu tûrnx, kedequh - e juln pesbçëe hl quh sun knmhçn h lhlmres `bquhl hl jìvhd bj`hrber ne rhste ae kerpe, n `bl ah quh e snjguh pessn n`dubr dbvrhlhjth ne shu kârhmre. Hsth h`hbte â kejshgubae kedeknjae sun lekcbdn eu qundquhr emohte hlmnbxe aes shus pâs eu, knse e thrrhje pessun pes sun rnlpn luanjae ahdbknanlhjth n pesbçëe ae nkbahjtnae, ah èrln quh sun knmhçn `bquh hl jìvhd bj`hrber ne shus pâs. Lns dhlmrh - sh? jëe hrgn uln phrjn `rnturnan, jhl levblhjth ul nkbahjtnae quh nprhshjth `rnturn, shjëe npûs thr npdbknae tndns æ pnrth `rnturnan. Lnjthjcn e `hrbae `hr bae kejèrtîvhdlhjth nquhkbae hjrednjae - e hl h l ul kemhrter, knsnke, pejkce eu onpejn. Kedequh reupns hlmnbxe ahdh pnrn prethgh-de an `rbnghl ae sede. Dhlmrh - sh ? vekï ahshon selhjth lnjtï-de nquhkbae h jëe —terrî-de“. [h hstî bjkejskbhjth, ahbth e nkbahjtnae ah dnae, n `bl ah hvbtnr sun suèknçëe kel vñlbtes, snjguh eu eutres dìqubaes knpnzhs ah emstrubr - dch n mekn. [h hstî kejskbhjth, aï - dch dìqubaes. Hstbludnjths quhjths, tnbs kele kn`â, lnth eu kcekednth sëe hxkhdhjths. Kejtuae, jëe aï dìqubaes n ul `hrbae bjkejskbhjth eu n ul quh hsthon `hrbae jn mnrrbgn. H dhlmrh - sh? e îdkeed JËE â hstbludnjth. KX]NQBPE BJABPBAXND? N]QBGE[ NABKBEJNB[ JHKH[[Î]BE[. n. Hsteoes ah prblhbres sekerres. Kejtâl ul kurntbve bjabvbaund h ul pnketh ah kderhte ah sûabe lbsturnae kel mbknrmejnte ah sûabe. Ndâl ae hsteoe ah prblhbre sekerre quh teae e sedanae rhkhmh, cî hqubpnlhjtes hsphkbnbs ah prblhbre sekerre. Hsshs hqubpnlhjtes kejtâl uln vnrbnan gnln ah nrtbges, tnbs kele njtbsâptbkes, kelprhssns ah gnzh hsthrbdbznan, ntnaurns, thseurns, pbjçns, terjbquhths, nd`bjhths ah shgurnjçn, htk. Kejtâl, tnlmâl, bjstruçøhs pnrn n utbdbznçëe kerrhtn ahsshs nrtbges. Nprhjan n usî-des njths quh vhjcn n prhkbsnr ahdhs. Kerths, hl ghrnd jëe snjgrnl lubte, prbjkbpndlhjth npûs n npdbknçëe ae kurntbve. Kele e lnber phrbge â n bj`hkçëe, prethon qundquhr seduçëe ah kejtbjubanah an phdh. Jëe tequh ul `hrblhjte kel es ahaes, jhl phrlbtn e kejtnte an reupn kel e lhsle. Lnjthjcn - e dblpe. Npdbquh hl teaes es hqubpnlhjtes ah prblhbre sekerre, shon jes ans Ptr, shon bjabvbaund. Xsh ul quh thjcn ablhjsøhs su`bkbhjths pnrn kemrbr n `hrban ah leae kelpdhte. Qelh kubanae pnrn quh es ahaes jëe tequhl jn pnrth ae kurntbve quh vnb `bknr hl kejtnte kel n `hrban >) Ns quhblnaurns sëe dhsøhs lubte `rhqôhjths. Veahl shr ahthrlbjnans per knder shke, per dìqubaes quhjths, nghjths quìlbkes, hdhtrbkbanah eu rnbes sednrhs. ûhblnaurns lhjerhs peahl bj`hktnr - sh jëe èrhl prethgbans kejvhjbhjthlhjth. Hdns ahvhl shr kemhrtns kel phjses ah gnzh hsthrbdbznan, ah tnlnjce kejvhjbhjth h ntnans kel e lnthrbnd hxbsthjth je hqubpnlhjte ah prblhbre sekerre. usn-sh e phjse p hjse hsthrbdbznae hxbsthjth je hsteoe bjabvbaund ah prblhbre seker sekerre9 re9 sh jëe hstbvhr lnbs phjse hsthrbdbznae, ahbxn - sh n quhblnaurn ahskemhrtn. =) ûhblnaurns Grnvhs? [h uln phssen tbvhr uln quhblnaurn grnvh, hstî hl grnvh phrbge ah bj`hkçëe. Kumrn n îrhn quhblnan, kubanaesnlhjth, kel ul kurntbve hsthrbdbznae h shke. [h ceuvhr reupns semrh n quhblnaurn, kerth-ns h rhtbrh-ns ahdbknanlhjth. Jëe puxh ns reupns semrh n îrhn quhblnan9 jëe thjth rhtbrnr phançes ah reupn nahrhjths æ phdh9 jëe thjth dblpnr n

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quhblnaurn9 jëe relpn ns medcns èrlnans jns quhblnaurns9 jëe npdbquh grnxn, vnshdbjn eu ujgôhjtes jn quhblnaurn. Jëe ush lhabknlhjte ah qundquhr hspâkbh9 jëe tequh n quhblnaurn kel kebsn ndguln n jëe shr e kurntbve hsthrbdbznae. Ns quhblnaurns grnvhs nprhshjtnl lnber thjaïjkbn ne kcequh ae quh ns ahlnbs dhsøhs ah qundquhr jnturhzn. Vnrn hvbtî-de, sbgn e lâteae, hl vhz ah anr dìqubaes hstbludnjths quhjths ne `hrbae `nçn bste? (n) [h hdh hstbvhr kejskbhjth, jëe velbtnr h jëe tbvhr `hrblhjte jn mnrrbgn, aï-dch phquhjns qunjtbanahs ah îgun `rhskn eu ghdnan, nabkbejnan ah snd h mbknrmejnte. Abssedvn 61 tnmdhths ah snd eu lhbn kedchr ans ah kcî ah snd `bje hl ul knjtbd ah îgun `rhskn eu ghdnan. [h abspushr ah mbknrmejnte ah sûabe, abssedvn lhbn kedchr ah kcî ae lhsle hl ul dbtre ah seduçëe sndbjn suprnkbtnan. Lbsturh e snd h e mbknrmejnte njths ah dnjçn-des æ îgun. Bste phrlbtbrî uln absseduçëe lnbs rîpban. (m) Aï n seduçëe nkbln, grnaundlhjth. N prbjkìpbe, aï-dch phquhjns kedchrnans, n bjthrvndes ah peukes lbjutes. Pî nulhjtnjae ns aeshs dhjtnlhjth, ah èrln quh, e lhsle, mhmn khr khrkn kn ah ul thrçe ae knjhke ae knjtbd per cern. Hstn seduçëe nouan n rhkuphrnr es dìqubaes h snbs ae kerpe, phrabaes hl vbrtuah an quhblnaurn. (k) [h e `hrbae velbtnr eu lhsle nlhnçnr `nzï-de, pnrh ah anr-dch n seduçëe nkbln. Jujkn ush îgun lerjn pnrn `nzhr n seduçëe. N îgun lerjn sndgnan peah knusnr e vñlbte. vñlbte. @]NQX]N[. E pnkbhjths kel `rnturn ah esses dejges, esses an mnkbn, kedujn eu phskeçe, ahvhl rhkhmhr ns tndns je prûprbe deknd ah nkbahjth, njths quh shon thjtnae qundquhr trnjsperth. n. Qndns pnrn esses `rnturnaes an phrjn, kexn eu nrtbkudnçëe an mnkbn. Kejqunjte jëe shon e lhdcer lâteae, ul aes lhbes lnbs rîpbaes ah hstndnr uln phrjn quhmrnan kejsbsth hl ntî-dn æ eutrn phrjn jëe ntbjgban. Ahvhl shr kedeknaes hjtrh ns auns phrjns, nkedkcenaes `hbtes kel reupns hjrednans, dhjçûbs, htk. Ns phrjns ahvhl shr ntnans uln æ eutrn hl vîrbes dugnrhs, nkbln h nmnbxe an pnrth `rnturnan. Es kndçnaes aes `hrbae jëe ahvhl shr rhtbrnaes, lns es shus pâs ahvhl shr ntnaes ul ne eutre, æ ndturn ans sedns aes pâs h aes ahaes. Bste hvbtn quh e pâ an phrjn quhmrnan mndnjkh h hxhrçn terçëe semrh e dugnr `rnturnae. Es `bes h kerans jëe ahvhl shr usnaes pnrn ntnknr ns phrjns9 ah prh`hrhjkbn, usnr-sh kbjtes, mnjaedhbrns, tbrns ah pnje h ah dhjçûbs. Jëe sh ahvh pnssnr uln ntnaurn per kbln ae dugnr `nturnae. Pekï jëe ahvhrî levblhjtnr ul `hrbae quh shon pertnaer ah uln `rnturn njths quh shon hjtndnae ah èrln kejvhjbhjth. ûnjae èr trnjspertn-de, `nçn-e hl uln pnabedn. [h vekï tbvhr thlpe h lnthrbnd æ lëe, peahrî `nzhr mens tndns pnrn n phrjn, usnjae aebs gndces, ùzbs h ul kemhrter eu onpejns. KXBANAE? [H XQBDB_N] N]LN[ VN]N [H]PB]HL KELE QNDN[ H[QHON NM[EDXQNLHJQH [HGX]E NJQH[ AH X[Î-DN[ AH ^XH N[ LH[LN[ H[QHONL AH[KN]]HGNAN[. Hjredh es gndces, eu ns nrlns, je kemhrter aemrnae

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( eu hl ndguln kndcn lnkbn jn qund n phrjn pessn sh ndeonr. Nlnrrh ns tndns `brlhlhjth hl vîrbes dugnrhs nkbln h nmnbxe an `rnturn. Ns tndns pnrn n `rnturn ah ul esse an phrjn ahvhrëe br ah ul pejte peuke nkbln ae oehdce ntâ ul peuke nmnbxe aes pâs. m. Qndns pnrn `rnturns jes esses es ses ae mrnçe. N tndn ahvh thr e kulprblhjte su`bkbhjth pnrn nmnrknr uln rhgbëe ah quh sh hsthjan ah ul pejte nkbln an nrtbkudnçëe blhabntnlhjth suphrber ne deknd `rnturnae, ntâ ul pejte nmnbxe an nrtbkudnçëe blhabntnlhjth bj`hrber ne deknd an `rnturn. Ns tndns ahvhl prethghr e lhlmre an kelprhhjsëe h e reçnlhjte. Nlnrrh-ns `brlhlhjth hl vîrbes pejtes nkbln h nmnbxe ae deknd an `rnturn, lns jëe tëe nphrtnae quh vhjcn n prhouabknr n kbrkudnçëe ae snjguh. Â mel npdbknr auns tndns, uln hl knan dnae ae mrnçe. [h ul ketevhde `rnturnae hstbvhr `dhxbejnae, jëe thjth hsthjah-de9 sh hstbvhr hsthjabae jëe thjth `dhxbejn-de. Xln tbpûbn â e lhbe lnbs lnbs rîpbae ah npebnr pnrn ul knse ah `rnturn ah mrnçe eu elmre, pnrn uln duxnçëe eu trnulntbsle aederese ae mrnçe. E mrnçe â ntnae mhl oujte ne kerpe pnrn hvbtnr levblhjtes. Pekï peah `nzhr uln tbpûbn usnjae qundquhr lnthrbnd knpnz ah susthjtnr tetnd eu pnrkbndlhjth e njthmrnçe h lnjth-de oujte ne kerpe. kerpe . k. @rnturn jn kedujn. >) Kedeknr ul nkedkcenlhjte `hbte kel uln tendcn ah mnjce aemrnan, eu reupns hl qunjtbanah bgund sem n pnrth lâabn an kedujn, n `bl ah nsshgurnr-dch n kurvnturn jnturnd. =) [h e `hrbae tbvhr ah shr trnjspertnae hl uln pnabedn eu tîmun, ahbth-e hvbtnjae hjkurvnr sun hspbjcn pnrn `rhjth. Kejvâl absper ah, je lìjble, 1 celhjs pnrn prekhahr n hssn ephrnçëe. ;) [h e `hrbae hstbvhr hl pesbçëe ah mruçes, kel e reste pnrn mnbxe, peah shr kejauzbae, jhssn lhsln pesbçëe, utbdbznjae-sh ul kemhrter. 1) Lnjthjcn e kerpe ae h`hrbae kerrhtnlhjth hsthjabae, hl pesbçëe jnturnd, hlshteans ns eknsbøhs, h ahsemstruìaes e jnrbz n mekn. [h hdh hstbvhr kejskbhjth, kubah pnrn quh jëe levn. 8) Je knse ah `rnturn an kedujn? n) Jëe levn e `hrbae, shjëe e hstrbtnlhjth jhkhssîrbe. m) Jëe dhvh sun knmhçn jhl lhsle pnrn pn rn mhmhr. k) Jëe `dhxbejh shu phskeçe eu kedujn. a) Jëe e knrrhguh hl kemhrter hstnjae vbrnae kel e reste pnrn kbln. a. Vhskeçe quhmrnae.

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N lnjhbrn ah prethghr ul phskeçe quhmrnae â n shgubjth? >) Kedequh uln tendcn ah mnjce hjrednan, eu ul rede ah reupns ah bgund vedulh, sem e phskeçe, pnrn npebn-de sunvhlhjth. E rede ahvh shr s hr su`bkbhjthlhjth gresse pnrn nrquhnr nrqu hnr dbghbrnlhjth e phskeçe9 =) Hdhvh es elmres n `bl ah kedeknr e rede sem e phskeçe. Jëe bjkdbjh e phskeçe eu n knmhçn pnrn `rhjth. Jëe levn n knmhçn jhl pnrn es dnaes jhl pnrn kbln ah leae ndgul. ;) Kedequh e rede ah tnd èrln quh, qunjae e `hrbae hstbvhr rhpeusnjae ah kestns, n pnrth pesthrber an sun knmhçn tequh je j e kcëe. 1) Vnrn lnjthr n knmhçn blembdbznan ahpebs quh e rede hstbvhr hl pesbçëe, kedequh uln grnjah pharn nkedkcenan, eu ul pnketh ah a h knan ul aes dnaes an knmhçn. 8) [h e `hrbae tbvhr ah shr trnjspertnae prekurh nuxbdbe. Xl celhl ahvhrî shgurnr n knmhçn ae `hrbae h lnjth-dn hl pesbçëe hjqunjte es eutres e dhvnjtnl trnjsperth-e hl uln pnabedn rìgban eu juln tîmun. 0) Jujkn vbrh ul `hrbae quh thjcn se`rbae `rnturn ae phskeçe. h. Qrnjsperth. >) Jëe thjth trnjspertnr ul nkbahjtnae quh tbvhr `rnturnae n kedujn eu e phskeçe. =) Qrnjsperth ah Melmhbres. E trnjsperth utbdbznae e prekhsse ah melmhbre â e ah lnbs `îkbd hxhkuçëe, e lnbs `îkbd prekhsse ah ul celhl trnjspertnr eutre. n) Pnrbnjths npûs dhvnjtnr e `hrbae ae kcëe, usnjae ns trïs prblhbrns `nshs ae prekhsse ah melmhbre? (>) Qrnjsperth kel npebe - ngnrrh e pujce ae mrnçe jëe `hrbae ae nkbahjtnae h pnssh e shu mrnçe phde shu phskeçe. Hjtëe hdh peahrî peahr î njanr usnjae vekï kele uln ludhtn. Hs Hsth th trnjsperth â ÿtbd jes knses ah `hrblhjtes dbghbres kele ul aes pâs h terjezhdes. (=) Qrnjsperth jes mrnçes - Â mel pnrn abstnjkbns kurtns. Qrnjsperth e nkbahjtnae mhl ndte pnrn hvbtnr n `nabgn. Jëe ush hsth trnjsperth qunjae e nkbahjtnae tbvhr phrjn quhmrnan. (;) Qrnjsperth jns kestns - Npûs dhvnjtnr e nkbahjtnae, vbrh-sh ah kestns pnrn hdh, lnjthjae ul ah shus mrnçes hl terje ae shu kerpe pnrn susth-de. Vnssh es mrnçes ae nkbahjtnae hl terje ah shu phskeçe9 hjtëe bjkdbjh-sh ul peuke pnrn n `rhjth, pnssh es shus mrnçes per mnbxes ans suns kexns, dhvnjth-e h kejauzn-e hl suns kestns.

