Business Process Mapping Workbook 2012

 

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rgadss Jbppfol scfmms brd hdst mdbrodn hy batubmmy ngfol t`d jbppfol. @gwdvdr, w`do wd prgvfnd trbfofol tg fonfvfnubms go t`d prgadss ge [rgadss Jbppfol, wd flon t`bt pdgpmd brd bmwbys mggcfol egr bnnftfgobm gppgrtuoftfds tg prbatfad.  \ft` t`bt fo jfon, wd `bvd ndvdmgpdn t`fs wgrchggc bs b agjpbofgo tg t`d hggc Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo.  Vds, ygu abo mdbro quftd b hft bhgut [rgadss Jbppfol ergj t`fs wgrchggc, hut jua` jgrd foegrjbtfgo rdsfnds fo t`d pbrdot hggc. Vds, ygu wfmm `bvd mdbrodn b mgt bhgut [rgadss Jbppfol ergj t`d pbrdot hggc, hut t`fs wgrchggc wfmm prgvfnd ygu t`d `bons`bons-go bppmfabtfgos t`bt abo `dmp mdbn tg suaadss. Fo t`d flrst a`bptdr, a`bptdr, ygu wfmm ogt gomy g omy hd prgvfndn bo gvdr vfdw ge [rgadss Jbppfol, ygu wfmm bmsg hd fotrgnuadn tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot ge IbyCbyAg. ^`rgul`gut t`d wgrchggc wd wfmm sdt up bon bppmy b oujhdr ge nfeedrdot sadobrfgs. @gwdvdr, t`d IbyCbyAg absd stuny wfmm hd t`d hbsfs egr jgst ge t`d dxdrafsds. Fo suhsdqudot a`bptdrs, ygu wfmm hd fotrgnuadn tg t`d ndtbfms ge [rgadss Jbppfol bon wfmm hd prgvfndn dxdrafsds fotdondn tg `dmp uondrstbon t`d spdaffla rdqufrdjdots wft`fo t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. Bt t`d don ge dba` a`bptdr ygu wfmm ldt bo gppgrtuofty tg put ndtbfms tgldt`dr hy wgrcfol t`rgul` b agjprd`dosfvd dxbjpmd. Bon ngo‖ ngo‖t wgrry, t`drd wfmm bmsg hd bo gppgrtuofty tg wgrc„ wgrc„stbrt tg flofs`„ flofs`„go bo dotfrd [rgadss Jbp. ^`fs wgrchggc `bs hddo ndvdmgpdn tg foamund bmm t`d foegrjbtfgo ergj t`d mbtdst dnftfgo ge t`d pbrdot hggc, sg ygu wfmm bmsg ldt t`d gppgrtuofty tg dxpmgrd t`gsd odw bppmfabtfgos.  Bs wft` boy wgrchggc, wd doagurbld ygu tg batubmmy wgrc t`rgul` t`d dxdrafsds, ogt iust rdbn t`d sgmutfgos. ^`d prfjbry cdy tg suaadss egr b [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat fs t`d cogwmdnld bon scfmms ge t`gsd ngfol t`d jbppfol. Bon t`fs wgrchggc `bs hddo ndvdmgpdn tg agjd bs amgsd tg t`d rdbm dxpdrfdoad ge ndvdmgpfol [rgadss Jbps bs pgssfhmd. \d `gpd ygu `bvd bs jua` euo wft` t`dsd dxdrafsds bs wd `bvd `bn fo gur vbrfgus [rgadss Jbppfol prgidats.

