C A P 3 Deformaciones

 

Baf. @abklto ^lh`rgl Norlst

]lsbstlakb` gl d`tlrb`hls

K @Y BW \H O ; W ]@ KK BÝ A R K OD Y] L[ BO A

Glnord`kbûa [bdphl3 @quä sl lstugb`rà hos lnlktos batlraos gl h`s nulrz`s qul `któ`a la ua kulrpo, y` ao sl koasbglr`rà ` hos kulrpos kulrp os plrnlkt`dl plrnlkt`dlatl atl räfbgos, sbao qul sl `a`hbz `a`hbz`rà `rà hos k`dmb k`dmbos os gl nord` nord`,, ls glkbr, h`s glnord`kboa glnord`kboals ls qul sunrl ua kulrpo qul `kodp`ð`a ` ua gltlrdba`go lst`go gl nulrz`s. Lstl lstugbo lstà hbdbt`go ` k`sos gl m`rr`s k`rf`g`s `xb`hdlatl. [l lstugb` h`s rlh`kboals flodâtrbk`s latrl h`s glnord`kboals lhàstbk`s qul cuato koa h`s koagbkboals gl lqubhbmrbo y h`s rlh`kboals gl tlasbûa glnord`kbûa o nulrz`glnord`kbûa, plrdbtla rlsohvlr promhld`s M`rr` sodltbg` ` tr`kkbûa. - Ku`ago h` nulrz` qul `któ` somrl lh lcl `xb`h lstà la slatbgo gl `hlc`rsl gl h` m`rr` sl gbkl qul lhh` sl lakulatr` sodltbg` ` tr`kkbûa. La gbrlkkbûa koatr`rb`, h` m`rr` sl lakulatr` sodltbg` ` kodprlsbûa. Glnord Gln ord`kb `kbûa.ûa.- H` gln glnord ord`kb `kbûa ûa   ls lh kok kokbla blatl tl glh `h` `h`rf` rf`dbla dblato to  por h` hoa hoafbtu fbtug g la qul sl e` progukbgo.    

  H

Koa h` `atlrbor lku`kbûa sl omtblal lh v`hor dlgbo gl h` glnord`kbûa. H` glnord`kbûa la ku`hqublr puato lstà g`g` por3    

  H

Pul gltlrdba` lh v`hor dlgbo gl h` glnord`kbûa la ua` hoafbtug plqulð` (gH) koast`atl la gbke` hoafbtug. La h`s sbfublatls koagbkboals, sl pulgl supoalr qul h` glnord`kbûa ls koast`atl y `sä `phbk`r h` prbdlr` lku`kbûa gl glnord`kbûa. Lst`s koagbkboals soa3 0.- Lh lhldlato sodltbgo ` tr`kkbûa glml tlalr ua` slkkbûa rlkt`. =.- Lh d`tlrb`h glml slr eodofâalo. ;.- H` nulrz` o k`rf` glml slr `xb`h, ho qul progukl ua` tlasbûa uabnordl. La hos `alxos B y BB sl pulgla vlr h`s propblg`gls gl hos d`tlrb`hls y lh las`yo gl tr`kkbûa, kodo t`dmbâa h` kurv` tlasbûa glnord`kbûa, gl goagl sl omtblal lxplrbdlat`hdlatl h` hly gl Eoojl y glnbabkboals gl v`rbos gl sus puatos. Hly gl Eoojl

Glh gb`fr`d` tlasbûa glnord`kbûa sl gltlrdba` qul h` hly gl Eoojl vblal g`g` por h` sbfublatl lxprlsbûa3  [ 4 L*   W`dmbâa3 

 N  * H  @ * L  0

 

Baf. @abklto ^lh`rgl Norlst

]lsbstlakb` gl d`tlrb`hls

Goagl3    @h`rf`dblato (kd)

jf / kd  L 4 Dûguho gl lh`stbkbg`g  jf  / kd  =

[ 4 Wlasbûa Aord`h

=

N 4 K`rf` (jf) @ 4 Àrl` gl h` slkkbûa tr`asvlrs`h Wlasbûa gl tr`m`co

H` tlasbûa gl tr`m`co sl lakulatr` glatro gl h` zoa` lhàstbk` glh d`tlrb`h. Ls h` tlasbûa rl`h qul soport` lh d`tlrb`h m`co h` `kkbûa gl k`rf`s. [l omtblal gbvbgblago h` tlasbûa gl nhulakb` o lh hädbtl gl nhulakb` û h` tlasbûa gl rotur` por ua kolnbkblatl gl slfurbg`g

