C8511 Research Skills One Sample Paper With Answers

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology C8511 THE UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX BSc First Year Examination 2012 RESEARCH SKILLS IN PSYCHOLOGY SAMPLE PAPER with answers INSTRUCTIONS Do not write your name on this question paper Do not tear off any part of this question paper Do not, under any circumstances, remove this question paper, used or unused, from the examination room. It must be left on your desk when you leave the examination. TIME ALLOWED: 2 HOURS Answer ALL Questions Write your answers ON THIS QUESTION PAPER There are five sections to this paper: 1,2,3,4 and 5. Each section carries 20% of the marks. Write your answers to the questions in sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the answer boxes on page 15 at the end of the exam paper. Write the answers to section 5 in the boxes provided within that section. You are advised to spend an equal amount of time on each section.

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

SECTION 1: BASIC CONCEPTS In this section, a concept is given together with five alternative definitions, only one of which is correct. Indicate which of the definitions is correct by writing the appropriate letter (a, b, c, d or e) in the table on page 15 at the end of the exam paper (2 marks per question). 1. The mean is: (a) a summary of some data estimated by adding all the numbers, and dividing by the number of numbers minus one. (b) a summary of the data that is a measure of the population rather than the sample. (b) a summary of some data that is always half way between the maximum and minimum value of the data. (c) a summary of the data in terms of the most common value of the data. (c) none of the above.

2. If data show "homogeneity of variance", it means that: (a) they must be analysed with a Chi-Square test. (b) scores in each group or condition show comparable amounts of variance. (c) the data are normally distributed. (d) they have been measured on an interval or ratio scale. (e) none of the above.

3. The variance is always: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

a measure of how noisy the data are, relative to a control. the square of the standard deviation. a measure of how many mistakes the subjects made. a measure that changes if you add a constant to all of the data. none of the above.

4. The null hypothesis is always: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

proved to be incorrect by a significant result. the hypothesis you do not believe before an experiment. the simplest explanation for the data collected. shown to be highly unlikely by a significant result. none of the above.

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

5. For the results of a parametric statistical test to be valid, the data should: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

not show homogeneity of variance. be measurements on a categorical scale show homoscedasticity. be roughly normally distributed. be measurements on a rating scale.

6. A type two error: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

is when one rejects the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. is when one accepts the null hypothesis when it is false. is always the result of bias in the sample. is the error of using the wrong test. is the error of using the same data twice.

7. A significant negative correlation between data sets implies: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

that there is no relationship between the two sets of data. that the relationship between two sets of data is not a simple linear one. that one data set is related to the other at better than chance levels. that the data consist mainly of negative numbers. none of the above.

8. If a sample is unrepresentative, this implies: (a) that not enough data were collected. (b) that the data are not normally distributed. (c) that one single measurement was not typical and therefore not useful. (d) that this sample should not be used to make inferences about the population. (e) none of the above. 9. If data are normally distributed: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

the data are typical of the population. the data consist of categorical data. the probability distribution of the population is bell shaped. the data are always positive. the data are based on ranks.

10. If you perform a one-tailed statistical test, your hypothesis is: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

that the experiment was conducted double blind. that the difference between your groups will be in a specific direction. that two different measurements are unpredictable from each other. that the variance of two measurements does not differ significantly. that the mean of two measurements does not differ significantly. 3

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology SECTION 2: INTERPRETING SPSS OUTPUT You are given some SPSS output from a study, and questions to answer about it. There are two parts to this section, each with 10 questions (1 mark per question). Enter your answers in the table on page 15 at the end of the exam paper. PART 1. A psychologist hypothesises that "sadotoothpullerophobia" (fear of dentists) develops because of bad childhood experiences. On the basis of an initial interview, two groups of seven adults are identified: a group who report having had bad childhood experiences of dentists, and a group who report no such experiences. For each participant, their rating of their fear of the dentist (on a 100point scale) was recorded. Here is some of the SPSS output. Test Statisticsa DentistFear Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

8.000 36.000 -2.111 .035 .038b

4 On the basis of this information, answer the following questions. Write your answers in the appropriate boxes at the end of the exam paper.

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology 1.

Which is the most appropriate statistical test to perform on these data? (a) Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. (b) Mann-Whitney test. (c) Spearman's correlation test.

2.

The test results shown in the "Test Statistics" table are all: (a) Statistically significant at p < .05. (b) Statistically significant at p > .05. (c) Not statistically significant at p < .05.

3.