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(1) Qrnjsperth tbpe lekcbdn - Npûs cnvhr dhvnjtnae e nkbahjtnae vbrh-sh lnjthjae hl npebe hl terje ah shu kerpe kel ul aes shus mrnçes. Ngnrrh shus pujces kel ns suns lëes h hrgn-e ntâ quh suns nxbdns `bquhl semrh es shus elmres. Â uln men lnjhbrn ah knrrhgnr ul `hrbae. Jëe n ush sh e `hrbae tbvhr `rnturns. ;) Hrgn jns kestns h trnjsperth. Vnrn hsth tbpe ah trnjsperth e `hrbae ahvh hstnr kejskbhjth h shr knpnz ah lnjthr-sh semrh ul aes pâs. Npûs hrguh-de pnrn uln u ln pesbçëe ah pâ, kedequh suns kestns ah a h hjkejtre æs ahdh. Lnjthjcne mhl hsthjabae, es mrnçes pnrn es dnaes. Bjkdbjh-sh pnrn trîs, pnssh suns lëes sem es shus mrnçes h ngnrrh shus elmres. Bjkdbjh-sh pnrn n `rhjth, puxnjae-e ah hjkejtre pnrn ns suns kestns. 1) Nrrnste phde phskeçe. Nlnrrh ns lëes ae nkbahjtnae uln n eutrn h pnssh-ns ntrîs ae shu phskeçe. Bste dch phrlbtbrî nrrnstnr e nkbahjtnae kejsbge. N vnjtnghl ahsth lâteae â quh vekï h e nkbahjtnae peahl phrlnjhkhr nmnbxnaes9 nssbl vekï hstnrî h stnrî prethgbae. Jujkn thjth nrrnstnr ul nkbahjtnae nkbah jtnae kel `rnturn ah kedujn eu ah phskeçe. 8) Nrrnsth phde kbjte ae hqubpnlhjte. Xjn aebs kbjtes ah hqubpnlhjte `nzhjae uln dejgn tbrn ÿjbkn. Npûs kedeknr e `hrbae ah kestns, pnssh uln vedtn an tbrn semrh sun knmhçn h kedequh hl pesbçëe ntrnvâs ae shu s hu phbte h per mnbxe ans nxbdns. Kruzh hjtëe ns hxtrhlbanahs an tbrn semrh e elmre ae `hrbae, èrlnjae uln eutrn vedtn. Ahbth-sh ah mnrrbgn ne shu dnae, ul peuke n `rhjth. Vnssh e shgujae dnçe ah tbrn semrh e shu prûprbe elmre. Kedequh e shu mrnçe lnbs prûxble ne `hrbae, sem n sun knmhçn pnrn prethghdn. Hjtëe nvnjkh, rnsthonjae, nrrnstnjae kejsbge e `hrbae. Hsth trnjsperth phrlbth n vekï h ne `hrbae kejshrvnr-sh oujte ne sede, lnbs prethgbae ae ège bjblbge.

1. NKBAHJQH[ V]EAX_BAE[ VHDN HSVE[BÇËE KEJQBJXNAN NE KNDE] H NE @]BE BJQHJ[E[. n. Hxnustëe Qârlbkn. N hxnustëe târlbkn rhsudtn an hxkhssbvn phran ah îgun h ah snd phde ergnjbsle. Hstn sbtunçëe â knusnan phdn èrth trnjspbrnçëe. [hus sbjtelns sëe tejthbrns h ahslnbes9 es sbjnbs prhkurserhs sëe pndbahz h phdh ÿlban h `rbn. Vnrn prblhbres sekerres, ahbth e `hrbae hl uln îrh îrhnn selmrhnan, n`reuxh sun reupn h aï-dch îgun `rbn, sndgnan, pnrn mhmhr sh hdh hstbvhr kejskbhjth(prhpnrh n îgun sndbjn, abssedvhjae hl ul knjtbd ah îgun aebs tnmdhths ah snd hslngnaes eu ´ ah kedchr ah kcî ah snd `bje. E nkbahjtnae ahvhrî mhmhr ah ; n 8 knjtbs je hspnçe ah >= cerns ).

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m. Kíblmrns. Kíblmrns ah knder peahl ekerrhr qunjae sh sunr ahlnsbnanlhjth h jëe sh teleu qunjtbanahs supdhlhjtnrhs ah snd. E nkbahjtnae peah shr ntbjgbae per kíblmrns luskudnrhs, prbjkbpndlhjth bjthstbjnbs, an pnrhah nmaelbjnd, mrnçes h phrjns. @rhqôhjthlhjth, velbtn h `bkn lubte `rnke. Aï-dch grnjahs qunjtbanahs ah îgun sndbjn, kele bjabknae nkbln. k. Bjsednçëe. Bjsednçëe â uln sbtunçëe lubte grnvh, kel ndtn tnxn ah lertndbanah, knrnkthrbznan per hdhvnan thlphrnturn ae kerpe h bjkejskbïjkbn. hl dugnrhs quhjths h `hkcnaes, uln pnrnan ae suer kel n phdh quhjth h shkn shrvh ah nvbse. n vbse. E nkbahjtnae `bkn lubte vhrlhdce h peah nprhsh nprhshjtnr jtnr ahdìrbe. E lnbs sblpdhs h blpertnjth emohtbve ae trntnlhjte h e nmnbxnlhjte an thlphrnturn ae kerpe e lnbs rnpbanlhjth pessìvhd. E lhdcer leae ah kejshguì-de â lhrgudcî-de hl ul mnjce ah îgun `rbn kejthjae ghde. sh jëe sh abspushr ae ghde, ush n îgun lnbs `rbn pessìvhd. [h ah teae jëe sh puahr emthr e mnjce ghdnae, kedequh kedeq uh e nkbahjtnae jn selmrn, rhlevn n sun su n reupn h lnjthjcn-e kelpdhlhjth ledcnae h ahrrnlnjae îgun semrh hdh. ]h`rhsquh-e kejtbjunlhjth, seprnjae semrh enkbahjtnae shu kerpeahvh ulhahkbae. Vrekurh nuxbdbe dhlmrh? e rhs`rbnlhjte kerpe ae terjn-sh shr kejtbjunae, lhsle lâabke. aurnjth nH sun hvnkunçëe. ûnjae ae e nkbahjtnae kejskbhjth, aï-dch îgun sndgnan h `rbn pnrn mhmhr, kele èb nkbln hxpeste. a. H`hbtes ae @rbe? N nçëe jekbvn ans mnbxns thlphrnturns sh `nz jetnr prbjkbpndlhjth qunjae nssekbnans æ ulbanah h/eu peukn ntbvbanah `ìsbkn. Nssbl, jûs thles e —pâ ah trbjkchbrn“ eu —pâ ah blhrsëe“ quh kejsbsth jul grnjah rhs`rbnlhjte ans hxtrhlbanahs bj`hrberhs qunjae hxpestns per vîrbns cerns n sumlhrsëe hl îgun `rbn. ûnjae cî ul rhs`rbnlhjte an thlphrnturn kerpernd gdemnd pnrn lhjes ah ;;¶K nulhjtn n pessbmbdbanah ah uln pnrnan knraìnkn. Eutre premdhln kelul â e qunsh kejghdnlhjte ans erhdcns h ae jnrbz qunjae hxpestes ne vhjte `rbe. N lhaban n shr telnan jhsths knses â e nquhkblhjte ans hxtrhlbanahs, prh`hrhjkbndlhjth ntrnvâs ae use ah îgun nquhkban n ul lîxble ah 1=¶K. [h tbvhrles ul bjabvìaue kel pnrnan knrabe-rhspbrntûrbn, ns lhabans ah rhnjblnçëe sû ahvhrëe khssnr npûs shu nquhkblhjte. @H]BLHJQE[ H CHLE]]NGBN[. n. @hrblhjte je Qûrnx. N vban ae nkbahjtnae peah ahphjahr an rnpbahz kel quh èr `hbtn n vhançëe an `hrban. Lnjthjcne hl hxpbrnçëe èrçnan h, sh pessìvhd, `nçn-e rhthr n rhspbrnçëe hjqunjte vekï vhan n `hrban. Vnrn bste, npdbquh abrhtnlhjth, semrh e `hrblhjte, n pnrth lhtîdbkn ae pnphd î prevn ah îgun, quh shrvh ah bjvûdukre bjthrje ae pnketh ah kurntbve bjabvbaund. KXBANAE. JËE QE^XH N VN]QH BJQH]JN @E] ( LHQÎDBKN ) AE BJPÛDXK]E VNKEQH AH KX]NQBPE BJABPBAXND ^XNJAE X[N-DE JH[QN EVH]NÇËE.AE Npdbquh, sukhssbvnlhjth , e kurntbve

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bjabvbaund semrh e pnphd lhtîdbke quh oî sh nkcn semrh n `hrban h hxhrçn, semrh e kurntbve, uln kelprhssëe kel n lëe nmhrtn. Hstn kelprhssëe peahrî shr lnjtban per ul nuxbdbnr eu ntâ lhsle per ul prûprbe `hrbae, sh hsth hstbvhr hl kejabçøhs ah `nzh-de. Vrekhan hjtëe î `bxnçëe ae kurntbve per lhbe ans rhsphktbvns ntnaurns. Anae e dblbtnae kelprblhjte ans ntnaurns vekï thrî ah usnr phjses nabkbejnbs, tnbs kele tbrns ah pnje, ah mdusns, dhjçûbs, ah pejkces, htk9 n `bl ah preauzbr su`bkbhjth kelprhssëe h vhanlhjte. Ns tbrns ae lnthrbnd ah phjse ahvhl kruznr e kurntbve hl teans ns abrhçøhs h hxhrkhr prhssëe `brlh h ujbèrlh hl teae. [h e `hrbae nkcnr lnbs kñleae shjtnr-sh, phrlbtn `nzh-de . [h perâl prh`hrh-sh lnjthr-sh ahbtnae, njblh-e n `nzh-de semrh e dnae `hrbae, n `bl ah quh e pudlëe ae dnae jëe ntbjgbae pessn rhkhmhr lnbs nr. m. @hrblhjte ae nmañlhj - kemrbr `hrban `h rban h trntnr e kcequh. Jëe thjah rhkedeknr jn mnrrbgn mnrr bgn qundquhr ûrgëe quh thjcn vbjae pnrn e hxthrber. [h, pnrn peahr nmrbr kerrhtnlhjth e `hrblhjte èr jhkhssîrbe levblhjtnr uln pnrth ae bjthstbje hxpeste, hjtëe `nçn-e Kumrn e `hrblhjte kel ul kurntbve hsthrbdbznae, rhtbrnjae-e ae hsteoe ah prblhbre sekerre h `bxh-e kel ns rhsphktbvns ntnaurns. Jëe thjth ulhahkhr e kurntbve perquh `nkbdbtnrbn e nkhsse ah lnbs ghrlhs jn `hrban. Vnrn kemrbr e `hrblhjte ush hxkdusbvnlhjth e kurntbve shke h hsthrbdbznae. [h ul kurntbve selhjth, jëe èr su`bkbhjth pnrn kemrbr bjthbrnlhjth e `hrbae, ush lnbs ul eutre. Anae quh e kulprblhjte ans ntnaurns ae kurntbve jëe phrlbtn lnbs quh uln eu auns vedtns ae phjse hl terje ae kerpe ae `hrbae, hlhjah-ns kel tbrns ah pnje, pnrn emthr lhdcer `brlhzn. JËE NLN]]H E KX]NQBPE LXBQE NVH]QNAE. N chlerrngbn bjthrjn ah ul `hrblhjte nmaelbjnd jëe peah shr vhjkban kel n kelprhssëe semrh e kurntbve. N kelprhssëe hxkhssbvn peah knusnr eutrns dhsøhs. Jëe aï ( h jëe phrlbtn quh e nkbahjtnae telh ) ndblhjtes eu dìqôbaes. ûndquhr dìqôbae telnae phdn mekn peah hxtrnvnsnr phdes bjthstbjes `hrbaes h absshlbjnr n kejtnlbjnçëe per teae e nmaelh. [h cî ahlern jn hvnkunçëe ae pnkbhjth, ulhahçn-dch es dîmbes pnrn ndbvbn-de n shah. Xln vhz quh hstî suohbte n velbtnr, kedequh-e ah dnae pnrn hvbtnr sun suèknçëe. Qrnth e `hrbae prhvhjtbvnlhjth kejtrn e kcequh njths quh e lhsle vhjcn n ekerrhr. k. @hrblhjte an lnjaìmudn - hvbtnr suèknçëe phdn chlerrngbn. [h uln phssen â `hrban jn `nkh eu je phskeçe, ahvh-sh ngbr je shjtbae ah hvbtnr sun suèknçëe phdn chlerrngbn. Es `hrblhjtes jn `nkh `n kh h jukn sëe, hl ghrnd, grnvhs anan n hxbstïjkbn ah julhreses vnses snjgôìjhes jhssns rhgbøhs. Bjbkbndlhjth, hstnjquh e snjguh phdn kelprhssëe semrh n îrhn `hrban kel ul kurntbve hsthrbdbznae. [h e `hrbae hstî bjkejskbhjth, vhrb`bquh sh cî phançes ah ahjths eu esses esse s quhmrnaes h phançes ah knrjh hl sun mekn. [h hdh thl npnrh npnrhdces dces ahjtîrbes lûvhbs, rhtbrh-es h gunrah-es kubanaesnlhjth hl shu medse. Bste â `hbte pnrn hvbtnr n ns`bxbn. Hl shguban, nlnrrh e kurntbve je dugnr nahqunae pnrn prethghr e `hrblhjte. [h e quhbxe hstbvhr `rnturnae, pnrn npebn-de, abrbon ns ntnaurns ae kurntbve pnrn kbln h nlnrrh-ns je ndte an knmhçn. Veah-sh usnr ul eutre kurntbve pnrn nlnrrn-de hl mnbxe ae quhbxe, anjae npebe supdhlhjtnr h phrlbtbjae su`bkbhjth dbmhranah ae lnxbdnr pnrn e hsvnzbnlhjte an mekn. Jëe e nphrth kel n mekn. Jëe e nphrth kel n mekn `hkcnan. Abrbon teae e npebe ae phjse pnrn e tepe an

>68

knmhçn. Jëe npdbquh phjse pnrn e tepe an knmhçn. Jëe npdbquh phjse ah npebe hl abrhçëe n jukn ae `hrbae ( bste puxn e quhbxe pnrn trîs h peah phrturmnr sun rhspbrnçëe sun rhspbrnçëe, lerlhjth sh hdh hstbvhr bjkejskbhjth ahbth-e ah dnae eu ah mruçes, kel n knmhçn vedtnan pnrn e dnae, pnrn hvbtnr sun suèknçëe `nkh n uln pessìvhd chlerrngbn. [h hdh hstbvhr kejskbhjth h prh`hrbr shjtnrsh lnjthjcn-e kurvnae pnrn n `rhjth, kel n knmhçn mnbxn, pnrn phrlbtbr dbvrh hskenlhjte ae snjguh phdn mekn. Dhlmrh-sh ah prhvhjbr e kcequh, lns jëe ush n pesbçëe? reste pnrn kbln knmhçn mnbxn. a. @hrblhjtes an knmhçn - jëe usnr ler`bjn. >) Es `hrblhjtes jn knmhçn peahl nprhshjtnr uln ans shgubjths èrlns eu uln kelmbjnçëe ahdns? kerth eu kejtusëe je keure knmhduae `rnturn ae kríjbe kel dhsëe ae kârhmre h (eu) aes vnses ae keure knmhduae, kríjbe h kârhmre. Ghrndlhjth, ekerrhl sbludtnjhnlhjth grnvhs `nturns ae kríjbe h dhsøhs khrhmrnbs. [hrî `îkbd n vekï ahskemrbr uln dhsëe je keure knmhduae, ahvbae æ chlerrngbn.. Ns dhsøhs bjthrjnans an knmhçn shrëe, kejtuae, lubte lnbs ab`ìkhbs ah ahskemrbr. =) Vrekurh jn knmhçn sh e nkbahjtnae? n) Hstbvhr eu hsthvh rhkhjthlhjth hl hstnae ah bjkejskbïjkbn. m)Qbvhr snjguh eu eutres dìqubaes hskerrhjae hs kerrhjae phde jnrbz h euvbaes. k) Qbvhr pudse `rnke. a) Qbvhr aer ah knmhçn h) Hstbvhr velbtnjae. `) Qbvhr kejvudsëe. g) Hstbvhr rhspbrnjae lubte dhjtnlhjth. ;) Jëe ahbxh n knmhçn ae `hrbae hl ul jìvhd bj`hrber ne rhste ae shu kerpe. [h hdh hstbvhr bjkejskbhjth, rhtbrh ah sun mekn es npnrhdces ahjtîrbes lûvhbs h eutres emohtes quh pessnl vbr n suèkî-de. 1) Xl nkbahjtnae kel dhsëe ahvhrî shr hvnkunae hl pnabedn rnpbanlhjth. ûnjae `bzhr e trnjsperth ah ul `hrbae bjkejskbhjth, lnjthjcn-e ahbtnae ah dnae, eu ah mruçes kel n knmhçn vedtnan pnrn ul dnae n`bl ah hvbtnr sun ns`bxbn kel shkrhçøhs, snjguh eu vñlbtes.

>60

VEJQE[ PXDJH]ÎPHB[ AE KE]VE CXLNJE >. @]EJQH? H@HBQE[? KELEÇËE KH]HM]ND - LE]QH KNX[N[? HAHLN KHDHM]ND

=.QÏLVE]N? H@HBQE[? CHLNQELN BJQ]NKNJBNJE - LE]QH KNX[N[? CHLE]]NGBN KHDHM]ND

;. E]HDCN[? H@HBQE[? CHLE]]NGBN BJQH]JN,KELEÇËE KHDHM]ND - LE]QH KNX[N[? HAHLN KHDHM]ND, DH[ËE PN[KXDN] BJQH]JN BJQ]NKNJBNJN,DH[ËE PN[KXDN] JE KEJAXQE NXABQBPE BJQH]JE EX ]XVQX]N AE QÌLVNJE.

1.EDCE[? H@HBQE[? KHGXHB]N[ KNX[N[? Q]NXLN JE JH]PE ÛVQBKE.

8.JN]B_? H@HBQE[? AE], KHGXHB]N QHLVE]Î]BN EX LE]QH. KNX[N[? Q]NXLN JE ^XBN[LN ÛVQBKE.

0.DÎMBE [XVH]BE]? H@HBQE[? AE] H AH[LNBE. KNX[N[? Q]NXLN JE DÎMBE, ]XVQX]N.

7.LNJAÌMXDN? H@HBQE[? @]NQX]N JE VH[KEÇE H AH[LNBE. KNX[N[? @]NQX]N AN PH]QHM]ND KH]PBKND EKN[BEJNJAE XLN KELV]H[[ËE AN LHAXDN EX MXDME H EKE]]HJAE XLN VN]NAN KÎ]ABE]HVB]NQÛ]BN.

3.VELE-AH-NAËE? H@HBQE[? JÎX[HN, ]ELVBLHJQE AN Q]N^XÂBN EX LE]QH. KNX[N[? KN]QBDNGHL QB]HÛBAH AN Q]N^ÂBN DH[BEJNAN EKE]]HJAE XL HJ@B[HLN [XMKXQÍJHE.

2.MN[H AN GN]GNJQN?

>67

H@HBQE[? DH[ËE G]NPH H JÎX[HN KNX[N[? DH[ËE AN Q]N^XÂBN H GDÍJAXDN QB]HÛBAH.