Y]OMHLD@[ 0.- K`hk K`hkuh`r uh`r gl quâ `htur` sl pugl koastrubr ua duro vlrtbk` vlrtbk`hh gl eordbf eordbfûa ûa sb su rlsbstla rlsbstlakb` kb` gl = rotur` ls gl 06> jf/kd  y sl ldphl` ua kolnbkblatl gl slfurbg`g 7. H` glasbg`g glh eordbfûa ls gl =,=99 jf/d;. [ohukbûa3 G`tos3 V         V      ^  ^  :

  N  [  @   :

E 4?   [

4

06>

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[ Zjf/kd=T

θ4 7

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V    ^   @  E   @ @ @

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    E  E   

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0  Jf   0 d ; 09999 kd =   06>   =99 = = 7 ==99 0  E   kd  Jf  d              d

=

 

Baf. @abklto ^lh`rgl Norlst

]lsbstlakb` gl d`tlrb`hls

=.\a kbhbagro rlkto, eulko gl slkkbûa kbrkuh`r, gl nuagbkbûa, tblal ua gbàdltro lxtlrbor gl 6,< kd. y uao batlrbor gl > kd. [b sl hl k`rf` koa ua` nulrz` `xb`h gl kodprlsbûa gl Zkd.T 

 9,90> ==5

;009 ;079 ;079 ;079

9,90 9,9= 9,9; 9,97

9,99= 9,997 9,99> 9,995

=;;5,;7 =;>9,2 =;>9,2 =;>9,2

06 05

;0=9 ;079

9,9< 9,9>

9,90 9,90=

=;7 =;>9,2

02

;0>9

9,0=<

9,9=<

=;69 7;99 79=9

0 0,=< 0,< 0,6< 0,56<

9,= 9,=< 9,; 9,;< 9,;6<

;7=5, Jf/kd=, gltlrdba`r h` glnord`kbûa gl h`s m`rr`s @M y MK. [ohukbûa3 La lh puato M3

   ;>,56 ³

∐ N   yy 4∝>999+ Y M@ [la ;> , 5649  YM@ 4

>999

[la ;> , 56

409999 ( Jf  Jf )

 YMK 409.999∖Kos ;> , 56  Y MK 4 5999 ( Jf  Jf )

ε

 YH  Η 4  @L   YM@∖ 49 , >=< ( kd)  Η MK 4

5999∖799

(

>∖ =∖09

>

)

49

  @h`rf`dblato

, =>6 ( kd )

 

09

 

Baf. @abklto ^lh`rgl Norlst

]lsbstlakb` gl d`tlrb`hls

0=.-

\a` m`rr` prbsdàtbk` gl hoafbtug H, slkkbûa rlkt` @ y plso V sl susplagl vlrtbk`hdlatl gl ua lxtrldo. Gldostr`r qul su `h`rf`dblato tot`h ls   4 V VH/=@L. H/=@L. Hh`d`go w ` su plso lsplk lsplkänbko änbko gldostr`r qul t`dmbâa   4 wH=/=L. [ohukbûa3 [`mldos qul3  YH η 4  @L   :

λ 4

V  ^ 

La h` slkkbûa gbnlrlakb`h3 gη 4

λ ∖ @∖ x∖gx  @∖ L

Batlfr`ago λ@ η 4  @L

 H

∪  xgx 9

( ) =

 λ@  x  H η 4 |  @L = o w4

[b3 ]ldph`z`ago3

λ @H=   VH 4 4  @L = = @L

V  ⇝ V  4 w ∖ @ ∖ H ^  =

w∖ @∖ H∖ H V ∖ H   4   ( H⋌q . q . g . ) η 4 = @L = L

00

 

Baf. @abklto ^lh`rgl Norlst

]lsbstlakb` gl d`tlrb`hls

0;.-

\a` v`r v`rbhh` bhh` gl ``klr klroo qu qull tbl tblal al u ua` a` sl slkkb kkbûa ûa ko koast ast`at `atll gl ; kd= y ua` hoafbtug gl =99 d sl