On the basis of the description, what kind of hypothesis would be most appropriate for this study? (a) A one-tailed hypothesis. (b) A two-tailed hypothesis. (c) A neutral hypothesis.

4.

The variation in rating for the bad experiences group is: (a) higher than for the good experiences group. (b) the same as for the good experiences group. (c) lower than for the good experiences group.

5. What is the standard deviation for the bad experiences group? 22.20 6. What is the standard deviation for the good experiences group? 31.68 7. What is the standard error of the mean for the bad experiences group? 8.39 8. What is the standard error of the mean for the good experiences group? 11.97 9. Using the data in the "Descriptives" table, complete the following boxplot (on the next page) for the good experiences group.

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

10. On the basis of these results, the researcher should conclude that: (a) bad childhood experiences lead to greater fear of dentists in adulthood . (b) bad childhood experiences lead to less fear of dentists in adulthood. (c) bad childhood experiences are not significantly related to fear of dentists in adulthood.

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology PART 2. A researcher is concerned that there might be a relationship between watching "Celebrity Come Dancing" and cortical atrophy. The researcher obtains the brains of 30 inmates from a residential home. He takes a standard-sized slice of cortex from each brain and measures how many synapses it contains. He correlates this measure with a record of how many episodes of "Celebrity Come Dancing" were viewed by each inmate. Here is some of the SPSS output from this study.

Correlations Number_of_viewings Pearson Correlation Number_of_viewings

-.772**

1

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

N Pearson Correlation synapses

synapses

30

30

**

1

-.772

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

N

30

30

Model Summary and Parameter Estimates Dependent Variable: synapses Equation

Model Summary R Square

Linear

.597

F 41.395

df1

Parameter Estimates df2

1

The independent variable is Number_of_viewings.

Sig. 28

.000

Constant 3865.010

b1 -205.403

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

1. A correlation test has been performed on these data. What does it tell us about the relationship between the number of viewings of "Celebrity Come Dancing" and the number of synapses? (a) That there is a significant positive correlation between these two variables. (b) That there is a non-significant positive correlation between these two variables. (c) That there is a significant negative correlation between these two variables. (d) That there is a non-significant negative correlation between these two variables. 2. How many degrees of freedom does this Pearson's correlation have? (a) 30 (b) 29 (c) 28 (d) 27 3. Which of these equations correctly describes the regression line that SPSS would fit to the scatterplot? (a) Predicted Y = 3865.01 + - 205.40 * X (b) Predicted Y = 3865.01 + 205.40 * X (c) Predicted Y = 205.40 + 3865.01 * X (d) Predicted Y = -205.40 + 3865.01 * X 4. What is the value of the intercept in the regression equation? (a) -.772 (b) 3865.01 (c) -205.403 (d) .597 5. Approximately how much of the variability in number of synapses is accounted for by its relationship with viewing "Celebrity Come Dancing"? (a) 40% (b) 60% (c) 77% (d) 41% 6. If a person had watched 5 episodes of " Celebrity Come Dancing", approximately how many synapses would you predict them to have? (a) 2,838 (b) 9,230 (c) 1,360 7. If a person had watched 10 episodes of " Celebrity Come Dancing", approximately how many synapses would you predict them to have? (a) 2,416 (b) 4,620 (c) 1,811 8. If a person had watched 15 episodes of " Celebrity Come Dancing", approximately how many synapses would you predict them to have? (a) 1,200 (b) 1,049 (c) 784

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology 9. Which of the regression lines on the graph is the correct one for predicting the number of synapses from the number of episodes of "Celebrity Come Dancing" watched? (a) Line A. (b) Line B. (c) Neither line A nor line B. 10. What should the researcher conclude from these results about the relationship between viewing "Celebrity Come Dancing" and the number of synapses present? (a) The more episodes that were watched, the fewer the synapses in the tissue sample. (b) The more episodes that were watched, the greater the number of synapses in the tissue sample. (c) Watching "Celebrity Come Dancing" produces a reduction in the number of syapses in the cortex. (d) Watching "Celebrity Come Dancing" produces an increase in the number of synapses in the cortex.

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology SECTION 3: WHICH TEST? In this section you will be given a brief description of a study and some data; you have to choose the appropriate test. Unless stated otherwise, assume the data are normally distributed and show homogeneity of variance. There are 10 questions, each worth 2 marks. For each question write the letter corresponding to the correct test (i.e. A for Wilcoxon, B for Friedman, etc.) in the table on page 15 at the end of this exam paper. (Do not write the name of the test itself in the table: if you do so, it will not be counted as an answer). A. Wilcoxon. B. Friedman. C. Mann-Whitney. D. Kruskal-Wallis.

