C4 PNP Perez Diaz Carlos 2022 Proyecto de Investigación
August 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB OBJADOBG CK HD]LBJAÚO P]DHKZADOBG PDGAJABG KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ
KZPKJABGACBC> AOXKZSAIBJAÚO J]ALAOBG
S]BMBND CK AOXKZSAIBJAÚO Prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd jbgahajbcd pdr kg CKPAOJ] CKPAOJ]AA POP ‚ Zbo Mdrnb ‚ kokrd, kokrd, =021. B[SD] Jbcktk KD POP Jbrgds Bgmkrtd Párkz Cìbz BZKZD]B> Crb. Hbrhâo Ck Gb Jruz, Kstrkggb ‚
JED]]AGGDZ =0== PK]Þ
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CKCAJBSD]AB Kstk trbmbnd kstâ ckcajbcd b Cads y b oukstrds pbcrks pdr kg ckskd ck supkrbjaúo y bldr quk ods mraocbo jbcb cìb, bpdyâocdods ko ggkvbr oukstrbs vacbs pdr kg lkndr jblaod, bsalasld pdr kg kshukrzd y sbjrahajad rkbgazbcds, pkrlatarods jdoskiuar oukstrds prdpúsatds.
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BI]BCKJALAKOSDZ Kxprksd la birbckjalakotd b gb Ksjukgb ck Dhajabgks ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ pdr gb dpdrtuoacbc ck la cksbrrdggd pkrsdobg hdrlbtavd y la cksbrrdggd prdhksadobg. B las cdjkotks ck gb Ksjukgb ck Dhajabgks ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ pdr gb jbgacbc ck koskòbozb, kg bpdyd ldrbg y ldtavbjadobg quk rkjamì curbotk tdcds gds bòds ck kstucad. B la bsksdrb Crb. Kstrkggb Hbrhâo Ck gb Jruz pdr jdlpbrtar su kxpkrakojab y pdr gb pbjakojab pbrb jdocujar ko gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo. B gds khkjtavds pdgajabgks ck gb CKPAOJ]A ‚ Zbo Mdrnb pdr jdojkckrlk y hbjagatbrods vbgadsb aohdrlbjaúo pbrb ggkvbr b jbmd gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo. B gds jaucbcbods quk jdotramuykrdo ko rkspdockr gb skrak ck prkiuotbs pgbotkbcbs pdr kg aovkstaibcdr, quk bpdrtd b gb rkbgazbjaúo ck gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo.
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Ìocajk ck jdotkoacd Pâi. Pdrtbcb ………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ………………………….……………..... .……………..... a.a. Ckcajbtdrab …………………………… ………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ………………………………..… ……..… aa. aa. Birbckjalakotd ……………………………………………………………………………….. aaa. aaa. Ìocajk ck jdotkoacd …………………… ……………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………. …. av. av. Ìocajk ck tbm tbmgbs gbs ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………….....v ……….....v.. Ìocajk ck haiurbs………………………………………………… haiurbs……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………….. .va. ]KZ[LKO ……………………………………………………………………………………vaa . BMZS]BJS …………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………. …………………. vaaa. vaaa. AOS]DC[JJAÚO ……………………………………………………………………………..ax. JBPÌS[GD A> PGBOSKBLAKOSD CKG P]DMGKLB 2.2.Cksjrapjaúo ck gb satubjaúo prdmgklâtajb ……………………………………...……… 220. 0. 2.=.Ckgalatbjaúo 2:. 2.=.2. Ckgalatbjaúo tklpdrbg ……………………………………………………………….… 2:. 2.=.=. Ckgalatbjaúockg kspbjabg ………………...………………………………… ………………………………….….....…. …….….....…. 2:. ………………...…… 2.:. Hdrlugbjaúo prdmgklb 2.:.2. Prdmgklb ikokrbg ……………………..…………………………………………….… .23. 2.:.=. Prdmgklbs kspkjìhajds …………….……..………………………………………….… .23.
2.3. Dmnktavds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo 2.3.2. Dmnktavd ikokrbg ………………… ……………………….……………………… …….…………………………….…………...……. …….…………...……. 23. 2.3.=. Dmnktavds kspkjìhajds …………………………………………………..………..…….. 23. 23. 2.;. Nustahajbjaúo k alpdrtbojab 2.;.2. Nustahajbjaúo gkibg ………………………………………………………..………..…... 23. 23. 2.;.=. Nustahajbjaúo tkúrajb …………………………………………………………………… 2;. 2;. 2.;.:. Nustahajbjaúo prâjtajb ………………………………………………………………...… 2;. 2;. …………………………………………….…… ……………………….………..… …..… 2; 2;.. 2.;.3. Alpdrtbojab ck gb aovkstaibjaúo …………………… 2.8. Galatbjadoks ck gb aovkstaibjaúo …………………………… ……………………………………………………..… ………………………..… .28. .28. 2.9. Xabmagacbc ck gb aovkstaibjaúo ………………………………………………………….. .28. JBPÌS[GD AA> LB]JD SKÚ]AJD =.2. Botkjkckotks ck gb aovkstaibjaúo…………………………………………………..…… …………………………………………………..…….. 29. =.2.2. Botkjkckotks aotkrobjadobgks ……………………………………………………..……..29 ……………………………………………………..……..29.. =.2.=. Botkjkckotks objadobgks ………………….………………………………………..….....25. ..25. =.=. Mbsks tkúrajbs ………………………………………………………………………...… ....=2. =.:. Ckhaoajaúo ck tárlaods mâsajds ………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………...3=. ...3=.
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Pâi. JBPÌS[GD AAA> XB]ABMGK, CALKOZADOKZ K AOCAJBCD]KZ :.2. Xbrabmgk :.2.2. Ckhaoajaúo jdojkptubg ck gb vbrabmgk ………………………………...………………… ………………………………...………………… 3;. 3;. 38. :.2.=. Dpkrbjadobgazbjaúo ck gb vbrabmgk …………………………………………….....……. 38. JBPÌS[GD AX> LKSDCDGDIÌB 3.2. Caskòd Lktdcdgúiajd…... ...……………………...…………… ……………………...…………………..………….…………. ……..………….…………. 39. 3.2.2. Sapd y oavkg ……………………… …………………………………...………………… …………...…………………..………….…………. ..………….…………. 39 39.. 3.2.=. Kohdquk ………………………… …………………………………………….………… ………………….……………...…………………… …...…………………… 39 39.. 3.2.:. Caskòd ………………………… …………………………………………………….… ………………………….………...………………….. ……...………………….. 39 39.. 3.=.Pdmgbjaúo y lukstrb 3.=.2. Pdmgbjaúo ……………………………………………………...……………………….. 35. 35. 3.=.=. Lukstrb ………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………...………………......... …...………………......... 35 35.. 3.:. Sájoajbs ck rkjdgkjjaúo ck cbtds 3.:.2. Sájoajbs ………………………………………………………..……….……………… 35. 35. 3.:.=. Aostrulkotds ……………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………….......................…. ….......................…. 31 31.. 3.:.:. 3.:. :. X bga bgack ckzz y jdohabm jdoha bmaa gagacb cbc c ck gds aaostr ostrulk ulkotd otdss …………………………………………...31 …………………………………………...31.. 3.3. Sájoajbs pbrb kg prdjksblakotd ck gb aohdrlbjaúo ………………………… ………………………………..…. ……..…. ;0. 3.;. Bspkjtds átajds ………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………….…. ………….…. ;0 ;0.. JBPÌS[GD X> ]KZ[GSBCDZ ……………………………………………………………. ;=. JBPÌS[GD XA> CAZJ[ZAÚO …………………………………………………………….... …………………………………………………………….... ;8. ;8. JDOJG[ZADOKZ ………………………………… …………………………………………………………..……… ………………………..………………. ………. ;1 ;1.. ]KJDLKOCBJADOKZ ………………………………… …………………………………………………….…………… ………………….……………… … 80 80.. ]KHK]KOJABZ ………..………...………………………………… ………………………………………..….. …………..….. 82 82.. ]khkrkojabs mamgadirâhajbs ………..………...…… ……………………...……………………………………… …………………………………... …... 8: 8:.. ]khkrkojabs eklkrdirâhajbs ……………………...……… BOKUDZ Bokxd 2. Lbtraz ck jdosastkojab Bokxd =. Lbtraz ck jdostrujjaúo ckg Aostrulkotd Bokxd :. Aostrulkotd ck rkjdgkjjaúo ck cbtds> Iuìb ck kotrkvastb Bokxd 3. Xbgacbjaúo ck kxpkrtd ckg Aostrulkotd ck rkjdgkjjaúo ck cbtds Bokxd ;. Jdoskotalakotd ck aohdrlbcd Bokxd 8. Iuìbs ck kotrkvastbs bpgajbcbs Bokxd 9. Pbookbux hdtdirâhajd ck kvackojabs Bokxd 5. Ednb ck ]kjdlkocbjaúo Aostatujadobg Bokxd 1. Ckjgbrbjaúo Nurbcb ck butkotajacbc ck gb aovkstaibjaúo
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ÌOCAJK CK SBMGBZ Q HAI[]BZ Haiurb O° 02 Lbpb pdr skjtdr, sum skjtdr y jubcrbotk…………………………………………..2: jubcrbotk…………………………………………..2: Haiurb O° 0= Ksjkob ckg jralko…………………………………………………………………=8 jralko…………………………………………………………………=8 Haiurb O° 0: Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb………………………………………………..……..=9 jralaobgìstajb………………………………………………..……..=9 Haiurb O° 03 Aocajads y kvackojabs………………………………………..……………………..:= kvackojabs………………………………………..……………………..:= Haiurb O° 0; Dpkrbjadobgazbjaúo cckk gb vbrabmgk…………………………………………… vbrabmgk…………………………………………………38 ……38
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]KZ[LKO Gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo, bmdrcb kg tklb ck prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd, hrkotk bg bulkotd ck gb aoskiuracbc jaucbcbob y oþlkrd ck edlajacads ko oukstrd pbìs. Botk kstb prdmgklâtajb rksugtb nustahajbmgk tkokr ko jgbrd j gbrd kg jdrrkjtd bmdrcbnk b gb ksjkob ckg jralko y bjtubr ck bjukrcd b gds pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg, pbrb gd jubg sk eb bpgajbcd kg caskòd jubotatbtavd y ck oavkg cksjraptavd6 gb laslb quk eb sacd cksbrrdggbcb ko kg Ckpbrtblkotd ck Galb Gal b ko kg bòd =021 gd quk jdoggkvú jdld rksugtbcds bckjubrods bg prdjkcalakotd y bjtubr prdhksadobglkotk utagazbocd látdcds, lá tdcds, tájoajbs y kgk kgklkotds lkotds ck madskiuracbc bsalasld sk ckhaok gds tapds ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd, jdojguykocd jdojguykocd quk gbs jarjuostbojabs quk sk ckmk jdojkotrbr bg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd, ckmko kstbr rkgbjadobcbs b gb jdocajaúo ck gbs vìjtalbs6 jdld jubocd gb vìjtalb pbckjk ck casjbpbjacbc pkrlbokotk, pkr lbokotk, kg nuzibcdr tkocrìb gb pdsamagacbc ck kvbgubr cajebs jarjuostbojabs, ko blpbrd bg praojapad ck gksavacbc y prdpdrjadobgacbc, uob pkob jdohdrlk b gds ekjeds ckg jbsd, lbtkrab ck aovkstaibjaúo6 ko jdoskjukojab, bg tkokr cktkrlaobcbs gbs jarjuostbojabs kstbs ckmko aojdrpdrbrsk ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd.
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BMZS]BJS Seas rkskbrje bccrkssks tek assuk dh jralaobg prdjkcurk ao qubgahakc edlajack, hbjaoi tek aojrkbsk ao jatazko aoskjuraty boc tek oulmkr dh edlajacks ao dur jduotry. Iavko teas prdmgkl, at as nustahabmgk td mk jgkbr bmdut bm dut tek jdrrkjt bpprdbje td tek jralk jr alk sjkok boc bjt bjjdrcaoi bjjdr caoi td tek stkps dh tek pdgajk aovkstaibtado, hdr weaje tek qubotatbtavk boc cksjraptavk gkvkg cksaio ebs mkko bppgakc6 Sek sblk tebt ebs mkko ckvkgdpkc ao tek Ckpbrtlkot dh Galb ao =021, weaje gkc td tek rksugts dh bcbptaoi td tek prdjkcurk boc bjtaoi prdhkssadobggy usaoi madsbhkty lktedcs, tkjeoaquks boc kgklkots, bgsd ckhaoaoi tek typks dh qubgahakc edlajack, jdojgucaoi tebt tek jarjulstbojks tebt sedugc mk jdojkotrbtk do tek jralk dh qubgahakc edlajack, teky lust mk rkgbtkc td tek jdocatado dh tek vajtals6 bs weko tek vajtal suhhkrs hrdl pkrlbokot casbmagaty, tek nucik wdugc ebvk tek pdssamagaty dh kvbgubtaoi sbac jarjulstbojks, ao prdtkjtado dh tek praojapgk dh aonury boc prdpdrtadobgaty, b pkobgty bjjdrcaoi td tek hbjts dh tek jbsk, sumnkjt dh aov aovkstaibtado6 kstaibtado6 jdoskqukotgy, ebvaoi cktkrlaokc tek jarjulstbojks, teksk lust mk aojdrpdrbtkc aotd tek jralk dh qubgahakc edlajack.
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AOS]DC[JJAÚO Cksck gds aoajads ck gb eulboacbc kg edlajacad eb sacd gb haiurb ckgajtavb lâs bmkrrbotk lujebs vkjks od eby kxpgajbjaúo ck pdrquá kg skr eulbod musjb ko djbsadoks gb ckstrujjaúo ck su prúnald. Kg ekjed puoamgk ko kg jubg sk vugokrb kg mako nurìcajb vacb, ks ggblbcd edlajacad, y sk tdlb kg odlmrk ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd jubocd kg bjjadobr ckg bikotk bjtavd aojurrk ko jakrtbs jarjuostbojabs6 oukstrb odrlb nurìcajb kspkjahajb kstbs jakrtbs jarjuostbojabs birbvbotks, y pdr gbs jubgks gb pkrsdob quk aojurrakrb aojurr akrb ko kggbs tuvakrb uob pkob supkradr b gb ck jubgquakr dtrd edlajacad. Gbs pkobs alpukstbs b gds bikotks quk jdlktko kstk ckgatd sk cbo sao alpdrtbr juâg krb kg kstbcd ck vugokrbmagacbc ck gb vìjtalb, od kxastko birbvbotks pbrb gb prdtkjjaúo ck gbs pkrsdobs quk sk kojukotrbo hrâiagks, ckmacd b gb satubjadoks ko quk sk kojukotrbo yb skb pdr> kcbc, kstbcd hìsajd d lkotbg, d pdr jarjuostbojabs sdjabgks6 y kstd ckmacd b quk ko oukstrd sastklbs nurìcajd, sk ebggbo dmstâjugds quk cahajugtbo kg huojadoblakotd khajbz ckg ck g lasld, yb quk kstk ckmkrìb ck prdpdrjadobr uob prdtkjjaúo aotkirb b gds ckrkjeds quk ko cahkrkotks trbtbcds harlbcds pdr kg pbìs sk bjdrcú cbr prdtkjjaúo kspkjabg b ástbs. Zakocd kstb gb rkbgacbc ck oukstrb sdjakcbc, od kxastk oaoiþo birbvbotk ckg edlajacad jbgahajbcd quk kxprksblkotk mraock gb prdtkjjaúo quk ckmkrìb ck cbrsk b gbs pdmgbjadoks vugokrbmgks y b bqukggbs quk sk kojukotrbo ko jarjuostbojabs quk gbs ebjko vugokrbmgks6 sa mako ks jakrtd ko oukstrb odrlb kxastko haiurbs ckgajtavbs, jdld sdo kg hklaoajacad quk sk aojurrk ko kstk ckgatd jubocd kg sunktd bjtavd ks uo edlmrk quk lbtb b uob lunkr pdr gb rbzúo ck tbg6 y jdld tblmaáo tkoklds bg pbrrajacad kg jubg trbtb ck birbvbr gb pkob pdr gb kxastkojab ckg vìojugd sboiuìokd (cksjkocakotk(cksjkoc akotk- bsjkocakotk d vajkvkrsb) d pdr gb rrkgbjaúo kgbjaúo jdoyuibg quk kg alputbcd tkoìb jdo gb birbvabcb6 ko kstbs sk bulkotb gds bòds ck jdockob, pkrd ko oaoiuob sk mraocb gb tdtbg prdtkjjaúo, y pdr kock k ock sk ckmk jdodjkr kg prdjkc prdjkcalakotd alakotd pdgajabg ko gds ckgatds cckk edlajacad pbrb ebjkr hrkotk.
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JBPAS[GD A 2. Pgbotkblakotd ckg prdmgklb ck aovkstaibjaúo
2.2. Cksjrapjaúo ck gb satubjaúo prdmgklâtajb O a vk vkgg A ot otk kr ob objadob jadobgg
Gbs tbsbs ck edlajacad y ck lukrtks ko Gbtaodblárajb y ko kg luocd, jdld ko Láxajd, ko kstk kstbcd sk ggkvbo b jbmd bg lkods 200 lukrtks jbcb cìb bgjbozbocd pbrb kg =021 uob tbsb ck edlajacads ck =5,93 pdr jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks, bsjkocakocd b uo tdtbg ck :8.882 edlajacads, jdlpbrbcd bg =025 eb jbìcd ko kg quk huk ckg =1,09 ck gds :8.85; edlajacads quk sk prdcujko ko, gb lbydr pbrtk ck gbs vìjtalbs, :=.;:0, hukrdo edlmrks, ckmacd b quk cajeds bsksaobtds sk prdcujko ko kotdrods ck ckgaojukojab ko gds quk ks lâs ebmatubg quk gds alpgajbcds skbo vbrdoks y :.51: hukrdo lunkrks6 sa bobgazblds lâs bggâ pdcklds vkr quk botks, ko kg bòd =02;, eumd =0.98= edlajacads y gb tbsb krb ck 29,03 jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks. Bsalasld, Jdgdlmab jdo 2=.;;5 bsksaobtds ko =021, =5 lkods quk ko =025, ko jubotd b tbsb ck edlajacads aotkojadobgks pdr jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks ko kstk pbìs sk ggkvbo b jbmd bg lkods :3 bsksaobtds jbcb cìb gb tbsb ck edlajacads ko Jdgdlmab, quk sk satuú ko =021 ko kg =3,1; pdr jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks, eb jbìcd rkspkjtd b =025, ko kg quk huk ckg =;,:3, bsjkocakocd b uo tdtbg ck 2=.;;5 edlajacads, bobgazbocd gds cbtds ck bsksaobtds pdr iáokrd, vklds quk, gb lbydr pbrtk ck gbs vìjtalbs, 22.312, hukrdo edlmrks, kstd ks odrlbglkotk pdrquk gds edlmrks sdo gds quk kstâo aovdgujrbcds lâs hrkjukotklkotk ko bsksaobtds quk sk prdcujko jdld jdoskjukojab ck rdmds, d satubjadoks vadgkotbs, ko gbs quk vìjtalb y birksdr sdo vbrdoks y 2.089 sdo lunkrks6 sa larblds lâs bggâ pdcklds vkr quk kg bòd =02;, eumd 2=.95= edlajacads ko Jdgdlmab y gb tbsb ck edlajacads krb ck =8,10 jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks. Sblmaáo, Xkokzukgb jdo 20.;15 bsksaobtds ko =025, 3089 lkods quk ko =029, ks uod ck gds pbìsks jdo lbydr tbsb ck edlajacads aotkojadobcds ckg luocd, ko kstk pbìs sk ggkvbo b jbmd bg lkods =1 bsksaobtds jbcb cìb, cìb , gb tbsb ck edlajacads quk sk satuú ko =0 =025 25 ks ck :8,81 pdr jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks, eb jbìcd rkspkjtd b =029, ko kg quk huk ckg 31,55, skiþo gds þgtalds cbtds, ck gds bsksaobtds quk sk prdcunkrdo, gb lbydr pbrtk ck gbs vìjtalbs, 5.5=:, hukrdo edlmrks, gd quk ks
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ebmatubg, odrlbglkotk sk trbtb ck lukrtks vadgkotbs rkgbjadobcbs jdo dtrds ckgatds (rdmds, crdibs, ktj) ko gbs quk kstâo aovdgujrbcds tbotd kg birksdr y gb vìjtalb, dmskrvbocd lâs bggâ pdcklds vkr quk ko kg bòd =023, eumd 21.0:0 edlajacads ko Xkokzukgb y gb tbsb ck edlajacads krb ckg 8:,:3 jbcb jako lag ebmatbotks gd quk huk kg bòd quk rkiastrd gb lbydr jbotacbc ck kstds ckgatds prdcujacds ko ksk pbìs. Oavkg Objadobg
Sblmaáo ko oukstrd pbìs ko kg bòd =025, kg k g ckpbrtblkotd ck Lbcrk ck Cads prkskotú gb tbsb lâs bgtb ck edlajacads jdo :; vìjtalbs pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks6 ko kg dtrd kxtrkld, kx trkld, Ldqukiub rkiastrú gb lkodr tbsb ck edlajacads 3 vìjtalbs pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks, ks uob ck c k gbs rkiadoks quk kxtkradrazú uo lbydr aojrklkotd ck gb tbsb ck edlajacads curbotk kg pkradcd =02; - =028 ggkibocd b bgjbozbr uo ìocajk ck :,1 pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks, sdgd sakocd supkrbcd pdr Bpurìlbj (3,8 pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks)6 skiþo aohdrlú kg Aostatutd Objadobg ck Kstbcìstajb k Aohdrlâtajb ko su rkpdrtk kg ‗Jdlpdrtblakotd ck gb Sbsb ck Edlajacads =022 -=028“. Bsalasld, b oavkg objadobg, gb prdvaojab ck Sblmdpbtb huk gb gdjbgacbc quk bgjbozú kg lbydr ìocajk ck edlajacads, rkiastrbocd =1,; pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks. Gk saiuko ko gb gastb Sulmks (=5,1 pdr jbcb 200 ebmatbotks), Mbrrbojb (=8,3 pdr jbcb 200 ebmatbotks), Pasjd (==,8 pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks) y Bmbojby (=0,9 pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks). Bsalasld, ko kg bòd =025, kg ckpbrtblkotd ck Galb kvackojab kg lbydr oþlkrd ck vìjtalbs pdr gksadoks irbvks skiuacbs ck lukrtk (13), jdotaoþb kg ckpbrtblkotd ck Gb Gamkrtbc (29), Brkquapb y gb Prdvaojab Jdostatujadobg ckg Jbggbd (jdo 2; vìjtalbs jbcb uod). Jubtrd ckpbrtblkotds (Eubojbvkgajb, Lbcrk ck Cads, Ldqukiub y Sulmks), lukstrbo lkodr jahrb (2 vìjtalb ko jbcb uod). Pdr dtrd gbcd, Gb Gamkrtbc bgjbozú uob jahrb rájdrc ck edlajacads, skiþo kg Jdlatá Prdvaojabg ck Zkiuracbc Jaucbcbob, juybs kstbcìstajbs sdo prdpdrjadobcbs pdr gb Pdgajìb Objadobg sakocd kg oþlkrd lâs bgtd ck gds þgtalds jubtrd bòds, Zkiþo kg rkpdrtk ―Xajtalazbjaúo ko kg Pkrþ =029‑ pumgajbcd pdr kg Aostatutd Objadobg ck Kstbcìstajb (AOKA), b pksbr ck gb lkndrb, kg oþlkrd ck ckgatds jdo brlbs ck hukid sk aojrklkotú ko kg þgtald bòd y gb pkrjkpjaúo ck aoskiuracbc bþo
2=
sk lbotakok kgkvbcb, Kg pdrjkotbnk ck pdmgbjaúo vìjtalb ck bgiþo ekjed ckgajtavd pbsú ck =1,5 % ko kg =028 b =;,= % ko kg =029, gd jubg saioahajb uob jbìcb ck 3,8 puotds pdrjkotubgks ko ksb gìokb, gb tbsb ck edlajacads pdr jbcb 200 lag pkrsdobs jbyú ck 22,9 % ko kg =028 b 1,: % ko kg =029, kstb ks gb jubrtb lbydr rkcujjaúo kotrk gbs rkiadoks, skiþo jahrbs ckg AOKA pbrb kg bòd =028, ko Gb Gamkrtbc ebmìb uo khkjtavd pdgajabg pdr jbcb 55= ebmatbotks kggd saioahajb uob odtbmgk lkndrb. Oavkg Gdjbg
Aiubglkotk ko kg bòd =021, kg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb kvackojaú 9=0 vìjtalbs pdr lukrtk vadgkotb bsdjabcb b uo ekjed ckgajtavd cdgdsd (=1,3%), guibr cdock sk jdojkotrbo gbs lukrtks vadgkotbs bsdjabcbs b ekjeds ckgajtavds cdgdsds, gds castratds ck Eubrbg (]kiaúo Galb), Galb (Prdvaojab ck Galb) y Jbggbd (Prdvaojab Jdostatujadobg ckg Jbggbd), lukstrbo gbs tbsbs lâs bgtbs ck edlajacads =;, =: y == vìjtalbs pdr jbcb 200 lag ebmatbotks6 rkspkjtavblkotk aohdrlbjaúo rkjdpagbcb ck gb CKPAOJ]A POP, bsalasld gds edlmrks dmtakoko kg lbydr pdrjkotbnk jdld vìjtalbs, pdrquk sdo gds quk kstâo aovdgujrbcds lâs hrkjukotklkotk ko bsksaobtds bsk saobtds quk sk prdcujko jdld jdoskjukojab ck rdmds, d satubjadoks vadgkotbs, ko gbs quk vìjtalb y birksdr sdo vbrdoks. Zk eb rkbgazbcd uo cabioústajd cabioústajd ck kstb prdmgklâtajb quk kg ckgaojukotk prkskotb sìotdlbs tbgks jdld lbgtrbtds, bosakcbc, ckprksaúo, mbnb butdkstalb, prdmgklbs ck jdocujtb, trbstdrods kotrk dtrds, prkskotb jbusbs mako ckhaoacbs quk sdo ckhkosb prdpab, kstbcd ck kmrakcbc, aohackgacbc, bmusd skxubg, vadgkojab cdlástajb, okigaikojab, alpruckojab y mbnb rkluokrbjaúo kjdoúlajb, bcklâs sk jukotb jdo uo prdoústajd kotrk kggds ckstbjbo, edibrks cashuojadobgks jdo lbg kstagd ck vacb, bnustk ck jukotbs, cksklpgkd, vadgkojab hblagabr, bsbgtds jdostbotks ko gdjbgacbcks ck lbydr ìocajk ck aoskiuracbc jaucbcbob, pbrb kggd sk rkbgazú uo jdotrdg ck prdoústajd tkoakocd ko jukotb gb gky quk sbojadok kg ckgatd ck edlajacad, jbpbjatbjaúo pkrlbokotk bg pkrsdobg kspkjabgazbc, alpgklkotbr jebrgbs kcujbtavbs drakotbcbs bg cksbrrdggd y lkndrbr gb kcujbjaúo ko vbgdrks.