>6.KDÎPBKXDN? H@HBQE[? @]NQX]N. KNX[N[? EKN[BEJNAN VHDE Q]NXLN (JËE KNX[N LE]QH).

>>.OXGXDN] H KN]ÛQBAN? H@HBQE[? AH[LNBE EX LE]QH. KNX[N[? BJQH]ABÇËE LELHJQÍJHN AE @DXSE [NJGÔBJHE NE KÂDHM]E.

>=.VDHSE M]N^XBND?(NSBDN). H@HBQE[? VN]NDB[BN QHLVE]Î]BN. KNX[N[? VE] DH[ËE JE VDHSE M]N^XBND (BJH]PN E[ LHLM]E[ [XVH]BE]H[).

>;.VDHSE [EDN]? H@HBQE[? AE] NGXAN EX LE]QH KNX[N[? VE] DH[ËE JE VDHSE, EKN[BEJNJAE XLN VN]NAN KN]AÌNKN.

>1.H[QÑLNGE? H@HBQE[? DH[ËE [Â]BN H AE] NGXAN. KNX[N[? DH[ËE AN PÌ[KH]N H DH[ËE PN[KXDN], EKN[BEJNJAE CHLE]]NGBN BJQH]JN.

>8.KE[QHDN[ @DXQXNJQH[? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N LE]QH VE] DH[ËE PB[KH]ND. KNX[N[? @]NQX]N.

>0.@ÌGNAE? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N EX LE]QH. KNX[N[? ]XVQX]N AE @ÌGNAE KEL CHLE]]NGBN BJQH]JN.

>7.QH[QÌKXDE[? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N. KNX[N[?

E]^XBQH

AN

GDÍJAXDN

Q]NXLN,VEAHJAE CNPH] DH[ËE JE KNJND H[VH]LÎQBKE.

>3.AHAE[?

(BJ@DNLNÇËE),AHPBAE

NE

>63

H@HBQE[? @]NQX]N EX AE]. KNX[N[? @]NQX]N AN[ @NDNJGH[.

>2.N]QBKXDNÇËE (VXJCE-KEQEPHDE-ELM]E-OEHDCE-QE]JE_HDE). H@HBQE[? DXSNÇËE EX AE]. KNX[N[? DXSNÇËE- VH]AN AE KEJQNQE HJQ]H N[ [XVH]@ÌKBH[ N]QBKXDN]H[.

=6.VN]QH NJQH]BE] AN QÌMBN(NMNBSE AH VNQHDN)? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQH[N. KNX[N[? @]NQX]N.

=>.VHBQE AE VÂ? H@HBQE[? @]NQX]N EX AE]. KNX[N[? @]NQX]N AE[ E[[E[ V]ÛV]BE[ AE VÂ EX LHQNQN][BNJE[?

KE[QN[ >.MXDME? H@HBQE[? LE]QH. KNX[N[? DH[ËE AE MXDME.

=.JXKN? H@HBQE[? LE]QH. KNX[N[? VE] DH[ËE AN LHAXDN NDQN EX AH MXDME,EKN[BEJNJAE XLN VN]NAN KÎABE-]H[VB]NQÛ]BN(^XNJQE LNB[ NDQN LNB[ G]NPH).

;.KEDXJN PH]QHM]ND? H@HBQE[? LE]QH EX VN]NDB[BN. KNX[N[? DH[ËE LHAXDN]-KCE^XH LHAXDN] KNX[NJAE XLN VN]NDB[BN LELHJQÍJHN.

1.]BL? H@HBQE[? LE]QH EX KCE^XH JH]PE[E. KNX[N[? LE]QH VE] DH[ËE AE VHAÌKXDE PN[KXDN] ]HJND (@ÎKBD AH[DEKNLHJQE AE[ PN[E[ [NJGXÌJHE[ ^XH B]]BGNL E Û]GËE),VEAH CNPH] ^XHAN AE Û]GËE (VQE[H-BJQH]JN).

8.VDHSE DELME-[NK]ND?

>62

H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N,VN]NDB[BN AH LHLM]E[ BJ@H]BE]H[ QHLVE]Î]BN EX AH@BJBQBPN. KNX[N[? Q]NXLN AB]HQE KEL EX [HL @]NQX]N AH PÂ]QHM]N[.

0.KÛKKBS? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N. KNX[N[? @]NQX]N EX DXSNÇNE.

7.JH]PE KÎXQBKE. H@HBQE[? VN]NDB[BN QHLVE]Î]BN AE[ LHLM]E[ BJ@H]BE]H[. KNX[N[? Q]NXLN AB]HQE KEL HAHLN AE JH]PE.

3.VNJQX]]BDCN? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N. KNX[N[? Q]NXLN AB]HQE,VE] DH[ËE AE[ Lß[KXDE[ GÏLHE[

2.QHJAËE AH N^XBDH[? H@HBQE[? AE] BJQHJ[N-BLVE[[BMBDBANAH AH @BKN] JN VEJQN AE VÂ ^XNJAE CÎ ]XVQX]N AE QHJAËE AH N^XBDH[ ([BJA]ELH AH VHA]NAN) KNX[N[? Q]NXLN AB]HQE [EM]H E QHJAËE.

>6.N]QBKXDNÇØH[ (VXJCE-KEQEPHDE-ELM]E-OEHDCE-QE]JE_HDE)? H@HBQE[? DXSNÇËE, @]NQX]N, AE] BJQHJ[N EX VN]NDB[BN AE[ LHLM]E[. KNX[N[? VH]AN AE KEJQNQE N]QBKXDN].

VHÇEJCHJQE[ E nssujte quh vhrhles, njblnbs phçejchjtes, hl pnrtbkudnr es e`ìabes, â lubte blpertnjth ahvbae æs knrnkthrìstbkns ae thrrhje h n èrln ah hlprhge an trepn jes nlmbhjths ephrnkbejnbs hl quh e Kelnjaes hstî npte n ephrnr. N shdvn h knntbjgn, per hxhlpde, kele n lnberbn ans rhgbøhs ae gdeme, nprhshjtnl n hxbstïjkbn ah e`ìabes. Jhstn kdnssh k dnssh aahh râpthbs r âpthbs hjke hjkejtrnles jtrnles ndgujs n dgujs quh peahl pea hl knusnr knus nr grnjahs anjes æ jessn je ssn ssnÿah nÿah h jes dhvnr æ lerth, knse jëe shonles sekerrbaes n thlpe h ah lnjhbrn kerrhtn. Emohtbves - kbtnr ns lhabans ah prhvhjçëe ah nkbahjths kel njblnbs phçejchjtes9 - hxhkutnr n knpturn ah e`ìahes jëe phçejchjtes9

>>6

- ahskrhvhr ns lhabans ah prblhbres sekerres npdbkîvhbs nes nkbahjths kel phçejchjtes (kbtnr je qunare lurnd). GHJH]NDBANAH[ Njblnbs phçejchjtes? sëe nquhdhs quh shgrhgnl sumstíjkbns tûxbkns (vhjhje) h abspøh ah ûrgëes hsphkbnbs pnrn sun bjekudnçëe. Hx? shrphjths, nrnjcns h hskerpbøhs. Njblnbs vhjhjeses? knusnl anjes ne ergnjbsle ntrnvâs ae kejtnte `ìsbke kel e celhl eu abghrbae per hdh. Hx? snpe-kururu, phbxh mnbnku. @ujçøhs an phçejcn Abghstbvn? nuxbdbnjae jn trnjsèrlnçëe ae ndblhjte. [emrhvbvïjkbn? blembdbznçëe an knçn pnrn `nkbdbtnr e nte ah hjgedbr9 utbdbznae kele nrln ah ah`hsn. E@ÌABE[ Cnmbtundlhjth kejsbahrnaes kele njblnbs ah khrtes lbstârbes mbedûgbkes, kbtnaes ahsah e phknae erbgbjnd ah Naëe h Hvn, Hv n, dbgnaes æ trnbçëe, phrvh phrvhrsbanah, rsbanah, snmhaerbn, htk9 pertnjte thlbaes h phrbgeses, hjvedvhjae dhjans h lbstbkbsle. [hu hstuae, ndchbe n `ndsns hstûrbns, â rhndbznae per bjstbtubçøhs hsphkbndbznans ah snÿah. Es e`ìabes, kele jëe peahrbn ahbxnr ah shr, tnlmâl tïl shu pnphd je hqubdìmrbe hkedûgbke. [ëe râpthbs quh sh knrnkthrbznl phdn nusïjkbn ah lhlmres dekeleterhs, pîdphmrns lûvhbs h erb`ìkbe nuabtbve. Nprhshjtnl nbjan, uln grnjah hxthjsbmbdbanah an knvbanah ernd. Je Mrnsbd npnrhkhl hl teans ns rhgbøhs. n. Nsphktes njntñlbkes/`bsbedûgbkes >) Hsquhdhte? kelpøh-sh ah knmhçn, vârthmrns h kesthdns. n) Knmhçn? kejstbtuìan ah auns pnrths, uln `bxn (kríjbe) h eutrn lûvhd (lnjaìmudn), ujbans per ul esse ahjelbjnae qunarnae, e qund, ahvbae ne shu èrlnte, phrlbth ne erb`ìkbe nmrbr sun mekn ntâ ul íjgude ah nprexblnanlhjth >36¿. Jn knmhçn hjkejtrnles nbjan, ns auns gdíjaudns ah vhjhje, dekndbznans uln ah knan dnae, nmnbxe aes edces h nkbln ae lnxbdnr suphrber. Hjtrh es edces h ns jnrbjns cî mbdnthrndlhjth ul erb`ìkbe, n èsshtn dnthrnd quh teaes es e`ìabes phçejchjtes ae Mrnsbd pessuhl, hxkhte ns kernbs.

>>>

m) Pârthmrns? ndtnlhjth vnrbîvhd hl jÿlhre, jÿ lhre, ghrndlhjth rh`dhthl e perth h n banah an shrphjth. k) Kesthdns? e jÿlhre â shlprh grnjah, hl pnrhs peahl kchgnr n lnbs ah auzhjtns. =) Vhdh? lubte hdîstbkn h abdntîvhd, `nkbdbtnjae e nte rhspbrntûrbe, h prbjkbpndlhjth n ahgdutbçëe. Ver bsse ns shrphjths peahl hjgedbr prhsns ah ntâ quntre eu kbjke vhzhs lnberhs quh shu vhjtrh hl hstnae ah vnkubanah. N phdh, npûs shkn h kurtban, peah hstbknr ntâ >/; ae tnlnjce, e quh per vhzhs, n kemrn jëe â tëe grnjah qunjte absshrnl. Jns rhgbøhs lnbs quhjths, ns kemrns tïl kedernçëe lnbs kdnrn (lblhtbsle). ;) [bsthln abghstbve? jëe lnstbgnl shus ndblhjtes, usnjae es ahjths nphjns pnrn prhjahr n knçn ntâ sun ahgdutbçëe. Jhstn `nsh, e vhjhje hxhrkh tnlmâl n ùjçëe ùjçë e abghstbvn, trnjsèrlnjae e ndblhjte hl lntârbn nmservìvhd. N dìjgun aes e`ìabes â ndejgnan h mì`ban h qunjae preohtnan pnrn èrn, rhkedch pnrtìkudns quh dhvnans ne —Ûrgëe Onkemsej“ nprhshjtn uln ùjçëe quh pnrhkh hstnr hjtrh e gustntbve h e ed`ntbve. 1) Ûrgëes shjserbnbs? - @esshtn Derhnd (dnkrblnd)? dekndbznan hjtrh es edces h ns jnrbjns, sh kejstbtub je lnbs blpertnjth ûrgëe ae pejte ah vbstn shjserbnd, ntrnvâs aes ûrgëes ah Onkemsej. Â ul hxkhdhjth sbsthln —thrle-rhkhpter“, hl èrln ah erb`ìkbe, quh phrlbth ne e`ìabe phrkhmhr n nprexblnçëe aes njblnbs, hsphkbndlhjth es ah snjguh quhjth. Ahstn èrln erbhjtn ns suns ntbtuahs ah ah`hsn eu ntnquh. 8) [bsthln jhrvese? pessuhl hjkâ`nde h lhaudn. ûnjae rhkhjthlhjth lertns, nprhshjtnl levblhjtes rh`dhxes, kejtrnbjae-sh vbedhjtnlhjth, nmrbjae h `hkcnjae n mekn, anì e phrbge ah lnjbpudnr shrphjths jhssn `nsh, kel rbske ah bjekudnçëe an phçejcn, bjnavhrtbanlhjth. - Pbsëe lubte ah`bkbhjth9 ntâ ns quh sëe tetndlhjth khgns. Ns pupbdns ans shrphjths phçejchjtns sëe vhr vhrtbkbns tbkbns hl rrhgrn, hgrn, hhjkemhrtns jkemhrtns per pîdphmrns trnjspnrhjths, anjae, lhsle qunjae `hkcnans, n blprhssëe ah edcnr `bxe, tëe kelhjtnae jn dbthrnturn pepudnr kele edcnr cbpjûtbke.

>>=

- Nuabçëe judn. - [hjthl vbmrnçøhs je sede, an nprexblnçëe ah ndge, per bsse oî sh ekudtnl ae celhl eu ah eutres njblnbs (n lnberbn ahdns). 0) ]hpreauçëe? rhndbznan n pnrtbr an bjtreauçëe ae CHLBVHJB[ ae lnkce jn kdenkn an `ïlhn. E kebte rhndbzn-sh, hl ghrnd, dejgh aes phrshgubaerhs, qunsh shlprh je `bjnd ae bjvhrje. Aurn lhbe abn, n pnrtbr anì n `ïlhn hvbtn jeves kejtntes. - Evìpnrns? ahpebs ah ; eu 1 lhshs an `hkujançëe, ahpesbtnl (nmnjaejnl) shus eves hl deknd quhjth h ÿlbae, n pnrtbr anì, n bjkumnçëe sh prekhssn jul phrìeae ah nprexblnanlhjth ; lhshs, qunsh shlprh bj`hrber n ;8 `bdceths. Hx? Kernd h [urukukÿ. - Evevbvìpnrns? es eves sëe bjkumnaes ahjtre ae vhjtrh lnthrje hl nprexblnanlhjth ; lhshs, npûs es `bdceths sëe hxphdbaes vbves. Hx? Onrnrnkn h Knsknvhd. - Â blpertnjth rhssndtnr quh es `bdceths oî jnskhl kel teans ns knrnkthrìstbkns aes pnbs, kel vban prûprbn h bjahjphjahjth, knpnzhs ah bjekudnr vhjhje hl suns vìtblns. Nbjan quh, hl prbjkìpbe, shl teans ns prethìjns prhshjths jns ae naudte. 7) [bsthln ureghjbtnd? pessuhl aebs rbjs, quh sëe arhjnaes knan per ul urhthr, ahbxnjae knbr n urbjn vbskesn h ah nsphkte dhbtese jn kdenkn. Jëe pessuhl mhxbgn. Es ûrgëes ghjbtnbs sëe es evîrbes h thstìkudes rhsphktbvnlhjth. Es lnkces nprhshjtnl ul hsphssnlhjte jn `hjan njnd, kejstbtubjae e chlbpïjbs. 3) [bsthln rhspbrntûrbe? ntrnvâs an trnquâbn quh nmrh-sh jn perçëe njthrber ae nssendce an mekn hdns rhspbrnl, hssh `nte â blpertnjth perquh lhsle ahgdutbjae n ùjçëe vbtnd rhndbzn-sh. 2) Ndblhjtnçëe? nphsnr ah teans shrhl qunsh quh hxkdusbvnlhjth knrjìverns, jëe sh ndblhjtnl kel `rhquïjkbn, pessubjae nssbl ul lhtnmedbsle mnbxe h hjtrnjae hl —strhss“ qunjae lubte lnjushnans eu brrbtnans vbjae, hl kejshquïjkbn, n lerrhr. Ver hxhlpde, hl kntbvhbre, uln knsknvhd ah lnbs eu lhjes 36 kl kelh ul knlujaejge n knan =6 abns hl lâabn. Ns shrphjths phçejchjtns ghrndlhjth sh ndblhjtnl ah phquhjes rehaerhs, hlmern n ndblhjtnçëe hsthon kejabkbejnan ne deknd, hl thrles ah èjths. Hx? Onrnrnkn Bdcñn (Bdcn ah ûhblnan Grnjah) - kele jëe cî rehaerhs jn bdcn, semh jns îrverhs h sh ndblhjtn ah pîssnres9 Kernd - dnkhrtìvern e`bûgn`n (kelh eutres e`ìabes). N Lbkrurus [urblnlhjsbs (Nlnzñjbn) kelh `bdceths ah phbxhs (pbskìverns). [ukurb h Obmûbn - prh`hrhl rehaerhs ah perth lâabe, kele pnkns h knpbvnrns.