E. Spearman’s rho. F. Pearson’s r. G. Chi-Squared.

1. A researcher is interested in whether there is a relationship between daily temperature and the amount of time that students study. She measures the temperature each day for six months, and the mean number of hours spent in the library by a group of students. What test is required to test the hypothesis that study time is related to temperature? F 2. A study was performed to examine the effects of allergies on mood. One group of participants were allergy-free; another group suffered from severe hayfever; a third group suffered from eczema; and a fourth group had gluten intolerance. A therapist rated the mood of each participant on a 100-point scale. Which statistical test should the researchers use to see if allergies affect mood? D 3. A study was performed to investigate the effects of alcohol on people's impulsivity. Three groups of participants were compared. One group had water; one group had 1 pint of beer; and the third group had one pint of vodka. Each subject's impulsivity was assessed by a questionnaire that yielded a score out of 50. Which statistical test should the researchers use to test if alcohol affects impulsivity? D 4. A researcher is interested in comparing the effectiveness of four different scuba diving courses. He assembles a boat-full of divers (twenty from each course), and takes them to a nearby barrier reef. Each diver makes one dive, in which he attempts to stay safely below the water for 40 minutes. The researcher then measures the number of divers from each course who successfully return to the surface. Which test should the researcher use in order to see if there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the different training courses? G 5. In response to claims that A-levels are easier now than they were 20 years ago, a group of current sixth-formers are given two English exams, one a copy of the 1980 A-level paper, and the other a copy of the 2005 A-level paper. Each student provides a mark for each exam, out of 100. Their scores for the 1980 paper are heavily skewed. Which statistical test should be used to test the hypothesis that English exams used to be harder than they are nowadays? A

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology 6. Researchers wants to find out if there is a relationship between length of service in academia and levels of obsession. The obsession level of each of fifty lecturers was measured by questionnaire. The length of time that each lecturer had been in the university was also recorded. After collecting these data, it was found that the scores were somewhat skewed towards the "highly obsessive" end of the scale. Which test should be used to measure the strength of the relationship between obsession and length of time in employment? E 7. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many comedians' choice of career can be traced to their childhood experiences of using comedy in order to avoid being bullied at school. 200 comedians and 300 member of the public were interviewed and asked whether or not this use of comedy was true of them personally. What test should be used to test the hypothesis that bullying encourages children to follow a career in comedy? G 8. Ten children are each given four different toys to play with, and are asked to rate each toy in terms of how much they liked it. Which test would you use to assess whether the four toys are liked equally? B 9. Three hundred bird watchers are given the choice between a telescope and a pair of cheap binoculars. 182 prefer the telescope. Which test would you use to determine whether or not this is a statistically significant difference in preference? G 6. 200 drivers' performance was rated by a professional driving instructor under three conditions: while they drove for 30 minutes without distraction, while they drove for 30 minutes using a hands-free mobile phone, and while they drove for 30 minutes and listened to the radio. What test would you use to determine whether distraction affected driving performance? B

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology SECTION 4 In the following questions you are given some details of an experiment, the results of a number of statistical tests, and a set of conclusions. Only ONE of these tests is appropriate, and only ONE in each set of conclusions is correct. Thus only TWO of the statements are correct in each of the following questions. Indicate which two are correct by writing the appropriate letters in the table on page 15 at the end of this exam paper (4 marks per question: 2 for identifying the correct statistics, and 2 for identifying the correct interpretation). 1. An experimenter develops a method that may help the memory of people with brain damage. It is thought that these people have problems because when they make a mistake in recall, they cannot remember whether the mistake or the real answer was correct. Therefore they are given strong clues to the answer, to stop them ever making mistakes and hopefully improving their memory (this method is known as errorless learning). To test the effectiveness of this method, the experimenter asked ten head injury patients to learn the names of 20 of their carers. Ten of the names were learnt using errorless learning, and ten using simple trial and error. The data are not normally distributed. Patient A B C D E F G H I J Mean: S.D.:

A: Number of names learnt using trial and error 7 7 6 6 5 6 3 7 5 6 5.8 1.23

B: Number of names learnt using errorless learning 4 7 6 6 3 3 4 3 4 5 4.5 1.43

Statistical tests: (a) Mann Whitney test: U (10, 10) = 25, p = .05. (b) Wilcoxon test: z = -2.05, p = .04. (c) Pearson's correlation of A and B: r (8) =.25, p = .48. (d) Spearman's correlation of A and B: rs (10) = .21, p = .56. Conclusions: (e) the number of names learnt by trial and error is related to the number of names learnt with errorless learning. (f) Memory for names is unaffected by the type of learning. (g) Memory for names is significantly better if errorless learning is used. (h) Memory for names is significantly better if trial and error learning is used. 7