2:
2.=. Ckgalatbjaúo 2.=.2. C kgalatbjaúo ga latbjaúo tk tklp lpdrbg drbg
Kg cksbrrdggd ckg prkskotk prdykjtd ck aovkstaibjaúo skrâ ggkvbcd bjbmd jdlprkocakocd kg pkrìdcd =021. 2.=.=. Ckgalatbjaúo kspbjabg
Jkrjbcd ck Zbo Mdrnb ks uo castratd ck gb prdvaojab ck Galb ko kg ckpbrtblkotd edlúoald, ko kg Pkrþ. Galatb bg Odrtk jdo gds castratds ck Gb Xajtdrab, Zbo Guas, y Btk Xatbrtk6 bg Kstk jdo kg castratd ck Zbotabid ck Zurjd6 bg Zur tblmaáo jdo Zbotabid ck Zurjd y kg castratd ck Zur Zurquaggd6 quaggd6 y bg Dkstk oukvblkotk jdo Zurquaggd y kg castratd ck Zbo Asacrd. Jdlprkockrâ gb nurascajjaúo ckg CKPAOJ]A POP, umajbcd ko kg Castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb.
Lbpb pdr skjtdr, sum sum skjtdr y jubcr jubcrbotk botk ck gb nura nurascajjaúo scajjaúo ckg CKP CKPAOJ]A AOJ]A Zbo M Mdrnb. drnb.
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2.:. Hdrlugbjaúo ckg Prdmgklb 2.:.2. Prdmgklb Ikokrbg
´Ck quá lbokrb sk rkbgazb kg prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ POP ‚ Zbo Zbo Mdrnb ‚ Mdrnb ‚ kokrd, kokrd, =0214 2.:.=. P r dmgk gkl lb K sp spk kjì jìhha jd
´Juâg ks gb lktdcdgdiìb klpgkbcb ko gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ POP ‚ Zbo Zbo Mdrnb ‚ Mdrnb ‚ kokrd6 kokrd6 =0214
2.3. Dmnktavd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo. 2.3.2. Dmnktavd ikokrbg
2.3.2.2. Cksjramar kg prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP Zbo Mdrnb, =021. 2.3.=. Dmnktavd kspkjìhajd 2.3.=.2. Kxpgajbr gb lktdcdgdiìb klpgkbcb ko gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ POP ‚ Zbo Zbo Mdrnb ‚ Mdrnb ‚ kokrd6 kokrd6 =021.
2.;. Nustahajbjaúo ck gb aovkstaibjaúo. 2.;.2. N ustahajbjaúo ustahajbjaúo gkibg
Jdostatujaúo Pdgìtajb ckg Pkrþ, brtìjugd =.- Ckrkjeds huocblkotbgks ck gb pkrsdob Sdcb pkrsdob takok ckrkjed> 2. B gb vacb, b su ackotacbc, b su aotkiracbc ldrbg, psìquajb y hìsajb y b su gamrk cksbrrdggd y makokstbr. Kg jdojkmacd ks sunktd ck ckrkjed ko tdcd jubotd gk hbvdrkjk. Ko kg júcaid pkobg Brtìjugd 205, edlajacad jbgahajbcd, pdr hkrdjacbc, jdcajab, gujrd d pdr pgbjkr, pbrb hbjagatbr u djugtbr dtrd ckgatd, jdo irbo jrukgcbc jruk gcbc d bgkvdsìb, pdr hukid, kxpgdsaúo d jubgquakr dtrd lkcad jbpbz ck pdokr ko pkgaird gb vacb d sbguc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs. Júcaid prdjksbg pkobg ebjk lkojaúo sdmrk gds prdjkcalakotds prdjkcal akotds ck gds dpkrbcdrks ck nustajab pbrb gb aovkstaibjaúo prkgalaobr, aotkrlkcab y nuziblakotd.
2;
2.;.=. Nustahajbjaúo tkúrajb
Jdo kg prkskotk trbmbnd ck aovkstaibjaúo sk aotkotb jdotramuar b gb Jakojab pdgajabg ck uob odrlb quk aovdgujrb kg mako lâs vbgadsd ck gb pkrsdob quk vakok b skr gb vacb eulbob, ks lkokstkr rkjbgjbr gb alpdrtbojab ck gb aovkstaibjaúo aovdgujrbocd bg trbmbnd prdhksadobg quk rkbgazb gb CKPAOJ]A POP aovkstaibocd gb jdlasaúo ck ckgatds b gds ckgatds jdotrb gb Xacb, kg jukrpd y Zbguc, lâs kspkjìhajblkotk, bg Edlajacad Jbgahajbcd ko uod ck gds castratds cdock kg ìocajk ck gb jralaobgacbc ks luy bgtd jdld ks Jkrjbcd ck Galb, kstk prdykjtd bsparb jdotramuar pbrb gb sdgujaúo ck kstb prdmgklâtajb sdjabg, ckg lasld ldcd koigdmb b kstucads rkgbjadobcds jdo kg Júcaid Pkobg y kg júcaid Prdjksbg Pkobg quk utagazbo gds dpkrbcdrks ck nustajab pbrb rkcujar y sbojadobr gds jrìlkoks rkgbjadobcds b edlajacad jbgahajbcd.
2.;.:. Nustahajbjaúo prâjtajb
Zk jdosackrb quk uob aovkstaibjaúo takok uob nustahajbjaúo prâjtajb, jubocd su cksbrrdggd byucb b rksdgvkr uo prdmgklb d, pdr gd lkods prdpdok kstrbtkiabs quk bg bpgajbrsk jdotramuarìbo b rksdgvkrgd ko kstb aovkstaibjaúo byucbrâ b jdodjkr kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gds ckgatds ck edlajacad utagazbocd kstrbtkiabs y látdcds pbrb dmtkokr
2.;.3. Alpdrtbojab ck gb aovkstaibjaúo
Gds edlajacads cdgdsds jdlprkocko b tdcbs gbs lukrtks vadgkotbs bsdjabcbs b ekjeds ckgajtavds cdgdsds, ks ckjar tdcb lukrtk vadgkotb djbsadobcb pdr lbod bnk bnkob, ob, ko gb jubg kg jralaobg musjbmb jdo ao aotkojaúo tkojaúo prdvdjbr gb lukrtk luk rtk ck gb vìjtalb d quk b jdoskjukojab ck jbusbrgk bgiþo cbòd ckvakok gb sumskjukotk lukrtk ck gb vìjtalb, ko ksk skotacd, jdotbr jdo kstbcìstajbs dpdrtuobs y jdohabmgks sdmrk gb tbsb ck edlajacad cdgdsd ks huocblkotbg pbrb ldoatdrkbr kg kstbcd ck gb skiuracbc y gb ckgaojukojab b oavkg luocabg, rkiadobg y objadobg, utagazbocd pbrb kggd gds bvbojks quk tuvakrdo guibr ko gb þgtalb cájbcb ko gb prdcujjaúo y rkjdpagbjaúo ck cbtds sdmrk edlajacads ebo pkrlatacd quk ástds sk bprdvkjeko blpgablkotk
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2.8. G a la tbja tbjad dok okss ck gb aovk aovkst staa ibja ibjaú úo Ko gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo sk ebo ikokrbcd cktkrlaobcbs galatbjadoks jdld jdrrkspdock b uo trbmbnd ck boâgasas y ck ckcujjadoks gúiajbs, kg ekjed quk gbs galatbjadoks sk ebo kstbmgkjacd ko huojaúo ck gb ksjbsb mamgadirbhìb jdo rkspkjtd ck gb vbrabmgk aockpkocakotk, pkrd quk ko tdcd jbsd ek utagazbcd gds jdrrkspdocakotk musjbcdrks nurìcajds quk lk ebo skrvacd pbrb bckjubr sastklâtajblkotk gds jdrrkspdocakotks lbrjds bjbcálajds y ko kxjgusavd gbs rkhkrkojabs mamgadirâhajbs6 bsalasld ko gbs pâiaobs ck dtrbs uoavkrsacbc uoavkrsacbcks ks saklprk sk eb kojdotrbcd bgiuods aojdovkoakotks, pkrd quk hukrdo rksukgtds y ko tdcd jbsd tdcb kstb satubjaúo eb ikokrbcd uob bckjubcb aovkstaibjaúo jakotìhajb. 2.9. X a bm bmaa gac ga cbc c ck k gb a ovk ovkstai staib bja jaú úo
Gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo sa ks hbjtamgk pdrquk jdbcyuvb b jdodjkr kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg y bjtubr ck bjukrcd b gd kstbmgkjacd pdr gky.
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JBPAS[GD AA> LB]JD SKÚ]AJD =.2. Botkjkckotks ck gb Aovkstaibjaúo =.2.2. =.2 .2. Bot B otk kjkc jkckot otk ks A otk otkrob robjad jadob obgk gkss
Lkoksks y Ruaotbob (=028), Láxajd, juyd dmnktavd praojapbg ks jdlprkockr y kxpgajbr gds hbjtdrks quk jdohguyko ko uob aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg y quk jdotramuyko b jgbsahajbr uo kvkotd edlajacb jdld ‗jdodjacd“ d ‗cksjdodjacd“. Ks uob aovkstaibjaúo jubotatbtavb. Juyds rksugtbcds jubotahajbo gb vadgkojab edlajacb y ck gb pdmgbjaúo ckg iáokrd lbsjugaod sk kojukotrb sdmrkrrkprkskotbcb, kstd alpgajb, ko rksulacbs jukotbs, quk gds edlmrks sdo lâs vugokrbmgks quk gbs lunkrks sao klmbrid gbs aovkstaibjadoks trbtbo sdmrk gb rksdgujaúo ck gds edlajacads, quk ks bjkptbcd quk gbs vìjtalbs ckg iáokrd hklkoaod prkskotbo lkods prdmbmagacbc ck quk sus jbsds skbo rksukgtds, skiþo gbs kstbcìstajbs ck jbcb cakz edlajacads rkiastrbcds ko gb Jaucbc ck Láxajd gb butdracbc aiodrb kg ldtavd (;5.5%). Bcajadobglkotk, uo cbtd quk jdotrbstb ks kg pdjd pdrjkotbnk ck vìjtalbs quk aoiarakrdo bgiuob crdib (20.;%) y kg bgtd pdrjkotbnk quk mkmakrdo bgjdedg botks ck hbggkjkr (;1.8%). Kstds rksugtbcds jdoharlbo uo ebggbzid ebggbz id ackotahajbcd pdr aovkstaibjadoks prkvabs quk aocajbo quk, bg lkods ko gb Jaucbc ck Láxajd, kg bgjdedg takok uo rdg luy alpdrtbotk ko gb jdohaiurbjaúo ck gds kvkotds edlajacbs, tblmaáo ckstbjb kg bgtd pdrjkotbnk ck edlajacads quk sk jdlktko jdo brlb ck hukid (;1.3%) y gb sdmrkrrkprkskotbjaúo ckg iáokrd lbsjugaod ko gbs vìjtalbs ck edlajacad (59.=%). Iubatb y Obvbrrktk (=000). Jeagk, tkoakocd jdld dmnktavd jbrbjtkrazbr gds tapds ck edlajacads djurracds ko gb ]kiaúo Lktrdpdgatbob b pbrtar ck gbs kvackojabs hìsajbs y psajdgúiajbs ckg Zatad ckg Zujksd. Gb aovkstaibjaúo ks ck jbrâjtkr jubotatbtavd, kxpgdrbtdrad, cksjraptavd, ck caskòd od kxpkralkotbg y trbosvkrsbg. Gb aovkstaibjaúo aovks taibjaúo cksbrrdggb, cksck kg jjdodjalakotd dodjalakotd klpìrajd, uob tájoajb jdocujkotk b gb kgbmdrbjaúo ck pkrhagks jralaobgks jdld uob prdpukstb lktdcdgúiajb vâgacb pbrb gb aovkstaibjaúo ck gds edlajacads. Pbrb kggd ks alprksjaocamgk tkokr uo jdodjalakotd kxebustavd y bjbmbcd ck gbs vbrabmgks aovdgujrbcbs ko uo edlajacad, bcklâs ck lboknbr gbs hrkjukojabs y jbrbjtkrìstajbs ikokrbgks ck cajeds ckgatds. Gb lukstrb sk skgkjjadoú ck uob hukotk skjuocbrab dmtkoacb ck gds aohdrlks pdgajabgks ck gb Mraibcb ck Edlajacads ck gb ]kiaúo Lktrdpdgatbob. Jdojguyk gb aovkstaibjaúo musjbocd cksbrrdggbr uob jbrbjtkrazbjaúo ck gds edlajacads ko gb ]kiaúo Lktrdpdgatbob, b pbrtar ck kvackojabs k vackojabs hìsajb y psajdgúiajb rkjdiacbs ckg Z.
25
Z. Bcklâs, sk gdirú kstbmgkjkr uob bsdjabjaúo kotrk jbrbjtkrìstajbs ckg Z. Z., lúvag ckg edlajacad y jbrbjtkrìstajbs sdjadckldirâhajbs ckg butdr.
Lbgcdobcd. (=0=0). Brikotaob, skòbgb quk su dmnktavd trbosjkockotbg ks ckskotrbòbr gds rkquasatds d jubgacbcks sk rkquakrko pbrb jdohaiurbr uob rkgbjaúo ck pbrknb pbrb birbvbr gb jbgahajbjaúo ckg edlajacad y brrambr bg cksbrrdggd jdlpgktd ck gb tklâtajb bmdrcbcb, ko rbzúo ck trbtbrsk ck uo tklb bjtubg, lktdcdgúiajblkotk utagazú kg tapd ck kstucad kxpgdrbtdrad, kstd saioahajb, quk ggkvú b jbmd uo lbrjd ck ackbs ikokrbgks, y sk ackotahajbrâo gbs calkosadoks y jbtkidrìbs ck boâgasas pbrb cksjramar jubgatbtavblkotk kg hkoúlkod ck kstucad. Skrlaob cajakocd quk lujebs vkjks gb gkiasgbjaúo pkobg, pkrlatk uob hgkxamagazbjaúo ck praojapads huocblkotbgks jdld kg ck gkibgacbc, rkskrvb pkobg, prdpdrjadobgacbc kotrk dtrds. Kstd sk ckmk b gb prksaúo quk knkrjko gbs hukrzbs pdgìtajbs quk, botk gb hbgtb ck alpgklkotbjaúo ck pdgìtajbs pþmgajbs, y botk uo rkjgbld sdjabg ck hblagabrks ck vìjtalbs quk jdojurrko b gds tramuobgks tramu obgks rkbgazbocd lboahkstbjadoks6 musjbo alpugsbr prdykjtds y lujebs vkjks gd jdosaiuko jrkykocd quk alpdoakocd pkobs lâs skvkrbs sk vb b sdgujadobr gb jukstaúo.
=.2.=. Botkjkckotks Objadobgks Eardsea (=025), Galb. Skoakocd jdld dmnktavd praojapbg kstbmgkjkr gb rkgbjaúo quk kxastk kotrk kg aojrklkotd ck gbs ldcahajbtdrabs bg Brt. 205¾ ckg Júcaid Pkobg Pkrubod y kg ìocajk ck ckgatds pdr Edlajacad Jbgahajbcd ko kg castratd ck Zbo Nubo ck Guraibojed, gb aovkstaibjaúo ks ck tapd Cksjraptavd - jdrrkgbtavd, gb lukstrb kstâ jdostatuacb pdr 233 pkrsdobs kotrk 25 b 90 bòds ck hdrlb bgkbtdrab, kg aostrulkotd utagazbcd huk gb kojukstb. ]ksugtbcds> Zk kojdotrbrdo quk gbs ldcahajbtdrabs bg brt. 205 ckg Júcaid Pkobg pkrubod pkrub od od rkcunkrdo kg ìocajk ck ckgatds ck Edlajacad Jbgahajbcd, kg praojapbg prdmgklb ks gb ckgaojukojab (Hbgtb ck skiuracbc) jdo ;3.=%, skiuacd cksklpgkd y kg Jdosuld ck Crdibs jdo uo 21.3%6 ko gds þgtalds trks bòds gds edlajacads bulkotbrdo ko uo ;3.=%, gb ckgaojukojab ko uo 55.=%. Bcklâs, kg aostrulkotd ck lbydr hrkjukojab quk sk utagazb ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd ks> kg brlb ck hukid jdo 83%, skiuacd kg brlb mgbojb (jujeaggds) jdo kg =8.2%. y vkokod 1.1%6 haobglkotk kg :3% ck kojukstbcds bharlb quk jrkbocd prdirblbs ck bpdyd b núvkoks kvatbrklds quk jbaibo ko ckgaojukojab y uo =3.9% bharlb
21
lkndrbr gb kjdodlìb ko edibrks. Jdojguyk quk gbs ldcahajbtdrabs bg Brt. 205¾ ckg Júcaid Pkobg ks cksbtaobcb, bg brtajugbr uo júcaid, od ckmklds jdosackrbr bmbrjbr kg lbydr oþlkrd ck sunktds ck prdtkjjaúo, saod musjbr uo alpbjtd pdsatavd ko oukstrb sdjakcbc, kstbs bcajadoks od caslaouyko caslaouyko kg jralko, ko jdoskjukojab, od sk rkcujko gds ìocajks ck Edlajacad jbgahajbcd. Zâojekz y Zdsb (=029) Palkotkg. Jdo kg dmnktavd praojapbg ck bobgazbr gb aookjksbrab rkiugbjaúo ckg brtìjugd 205 ‚ 205 ‚ J J Zajbrabtd, b jbusb ck gb kxastkojab ckg brtìjugd 205.2 Edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gujrd, jdo rkspkjtd b uo lbrjd rkhkrkojabg. Gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo jdrrkspdock b uob aovkstaibjaúo tkúrajb, purb d mâsajb6 pukstd quk kstâ caraiacb ebjab uo hao oktblkotk jdiodsjatavd, rkpkrjutakocd ko uods jbsds b jdrrkjjadoks, y ko dtrds ko pkrhkjjadoblakotd ck gds jdodjalakotds, pkrd saklprk jdo uo hao klaokotklkotk pkrhkjtamgk ck kggds jdo uo caskòd jbusbgkxpgajbtavd, gb pdmgbjaúo ck aohdrlbotks pbrb gds jukstadobrads skrâo Nukjks, Hasjbgks y Bmdibcds pkobgastbs bsjakock b uo tdtbg ck :;8 prdhksadobgks, Gb rkiugbjaúo ckg brtìjugd 205-j sajbrabtd b pksbr ck gb kxastkojab ckg brtìjugd 205.2 edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gujrd‘, bcdgkjk ck uo ;9,;% ck casjdrcbojabs odrlbtavbs, b rbzúo ck quk blmds brtìjugds rkiugbo uo laslb jdocujtb, pkrd jdo pkobs castaotbs- gb skiuocb lâs mkoaiob-6 y tkoakocd ko jukotb quk kg prdjksd pkobg sk sk huocblkotb ko pbrâlktrds y praojapads rkjtdrks jdostatujadobgks, kg brt. 205-J pkrckrìb su khajbjab odrlbtavb6 bsalasld, gds dpkrbcdrks ckg ckrkjed ckmko ck bcvkrtargd y musjbr su ckrdibjaúo, mbsâocdsk ko gb gkiasgbjaúo jdlpbrbcb ck gds pbìsks ck Kjubcdr, Jdgdlmab, Jdgdlmab , Mrbsag y Jdstb ]ajb, pbìsks quk rkiugbo ck lbokrb prkjasb y jgbrb gb lukrtk ck uob pkrsdob pdr lbocbtd dokrdsd, pbid d rkjdlpkosb ‘. Q jdoskjukotklkotk ko prdlkcad uo 3=,;% jdosackrb cajeb rkiugbjaúo ks gb aocajbcb. Zdtkrd (=0=0). Jeajgbyd. Kg dmnktavd praojapbg ks cktkrlaobr gbs jarjuostbojabs quk sk ckmko ck aojdrpdrbr b gb haiurb ckgajtavb ckg edlajacad jbgahajbcd. Gb aovkstaibjaúo jukotb jdo uo caskòd jubotatbtavd yb quk ko su cksbrrdggd rkjdpagbrâ rkjd pagbrâ y bobgazbrâ cbtds dmtkoacds ck oulkrdsbs hukotks y kstb laslb sk bpgajbrâ kg usd ck látdcds kstbcìstajds pbrb dmtkokr rksugtbcds, kg tapd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo skiþo gd briulkotbcd b jdotaoubjaúo ks> Kxpkralkotbg, gb pdmgbjaúo pbrb gb aovkstaibjaúo sdo dpkrbcdrks nurìcajds ck gb jdrtk jdr tk supkradr ck nustajab ck Gblmbykquk bsjkocakocd b uo tdtbg ck 1: kxpkrtds, jdojguykocd quk gbs jarjuostbojabs quk sk ckmko aojdrpdrbr bg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd, ckmko kstbr rkgbjadobcbs cksck gb jdocajaúo ck gbs vìjtalbs6 ko ksk skotacd,
=0
sk ckmk jdosackrbr jubocd kstb skb uo bcugtd lbydr, uo lkodr ck kcbc, bsì jdld uob lunkr jdo uob ikstbjaúo kvackotk, bcklâs quk jubocd gb vìjtalb pbckjk ck casjbpbjacbc ck pkrlbokotk quk pukcb skr vasamgk d kvackotk, kg nuzibcdr tkocrìb gb pdsamagacbc ck kvbgubr cajebs jarjuostbojabs quk gk pkrlatarâ sbojadobr bckjubcblkotk.
=2
=.=. Mbsks tkúrajbs =.=.2. =.= .2. Pr djk jkc cal alaa kot otd ds ckg ckgatd edl edla ja cad
Zkiþo Biuagbr (=029), rkhakrk quk gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ, pbrb kg jdrrkjtd jdr rkjtd cksklpkòd ck sus huojadoks ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ck uo ekjed ckgajtudsd, rkquakrk ck prdjkcalakotds tájoajds dpkrbtavds y mbsks cdjtraobrabs, pbrb cktkrlaobr gds ldtavds, gbs hdrlbs y jarjuostbojabs y irbcd ck pbrtajapbjaúo ck gds aovkstaibcds, gb lasaúo pdgajabg ck obturbgkzb sdjabg, kxaik okjksbrablkotk mraocbr uo skrvajad ck gb lâs bgtb jbgacbc b gb sdjakcbc, ks pdr kggd gb okjksacbc ck sastklbtaz sastklbtazbr br sus prdjkcalakotds ckotrd ck gds praojapads, vbgdrks aostatujadobgks y gds ckrkjeds eulbods6 gb obturbgkzb sdjabg ck gb tbrkb pdgajabg ks þoajd, pdr tbotd, od pukck ebmkr uob bjjaúo dpkrbtavb pdgajabg quk skb btkocacb ckotrd ck uob rutaob kstbmgkjacb, pdr kg jdotrbrad, gb laslb cklbocb uob btkojaúo kspkjabg y puotubg pbrb rksdgvkrgb, gb bjjaúo pdgajabg od sdgd sk knkjutb gukid ck prdcujargk prdcuj argk kg ekjed ckgajtavd, saod bþo jdo lbydr áohbsas, botks ck ástk pdr gd quk dmgaib b gb bcdpjaúo ck lkcacbs bjtavbs y pbsavbs quk sk botajapko b gb jdlasaúo ck uo ckgatd, hbgtb d trbosirksaúo6 pdr tbotd, kstb tbrkb cklbocb uo kshukrzd quk aojguyk bspkjtds ck jdocujjaúo y kcujbjaúo jìvajb jaucbcbob ko kg âlmatd pdgajabg. Pbrb gd jubg sdstkoid quk cajed jdlprdlasd alpgajb uob bckjubcb uoacbc ck jratkrad quk pkrlatb bpgajbr gb lktdcdgdiìb pdgajabg, quk sustkotbcb ko gb hukrzb ck gb kxpkrakojab y su jdotrbstbjaúo jdo uob rkbgacbc jbcb vkz lâs jblmabotk, alpdok látdcds, prdjkcalakotds, tájoajbs, bjtavacbcks bhaoks y bjjadoks ko ikokrbg ck jbrâjtkr pkjugabr pdgajabg, pbrb kohrkotbr jdo áxatd gbs oukvbs hdrlbs ck bsastkojab y ckhkosb ck gb sdjakcbc, bsì jdld b gds klmbtks ck gb jralaobgacbc ko sus lþgtapgks, vbrabcbs, saoiugbrks y jdlpgknbs lboahkstbjadoks ko kg knkrjajad ck sus huojadoks. Bsalasld, pkrsaiuk uo aostrulkotd drakotbcdr ko kg trbmbnd pdgajabg, juyb bpgajbjaúo prâjtajb ko pbutbs ikokrbgks, od pdcrâ skr ck ldcd bgiuod rìiacb, saod ck kojbusblakotd b gbs bjtatucks, jdlpdrtblakotds, pkrspajbjab, aotkgaikojab y sdgvkojab prdhksadobg ck tdcd kg pkrsdobg aovkstacd ck lìstajb pdgajabg, prdjurb skr ibrbotìb ck áxatd ko kg knkrjajad ck sus rkspdosbmagacbcks prdhksadobgks, aiubglkotk jdostatuyk uob dmrb ck aostrujjaúo dmgaibcb ko gds oavkgks ck hdrlbjaúo, jbpbjatbjaúo, rkkotrkoblakotd y kspkjabgazbjaúo prdhksadobg.