>>;

Mebphvn - â ul aes peukes e`ìabes quh kejshguhl snpe shl sh prhouabknr (shkrhtnl sumstíjkbns tûxbkns qunjae bjghrbans). Hssns ab`hrhjths prhsns peahl shr nmntbans per nçëe ae vhjhje, per kejstrbçëe eu per sblpdhs nmeçnlhjte. N phçejcn pnrndbsn n prhsn, pnrn quh n lhsln jëe sh mntnlubte, `nkbdbtnjae n ndblhjtnçëe ae e`ìabe. >6) [bsthln kbrkudntûrbe? e nrrnjoe nrtârbe-vhjese â `hbte jn shlhdcnjçn ae shr culnje, nphjns ns vhjtrìkudns sh kelujbknl. [uns chlîkbns sëe jukdhnans. >>) Bjblbges jnturnbs? e shu prbjkbpnd bjblbge â e celhl, quh ns knçn h lntn sbsthlntbknlhjth, shl sh prhekupnr kel e hqubdìmrbe hkedûgbke, hl shguban thles e këe, gnte, rnpesn, gnvbëe, dngnrte h gndbjcn. Hxbsth nbjan e grupe ans shrphjths e`bûgn`ns (kelhl eutrns shrphjths), kele n Vnrhdchbrn, [urukuku ae mrhoe, Kernd vhranahbrn h prbjkbpndlhjth n Lussurnjn,, kuoe prnte prh`hrbae sëe es e`ìabes phçejchjtes. phçe jchjtes. Es e`ìabes pnrtbkbpnl ae kcnlnae hqubdìmrbe-mbedûgbke. Knse èsshl tetndlhjth lertes trnrbnl ul ahsbqubdìmrbe jn jnturhzn kel lnber predb`hrnçëe aes rehaerhs9 sëe ÿthbs jn lhabkbjn, shus vhjhjes sëe usnaes kele Chlestîtbkes h suns phdhs sëe lubte utbdbznans jn kej`hkçëe ah kndçnaes h medsns `bjns. >=) Ngrhssbvbanah / meth / pbknan? hl ghrnd jëe sëe ngrhssbvns, pbknjae nphjns qunjae nlhnçnans, juln ntbtuah lnbs ah ah`hsn ae quh ah ntnquh, ndgulns perâl sëe ngrhssbvns, kele n [urukukÿ. Ns Onrnrnkns per hxhlpde, ah dejgh (¾ >86 l), shjthl n prhshjçn ae celhl h sh hskejahl, je hjtnjte, sëe lnbs ngrhssbvns qunjae nlhnçnans. N absthjçëe n pnrtbr an pesbçëe hjreabdcnan eu hl —[“, kejstbtub e —meth“. Ghrndlhjth ndknjçn khrkn ah >/; ae kelprblhjte eu 1/8 je knse an surukuku. N Knsknvhd h n Kernd jëe sëe ngrhssbvns. N prblhbrn prekurn njujkbnr n sun prhshjçn kel ul kcekndce hl sun knuan thrlbjnd, hjqunjte n shgujan prh`hrh ùgbr qunjae ledhstnan. N abrhçëe ae meth æ jebth â erbhjtnan phde sbsthln thrle-shjsbtbve, an èsshtn derhnd h e shu ndknjkh â preperkbejnd ne kelprblhjte an shrphjth9 ndknjçn, hl lâabn, hl thrçe ahssh kelprblhjte, jëe udtrnpnssnjae, hl rhgrn, es trbjtn khjtìlhtres. Qerjn-sh `îkbd hjthjahr quh e use sblpdhs ah metn ntâ e oehdce prhvbjh n grnjah lnberbn aes nkbahjths e`ìabkes. Nthjtnr ne `nte ah quh ns shrphjths peahl pbknr shl anr e meth, kele ekerrh qunjae hstëe jnanjae.

>>1

N pbknan peah sh nprhshjtnr per aebs erb`ìkbes pnrndhdes je deknd ntbjgbae, uj sblpdhs nrrnjcëe eu kele ul pejte chlerrîgbke bsednae. Ns shrphjths sedhjûgdb`ns (knsknvhd, onrnrnkn, surukuku) jëe lerahl, lns nphjns mnthl kel n mekn nmhrtn, bjtreauzbjae suns prhsns kele èsshl auns ngudcns ah bjohçëe. Ns ae grupe ans prethrûgdb`ns (kernd nvhranahbrn) e lnxbdnr suphrber kel ul sbsthln nrtbkudnae ab`hrhjth, shjae emrbgnans lerahr pnrnthl bjekudnr n phçejcn. >;) Luan? rhjevnçëe phrbûabkn an phdh, quh sh hjruguh n pnrtbr an knmhçn h pnrths ahsprhjabans vëe sh hjrednjae ntâ ndknjçnr n hxtrhlbanah an knuan. Hsth `nte ekerrh phdn prblhbrn vhz jes prblhbres abns ah vban h sh rhphth vîrbns vhzhs per nje jes e`ìabes h naudtes, anì n `ndsn baâbn ae kîdkude an banah an knsknvhd phde jÿlhre ah geles je kcekndce. ûnjte lnbs quhjth n rhgbëe, lnber â e jÿlhre ah luans je nje. N luan â kejabkbejnan phdns luanjçns nlmbhjtnbs, kdblîtbkns h ah rhgblh ah vban. >1) Cnmbtnt / Cîmbtes? peahl shr thrrhstrhs, nquîtbkes eu nj`ìmbes. - Qhrrhstrhs? n Kernd peah shr hjkejtrnan hl lhbe n èdcns shkns ae kcëe. - Nrmerìkedns? (phjarìkedns - îrverhs) Hx? Onrnrnkn bdcen, Kemrn pnpngnbe. - [ede? Knsknvhd, Onrnrnkn, Xrutu. - Nquîtbkn? [ukurb, [hrphjth lnrbjcn, Lbkrurus surblnlhjsbs (NL). Ns kemrns quh vbvhl jn îgun thl es edces lnbs pnrn kbln, nssbl kele, per hxhlpde, e onknrâ. N [ukurb, qunjae kejshguh hjrednr n knuan ne ùjae, juln rnbz, kejshguh lnber èrçn. Eutrns kemrns peahl hjtrnr jn îgun pnrn ntrnvhssnr e kurse, eu pnrn quh sun thlphrnturn `bquh n lhsln ae nlmbhjth (phkbdethrle). Â blpertnjth dhlmrnr quh es e`ìabes phçejchjtes thl lnber bjkbaïjkbn hl îrhn ah kudtbve ae quh je bjthrber ans `derhstns, ejah cî rhdntbvn hsknsshz ah rehaerhs. - Cîmbtes? Es e`ìabes phçejchjtes sëe lnbs vngnreses h trnjqubdes (npnrhjthlhjth), prh`hrbjae snbr æ jebth. Es jëe sëe phçejchjtes lnbs ntbves h rîpbaes, hxhrkhjae suns ntbvbanahs shlprh ah abn. Es e`ìabes phçejchjtes sëe lnbs hjkejtrnaes jes knlpes eu hl îrhns kudtbvnans ejah cî prhshjçn ah phquhjes rehaerhs, sun prbjkbpnd èjth ah ndblhjtnçëe lnbs nmujanjth. Hl ghrnd, n kdnssb`bknçëe hl grupes tïl knrnkthrìstbkns prûprbns. Ns ae grupe Kretîdbke (knsknvâbs) prh`hrhl deknbs shkes h pharhgeses, ns ae grupe Metrûpbke (onrnrnkn, urutu), es deknbs ÿlbaes kele mhbrn ah bgnrnpâs, rbes h dnges. Ns sukurbs h obmûbns - ns lnberhs shrphjths ae lujae - jëe sëe phçejchjtns, h prh`hrhl tnlmâl es lhsles deknbs ae grupe Mretûpbke.

>>8

Ae pejte ah vbstn ah cîmbtes, ns hspâkbhs phçejchjtns sëe lnbs trnjqubdns, levhlsh lhjes, prh`hrbjae musknr e ndblhjte æ jebth, hl ghrnd jëe sëe ngrhssbvns, pbknl nphjns qunjae ledhstnans, juln ntbtuah lnbs ah`hjsbvn ae quh ah ntnquh. Hxbsthl ns vbedhjtns per ìjaedh, knpnzhs ntâ ah phrshgubr e celhl, kele n [urukuku (bjvnsëe ah shu thrrbtûrbe). m. Kdnssb`bknçëe phdn sbsthlîtbkn njblnd

@nlìdbn

Kretndbanh

Hdnpbanh Mebanh

Gïjhre

Jelh vudgnr

Kretndus

Knsknvhd

Metcreps

Onrnrnkn

Dnkchsbs

[urukuku

Lbkrukus Men Kejstrbter

Kernd vhranahbrn Obmûbn

Hujhkths Lnrbjus

[ukurb Onrnrnkuçÿ ae Mrhoe

Kedumrìanh

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Luçurnjn @ndsn Kernd

k. Kdnssb`bknçëe qunjte æ ahjtbçëe Vnrn ul kejchkblhjte lnbs hxnte an ùjçëe vhjhjesn jes e`ìabes, â blprhskbjaìvhd thr jeçëe semrh sun ahjtbçëe hl rhdnçëe æ knpnkbanah bjekudnaern ae vhjhje. Es e`ìabes sëe kdnssb`bknaes qunjte æ ahjtbçëe hl îgdb`ns, epbstûgdb`ns, prethrûgdb`ns h sedhjûgdb`ns. Îgdb`ns? jëe pessuhl prhsns pnrn n bjekudnçëe ae vhjhje. Nprhshjtnl ahjths lnkbçes, shl knjnd h shl sudkes hxthrjes. Hx? [ukurb, obmûbn, onrnrnkuçÿ ae mrhoe, htk. Es ahjths sëe teaes bgunbs, jëe cnvhjae jhjcul ab`hrhjth quh sh ahstnquh aes ahlnbs. Epbstûgdb`ns? nprhshjtnl pnrhshxthrjes. ah ahjthsHxkhpkbejndlhjth pesthrberhs, quh shknusnl ahstnknl aes ahlnbs je lnxbdnr suphrber kel sudkes nkbahjths. Hx?

@ndsn kernd, luçurnjn. >>0

Vrethrûgdb`ns? Abspøhl ah prhsns njthrberhs ùjkbejndlhjth knjbkudnrhs (sudkes preùjaes) knpnzhs ah bjekudnr e vhjhje kel lnber `nkbdbanah (e vhjhje hskerrh phde knjnd). Hx? Kernd vhranahbrn. [edhjûgdb`ns? tïl grnjahs prhsns njthrberhs aetnans ah knjnd khjtrnd (tbpe ngudcn ah bjohçëe), per ejah pnssn n phçejcn. Hx? Knsknvhd, onrnrnkn, urutu surukuku. a. Ab`hrhjkbnçëe Veah shr `hbtn abrhtnlhjth eu phdes sbjtelns, vhrhles jhstn kcnvh n bahjtb`bknçëe abrhtn? - @esshtn derhnd prhshjth - phçejchjtn nprhshjtn kcekndce jn knuan - knsknvhd knuan kel hsknlns hrbçnans - surukukÿ knuan shl pnrtbkudnrbanah - onrnrnkn

- @esshtn derhnd nushjth shl prhsns njthrberhs - jëe phçejchjtn kel prhsns njthrberhs - kernd vhranahbrn

- Ahtndchs kelpdhlhjtnrhs hdhlhjtes ah blpertíjkbn peahrëe shr kejsbahrnaes jn[ëe ab`hrhjkbnçëe hjtrh shrphjths shkujaîrbn phçejchjtnsquh euhvhjtundlhjth jëe? - Verçëe knuand - Vupbdn hl `hjan vhrtbknd - @erln trbnjgudnr an knmhçn - Hsknlns jn knmhçn - Ntbtuah ah ntnquh N bahjtb`bknçëe phdn sbjtelntedegbn shrî vbstn jn pnrth ah h`hbtes an phçejcn h serethrnpbn, kel lnberhs ahtndchs.

>>7

h. Hspâkbhs lnbs kelujs @nlìdbn Kretndbanh - Knsknvhd - Knmhçn trbnjgudnr kel hsknlns, èsshtn derhnd, kcekndce. - Cîmbtes jeturjes, sedhjûgdb`n. - ]hspejsîvhd per 2% aes nkbahjths. - Â ah dugnrhs shkes h nhrejeses. - Bahjtb`bknan tnlmâl hl V. Phdce (]E) jes khrrnaes ah ]ernbln h Bdcn ah Lnrnoû. @nlìdbn Metreps - Onrnrnkn - Knmhçn trbnjgudnr, kel hsknlns, èsshtn derhnd. - Â n quh lnbs knusn nkbahjths (26%). - [edhjûgdb`n kel cîmbtes jeturjes. - Â ah dugnrhs ÿlbaes h ndngnabçes. - Ekerrh hl teae e Mrnsbd. - Pbvh hl kedñjbns, eu shon, ejah cî uln peah cnvhr eutrns. - Mnstnjth ngrhssbvns. - Pnrbhanahs? Onrnrnkuçÿ (;7), Xrutÿ (;3), Knbçnkn (;2), Ketbnrn (1> h 1=), [urukukÿ ah Vntbemn (1;), Onrnrnkn pbjtnan (11) Onrnrnkn Btnpbtbjbjgn (18), Onrnrnkn Vbrnonì (10). @nlìdbn Dnkchsbs - [urukuku - Lnber e`ìabe phçejchjte an Nlârbkn, ntâ 1,8 l, peahjae bjekudnr grnjah qunjtbanah ah phçejcn. - Knmhçn trbnjgudnr kel hsknlns, èsshtn derhnd. - Desnjges prhtes hl ùjae nlnrhde. - [edhjûgdb`ns, cîmbtes jeturjes h lubte ngrhssbvns. - Hsknlns mhl prehlbjhjths. - Cnmbtn tekns ah tntÿ, ekes ah pnu, trejkes knìaes, lejths ah pndcn. - Ekerrh jn Nlnzñjbn h dbternd.

>>3

- Abzhl quh, qunjae shjth quh shu thrrbtûrbe â nlhnçnae, pnrth pnrn n dutn. - Qïl cîmbtes sedbtîrbes. @nlìdbn Hdnpbanh - Kernd vhranahbrn. - Knmhçn jëe trbnjgudnr, kel pdnkns, shl èsshtn derhnd, vhrlhdcn eu nlnrhdn, prhte h mrnjke, ekerrh hl teae e Mrnsbd. - Â rhspejsîvhd per nphjns >% aes nkbahjths, jëe sëe ngrhssbvns, prbjkbpndlhjth ahvbae æs ablhjsøhs an mekn h per shr hjkejtrnan hl tekns (cîmbtes sumthrríjhes). - [elhjth es hjthjabaes snmhl ab`hrhjkbnr n `ndsn an vhranahbrn. `. E`ìabes jëe phçejchjtes @nlìdbn Mebanh - [ukurb Hskurn kel lnjkcns nrrhaejanans, vban shlb-nquîtbkn, knçn æs lnrghjs ah kurses a‒îgun h vnb `nzhr n abghstëe ahjtre an îgun. Â kejsbahrnan n lnber shrphjth ae lujae, peahjae ndknjçnr ntâ >= l. Qhl lubtn èrçn jn îgun qunjae kejshguh `bxnr n knuan hl ndguln rnbz eu gndce nquîtbke. - Obmûbn ûnjae brrbtnan hlbth kcbnaes tbpe vnznlhjte ah gnshs, grnjah peahr ah kejstrbçëe, thrrhstrh, nrmerìkedn h nquîtbkn, peahjae ndknjçnr ntâ 3 l. @nlìdbn Kedulmrbanh - @ndsn kernd, luçurnjn, onrnrnkuçÿ ae mrhoe. ;. N]NKJÌAHE[ - Khrkn ah =6.666 hspâkbhs pessuhl gdíjaudns ah vhjhje h npnrhdce bjekudnaer, jëe sëe ngrhssbvns9 sëe evìpnrns (¾ >666 eves/jbjcnan). - Cnmbtnt? [ede, pharns, èdcns h îrverhs. n. Nrnjcns >) Nrnjcns vhranahbrns (pbjçns trnjsvhrsnbs)

>>2

- Nrlnahbrn? phrbgesns, knusnl n lnber pnrth aes nkbahjths. Nrlnl-sh jns pntns trnzhbrns h sndtnl ntâ ;6 kl9 phçejcn jhuretûxbkn. - Lnrrel (dekexhdhs)? Knusnl nkbahjths grnvhs, `ntnbs hl krbnjçns, phçejcn prethedìtbkn h chledìtbkn. - Qnríjtudn (dykesn)? Nrnjcns ah onrabl, èghl ne shrhl phrshgubans eu ledhstnans, phçejcn prethedìtbkn. - Pbÿvn jhgrn (dntreahktus)? Cnmbtnl e dbternd, e lnkce lerrh npûs e nknsndnlhjte, phçejcn jhuretûxbkn. =) Nrnjcn jëe vhranahbrn - Knrnjguhohbrn - pbjçns dejgbtuabjnbs, phçejcn peuke ntbvn, absphjsnjae e sere. m. Hskerpbøhs - Vessuhl auns gdíjaudns ah vhjhje h ul npnrhdce bjekudnaer (`hrrëe). Pban jeturjn, knrjìveres h jëe ngrhssbves. Veahl `bknr ntâ ul nje shl kelhr. - Cnmbtnt? ekes ah pnus, èdcns, htk... >) Qbtyus [hrrudntus Kerpe nlnrhde h nprhshjtn shrrbdcns jn knuan, phçejcn jhuretûxbkn. =) Qbtyus Mncbhjshs Kerpe hskure, tnlmâl kcnlnae ah prhte. Hjkejtrnae jn Nlnzñjbn. Vhçejcn jhuretûxbkn. k. Nmhdcns VHÇEJCN n. Knrnkthrìstbkns h ùjçøhs N phçejcn â ul dìqubae peuke vbskese, trnjspnrhjth, dhvhlhjth dhbtese eu nlnrhdnae, thjae kele ùjçøhs? ah`hsn, abghstëe h pnrndbznçëe an prhsn (knçn). Â kejstbtuìan ah kelpdhxes hdhlhjtes (hjzblns prethedìtbkns, jhuretexbjns, èsètbanhs, htk) quh vnrbnl jns ab`hrhjths hspâkbhs. Ahssh leae, suns nçøhs je celhl tnlmâl sëe vnrbîvhbs, lns mnsbknlhjth sëe ns shgubjths?