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`d egmmgwfol fs b qufac gvdrvfdw ge jboy ge t`d agoadpts wft`fo [rgadss Jbppfol. Ft fs fotdondn tg lfvd t`d rdbndr b ebjfmfbrfty wft` t`d gvdrbmm bpprgba`. Dba` sdatfgo ge t`fs wgrchggc prgvfnds jgrd foegrjbtfgo bon, ge agursd, bnnftfgobm ndtbfms abo hd eguon fo t`d agjpbofgo hggc Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo  . ^`d spdafflas bon rbjfflabtfgos ge b suaadsseum [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat abo hd vdry fovgmvdn. Vdt, t`d agoadpts hd`fon [rgadss Jbppfol brd quftd sfjpmd. Bon ft bmm stbrts wft` b prgadss. Fe ygu `bvd hddo t`rgul` boy trbfofol go husfodss gr agjjuofabtfgo,  ygu `bvd sddo t`d ambssfa jgndm ge b prgadss9 foput, batfgo, gutput. Bon t`fs fs bt t`d agrd ge [rgadss Jbppfol„ Jbppfol „t`d uondrstbonfol t`bt boy batfvfty  wft`fo b agjpboy (foamunfol t`d gvdrbmm batfvfty ge t`d agjpboy ftsdme) fs ogt`fol jgrd t`bo b sdrfds ge prgadssds. Hy rdaglofzfol t`dsd prgadssds, b ndtbfmdn bobmysfs abo hd agjpmdtdn t`bt wfmm mdbn tg b hdttdr uondrstbonfol ge `gw t`d prgadss wgrcs bon, jbyhd jgrd fjpgrtbot, `gw tg jbcd t`bt prgadss wgrc hdttdr.  Bon rfl`t bt t`d hdlfoofol, mdt‖ mdt ‖s jbcd god a`bold tg t`d ndfloftfgo ge  prgadss .  Xbt`dr t`bo usfol t`d wgrn batfgo ,  wd wfmm usd t`d wgrn trbosegrjb-  tfgo .  \`do wd tbmc bhgut t`d bobmysfs ge prgadssds, w`bt wd brd rdbmmy nfsaussfol fs `gw t`bt prgadss bnns vbmud tg t`d gvdrbmm suaadss ge t`d dotfty. ^`drdegrd, tbcfol batfgo fs ogt dogul`. ^g pbrbp`rbsd Qdfoedmn 9  Boygod abo tbcd bo batfgo. B prgadss t`bt ngds ogt`fol hut abusd batfgo fs ogt b  vbmud--bnn prgadss. Fostdbn, t`d foput just hd trbosegrjdn fotg sgjdt`fol.  vbmud Fe t`drd fs og trbosegrjbtfgo„ trbosegrjbtfgo„fe t`d foput bon t`d gutput brd fndotfabm„ fndotfabm„  t`do t`drd fs og oddn egr t`d prgadss. t`do 2

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Qg,  Q g, wft` t`fs rdflodn ndfloftfgo ge prgadss, wd odxt wbot tg ndtdrjfod `gw tg nrfmm ngwo fotg t`d prgadss tg flon t`d bpprgprfbtd mbydr egr bobmysfs. ^gwbrn t`bt don, dba` prgadss abo hd nfvfndn fotg uofts. ^`dsd brd t`d jbigr suhsdatfgos t`bt jbcd up t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. Dba` uoft wfmm bmsg `bvd foputs, b trbosegrjbtfgo, bon gutputs. Hrdbcfol t`fs ngwo eurt`dr, dba` uoft abo hd nfvfndn fotg tbscs. ^`dsd rdprdsdot t`d bpprgprfbtd suhsdatfgos t`bt jbcd up dba` uoft. Mfcdwfsd, tbscs abo hd nfvfndn fotg batfgos, w`fa` rdprdsdot t`d suhsdatfgos ge dba` tbsc. Bs wft` t`d gvdrbmm prgadss bon t`d uofts, tbscs bon batfgos wfmm bmsg `bvd foputs, b trbosegrjbtfgo, bon gutputs, bmhdft bt b jgrd lrboumbr mdvdm. ^`d flobm nrfmm ngwo fo t`fs bpprgba` fs tg t`d batubm prgadnurds (w`dt`dr fo wrftfol gr iust usdn fo prbatfad). Cddp fo jfon w`do ygu brd jbcfol t`fs bobmysfs, t`d ndtdrjfobtfgo fe bo gpdrbtfgo rdprdsdots b prgadss, uoft, tbsc, gr batfgo mdvdm fs bt t`d sgmd nfsardtfgo ge t`d fonfvfnubm ngfol t`d rdvfdw. ^`drd fs og `brn`brn-bon bon--ebst rumd ndtdrjfofol t`d bpprgprfbtd mdvdm. Xbt`dr, iust mfcd dvdry bspdat ge [rgadss Jbppfol, ft fs b tggm tg hd usdn hy t`d rdvfdwdr tg hdttdr uondrstbon t`d gvdrbmm prgadss.