==
=.=.2.2 =.= .2.2. Lk Lkttdcdgdiì gdiìb b ck gb a ov ovk ksta sta ib ibjaú jaúo o jralaobg
Ck bjukrcd jdo Bridlkcd (=029), skòbgb quk aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg ks jdosustbojabg b gb jdocujtb y hbjtdrks ck gb kvdgujaúo eulbob, sk jdodjk pdr gb latdgdiìb cksck gb jrkbjaúo ckg edlmrk ko gbs jrkkojabs ckg jrastaboasld jdosaiobcbs ko gb Mamgab, ckg pralkr hrbtrajacad jdlktacd pdr Jbìo ko Bmkg beì vklds uo pbsbnk ck aovkstaibjaúo ck uo jralko6 ck kstb lbokrb sk pgbotkb gb alpdrtbojab ck gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg pbrb jdotrdgbr kg hkoúlkod ckgajtavd cksck kg aoajad ck gb eulboacbc. Gb jralaobgacbc, pdr tbotd, eb skiuacd y saiuk sa iuk b gb javagazbjaúo, jdld gb sdlm sdlmrb rb saiuk bg jukrpd, gd bharlú Korajd Hkrra, kstucadsd ck gb sdjadgdiìb jralaobg. Pdr kggd, dpaod quk eb sacd y skrâ ldtavbjaúo pkrlbokotk pbrb kg cksbrrdggd ck jakojabs jdld gbs pkobgks, quk sdo casjapgaobs quk sk djupbo ckg ckgaojukotk, ckg ckgatd, ck gb pkob, ckg Ckrkjed Pkobg y ckg Ckrkjed Prdjksbg Pkobg, b hao ck quk kg Kstbcd knkrzb uob lkndr bclaoastrbjaúo ck nustajab ko gb kvbgubjaúo y sbojaúo ck uob jdocujtb ckgajtavb. =.=.2.= =.= .2.=.. E dla ja cad jb jbgah gahajb ajbc cd
Zkiþo Hgdrks, (=023), ckhaok bg ckgatd ks saklprk uob bjjaúo eulbob, rksugtb supkrhgud birkibr quk kg edlajacad ks gb lukrtk jdlktacb pdr uo edlmrk, kg sunktd bjtavd ckg edlajacad salpgk pukck skr jubgquakr pkrsdob, saklprk y jubocd skb nurìcajblkotk rkspdosbmgk y od tkoib vìojugds ck pbrkotksjd jdo kg sunktd pbsavd kxaiacds ko kg pbrrajacad (bsjkocakotk, cksjkocakotk júoyuik d jdojumaod). Kg sunktd pbsavd pukck skr jubgquakrb quk od tkoib vìojugds ck pbrkotksjd jdo kg sunktd bjtavd. Od dmstbotk, jdosackrd j dosackrd quk kg edlajacad ks gb lukrtk ck uo edlmrk aonustblkotk pdr dtrd jdo gb prklkcatbjaúo d jdo aotkojaúo, saioahajb quk kg sunktd bjtþb ko jdotrb pukstd quk kxastk uob gky quk rkiugb kstk ckgatd, pkrd bjgbrblds ck quk sa uod bjtþb pdr gkiìtalb ckhkosb od vadgb gb odrlb, kstâ kxkotd ck rkspdosbmagacbc pkobg. Sblmaáo kg AOKA (=029), aohdrlb quk kg edlajacad jbgahajbcd ckodlaobcd bsksaobtd, skiþo kg Júcaid Pkobg brtìjugd 205, lkojadob quk ks uo ckgatd jdotrb gb vacb eulbob, ck jbrâjtkr cdgdsd,
=:
quk jdosastk ko lbtbr b uob pkrsdob pdr gbs saiuakotks sa iuakotks jarjuostbojabs gbs jubgks sdo> pdr hkrdjacb hkrdjacbc, c, jdcajab, gujrd, pgbjkr, hbjagatbr u djugtbr dtrd ckgatd, prklkcatbjaúo, bgkvdsìb, pdr hukid, kxpgdsaúo d pdr jubgquakr dtrd lkcad jbpbz ck pdokr ko pkgaird gb vacb d sbguc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs. Ckmacd b gb bgtb jdojkotrbjaúo ck gbs vìjtalbs pdr edlajacad jbgahajbcd (bsksaobtd), sk alpgklkotú kg prkskotk jbpìtugd, jdo kg hao ck jrkbr uob eekrrblakotb krrblakotb kstbcìstajb pbrb ldoatdrkbr gb gb alpgajbojab ck kstk edlajacad pdr bsksaobtd. Pdr kggd, sk jbrbjtkrazbrâ gds praojapbgks hbjtdrks quk ods pdcrâo jdotramuar b cktbggbr kg prdmgklb ck kstk ekjed ckgajtavd quk sk prkskotb ko kstk tapd ck edlajacad cdgdsd ko kg Pkrþ. Bsalasld Ldra (=025), skòbgb gds ckgatds jdotrb gb vacb kg jukrpd y gb sbguc, sdo ckgatds quk trbvás ck gds jubgks oukstrd drckoblakotd nurìcajd pkobg musjb prdtkikr kg mako nurìcajd ck gb vacb. Ks bsì jdld, b trbvás ck gb pkobgazbjaúo ckg edlajacad jbgahajbcd, oukstrds gkiasgbcdrks y oukstrd pdckr nucajabg musjb gb sbojaúo pbrb bqukggb pkrsdob quk gk brrkmbtk gb vacb b dtrd skr eulbod, pdcklds rksular bg edlajacad jbgahajbcd jdld bqukggb jdocujtb trbvás ck gb jubg uob cktkrlaobcb pkrsdob, musjb klpgkbcd uo lkcad, lbtbr b uo skr eulbod. Ckmklds ck tkokr luy prkskotk, quk pbrb quk sk pukcb jdohaiurbr kg ckgard ckgar d ck Edlajacad Jbgahajbcd, kg jubg sk kojukotrb tapahajbcd ko kg brtìjugd 205° ckg Júcaid Pkobg6 sk ckmko ck kojubcrbr ckotrd ck gbs jarjuostbojabs quk kg júcaid jatbcd kstbmgkjk. Bsalasld, y kstd ks uob dpaoaúo ckg butdr6 kg sunktd bjtavd ckg ckgatd ck edlajacad pukck skr jubgquakr pkrsdob6 klpkrd kstb pkrsdob ckmk ck tkokr uob pbrtajugbracbc kspkjabg, gb jubg ks quk od ckmk ck iubrcbr oaoiþo irbcd ck pbrkotksjd jdo kg sunktd bjtavd ckg ckgatd, ckmacd b quk bg iubrcbr bgiþo irbcd ck pbrkotksjd sk rdlpkrìb gb haiurb ckg edlajacad jbgahajbcd, jdovartaáocdsk ko uo pbrrajacad, d tblmaáo pukck jdovkrtarsk ko uo hklaoajacad. Sblmaáo sk ckcujk quk kg ckgatd ck edlajacad ks uo ckgatd ck rksugtbcd ck tapd cdgdsd6 ks ckjar quk pbrb quk skb jbtbgdibcd y jbstaibcd sk ckmk ck prdcujar okjksbrablkotk gb lukrtk ck gb vìjtalb6 y quk kstb lukrtk ods k prdcuzjb ckotrd ck gds supukstds ck aoalputbmagacbc quk kstbmgkjk kg brtìjugd =0¾ ckg Júcaid Jú caid Pkobg6 bsalasld, bg lkojadobr quk kkgg Edlajacad jbgahajbcd ks uo ckgatd ck tapd cdgdsd, ods rkhkralds b quk kg sunktd bjtavd takok pgkod jdodjalakotd ck quk gds bjtds quk kstâ rkbgazbocd vbo b prdcujar gb lukrtk ck gb dtrb pkrsdob, y buo bsì, ckskb rkbgazbr kg ekjed.
=3
Haobglkotk ks alpdrtbotk prkjasbr, quk gb haiurb ck gb tkotbtavb tblmaáo ks jbstaibcb ko kg jbsd ckg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd6 ks ckjar quk kg sunktd bjtavd, rkbgazb gds bjtds ck knkjujaúo ckg edlajacad, pkrd kstk od ggkib b jdosulbr kg ckgatd6 kstds bjtds prkpbrbtdrads ck gb knkjujaúo sdo jbstaibcds mbnd gb haiurb ck tkotbtavb ck edlajacad
=.=.2.:. Prdjkcalakotds ckg pksquasb Ck bjukrcd jdo gb ksjukgb ck Dhajabgks (=021), cksck kg puotd ck vastb pdgajabg kg prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd jdostatuyk uob cagaikojab ck irbo trbsjkockojab, trb sjkockojab, pdrquk bcklâs ck gb jbrib prdmbtdrab quk pukck bpdrtbr pkrlatk kg ksjgbrkjalakotd ckg jbsd y gb ackotahajbjaúo ckg butdr, pdr kggd ckmk prdcujarsk uo ekjed quk cklbocb gb aotkrvkojaúo pdgajabg, gb pksquasb, ckmkrâ rkbgazbr gb Aospkjjaúo Sájoajd Pdgajabg pbrb cktkrlaobr gb pdsamgk obturbgkzb ckg sujksd, gb hdrlb y jarjuostbojabs prdcujacbs, bsì jdld dtrds kgklkotds ck nuajad quk gk pkrlatbo kvbgubr gb satubjaúo y sdmrk gb mbsk ck kggd, sdgajatbr gb aotkrvkojaúo ckg Pkratd Jralaobgìstajd, quako ggkvbrâ b jbmd aospkjjadoks kspkjìhajbs y laoujadsbs pbrb kg rkjdnd ck gbs kvackojabs quk pkrlatbo prdmbr gb rkspdosbmagacbc ckg butdr, pbrb kggd sk ggkvbrâ b jbmd kg saiuakotk prdjksd>
b. Jdodjalakotd ckg ekjed Kg aovkstaibcdr Hgdrks (=022), skòbgb quk ks gb aohdrlbjaúo, vkrsaúo, odtajab, kxpdsajaúo d salpgk rkhkrkojab d ackb quk ggkib pdr jubgquakr lkcad d jarjuostbojab b jdodjalakotd ck gb butdracbc pdgajabg, rkspkjtd b gb jdlasaúo u dlasaúo ck uo ekjed ckgajtudsd d aohrbjjaúo puoamgk d supukstblkotk ckgajtubg pbrb su pdstkradr ksjgbrkjalakotd6 djurracd ko kg aotkradr ck uo aolukmgk, vkeìjugd d jubgquakr dtrd guibr, skb ástk jkrrbcd d bmakrtd, pukck skr ck lbokrb carkjtb d aocarkjtb. Ks lkokstkr tkokr ko jukotb quk kg jdodjalakotd ckg ekjed ks kg aoajad ck gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg quk sk sk jdovakrtk ko kg lbobotabg ck aohdrlbjaúo y pbrtakocd ck ksb prklasb sk pukck ggkibr b dmtkokr bg rkspdosbmgk ckg jralko.
m. Jdlprdmbjaúo d vkrahajbjaúo ckg ekjed Gb ksjukgb ck Dhajabgks POP (=021), cksjramk quk jdosastk ko kg aolkcabtd trbsgbcd ckg pkrsdobg pkrsd obg Pdgajabg quk tdlb jdodjalakotd ckg ekjed b hao ck pdckr vkrahajbr ‗Ao Zatu“ y ck lbokrb
=;
dmnktavb gds ekjeds ckouojabcds d pukstds ko jdodjalakotd. j dodjalakotd. Ko tbg skotacd, sk ckmk julpgar jdo gd quk gb pbgbmrb ‗vkrahajbr“ ks ckjar, quk sa vklds kg jukrpd ck uob pkrsdob pkocakocd ck uob sdib d jdo saiods kvackotks ck lukrtk, mbnd jubgquakrb ck sus ldcbgacbcks, ks ck supdokr quk yb ks jbcâvkr, od sakocd okjksbrad aoirksbr, tdjbrgk kg pugsd, musjbrgk cdjulkotds ck ackotacbc u dtrbs bjjadoks aookjksbrabs quk jdoggkvko b gb bgtkrbjaúo y ckstrujjaúo ck gds aocajads y/d kvackojabs, ckmaáocdsk biubrcbr gb ggkibcb ckg pkrsdobg kspkjabgazbcd ko aospkjjaúo Jralaobgìstajb y kg rkprkskotbotk ckg Laoastkrad Pþmgajd. Zk ckcujk quk ko jbsds ck quk sk prksulb quk gb pkrsdob prkskotk saiods ck vacb, pralkrd sk ckmkrâ prkstbrgk kg buxagad ckmacd, trbtbocd ck od bgtkrbr ko gd pdsamgk gbs kvackojabs quk ástk y kg lkcad pucakrbo prkskotbr6 rkjdrcbocd saklprk kg prdtkikr gb ksjkob6 ks ckjar, lbotkokr su aotboiamagacbc.
j. Basgblakotd y prdtkjjaúo ck gb ksjkob Ck bjukrcd bg Lboubg ck Jralaobgìstajb (=023), kstbmgkjk quk basgbr ks prdtkikr b quk vkjaods d pkrsdobs quk trbosatbo pdr kg guibr bjucbo b sbtashbjkr su juradsacbc y od pbrbr ebstb vkr kg jbcâvkr, aojguacb gb prkosb, quakoks aovbcko gb ksjkob pbrb dmtkokr pralajabs ckg ekjed, lakotrbs quk ko dtrds jbsds sdo gds hblagabrks ck gb vìjtalb, quakoks pkoktrbo hìsajblkotk ko kg guibr ck gds ekjeds, cdock od súgd kotdrpkjko gb gbmdr pdgajabg, saod quk rksugtb lujed lâs irbvk, jubocd jdiko lboapugbo y/d jblmabo ck guibr d sk ggkvbo gds aocajads y/d kvackojabs, cknbocd bcklâs sus prdpabs eukggbs, jdo gd quk pkrturmbo pkrtur mbo kg trbmbnd ck ksjkob. Pdr kggd ks luy alpdrtbotk julpgar jdo gds saiuakotks dmnktavds>
- Aotboiamagacbc ck gb ksjkob Xugokrbr gb bjjaúo eulbob quk pukck> - Bgtkrbr - Ckstruar - Bulkotbr - Ldcahajbr - Ggkvbrsk
Gbs kvackojabs
=8
- Jdoskrvbjaúo Xugokrbr gb bjjaúo ck gds hkoúlkods obturbgks quk pukcko> - Bgtkrbr - Ckstruar Gbs kvackojabs Zk suiakrk quk, pbrb kvatbr kstds aojdovkoakotks, sk ckmk jdgdjbr mbrrkrbs, sdibs, jaotbs ck skiuracbc, jdo bvasds d gktrkrds, jdo bodtbjadoks irbocks y gkiamgks quk aocaquko> ‗P]DEAMACD KG AOI]KZD“, kstd cklbrjbrâ gb ksjkob ckg jralko y pkrlatarâ bcvkrtar ebstb cdock k g pþmgajd y pkrsdobg od butdrazbcd pdcrâ ggkibr.
Hukotk> C-Fkaok ksjkob ckg jralko
c. Jdluoajbjaúo b gbs Butdracbcks Zkiþo gb Ksjukgb ck dhajabgks ck gb POP (=021), cksjramk quk aolkcabtblkotk b gb jdlprdmbjaúo d vkrahajbjaúo ckg ekjed y ck ldcd salugtâokd b gb prdtkjjaúo d basgblakotd ck gb ksjkob ckg jralko, sk ckmkrâ jdluoajbr pdr gds lkcads lâs râpacds> - Gb aostbojab tájoajd jakotìhajb (Jralaobgìstajb) - Laoastkrad Pþmgajd - [oacbc Kspkjabgazbcb pkrsdobg pdgajabg quk sk kojbribrâ ck aovkstaibjaúo.
=9
Ko pbrbgkgd, gb jdluoajbjaúo ckmkrâ skr knkjutbcb pdr kg pralkr pkrsdobg aotkrvaoakotk quk vkrahajb kg ekjed6 od ckmaáocdsk kspkrbr, quk gd rkbgajk gb pksquasb , tkoakocd ko jukotb quk> ‗Kg taklpd quk pbsb, ks gb vkrcbc quk euyk“ ]kjdrcbocd ko tdcd ldlkotd quk gds pkratds sdo gds quk qu k takoko lbydr kxpkrakojab ko kg lboknd y trbtblakotd ck gds aocajads y/d kvackojabs ebggbcds ko gb ksjkob ckg jralko.
k. Pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb Zkiþo Jruz (=0=0), aocajb quk pkratd ks bqukg quk pdskk uo irbo jdodjalakotd sdmrk uo cktkrlaobcd tklb, pkrsdob kxpkralkotbcb, eâmag d kotkocacb ko uob jakojab d brtk, ckodlaobr b bgiuako pkratd hdrkosk ks b jbusb ck su rkjdodjacb trbykjtdrab gbmdrbg y bjrkcatbcb hdrlbjaúo bjbcálajb, gd quk gd vukgvk ko uob hukotk jdohabmgk pbrb ckspknbr gbs cucbs quk sk pgbotkbo ko uob aovkstaibjaúo pkobg, kstb pkrsdob ckmk skr vastb jdld uo kxpkrtd pdr pdskkr uo blpgad sbmkr ko uob cktkrlaobcb jakojab, y pukck tblmaáo pdskkr uob uo b tájoajb d ebmagacbc ko uob lbtkrab kspkjìhajb. Zk ckcujk quk kg pkratd ks uo kxpkrtd ko uob cktkrlaobcb lbtkrab.
h. Ggkibcb b gb ksjkob Zkiþo Jruz (=0=0), ebjk lkojaúo quk gds pkratds bg ggkibr b gb ksjkob ckg jralko d ckg ckgatd, gds pkratds ck Jralaobgìstajb ko pralkr guibr, tdlbrâo odtb sdmrk gb aohdrlbjaúo prkvab d mâsajb bjkrjb ckg ek ekjed jed ckouojabcd d b aovkstaibrsk, trbtbocd ck dmtkokr cbtds jdojrktds ck gbs
=5
pralkrbs pkrsdobs quk cksjumrakrdo kg ekjed, b hao ck kvatbr tkriavkrsbjadoks, d ko su ckhkjtd kotbmgbr jdovkrsbjaúo carkjtb jdo kg pksquasb b khkjtds ck prdjkckr jdo su trbmbnd ck jblpd
Bsalasld, sk rksjbtb quk kg pkratd ck aospkjjaúo Jralaobgìstajb ckmkrâ ck jddrcaobr jdo kg rkprkskotbotk ckg Laoastkrad Pþmgajd, ko gds jbsds quk sk kojukotrk prkskotk (jdld jdocujtdr ck gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd, jdld tatugbr ck gb jbrib ck gb prukmb y ckg knkrjajad ck gb bjjaúo pkobg pþmgajb)6 kotkocaáocdsk quk ks uo trbmbnd trb mbnd jdonuotd y prdhksadobg prdhks adobg kotrk kg pksquasb, p ksquasb, ].L.P. y gds pkratds ck Jralaobgìstajb. Ko sìotksas, kg rkiastrd jrdodgúiajd ck gds ekjeds pbrb uo bckjubcd trbmbnd ko gb ksjkob, ks alpdrtbotk khkjtubr uo rkiastrd jrdodgúiajd ck jakrtbs edrbs quk kg pkratd jdosackrb dpdrtuod y quk skrâ pgbslbcd ko su rkspkjtavd cdjulkotd, kotkocaáocdsk kstk, bg Pbrtk ck Aospkjjaúo Jralaobgìstajb d ko su ckhkjtd bg Cajtblko Pkrajabg, rkspkjtavblkotk. Kotrk kggds sk jdosackrb gd saiuakotk> -
Edrb ck cksjumralakotd ckg ekjed
-
Edrb ck bvasd b gb Pdgajìb
-
Edrb ck aoajad ck prdtkjjaúo ck gb ksjkob
-
Edrb ck bvasd b gb [oacbc ck Jralaobgìstajb
-
Edrb ck ggkibcb ck gds pkratds b gb ksjkob
-
Edrb ck aoajad ck gb Edrb ck tárlaod ck
aospkjjaúo aospkjjaúo
i. Pgbokblakotd ck gb aospkjjaúo jralaobgìstajb Kg ZS2 Biuarrk Biuarrk ckjgbrú quk gds pkratds quk aoirksbo b gb ksjkob, gb bjtubjaúo ck gds pkratds ko gb ksjkob ckg jralko ks k s kotkrblkotk tájoajb, od pukcko klatar nuajad ck su d od rkspdosbmagacbc ko rkgbjaúo bg ekjed ckgajtudsd6 pkrd gd quk sì ks alpdrtbotk quk sk kstbmgkzjb quá pkratds sdo gds quk ckmko aoirksbr b gb ksjkob, kg drcko y kg ldlkotd, pbrb od aovbcargb b gb edrb quk sk kstâ prbjtajbocd kg rkjdnd ck gds aocajads y/d kvackojabs, sakocd kg ‗nk ‗nkhk hk ck kquapd“ ck gds pkratds d kg
=1
lâs jbrbjtkrazbcd kg quk caspdoib kg aoirksd, prkvab jddrcaobjaúo jdo kg pksquasb. (L.Biuarrk, jdluoajbjaúo pkrsdobg, 05 ck odvaklmrk ck =0=2).
Pdr dtrd gbcd, Iutaárrkz (=028), y skòbgb quk gb madskiuracbc ks kg jdonuotd ck lkcacbs prkvkotavbs, ckstaobcbs b laoalazbr y jdotrdgbr gds hb hbjtdrks jtdrks ck raksid madgúiajd y hìsaj hìsajd-quìlajds d-quìlajds ko gbs pkrsdobs kxpukstbs b kggds, tkoakocd ko jdosackrbjaúo gds praojapads mâsajds ck gb madskiuracbc quk ckmk bcdptbr b cdptbr tdcd pkratd ko gb ksjkob, ckmaáocdsk pbrb kggd ck prdvasadobr ckg kquapd bckjubcd pbrb quk od pdoib ko raksid su aotkiracbc hìsajb, kspkjabglkotk ko jbsds ck ksjkobs cdock sk eb ikokrbcd gb lukrtk ck uob pkrsdob pdr kohkrlkcbcks aohkjtdjdotbiadsbs d jdotblaobotks.
e. Aoirksd bg guibr ck gds ekjeds Bcvakrtk kg Lboubg ck prdjkcalakotds pdgajabgks (=021), cksjramk quk kg aoirksd jdosastk ko tdlbr pdsksaúo tklpdrbg pdr gb pdgajìb y dtrbs butdracbcks pkrtaokotks ko kg guibr cdock sk eb jdlktacd uo agìjatd pkobg, bsì jdld kg ck gds bgrkckcdrks cdock sk pukcb umajbr aocajads d kvackojabs tkocakotks bg ksjgbrkjalakotd ckg ekjed aovkstaibcd . B dpaoaúo pkrsdobg, ks alpdrtbotk rksbgtbr quk aoirksbr b gb ksjkob ckg jralko sk ckmkrâ rkbgazbr jdo juacbcd pbrb kvatbr jdotblaobr d bgtkrbr gds aocajads y pdsamgks kvackojabs quk ko lujeds jbsds sarvko pbrb ackotahajbr bg prksuotd rkspdosbmgk.
a. Pkrkooazbjaúo ck gb ksjkob Zkiþo kg Lboubg ck Jralaobgìstajb, (=023), takok pdr dmnktd kstbmgkjkr, cksjramar y hanbr gbs jdocajadoks btldshárajbs, ck taklpd y ck caspdsajaúo hìsajb ck pkrsdobs, dmnktds y kgklkotds ckotrd ckg guibr cdock sk eb jdlktacd uo ekjed quk pukck skr jdosackrbcd ckgatd d prksulamgklkotk ckgajtudsd. Skokr Skok r prkskotk quk sk ebjk ko hdrlb pbrbgkgb bg aoirksd b gb ksjkob6 pbrb juyd khkjtd sk klpgkb>
Sájoajbs
:0
- Pgboalktrìb (pgb (pgbod od d caskòd ck gb ksjkob, mdjktd, ktj.).- jdosastk ko gkvbotbr uo jrdquas, ksquklb d uo pkqukòd pgbod, quk jdohdrlk jdo hdrlk vb khkjtubocd gb mþsqukcb, arâ tdlbocd gbs lkcacbs rkspkjtavbs botks ck rkjdikr gbs kvackojabs. - Gb cksjrapjaúo ck gb ksjkob (cktbggks ksjratds). Zdo gbs cahkrkotks cksjrapjadoks cktbggbcbs y/d pdrlkodrazbcbs ckg guibr ck gb ksjkob. ksjk ob.