>=6

m. Nçëe an Vhçejcn >) Nçëe prethedìtbkn (quhmrn ah prethìjn) - prevekn je pejte ah bjekudnçëe bjthjsn rhnçëe quh sh rhkejchkh phdn aer, hahln `brlh, hqublesh (îrhn nrreuxhnan - chlerrngbn sum hpbthdbnd), rumer, medcns chlerrîgbkns eu jëe, quh peah sh shgubr ah jhkresh (lerth ae thkbae) n phdh, lÿskudes eu thjaøhs. hjzblns vnsentbvns, prethedìtbkns tnbs peahl, ngrhssëequh æs ntbjgh prethìjns, bjauzbr æ dbmhrnçëe ah Ns sumstíjkbns kelephdnn mrnjabkbjbjn h n cbstnlbjn, quh peahl dhvnr ne kcequh kce quh jes hjvhjhjnlhjtes grnvhs. grnv hs. =) Nçëe Njtb-kengudnjth - qunjae phjhtrnl jn kbrkudnçëe snjguìjhn, kengudnl e `bmrbjegïjhe, quh sh ahpesbtn hl lbkreîgudes. Nssbl, e snjguh `bkn bjkengudîvhd per `ndtn ah `bmrbjegïjhe, shl quh jhkhssnrbnlhjth cnon chlerrngbn? hstns npnrhkhl qunjae ns pnrhahs knpbdnrhs sëe dhsnans dhsnan s phdns prethedbsbjns (`rnçëe prethedìtbkn). ;) Nçëe chledìtbkn (quhmrn aes gdûmudes vhrlhdces) - n ntbvbanah chledìtbkn sh hxprhssn sem n èrln ah chlegdembjÿrbn, jn vhranah uln lhtnchlegdembjÿrbn. Hssh qunare hvedub, qunjae jëe kejvhjbhjthlhjth trntnae, pnrn bjsu`bkbïjkbn rhjnd nguan, knusn prbjkbpnd ah ûmbte jes pbknaes per kretndus. Ns ndthrnçøhs urbjîrbns urbjîr bns ahvbans æ chlûdbsh jëe npnrhkhl jns prblhbrns cerns, surgbjae hjtrh >= h >1 cerns ahpebs, npûs e nkbahjth. 1) Nçëe jhuretûxbkn - ah ab`ìkbd bjthrprhtnçëe `bsbepntedûgbkn, shjae nbjan emohte ah bjvhstbgnçëe. Kdbjbknlhjth prevekn ptesh pndphmrnd h abpdepbn (vbsëe aupdn), peukns cerns npûs ul nkbahjth per kretndus. Jes pbknaes per lbkrurus, ndâl aes sbjtelns rh`hrbaes nkbln, sh suphrpøh lbndgbn ghjhrndbznan, abspjâbn (ab`bkudanah rhspbrntûrbn), sbnderrâbn (sndbvnçëe hxkhssbvn) h ab`bkudanah ah ahgdutbçëe. N bjsu`bkbïjkbn rhspbrntûrbn â n knusn ah ûmbtes jes pnkbhjths ahsth grupe. Ems? Es `bdceths ans kemrns tnlmâl thl n phçejcn, perâl peah shr quh jëe hsthonl kel teans ns prethìjns oî ntbvns. k. [bjnbs h sbjtelns Ndgujs `nterhs ahvhl shr dhvnaes hl kejsbahrnçëe pnrn vhrb`bknr ns rhnçøhs jn vìtbln? - deknd an pbknan9 - shjsbmbdbanah an vìtbln9 - qunjtbanah ah phçejcn quh e e`ìabe kejshgubu bjekudnr, per hxhlpde, peah shr quh shon sû ah rnspëe eu quh thjcn pbknae ah —ohbte“. E e`ìabe jëe hsgetn tean n phçejcn juln prblhbrn pbknan. Qnlmâl, sh nknmeu ah kelhr hstnrî kel peukn phçejcn9 sh hstî dejge thlpe shl kelhr, hstî kel grnjah qunjtbanah ah phçejcn —abspejìvhd“.

>=>

>) Nkbahjth metrûpbke n) Vnteghjbn h ûnare kdìjbke - vhjhje prethedìtbke h kengudnjth. - Nçëe prethedìtbkn? lnjb`hstnçëe prhkekh ah > n ; cerns npûs e nkbahjth. Knrnkthrbzn-sh per? - Hahln (bjkcnçe) deknd `brlh, blhabnte h pregrhssbve9 - Aer deknd abskrhtn9 - Kcequh per dbmhrnçëe ah mrnjabkbjbjn h cbstnlbjn jes knses ejah cî bjekudnçëe ah grnjah qunjtbanah ah vhjhje9 - Chlerrngbns per dhsëe vnskudnr9 - Hqublesh (îrhn nrreuxhnan) - chlerrngbn sumhpbthdbnd9 - Medcns, jhkresh, nmskhsse. - Nçëe kengudnjth? lnjb`hstnçëe prhkekh, > n ; cerns npûs e nkbahjth. Knrnkthrbzn-sh per? - Ahthrlbjnçëe ae thlpe ah kengudnçëe (QK). N vhrb`bknçëe ae QK aî pnrílhtres pnrn sh nvndbnr n grnvbanah ae hjvhjhjnlhjte h n h`bkbïjkbn an serethrnpbn. Knse grnvh - Hahln (bjkcnçe) deknd bjthjse. - [njguh bjkengudîvhd (lnbs ah 06 lbjutes). - Lnd hstnae ghrnd - Kcequh phrb`ârbke. =) Nkbahjth kretîdbke n) Vnteghjbn h ûnare kdìjbke - lnjb`hstnçëe prhkekh ah > n ; cerns npûs e nkbahjth. Knrnkthrbzn-sh per? - Vtesh pndphmrnd (edce ah mïmnae, pîdphmrn knìan)9 - Abpdepbn (vbsëe aupdn)9 - Njbsekerbn (pupbdns ah tnlnjces ab`hrhjths - eknsbejn turvnçëe an vbsëe). - Nçëe chledìtbkn. Knrnkthrbzn-sh per?

>==

- Xrbjn kñr ah —îgun ah knrjh“ (bjbkbndlhjth)9 - Xrbjn kñr ah kekn-kedn (lhtnchlegdembjÿrbn)9 - Bjsu`bkbïjkbn rhjnd nguan9 - Edbgÿrbn (ablbjubçëe ae vedulh urbjîrbe)9 - Njÿrbn (nusïjkbn ae vedulh urbjîrbe). Knse grnvh - —@nkbhs Jhuretûxbkn“ - Aerhs luskudnrhs - Lnd hstnae ghrnd ;) Nkbahjth hdnpìabke n) Vnteghjbn h ûnare kdìjbke - vhjhje jhuretûxbke. - Nçëe jhuretûxbkn? lnjb`hstnçëe prhkekh h rîpban. Knrnkthrbzn-sh per? - Vtesh pndphmrnd (quhan an pîdphmrn)9 - Abpdepbn (vbsëe aupdn)9 - Njbsekerbn (pupbdes ah tnlnjces ab`hrhjths - turvnçëe an vbsëe)9 - Lbndgbn (aer luskudnr)9 - [bnderrâbn (sndbvnçëe hxkhssbvn)9 - Abspjâbn (ab`bkudanah rhspbrntûrbn)9 - Vnrndbsbn rhspbrntûrbn. Knse grnvh - Qeae pbknae per kernd ahvh shr kejsbahrnae knse grnvh, anan n pessbmbdbanah ah hveduçëe aes sbjtelns pnrn bjsu`bkbïjkbn rhspbrntûrbn nguan. 1) Nkbahjth dnquâtbke Veukes knses hstuanaes? lnjb`hstnçøhs kdìjbkns shlhdcnjths ne nkbahjth per metcreps, abnrrâbn). nkrhskbans ah sbjnbs ah hxkbtnçëe vngnd (mrnabknrabn, cbpethjsëe nrthrbnd h

>=;

8) Nkbahjth per Vcejhutrbn (Nrlnahbrn) n) Vnteghjbn h qunare kdìjbke - vhjhje jhuretûxbke (phrb`ârbke)? aer deknd blhabntn, bjthjsn, ghrndlhjth brrnabnan pnrn n rnbz ae lhlmre nkelhtbae. 0) Nkbahjth per Dykesn (Qnríjtudn, nrnjcn ah grnln) Nkbahjth mhjbgje shl blpertíjkbn lâabke-snjbtîrbn. n) Vnteghjbn h ûnare kdìjbke? vhjhje prethedìtbke ghrndlhjth nssbjtelîtbke. ûnare kdìjbke kel abskrhtìssbln aer deknd h pessbmbdbanah ah hvedubr pnrn jhkresh suphr`bkbnd an phdh (rnrnlhjth emshrvnan). ems hrvnan). Oustb`bkn-sh n ahskrbçëe ae nkbahjth, phdn rhdntbvn `rhquïjkbn `r hquïjkbn kel quh ekerrh h an jhkhssbanah ah sh erbhjtnr n mhjbgjbanah ae knse. 7) Nkbahjth per Dexeskhdhs (nrnjcn lnrrel) n) Vnteghjbn h ûnare kdìjbke? vhjhje prethedìtbke h chledìtbke. - Nçëe prethedìtbkn - jn cern n pbknan ghrndlhjth jëe â vnderbznan phde pnkbhjth, pebs âlubte peuke aederesn, peahjae pnssnr ahsphrkhmban. Npûs >= n =1 cerns ae nkbahjth â kejsbahrîvhd n aer deknd, kel npnrhkblhjte ah hrbthln (vhrlhdcbaëe), hahln (bjkcnçe) dekndbznae h lnd hstnr ghrnd, kel jîushns æs vhzhs nkelpnjcnan per `hmrh. - Nçëe chledìtbkn - sum-bkthrìkbn (ker nlnrhdnan an phdh) kel urbjn hskurn, ker ah kekn-kedn, quh npnrhkh ghrndlhjth >= n =1 cerns npûs e nkbahjth, peahjae hvedubr pnrn njÿrbn h bjsu`bkbïjkbn rhjnd nguan, shlhdcnjth ne emshrvnae je nkbahjth kretîdbke. 3) Nkbahjths per Hskerpbøhs n) Vnteghjbn h ûnare kdìjbke - vhjhje jhuretûxbke (phrb`ârbke). Aer deknd blhabntn, lubte bjthjsn h brrnabnan. Ghrndlhjth sh hvbahjkbn e pejte ÿjbke an pbknan, lns jëe â rnre quh e njblnd pbquh lnbs ah uln vhz.

a. Nçøhs blhabntns ah [ekerre >) E`ìabes phçejchjtes Hl qundquhr sbtunçëe hl quh e nkbahjth ekerrn, ns shgubjths kejautns ahvhl shr emshrvnans? n) Vrekurnr bahjtb`bknr e phçejchjte quh knuseu e nkbahjth (kubanr pnrn quh tnlmâl jëe shon pbknae, pebs e e`ìabe jëe hsgetn tean n phçejcn juln prblhbrn pbknan).

>=1

m) Dege npûs e nkbahjth, hxhkutnr sukçøhs kel n mekn je deknd an pbknan (ah blhabnte, njths quh n phçejcn sh hspndch), prekurnjae rhtbrnr e lîxble ah vhjhje. Njths, perâl, ahvhrî shr rhndbznan n dblphzn ae deknd an pbknan. Bsse peahrî shr `hbte kel nuxìdbe ah ul lnthrbnd blphrlhîvhd pnrn prethçëe an lukesn muknd (pdîstbke, per hxhlpde). Jujkn ahvh-sh phrùrnr e deknd, per qundquhr emohte quh shon. E prûprbe pnkbhjth peahrî `nzhr n su sukçëe. kçëe. [elhjth n phçejcn an kernd peah e`hrhkhr e`h rhkhr ndgul phrbge ph rbge pnrn e knse ah dhsøhs jn mekn eu kîrbhs. k) E `hrbae ahvhrî phrlnjhkhr hl rhpeuse, hvbtnjae sh ahsdeknr phdes prûprbes lhbes. Jes knses ah nkbahjth kel hdnpìabke, h selhjth jhsth knse, ahvhrî shr `hbte uln ntnaurn ah krhph je deknd an pbknan. a) Vrethghr e `hrblhjte kejtrn bj`hkçëe. h) Lnjthr e lhlmre n`htnae pnrn kbln. `) Hvnkunr e `hrbae e lnbs rîpbae pessìvhd. Jes knses hl quh n hvnkunçëe vî dhvnr lnbs ah auns cerns, npdbknr n serethrnpbn hsphkì`bkn npûs n rhndbznçëe ae thsth ah shjsbmbdbanah. g) Onlnbs npdbknr gnrreth. c) Jëe relphr dhsøhs medcesns. =) Nkbahjths kel Nrnjcns h Hskerpbøhs n) Npdbknr njtb-cbstnlìjbke (@hjhrgnj, Vrelhtnzbjn, htk) phdn vbn bjtrnluskudnr. m) Bj`bdtrnçëe deknd kel njh njhstâsbke stâsbke tbpe dbaeknìjn shl vnsekejstrbter v nsekejstrbter (1 ld) ne rhaer ae pejte an pbknan. k) Knse e pnkbhjth jëe nprhshjth sbjnbs ah lhdcern npûs trïs npdbknçøhs ah njhstâsbke, kel bjthrvndes ah 06 lbjutes hjtrh knan npdbknçëe, hvnkunr. [E]EQH]NVBN n. Knrnkthrìstbkns aes seres E seres njtbvhjhje (seres chthrûdeges) sëe emtbaes n pnrtbr ah seres ah hquìahes cbphrblujbznaes kel es vhjhjes hsphkì`bkes, Jes knses ejah n serethrnpbn èr bjabknan, hdn â e ÿjbke trntnlhjte h`bknz. - Qâkjbkn ah kejshrvnçëe - es seres qunjae kejshrvnaes hl ghdnahbrn (jujkn hl kejghdnaer) æ thlphrnturn ah =¿ 3¿ K pesbtbves, lnjtâl sun petïjkbn jhutrndbznaern per vîrbes njes, kejèrlh e prnze ahnvndbanah hsphkb`bknae jn hlmndnghl.

>=8

- Vrnze ah vndbanah - e prnze ah vndbanah bjabknae je rûtude â ah ; njes, hstnmhdhkbae n kejtnr an ÿdtbln prevn ah petïjkbn. - [ere vhjkbae - hl dekndbanahs rhletns, ejah n rhpesbçëe aes hstequhs ah seres njtbvhjhje â ab`ìkbd, es seres kel prnze ah vndbanah vhjkbaes jëe ahvhl shr ahsprhznaes, peahl shr usnaes hljnsbtunçø sbtunçøhs hs aahh hlhrgï hlhrgïjkbn, jkbn, kkejsbahrnjae ejsbahrnjae perâl kele thjae n lhtnah an petïjkbn bjabknan hlmndnghl. m. Vrbjkìpbes an serethrnpbn - Hsphkb`bkbanah? e sere ahvh shr hsphkì`bke, pnrn quh cnon jhutrndbznçëe shgurn ae vhjhje bjekudnae. - Vrhsthzn - e trntnlhjte ahvhr shr bjstbtuìae kel rnpbahz kel n `bjndbanah ah jhutrndbznr e lnbs rnpbanlhjth pessìvhd n nçëe ae vhjhje bjekudnae. - Aesh su`bkbhjth - emshrvnr n qunjtbanah bjabknan pnrn knan knse, kejèrlh es hsquhlns prepestes. Jes nkbahjths e`ìabkes, n aesh su`bkbhjth ahvh shr kndkudnan phdn knpnkbanah jhutrndbznaern ae sere hl jÿlhre ah lbdbgrnlns. Jes nkbahjths per nrnkjìahes, n aesh su`bkbhjth n shr hlprhgnan â kndkudnan per jÿlhres ah nlpedns. - Aesnghl ÿjbkn - ahvh shr ÿjbkn, pebs e pnrkhdnlhjte an aesh rhkelhjanan phrlbtbrbn quh e vhjhje jëe jhutrndbznae kejtbjunssh ngbjae. Kele n qunjtbanah ah vhjhje bjekudnan bjahphjah ae phse ae pnkbhjth, ns qunjtbanahs ah sere shrëe ns lhslns, pnrn naudtes eu krbnjçns, hl knses ah lhsle grnu ah grnvbanah. Ems? Xl hdhlhjte hsphkbndbznae hl snÿah, peahrî naetnr eutres krbtârbes, e quh hstî hxpeste nqub h lnbs pnrn lhjes hxphrbhjth je nssujte, pnrn quh jëe ekerrn ndgul prekhsse brrhvhrsìvhd quh jëe kejsbgnles kejtredî-de. k. Qhsth ah shjsbmbdbanah - Bjohtnr 6,> ld an lbsturn ah 6,> ld ah [NE abduìae hl 6,2 ld ah sere `bsbedûgbke eu îgun ahstbdnan, phdn vbn bjtrnaârlbkn jn `nkh bjthrjn ae njthmrnçe. - Dhbturn npûs >8 lbjutes. >) ]hnçëe pesbtbvn - Ahshjvedvblhjte ah pîpudn (îrhn an phdh kel rhdhve, kejshquïjkbn ah ndhrgbn) urtbkerbèrlh kel pshuaûpeahs je pejte ah bjekudnçëe. =) ]hnçëe jhgntbvn - Nusïjkbn ah pîpudn (medcn) deknd. Veah cnvhr hrbthln (nvhrlhdcnlhjte) lns shl

rhdhve. >=0

;) Npdbknçëe - leae ah prekhahr? n) ]hnçëe jhgntbvn Npûs rhndbznae e thsth ah shjsbmbdbanah h vhrb`bknae quh e kelmnthjth â jhgntbve, n kejautn n shr telnan â n shgubjth? (>) Npdbknr ul njtb-cbstnlìjbke (hxhlpde prelhtezbjn, jelh kelhrkbnd —`hjhrgnj“) phdn vbn bjtrn-luskudnr jn preperçëe ah 86 lg eu = ld (6> nlpedn). (=) Ngunranr >8 lbjutes, vhrb`bknjae shlprh es sbjtelns ae kelmnthjth. (;) Hl shguban, jëe cnvhjae rhnçøhs, npdbknr n serethrnpbn hsphkì`bkn, eu shon, 6>(uln) nlpedn ah sere per vbn bjtrnvhjesn, ntâ kelpdhtnr n qunjtbanah lìjbln ah jhutrndbznçëe ae vhjhje. (1) Hl knse ah e kelmnthjth nprhshjtnr sbjtelns ah kcequh aurnjth n npdbknçëe ae sere, ahvh-sh bjthrrelphr n lhsln h npdbknr ah 6,; n > ld ah narhjndbjn >?>666 per vbn sum-kutíjhn, sh ceuvhr pnrnan knraìnkn utbdbzn-sh n vbn B.P. (8) N narhjndbjn ahvhrî hstnr shlprh jn shrbjgn, prejtn pnrn e use blhabnte. (0) Jn sbtunçëe nkbln hxpestn, hstî sh kejsbahrnjae e knse ah ul nkbahjth hl deknd n`nstnae ah ul khjtre lâabke, ejah n ekerrïjkbn ah kcequh shrbn lertnd, shl n hxbstïjkbn ah phssend, hqubpnlhjte, lnthrbnd hsphkbndbznae h e thlpe pnrn hvnkunçëe èr suphrber n 6=(auns) cerns. m) ]hçëe pesbtbvn Npûs rhndbznae e thsth ah shjsbmbdbanah h vhrb`bknae quh e kelmnthjth â pesbtbve, n kejautn n shr telnan â n shgubjth? (>) Npdbknr njtb-cbstnlìjbke (Hx? prelhtnzbjn, jelh kelhrkbnd —`hjhrgnj“) phdn vbn bjtrn-luskudnr jn preperçëe ah 86 lg eu = ld eu > nlpedn. (=) Ngunranr >8 lbjutes. (;) Npûs, bjbkbn-sh n ahsshjsbmbdbznçëe ae kelmnthjth, npdbknjae-sh 6,8 ld ae sere, vbn sum-kutíjhn, emshrvnjae-e per >8(qubjzh) lbjutes. Npûs, npdbkn-sh > ld ah sere, vbn sum-kutíjhn h hsphrn-sh lnbs >8(qubjzh) lbjutes, hl shguban, npdbkn-sh = ld ah sere, vbn sum-kutíjhn h jevnlhjth ngunran-sh e thlpe ah >8(qubjzh) lbjutes.