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo ^`d flrst stdp fo t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat fs t`d fndotfflabtfgo ge t`d prgadss uondr rdvfdw. ^`fs jby sddj sdmesdme-dvfndot hut abo hd t`d trud jbcdjbcd gr-hrdbc jgjdot egr t`d prgidat. \ft`gut b amdbr ndfloftfgo ge t`d prgadss, grbs wdmm bs w`bt jbcds up t`bt prgidat, rdvfdwdrs wfmm flon t`djsdmvds ﬈guondrfol, uosurd w`fa` nfrdatfgo tg lg bon w`bt foegrjbtfgo tg ghtbfo. ^`d flrst t`fol t`bt just hd fndotffldn fs t`d hdlfoofol bon don ge t`d gvdrbmm prgadss uondr rdvfdw. [rdvfgusmy, wd ogtdn t`bt dvdry prgadss just `bvd bo foput bon bo gutput, bon t`bt fs b lggn stbrt tgwbrn prgvfnfol t`d hguonbry egr ygur prgadss. Bogt`dr fjpgrtbot bspdat t`bt abo hd agosfndrdn fs w`bt trflldr batubmmy stbrts t`d prgadss. ^`d trflldr abo batubmmy hd t`d sbjd bs t`d foput. @gwdvdr, t`d foput abo bmsg hd bo fonfabtfgo ge t`d trflldr. Egr dxbjpmd, bo foput tg bo dxpdosd pbyjdot prgadss jfl`t hd t`d hfmm. @gwdvdr, t`d batubm trflldr tg stbrt t`d dxpdosd pbyjdot prgadss agumn hd ndflodn bs foaurrfol t`d dxpdosd, rdadfvfol t`d hfmm, t`d nud nbtd egr t`d hfmm, gr (fo b wgrst absd sadobrfg) ogtfflabtfgo t`bt t`d hfmm fs gvdrnud. ^`d prdvfgus dxbjpmd prgvfnds bo fonfabtfgo ge w`y hguonfol t`d prgadss fs sg fjpgrtbot. \ft`gut t`bt hguonbry, t`d rdvfdwdr jby hd tbcfol go jgrd t`bo fs odadssbry (foaurrfol t`d dxpdosd) gr jby hd jfssfol fjpgrtbot ndtbfms fo t`d prgadss (ogtfflabtfgo t`d hfmm fs gvdrnud). God ge t`d hdst bpprgba`ds egr fndotfeyfol t`d prgadss bon `gw ft fs agostruatdn fs tg mggc bt ft t`rgul` t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr ‖s dyds. (\d wfmm ng b jua` jgrd egausdn bobmysfs ge t`dsd austgjdr fotdrbatfgos nurfol gur nfsaussfgo ge Austgjdr Jbppfol.) Tsfol t`fs bpprgba` fo [rgadss Jbppfol fs euonbjdotbm tg uondrstbonfol w`y b prgadss dxfsts bon w`y ft fs fjpgrtbot tg t`d suaadss ge t`d agjpboy. Tsfol t`d trflldr pgfots ge austgjdr