- Gb hdtdirbhìb pdgajabg (Pbodrâlajb y ck bprdxalbjaúo). - Ks kg jdlpgklkotd ck gb cksjrapjaúo ck gb ksjkob.
Prkiuotbs ck drd - ´R[Á4 (Zujkcaú) - ´R[AÁO4 (Gd eazd) - ´CÚOCK4 (Djurraú) - ´J[BOCD4 (Zujkcaú) - ´JÚLD4 (Djurraú) - ´JDO R[Á4 (Gd eazd)
n. Aocajads y kvackojabs Pumgajbcd ko kg cabrad Kg Pkrubod, (=0=0), cksjramk quk kg rkjdnd ck gb Kvackojab skrâ uo trbmbnd quk skrvarâ jdld iuìb ck bjtubjaúo ck prdjkcalakotds pbrb gds laklmrds ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ, jdo gb haobgacbc ck rkjbmbr y prkskrvbr ko hdrlb tájoajb y prdhksadobg cbtds y/d rkiastrds ko gb ksjkob ckg jralko quk kstáo rkgbjadobcds jdo gb jdlasaúo ck uo ekjed ckgajtavd, kvatbocd su jdotblaobjaúo, suprksaúo y/d bgtkrbjaúo, pdr gd jubg ks okjksbrab su bprdmbjaúo. Ck bjukrcd b Jbstaggkrd (=025), lkojadob quk kg aocajad ods ebjk pkosbr ko bgid, sk jdosackrb aocajad tdcd bqukg kgklkotd pkrjkptamgk, skb sk b d od lbtkrabg, quk rksugtb d sk vk alpgajbcd ck gb ksjkob ck uo jralko y quk pkrlatk albiaobr gb kxastkojab ck uob jarjuostbojab cktkrlaobcb vaojugbcb bg sujksd d jralko aovkstaibcd. Pdr knklpgd, gb kxastkojab ck uo vbsd rbtd ko gb ksjkob ck uo jralko, gb cksbpbrajaúo ck uo dmnktd quk ckmkrìb kstbr prkskotk d gb rkjdgdjbjaúo ck ldmagabrad ko gb ksjkob pukcko skr aocajads. Zk trbtb ck kgklkotds quk pkrlatko bpuotbr ko uob
:2
cktkrlaobcb carkjjaúo, pkrd kg júld y ebjab b cdock bpuotko rkvastk jakrtb sumnktavacbc pdr pbrtk ck gds aovkstaibcdrks.
Jbmk lkojadobr quk gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg sukgk klpkzbr pdr gb rkjdiacb ck aocajads, quk trbs su pdstkradr boâgasas pukcko skrvar pbrb kojdotrbr kvackojabs, gds aocajads sdo saiods d skòbgks lbtkrabgks ck gb bjtavacbc ckgajtudsb quk pukcb jdocujar bg jdodjalakotd ck gb vkrcbc ckg ekjed, pdr gb jubg ckmk skr dmskrvbcd k aotkrprktbcds jdo gbs tájoajbs bckjubcbs. Bsalasld, ko skotacd haiurbtavd kg pdgajìb dmskrvb uo dmnktd kojdotrbcd ko kg guibr ck gds ekjeds uo aocajad ckg agìjatd pkobg, bg skiuar aocbibocd sk jdovakrtk ko kvackojab ckg agìjatd pkobg, uob vkz bobgazbcd jakotìhajblkotk sk jdovakrtk ko uo lkcad prdmbtdrad ckg agìjatd pkobg. buoquk saklprk huk kvackojab ckg agìjatd pkobg sdgd quk hbgtd bobgazbrgd d prdjksbrgd. Knl eukggbs, lbojebs ktj. Ckg lasld ldcd Jbstaggkrd (=025), ckhaok b gb kvackojab jubocd sk cklukstrb gb kxastkojab ck uob rkgbjaúo. Gb kvackojab sk kotakock jdld tdcd bqukg kgklkotd quk pkrlatk kstbmgkjkr, ck lbokrb jgbrb, gb rkgbjaúo kotrk cds kgklkotds kojdotrbcds ko gb ksjkob ckg jralko. Pukck kotkockrsk jdld bqukg aocajad rkjdiacd quk rkhgknb jgbrblkotk uob rkgbjaúo jdo dtrd kgklkotd. Pdr knklpgd, uob kvackojab pdcrìbo skr eukggbs cbjtagbrks ko uo dmnktd rdmbcd d rkstds ck sboirk u dtrds hguacds jdrpdrbgks sdmrk uob pkrsdob u dmnktd. B jratkrad pkrsdobg pukcko od tkokr uo skotacd gúiajd d kstk pukcb od jdrrkspdockrsk jdo gd quk pbrkjk aocajbr b oavkg jdocujtubg (pdr knklpgd, tkokr sboirk ck uob vìjtalb ko gb rdpb od alpgajb okjksbrablkotk quk gb pkrsdob vkstacb jdo kggb skb kg d gb birksdrb), rksugtb aokquìvdjd kg ekjed ck quk kxastk uob vaojugbjaúo (sa gb sboirk ko gb rdpb ks ck uob pkrsdob, cajeb prkocb b kstbcd ko jdotbjtd jdo gb ksjkob ckg jralko d jdo gb vìjtalb), gbs kvackojabs sukgko dmtkokrsk b trbvás ck gb rkbgazbjaúo ck boâgasas ck gb zdob ckg jralko y ck gds oulkrdsds aocajads kojdotrbcds, dmtkoaáocdsk b trbvás ck kggds rksugtbcds dmnktavds. Knl> Brlbs, hrbjturbs ck pukrtbs, prdykjtagks, lbousjratds, ktj.
:=
Hukotk> BIKOSK Hukotk> BIKOSK (=029) aocajads
F. Klmbgbnk, rdtugbcd y/d ktaquktbcd ck gds aocajads y/d kvackojabs Jdld skòbgb Bvkocbòd (=023), kg klmbgbnk ck aocajads y kvackojabs, ckmk rkbgazbrsk utagazbocd kovbsks, prkskrvbotks y prkjaotds y rkjkptâjugds ck skiuracbc, skiþo gbs jbrbjtkrìstajbs pbrtajugbrks ckg lbtkrabg lb tkrabg b kovabr6 pb pbrb rb kggd ckmko jdosugtbrsk jdo sugtbrsk gds aostrujtavds ck jbcb gbmdrbtdrad ko pbrtajugbr. Zk prdjkckrâ bg rkiastrd ckg rkspdosbmgk ckg klmbgbnk, ko kg jdrrkspdocakotk rkiastrd ck jbckob justdcab ck aocajads y/d kvackojabs. Zkgkjjaúo ckg kovbsk, kg klmbgbnk bckjubcd, rdtugbcd y/d ktaquktbcd. Prdjkcalakotds Bsdjabcds bg Prdjksd ck ]dtugbcd y Ktaquktbcd.
Klmbgbcd kg aocajad d kvackojab, sk prdjkckrâ bg rdtugbcd y ktaquktbcd ckg rkspkjtavd
rkjkptâjugd, jdo kg dmnktd ck ackotahajbr jbcb lukstrb d kvackojab
Ackotahajbjaúo ck gb [oacbc Driâoajb cdock sk rkbgazb gb rkjdgkjjaúo ck aocajads y kvackojabs d
tdlb ck lukstrbs.
Oþlkrd ck rkiastrd ck jbckob ck justdcab
Oþlkrd ck Aohdrlk pkrajabg
Oulkrd ck jbsd.
::
Cbtds ck gb Xìjtalb (Odlmrks (Odlmrk s y Bpkggacds, COA).
Jaucbc, Castratd, Prdvaojab, Ckpbrtblkotd.
Cksjrapjaúo y tapd ck aocajad d kvackojab k Hkjeb, Edrb, y Guibr ck rkjdgkjjaúo.
dr cko ck rkjdgkjjaúo jralko d guibr ckg ekjed. Oþlkrd d gktrb jdrrkspdocakotk bg drcko Odlmrk jdlpgktd, jbrid, ckg pkratd quk rkjdgkjtb. Zk prdjkckrâ bg rkiastrd ckg rkspdosbmgk ckg c kg rdtugbcd y ktaquktbcd, ko kg jdrrkspdocakotk rkiastrd
ck jbckob justdcab ck aocajads y/d kvackojabs.
Prdjkcalakotds ck Srbsgbcd.
Lkcabotk lkcad ck trbospdrtk (tkrrkstrk, bárkd d bjuâtajd) quk ibrbotajk gb aotkiracbc ck gbs
kvackojabs ebstb kg gbmdrbtdrad ck ckstaod, bglbjáo tklpdrbg d bglbjáo ckhaoatavd, jdo kg dmnktd ck quk skbo sdlktacbs b gds rkspkjtavds boâgasas.
G. Jbckob ck justdcab Zkiþo Brtkbib, (=02;), cksjramk quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks gb bpgajbjaúo ck uo jdonuotd ck rkigbs y látdcds jdo gb haobgacbc ck bskiurbr, klmbgbr y prdtkikr jbcb kgklkotd prdmbtdrad ebggbcd ko kg guibr ck gds ekjeds, pbrb kvatbr su bgtkrbjaúo, supgbotbjaúo, ckstrujjaúo, jdotblaobjaúo, gd quk bhkjtbrìb skrablkotk gb aovkstaibjaúo ck gds ekjeds agìjatds susjatbcds. Ks alpdrtbotk ckcujar quk aoajab jdo kg bskiurblakotd, aoldvagazbjaúo d rkjdnd ck gds kgklkotds lbtkrabgks y kvackojabs kxastkotks ko kg guibr ck gds ekjeds, kstk prdjksd sk cksbrrdggb curbotk gbs pralkrbs cagaikojabs, y ck skr jdosackrbcds dpdrtuods, sdo aojdrpdrbcds ko kg jursd ckgb aovkstaibjaúo prkpbrbtdrab.
L. Hdrlugbjaúo ckg aohdrlk haobg Kg Lboubg ck cdjulkotbjaúo pdgajabg, (=028), cksjramk quk uob vkz juglaobcd gb gbmdr ck jblpd y bjdpabcd gds kgklkotds ck jdovajjaúo kg pksquasb jdo kg bpdyd ck gb jralaobgìstajb gds pkratds ckpkocakocd ck c k gbs jarjuostbojabs, sk takoko quk qu k hdrlugbr bgiuods cdjulkotds cdjulko tds quk cko hk sdmrk su bjtavacbc pkrajabg6 jdoskjukotklkotk, kstd vb b ckpkockr ckg tapd ck ckgatd ko kg quk pbrtajapk y gb okjksacbc okjksacb c ck jdlpgklkotbr bgiuod bgiuodss cbtds pbrb kg gdird ck sus dmnktavds, pdr gd quk b jdotaoubjaúo sk skòbgbo bgiuods cdjulkotds quk sk jdosackrbo alpdrtbotks.
:3
Ks lkokstkr rkjbgjbr quk kg aohdrlk pdgajabg rkklpgbzb skiþo kg oukvd júcaid prdjksbg pkobg bg btkstbcd pdgajabg, kstk cdjulkotd ks ck vatbg alpdrtbojab pbrb quk kg hasjbg vkb pdr jdovkoakotk k aoajak gb bjusbjaúo pkobg botk kg nukz.
- Jarjuostbojabs quk jdohaiurbo kg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd Ck bjukrcd jdo Xbribs (=029), cksjramk cksjr amk quk gbs jbrbjtkrìstajbs d jarjuostbojabs pbrtajugbrk pbrtajugbrkss quk kspkjahajbo bg edlajacad jbgahajbcd y, pdr kock, gk cbo huocblkotd y butdodlìb hrkotk bg edlajacad salpgk ko oukstrd sastklb nurìcajd, jdojatko. Pdr hkrdjacbc, jdcajab, gujrd d pdr
pgbjkr Kstbs jarjuostbojabs sk kojukotrbs tapahajbcbs ko kg aojasd 2) ckg brtìjugd 205° ckg Júcaid Pkobg.
Hkrdjacbc Pbrb Jbrpad (=02;), gb hkrdjacbc saioahajb aoeulboacbc ko kg lúvag, kstd ks, ko rkgbjaúo jdo kg rksugtbcd lukrtk, kstk ckmk skr cksprdpdrjadobcd, ckgkzobmgk y mbnd, jdotrbrad b gds pralkrds skotalakotds ck sdgacbracbc sdjabg. 20 Pbrb bharlbr gb kxastkojab ck gb hkrdjacbc, jarjuostbojab birbvbotk quk jbgahajb bg edlajacad, sk rkquakrk quk gb lukrtk sk ebyb jbusbcd pdr uo aostaotd ck pkrvkrsacbc mrutbg d pdr kg sdgd pgbjkr ck lbtbr, kstd ks, quk kg jdlpdrtblakotd ckgajtavd skb rkbgazbcd pdr kg bikotk sao oaoiþo ldtavd oa lúvag bpbrkotklkotk kxpgajbmgk, ckg lasld ldcd, od sk cb gb jarjuostbojab ck gujrd quk supdok gb kxastkojab ck uo kotkocalakotd prkvad kotrk kg lbocbotk y knkjutdr ckg edlajacad, bjdrcbocd bjdr cbocd kg pbid ck uo mkokhajad. Od dmstbotk, sk ckcujk quk hâjaglkotk pukck ckhaoarsk bg edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr hkrdjacbc jdld kg rkbgazbcd jdo bmsdgutd cksprkjad y ckscáo pdr gb vacb eulbob, cdjtraobrablkotk kxastk bjkptbjaúo lbydratbrab ko bharlbr quk ko gb rkbgacbc sk prkstbs ebstb cds ldcbgacbcks quk cbo b kotkockr kg bjtubr pdr hkrdjacbc, b sbmkr, jubocd kg bikotk bjtþb jdo hkrdjacbc mrutbg ko gb cktkrlaobjaúo ckg bikotk, ks ckjar aoeulboacbc ko kg lúvag. Jbmk ebjkr gb bodtbjaúo quk ods k
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trbtb ck gb hkrdjacbc mrutbg, jrukg k aoeulbob ko gb knkjujaúo ckg edlajacad, puks kstk vkocrìb b jdostatuar uob ldcbgacbc lâs ckg edlajacad jbgahajbcd jdld ks kg lbtbr jdo jrukgcbc, saod quk gb hkrdjacbc sk kvackojab ko gb cktkrlaobjaúo ckg bikotk pbrb pdokr hao b gb vacb ckg sunktd pbsavd. Bquì sk trbtb ck uob hkrdjacbc jrukg kotkocacb cksck uo bspkjtd sumnktavd.
Gujrd Zkiþo Zbgbzbr (=02=), sk jdohaiurb kg edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gujrd jubocd kg bikotk prdcujk gb lukrtk ck gb vìjta vìjtalb lb jdo kg harlk prdpúsatd y dmnktavd ck dmtkokr uo prdvkjed d ibrbotìb pbtraldoabg, kstd ks, kg sunktd bjtavd bjtþb pdrquk rkjamaú d rkjamarâ ko uo huturd, caokrd ck uo tkrjkrd pbrb pdokr hao b gb vacb ck su vìjtalb, d pdrquk kspkrb dmtkokr uob ibobojab d prdvkjed kjdoúlajd jdo su bjtubr agìjatd bg ekrkcbr gds makoks ckg sunktd pbsavd d jdmrbo uo skiurd ck vacb, pdr knklpgd. Ko gb cdjtraob pkrubob ikokr ikokrbglkotk bglkotk bjkptbcb, bjk ptbcb, kg edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gujrd guj rd ks kotkocacd k aotkrprktbcd ko hdrlb rkstrajtavb jdld gd ebjk uo irbo skjtdr ck gds trbtbcastbs hdrâokds. Ko khkjtd sustkotd quk kg edlajacad sk cb pdr prkjad, ebmaáocdsk tdlbcd kstb kkxprksaúo xprksaúo ko su oktd skotacd kjdoúlajd, yb skb jdld prkjad rkjamacd d sdgblkotk kstapugbcd sdo lujed lâs kxpgìjatds bg ckjar quk kg edlajacad pdr gujrd jdosastk ko lbtbr b dtrb b jblmad ck bgiuob jdlpkosbjaúo haobojakrb, quk ikokrbglkotk prdvakok ck dtrd sunktd.
Pgbjkr Ck bjukrcd b ^bkos (=02:), kxpgajb quk kg bsksaod lbtb pdr kg sdgd pgbjkr ck ebjkrgd, ks ckjar, kg bikotk kxpkralkotb uob skosbjaúo birbcbmgk, uo jdotkoacd ck âoald d uo rkidjand pkrvkrsd bg pdokr hao b gb vacb ck su vìjtalb, ko kstb ldcbgacbc, kg þoajd ldtavd quk lukvk d ldtavb bg bikotk ks kg ckgkatk, jdlpgbjkojab d sbtashbjjaúo ck cbr lukrtk b gb vìjtalb yb skb pdr gunurab d vboacbc. Bpbrkjk uo idzd aokxpgajbmgk ko kg bsksaod bg djbsadobr gb lukrtk ck su djbsadobg vìjtalb. Obcak pukck kxpgajbrsk jdld uob pkrsdob pukck ggkibr b cavkrtarsk y jkgkmrbr jdo rkidjand kg cbr lukrtk b uob pkrsdob, jubocd gd odrlbg y obturbg ks skotarsk ldrtahajbcd y brrkpkotacd. Zao cucb, kg sunktd quk ggkib b kstds kxtrklds od takok tak ok hrkods aoeamatdrads pbrb rkspktbr saquakrb gb vacb
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ck sus jdoiáokrks y, pdr kock, sk jdostatuyk ko uo pkgaird jdostbotk pbrb jubgquakr pkrsdob. Kstk tapd ck sunktds prkskotbo gb lbydr ck gbs vkjks uob pkrsdobgacbc cksvabcb quk sk kxprksb ko uob bodlbgìb psìquajb d kohkrlkcbc lkotbg quk kg nukz bg ldlkotd ck jbgahajbr gb pkob b alpdokrgk od pukck cknbr ck dmskrvbr. Ko jdoskjukojab, dpaod quk kg edlajacb sakotk uob sbtashbjjaúo y idzd kspkjabg ko gb prdcujjaúo ck uo uobb lukrtk b uo sklk sklknbotk, nbotk, jdojrk jdojrktbocd tbocd uo hao l lúrmacd úrmacd pdrtbcdr p drtbcdr ck uob kspkjabg pbtdgdiìb. Ck lbokrb irâhaj irâhajbb sk bharlb quk kg edlajacad pdr pgbjkr ko gb knkjujaúo ck su bjjaúo cklukstrb tkokr ibobs ck lbtbr d sk lbtb pdr uo prdpúsatd kspkjìhajd d jdo uo hao cktkrlaobcd y rkjdodjamgk, saod ko vartuc ckg salpgk idjk y cashrutk quk prdvdjb gb lukrtk l ukrtk bg dtrd. Knklpgd ck gb kohkrlkrb quk cìb b cìb vb sustatuykocd gb cdsas tkrbpáutajb pdr uo gìquacd aokhajbz, sao jbusbr cdgdrks oa ldgkstabs bg pbjakotk, pdr kg pgbjkr ck vkrgd ldrar ck ldcd gkotd, od bjtþb pdr uo alpugsd, oa jdo kosbòblakotd. Kstâ lbtbocd pdrquk jbusbr ksb lukrtk gk prdcujk uob skosbjaúo birbcbmgk.
Pbrb hbjagatbr dtrd ckgatd Jatbocd b Gdpkz, (=02:), ko kg supukstd ckg ckgatd ck gatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd, ko gb ldcbgacbc ck hbjagatbr gb jdlasaúo ck dtrd ckgatd, kxastko cds ldlkotds ckgajtavds aockpkocakotks uod ckg dtrd, ko kg quk sk rkbgazb kg pralkr bjtd ckgajtavd, y ko dtrd pdstkradr kg ckgatd ck edlajacad, pkrd vaojugbcd kstk þgtald carkjtblkotk bg pralkr ckgatd pdr kg lúvag ck djugtbrgd jdo gb aotkojaúo ck prdjurbr uob alpuoacbc sao vbjagbr kg bikotk ko sbjrahajbr gb vacb ck su vìjtalb jdo tbg ck cksbpbrkjkr tdcd lkcad prdmbtdrad quk pucakrb jdotramuar b ckvkgbr gb butdrìb ckg pralkr agìjatd, tblmaáo bharlb quk pbrb gb jdohaiurbjaúo ckg bsksaobtd mbnd gb ldcbgacbc ck lbtbr pbrb hbjagatbr dtrd ckgatd, od ks okjksbrad quk sk jdosulb kg ckgatd hao, vbgk ckjar, kg rdmd birbvbcd, mbstb gb aotkojaúo ck rkbgazbr kg lasld, pbrb gd jubg sk vkojk kg dmstâjugd quk rkprkskotb gb vacb ck gb pkrsdob quk ckhakock su pbtraldoad. Jdosackrd quk gb rkcbjjaúo ck gb hdrlugb ko kg tapd pkobg kvackojab quk kg bikotk ckmk bjtubr jdo cdgd, pdr jubotd vk ko kg edlajacad uo lkcad quk gk byucb b dmtkokr sus prdpúsatds gd
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quk alpgajb yb jdodjalakotd y vdguotbc (cdgd) y kxjguyk ck tdcb td cb pdsamagacbc ck bjtubjaúo jugpdsb, cbcd quk gb haobgacbc iuìb su jdocujtb cksck kg lasld aostbotk ko quk ckjack.
Pbrb djugtbr dtrd ckgatd Jdld skòbgb Blbi, (=022), sk trbtb ck uob kspkjabg jdokxaúo sumnktavb (tkockojab aotkrob trbsjkockotk) kotrk kg edlajacad y kg aonustd quk kg bikotk trbtb ck djugtbr. Knklpgd> kg jbsd ck quako rbptú b uo lkodr pbrb jdlktkr bjtds jdotrb obturb y pbrb djugtbr ksk ekjed, botk kg ggbotd b iratds ckg lkodr, gd ckidggú jdo gb jebvktb quk pdrtbmb. Pbrb jdohaiurbr kstb birbvbotk od sk rkquakrk quk kg pralkr ckgatd sk ebyb jdosulbcd, mbstb quk ebyb ggkibcd bg irbcd ck tkotbtavb. Pukck, tblmaáo, trbtbrsk ckg ekjed ck djugtbr uo ckgatd jdlktacd pdr uo tkrjkrd jdo quako od kstâ, okjksbrablkotk, vaojugbcd jdld júlpgajk d jdbutdr. Bsalasld, od ks aocaspkosbmgk, pdr gb lbokrb jdld sk eb jdojkmacd gb birbvbotk, quk blmbs b lmbs aohrbjjadoks sk sujkcbo jrdodgúiajblkotk> pralkrd, knkjujaúo ck uo ckgatd y, gukid, gb rkbgazbjaúo ckg edlajacad pbrb alpkcar su cksjumralakotd d ksjgbrkjalakotd. B la lbokrb ck vkr ks arrkgkvbotk cktkrlaobr quk kg ckgatd quk sk prktkock djugtbr skb ck irbvkcbc d ck mbibtkgb, mbstb jdo vkrahajbr quk kg agìjatd pkobg b djugtbr sk trbtk ck uob jdocujtb prkvastb jdld ckgatd jdotrb gb gb vacb, kg pbtra pbtraldoad, ldoad, kg drcko kjdoúlajd, gb sbguc sbguc pþmgajb, ck oaoiþo ldcd sk bjkptb quk skb uob salpgk hbgtb sk vkrahajb quk kg bikotk cad lukrtk b uob pkrsdob pbrb djugtbr uob jdocujtb jbtbgdibcb jdld hbgtb ko kg Júcaid pkobg, aocucbmgklkotk pdr gd quk aosaioahajbotk y oalakcbc ckg lúvag, sk bckjubrb gb jdocujtb edlajacb bg bsksaobtd pdr hkrdjacbc. Pdjd alpdrtb sa kg ckgatd b djugtbr ks dlasavd d jdlasavd jdld sa sk ebggb bhkjtbcd pdr uob jbusbg ck btkoubjaúo ck gb pkob. Bsalasld, ks arrkgkvbotk sa sk cb uo ckgatd irbvk d gkvk ko jubotd b su pkobgacbc. Zdgd ks okjksbrad rksbgtbr gb okjksacbc ck kxjguar gbs hbgtbs d aohrbjjadoks bclaoastrbtavbs. Kg ckgatd b djugtbr pukck skr tbotd cdgdsd jdld jugpdsd, kstk þgtald bspkjtd ks gd quk gk cahkrkojab ckg lbtbr pbrb hbjagatbr dtrd ckgatd cdock sk kxjguyk kg ckgatd jugpdsd.