>=7

(1) Qhrlbjnae n ahsshjsbmbdbznçëe h jëe cnvhjae rhnçëe ae kelmnthjth, npdbkn-sh hjtëe n serethrnpbn hsphkb`bknan, eu shon, npdbknçëe ae sere, nlpedn per nlpedn, vbn bjtrn-vhjesn. (8) Hl knse ah e kelmnthjth bjbkbnr es sbjtelns ah kcequh, npdbknr 6,; n > ld ah narhjndbjn (>?>666) per vbn sum-kutíjhn, sh ceuvhr pnrnan knraìnkn, utbdbzn-sh n vbn bjtrn-vhjesn. (0) N narhjndbjn ahvhrî hstnr shlprh jn shrbjgn, prejtn pnrn use blhabnte. (7) Bahl æ dhtrn ` ae jÿlhre >, an npdbknçëe, leae ah prekhahr. EM[H]PNÇËE? n) Hl qundquhr aes knses ans rhnçøhs pesbtbvns eu jhgntbvns, ahvh-sh npdbknr ns kejautns lhjkbejnans sh e kelmnthjth hstbvhr hl hstnae grnvh, jëe hsphrnjae e thlpe pnrn hvnkunçëe. k) Es anaes nkbln hxpestes, hstëe mnshnaes je —Lnjund ah abngjûstbke h trntnlhjte ah nkbahjths e`ìabkes“ ae Lbjbstârbe an [nÿah, Mrnsìdbn, Khjtre ah aekulhjtnçëe ae Lbjbstârbe an [nÿah, >237. a. [erethrnpbn pnrn knses ah nkbahjths kel nrnjcns h hskerpbøhs Jes nkbahjths kel nrnjcns h hskerpbøhs, jerlndlhjth e trntnlhjte sbjtelîtbke â su`bkbhjth. Jes knses ah aer bjthjsn, peahrî sh `nzhr bj`bdtrnçëe deknd kel njhstâsbke tbpe dbaeknìjn =% (xbdeknìjn, lnrknìjn, htk), shl vnsekejtrbter, ndâl an nalbjbstrnçëe ah ul njtb-cbstnlìjbke vbn bjtrnluskudnr. N serethrnpbn selhjth shrî bjabknan jes knses hl quh npûs trïs npdbknçøhs ae njhstâsbke tbpe dbaeknìjn (1 ld knan npdbknçëe), kel bjthrvnde ah 06 lbjutes hjtrh knan npdbknçëe, sh ceuvhr phrsbstïjkbn an aer je deknd. Jëe cnvhjae leab`bknçøhs aes sbjtelns, hvnkunr. hvn kunr. Pndh sndbhjtnr quh shgujae e Bjstbtute Pbtnd Mrnzbd, selhjth 8% aes knses ah nkbahjths kel pcejhutrbn, 1% aes nkbahjths kel dexeskhdhs h 7% aes nkbahjths kel hskerpbøhs, ceuvh n jhkhssbanah ah npdbknçëe ae sere hsphkì`bke. V]HPHJÇËE AH NKBAHJQH[ n. Hstnkbejnlhjte - aurnjth ul hstnkbejnlhjte hl quh n trepn thjcn quh phrlnjhkhr jhdh per ndgul thlpe, thl-sh quh telnr khrtes kubanaes, k ubanaes, nmnbxe ahskrbtes. - Nrlnçëe an rhah? kubanaes kel îrverhs knìans quh shrvbrî ah npebe, peahrî shr uln knsn ah —tuknjahbrn“ uln vhz quh hstnjae pearh, lhsle quh nbjan ah pâ.

>=3

- Dblphzn ah îrhn? lubte kubanae kel rhstes ah kelban, pebs hsths ntrnhl rehaerhs quh ntrnhl es e`ìabes. - Hqubpnlhjte h `nranlhjte? jujkn ahbxh oegnaes je kcëe, hvbtnjae nssbl surprhsns kel hskerpbøhs h nrnjcns. Lhsle ahbxnjae-es phjaurnaes, jëe sh hsquhkhr ah snkuaì-des njths ahnusnr, es keturjes ahvhrëe kedeknaes hlkndçn. uln Es vnrnhskerpbøhs h ah knjepeahl pîrn hjtrnr mnbxe je eu `hkcnan sun mekn kel n lhbn prhsnshr phde hdîstbke ah —meet“ ahvbae ne knder, npûs e lhsle thr sbae rhtbrnae. - Mnjce? ah prh`hrïjkbn, telnr mnjce aurnjth e abn, hvbtnjae e nlnjchkhr h e njebthkhr, cern hl quh es njblnbs kelhçnl n snbr pnrn mhmhr îgun, telnr mnjce h knçnr. - Ahsdeknlhjtes? hvbtnr sh ahsdeknr, lhsle ahjtre ae hstnkbejnlhjte æ jebth, prbjkbpndlhjth shl e keturje, phdns lhslns rnzøhs abtns nkbln (78% aes nkbahjths ekerrhl jes =/; aes lhlmres bj`hrberhs. - @ege? n phrlnjïjkbn ae ège nkhse aurnjth n jebth â shlprh uln men lhaban ah shgurnjçn. m. Lnrkcns [nmhaerhs quh seles aes cîmbtes h cnmbtnt aes njblnbs phçejchjtes, jëe hsquhçnles aes shgubjths prekhablhjtes? - Ntrnvhssnr trejkes knìaes shl pbsî-des h njths ah e `nzhr, vhrb`bknr rnpbanlhjth sh jëe hxbsth jhjcul e`ìabe ae eutre dnae, jhl tëe peuke usnr es trejkes kele pnssnrhdn eu trbdcn. - Hvbtnr, aurnjth e ahsdeknlhjte, mnthr ahsjhkhssnrbnlhjth hl èdcns ah pndlhbrns eu gndcnans (knsn ah knmn eu èrlbgn). - Jes ndtes, `nzhr shlprh uln bjsphçëe vbsund hl trejkes pearhs, hl pâ eu knìaes, hl mnbxe ah èdcns, gndces ah phquhjes nrmustes, tuae njths ah shjtnr, ahbtnr eu sh hjkestnr pnrn e ahsknjse. - Jerlndlhjth, juln lnrkcn, e hdhlhjte pbknae â e shgujae eu thrkhbre celhl, hl prbjkìpbe jëe â e prblhbre. - Jëe njanr ahskndçe. E hlprhge ah metn peah hvbtnr grnjah jÿlhre ah nkbahjths (7=% aes nkbahjths sëe je pâ, thrçe bj`hrber h lhbe an phrjn). - Jëe bjtreauzbr n lëe hl murnkes ae kcëe, kele per hxhlpde tekns ah tntus, kupbjzhbres eu lejths ah pharns eu sem pharns grnjahs. Qeaes hsths dugnrhs sëe cnmbtnçøhs kelujs ah shrphjths. Hsth ahskubae preauz nkbahjths jn erahl ah >8%.

>=2

- Edcnr kel lubtn nthjçëe e kcëe per ejah knlbjcn h deknbs ejah pessn ahshonr npnjcnr phquhjes emohtes eu njblnbs. Vrhstnr nthjçëe nth jçëe jes ruìaes an lntn. - Jëe shgurnr hl gndces aurnjth e ahsdeknlhjte, pebs hxbsthl shrphjths nrmerìkudns. - Hvbtnr e lnjushbe ah shrphjths vbvns eu lhsle lertns - Ns shrphjths vhjhjesns lhsle qunjae lertns peahl tnlmâl knusnr nkbahjths sh ndguâl, per ahskubae, sh `hrbr kel suns prhsns, quh peahrëe kejthr vhjhje. - Qhr kubanae hsphkbnd kel es lntngnbs (snpâ, knpbl, lnte mnbxe) h lejths ah èdcns lnbs eu lhjes shkns, quh peahl shr ahpûsbtes ah shrphjths h suns jbjcnans. Dhlmrnr shlprh quh n prhshjçn ah lubtes rehaerhs hl îrhns kudtbvnans bjabkn jÿlhre nprhkbîvhd ah kemrns phçejchjtns jhsssns rhgbøhs. - Â blpertnjth dhlmrnr quh ns kernbs vhjhjesns, pnrn n lnberbn ans phssens, sëe ab`bkbdlhjth ab`hrhjkbîvhbs ans kernbs jëe vhjhjesns. - Grnjah pnrth aes nkbahjths kel kernbs vhjhjesns, pnrn n lnberbn ans phssens, sëe ab`bkbdlhjth ab`hrhjkbîvhbs ans kernbs jëe vhjhjesns. - Grnjah pnrth aes nkbahjths kel kernbs - quh sëe grnvìssbles, kel lerth rîpban ekerrhl per blpruaïjkbn ae nkbahjtnae - quh lnjushbn n kernd vhjhjesn phjsnjae trntnrsh ah `ndsn kernd. Jhsths knses npdbkn-sh e sere njtb-hdnpìabke. V]ÎQBKN AH NVNJCN n. Qâkjbkn ah Npnjcn >) Erbhjtnçëe pnrn n knpturn. n) Kemrns? Kejsbahrnjae-sh quh ns pbknans ekerrhl kel lnber `rhquïjkbn jes pâs, phrjns, oehdces h lëes, es shgubjths kubanaes ahvhl ah vhl shr emshrvnaes je lelhjte an kknpturn? npturn? - Xse ah metns. - Xse ah dnçe ah Dutz (`bg >), nanptnae n ul knme ah vnsseurn. Jn hxtrhlbanah suphrber ae knme ah vnsseurn resquhnr ul pbtëe, pnssnr n keran per hdh h anr ul jû. - Xse ah knbxn ah lnahbrn pnrn nkejabkbejnlhjte. Njths ah nahjtrnr e lnte, `nzhr uln pbknan kel e `nkëe eu gndce, levblhjtnjae e deknd njths ah pbsnr h prhstnjae nthjçëe jes ruìaes an lntn. Jëe shgurnr hl gndces, pebs hxbsthl shrphjths nrmerìkedns (shrphjths (shr phjths quh vbvhl hl îrverhs).

>;6

Ne usnr e Dnçe ah Dutz, n`reuxnr tean n pnrth ah keure (`bg =), pnssnr e dnçe per semrh n knmhçn an kemrn ntâ lnbs eu lhjes >6 khjtìlhtres, kejtnjae an pejtn ae èkbjce (`bg ;)9 hl shguban, puxnr n kerabjcn rnpbanlhjth, lns jëe lubte èrth, pnrn jëe lntnr eu lnkcuknr n shrphjth. Vnrn lnber shgurnjçn, thr khrthzn quh n kerabjcn èb pnssnan phde pbtëe njths ah usnr e dnçe. Eutre lnthrbnd tnlmâl utbdbznae pnrn n blembdbznçëe h trnjsperth ah e`ìabes â e gnjkce. Hl knse ah jhkhssbanah blhabntn h jëe abspejae ah Dnçe ah Dutz h ae gnjkce, peahrhles blprevbsnr uln èrqubdcn ah lnahbrn ah nprexblnanlhjth =l ah kelprblhjte kel nmhrturn su`bkbhjth pnrn n blembdbznçëe ae e`ìabe, dege æ rhtngunran an knmhçn. N knbxn pnrn nkejabkbejnlhjte ah shrphjths (`bg 1), â abvbaban ne lhbe, h hl knan kelpnrtblhjte peahl shr kedeknaes trïs eu lnbs hxhlpdnrhs vbves. Nqub ahvh-sh kubanr pnrn quh jëe hsthonl oujtns khrtns hspâkbhs per jnturhzn e`bûgn`ns (kemrns quh sh ndblhjthl ah eutrns kemrns, Hx? kernbs vhranahbrns h luçurnjns). Jhstns knbxns, ns shrphjths peahl phrlnjhkhr shl ndblhjtnçëe eu îgun khrkn ah ;6 abns je bjvhrje, h ntâ >6 abns je vhrëe. m) Nrnjcns? Vnrn npnjcnr nrnjcns,bjvhrth-sh ul rhkbpbhjth qundquhr semrh e njblnd h kedekn-sh n tnlpn hvbtnjae ghstes mruskes. Ns knbxns pnrn trnjsperth nprhshjtnl 3(ebte) abvbsøhs (`bg 8). Hl knan kelpnrtblhjte ahvh shr kedeknan nphjns uln nrnjcn h ul kculnçe ah ndgeaëe hlmhmbae hl îgun. Jhstn knbxn hdns peahl phrlnjhkhr ntâ 3(ebte) abns. Jn knpturn knptur n eu trnjs`hrïjkbn ah nr nrnjcns, njcns, ppeah-sh eah-sh usnr tnlmâl n pbjçn ah Mukchrd, blprevbsnan kel tnqunrn eu mnlmÿ. Vnrn `nzï-dn, mnstn kertnr ul gele ah mnlmÿ h nmrbr auns cnsths ntâ e jû9 bjtreauzbr uln redcn ah kertbçn quh brî lnjthr ns cnsths n`nstnans (`bg 0). k) Hskerpbøhs? Es hskerpbøhs peahl shr knpturnaes bjvhrthjae-sh e lhsle rhkbpbhjth usnae pnrn ns nrnjcns (`bg 7), eu lhsln pbjçn ah tnqunrn eu mnlmÿ. Hdhs jëe pudnl jhl hdblbjnl vhjhje n abstíjkbn. Veah-sh nprbsbejî-des `nkbdlhjth, shgurnjae-es phdn knuan kel nuxìdbe ah pbjçn.

>;>

E Bjstbtute Mutnjtnj tnlmâl èrjhkh knbxns pnrn e trnjsperth ah hskerpbøhs (`bg 3). Hstns knbxns sëe usnans pnrn grnjahs qunjtbanahs ah njblnbs h jëe tïl abvbsøhs, pebs hdhs peahl `bknr teaes oujtes. Kedeknr mngnçe ah knjn ÿlban eu knskns ah îrverhs prhses æs pnrhahs bjthrjns an knbxn. Jhstns kejabçøhs, hdhs peahl phrlnjhkhr ntâ 3(ebte) abns. Nthjçëe? Jujkn utbdbznr snkes pdîstbkes pnrn nprbsbejnr es njblnbs. Ns ùgns h nkbahjths sëe bjhvbtîvhbs. =) Qâkjbkn ah npnjcn ah e`ìabes kel ns lëes - Ahvhles utbdbznr qundquhr lhbe nuxbdbnr pnrn n knpturn ah e`ìabes, pebs n ÿdtbln epçëe shrî rhndbznr n knpturn kel ns lëes, knse bste shon hstrbtnlhjth jhkhssîrbe, e lhdcer lelhjte shrî qunjae e e`ìabe hstbvhr hl ahsdeknlhjte, jujkn hl —[“ eu hjreabdcnae. - Ntrnvâs ah ul levblhjte rîpbae h ahkbsbve, blembdbznles e e`ìabe (kel ns lëes) h shgurnjae-e dege nmnbxe an knmhçn, utbdbznjae e pedhgnr h e ahae bjabknaer. CBGBHJH LBDBQN] Cbgbhjh Vhssend h Kedhtbvn N[[HBE KE]VE]ND Lhsle njths ah snmhr kele ns aehjçns bj`hkkbesns sh absshlbjnl, e celhl anvn nthjçëe ne nsshbe kerpernd , jëe sû pnrn sntbs`nzhr shus prûprbes ahshoes, kele tnlmâl pnrn terjnr lnbs ngrnaîvhd e kejvìvbe kel shus shlhdcnjths. Ngern, snmh-sh quh cî rnzøhs sûdbans, ah erahl lâabkn, pnrn n lnjuthjçëe ae nsshbe kerpernd. N suohbrn, n blujaìkbh h es ghrlhs, sëe bjshpnrîvhbs: Lnjthr e nsshbe kerpernd h ns reupns dblpns â ul lhbe sblpdhs h h`bknz ah rhauzbr e jÿlhre ah ghrlhs jekbves knpnzhs ah n`htnr e ergnjbsle. n. Vhdh E kerpe ahvh shr dnvnae abnrbnlhjth, an knmhçn nes pâs kel îgun h snmëe (snmejhth). ûnjae jëe ceuvhr kcuvhbre eu mnjchbrn e nsshbe kerpernd peahrî shr `hbte usnjae lhbes ah èrtujn? Xsnjae uln tendcn, îgun h snmëe, anjae hsphkbnd nthjçëe ns aemrns ae kerpe (nxbdns h vbrbdcn), `nkh, euvbaes, lëes h pâs. ûnjae ceuvhr ndgul `hrblhjte eu bj`hkçëe, hsth ahvhrî shr trntnae ah blhabnte.