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[rgadss Jbppfol

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fotdrbatfgo (t`gsd pgfots w`drd b prgadss, uoft, dta. fs trflldrdn hy t`d austgjdr fotdrbatfgo) abo prgvfnd t`d uondrmyfol stdps wft`fo t`d prgadss. Goad dba` ge t`dsd fotdrbatfgos fs fndotffldn, t`d uondrmyfol prgadssds s`gumn hd objdn. ^`fs fs bogt`dr god ge t`gsd gpdrbtfgos t`bt sddjs sfjpmd hut abo turo gut tg hd `brndr t`bo fjblfodn. Udry getdo, objds egr prgadssds brd ndflodn hy t`d ndpbrtjdot t`bt `bonmds t`dj. @gwdvdr, bs  ygu hdlfo tg mggc bt prgadss prgadssds, ds, ygu jby flon gods t`bt `bvd ogt rdbmmy hddo fndotffldn hy t`d dotfty, fo pbrtfaumbr, gods t`bt argss ndpbrtjdots. Fo t`gsd sftubtfgos, t`drd jby ogt hd b `bony objd egr ft. ^`d objd ygu flobmmy ndtdrjfod fs ogt fjpgrtbot. \`bt fs  fjpgrtbot  fjpgrtbot fs t`bt ft pgrtrbys t`d batfvfty t`bt fs gaaurrfol, bon t`bt bmm pbrtfds fovgmvdn uondrstbon bon blrdd tg t`bt objd. Goad t`d austgjdraustgjdr-egausdn trflldrs brd fndotffldn, t`d odxt stdp fs tg fndotfey t`d suppgrtfol batfvftfds„ batfvftfds„t`gsd t`bt gaaur wft`fo t`d dotfty t`bt brd ogt (bon s`gumn ogt) hd sddo hy t`d austgjdr. ^`dsd jby hd sgjd ge t`d jgrd fjpgrtbot prgadssds egr bobmysfs hdabusd t`dy rdprdsdot brdbs  w`drd strdbjmfofol ge gpdrbtfgos prgvfnds t`d jgst vbmud tg t`d austgjdr austgjdr.. (^`d mdss ft abo hd sddo, t`d hdttdr t`d austgjdr sdrvfad.)

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol Goad t`d prgadssds (bon bssgafbtdn uofts, tbscs, dta.) `bvd hddo ndflodn, ft fs tfjd tg rdbmmy hdlfo tbmcfol tg pdgpmd tg mdbro bs jua` bs pgssfhmd bhgut t`d prgadss. (Ft s`gumn hd ogtdn t`bt, w`fmd wd brd ndsarfhfol t`dsd bs spdaffla stdps, t`d batubm [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat wfmm rdsumt fo gvdrmbp. Bo uondrstbonfol uondrstbonfo l ge w`bt fs oddndn egr dba` sdatfgo fs fjpgrtbot bs ygu wfmm hd ldttfol t`fs foegrjbtfgo t`rgul`gut t`d prgidat.) ^g hdttdr uondrstbon t`d prgadss uondr rdvfdw, rdvfdw, t`drd brd sgjd spdaffla brdbs t`bt s`gumn hd foamundn.  Bt t`fs stbld, t`d prgadss `bs prghbhmy hddo objdn tg t`d sbtfsebatfgo ge t`d rdvfdwdr bon t`d amfdot. Ft fs ogw tfjd tg prgvfnd b mfttmd jgrd suhstboad tg t`bt objd„ objd„b s`grt godgod- gr twgtwg-sdotdoad ndsarfptfgo ge t`d prgadss. ^`fs `dmps tg ndflod hdttdr w`bt fs hdfol rdvfdwdn bon `dmps tg dosurd blrddjdot wft` bmm pbrtfds.  Bogt`dr fjpgrtbot fjpgrtbot agosfndrbtfgo agosfndrbtfgo fs t`d prgadss prgadss gwodr. gwodr. ^`fs abo hdagjd prghmdjbtfa fe t`d prgadss agvdrs jgrd t`bo god husfodss uoft gr ndpbrtjdot. ^`d trud gwodrs`fp jby hd uoamdbr3 dft`dr jgrd t`bo god pdrsgo ambfjs gwodrs`fp gr og god tbcds gwodrs`fp. ^`fs fssud s`gumn hd ambrffldn bs sggo bs pgssfhmd. Xdmbtdn tg t`fs fs fndotfeyfol t`d uondrmyfol uofts (w`fa` s`gumn `bvd gaaurrdn nurfol t`d [rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo p`bsd) bon gwodrs ge t`gsd uofts. \`fmd t`fs jby hd t`d sbjd bs t`d prgadss gwodr, ft vdry getdo fs sgjdgod w`g rdpgrts tg t`d gwodr. Fe, bt t`d uoft mdvdm, t`d prgadss lgds hdtwddo ndpbrtjdots, ft jby hd t`bt b uoft gwodr ngds ogt rdpgrt tg t`d prgadss gwodr.  Bnnftfgobm brdbs t`bt jby `bvd bmrdbny hddo fndotffldn nurfol t`d [rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo p`bsd brd t`d trflldrs bon gutputs. Bt t`fs stbld, ygu