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology 2. An experimenter is interested in whether users of the drug MDMA ("Ecstasy") are higher sensation-seekers than non-users. 12 Ecstasy users and 12 nonusers rated themselves for sensation-seeking (7 = "highly sensation-seeking") Participant: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mean: S.D.:

A: Ecstasy user 7 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 5 7 5 6.33 .78

B: Non-user 3 7 5 4 6 5 4 2 1 1 7 6 4.25 2.14

(a) Pearson's correlation between A and B: r (10) = .16, p = .61. (b) Spearman's correlation between A and B: rs (12) = .12, p = .70. (c) Mann-Whitney test: U (12, 12) = 28, p = .009. (d) Wilcoxon test: z = 2.51, p = .01. Conclusions: (e) Ecstasy users' sensation-seeking scores are more variable than those of nonusers. (f) Ecstasy users rate themselves to be significantly higher in sensation-seeking than non-users. (g) Ecstasy users rate themselves to be significantly lower in sensation-seeking than non-users. (h) There is no significant difference between Ecstasy users and non-users in terms of sensation-seeking.

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology 3. A researcher is interested in the effects of watching TV on the number of synapses in the human frontal cortex. Brain slices were obtained from 30 pensioners who had died in an old people's home: purely by chance, 10 of these people had been incarcerated in a home that had Sky TV, 10 had been imprisoned in a home that had access only to terrestrial TV stations, and 10 had been condemned to eke out their miserable last days in a home that had no access to TV at all. The number of synapses per millimetre of cortex was recorded for each person. The data are not normally distributed. Pensioner no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean: S.D.:

A: Sky TV 170 180 150 150 190 170 180 112 111 115 153.80 30.39

B: Terrestrial TV 190 130 120 180 190 110 120 160 120 150 147.00 31.29

C: No TV 114 95 68 79 100 115 98 77 82 111 93.00 16.72

Statistical tests: (a) Kruskal-Wallis test: Χ2 (2) = 16.45, p < .001. (b) Spearman's correlation between A and B: rs (10) = .17, .p = .65. (c) Pearson's correlation between A and C: r (8) = .12, p = .74. (d) Friedman's test: Χ2 (2) = 12.46, p = .002. Conclusions: (e) The more TV that is watched, the fewer the synapses in human frontal cortex. (f) Pensioners who have fewer synapses in their frontal cortex prefer to watch Sky TV. (g) There is no significant difference between the three groups of pensioners in terms of how many synapses they had in their frontal cortex. (h) The nature of the pensioners' television viewing experiences has significantly affected the number of synapses in their frontal cortex.

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

4. A researcher is interested in the effects of four different types of speed limit sign on drivers' behaviour. At a known accident black spot, each of four different signs is erected for one month. During that time, the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit is recorded. Type of sign Sign 1 Sign 2 Sign 3 Sign 4

Number of drivers exceeding the speed limit 4000 3,420 2,221 6,544

Statistical tests: (a) Pearson's correlation between sign and number of speeders: r (2) = .46, p = .54 (b) Spearman's correlation between sign and number of speeders: rs (3)= .20, p = .80 (c) Chi-square goodness of fit test: Χ2 (3) = 2462.68, p < .001. (d) Wilcoxon test: z = 1.83, p = .07. Conclusions: (e) The type of sign significantly affects how many drivers speed past it. (f) The type of sign has no effect on how many drivers speed past it. (g) There is a significant correlation between the type of sign and drivers' speeding behaviour. (h) There is no significant correlation between the type of sign and drivers' speeding behaviour.