>;=

m. Knmhde Ahvh shr kejshrvnae dblpe, phjthnae h npnrnae. Vhde lhjes trïs vhzhs per shlnjn dnvnr kel îgun h snmëe. N mnrmn ahvh shr rnspnan abnrbnlhjth. E phjth h e npnrhdce ah mnrmn sëe ah use hxkdusbvnlhjth bjabvbaund. Jëe ahvhl shr hlprhstnaes n eutrns phssens. k. Lëes Ns ujcns ahvhl hstnr mhl npnrnans. Ns lëes ahvhl shr dnvnans kel snmëe h îgun? - npûs qundquhr trnmndce lnjund h jhkhssbanahs `bsbedûgbkns - njths ah teknr es ndblhjtes h tndchrhs. Es cîmbtes ah dblpnr e jnrbz kel e ahae h rehr ujcns kejtnlbjnl ns lëes es emohtes teknaes per hstns. Qessh h hspbrre ahvh thr e njthpnre ah ul dhjçe eu shrhl abrbgbaes pnrn èrn ae ndknjkh ah eutrns phssens. Ahaes kejtnlbjnaes jëe ahvhl shr dhvnaes æ mekn. a. Phstuîrbe Qerjn-sh `nkbdlhjth kejtnlbjnae kel ghrlhs quh peahl hstnr jes hxkrhlhjtes, jn urbjn eu jns shkrhçøhs ae jnrbz h an gnrgnjtn9 Ns reupns bjthrjns ahvhl shr treknans, sh pessìvhd, abnrbnlhjth. Ns hxthrjns ahvhl shr dnvnans qunjae suons. N snkuabaurn ae `nranlhjte, shguban ah auns cerns ah hxpesbçëe ne sed, rhauzbrî kejsbahrnvhdlhjth e jÿlhre ah vhrlhs quh thjcnl sh `bxnae jhdh. Vhde lhjes uln vhz per shlnjn, es dhjçûbs ahvhl shr luanaes h ns lnjtns, trnvhsshbres h kedkcøhs , hxpestes ne sed h ne nr. N[[HBE MXKND n. Hskevnçëe h dblphzn aes ahjths

>;;

N cbgbhjh rhgudnr h npreprbnan an mekn h aes ahjths prhvbjh n kîrbh ahjtîrbn h n ghjgbvbth9 nlmns peahl ahthrlbjnr aer bjthjsn h phran aes ahjths. N lnbs snabn cbgbhjh ernd, quh sh ahvh prntbknr shlprh quh pessìvhd, kejsbsth hl dblpnr kerrhtnlhjth n mekn h es ahjths npûs n s rh`hbçøhs h kel ahjtb`rìkbe æ mnsh ah `duer, h rhlevhr es ahtrbtes ndblhjtnrhs quh sh thjcnl nkuludnae hjtrh es ahjths kel `be ahjtnd eu pndbte. ûnjae n sbtunçëe terjnr blprntbkîvhd, e celhl `nrî n dblphzn kelpdhtn an mekn h aes ahjths, je lìjble uln vhz per abn, usnjae lhbes ah blprevbsnçëe , sh èr jhkhssîrbe. [h, je lelhjte, jëe ceuvhr ahjtb`rìkbe, mnstnrî n utbdbznçëe ah hskevn kel îgun. Jn `ndtn an hskevn, utbdbznr pndbtes ntâ lhsle blprevbsnaes pnrn rhlevhr e lnthrbnd hxbsthjth hjtrh es ahjths. [h jhkhssîrbe, `bes ah dbjcn eu qundquhr thkbae peahl shr usnaes pnrn rhtbrnr ahtrbtes quh thjcnl `bknae hjtrh es ahjths. N `rbkçëe vbgeresn ans ghjgbvns kel e ahae dblpe hstbludn n sun cbgbahz. m. Kubanaes kel ahjtnaurns h pejths Ns prûthshs ahjtîrbns sumstbtuhl nphjns es ahjths jnturnbs, lns jëe kulprhl jn ìjthgrn n sun ùjçëe. E grnu ah utbdbznçëe kel ïxbte, quh sh hsphrn ahphjah hl grnjah pnrth, ahphjahl aes kubanaes ah lnjuthjçëe h cbgbhjh n hdhs absphjsnaes. N dblphzn aes npnrhdces lûvhbs h `bxes â ah grnjah blpertíjkbn, h ahvh shr hxhkutnan kel teae zïde, kele ekerrh kel es ahjths jnturnbs. Ahjtnaurns ah`hbtuesns eu anjb`bknans sëe anjesns nes thkbaes muknbs. Ahvhl shr rhpnrnans, noustnans eu sumstbtuìans phde E`bkbnd Ahjtbstn. Es thkbaes sem ahjtnaurns tnlmâl rhquhrhl kubanaes, bste â, ahvhl shr `rbkkbejnaes rhgudnrlhjth kel hskevns, n `bl ah hstbludnr n kbrkudnçëe. Ns ahjtnaurns ahvhl shr rhlevbans æ jebth eu phde phrìeae ah ; n 1 cerns aurnjth e abn. k. ]hstnurnçøhs Ahjtîrbns Emturnçøhs n nlîdgnln ah prntn, bjkrustnçøhs n eure eu kerens ah perkhdnjn h eutres tbpes ah rhstnurnçøhs, sëe tnlmâl sumstbtutes an hstruturn ahjtîrbn h nprhshjtnl grnus vnrbîvhbs ah dblbtnçøhs ùjkbejnbs.

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N nthjçëe kubanaesn n hssns dblbtnçøhs shrî `nter ahthrlbjnjth an h`bkbïjkbn ùjkbejnd aes ahjths h an snÿah an mekn. Men cbgbhjh ernd ahphjah tnlmâl, ah hxnlhs phrbûabkes aes ahjths h an mekn per ul E`bkbnd Ahjtbstn. AEHJÇN[ PHJÂ]HN[ [em e pejte ah vbstn cbstûrbke, ns aehjçns vhjârhns kejstbtuhl ul premdhln pnrn nlmns ns kelujbanahs, kbvbd h lbdbtnr. ]h`hrh-sh nes lbdbtnrhs perquh e celhl hgrhsse ae nlmbhjth ae shu dnr, peah phrkerrhr îrhns ejah n prelbskubanah shon cnmbtund h n s aehjçns vhjârhns prhvndhkhjths. Hdns peahl n`htnr kejsbahrnvhdlhjth n snÿah bjabvbaund, eu ntâ knusnr n lerth, kele je knse an NBA[. Hxbsthl shth prbjkbpnbs tbpes ah aehjçns vhjârhns? - NBA[9 - [ì`bdbs9 - Mdhjerrngbn (gejerrâbn)9 - Knjkrûbah (knjkre ledh)9 - Dbjègrnjudeln vhjârhe h - Grnjudeln bjgubjnd.

n. Leae ah Qrnjslbssëe Ns aehjçns vhjârhns sëe qunsh shlprh trnjslbtbans phde nte shxund. Ns dhsøhs n`htnl es ûrgëes ghjbtnbs, peahjae, je knse an NBA[, dhvnr n uln ah`bkbïjkbn blujedûgbkn, kel kejshqôhjths blpdbknçøhs sbstïlbkns. E kejtnte abrhte kel n dhsëe eu kel e lnthrbnd ahdn prevhjbhjth â e leae lnbs cnmbtund ah absshlbjnçëe an aehjçn. Hl rnrìssbles knses, qunjae e bjabvìaue â pertnaer ah dhsëe hl terje an mekn, n sì`bdbs peah shr trnjslbtban ntrnvâs ae mhboe. m. Vregrnln ah Kejtredh

Ahvh shr lbjukbese h hxnustbve hl shu ndknjkh. >;8

[un h`bkbïjkbn ahphjah an keephrnçëe bjthdbghjth h hskdnrhkban hjtrh es bjabvìaues. Je kejtredh ans aehjçns vhjârhns vhjâr hns je Hxârkbte, aî-sh pnrtbkudnr ïj`nsh ïj`n sh ne quh sh shguh? >) ]hspejsnmbdbanah? E Klt an Xjbanah â e rhspejsîvhd. =) Erbhjtnçëe ae kelpertnlhjte? Lnjuthjçëe ah lhjtndbanah snabn h kelpesturn lernd hjtrh es hdhlhjtes sem shu Kelnjae. ;) ]hauçëe ah èjths? Hl ìjtbln dbgnçëe kel es shrvbçes hsphkbndbznaes kbvbs n) Bjvhstbgnçëe ae Kejtnte? E bj`hktnae â trntnae h èrjhkh bjèrlnçøhs kej`bahjkbnbs kel rhdnçëe ne prûxble kedhgn nkelhtbae. m) Xse ah rhstrbçøhs? —Deknbs prebmbaes“ 1) Cbgbhjh h hauknçëe shxund? Bjstruçøhs semrh e nssujte 8) Vre`bdnxbn? Bjkhjtbvnr e use ah prhshrvntbves h rhauçëe ah pnrkhbrns. k. Qrntnlhjte N lnberbn ans aehjçns vhjârhns peah shr kurnan, ahsah quh e trntnlhjte shon h`bknz h bjstbtuìae prhkekhlhjth. Ntâ e prhshjth lelhjte, nphsnr aes hsèrçes ahshjvedvbaes jn îrhn an phsqubsn lâabkn, jëe èb hjkejtrnan kurn pnrn n NBA[. ûndquhr dhsëe aes ûrgëes ghjbtnbs, qundquhr kerrblhjte ae pïjbs peah shr ah erbghl vhjârhn, qundquhr ahsshs sbjtelns ahvh shr dhvnae ne kejchkblhjte ae E`bkbnd Lâabke, blhabntnlhjth. E ÿjbke abngjûstbke kej`brlntûrbe je knse an NBA[, â ntrnvâs ae hxnlh ah snjguh. Jëe sh ahvh nthr n eutres hxphabhjths, kele kejsudtns kcnrdntnjhskns, thjtnr aregns pepudnrhs eu lhsle rhlâabes ah `nrlîkbn. `n rlîkbn. Kejtrnbr aehjçn vhjârhn jëe kejstbtub letbve pnrn npdbknçëe ah jerlns abskbpdbjnrhs. Qeanvbn e celhl quh susphbtn eu sh nphrkhmh ah quh hstî nkelhtbae ah aehjçns vhjârhns h ahbxn ah kelpnrhkhr æ vbsbtn lâabkn pnrn trntnlhjte nahqunae, `bkn pnssìvhd ah snjçøhs abskbpdbjnrhs. =) Cbgbhjh Kedhtbvn VX]B@BKNÇËE AN ÎGXN n. Ghjhrndbanahs ûnjae jëe ceuvhr abspejbmbdbanah ah îgun petîvhd, knan sedanae thl e ahvhr ah hstnr knpnkbtnae pnrn prekhahr n ahsbj`hkçëe an îgun pnrn kejsule prûprbe. Vnrn hssh `bl, hdh ahvh abssedvhr hl shu knjtbd kelprblbae ah beae eu cbpekderbte ah kîdkbe.

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m. Xse ah kelprblbaes ah beae pnrn purb`bknr p urb`bknr n îgun ae knjtbd. d) Phrb`bknr sh e beae nprhshjtn leab`bknçëe je shu hstnae `ìsbke, njths ah shr utbdbznae pnrn n purb`bknçëe an îgun ae knjtbd, pebs e lhsle, kel e thlpe, phrah sun knpnkbanah ahsbj`htnjth. Es kelprblbaes quh jëe tbvhrhl n ker kbjzhjtn eu quh sh nprhshjtnrhl gruanaes eu `rbîvhbs (quhmrnabçes) jëe ahvhl shr usnaes. =) Xsn-sh e lâteae nmnbxe je trntnlhjte ah îgun ae knjtbd kel kelprblbaes ah beae? (n) Hjkchr e knjtbd kel îgun dblpn h kdnrn9 (m) Nabkbejnr kelprblbaes ah beae jn shgubjth aesnghl? - Îgun dìlpban? > kelprblbae pnrn n qunjtbanah ah îgun kerrhspejahjth n ´ an knpnkbanah ae knjtbd. - Îgun turvn? aemrnr n aesh nkbln9 (k) Kedeknr n tnlpn ae knjtbd, `reuxnlhjth, ngunranr 8 lbjutes h ahpebs ngbtî-de mhl, phrlbtbjae vnznlhjte n `bl ah hjxngunr ns reskns ae gnrgnde h an tnlpn ae knjtbd? (a) Nphrtnr n tnlpn h ngunranr per lnbs =6 lbjutes, njths ah `nzhr use an îgun pnrn qundquhr `bl. k. Xse ae Cbpekderbte ah kîdkbe pnrn purb`bknr n îgun ae knjtbd. E prekhsse shgubjth ahstbjn-sh n purb`bknr n îgun ah ´ ah knjtbd kel uln nlpedn ah cbpekderbte ah kîdkbe? >) Hjkchr e knjtbd kel îgun mhl dìlpban h kdnrn, ntâ =,8 kl nmnbxe ae gnrgnde9 =) Hjkchr ah îgun e knjhke ae knjtbd ntâ e lhbe h nabkbejnr uln nlpedn ah Cbpekderbte kîdkbe9 ngbtnr ntâ quh e pû sh abssedvn kelpdhtnlhjth9 ;) Hjkchr n tnlpn ae knjtbd, ntâ e lhbe kel n seduçëe ae knjhke h nabkbejî-dn æ îgun ae knjtbd. Ahpebs ah kedeknan n tnlpn ae knjtbd, ngbtî-de mhl. Jes knjtbs ah ndulìjbe, n tnlpn â lhjer, shjae, hl kejshqôïjkbn, jhkhssîrbns ; tnlpns kchbns an seduçëe ah cbpekderbte ah kîdkbe9 1) N`reuxnr dbghbrnlhjth n tnlpn, phrlbtbjae quh e dìqubae `run hl abrhçëe æ reskn ae gnrgnde ae knjtbd9 8) Ntnrrnxnr n tnlpn ae knjtbd h ngunranr per khrkn ah ;6 lbjutes njths ah `nzhr use an îgun. HDBLBJNÇËE AH AHQ]BQE[ n. Ghjhrndbanahs >) N pndnvrn —ahtrbtes“ bjkdub teaes es tbpes ah rhsìaues rhsudtnjths ans ntbvbanahs culnjns eu njblnbs. Jhsth nssujte sëe nmeranaes es shgubjths tbpes ah ahtrbtes? - Ahtrbtes culnjes (`hzhs h urbjn). - ]hstes sûdbaes ah kezbjcn. =) E ahstbje n shr anae nes ahohtes culnjes, îgun ah shrvhjtbn, rhstes ah kelban h dbxe ahphjah an sbtunçëe lbdbtnr h an dekndbznçëe an Xjbanah. E hjthrrnlhjte h bjkbjhrnçëe sëe es lâteaes lnbs kelulhjth usnaes hl knlpnjcn. m. Hdblbjnçëe aes ahtrbtes culnjes Es abspesbtbves quh sh prhstnl n anr ahstbje nes hxkrhlhjtes culnjes, hl knlpnjcn, vnrbnl kel ns sbtunçøhs?

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>) ûnjae n trepn hstî hl lnrkcn, knan bjabvìaue usn uln dntrbjn —murnke ah gnte“ aurnjth es phquhjes ndtes. Knvn-sh ul murnke ah nprexblnanlhjth ;6 kl ah preùjabanah, e qund â tetnd h kelpdhtnlhjth `hkcnae npûs e use9 =) Je hstnkbejnlhjte thlperîrbe, ah ul n trïs abns, â kejvhjbhjth n dntrbjn ah knlpnjcn9 ;) Jes nknlpnlhjtes thlperîrbes, kejstrehl-sh dntrbjns ah èssn preùjan h peçes ah nmserçëe ah nmserçëe ah urbjn9 Xsnl-sh dntrbjns ah knlpnjcn, hjqunjte sh kejstrehl dntrbjns ah èssn preùjan. ûnjae jëe èr prntbkîvhd sun kejstruçëe, usnl-sh es eutres tbpes. ûndquhr quh shon e tbpe ah dntrbjn usnae, n Xjbanah â rhspejsîvhd per sun kejstruçëe, lnjuthjçëe h `hkcnlhjte. k. Dntrbjns >) Dntrbjns ah Pndn? N dntrbjn ah vndn thl uln dnrgurn ah ;6 kl per 78 kl ah preùjabanah h >,=6 l ah kelprblhjte. Ahvhrî nkeleanr aebs celhjs ne lhsle thlpe. Ahvh shr kndkudnae ul jÿlhre ah dntrbjns pnrn shrvbr 0% ae h`htbve, ne lhsle thlpe. Nssbl, pnrn uln Xjbanah kel h`htbve ah >66 celhjs, sëe jhkhssîrbns quntre dntrbjns ah >,=6 l. Jëe cî nsshjtes jhssh tbpe ah dntrbjn, l ns kedeknl-sh ns tîmuns hl nlmes es dnaes an lhsln, n `bl ah preperkbejnr lhdcer npebe pnrn es pâs. N thrrn rhlevban â nlejtenan jns hxtrhlbanahs ah knan dntrbjn h kedekn-sh n kemrbr lhslnshus juln ah leae quh cbgbïjbke knan sedanae quh thjcn usnae n dntrbjn pessn prejtnlhjth hxkrpî, hxkrhlhjtes hlhjtes h e pnphd utbdbznae. =) Dntrbjn ah èssn preùjan? n) Â uln èssn preùjan kel uln knbxn ah dntrbjn kedeknan semrh n lhsln. N knbxn ah dntrbjn pnarëe thl quntre nsshjtes. Qhl =,16 l ah kelprblhjte h 78 kl ah dnrgurn jn mnsh. Xln Xjbanah ah khl celhjs jhkhssbtn ah quntre dntrbjns ahsth tbpe. Es murnkes ahvhl shr kemhrtes kel tnlpn æ prevn ah leskns h `hkcnlhjte nutelîtbke. ûnbsquhr mrhkcns ahvhl shr tnlpnans (æ prevn ah leskns) kel tbrns ah dntn eu lnahbrn. Xl ah`dhter ah lhtnd ahvh shr kedeknae jn pnrth bjthrjn an knbxn, pnrn hvbtnr bj`bdtrnçëe ah urbjn jn lnahbrn. lnahbrn . m) Knvn-sh Knvn- sh uln èssn aahh 06 kl ah dnrgurn h =,=8 l kelprblhjte, ahbxnjae khr khrkn kn ah 7 kl ah thrrn, ah knan dnae an èssn, pnrn npebnr n knbxn an dntrbjn. N preùjabanah ahphjah an hstblntbvn ae thlpe hl quh n dntrbjn shrî usnan. Kele erbhjtnçëe, n preùjabanah ah ;6 kl â nalbtban pnrn knan shlnjn ah use, lnbs n preùjabanah ah ;6 kl pnrn prhhjkchr kel thrrn qunjae sh tbvhr ah `hkcnr n prbvnan. Jëe â jhkhssîrbe npreùjanr n èssn lnbs ah >,36l, `nkh e phrbge ah ahslerejnlhjte ans pnrhahs. ]ekcns eu dhjçed ah îgun sumthrríjhe peahl, tnlmâl, dblbtnr n preùjabanah an èssn. Hl ndgujs sedes, e npebe ah prnjkcns eu eutres lnthrbnbs peah shr jhkhssîrbe pnrn hvbtnr ahslerejnlhjtes ans pnrhahs. N thrrn ahvh shr nlejtenan mhl prûxbln h hl rhaer ans merans bj`hrberhs an knbxn, n `bl ah kemrbr qunbsquhr nmhrturns ntrnvâs ans qunbs ns leskns pessnl jevnlhjth hjtrnr. k) Â nkejshdcîvhd, æs vhzhs, bjstndnr ul rhspbrnaeure jns dntrbjns ah èssn pnrn anr snìan ne nkÿlude ah gnshs ÿlbaes hl ahkelpesbçëe, hvbtnjae nssbl, quh sh kejahjshl jn pnrth bjthrjn ans tnlpns ans prbvnans. E suspbre ahvh hsthjahr-sh an pnrth suphrber an èssn ntâ nprexblnanlhjth >,36 l nkbln ae jìvhd ae sede. N nmhrturn ae rhspbrnaeure ahvh shr prethgban.