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 wfmm wbot bnnftfgobm ndtbfm rdlbrnfol t`dsd ftdjs. ^`fs foamunds t`d dvdot hdlfoofol trflldr, t`d dvdot donfol prgadss, boy bnnftfgobm dvdots wft`fo t`d prgadss, t`d foput ftdjs bon sgurads, bon t`d gutput ftdjs bon austgjdrs. Ft fs fjpgrtbot tg uondrstbon w`bt t`d prgadss fs batubmmy jdbot tg ng.  \dd fonfabtdn  \ fonfabtdn t`bt b prgadss just foamund foamund b trbosegrjbtfgo. trbosegrjbtfgo. Baagrnfolmy Baagrnfolmy,, t`bt trbosegrjbtfgo fs fotdondn tg ba`fdvd sgjd purpgsd. ^`bt fs t`d husfodss ghidatfvd. ^`fs jby hd trfacy hdabusd jgst amfdots `bvd ogt t`gul`t ge t`dfr prgadssds bs `bvfol bo batubm ghidatfvd. Fndotfeyfol t`d ghidatfvd wfmm `dmp egaus t`d rdvfdw bon prgvfnd b hdttdr uondrstbonfol ge t`d prgadss ftsdme. ^`drd brd t`rdd ebatgrs t`bt brd rdmbtdn tg t`d husfodss ghidatfvd. ^`d flrst fs t`d husfodss rfscs, t`bt fs, t`d dvdots t`bt agumn gaaur t`bt wgumn abusd t`d prgadss tg ogt ba`fdvd t`d gvdrbmm ghidatfvd. (Blbfo, jgst amfdots `bvd ogt t`gul`t fo t`dsd tdrjs, hut ft fs bo fjpgrtbot agosfndrbtfgo fo dvbmubtfol `gw t`d prgadss wgrcs.) ^`d odxt ebatgr fs cdy agotrgms, fo pbrtfaumbr, t`gsd t`bt brd put fo pmbad tg dosurd prgpdr jftflbtfgo ge t`d husfodss rfscs. Efobmmy, t`d jdbsurds ge suaadss„ suaadss „t`d fonfabtfgo t`bt t`d prgadss `bs jdt fts ghidatfvd„ ghidatfvd„s`gumn hd fndotffldn.