Jdo irbo jrukgcbc d bgkvdsìb Jdosastk ko gb lukrtk jbusbcb lkcabotk gb bpgajbjaúo ck cdgdrks hìsajd d psìquajds aookjksbrads b gb vìjtalb jdo kg prdpúsatd ckgamkrbcd ck ebjkrgb suhrar. Zk rkquakrko cds kgklkotds
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pbrb su jdohaiurbjaúo, b uo kgklkotd dmnktavd> alpgajb kg jbusbr cdgdrks b gb vìjtalb, hìsajds d psìquajds, aookjksbrads pbrb prdcujargk gb lukrtk, uo kgklkotd sumnktavd> takok quk vkr jdo kg prdpúsatd ckgamkrbcd ckg bikotk ck bulkotbr gds pbckjalakotds ck gb vìjtalb. Knklpgd> quako lbtb b dtrd, skjjadoâocdgk pdjd b pdjd cavkrsbs pbrtks ckg jukrpd. Ck bjukrcd jdo ]blìrkz (=023), pbrb jdohaiurbrsk gb bgkvdsìb sk rkquakrk gb jdojurrkojab ck trks kgklkotds d jdocajadoks huocblkotbgks ebstb kg puotd ck quk, b hbgtb ck uob ck kggb, gb bgkvdsìb od bpbrkjk> bpbrkjk > pralkrd, djugtblakotd ckg sunktd bjtavd d ck gb birksaúo laslb (ldcd d hdrlb ck bskiurbr gb knkjujaúo ckg bjtd)6 skiuocd, gb hbgtb ck raksid ckg sunktd bjtavd bg ldlkotd ck knkjutbr su bjjaúo edlajacb y tkrjkrd, kstbcd ck aockhkosaúo ck gb vìjtalb. Kg djugtblakotd ckg bikotk d ck gb birksaúo laslb sk prkskotb prksk otb jdo kg bjkjed d gb klmdsjbcb. Gb hbgtb ck raksid supdok uob satubjaúo quk eb sacd prdjurbcb pdr kg butdr. Zkiþo la puotd ck vastb, kg bikotk ckmk ebmkr musjbcd su prdpab skiuracbc pkrsdobg botks ck knkjutbr gb lukrtk ck su vìjtalb, kg bikotk musjb bjtubr u dmrbr sdmrk skiurd. Haobglkotk, kg kstbcd ck aockhkosaúo pdr pbrtk ck gb vìjtalb supdok quk kg bikotk bjtþb bprdvkjebocd uo kstbcd cktkrlaobcd ck gb vìjtalb quk od gk pkrlatk ckhkockrsk ck gb birksaúo
Pdr Hukid Zkiþo Zâojekz (=022), sk jdohaiurb kstb ldcbgacbc ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd jubocd kg bikotk ck hdrlb aotkojadobg prkock hukid bg blmakotk cdock sbmk sk kojukotrb gb pkrsdob b gb quk eb ckjacacd cbr lukrtk, pdoakocd ko pkgaird gb vacb d sbguc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs quk bggì sk kojukotr ko. ko. Ko ksk skotacd, ko kg tapd pkobg gb hrbsk ‗jbpbz ck pdokr ko pkgaird gb vacb d gb sbguc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs“ drakotb drak otb quk kstb ldcbgacbc ck bsksaobtd od sk rkhakrk b cbr lukrtk =9 b gb vìjtalb prkocaáocdgks hukid ko hdrlb carkjtb d ko uo guibr ko quk gbs jarjuostbojabs laslbs ebjko prksular quk od pdok ko pkgaird b obcak, puks bggì bpbrkjakrb dtrb ldcbgacbc ckg edlajacad jbgahajbcd, jdld pukck skr kg lbtbr jdo jrukgcbc (bg rkspkjtd, eby uoboalacbc ck jratkrad ko gb cdjtraob pkrubob)6 saod pdr kg jdotrbrad, sk rkhakrk quk kg usd ckg hukid, bpbrtk ck musjbr kgalaobr b gb vìjtalb, ckmk pdokr ko pkgaird d raksid gb aotkiracbc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs.
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Jdosackrd quk, bpbrkjk kg bsksaobtd jubocd gbs jarjuostbojabs y kg guibr cdock sk eb prkocacd kg hukid jdo gb haobgacbc ck pdokr hao b gb vacb ckg sunktd pbsavd kvackojabo kvackoj abo hâjaglkotk quk sk pdok ko pkgaird gb vacb y gb sbguc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs cahkrkotks b gb vìjtalb, ks suhajakotk quk kg jursd ckg bjtd edlajacb draiaok uo pkgaird jdojrktd pbrb bqukggbs.
Pdr Kxpgdsaúo Zbgaobs (=022), sk prkskotb kstb ldcbgacbc ckg bsksaobtd jubocd kg bikotk ebjakocd usd ck lkcads d kgklkotds kxpgdsavds quk pdoko ko raksid gb vacb y gb sbguc ck tkrjkrbs pkrsdobs, gdirb =5 cbr lukrtk b su vìjtalb. Kg sunktd bjtavd gdirb su hao jrkbocd uo pkgaird jdojrktd ck lukrtk d gksadoks pbrb cds d lâs pkrsdobs. Bquì, jbmk ebjkr uob castaojaúo kvackotk kotrk kg bsksaod pdr kg usd ck uo lkcad kxpgdsavd, jdo gb lukrtk quk prdcujk bjtds tkrrdrastbs. Lakotrbs quk gds bjtds tkrrdrastbs jdo kg usd ck kxpgdsavds sdgd musjbo aotalacbr, bgbrlbr d jrkbr zdzdmrb ko uo irupd cktkrlaobcd ck pkrsdobs, sa sk prdcujk prdcuj k gb lukrtk ck bgiuob pkrsdob sk jdohaiurb uob jarjuostbojab jarj uostbojab birbvbotk ck gb jdocujtb tkrrdrastb. Ko kg bsksaobtd pdr kg usd ck kxpgdsavds, kg bikotk bjtþb jdo boalus okjboca carkjtd. Pkrsaiuk gb lukrtk ck su vìjtalb. Pbrb gdirbr su dmnktavd od gk aotkrksb pdokr ko raksid gb vacb y gb sbguc ck dtrbs pkrsdobs. pk rsdobs. Bg rkspkjtd dpaod, quk jdo kggd sk cklukstrb su pkgairdsacbc y sk nustahajb gb birbvbotk, kg bikotk pgboahajb su jdocujtb edlajacb od alpdrtâocdgk pdokr ko pkgaird b dtrbs pkrsdobs jdo tbg ck gdirbr su haobgacbc.
Mako nurìcajd prdtkiacd Zkiþo Bgbrjúo Hgdrks, (=023), bharlb quk kg mako nurìcajd prdtkiacd ks gb vacb eulbob, jdlprkocacb jdld uoacbc mad-psajdsdjabg aoksjaocamgk. Zu prdtkjjaúo kstâ cktkrlaobcb pdr kg brt. =° ck gb Jdostatujaúo Pdgìtajb ckg Pkrþ. Gb vacb sk prdtkik ck lbokrb bmsdgutb, aockpkocakotk ck gb kstalbjaúo sdjabg quk kstâ lkrkzjb y ck gb vdguotbc ckg aocavacud quk ks su tatugbr, pdr jubotd ks uo mako aocaspkosbmgk. Ckmk ck tkokr ko jukotb, quk jdld ko tdcds gds ckgatds jdotrb gb vacb, kg jukrpd y gb sbgucd, saklprk sk vb b prdtkikr gb vacb eulbob6 od sdgd pdrquk kstâ rkjdodjacb jdld ckrkjed huocblkotbg jdosbirbcd ko oukstrb jdostatujaúo pdgìtajb ckg Pkrþ, saod, pdrquk, gb vacb eulb ks vastb jdld uo jdojkptd jdojk ptd luy blpgad quk od sdgd bmbrjb b gb vacb ko k o sì, saod quk sk kxpbock b gds prdykjtds ck vacb quk tkoìb kg sunktd pbsavd ckg ckgatd6 b su kotdrod hblagabr y skotalkotbg.
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Pbrb oukstrd sastklb nurìcajd vaikotk, gb jdocajaúo, jubgacbc d jbgacbc ckg tatugbr ckg mako nurìcajd "vacb" od aotkrksb pbrb jbtbgdibr jdld edlajacad salpgk b uob jdocujtb cdgdsb caraiacb b boaquagbrgb. B la kotkockr, ks bqukg quk pukck skr uob pkrsdob, sao alpdrtbr gb prdhksaúo u dhajad quk pdskk aiubg, kg ek ekjed jed puoamgk bpb bpbrkjk rkjk y sk sbojadob crâstajblkotk ckmacd b quk gb vacb eulbob aockpkocakotk ks kg mako nurìcajd quk b gb sdjakcbc nurìcajblkotk driboazbcb gk aotkrksb prdtkikr ko hdrlb raiurdsb ck jubgquakr btbquk kxtrbòd.
Alpdrtbojab ck gb Prdtkjjaúo b gb vacb Zkiþo Pbrkcks y ]dlkrd, (=02=), cksjramko quk ks gb mbsk huocblkotbg sdmrk gb jubg sk raiko gds cklâs makoks nurìcajds y jdostatuyk gb hukotk ck gds cklâs ckrkjeds ckg edlmrk. Gb vacb pbrb kg ckrkjed ks aotboiamgk, aocaspkosbmgk k aobgakobmgk6 bsì gd rkjdodjk kg Júcaid Javag Xaikotk jubocd kstbmgkjk ko su brt.;¾, quk kg ckrkjed b gb vacb ks arrkouojabmgk y quk od pukck skr dmnktd ck jksaúo. Gds gìlatks ck gb prdtkjjaúo ck gb vacb kstâo supkcatbcbs bg jbrâjtkr tklpdrbg quk ástb takok pdr gd quk od sk prdtkik uob vacb quk od kxastk d quk ebyb cknbcd ck kxastar, bcklâs gb vacb ks dmnktd ck castaotb vbgdrbjaúo skiþo skb su umajbjaúo ckotrd ckg prdjksd ck cksbrrdggd, skb quk kstk ks prdjksd ck hdrlbjaúo d ebyb bgjbozbcd pgkob butdodlìb, sakocd kstk þgtald kstbcad dmnktd ck prdtkjjaúo ko gds ckgatds ck edlajacad. Zkiþo la puotd ck vastb, gb prdtkjjaúo bmbrjb cksck kg aostbotk ko sk aoajab kg prdjksd ckg pbrtd ebstb gb lukrtk ck gb pkrsdo pkrsdob, b, sk kotakock pdr pbrtd bg prdjksd p rdjksd quk jdocujk b gb kxpugsaúo ckg hktd y quk sk bouojab jdo gbs jdotrbcajjadoks utkraobs quk jdoggkvbo cdgdrks ck pbrtd, gb prdtkjjaúo ck gb vacb eulbob sk prdgdoib ebstb eb stb kg aostbotk ko quk sk pdok hhao ao b gb vacb laslb.
Zunktd Bjtavd Ck bjukrcd jdo Sdrrks, (=023), skòbgb quk kg tapd gkibg ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd aocajb ck lbokrb aocktkrlaobcb bg sunktd bjtavd, bikotk d butdr, bg jdlkozbr su rkcbjjaúo skòbgbocd. Ck ksk ldcd, sk cksprkock d aotkrprktb quk butdr ckg edlajacad mâsajd pukck skr jubgquakr pkrsdob
32
obturbg. Jdostatuyk uo ckgatd jdlþo, puks pbrb skr sunktd bjtavd od sk okjksatb rkuoar bgiuob jdocajaúo d jubgacbc kspkjabg, yb skb quk bjtþk pdr sì lasld d vbgaáocdsk ck tkrjkrds, ck lkcads lkjâoajds d boalbgks, bikotk d sunktd bjtavd ck gb haiurb agìjatb pkobg ck bsksaobtd pukck skr jubgquakr pkrsdob, od sk rkquakrk quk bqukg tkoib bgiuob jubgacbc d jdocajaúo kspkjabg quk gk jbrbjtkrajk, kg bsksaobtd od sk jdohaiurb jdld tbg, pdr bgiuob jubgacbc ckg butdr, saod pdr djbsadobr gb lukrtk ck uob pkrsdob lbtkrabgazbocd gbs ldcbgacbcks quk cksjramk jgbrblkotk kg tapd pkobg. Od dmstbotk, dpaod quk kstk tapd ck ckgatd kstâ rkskrvbcd pbrb pkrsdobs ck jdocajadoks psìquajbs kspkjabgks, jubocd sdo bodrlbgks.
Zunktd pbsavd Zkiþo Câvagb (=029), gb vìjtalb tblmaáo pukck skr jubgquakr pkrsdob obturbg y jdo vacb. Kg dmnktd quk rksastk gb bjjaúo edlajacb ks okjksbrablkotk uo skr eulbod jdo vacb aockpkocakotk. Ck vkrahajbrsk quk gb bjjaúo edlajacb jarjuostbojabcb sk prdcund sdmrk uo jukrpd jbcbvárajd, kg ckgatd od bpbrkjk, bsì sk jdostbtk kg usd ck hdrlbs lkcads pkrvkrsds pdr kg bikotk quk cklukstrko pkgairdsacbc pbrb kg jdoigdlkrbcd sdjabg. Kggd kvackotklkotk sk ckravb ck uod c gds prksupukstds ko gds quk sk blpbrb kg ckrkjed pkobg ldckrod, jubg ks quk gds ekjeds sk sbojadobo pdr gd quk saioahajbo ko sì laslds y od pdr gb pkrsdobgacbc ck su butdr. Ldckroblkotk, sk eb alpukstd kg ckrkjed pkobg ck bjtd y od ck butdr.
B la lbokrb ck vkr, kotakocd quk sunktd pbsavd pukck skr tblmaáo jubgquakr pkrsdob obturbg y jdo vacb cksck kg ldlkotd ckg pbrtd ebstb su lukrtk ckmacblkotk cktkrlaobcb -bgkiblds cksck kg ldlkotd ckg pbrtd pdr gbs jdosackrbjadoks quk kxpdocrklds lâs bckgbotk, jubocd cksbrrdggklds gb haiurb ckgajtavb ckg aohbotajacad-. Jgbrd kstâ, sk kxjkptþb b gds bsjkocakotks, cksjkocakotks, júoyuiks d jdojumaods, quakoks sdgd sdo sunktds pbsavds ckg ckgatd ck pbrrajacad.
3=
=.:. Ckhaoajaúo ck Sárlaods Aovkstaibjaúo> Ks uob bjtavacbc quk prdcujk jdodjalakotd, aoodvbjaúo y cksbrrdggb oukvbs tkjodgdiìbs. [oavkrsacbc, jakojab, tkjodgdiìb, aovkrsaúo k aoajabtavb pravbcb6 sdo kgklkotds aocaspkosbmgks, quk uoacds jdostatuyko uob bgabozb kstrbtáiajb ck klpunk bg cksbrrdggd ck uo pbìs. Iúlkz (2115),
Aiubgcbc> ‗Bpgajbjaúo ‗Bpgajbjaúo uoahdrlk ck gbs laslbs gkyks b tdcds gds jaucbcbods“. (Pdckr Nucajabg ckg Pkrþ, =0=0)
Pkob> Jdosastk ko gb pravbjaúo ck gb gamkrtbc ck makoks nurìcajbs ck bjukrcd jdo gd kstbmgkjacd pdr gbs gkyks k alpukstb pdr gds úribods nucajabgks ko rkgbjaúo bg bjtd jdlktacd pdr kg sunktd bjtavd. (Iâgvkz y Mbutastb, =025, p.29)
Jralaobgacbc> Hkoúlkod sdjabg, kjdoúlajd, psajdgúiajd y botanurìcajd ck draiko vbrabcd quk ckskquagamrb gb jdovavkojab sdjabg, bhkjtb gds vbgdrks ckg edlmrk y gb sdjakcbc, btbjb kg makokstbr ksparatubg y pkrturmb kg prdjksd b cksbrrdggd aotkirbg, bsì jdld cktkradrb gb jbgacbc ck vacb. Kstb satubjaúo sk birbvb jubocd gbs driboazbjadoks quk aotkirbo kg sastklb ck jjdotrdg dotrdg pkobg od julpgko sus huojadoks b jbmbgacbc y lâs bþo jubocd y eby jdrrupjaúo. (Mbzug, =008, pâi. =)
Pdgìtajb> Pdgìtajb Pþmgajb ck Prkvkojaúo ck gb Ckgaojukojab ko Bcdgksjkotks y Núvkoks ck Jdgdlmab, jdo gb haobgacbc ck caslaouar gds oavkgks ck vadgkojab y ckgaojukojab nuvkoag y lkndrbr gb jdeksaúo sdjabg jdluoatbrab. (]KXAZSB, =02;, pbi.=)
Zdjakcbc> Ckg gbtìo ckgaoqukotĬb, gb gb ckgaojukojab ks gb jubgacbc ck ckgaojukotk d gb bjjaúo ck ckgaoquar. Kg ckgaojukotk ks quako ckgaoquk6 ks ckjar, quako jdlktk ckgatd (uo qukmrbotblakotd ck gb gky). Gb ckgaojukojab, pdr gd tbotd, kstâ vaojugbcb b gbs pkrsdobs quk vadgbo gbs gkyks y bg jdonuotd ck gds ckgatds. (Lbtagck, =0=2, pâi. 2)
Hblagab> Gb hblagab ks uod ck gds pagbrks mâsajds ko kg cksbrrdggd y jrkjalakotd ko uob pkrsdob, jdostatuyk uob pbrtk alpdrtbotìsalb ko kg blmakotk psajdgúiajd ckg aocavacud, pdr kggd od pdcklds pdck lds
3:
cknbr ck dmvabrgb bg ebmgbr ck jdocujtb ckgajtavb, puks ks, júld yb, bpuotâmblds botkradrlkotk, od súgd uo hdjd ck bprkocazbnk ck odrlbs y lbokrbs ck jdlpdrtbrsk, saod quk b su vkz pukck trboslatar ckskstrujturbjaúo y prdmgklbs quk qukcbrâo rkhgknbcds ko quakoks vavko ko ksk blmakotk. (Zboz, =025, pâi. 2)
Ckgaojukojab> Ks gb jdocujtb rksugtbotk ckg hrbjbsd ckg aocavacud ko bcbptbrsk b gbs cklbocbs ck gb sdjakcbc ko quk vavk. Ks uo hkoúlkod sdjabg jdostatuacd ck gbs aohrbjjadoks, jdotrb gbs odrlbs huocblkotbgks ck jdovavkojab, prdcujacbs ko uo taklpd y guibr cktkrlaobcds. (Ggbodvbrjkc, =028, pài.3)
Pdgìtajbs sdjabgks> Gbs pdgìtajbs sdjabgks ko Blárajb Gbtaob sk cksbrrdggbrdo ck hdrlb uoavkrsbgastb, prdvkykocd gds laslds makoks y skrvajads, ck gb laslb hdrlb y jbotacbc, b tdcd kg luocd, jdo kg dmnktavd ck gdirbr gb lkndrb ck gb jbgacbc ck vacb ck gb sdjakcbc. Gbs pdgìtajbs sdjabgks ks uob ldcbgacbc ck aotkrvkojaúo aotkr vkojaúo pþmgajb quk takock b ckstaobr sus rkjursds ebjab e bjab gds lâs okjksatbcds. (Hdrskggkcd,=000, pài.2)
Aojackojab> Ks gb jbotacbc ck jbsds oukvds ck uob kohkrlkcbc, uo sìotdlb, lukrtk d gksaúo quk sk prkskotb curbotk uo pkrìdcd ck taklpd kspkjìhajd, jdld uo bòd. Gb aojackojab lukstrb gb prdmbmagacbc ck quk uo uobb pkrsdob pk rsdob ck uob jakrtb pdmgbjaúo rk rksugtk sugtk bhkjtbcb bhkjtb cb pdr cajeb kohkrlkcbc. ko hkrlkcbc. (Kojajgdpkcab, =0=2, pâi. 2).
Bhaoacbc> Kg kstucad y gb aovkstaibjaúo sdmrk kg pbrkotksjd ck bhaoacbc y su rkpkrjusaúo ko kg lbtraldoad quk sk eb ggkvbcd b jbmd ko kstk trbmbnd eb ckspkrtbcd uo aotkrás prdirksavd bg jdlprdmbr gb botai÷kcbc ko gds pralkrds rkjdodjalakotds sdmrk gb bhaoacbc, gb kxtkosaúo tbo blpgab quk sk gk eb rkjdodjacd b kstk pbrkotksjd jdo trbosjkockojab nurìcajb y, pdr dtrd gbcd, gb vbrabjaúo quk eb suhracd b gd gbrid ck gds saigds, pdr kggd ks pdsamgk bharlbr quk ks kg alpkcalkotd lbtraldoabg quk lâs ldcahajbjadoks eb suhracd b gd gbrid ck gb eastdrab ck gb eulboacbc. (Zboz, =025, pâi. 2).
Jdosboiuaoacbc> Kg lbtraldoad ks uob tklâtajb quk saiuk susjatbocd kg aotkrás ko kg âlmatd âlmatd ck gb eastdrab sdjabg. Zdo lugtatuc gds hbjtdrks quk pukcko cktkrlaobr uo lbtraldoad ko jubotd b gb
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kgkjjaúo ck pbrknb. Curbotk kg Botaiud ]áialko, kxastìb uob odrlbtavb jboúoajb ko gb quk sk rkiugbmb kg pbrkotksjd. Buoquk kg lbtraldoad kotrk pbrakotks, ckotrd uo irbcd jkrjbod ck jdosboiuaoacbc, sk kojdotrbmb prdeamacd prd eamacd pdr gb Aigksab. Ks bedrb jubocd gb jdosboiuaoacbc bgjbozb b gjbozb uo rkgakvk y prdtbidoasld, quk saklprk tuvd, pkrd juyds aocajbcdrks sk bgtkrbo, jblmabo y jdlakozbo b rkhgknbr uob skrak ck trboshdrlbjadoks ko gds jarjuatds ckg pbrkotksjd. (Ekrobrknds, =02;, pâi. 1).
3;
JBPAS[GD AAA> XB]ABMGK, CALKOZADOKZ K AOCAJBCD]KZ :.2.Xbrabmgk
:.2.2. Ckhaoajaúo Jdojkptubg ck gb Xbrabmgk Prdjkcalakotds ckg Ckgatd Edlajacad Kg ckgatd ck edlajacad ks quatbr gb vacb b dtrb pkrsdob y skiþo [ggdb (=022), skòbgb quk uob lktdcdgdiìb uob lktdcdgdiìb ko gb jubg kg pdgajìb y Hasjbg kstds bobgazbo gds ekjeds, aolkcabtblkotk sk pgboahajb gb kkstrbtkiab strbtkiab b skiuar skiþo gd gdss pdstugbcds quk jdotklpgb kg kg Júcaid Júcaid Prdjksbg Pkobg, sk pukck jdostbr ck> Mrkvk cksjrapjaúo Mrkvk cksjrapjaúo ckg ekjed.- Hkjeb, guibr, tapd, vìjtalbs, vajtalbrads, tkstaids, ldcus dpkrboca, ktj. Bjtubjadoks aostatujadobgks rkbgazbcbs.- ]kiastrd rkbgazbcbs.- ]kiastrd ckg guibr ckg ekjed, kxblko hdrkosk, pkrajabs, bprkekosadoks y dtrds. Aocajads y/d kvackojabs y/d kvackojabs caspdoamgks.- Cktbggk ikokrbg ck aocajads y/d kvackojabs hìsajbs, tkstahajbmgks tkstahajb mgks y madgúiajbs kojdotrbcbs d quk sk jjukotb ukotb bg aoajad ck ck gb gb aovkstaibjaúo. aovkstaibjaúo. Jdosackrd quk gds prdjkcalakotds pdgajabgks jdotramuyko b quk gds khkjtavds pdgajabgks rkbgajko uo trbmbnd khajakotk, pbrb dmtkokr rksugtbcds pdsatavds.
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:.2.=. Dpkrbjadobgazbjaúo ck Xbrabmgk Hukotk> Cbtds cksck gb lbtraz ck jdosastkojab
Calkosadoks
DPK]BJADOBGA^BJAÚO CK XB]ABMGK K AOCAJBCD]KZ X> P]DJKCALAKOSDZ CKG CKGASD EDLAJACAD Aocajbcdrks Ìtkls Ìocajks ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd
2. Lktdcdgdiìb ck 2.2. Edlajacad jbgahajbcd gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg jralaobg 2.=. Prdjkcalakotds ckg pksquasb
2
pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4 ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs
2
aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4
2.:. Pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb
2
Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck
2.3. Aoirksd b gb ksjkob
2
aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs
2.;. Prkiuotbs ck drd
2
skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo
2.8. Aocajads y kvackojabs
2
cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 ´Zkrâ okjksbrad quk sk ckmk julpgar jdo kg
2.9. Jbckob ck justdcab
2
prdjksd gb jbckob ck justdcab4 j ustdcab4
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JBPAS[GD AX> LKSDCDGDIÌB 3.2.
Caskòd Lktdcdgúiajd
3.2.2. S a pd y Oa Oavk vkgg
Gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo ks ck tapd mâsajb, ko kg oavkg cksjraptavd.