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k. Ahstbje aes rhstes (sûdbaes) ah kezbjcn Es rhstes ah kezbjcn, sûdbaes eu shlb-sûdbaes, rhsudtnl an prhpnrnçëe h abstrbmubçëe aes ndblhjtes. Es rhstes ah kezbjcn peahl shr hjthrrnaes eu bjkbjhrnaes. >) Hjthrrnlhjte - ûnjae n trepn hstî hl lnrkcn, hl mbvnquh eu hl hstnkbejnlhjte per lhjes ah uln shlnjn, es rhstes sûdbaes eu shlb-sûdbaes sëe hjthrrnaes hl èssns eu vndns. Hssns èssns eu vndns jëe ahvhl abstnr lnbs ah ;6 lhtres ae rnjkce9 hjtrhtnjte, jëe ahvhl shr hjthrrnaes n lhjes ah ;6 lhtres ah qundquhr èjth ah îgun usnan pnrn kezbjcnr eu mhmhr9 n) Vrh`hrhl-sh ns èssns pnrn e hjthrrnlhjte, aurnjth es ndtes pnrn phrjebth. N èssn ah 6,;0 kl= ah îrhn h >,=6 l ah preùjabanah â su`bkbhjth pnrn ul abn, juln Xjbanah ah khl celhjs. Je `bl ae abn, eu qunjae n èssn hstbvhr kchbn ntâ ;6 kl nmnbxe an suphr`ìkbh ae sede, hspnrgh-sh bjshtbkban, kemrbjae-n kel thrrn mntban9 m) N vndn kejtìjun sh nanptn lnbs n hstnkbejnlhjtes ah aebs abns eu lnbs. @nz-sh n vndn ah khrkn ah 6,06 l ah dnrgurn h 6,26 l n >,=6 l ah preùjabanah, h kel e kelprblhjte su`bkbhjth pnrn nkeleanr rhstes sûdbaes eu shlb-sûdbaes je prblhbre abn. Kele je prekhsse aes peçes, jëe ahvhahpesbtnaes. shr kchbn ntâEnkbln ah 6,;6 l an suphr`ìkbh. N thrrn th rrn an hsknvnçëe â usnan pnrn kemrbr es rhstes â prekhsse â rhphtbae abnrbnlhjth eu shlprh quh ns vndns `bknrhl kchbns. Â ul prekhsse lubte h`bkbhjth. LHBE[ CBGBÏJBKE[ BLV]EPB[NAE[ n. Ghjhrndbanahs Hl knlpnjcn, ahvh-sh blprevbsnr lhbes bjabsphjsîvhbs æ lnjuthjçëe an cbgbhjh bjabvbaund. Ndgujs aes rhkurses hxphrblhjtnaes kel sukhsse sëe hxpestes nmnbxe? m. Abspesbtbves pnrn dnvnr ns lëes Abspesbtbves pnrn dnvnr ns lëes, `îkhbs ah ephrnr, ahvhl shr bjstndnaes hl dugnrhs npreprbnaes jn îrhn ah hstnkbejnlhjte an trepn? abstnjths ans dntrbjns, prûxblns ne deknd rnjkce h hl eutres deknbs, qunjae jhkhssîrbe. Xl pbse ah pharns sedtns ahvh shr kedeknae hlmnbxe ah knan abspesbtbve pnrn `nkbdbtnr n nmserçëe h e hskenlhjte an îgun npûs n dnvnghl ans lëes. Es rhshrvntûrbes ah îgun ahvhl shr vhrb`bknaes phrbeabknlhjth n `bl ah lnjtï-des shlprh kchbes. Hl ul aes tbpes ah abspesbtbves utbdbznaes pnrn n dnvnghl ans lëes, kel knlmurøhs, sëe utbdbznaes aebs rhkbpbhjths eu knlmurøhs ah =6 dbtres, ul kchbe kel îgun h snmëe h eutre, kel îgun dblpn, susphjses juln nrlnçëe blprevbsnan. Nanptnl-sh tnlpns ùrnans semrh es knlmurøhs, n `bl ah phrlbtbr quh n îgun `dun qunjae es lhsles èrhl bjkdbjnaes. k. Abspesbtbve pnrn mnrmhnr h dnvnr Xl abspesbtbve kelpeste ah ul hstrnae ah lnahbrn, kel tîmuns rhgudnrlhjth abspestns, ah lnjhbrn n phrlbtbr, hjtrh es hspnçes, n kedeknçëe ah ul knpnkhth ah nçe bjvhrtbae, quh brî shrvbr

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ah mnkbn9 e hstrnae â npebnae semrh es knvndhths. Jn pnrth suphrber, uln phçn ah lnahbrn kel prhges hl vîrbes pejtes phrlbtbjae phjaurnr hsphdces, hs phdces, n uln ndturn npreprbnan =. Juln ans a ns hxtrhlbanahs ae abspesbtbve, kedekn-sh ul knlmurëe ah =6 dbtres ah îgun9 jn eutrn, uln knbxn kedhtern quh ahsknrrhgn je peçe ah nmserçëe (hssh nrrnjoe phrlbth anr ahstbje kejvhjbhjth æ îgun usnan). a. Kcuvhbre ah knlpnjcn Hl knlpnjcn, shlprh quh pessìvhd, ahvhl shr bjstndnaes abspesbtbves pnrn kcuvhbre. Qnd prevbaïjkbn, ndâl ah sntbs`nzhr es celhjs, bjabvbaundlhjth, jns suns hxbgïjkbns cbgbïjbkns, rh`dhth-sh pesbtbvnlhjth je lernd an trepn. Jes kdblns quhjths, e mnjce ah kcuvhbre ndbvbn e knder. Es rhshrvntûrbes peahl shr pbjtnaes kel tbjtn èskn, ah prh`hrïjkbn hskurn, pnrn nulhjtnr n nmserçëe ae knder ae sed. ûnjae e kdbln hxbgh bjstndnçëe ah abspesbtbves pnrn nquhkblhjte an îgun, ahvh-sh blprevbsî-de. Knan abspesbtbve ahvh thr ul peçe ah nmserçëe, h semrh hsth, ul hstrnae ah lnahbrn. d) Kcuvhbre kel rhshrvntûrbe `bxe? Xl tnlmer ah =66 dbtres, nprexblnanlhjth, â kejvhrtbae jul rhshrvntûrbe ah îgun, rhtbrnjae-dch e ùjae h npdbknjae ul erb`ìkbe jn sun pnrth suphrber, ejah sh nanptn bjvhrtbae semrh uln vîdvudn ah kejtredh pnrn n snìan an îgun. E tnlmer â, hjtëe, kedeknae uln pdntnèrln hdhvnan h, uln dntn phrùrnan, `bxnan nmnbxe an vîdvudn ah kejtredh ah snìan, shrvbrî ah hspnrgbaer. =) Kcuvhbre ah rhshrvntûrbe rhkdbjîvhd? Kedekn-sh ul tnlmer ah nprexblnanlhjth =66 dbtres semrh uln nrlnçëe susphjsn, ah lnjhbrn quh phrlbtn sun bjkdbjnçëe, qunjae uln keran, ntnan æ sun hxtrhlbanah, èr puxnan. N keran, ntnan kel shgurnjçn æ nrlnçëe, kejtredn n bjkdbjnçëe quh peah shr anan ne tnlmer. ]htbrn-sh uln pnrth ah uln ans tnlpns ae tnlmer, ahbxnjae-e khrkn ah =/; an lhsln. Vhrùrnl-sh erb`ìkbes jn pnrth suphrber ae tnlmer, je dnae epeste æ hxtrhlbanah nmhrtn. N keran, pnrn n bjkdbjnçëe, â ntnan dege nkbln aes erb`ìkbes. N lhbn abstíjkbn, hjtrh n pnrth suphrber h e ùjae ae tnlmer, bjtreauz-sh uln vnrhtn nrrhaejanan, ntrnvhssnjae-e ah ul dnae n eutre9 ns hxtrhlbanahs an vnrhtn `bknl npebnans jns kcnj`rnaurns nmhrtns jn nrlnçëe susphjsn. ;) Kcuvhbre kel abspesbtbve pnrn nquhkblhjte ah îgun? ûnjae ns kejabçøhs kdblîtbkns hxbghl e nquhkblhjte ah îgun ae kcuvhbre, kedeknl-sh aebs tnlmerhs semrh uln pdntnèrln hdhvnan. Blprevbsn-sh ul quhblnaer ndblhjtnae per uln lbsturn ah îgun h ûdhe h ul tnlmer ah 76 dbtres â kedeknae semrh e quhblnaer. Hsth tnlmer â hjtëe kejhktnae n ul aes tnlmerhs susphjses jn pdntnèrln per lhbe ah aebs tumes ah merrnkcn eu knjes lhtîdbkes. Xl aes tumes shrî bjtreauzbae n lhbn ndturn jhsth tnlmer, hjqunjte e eutre shrî bjtreauzbae rhjth ne ùjae. Ns eutrns hxtrhlbanahs aes knjes quh èrhl kejhktnaes ne tnlmer susphjse, shrëe bjtreauzbans je tnlmer ah 76 dbtres nt ntââ uln ndturn ah 8 n 7,8 kl ae shu ùjae. Æ lhaban quh n îgun ae tnlmer nquhkhaer èr hsquhjtnjae, brî sumbjae ntrnvâs ae knje lnbs ndte ntâ e tnlmer susphjse. Hstn îgun shrî, blhabntnlhjth, sumstbtuìan je nquhkhaer per bgund qunjtbanah ah îgun quh brî snbjae ae tnlmer susphjse, phde

knje lnbs mnbxe.

>16

KXBANAE[ KEL E[ VÂ[ Guhrrns h mntndcns nbjan kejtbjunl shjae kejqubstnans ntrnvâs aes pâs ae celhl. E ahvbae kubanae kel es pâs â hsshjkbnd æ lnjuthjçëe an nptbaëe `ìsbkn. Grnvhs n`hkçøhs aes pâs peahl shr n`nstnans phdn emshrvíjkbn ans jerlns nmnbxe. n. Cbgbhjh ae pâ? Ahvh-sh dnvnr h shknr kelpdhtnlhjth es pâs, semrhtuae hjtrh es ahaes, abnrbnlhjth. Vhssens kuoes pâs trnjspbrnl kel `rhqôïjkbn ahvhl npdbknr pûs-njtb-sâptbkes, auns vhzhs per abn9 m. Kndçnaes nahqunaes? nahqun aes? Hl knlpnjcn, ahvh shr usnae nphjn nphjnss e kndçnae èrjhkbae èrjh kbae phde [hrvbçe ah Bjthjaïjkbn. ûnjae an abstrbmubçëe aes kndçnaes, â hsshjkbnd quh hdhs sh nousthl nes pâs ae celhl9 jhl tëe dnrges quh phrlbtnl nes pâs ahs>bznrhl pnrn trîs eu pnrn `rhjth ne njanr, jhl tëe oustes quh hxhrçnl prhssëe semrh es lhsles9 k. Lhbns nahqunans h dblpns? Ns lhbns ahvhl shr treknans h dnvnans abnrbnlhjth h thr tnlnjce nahqunae, phrlbtbjae ne ahaes levhrhl-sh dbvrhlhjth, shl kejtuae pessbmbdbtnr aemrns. E tnlnjce ans lhbns ah dë ahvh, je lìjble, thr ul jÿlhre lnber quh ns ah ndgeaëe, n `bl ah phrlbtbr pessìvhd hjkedcblhjte npûs n dnvnghl. Lhbns ùrnans eukelujs lnd khrzbans peahl knusnr medcns9 a. Ndthrnçøhs jes pâs? Medcns, kndes, ujcns hjkrnvnans h bj`hkçøhs lbkûtbkns sëe ns knusns lnbs kelujs ah premdhlns kel es pâs. d) Medcns? [ëe knusnans per kndçnaes eu lhbns bjnahqunaes9 =) Ns ujcns hjkrnvnans ekerrhl qunjae ns lhslns sëe bjkerrhtnlhjth kertnans. E celhl ahvh npnrî-dns hl íjgudes rhtes. [h ceuvhr cbphrshjsbmbdbanah ae dhbte ae dhbte an ujcn eu ah sun meran, e `nte ahvh shr dhvnae ne kejchkblhjte ae E`bkbnd lâabke9 ;) Vâ ah ntdhtn? (Ahrlnte`btesh) â n lnbs kelul bj`hkçëe aes pâs, quh peah shr hvbtnan lhabnjth naeçëe ah khrtns prhknuçøhs h ahthrlbjnaes kubanaes. h. Vâ ah Blhrsëe? N phrlnjïjkbn aes pâs per lnbs ah 13 cerns blhrses eu ulhahkbaes, nbjan quh hl îgun lerjn, rhsudtn hl —pâ ah blhrsëe“, e quh bjknpnkbtn e celhl. Jhstn n`hkçëe n sedn aes pâs terjn-sh prhguhnan h mrnjkn. Ndâl absse, n phssen n`htnan jëe peah njanr, jhl `bknr pnrnan hl h l pâ, ahvbae æs aerhs pr preveknans. eveknans. E pâ vedtn ne jerlnd hl khrkn ah =1 cerns, uln vhz khssnan n knusn. Hstn n`hkçëe peah shr prhvhjban, hvbtnjae-sh predejgnan blhrsëe h shknjae-sh es pâs aurnjth es phrìeaes ah rhpeuse. `. Kubanae hsphkbnd aes pâs aurnjth ns lnrkcns? N lnrkcn â e lnbs sârbe thsth ah nptbaëe aes pâs. N jëe shr quh sh absphjsh nthjçëe hsphkbnd nes pâs, phrturmnçøh phrturmnçøhss grnvhs peahrëe ekerrhr eker rhr hl kejshqôïjkbn an lnrkcn. d) Njths an lnrkcn? Jes prhpnrntbves an Xjbanah pnrn n lnrkcn, es E`bkbnbs ahvhl hstnr shgures ah quh teaes es celhjs hstëe ahvbanlhjth hqubpnaes, kerrhtnlhjth kndçnaes, kel ul jÿlhre jhkhssîrbe ah lhbns nahqunans, dblpns h bjthbrns (shl murnkes h shl khrzbaes) h suprbaes kejvhjbhjthlhjth ah pû njtb-sâptbke pnrn es pâs. E celhl jujkn ahvh thjtnr nlnkbnr shu pnr jeve ah snpntes eu keturje juln lnrkcn. Medcns, hqubleshs per kndçnae nphrtnae h

bj`hkçøhs, ahvhl shr ahvbanlhjth trntnans h prethgbans njths an rhndbznçëe an lnrkcn9

>1>

=) Aurnjth n lnrkcn? Es pâs ahvhl shr lnjtbaes shkes. [h ns lhbns sh ulhahkhrhl phdn trnjspbrnçëe, ahvhrëe shr treknans per eutrns, jn prblhbrn epertujbanah. [h jhkhssîrbe, peahl shr sumlhtbans æ shknghl, sem n knlbsn, ne rhaer an kbjturn. E kndçnae nphrtnae peah ahthrlbjnr ab`bkudanah ah kbrkudnçëe snjgôìjhn. Je knse ahssns ekerrïjkbns, n lhaban â noustnr e kndçnae eu npdbknr hspnrnarnpe. Xln eu auns vhzhs per abn, aurnjth n lnrkcn, es pâs ahvhr shr prethgbaes kel tndke njtb-sâptbke9 ;) Jes phrìeaes ah rhpeuse - Es pâs ahvhl shr bjsphkbejnaes ah vhz hl qunjae h lhabans prhvhjtbvns npdbknans, nj njths ths quh sârbns ndthrnç ndthrnçøhs øhs sh ahshjvedvnl. Kns Knses es ah quhbxns phrsbsthjths phr sbsthjths ahvhl shr >hvnans ne lâabke. [h pessìvhd, es pâs ahvhrëe shr dnvnaes aurnjth n jebth. Â kejvhjbhjth hdhvnr es pâs, aurnjth e ahsknjse, n `bl ah rhauzbr n kejghstëe h e hahln. E Kelnjanjth an Xjbanah ahvh rhndbznr bjsphçøhs phrbûabkns, khrtb`bknjae-sh ah quh ns lhabans kerrhtbvns hstëe shjae npdbknans pnrn es quhbxeses aes pâs9 1) Je mbvnquh - Ns lhbns usnans ahvhl shr kelpdhtnlhjth dnvnans kel îgun h snmëe, hsprhlbans pnrn `nkbdbtnr n shknghl h phjaurnans ne sed eu æ kerrhjth ah nr. Ns lhbns ah dë ahvhl shr dnvnans hl îgun `rbn n `bl ah ablbjubr n pessbmbdbanah ah hjkedcblhjte.

— E bahnd kele letbvnçëe N nmjhgnçëe kele retbjn E phrbge kele brlëe

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