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo  Vds, ft‖  Vds, ft‖s flobmmy `drd„ `drd„tfjd tg jbcd t`d [rgadss Jbps. Hut t`drd brd fjpgrtbot lufndmfods tg cddp fo jfon egr agonuatfol fotdrvfdws. ^`d flrst fs tg dosurd t`bt t`drd `bs hddo bpprgprfbtd huyhuy-fo ergj uppdr jbobldjdot. Bmt`gul`  ygu `bvd hddo wgrcfol amgsdmy wft` t`dsd fonfvfnubms up tg t`fs pgfot, t`dy jby ogt eummy rdbmfzd w`bt ygu brd tryfol tg ba`fdvd bon `gw jua` tfjd ft  wfmm tbcd. tbcd. Dosurd t`bt t`fs t`fs `bs hddo hddo bpprgprfbtdmy bpprgprfbtdmy agjjuofabt agjjuofabtdn. dn.  Vgu  Vg u just just dosurd dosurd t`bt t`bt ygu ygu `bvd `bvd sdt bsfnd bsfnd dogu dogul` l` tfjd tfjd tg agon agonuat uat t`d t`d fotdr fotdr- vfdws.  vfdw s. Bo fon fonfvfn fvfnubm ubm jbpp jbppfol fol fot fotdrvfdw drvfdw abo tbc tbcdd boyw` boyw`drd drd erg ergj j fletd fletddo do jfou jfoutds tds tg egur `gurs. @bvd b lggn uondrstbonfol ge t`d fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm ‖s rdspgosfhfmftfds, `gw t`gsd rdspgosfhfmftfds rdmbtd tg w`bt fs hdfol jbppdn, bon ndtdrjfod t`d jbxfjuj bjguot ge tfjd t`bt jby hd rdqufrdn. ^`do, hd surd t`bt sua` bo bjguot ge tfjd fs bvbfmbhmd. Tofotdrruptdn fotdrvfdws brd vftbmmy fjpgrtbot. ^`d fotdrvfdws s`gumn hd `dmn fo b prfvbtd brdb„ brdb „fndbmmy fo b prfvbtd geflad gr jddtfol rggj w`drd t`d rdvfdwdrs abo agjpmdtd t`d jbps go bo golgfol hbsfs. Quaadsseum [rgadss Jbppfol hufmns t`gsd jbps bs t`d fotdr vfdws lg bmgol. Baagrnfolmy Baagrnfolmy,, t`fs prfvbtd brdb ogt gomy bmmgws t`d pdrsgo hdfol fotdrvfdwdn tg hd jgrd abonfn fo `fs gr `dr agjjdots, hut ebafmftbtds agostruatfgo ge t`d jbps. Efobmmy, hbsfa fotdrvfdwfol tda`ofquds s`gumn hd usdn, foamunfol prgpdr prdpbrbtfgo, sdttfol b erfdonmy tgod, bon batfvdmy mfstdofol. Hd surd ygu `bvd t`d rfl`t pdgpmd pdregrjfol t`d fotdrvfdws. ^`dsd brd pdgpmd w`g uondrstbon t`d [rgadss Jbppfol bpprgba` bon w`g uondrstbon `gw tg fotdr vfdw. Fo bnnftfgo, t`dy just hd bhmd tg t`foc go t`dfr eddt. \d `bvd eguon t`bt t`d hdst prbatfad fs tg `bvd twg pdgpmd agonuatfol t`d fotdrvfdws „god `bonmfol t`d nfsaussfgos bon t`d jbp hufmnfol, bon t`d gt`dr tbcfol ogtds. Hut hgt` fonfvfnubms just hd bhmd tg t`foc b`dbn tg t`d qudstfgos t`bt

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brd odadssbry tg uondrstbon t`d rdbm prgadss, bon jgvd qufacmy w`do t`d fotdrvfdw tbcds bo uodxpdatdn turo.  Bs bmrdbny bmrdbny jdotfgodn, jdotfgodn, [rgads [rgadsss Jbps brd brd ardbtdn ardbtdn fo rdbm rdbm tfjd. tfjd. ^`fs fs fs ebafmebafmftbtdn hy t`d usd ge stfacy ogtds t`bt brd bppmfdn tg pgstdr-sfzdn stfacy ogtds go t`d wbmms. Dba` pgstdrpgstdr-sfzdn ogtd rdprdsdots bo fonfvfnubm uoft gr tbsc wft`fo b prgadss, bon t`d sjbmm stfacy ogtds brd usdn tg rdagrn dba` uondrmyfol stdp. Fo ldodrbm, t`drd brd gomy twg typds ge ﬈gwa`brt s`bpds t`bt brd rdqufrdn egr prgadss jbppfol9 t`d squbrd egr prgadss bon t`d nfbjgon egr ndafsfgo. Do`boadjdots abo hd jbnd bs odadssbry (d.l., stbrt bon don fndotffldrs), hut t`d edwdr usdn, t`d hdttdr. ^wg do`boadjdots rdmbtdn tg bobmysfs t`bt jby hd usdeum brd  N  egr  egr ndmbys fo t`d prgadss bon X  egr  egr rdwgrc. Dba` fonfvfnubm fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss wfmm hd mfstdn bt t`d tgp ge t`d jbp. [rgadssds s`gumn t`do ﬈gw ngwo t`d jbp. ^`fs rdsumts fo b ngaujdot t`bt fs rdbnfmy uondrstbonbhmd hy bmm pbrtfds bon ebafmftbtds bobmysfs ge prgadss ﬈gw fo fndotfeyfol brdbs ge rdwgrc. Bs jua` bs pgssfhmd, t`d flrst stdp ge t`d prgadss s`gumn hd go t`d mdetmdet-`bon sfnd ge t`d jbp.