3.2.=. Kohdquk Pdcklds ckhaoargd jdld uo kohdquk jubgatbtavd quk jdosastk ko kg kstucad ck gb ikotk b pbrtar ck gd quk cajko y ebjko gbs pkrsdobs pkr sdobs ko kg ksjkobrad sdjabg y jugturbg. ‗Kg dmnktavd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo jubgatbtavb ks kg ck prdpdrjadobr uob lktdcdgdiìb ck aovkstaibjaúo quk pkrlatb jdlprkockr kg jdlpgknd luocd ck gb kxpkrakojab vavacb cksck kg puotd ck vastb ck gbs pkrsdobs quk gb vavko“ (Sbygdr & Mdicbo, 2153). Kg prdjksd ck aocbibjaúo ks aocujtavd y kg aovkstaibcdr aotkrbjtþb jdo gds pbrtajapbotks y jdo gds cbtds, musjb rkspukstbs b prkiuotbs quk sk jkotrbo ko gb kxpkrakojab sdjabg, júld sk jrkb y júld cb saioahajbcd b gb vacb eulbob.
3.2.:. Caskòd Kg caskòd quk bcdptb kstb aovkstaibjaúo ks Hkodlkodgúiajd - Ktodirâhajd quk jdosastk ko kg kstucad ck gds hkoúlkods sdjabgks cksck gb pkrspkjtavb ck gds bjtdrks sdjabgks. Lujeds kstucads y trbmbnds quk utagazbo kstk kohdquk sk butdckhaoko jdld ktodirâhajds. Pdr ldtavds ktaldgúiajds, ck kxtkosaúo y ck trbcajaúo bjbcálajb (Botrdpdgdiìb jgâsajb), gds kotkockrklds cahkrkotks, od tbotd ko gds látdcds jdld ko kg dmnktd ck kstucad ([oavkrsacbc ck Nbáo- Kspbòb, =029, p. =).
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3.=. Pdmgbjaúo y Lukstrb 3.=.2. Pdmgbjaúo
Pbrb Ekroâockz (=020), aocajb quk gb pdmgbjaúo ks kg jdonuotd ck tdcds gds jbsds quk jdojukrcko jdo uob skrak ck kspkjahajbjadoks quk sk ckmko kstbmgkjkr kstb mgkjkr jdo jgbracbc jdo gb haobgacbc ck ckgalatbr gds pbrâlktrds luástrbgks. Gb pdmgbjaúo kstâ jdohdrlbcb pdr 30 khkjtavds ko kg CKPAOJ]A ck Zbo Mdrnb. 3.=.=. Luk Lukst strb rb
Ck bjukrcd jdo Hkroâockz y Mbptastb (=020) aocajbo quk gb lukstrb ks ko kskojab, uo sumirupd ck gb pdmgbjaúo jdo uo oþlkrd cktkrlaobcd ck uoacbcks ckspkibcbs ck uob pdmgbjaúo pdr lkcad ck uo prdjksd ggblbcd lukstrkd, jdo kg prdpúsatd ck kxblaobr ksbs uoacbcks jdo cktkoalakotd. Bharlb quk gb lukstrb ck gb aovkstaibjaúo quk sk utagazú ks lukstrb aotkojadobg y kstuvd jdohdrlbcd pdr 0; khkjtavds khkj tavds pdgajabgks ck gb cavasaúo ck edlajacads, quk kquavbgk b 200% ckg tdtbg, kstâ aotkirbcb pdr gds pkrsdobgks ck gb Dhajaob Bclaoastrbtavb y Pkrsdobg ck Aovkstaibjadoks.
3.:. Sájoajbs ck ]kjdgkjjaúo ck cbtds 3.:.2. Sájoajbs
Zk utagazú gb tájoajb ck gb kotrkvastb (sklakstrujturbcb) ko su ldcbgacbc ck iuìb ck kotrkvastb. Zkiþo Âoikgks (=023), gb kotrkvastb sklakstrujturbcb ks uob kotrkvastb kxpgdrbtdrab quk sk utagazb jdo lbydr hrkjukojab ko gbs jakojabs sdjabgks jdo haoks ck aovkstaibjaúo jubgatbtavb d pbrb
31
rkjdpagbr cbtds jgìoajds. Za mako ikokrbglkotk saiuk uob iuìb d prdtdjdgd quk sk kgbmdrb botks ck gb kotrkvastb y sk jkotrb ko uo tklb jkotrbg pbrb prdpdrjadobr uob kstrujturb ikokrbg, gb kotrkvastb sklakstrujturbcb tblmaáo pkrlatk kg cksjumralakotd, jdo kspbjad pbrb skiuar trbykjtdrabs tklâtajbs b lkcacb quk sk cksbrrdggb gb jdovkrsbjaúo. 3.:.=. Aostrulkotds
Ko gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo sk utagazú uob iuìb ck kotrkvastb bpgajbcd bg pkrsdobg ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ quk gbmdrb ko kg CKPAOJ]A ck Zbo Mdrnb. Pbrb kg rkjdnd ck aohdrlbjaúo aohdr lbjaúo sk bpgajú gb tájoajb ck gb kotrkvastb kstrujturb kstrujturbcb, cb, kstb tájoajb jdosastk ko uob jdovkrsbjaúo bmakrtb jdo gds aohdrlbotks kohdjbcb ko uo tklb cktkrlaobcd. Ko oukstrd jbsd kg tklb huk gb pbrtajapbjaúo ck gds khkjtavds pdgajabgks, gbs kotrkvastbs kstrujturbcbs sk rkbgazbrdo ko hdrlb kspdotâokb cdock kg kotrkvastbcdr y kg pksquasb cabgdibrdo jdo kg hao ck dmtkokr cbtds sdmrk kg prdjkcalakotd prdjk calakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgaha jbgahajbcd jbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ Zbo Zbo Mdrnb ‚ Mdrnb ‚ kokrd, kokrd, =021. 3.:.:. Xbgackz y jdohabmagacbc ck gds aostrulkotds
Kg aostrulkotd jukstadobrad ck gb kotrkvastb kstrujturbcb huk sdlktacd b vbgackz ck jdotkoacd (pdr ‗jratkrad ck nukjks“ d ‗odrlbs“) pbrb gb vk rsaúo lkndrbcb ckg aostrulkotd. Zk aocbiú> Gb pkrtaokojab ck gds ìtkls jdo gds jdojkptds quk lacaú d rkiastrú. Ks ckjar, sa gds ìtkls vkrcbckrblkotk pkrtkokjko d hdrlbo pbrtk ckg jdojkptd d jbtkidrìb quk sk aocajb tkúrajblkotk. Zúgd gds kxpkrtds bharlbrdo d okibrdo bqukggd.
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Gb pkrtaokojab ck gds ìtkls pbrb julpgar jdo gds dmnktavds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo. Gds aostrulkotds sarvakrdo pbrb julpgar dmnktavds, bskiurâocdods quk kstds hukrdo jumakrtds pdr kg aostrulkotd y sus cavkrsbs pbrtks. Jubgquakr ìtkl bnkod b gds dmnktavds ck gb tksas, huk kgalaobcd. Gb suhajakojab (jbotacbc) ck ìtkls quk hukrdo djed julpgakrdo jdo gds dmnktavds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo. Bg haobg súgd gbs lkndrks pkrlbokjakrdo. Gb jbgacbc ckg hdrlbtd ckg aostrulkotd. Gb prkskotbjaúo y kstagd ck gds aostrulkotds aohguyú ko gb vbgackz ck gds cbtds dmtkoacds. Pdr ksd, sk ksjdiaú kg hdrlbtd ck prkskotbjaúo lâs bckjubcd y drckobcd pbrb kg jbsd.
3.3. Sájoajbs pbrb kg prdjkcalakotd ck gb aohdrlbjaúo Pbrb gb tbmugbjaúo y prdjksblakotd ck gds rksugtbcds dmtkoacds sk utagazbrdo gb lbtraz ck traboiugbjaúo pdr jbcb ìtkl ck prkiuotb y sus bgtkrobtavbs ck rkspukstbs pbrb su pdstkradr boâgasas k aotkrprktbjaúo.
3.;. Bspkjtds Átajds ]bzdoks ck juacbcd ck gds botkjkckotks y bjjadoks ck madskiuracbc tdcb bjjaúo ck aovkstaibjaúo quk sk rkbgazb jdo gds saiuakotks praojapads>
Prdtkjjaúo b gbs pkrsdobs> Zk aotkrvkocrâ jdo kg hdrlbg juacbcd od pkrturmbocd b gds cklâs ck hdrlb kouojabcb d lkjâoajb, b hao ck jdoskiuar gds dmnktavds. Pdr tbg ldtavd ks quk kg rkspktd ks uo vbgdr quk sk ckmk prkvbgkjkr, sk aohdrlbrâ b gds pbrtajapbotks gb aotkojaúo ck gb aovkstaibjaúo pbrb quk pukcbo mraocbrods gbs aocbibjadoks bckjubcbs jdo gb haobgacbc ck rkbgazbr uob mukob kxpgdrbjaúo.
Mkokhajkojab od lbgkhajkojab> Zaklprk bvkraiublds aohdrlbjaúo pbrb oukstrb aovkstaibjaúo, od quakrk ckjar quk sa gdjbgazblds puotds hrâiagks hrâ iagks d kockmgks jdgdjbrklds b jdodjalakotd d b jgbracbc
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ck tdcds sao rkhgkxadobr gd quk sk pukck draiaobr pdr uo lbg prdjkckr. Pdr gd quk sk aohdrlbrâ b gds kojbribcds ck sus hdrtbgkzbs y ckmagacbcks kohrkotbcds ko gb CKPAOJ]A-POP (Cptd. ck Edlajacads), kg jubg od sbgcrâ ck lbokrb ckhaoacb sa od quk sbgcrâo ck lbokrb ikoárajb jdo dtrbs ckcujjadoks.
Nustajab> Zk jdluoajbrâ b gds kxpkrtds (lukstrb) quk uob vkz juglaobcd gb aovkstaibjaúo y bprdmbcd, sk gk prdvkkrâ gb carkjjaúo wkm pbrb quk pukcbo bcekrarsk y vkr gds rksugtbcds gdirbcds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo rkbgazbcb ko gb CKPAOJ]A-POP
Aotkiracbc jakotìhajb> Zk odtahajbrâ b gds kxpkralkotbcds quk sus cbtds pbrb gb bvkraiubjaúo bg ldlkotd ck rkbgazbr gb kojukstb skrâo ksjdiacds, prkvad b su bprdmbjaúo.
Pbrtajapbjaúo gamrk y ckrkjed b kstbr aohdrlbcd > Zk gks pbrtajapbrâ b gds pkratds (Cptd. ck Edlajacads) quk lkndrbrâo kg prdtdjdgd ck bskotalakotd pbrb gkibgazbr gb aovkstaibjaúo, y jubgquakr aojkrtaculmrk quk kxastb ckotrd ckg prdjksd ck aohdrlbjaúo skrâo bmsukgtb dpdrtuoblkotk.
Juacbcd ckg lkcad blmakotk y gb madcavkrsacbc> Zk tkocrâ prkskotk kg juacbcd ck tdcd skr vavd pbrb gb brldoìb sdjabg gds uods jdo gds dtrds, rkhgkxadobocd gb jdojakojab y kg bldr b sus jdoiáokrks y kcujbrsk b jdovavar nuotd b kggds ko uo jgalb ck bgabozb y blastbc.
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JBPÌS[GD X> ]KZ[GSBCDZ ;.2. ]KZ[GSBCDZ Gds rksugtbcds sk dmtakok gb traboiugbjaúo
Jbtkidrìbs bpradrìstajbs
Prkiuotbsck Prkiuotbsck Kotrkvastb Kotrkvastb
Zunktd 2 2 JLCSK POP ]ajbrcd Lboukg L[ÒD^ DXAKCD NKHK CKPAOJ]A
Zunktd =Nbsdo JBP POP ]ajf= PD]SBG ]DLK]D NKHK CKG I][PD CK EDLAJACADZ
Zunktd : ZZ POP Âoikg ]bhbkg KZSKMBO J]AZPAO AOXKZSAIBCD] CK EDLAJACADZ
´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4
Za ks alpdrtbotk pdrquk irbjabs b uo muko prdjkcalakotd sk pukck gdirbr kg áxatd y ggkibr b gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds.
Kg prdjkcalakotd ks luy þtag irbjabs b su bpgajbjaúo byucb bg pdgajìb b ckldstrbr sus ebmagacbcks y bpgajbr gb bstujab pbrb ggkibr b uob jdojgusaúo ko uo taklpd jdrtd.
Khkjtavblkotk kg prdjkcalakotd ks tdcd bqukg ko kg jubg pkrsdobg pdgajabg rkbgazb uob aotkrvkojaúo, ko cdock od eby castaojaúo ck nkrbrquìbs, pbrb ggkibr b gb vkrcbc.
´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo
Khkjtavblkotk kg pkrsdobg ckmk kstbr jbpbjatbcd pbrb cdlaobr gds pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo y bpgajbrgds dpdrtuoblkotk ko kg
Jgbrd gds pbsds ckmko tkokr uo drcko y ksd jdbcyuvb b rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo jrdodgúiajb jdo rksugtbcds pdsatavds. pdsatavds.
Zunktd 3 3 ZS= POP Ndkg Djtbvad BGGB[JB LBGPAJB PK]ASD AOXKZSAIBCD]
Kg prdjkcalakotd sk usb ko tdcds gbcds od sdgd ko gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg carkjjadob bobgazb y takok jdotaouacbc pbrb ar lâs bggâ ck gb aohdrlbjaúo rkjamacb y ksjgbrkjkr kg ckgatd. ckgatd. Cdlaobr ks lboknbr ck Za pdrquk sa od lbokrb jdrrkjtb gds cdlaob od pbsds lâs bþo ko rkbgazbrìb su gbmdr uoacbcks ck lbokrb khajakotk kspkjabgazbcbs ck ikokrbocd aovkstaibjaúo ck ckgatds bjulugbjaúo ck sa od sk bpgajb gds pbsds jbsds alpuoks sao
Zunktd ; Z= POP ]dalkr CKGIBCD JAK^B AOXKZSAIBCD] DPK]BSAXD Za ks luy alpdrtbotk pdrquk utagazbocd gds látdcds bckjubcds sk rkbgazbrâ uob aovkstaibjaúo dpdrtuob y kvatbr quk qukck alpuok rkjdrcbr quk kg taklpd quk pbsb ks gb vkrcbc quk euyk. Za kg khkjtavd pdgajabg od cdlaob gds pbsds od sk ggblbrìb aovkstaibcdr kg usd ck gds pbsds skrvarâo pbrb tkokr jdekrkojab y drcko
]KZ[GSBCD
Kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ks lujeb alpdrtbojab pdrquk byucbo b carkjjadobr pbrb ggkibr b gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds.
Zk eb ckldstrbcd quk tdcd aovkstaibcdr ckmk jdodjkr gds pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg.
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pdgajabg4
trbosjursd ck aovkstaibjaúo.
gb
od sk dmtkocrâ sbtashbjkr rksugtbcds. rksugtbcds. sdjakcbc. sdjakcbc.
b
gb ko gbs aovkstaibjadoks b rkbgazbr.
Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs
Gds pkratds sdo kspkjabgastbs ko uob cktkrlaobcb lbtkrab y sdo kg sdpdrtk ck gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg y irbjabs b gds bpdrtks pkrajabgks sk cklukstrb su prdhksadobgasld.
Gds pkratds sdo gds rkprkskotbotks ck gb jakojab y irbjabs b sus bpdrtks sk cklukstrb jakotìhajblkotk gb jugpbmagacbc d aodjkojab ckg alputbcd.
Za kggds kovìbo gbs pkrajabs pbrb ckldstrbr su rkspdosbmagacbc d sa pbrtajapbrdo d od ko uo cktkrlaobcd kvkotd jralaobg.
Za kggds sdo kxpkrtds ko cahkrkotks casjapgaobs quk jdbcyuvbo b gds pdgajìbs aojgusd b gds hasjbgks pbrb pdckr bjusbr jdo prukmbs hkebjakotks
Za rkbgazbo cajtâlkoks pkrajabgks y klatko cdjulkotds quk prukmbo su rkspdosbmagacbc ckg bjusbcd.
Gds pkratds bpdrtbo cdjulkotds ck vbgdr jakotìhajd pbrb byucbr b gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg.
Kg rkjdnd ck gds aocajads y kvackojabs ko huocblkotbg pdrquk sdo tkstaids lucds quk od lakotko y byucb b
Kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ks ck vatbg alpdrtbojab pdrquk kg aocajad d kvackojab ggkvbcb bg gbmdrbtdrad skrâ kstucabcb rkbgazbocd
Gds aocajads y kvackojabs gd rkjdiko pkrsdobg quk ebyb lìoald uo jursd mâsajd pdrquk sa uob kvackojab ks lbg rkjdiacb od
Za kg rkjdnd ck aocajads jdrrkjtd dmtkocrâ rksugtbcd quk skrâ lbtkrab
Za gd rkjdiko bckjubcblkotk sk dmtkocrâ mukods rksugtbcds pbrb gb aovkstaibjaúo aovkstaibjaúo
Kg rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ko gb ksjkob ckg jralko ckmk skr ck lbokrb jdrrkjtb
gds huk sk uo od ck
quk cktkrlaobrbo carkjjadobr gb vkrcbc ck gds pksquasb ko ekjeds4 aovkstaibjaúo. ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk gds pksquasbs bmdibcds aotkrprktbr odrlb aovkstaibr ckgatd edlajacad4
quk skbo pbrb gb pbrb kstk ck
bg tdcbs gbs gb okjksbrabs.
Gds pksquasbs rkjamko jdostbotk jbpbjatbjaúo carkjjadobcd b aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pkrd gd lâs alpdrtbotk ks quk b trbvás ckg taklpd bcquakrko kxpkrakojab
pkrajabs skrvarâ pbrb kg prdjksd ck aovkstaibjaúo pdrquk eb sacd jdotblaobcb. jdotblaobcb. Gds pksquasbs sa ckmko skr bmdibcds pkrd gb aostatujaúo pdgajabg Gds pksquasbs od ckmk prkdjupbrsk ko okjksbrablkotk lbotkokr pdgajìbs jdo pukcko skr bmdibcds jdodjalakotd ck bgtd saod jdodjkcdrks ck gd oavkg y od cknbrsk quk rkbgazbo pdrquk od lboapugbr ck gds tdcds takoko ksk cdo hasjbgks. ck aovkstaibr.
dmskrvbjaúo pdr gbs pbrtks. pbrtks.
Za ckmko skr bmdibcds pbrb od cknbrsk lboapugbr pdr dtrds prdhksadobgks bcklâs skrvarâ ck lujed pdrquk ko gb bjtubgacbc bg pdgajìb
pbrb kvatbr jdotblaobr gbs kvackojabs. Gds cktkjtavks sa ckmko skr bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr nurìcajblkotk gb odrlb y bpgajbrgb bckjubcblkotk ko gds cahkrkotks pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo.
Ck bjukrcd b gb kotrkvastb gds pdgajìbs od saklprk ckmko skr bmdibcds pkrd skrìb ck vatbg alpdrtbojab skr bmdibcd.
B dpaoaúo pkrsdobg od ckmko ggkvbr jbckob ck justdcab kg huojadobrad pdgajabg ks uo prdhksadobg y kstk cdjulkotd sk rkbgazb jdo gb haobgacbc ck musjbr lâs hdrlbs pbrb pdckr cknbr sao khkjtd kg cdjulkotd pkrajabg. Za sk ckmk julpgar pdrquk kstb odrlbcd kg aojulpgalakotd ck gb laslb pukck trbkr jdoskjukojabs pkobgks y bclaoastrbtavbs.
Gb jbckob ck justdcab bjdlpbòb b gds aocajads y kvackojabs cksck su rkjdnd ebstb kg gbmdrbtdrad pbrb gds boâgasas jdrrkspdocakotks y ckodstbr quk huk gb laslb kvackojab quk huk rkjdiacb.
Od eby cucb kg khkjtavd quako kgbmdrb kg aohdrlk ckmk skr kg lâs
Kg aohdrlk pdgajabg ks kg cdjulkotd quk takok jdld rksugtbcd gbs
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y gb jdotaouacbc ebjk quk kg cktkjtavk sk pkrhkjjadok jbcb cìb lâs bjtubgazâocdsk ck lbokrb
gd ckouojabo luy hrkjukotk.
pkrlbokotk. ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4
Gb jbckob ck justdcab ks luy alpdrtbotk pdrquk kspkjahajb quako trbospdrtb gb kvackojab cksck gb ksjkob ckg ckgatd ebstb kg gbmdrbtdrad.
´Zkrâ okjksbrad julpgar jdo kg prdjksd gb jbckob ck justdcab4
Gbs prkiuotbs ck drd sdo luy vatbgks pdrquk byucb b ikokrbr eapútksas y b kojblaobr tu aovkstaibjaúo pbrb ggkibr b gb vkrcbc.
Gb jbckob ck justdcab ko þtag pkrd od kxastk uo ldckgd kstbmgkjacd y ckhaoacd pbrb quk gds dpkrbcdrks ck nustajab tkoibo uob sdgb ackb pkrd ks lkokstkr rkjbgjbr quk jdocajadob bg pdgajìb b ggkvbr gb kvackojab y kotrkibrgb ko gbs laslbs jdocajadoks quk gds rkjamaú. Zao gbs prkiuotbs ck drd od sk pukck rkbgazbr uob mukob aovkstaibjaúo sa ds a takok quk rkbgazbrsk.
Gb jbckob ck justdcab sa d sa ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads pbrb ckldstrbr quako ggkvb y quako rkjamk gb kvackojab.
Xb bjdlpbòbcd ck dtrds cdjulkotds quk cbo hk quk gbs kvackojabs quk sk ggkvbo b jralaobgastb kstáo ko jdrrkjtd kstbcd.
Zao guibr b cucb kg prdjksd sk ckmk julpgar b jbmbgacbc ck bjukrcd b gd kstbmgkjacd ko kg lboubg ck jralaobgìstajb.
Kg prdjksd takok quk julpgarsk pbrb kvatbr trbsikcar gbs odrlbs sa okjksatblds uo prdcujtd mukod sk takok quk ebjkr gd jdrrkjtd.
Zaklprk takok quk julpgarsk kg prdjksd jbsd jdotrbrad skrâ ldtavd ck ougacbc pdr od rkbgazbrgd.
´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd
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Kg pksquasb ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk pbrb quk gb aovkstaibjaúo od qukck alpuok y sk
Jgbrd pkrd jdo kg bpdyd aocaspkosbmgk ck gds prdhksadobgks tbotd nkhk ck irupd, pkratds,
Za pdrquk kg khkjtavd irbjabs b su kxpkrtajab su jdodjalakotd ebrâ quk ebib uo
Za ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk irbjabs b sus cagaikojabs khkjtubcbs ko gb
rkspdosbmgk ckg ebib nustajab hasjbgks tdcd cdjulkotd quk od jdotkoacd ckg dpdrtuoblkotk. koigdmbcd ko uob sdgb skrâ jukstadobcd aohdrlk haobg4 ackb. pdstkradrlkotk d aojgaoâocdsk b bgiuob ck gbs pbrtks.
hbsk prkgalaobr kojblaobr b quk bjusbcd skb prdjksbcd y skr sbojadobcd pdr gb butdracbc jdlpktkotk.
jbpbjatbcd pbrb kvatbr quk kg hasjbg musquk bgiuob sbgacb y pdckr cbr gamkrtbc bg alputbcd.
aovkstaibjadoks ck gb hbsk prkgalaobr pdr kggd kg kojbribcd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd.
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JBPÌS[GD XA> CAZJ[ZAÚO
Ko jubotd b gb vbrabmgk cksjraptavb> prdjkcalakotds ckg ckgatd edlajacad, calkosaúo> lktdcdgdiìb ck gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg, aocajbcdr> Edlajacad jbgahajbcd, gds rksugtbcds aocajbo quk> Kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ks lujeb alpdrtbojab pdrquk byucbo b carkjjadobr pbrb ggkibr b gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds. Ko jubotd bg aocajbcdr> Prdjkcalakotds ckg pksquasb, gds rksugtbcds aocajbo quk> Zk eb ckldstrbcd quk tdcd aovkstaibcdr ckmk jdodjkr gds pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg. Ko
jubotd bg aocajbcdr> Pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb, gds rksugtbcds aocajbo quk> Gds pkratds bpdrtbo cdjulkotds ck vbgdr jakotìhajd pbrb byucbr b gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg. Ko jubotd bg aocajbcdr>
Aoirksd b gb ksjkob, gds rksugtbcds aocajbo quk> Kg rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ko gb ksjkob ckg jralko ckmk skr ck lbokrb jdrrkjtb pbrb kvatbr jdotblaobr gbs kvackojabs. Ko jubotd bg aocajbcdr>
Prkiuotbs ck drd, gds rksugtbcds aocajbo quk> Gds pdgajìbs od saklprk ckmko skr bmdibcds pkrd skrìb ck vatbg alpdrtbojab, pbrb utagazbr jdrrkjtblkotk gbs prkiuotbs ck drd. Ko jubotd bg aocajbcdr>
Aocajads y kvackojabs, gds rksugtbcds aocajbo quk> quk > Gb jbckob ck justdcab bjdlpbòb b gds aocajads y kvackojabs cksck su rkjdnd ebstb kg gbmdrbtdrad pbrb p brb gds boâgasas jdrrkspdocakotks y ckodstbr quk huk h uk gb laslb kvackojab quk huk rkjdiacb. Ko jubotd bg aocajbcdr> Jbckob ck justdcab, gds rksugtbcds
aocajbo quk> Zaklprk takok quk julpgarsk kg prdjksd jbsd jdotrbrad skrâ ldtavd ck ougacbc pdr od rkbgazbrgd.