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

5. A researcher is interested in the effectiveness of two different methods of punishing teenage children's antisocial behaviour. Method A consisted of locking the child in a small dark room for ten minutes every time they behaved antisocially. Method B involved depriving the child of their MP3 player for ten minutes. Each child received a week of each treatment. (Treatment order was counterbalanced). The dependent variable was the number of antisocial acts committed in the week after each punishment regime had ended. The data lack homogeneity of variance. Subject A: Number of anti-social acts committed after being punished by imprisonment 1 10 2 15 3 20 4 17 5 13 6 19 7 17 8 15 9 14 10 21 Mean: 16.10 S.D.: 3.38

B: Number of anti-social acts committed after being punished by loss of MP3 player 0 3 5 4 6 8 4 3 6 7 4.60 2.32

Statistical tests: (a) Pearson's correlation between A and B: r (8) = .66, p = .04. (b) Spearman's correlation between A and B: rho = .51, p = .14. (c) Wilcoxon test: z = 2.81, p = .005. (d) Mann-Whitney test: U (10,10) = 17, p = .02. Conclusions: (e) The two methods differ significantly in their effectiveness in preventing antisocial behaviour by children. (f) Children who behaved badly under method A also did so under method B. (g) Depriving children of personal freedom causes them to miss their MP3 player. (h) Children who are punished by having their MP3 player taken away, are more likely to misbehave subsequently than children who are punished by having their liberty curtailed.

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C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

SECTION 5: 1. It is hypothesised that visualisation techniques combined with football training might improve footballers' performance more than football training alone. This was assessed by measuring the number of goals scored in a season of training matches, after participants had either (a) trained for 5 hours a week on a running track and 5 hours a week in the gym; or (b) done this training plus five hours a week of visualising themselves scoring goals. The table below shows the number of goals that were scored by each player in the following season, together with the means, standard deviations, and the result of the Mann-Whitney test used to compare the scores. Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mean (SD)

Training alone 3 9 14 17 12 11 19 11 12.00 (4.93)

Training + visualisation 9 7 6 15 5 6 12 13 9.12 (3.76)

U = 21 p = .25 (a) graph these data in a form appropriate for inclusion in a lab report (5 marks). Draw your graph here:

C8511 Research Skills in Psychology

(b) Describe the data in a form appropriate for inclusion in the results section of a lab report (5 marks). Write your results section here A Mann-Whitney test revealed that combining visualisation techniques and football training did not improve footballers' performance more than football training alone, U (8, 8) = 21.00, p > .05). Footballers in the visualisation plus training condition scored a mean of 12.00 goals in a season (SD = 4.93), whereas footballers in the training-only condition scored only 9.12 goals (SD = 3.76). [N.B. This is a one-tailed test - we were predicting that footballers given visualisation plus training would be better at scoring goals than footballers given only training, not just different. So if the test had been significant, we would have had to conclude merely that visualisation plus training offered no benefits over training alone].

2. A researcher's hypothesis is that the ability to perform well on a computer driving game is a good measure of a person's ability to drive fast on a real driving track. The table below shows eight participants’ best scores in a racing game (a higher score meaning that they performed better), and their average lap time at a racetrack. Also shown is the value of the correlation coefficient r between the two scores.

Participant

Racing game score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20 50 30 60 88 10 12 50

Racing track lap time (seconds) 30 66 28 75 90 10 50 80

r = 0.87 p = .005 (a) Graph the data in a form appropriate for inclusion in a lab report (5 marks).

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(a) Describe the data in a form appropriate for inclusion in the results section of a lab report (assuming no graph in the results section) (5 marks).

Write your results section here: There was a strong positive correlation between participants' best scores on a racing game and their average lap time at a race-track, r (6) = .87, p = .005. The higher a participant's racing game score, the longer their lap time. These results run contrary to the original hypothesis. Although the ability to perform well on a computer driving game is a good measure of a person's ability to drive on a real driving track, it is in the opposite direction to what was predicted originally: people who perform well on the game actually perform worse (drive more slowly) on the race track.

Answer sheet for sections 1, 2, 3 and 4: Section 1

Answer

Answer

E

Section 2 PART 1 Q1

Answer

Section 3

Answer

B

Section 2 PART 2 Q1

Q1

C

Q1

F

Q2

B

Q2

A

Q2

C

Q2

D

Q3

B

Q3

A

Q3

A

Q3

D

Q4

D

Q4

C

Q4

B

Q4

G

Q5

D

Q5

22.20

Q5

B

Q5

A

Q6

B

Q6

31.68

Q6

A

Q6

E

Q7

C

Q7

8.39

Q7

C

Q7

G

Q8

D

Q8

11.97

Q8

C

Q8

B

Q9

C

Q9

Q9

B

Q9

G

Q10

B

Q10

SEE BOXPLOT A

Q10

A

Q10

B

Section 4 answers Q1 statistics: B

interpretation: H

Q2

statistics: C

interpretation: F

Q3

statistics: A

interpretation: H

Q4

statistics: C

interpretation: E

Q5

statistics: C

interpretation: E

End of paper