Bobmyzfol t`d Nbtb  Bobmysfs s`gumn hd gaaurrfol ergj t`d jgjdot t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat stbrts. ^`d rdvfdwdr s`gumn hd t`focfol bhgut dba` nfsaussfgo bs ft gaaurs, dba` ngaujdot bs ft fs prdpbrdn, bon dba` pfdad ge foegrjbtfgo bs ft fs ghtbfodn tg sdd `gw t`dy beedat t`d suaadss ge t`d gvdrbmm prgadss.  B flobm bssdssjdot (foamunfol pummfol tgldt`dr t`d dbrmfdr bssdssjdots) s`gumn hd uondrtbcdo goad bmm jbps brd agjpmdtd. @gwdvdr, t`fs flobm bobmysfs s`gumn ogt hd rdstrfatdn tg iust t`d jbps. Bs wfmm hd s`gwo, bobmysfs gaaurs t`rgul`gut t`d dotfrd [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. Egmmgwfol brd sgjd ge t`d fjpgrtbot pgfots tg cddp fo jfon.  Bs wbs nfsaussdn dbrmfdr dbrmfdr,, jbcd surd t`bt t`d bpprgprfbtd trflldrs `bvd hddo fndotffldn. Ghvfgusmy, t`fs `dmps dosurd t`bt t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat fs bpprgprfbtdmy egausdn. Hut ft bmsg dosurds t`bt t`d amfdot trumy uondrstbons t`d wby t`d prgadss wgrcs. ^`fs abo hd bobmyzdn fo agoiuoatfgo wft` t`d ghidatfvd. Fe t`d trflldrs (bon, baagrnfolmy, t`d stbrt ge t`d prgadss) ng ogt jbta` wft` t`d ghidatfvd, t`do t`d prgadss gwodr `bs b euonbjdotbm jfsuondrstbonfol ge w`bt t`d ghidatfvd fs bhgut. Amgsdmy rdmbtdn tg t`fs fs dosurfol t`d amfdot prgpdrmy uondrstbons t`d foputs tg t`d systdj. [rgpdr fndotfflabtfgo ge t`d gutputs bmsg rdmbtds tg t`d suaadss ge t`d prgadss bon t`d uondrstbonfol ge t`d ghidatfvds. Ft fs bmsg lggn tg t`foc fo tdrjs ge gutputs t`bt jby ogt `bvd hddo pmboodn egr9 wbstd, surprfsds, bon fovfsfhmd agosdqudoads. Qpdafflabmmy, wbstd rdprdsdots rdwgrc bon gppgrtuoftfds egr fjprgvdjdot3 surprfsds rdprdsdot uodxpdatdn rdsumts bon abo hd dft`dr lggn gr hbn3 bon fovfsfhmd agosdqudoads brd t`d uocogwo deedats ge b prgadss t`bt jby ogt hd bppbrdot tg t`d prgadss gwodr hut brd rdbnfmy bppbrdot tg t`d mfod wgrcdrs gr t`d austgjdrs. Xdvfdw bmm t`d brdbs rdmbtdn tg husfodss ghidatfvds9 ghidatfvds, rfscs, cdy agotrgms, bon jdbsurds ge suaadss. Dosurd t`drd fs bmflojdot bjgol t`dj,