Bsì lasld, sk ebo dmtkoacd kstucads salagbrks ko kg âlmatd aotkrobjadobg> Lkoksks y Ruaotbob (=028), jdojguyko quk gbs aovkstaibjadoks ko gb Jaucbc ck Láxajd, kg bgjdedg takok uo rdg luy alpdrtbotk ko gb jdohaiurbjaúo ck gds kvkotds edlajacbs, tblmaáo ckstbjb kg bgtd pdrjkotbnk ck edlajacads quk sk jdlktko jdo brlb ck hukid (;1.3%) y gb sdmrkrrkprkskotbjaúo ckg iáokrd lbsjugaod ko gbs vìjtalbs ck edlajacad (59.=%). Iubatb y Obvbrrktk (=000), jdojguyko quk gb aovkstaibjaúo musjb cksbrrdggbr uob jbrbjtkrazbjaúo ck gds edlajacads ko gb ]kiaúo, b pbrtar ck kvackojabs hìsajb y psajdgúiajb rkjdiacbs ckg Z. Z. Bcklâs, sk gdirú kstbmgkjkr uob bsdjabjaúo kotrk jbrbjtkrìstajbs ckg Z. Z., lúvag ckg edlajacad y jbrbjtkrìstajbs sdjadckldirâhajbs ckg butdr.
;9
Lbgcdobcd (=0=0), rkjdlakocb cajakocd quk lujebs vkjks gb gkiasgbjaúo pkobg, pkrlatk uob hgkxamagazbjaúo ck praojapads huocblkotbgks jdld kg ck gkibgacbc, rkskrvb pkobg, prdpdrjadobgacbc kotrk dtrds. Kstd sk ckmk b gb prksaúo quk knkrjko gbs hukrzbs pdgìtajbs quk, botk gb hbgtb ck alpgklkotbjaúo ck pdgìtajbs pþmgajbs, y botk uo rkjgbld sdjabg ck hblagabrks ck vìjtalbs quk jdojurrko b gds tramuobgks rkbgazbocd lboahkstbjadoks6 musjbo alpugsbr prdykjtds y lujebs vkjks gd jdosaiuko jrkykocd quk alpdoakocd pkobs lâs skvkrbs sk vb b sdgujadobr gb jukstaúo.
Ko kg âlmatd objadobg> Eardsea (=025), jdojguyk prkjasbocd quk kg aostrulkotd ck lbydr hrkjukojab quk sk utagazb ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd ks> kg brlb ck hukid jdo 83%, skiuacd kg brlb mgbojb (jujeaggds) jdo kg =8.2%. y vkokod 1.1%6 haobglkotk kg :3% ck kojukstbcds bharlb quk jrkbocd prdirblbs ck bpdyd b núvkoks kvatbrklds quk jbaibo ko ckgaojukojab y uo =3.9% bharlb lkndrbr gb kjdodlìb ko edibrks, bcklâs quk gbs ldcahajbtdrabs bg Brt. 205¾ ckg Júcaid Pkobg ks cksbtaobcb, bg brtajugbr uo júcaid, od ckmklds jdosackrbr bmbrjbr kg lbydr oþlkrd ck sunktds ck prdtkjjaúo, saod musjbr uo alpbjtd pdsatavd kkoo oukstrb sdjakcbc, kstbs bcajadoks b cajadoks od caslaouyko caslaou yko kg jralko, ko jdoskjukojab, od sk rkcujko gds ìocajks ck Edlajacad jbgahajbcd. Zâojekz y Zdsb (=029),
rkjdlakocb tkoakocd ko jukotb quk kg prdjksd pkobg sk huocblkotb ko pbrâlktrds y praojapads rkjtdrks jdostatujadobgks, kg brt. 205- J pkrckrìb su khajbjab odrlbtavb6 bsalasld, gds dpkrbcdrks ckg ckrkjed ckmko ck bcvkrtargd y musjbr su ckrdibjaúo, mbsâocdsk ko gb gkiasgbjaúo jdlpbrbcb ck gds pbìsks ck Kjubcdr, Jdgdlmab, Mrbsag y Jdstb ]ajb, pbìsks quk rkiugbo ck lbokrb prkjasb y jgbrb gb lukrtk ck uob pkrsdob pdr lbocbtd dokrdsd, pbid d rkjdlpkosb y jdoskjukotklkotk ko prdlkcad uo 3=,;% jdosackrb cajeb rkiugbjaúo ks gb aocajbcb. Zdtkrd (=0=0), jdojguyk quk gbs jarjuostbojabs quk sk ckmko aojdrpdrbr bg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd, ckmko kstbr rkgbjadobcbs cksck gb jdocajaúo ck gbs vìjtalbs6 ko ksk skotacd, sk ckmk jdosackrbr jubocd kstb skb uo bcugtd lbydr, uo lkodr ck kcbc, bsì jdld uob lunkr jdo uob ikstbjaúo kvackotk, bcklâs quk jubocd gb vìjtalb pbckjk ck casjbpbjacbc ck pkrlbokotk pk rlbokotk quk pukcb skr vasamgk d kvackotk, kg nuzibcdr tkocrìb gb pdsamagacbc ck kvbgubr cajebs jarjuostbojabs quk gk pkrlatarâ sbojadobr bckjubcblkotk.
;5
Kg prkskotk trbmbnd ck aovkstaibjaúo ks alpdrtbotk pdrquk ks uob dpdrtuoacbc pbrb quk b pbrtar ckg rkjdnd ck gbs dpaoadoks sdmrk gb pkrjkpjaúo ck gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo pdr gds usubrads kxtkrods, sk jdostatuyb ko uo pralkr pbsd pbrb kg aoajad ck gb lkndrb ko gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo. Za sk jdosackrb b gb jbgacbc jdld gb lktb ckg prdjksd ko kg skrvajad, kstk ckmk ck jdosackrbr b jbcb uod ck gds kgklkotds quk gd aotkirbo, pdr tbotd, kg jratkrad ck jbgacbc ks gb khajbjab, kotkocacb jdld kg gdird ck gds dmnktavds prdpukstds. B khkjtds ck lkndrbr gb pkrjkpjaúo ck jbgacbc ck btkojaúo ko gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb Zurquaggd ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb, sk eb kgbmdrbcd gb Ednb ck ]kjdlkocbjaúo rkspkjtavb (vkr
Bokxd 8), ko cdock sk rkjdlakocb quk gds dhajabgks jdlasbrads ck gbs jdlasbrabs POP ckg castratd ko lkojaúo, cahuocbo kg prdtdjdgd ck btkojaúo bg jaucbcbod ko kg skjtdr aotkradr k Alpgklkotko ârkbs ck prkvkojaúo k aohdrlbjaúo bg jaucbcbod, sbgbs ck kspkrb y blmakotks bckjubcds pbrb gb rkjkpjaúo ck ckouojabs y ckjgbrbjadoks.
;1
JDOJG[ZADOKZ
Pralkrb Gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo b oavkg tájoajd jakotìhajd pkrjamacb pdr kg usubrad kxtkrod ko gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb Zurquaggd ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb ckg =021, huk mukob.
Zkiuocb Gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo b oavkg ckg kotdrod pkrjamacb pdr kg usubrad kxtkrod ko gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb Zurquaggd ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb ckg =021, huk mukob.
Skrjkrb Gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo b oavkg ckg trbtd pkrjamacb pdr kg usubrad kxtkrod ko gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb Zurquaggd ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb ckg =021, huk mukob.
80
]KJDLKOCBJADOKZ
Pralkrb Zk rkjdlakocb bg dhajabg Nkhk CKPAOJ]A ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb Zurquaggd, lbtkrab ck kstb aovkstaibjaúo, kvbgubr y cbr julpgalakotd b gb Ednb ck ]kjdlkocbjaúo ck kstk Srbmbnd ck Aovkstaibjaúo.
Zkiuocb Gds skòdrks dhajabgks ckg CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb Zurquaggd ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb, ckmko kvbgubr pkrlbokotklkotk kg cksklpkòd y gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo quk sk mraocb ko sus rkspkjtavbs ckpkockojabs. Kggd sk ckmk ck rkbgazbr r kbgazbr b trbvás ck gb bpgajbjaúo ck jukstadobrads tbotd b gds khkjtavds khk jtavds pdgajabgks jdld b pþmgajd javag, ko su lbydrìb vkj vkjaods aods ckg castratd, quakoks sk jdostatuyko ko k o gds praojapbgks usubrads ck gds skrvajads skr vajads pdgajabgks.
Skrjkrb
Zk rkjdlakocb b gbs butdracbcks ck gb Ksjukgb ck Dhajabgks ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ, rklatar kg prkskotk Srbmbnd ck Aovkstaibjaúo b gds Ckpbrtblkotds Ck Aovkstaibjaúo Jralaobg ck gb POP, b hao ck quk sarvb jdld cdjulkotd ck trbmbnd ko jubotd b gb kvbgubjaúo ck gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo quk sk mraocb.
82
]KHK]KOJABZ MAMGADI]ÂHAJBZ Mamgadirbhìb Eardsea. (=025). Aostrulkotd ck Edlajaacd jbgahajbcd. Galb. Obvbrrktk. (=028). Kg Hklaoajacad ko kg Pkrþ. Lkxajd.
Júcaid Pkobg, prdlugibcd Pkrubod. Idozbgks ^kgbcb, J. P. (=025) kg edlajacad ko kg Pkrþ> draiko, jbrbjtkrìstajbs, jbusbs, alpbjtd, jdoskjukojabs y bgtkrobtavbs ck sdgujaúo
ettps>//rkpdsatdrad.uoj.kcu.pk/matstrkbl/ebocgk/[OJ/::00/P]DQKJSD%=0CK%=0SKZAZ .pch4skqukojkrkvastbCkrkjedPkobgyJralaodgdiab-=02=-5-;0:0 . (=028). Aoquardgdiìb - Jakojab ck gb Aovkstaibjaúo Pdgajabg. Galb - Pkrþ> Kg Jbstaggd ckg Lksìbs. Lkjboasld ck Zkiualakotd ck gb Jdovkojaúo ck Mkgál cd Pbrâ (LKZKJXA), Jdlatá ck kxpkrtbs/ds sdmrk vadgkojab (JKXA), ckjgbrbjaúo sdmrk kg Edlajacad, Ybseaoitdo CJ. DKB/ Zkr.G/ AA.9.20 LKZKJXA/ JKXA/ CKJ.2/ 05-=: ck skptaklmrk =029, puotd =. Lktdcdgdiìb ck gb Aovkstaibjaúo Jakotìhajb Pdgajabg. (=009). Pdgajìb ck Aovkstaibjadoks ckg Pkrþ PAP. Galb, Pkrþ> Pdgajìb ck Aovkstaibjadoks ckg Pkrþ PAP. Lagtdo Pkrbgtb, N. (=02:). Edlajacads pdr dcad jdld ckgatds ck sdlktalakotd (Zdmrk gbs rbzdoks pbrb birbvbr kg edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr dcad, jrukgcbc y dtrds). LP> Laoastkrad Pþmgajd (=025). Prdtdjdgd> Aovkstaibjaúo ck gds Ckgatds ck Edlajacad cksck gb
Pkrspkjtavb ck Iáokrd. Galb. Pkrþ.
Dmskrvbtdrad Objadobg ck vadgkojab jdotrb gb lunkr y gds aotkirbotks ckg irupd hblagabr (=025). Edlajacad y tkotbtavb ´júld bhkjtb b gb lunkr y b sus eands k eanbs4 ]kjupkrbcd kg 08
ck Djtumrk ck =0=2 ck. ck. ettps>//dmskrvbtdradvadgkojab.pk/ldlajacad-y-tkotbtavb-jdldbhkjtb-b-gb-lunkr-y-b-sus-eands-k-eanbs/ bhkjtb-b-gb-lunkr-y-b-sus-eands-k-eanbs/ Zdsb y Obvbrrktk. (=029). Gb jbrbjtkrazbjaúo ckg edlajacad ck gb pbrknb d kxpbrknb y gds ckgatds ck dcad casjralaobtdrad. ]kjupkrbcd kg 0; ck djtumrk ckg =025 ck
ettp>//www.sjakgd.dri.pk/sjakgd.pep4sjrapt pdgatazbocd kg bsksaobtd ck lunkrks‘, ko Hdrtbgkjakocd gb jdlprkosaúo ckg edlajacad PBSE.L]J-DL.
]khkrkojabs eklkrdirâhajbs ettps>//bocaob.pk/bikojab/odtajab-edlajacadjbgahajbcd--galb-jrkjad-;0-curbotk-pbocklab58=::8.bspx ¡EDLAJAACDZ KO GALB J]KJAÚ C[]BOSK PBOCKLAB. (Biurra, kcatdrabg 58=::8.bspx Pkrþ, =0=2,)
ettps>//pkru.uohpb.dri/ks/odtajabs/bjjackotks-pr%J:%B2jtajbs-pbrb-jdlmbtar-kg edlajacad -ebjab-
oa%J:%M2ds oa%J:%M2bs y bcdgksjkotks bcdgksjkotks P]KXKOA] GB AOJACKOJAB CKGAJSAXB Q P]KZK]XB] GB XACB KO GDZ BCDGKZJKOSKZ. (Odtajabs, =028).
83
BOKUDZ
Bokxd O° 02> HD]LBSD CK LBS]A^ CK JDOZAZSKOJAB CKG S]BMBND CK AOXKZSAIBJAÚO SÌS[GD> Prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr kg CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ Zbo Zbo Mdrnb ‚ kokrd, kokrd, =021. P]DMGKLB IKOK]BG ´Ck quá lbokrb sk rkbgazb kg prdjkcalakotd jralaobgìstajd ko edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ Zbo Mdrnb ‚ kokrd, =0214 P]DMGKLBZ
DMNKSAXD XB]ABMGK CALKOZAD IKOK]BG OKZ Cksjramar kg 2. prdjkcalakotd Lktdcdgdiìb jralaobgìstajd ko ck gb edlajacad aovkstaibjaúo jbgahajbcd pdr gb P]DJKCALAKOSDZ jralaobg CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ POP ‚ CKG CKGASD EDLAJACAD Zbo Mdrnb, =021. DMNKSAXDZ
KZPKJÌHAJDZ ´Juâg ks gb lktdcdgdiìb klpgkbcb ko gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ Zbo Mdrnb ‚ Mdrnb ‚ kokrd6 kokrd6 =0214
KZPKJÌHAJDZ Kxpgajbr gb lktdcdgdiìb klpgkbcb ko gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad jbgahajbcd pdr gb CKPAOJ]A POP ‚ POP ‚ Zbo Mdrnb ‚ Mdrnb ‚ kokrd6 kokrd6 =021.
AOCAJBC AOC AJBCD]KZ D]KZ
S JOAJBZ JOAJBZ
AOZS][LKO AOZS][LKOSD SD Z
2.2. Edlajacad jbgahajbcd 2.=. Prdjkcalakotds ckg pksquasb 2.:. Pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb 2.3. Aoirksd ksjkob b gb 2.;. Prkiuotbs ck drd 2.8. Aocajads y kvackojabs 2.9. Jbckob ck justdcab
DMZK]XBJADO J[KZSADOB]A KOS]KXAZSB DZ
8;
Bokxd O° 0=> Pbsds ck gb kgbmdrbjaúo ck gds Odcds skiþo jbtkidrazbjaúo> Bokxd Bok xd =. Lbtra Lbtra z ck jd jdost ostrujjaú rujjaúo o ckg A ostrul ostrulk kotd otd
KGKLKOSDZ CK AOXKZSAIBJADO JBSKID]ABZ
Ìtkls/ prkiuotbs Z[MJBSKID]ABZ
Edlajacad jbgahajbcd
P]DJKCALAKOSD CKG CKGASD EDLAJACAD
Prdjkcalakotds ckg pksquasb
2. edlajacad4 ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd =. ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 :. ´Kg CKPAOJ]A jukotb jdo pksquasbs bgtblkotk jbpbjatbcds pbrb aovkstaibr a ovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 3. ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 2. ´Gds pkratds ckmko kstbr ko jdostbotk jdluoajbjaúo jdo gds pksquasbs kojbribcds ck musjbr gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 =. ´Jdosackrb quk gds prdtdjdgds ck aostatujadobgacbc kotrk kg Laoastkrad Pþmgajd y Pdgajìb sdo suhajakotks pbrb ksjgbrkjkr uo ckgatd ck edlajacad4 :. ´Zkrâ bprdpabcd gb alpgklkotbjaúo ck kquapds sdhastajbcds pbrb hbjagatbr kg trbmbnd b gds pkratds y pksquasbs4 2. ´Jdosackrb quk gds pksquasbs jdodjko gds látdcds ck bjjksd b gb ksjkob ckg jralko4
Pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb
=. aovkstaibjaúo ´Zkrâ okjksbrad tkokr uob mbsk ck cbtds pbrb dmtkokr aohdrlbjaúo quk jdbcyuvk b gb pdgajabg4 :. ´Ks alpdrtbotk gds jursds ck jbpbjatbjaúo rkgbjadobcds bg prdjkcalakotd ck edlajacad4
88
5
1
Aoirksd b gb ksjkob
Prkiuotbs ck drd
2. ´Gbs bjtbs pdgajabgks sdo ck vatbg alpdrtbojab ko gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 =. ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 :. ´Gbs pkobs quá sk alpdoko b gds jugpbmgks sdo suhajakotks pbrb kvatbr quk kg butdr jdlktb kstk ckgatd4
3. ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ;. ´Jrkk quk kg jdrrkjtd gbjrbcd ck gds aocajads y kvackojabs jdoskrvb gb kvackojab ebstb gb ggkibcb bg gbmdrbtdrad4 8. ´Jdosackrb quk kg lbg ggkobcd ck gb jbckob ck justdcab aovbgacb kg vbgdr prdmbtdrad ck gb pkrajab4
2. ´Zkrâ okjksbrad quk sk ckmk julpgar jdo kg prdjksd gb jbckob ck justdcab4 =. ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds
20
Aocajads y kvackojabs
aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 :. ´Gb kgbmdrbjaúo ckg aohdrlk bjdpgb tdcds gds lkcads ck prukmb dmtkoacds ko gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 3. ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 ;. ´Kg aohdrlk ks kg cdjulkotd quk skrvarâ jdld mbsk pbrb quk kg hasjbg pukcb sdgajatbr gb bjusbjaúo botk kg nukz4
89
Bokxd :> Aostrulkotd ck rkjdgkjjaúo ck cbtds>
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB O¾ 02 Irbcd, Odlmrks y Bpkggacds> / / > Hkjeb> Edrb ck aoajad aoajad> Edrb ck tárlaod> Prkskotbjaúo> Cksbrrdggd ck gb kotrkvastb Prkiuotb 2> 2> ´Jdosackrb ´Jdosackrb alpdrt alpdrtbotk botk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckg ckgatd atd edlajacad4 edlajacad4 Prkiuotb => ´Jrkk => ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 pdgajabg4 Prkiuotb :> ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjul cdjulkotds kotds sus sustkotbtdrads tkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 pdgaja bg4 Prkiuotb 3> ´Jdosackrb 3> ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 ekjeds4 Prkiuotb ;>aovkstaibr ;> ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 Prkiuotb 8> ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 trbospdrtk4 Prkiuotb 9> ´Zkrâ 9> ´Zkrâ okjksbrad quk sk ckmk julpgar jdo kg prdjksd gb g b jbckob ck justdcab4 justdcab4 Prkiuotb 5> 5> ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 haobg4
Jdojgusaúo> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------Irbcd, Bpkggacds y Odlmrks COA, JAP, Dtrd
85
B Bok okxd xd 3. Xbg Xbgaa cbjaú jaúo o ckg A ost ostrul rulk kotd otd
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
KXBG[BJAÚO KXBG[BJAÚ O CK KUPK]SDZ Kstalbcd prdhksadobg, Kstrkggb HB]HÂO CK GB J][^, ustkc eb sacd aovatbcb b pbrtajapbr ko kg prdjksd ck kvbgubjaúo ck uo aostrulkotd pbrb aovkstaibjaúo ko eulbods. Ko rbzúo b kggd, sk gk bgjbozb kg aostrulkotd ldtavd ck kvbgubjaúo y kg prkskotk hdrlbtd quk skrvarâ pbrb quk ustkc pukcb ebjkrods ggkibr sus bprkjabjadoks pbrb jbcb ìtkl ckg aostrulkotd ck aovkstaibjaúo. Birbckjklds Birbckjkl ds ck botklbod sus bpdrtks quk pkrlatarâo vbgacbr kg aostrulkotd y dmtkokr aohdrlbjaúo vâgacb, jratkrad rkqukracd pbrb tdcb aovkstaibjaúo. B jdotaoubjaúo, sìrvbsk ackotahajbr kg ìtkl d prkiuotb y jdotkstk lbrjbocd jdo uo bspb ko gb jbsaggb quk ustkc jdosackrk jdovkoakotk y bcklâs pukcb ebjkrods ggkibr bgiuob dtrb bprkjabjaúo ko gb jdgulob ck dmskrvbjadoks.
81
O¾ ck atkl
Xbgbckz ck jdotkoc
Xbgbckz ck jdostrujt
Xbgbckz ck jratkrado
Kg jdrrkspdockìtklb bgiuob Calkosaúo ck gb vbrabmgk
Kg jdotramuyk bg ìtkl jdotkoacd ckg Aocajbcdr pgbotkbcd
Kg ìtkl pkrlatk jgbsahajbr b gds sunktds ko gbs Calkosadoks kstbmgkjacbs
Zì
Od
Zì
Od
Zì
Dmskrvbjadoks
Od
2 = : 3 ; 8 9 5
Jdojgusaúo ckg Aostrulkotd>
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------Irbcd, Bpkggacds y Odlmrks COA, JAP, Dtrd
90
Bok B okxd xd ;. Jdo Jdosk skot otaa la kotd otd ck a ohd ohdrl rlb bcd
]KIAZS]D CK JDOZKOSALAKOSD CK AOHD]LBCD Srbmbnd ck Aovkstaibjaúo Jbgacbc ck Btkojaúo pkrjamacb pdr kg usubrad kxtkrod ck gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb ckg Castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb curbotk kg lks ck kokrd =021. Lkcabotk gb susjrapjaúo ck gb prkskotk, cdy la jdoskotalakotd pbrb pbrtajapbr ko kg kstucad y ckjgbrd quk> La pbrtajapbjaúo ks kotkrblkotk vdguotbrab.
Ek rkjamacd aohdrlbjaúo ko hdrlb vkrmbg sdmrk kg kstucad y ek gkacd gb aohdrlbjaúo ksjratb Ek tkoacd gb dpdrtuoacbc ck casjutar sdmrk kg kstucad y ebjkr prkiuotbs.
Kotakocd quk pukcd haobgazbr la pbrtajapbjaúo ko jubgquakr ldlkotd, sao quk kstd
rkprkskotb bgiþo pkrnuajad pbrb la. Kotakocd quk pukcd pkcar aohdrlbjaúo sdmrk gds rksugtbcds jubocd kg kstbcad ebyb
jdojeacd. Pbrb kstd, pukcd jdluoajbrlk jdo kg aovkstaibcdr quako lk eb prdpdrjadobcd tdcds sus cbtds, bsì jdld oþlkrd tkgkhúoajd ck jkgugbr y jdrrkd kgkjtrúoajd pkrsdobg Za ( ) Od ( ) butdrazd quk kg rkiastrd ck kstk hdrlugbrad ck jukstadobrad skb utagazbcd ko kg
Srbmbnd ck Aovkstaibjaúo, mbnd gbs jdocajadoks prkjkckotks.
---------------------------------------Harlb y pdsharlb ckg kojukstbcdr
-------------------------------------Harlb y pdsharlb ckg kojukstbcd
Hkjeb
92
B Bok okxd xd 8> Iuì Iuìb bs ck kotrkv otrkvaa stb stbs bpgajb gajbc cbs bg pkrsd rsdob obgg pdgajìb
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB O¾ 0: Irbcd, Odlmrks y Bpkggacds> ZZ POP POP Ndkg Djtbvad BGGB[JB LBGPAJB Hkjeb> =3/03/=0== Edrb ck aoajad> aoajad> 01>20 Edrb ck tárlaod> 01>:0 Prkskotbjaúo> Gb prkskotk kotrkvastb sk rkbgazú ko kg CKPAOJ]A ‚ ‚ Zbo Mdrnb, gbs rkspukstbs ko kvbgubjaúo skrvarâo pbrb prdhuocazbr kstb aovkstaibjaúo quk musjb blpgabr gb jakojab pdgajabg. Cksbrrdggd ck gb kotrkvastb Prkiuotb 2> ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Khkjtavblkotk kg prdjkcalakotd ks tdcd bqukg ko kg jubg pkrsdobg pdgajabg rkbgazb uob aotkrvkojaúo, ko cdock od eby castaojaúo ck nkrbrquìbs, pbrb ggkibr b gb g b vkrcbc. vkrcbc. Prkiuotb => ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Cdlaobr ks lboknbr ck lbokrb jdrrkjtb gds pbsds lâs bþo ko uoacbcks kspkjabgazbcbs ck aovkstaibjaúo ck ckgatds sa od sk bpgajb gds pbsds od sk dmtkocrâ rksugtbcds. rksugtbcds.
Prkiuotb :> ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Za kggds kovìbo gbs pkrajabs pbrb ckldstrbr su rkspdosbmagacbc d sa pbrtajapbrdo d od ko uo cktkrlaobcd kvkotd jralaobg. jralaobg.
9=
Prkiuotb 3> ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 ]kspukstb> Gds aocajads y kvackojabs gd rkjdiko pkrsdobg quk ebyb lìoald uo jursd mâsajd pdrquk sa uob kvackojab ks lbg rkjdiacb od skrvarâ pbrb kg prdjksd ck aovkstaibjaúo pdrquk eb sacd jdotblaobcb. jdotblaobcb. Prkiuotb ;> ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Gds pksquasbs od okjksbrablkotk pukcko skr bmdibcds saod jdodjkcdrks ck gd g d quk rkbgazbo pdrquk od tdcds takoko ksk cdo ck aovkstaibr. aovkstaibr. Prkiuotb 8> ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrt trbospdrtk4 k4 ]kspukstb> Gb jbckob ck justdcab sa d sa ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads pbrb ckldstrbr quako ggkvb y quako rkjamk gb kvackojab. kvackojab. Prkiuotb 9> ´Zkrâ 9> ´Zkrâ okjksbrad quk sk ckmk julpgar jdo kg prdjksd gb jbckob ck justdcab4 ]kspukstb> Zao guibr b cucb kg prdjksd sk ckmk julpgar b jbmbgacbc ck bjukrcd b gd kstbmgkjacd ko kg lboubg ck jralaobgìstajb. Prkiuotb 5> ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 ]kspukstb> Za pdrquk kg khkjtavd irbjabs b su kxpkrtajab su jdodjalakotd ebrâ quk ebib uo cdjulkotd quk od skrâ jukstadobcd pdstkradrlkotk d aojgaoâocdsk b bgiuob ck gbs pbrtks. pbrtks. Jdojgusaúo> - Gukid ck ebmkr jdojguacd jdo gb saiuakotk iuab ck kotrkvastb kotrk vastb bg khkjtavd aovkstaibcdr
pdgajabg ck gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb, sk pukck kstbmgkjkr gb alpdrtbojab ck jbcb prdjksd ko kg
ckgatd ck edlajacad.
JAP O° :013;1=3 Ndkg Djtbvad BGGB[JB LBGPAJB ZZ POP
9:
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB O¾ 0= Irbcd, Odlmrks y Bpkggacds> JBP POP ]ajf Nbsdo PD]SBG ]DLK]D Hkjeb> =3/03/=0== =3/03/=0== Edrb ck aoajad aoajad>> 05>30 Edrb ck tárlaod> 01>00 Prkskotbjaúo> Gb prkskotk kotrkvastb sk rkbgazú ko kg CKPAOJ]A ‚ ‚ Zbo Mdrnb, gbs rkspukstbs ko kvbgubjaúo skrvarâo pbrb prdhuocazbr kstb aovkstaibjaúo quk musjb blpgabr gb jakojab pdgajabg. Cksbrrdggd ck gb kotrkvastb Prkiuotb 2> ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Kg prdjkcalakotd ks luy þtag irbjabs b su bpgajbjaúo byucb bg pdgajìb b ckldstrbr sus ebmagacbcks y bpgajbr gb bstujab pbrb ggkibr b uob jdojgusaúo ko uo taklpd jdrtd. jdrtd. Prkiuotb => ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Jgbrd gds pbsds ckmko tkokr uo drcko y ksd jdbcyuvb b rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo jrdodgúiajb jdo rksugtbcds pdsatavds. pdsatavds. Prkiuotb :> ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Gds pkratds sdo gds rkprkskotbotks ck gb jakojab y irbjabs b sus bpdrtks sk cklukstrb
jakotìhajblkotk gb jugpbmagacbc d aodjkojab ckg alputbcd. a lputbcd. Prkiuotb 3> ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 ]kspukstb> Kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ks ck vatbg alpdrtbojab pdrquk kg aocajad d kvackojab ggkvbcb bg gbmdrbtdrad skrâ kstucabcb rkbgazbocd tdcbs gbs pkrajabs okjksbrabs. okjksbrabs.
93
Prkiuotb ;> ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Gds pksquasbs sa ckmko skr bmdibcds pkrd gb aostatujaúo pdgajabg ckmk prkdjupbrsk ko lbotkokr pdgajìbs jdo jdodjalakotd jdodjalakotd ck bgtd oavkg y od cknbrsk lboapugbr ck gds hasjbgks. hasjbgks. Prkiuotb 8> ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 ]kspukstb> Gb jbckob ck justdcab ko þtag pkrd od kxastk uo ldckgd kstbmgkjacd y ckhaoacd pbrb quk gds dpkrbcdrks ck nustajab tkoibo uob sdgb ackb a ckb pkrd ks lkokstkr rkjbgjbr quk jdocajadob bg pdgajìb b ggkvbr gb kvackojab y kotrkibrgb ko gbs laslbs jdocajadoks quk gds rkjamaú. rkjamaú. Prkiuotb 9> ´Zkrâ 9> ´Zkrâ okjksbrad rkbgazbrsk gbs prkiuotbs ck drd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg4 ]kspukstb> Zao gbs prkiuotbs ck drd od sk pukck rkbgazbr uob mukob aovkstaibjaúo sa ds a takok quk rkbgazbrsk. Prkiuotb 5> ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 ]kspukstb> Jgbrd pkrd jdo kg bpdyd aocaspkosbmgk ck gds prdhksadobgks tbotd nkhk ck irupd, pkratds, hasjbgks tdcd koigdmbcd ko uob sdgb ackb. ackb. Jdojgusaúo> - Gukid ck ebmkr jdojguacd jdo gb saiuakotk iuab ck kotrkvastb bg nkhk ckg irupd ck
aovkstabijadoks ckg CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb, sk pucd kstbmgkjkr gb alpdrtbojab ckg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad.
JAP O° :28:989=
]ajf Nbsdo PD]SBG ]DLK]D JBP POP
9;
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB O¾ 02 Irbcd, Odlmrks y Bpkggacds> JLCSK POP ]ajbrcd Lboukg L[ÒD^ DXAKCD Hkjeb> =3/03/=0== =3/03/=0== aoajad>> 05>00 Edrb ck tárlaod> 05>:0 Edrb ck aoajad Prkskotbjaúo> Gb prkskotk kotrkvastb sk rkbgazú ko kg CKPAOJ]A ‚ ‚ Zbo Mdrnb, gbs rkspukstbs ko kvbgubjaúo skrvarâo pbrb prdhuocazbr kstb aovkstaibjaúo quk musjb blpgabr gb jakojab pdgajabg. Cksbrrdggd ck gb kotrkvastb Prkiuotb 2> ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko ggbb aovks aovkstaibjaúo taibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4 ]kspukstb ]kspukstb>> Za ks alpdrtbotk pdrquk irbjabs b uo muko prdjkcalakotd sk pukck gdirbr kg áxatd y ggkibr b gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds. ekjeds. Prkiuotb => ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb ]kspukstb>> Khkjtavblkotk kg pkrsdobg ckmk kstbr jbpbjatbcd pbrb cdlaobr gds pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo y bpgajbrgds dpdrtuoblkotk ko kg trbosjursd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo. aovkstaibjaúo. Prkiuotb :> ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4
]kspukstb>> Gds pkratds sdo kspkjabgastbs ko uob cktkrlaobcb lbtkrab y sdo kg sdpdrtk ck gb ]kspukstb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg y irbjabs b gds bpdrtks pkrajabgks pkraja bgks sk cklukstrb su prdhksadobgasld. prdhksadobgasld. Prkiuotb 3> ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4
98
]kspukstb> ]kspukstb> Kg rkjdnd ck gds aocajads y kvackojabs ko huocblkotbg pdrquk sdo tkstaids lucds quk od lakotko y byucb b carkjjadobr bg pksquasb ko gb aovkstaibjaúo. aovkstaibjaúo. Prkiuotb ;> ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Gds pksquasbs rkjamko jdostbotk jbpbjatbjaúo carkjjadobcd b aotkrprktbr gb odrlb ]kspukstb> pkrd gd lâs alpdrtbotk ks quk b trbvás ckg taklpd bcquakrko kxpkrakojab y gb jdotaouacbc ebjk quk kg cktkjtavk sk pkrhkjjadok jbcb cìb lâs bjtubgazâocdsk ck lbokrb lbokrb pkrlbokotk. pkrlbokotk. Prkiuotb 8> ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 ]kspukstb ]kspukstb>> Gb jbckob ck justdcab ks luy alpdrtbotk pdrquk kspkjahajb quako trbospdrtb gb kvackojab cksck gb ksjkob ckg ckgatd ebstb kg gbmdrbtdrad. gbmdrbtdrad. Prkiuotb 9> ´Zkrâ 9> ´Zkrâ okjksbrad rkbgazbrsk gbs prkiuotbs ck drd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo jralaobg4 ]kspukstb> Gbs prkiuotbs ck drd sdo luy vatbgks pdrquk byucb b ikokrbr eapútksas y b ]kspukstb> kojblaobr tu aovkstaibjaúo pbrb ggkibr b gb vkrcbc. Prkiuotb 5> ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 ]kspukstb ]kspukstb>> Kg pksquasb ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk pbrb quk gb aovkstaibjaúo od qukck alpuok y sk ebib nustajab dpdrtuoblkotk. dpdrtuoblkotk. Jdojgusaúo> - Gukid ck ebmkr jdojguacd jdo gb saiuakotk iuab ck kotrkvastb bg nkhk ckg CKPAOJ]A
Zbo Mdrnb, sk pucd kstbmgkjkr gb alpdrtbojab ckg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad.
JAP O° 00=3==28 ]ajbrcd Lboukg L[ÒD^ DXAKCD JLCSK POP
99
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB O¾ 03 Irbcd, Odlmrks y Bpkggacds> ZS= POP POP Âoikg ]bhbkg KZSKMBO J]AZPAO Hkjeb> =3/03/=0== Hkjeb> 01>30 Edrb ck tárlaod> tárlaod> 20>00 Edrb ck aoajad> aoajad> Prkskotbjaúo> Gb prkskotk kotrkvastb sk rkbgazú ko kg CKPAOJ]A ‚ ‚ Zbo Mdrnb, gbs rkspukstbs ko kvbgubjaúo skrvarâo pbrb prdhuocazbr kstb aovkstaibjaúo quk musjb blpgabr gb jakojab pdgajabg. Cksbrrdggd ck gb kotrkvastb Prkiuotb 2> ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko ggbb aovks aovkstaibjaúo taibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Kg prdjkcalakotd sk usb ko tdcds gbcds od sdgd ko gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg carkjjadob bobgazb y takok jdotaouacbc jdotaouacbc pbrb ar lâs bggâ ck gb aohdrlbjaúo rkjamacb y ksjgbrkjkr kg ckgatd. ckgatd. Prkiuotb => ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Za pdrquk sa od cdlaob od rkbgazbrìb su gbmdr ck lbokrb khajakotk ikokrbocd bjulugbjaúo ck jbsds alpuoks sao sbtashbjkr b gb sdjakcbc. sdjakcbc. Prkiuotb :> ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjulkotds sustkotbtdrads ck bgtd oavkg
prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Za kggds sdo kxpkrtds ko cahkrkotks casjapgaobs quk jdbcyuvbo b gds pdgajìbs aojgusd b gds hasjbgks pbrb pdckr bjusbr jdo prukmbs hkebjakotks. Prkiuotb 3> ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4
95
]kspukstb> Za kg rkjdnd ck gds aocajads huk jdrrkjtd sk dmtkocrâ uo rksugtbcd quk od skrâ lbtkrab ck dmskrvbjaúo pdr gbs pbrtks. pbrtks. Prkiuotb ;> ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Za ckmko skr bmdibcds pbrb od cknbrsk lboapugbr pdr dtrds prdhksadobgks bcklâs skrvarâ ck lujed pdrquk ko gb bjtubgacbc bg pdgajìb gd ckouojabo luy hrkjukotk. Prkiuotb 8> ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 ]kspukstb> Xb bjdlpbòbcd ck dtrds cdjulkotds quk cbo hk quk gbs kvackojabs quk sk ggkvbo b jralaobgastb kstáo ko jdrrkjtd kstbcd. kstbcd. Prkiuotb 9> ´Zkrâ 9> ´Zkrâ okjksbrad quk sk ckmk julpgar jdo kg prdjksd gb jbckob ck justdcab4 ]kspukstb> Kg prdjksd takok quk julpgarsk pbrb kvatbr trbsikcar gbs odrlbs sa okjksatblds uo prdcujtd mukod sk takok quk ebjkr gd jdrrkjtd. Prkiuotb 5> ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 ]kspukstb> Za ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk irbjabs b sus cagaikojabs khkjtubcbs ko gb hbsk prkgalaobr kojblaobr b quk bjusbcd skb prdjksbcd y skr sbojadobcd pdr gb g b butdracbc jdlpktkotk. jdlpktkotk. Jdojgusaúo> - Gukid ck ebmkr jdojguacd jdo gb saiuakotk iuab ck kotrkvastb kotrk vastb bg khkjtavd aovkstaibcdr
pdgajabg ck gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb, sk pukck kstbmgkjkr gb alpdrtbojab ck jbcb prdjksd ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad.
JAP O° :2:3=182 Âoikg ]bhbkg KZSKMBO J]AZPAO ZS= POP
91
PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ KZJ[KGB CK DHAJABGKZ CK GB PDGAJÌB OBJADOBG CKG PK]Þ
I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB I[ÌB CK KOS]KXAZSB O¾ 0; Irbcd, Odlmrks y Bpkggacds> Z= POP ]dalkr CKGIBCD JAK^B Hkjeb> =3/03/=0== aoajad> 20>30 Edrb ck tárlaod> 22>00 Edrb ck aoajad> Prkskotbjaúo> Gb prkskotk kotrkvastb sk rkbgazú ko kg CKPAOJ]A ‚ Zbo Mdrnb, gbs rkspukstbs ko kvbgubjaúo skrvarâo pbrb prdhuocazbr kstb aovkstaibjaúo quk musjb blpgabr gb jakojab pdgajabg. pdgaja bg. Cksbrrdggd ck gb kotrkvastb Prkiuotb 2> ´Jdosackrb alpdrtbotk kg prdjkcalakotd pdgajabg ko gb aovkstaibjaúo ckg ckgatd edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Za ks luy alpdrtbotk pdrquk utagazbocd gds látdcds bckjubcds sk rkbgazbrâ uob aovkstaibjaúo dpdrtuob y kvatbr quk qukck alpuok rkjdrcbr quk kg taklpd quk pbsb ks gb vkrcbc quk euyk. euyk. Prkiuotb => ´Jrkk quk kg pkrsdobg kojbribcd ck gbs aovkstaibjadoks ckmk cdlaobr gds pbsds pbrb rkbgazbr uob aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4 ]kspukstb> Za kg khkjtavd pdgajabg od cdlaob gds pbsds od sk ggblbrìb aovkstaibcdr kg usd ck gds pbsds skrvarâo pbrb tkokr jdekrkojab y drcko ko gbs aovkstaibjadoks b rkbgazbr. rkbgazbr. Prkiuotb :> ´Gds pkratds ck jralaobgìstajb jralaobgìstajb bpdrtbo cdjul cdjulkotds kotds sustkotb sustkotbtdrads tdrads ck bgtd oavkg prdmbtdrad pbrb hdrtbgkjkr gb aovkstaibjaúo pdgajabg4
]kspukstb> Za rkbgazbo cajtâlkoks pkrajabgks y klatko cdjulkotds quk prukmbo su rkspdosbmagacbc ckg bjusbcd. bjusbcd. Prkiuotb 3> ´Jdosackrb quk kg jdrrkjtd rkjdnd ck aocajads y kvackojabs ks huocblkotbg pbrb dmtkokr prukmbs quk cktkrlaobrbo gb vkrcbc ck gds ekjeds4 ]kspukstb> Za gd rkjdiko bckjubcblkotk sk dmtkocrâ mukods rksugtbcds pbrb gb aovkstaibjaúo aovkstaibjaúo
50
Prkiuotb ;> ´Jdosackrb jdovkoakotk quk gds pksquasbs skbo bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr gb odrlb pbrb aovkstaibr kstk ckgatd ck edlajacad4 ]kspukstb> Gds cktkjtavks sa ckmko skr bmdibcds pbrb aotkrprktbr nurìcajblkotk gb odrlb y bpgajbrgb bckjubcblkotk ko gds cahkrkotks pbsds ck gb aovkstaibjaúo. Prkiuotb 8> ´Jdosackrb quk gb jbckob ck justdcab ks uo cdjulkotd quk ckmko ggkvbr tdcds gds aocajads y kvackojabs pbrb su trbospdrtk4 ]kspukstb> B dpaoaúo pkrsdobg od ckmko ggkvbr jbckob ck justdcab kg huojadobrad pdgajabg ks uo prdhksadobg y kstk cdjulkotd sk rkbgazb jdo gb haobgacbc ck musjbr lâs hdrlbs pbrb pdckr cknbr sao khkjtd kg cdjulkotd pkrajabg. pkrajabg. Prkiuotb 9> ´Zkrâ 9> ´Zkrâ okjksbrad quk sk ckmk julpgar jdo kg prdjksd gb jbckob ck justdcab4 ]kspukstb> Za sk ckmk julpgar pdrquk kstb odrlbcd kg aojulpgalakotd ck gb laslb pukck trbkr jdoskjukojabs pkobgks y bclaoastrbtavbs bclaoastrbtavbs.. Prkiuotb 5> ´Jdosackrb quk kg pksquasb kojbribcd ckg jbsd ks kg þoajd rkspdosbmgk ckg jdotkoacd ckg aohdrlk haobg4 ]kspukstb> Od eby cucb kg khkjtavd quako kgbmdrb kg aohdrlk ckmk skr kg lâs jbpbjatbcd pbrb kvatbr quk kg hasjbg musquk bgiuob sbgacb y pdckr cbr gamkrtbc bg alputbcd. alputbcd. Jdojgusaúo> - Gukid ck ebmkr jdojguacd jdo gb saiuakotk iuìb ck kotrkvastb kotrk vastb bg khkjtavd aovkstaibcdr
pdgajabg ck gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb, sk pukck kstbmgkjkr gb alpdrtbojab ck jbcb prdjksd ko kg ckgatd ck edlajacad.
JAP O° :28:989= ]dalkr CKGIBCD JAK^B Z= POP
Bokxd 9> Pbookbux hdtdirâhajd ck kvackojabs
Xastb hdtdirâhajb ckg pkrsdobg POP ck gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb, lbtkrab ck gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo.
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Xastb hdtdirâhajb ckg pkrsdobg POP ck gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb, lbtkrab ck gb prkskotk aovkstaibjaúo, umajbcb ko gb jbggk O° 0= ‚ 8;5 8;5 ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb.
5=
Bokxd 5> Ednb ck ]kjdlkocbjaúo Aostatujadobg K0 /POP JED]]AGGDZ LBQ- =0== EDNB CK CK ] ]KJDLKOCBJADO KJDLKOCBJADO Od. 002-KZJP]I]B/CAPJDKL
BZ[OSD> Lkndrb ck gb jbgacbc ck gb btkojaúo ko gb CKPAOJ]A POP ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb. A. EKJEDZ B. Kotrk gds ckmkrks ckg Kstbcd haiurb h aiurb ibrbotazbr kg knkrjajad pgkod ck gds ckrkjeds huocblkotbgks, pbrb kggd sk ckmk c kmk jdotbr jdo aostatujadoks quk rkspktko gb caioacbc ck gbs pkrsdobs pkrsdo bs y, pdr tbotd, mraocko skrvajads ck btkojaúo ck jbgacbc quk sk lbtkrabgajko ko kg julpgalakotd ck gb Jdostatujaúo y gbs odrlbs kstbmgkjacbs, bsì jdld ko gb sbtashbjjaúo ck gbs kxpkjtbtavbs ck gds jaucbcbods ko huojaúo ckg aotkrás pþmgajd. M. Jdld skòbgb kg Lboubg pbrb Lkndrbr gb Btkojaúo b gb Jaucbcboìb ko gbs Kotacbcks ck gb Bclaoastrbjaúo Pþmgajb, ck gb Prksackojab ckg Jdosknd ck Laoastrds, uob mukob btkojaúo b gb jaucbcboìb aovdgujrb aovdgujrb prkstbr skrvajads ck jbgacbc y pbsb pdr aotkradrazbr quk tdcbs gbs bjjadoks d Aobjjadoks jdld skrvacdrks pþmgajds alpbjtbo ko kg skrvajad quk gbs kotacbcks prkstbo b gbs pkrsdobs. J. Ko jdojrktd, gb btkojaúo ck jbgacbc ks ck kspkjabg alpdrtbojab ko gbs aostatujadoks jdld gbs jdlasbrìbs ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ, cdock gb bjjaúo u dlasaúo sk trbcujk ko gb blkobzb d vadgbjaúo ck ckrkjeds huocblkotbgks (b gb vacb, b gb aotkiracbc hìsajb, psajdgúiajb, kjdoúlajb d pbtraldoabg) ck gbs pkrsdobs quk bjucko b kstbs ckpkockojabs ko mþsqukcb ck gds skrvaja skrvajads ds ck
prdtkjjaúo, ckmacb cagaikojab cagaikojab y julpgalakot julpgalakotdd ck gbs odrlbs. C. Ko julpgalakotd b gb jurrajugb ck gb Ksjukgb ck Dhajabgks ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ, kg Jbcktk KD POP Jbrgds Bgmkrtd PK]K^ CAB^, hdrlugú kg Srbmbnd ck Aovkstaibjaúo tatugbcd>
JBGACBC CK BSKOJAÚO PK]JAMACB PD] KG [Z[B]AD KUSK]OD KO KG CKPAOJ]A ZBO MD]NB CKG CAZS]ASD CK ZBO MD]NB C[]BOSK KG LKZ CK KOK]D CKG =021, kg lasld quk jdojguyk quk gb jbgacbc ck btkojaúo pkrjamacb pdr kg usubrad kxtkrod ko gb CKPAOJ]A POP ckg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb curbotk kg lks ck kokrd =0=2, huk mukob.
5:
AA.
BOBGAZAZ
B. Gb btkojaúo ko gbs jdlasbrìbs ck gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ takok jdld haobgacbc praldrcabg quk jubgquakr pkrsdob pukcb bjjkckr b gds skrvajads quk dhrkjk gb aostatujaúo pþmgajb, y quk gd ebib ck lbokrb bckjubcb, sbtashbjtdratb y ko kg tklpd bprdpabcd. M. Srbcajadobglkotk, gbs aostatujadoks pþmgajbs dhrkjìbo kstk skrvajad mbnd uo kohdquk ck dhkrtb, ks ckjar, jkotrâocdsk ko gbs huojadoks quk gbs kotacbcks takoko prkkstbmgkjacbs pdr jdlpktkojabs y btramujadoks. Ko gb bjtubgacbc, sao klmbrid, jdld pbrtk ckg prdjksd ck rkhdrlb y ldckroazbjaúo ckg Kstbcd, sk musjb jblmabr kg pbrbcailb ck bjjaúo kstbtbg pdr uod quk sk cksbrrdggk mbnd uo kohdquk ck cklbocb, kstd ks, quk kg skrvajad ck btkojaúo b gb pkrsdob sk bckjþk b gbs vkrcbckrbs okjksacbcks ckg jaucbcbod y b gds jblmads sdjabgks, pdgìtajds y kjdoúlajds ck su kotdrod. J. [ob bckjubcb btkojaúo b gb jaucbcboìb Alpgajb prkstbr skrvajads ck jbgacbc, pkrd sdmrk tdcd "aotkradrazbr quk tdcbs gbs bjjadoks d aobjjadoks ck gb kotacbc alpbjtbo ko gb prkstbjaúo haobg ckg skrvajad". Ko kstk skotacd, sk ckmk tkokr ko jukotb quk gbs pkrsdobs takoko kg ckrkjed b skr btkocacbs khajakotklkotk pdr kg Kstbcd. Ck kstk ldcd, sk vukgvk alprksjaocamgk jblmabr kg rbzdoblakotd ebmatubg ck gb ikstaúo pþmgajb ko kg Pkrþ. C. ZK eb prdlugibcd Gb ]ksdgujaúo Laoastkrabg 29:-=029-AO, quk bprdmú gb Kstrbtkiab pbrb gb Lkndrb ck gb Jbgacbc ck gb Btkojaúo Prkstbcb b gb Jaucbcboìb ko kg Laoastkrad ckg Aotkradr y gb Pdgajìb Objadobg ckg Pkrþ =029-=0=2, rkjdodjakocd gb drakotbjaúo b gb pkrsdob jdld uod ck gds praojapads huocblkotbgks ko kg jblaod ebjab gb ldckroazbjaúo kstbtbg. K. Za mako ks jakrtd quk kg rksugtbcd ck gb aovkstaibjaúo rkbgazbcb pdr kg Jbcktk KD POP Jbrgds Bgmkrtd PK]K^ CAB^, tuvd jdld rksugtbcd uob mukob pkrjkpjaúo pdr pbrtk ck gds usubrads kxtkrods ebjab gb jbgacbc ck gb btkojaúo ko gb CKPAOJ]A Zbo Mdrnb ko kg castratd ck Zbo Mdrnb, Mdrnb , kg aovkstaibcdr ks ck gb dpaoaúo quk kstb pkrjkpjaúo pukck lkndrbrsk, alpgklkotâocdsk kg "Prdtdjdgd ck btkojaúo bg jaucbcbod ko kg skjtdr aotkradr y prdldvkr gb bpgajbjaúo ck ekrrblakotbs ck lkndrb jdotaoub y gb jdohdrlbjaúo ck jìrjugds ck jbgacbc ko gbs cahkrkotks
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