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

bon t`bt dvdrygod uondrstbons t`dj. Fo bnnftfgo, jbcd surd bmm pdgpmd fovgmvdn uondrstbon `gw t`dfr wgrc rdmbtds tg t`dsd brdbs. Jboy ge t`d hdst sulldstfgos bon bobmysfs batubmmy agjd ergj t`d pdgpmd hdfol fotdrvfdwdn. ^`dfr agjjdots `dmp hufmn t`d jbps, hut t`d bnnftfgobm foegrjbtfgo t`dy prgvfnd jby rdsumt fo t`d rdbmmy lggn fndbs. \`do mggcfol bt t`d batubm jbps, t`drd brd b oujhdr ge bnnftfgobm qufac `fts tg mggc egr. Cddp b wbry dyd gut egr bpprgvbms, egrjs, bon `gmn flmds. Bo fostboad ge boy ge t`dsd t`rdd fs ogt hbn fo bon ge ftsdme. @gwdvdr, @gwdvdr, b mbrld oujhdr ge t`dj jby hd fonfabtfvd ge gvdragotrgm. Fo ebat, boytfjd t`dy brd sddo, t`d rdvfdwdr s`gumn nfl nddpdr fotg w`y t`dy brd gaaurrfol bon fe t`dy brd rdbmmy odadssbry odadssbr y. Mggc egr mggpfol drrgrs, ndmbys, rdwgrc, bon oujdrgus `bongees. ^`dsd bmm rdprdsdot sftubtfgos fo w`fa` t`d prgadss fs hdfol ndmbydn. Egr dxbjpmd, mggpfol drrgrs rdprdsdot t`gsd sftubtfgos w`drd sgjdt`fol fs rdturodn, hut t`drd fs og eddnhbac go w`bt fs wrgol. ^`d ftdj agumn hd rdturodn blbfo bon blbfo iust tryfol tg hd agjpmdtdn agrrdatmy.  Bmsg mggc egr sftubtfgos fo t`d jbp w`drd bo batfgo fs tbcdo hut t`drd fs og agoamusfgo tg t`d prgadss (gutput) gr t`drd fs b ndafsfgo wft` gomy god hrboa`. Go t`d god `bon, t`fs jby jdbo bo foagjpmdtd jbp (t`d oddn tg bsc jgrd qudstfgos). Go t`d gt`dr `bon, ft jby rdprdsdot stdps t`bt brd og mgoldr odadssbry. Bs prdvfgusmy stbtdn, fe t`drd fs og trbosegrjbtfgo, t`drd fs og gutagjd, bon t`drd jby hd og oddn egr t`d prgadss.

Austgjdr Jbppfol  \`do wd flrst stbrt stbrtdn dn ndsa ndsarfhf rfhfol ol t`d bppr bpprgba` gba`ds ds usdn fo [rga [rgadss dss Jbpp Jbppfol, fol, (fo pbrtfaumbr, t`d bpprgba` fo prgadss fndotfflabtfgo,) wd fonfabtdn t`bt ygu s`gumn mggc bt t`d prgadss t`rgul` t`d dyds ge t`d austgjdr. ^`do wd hdlbo tg egaus go t`d prgadssds bs t`dy dxfst wft`fo t`d dotfty. ^g trumy jbcd b [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat austgjdr egausdn, t`d odxt stdp fs tg agotfoud t`fs bobmysfs ge prgadssds t`rgul` t`d dyds ge t`d austgjdr bon agjpmdtd Austgjdr Jbps.  Boy tfjd b austgjdr huys b prgnuat gr sdrvfad, t`dy brd deedatfvdmy `frfol t`bt prgnuat gr t`bt agjpboy tg ng sgjd igh egr t`dj. Tondrstbonfol b prgadss ergj t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr‖s pdrspdatfvds jdbos uondrstbonfol w`bt igh t`d prgadss fs. ^`drdegrd, t`d flrst stdp fo Austgjdr Jbppfol fs fndotfeyfol  w`bt igh i gh t`d austgjdr wbots ngod. ^`fs fs bcfo tg ndtdrjfofol b prgadss prgadss‖‖s ghidatfvd, hut ft egausds go g o t`d austgjdr. austgjdr. ^`d odxt stdp fs tg fndotfey t`d cdy austgjdr tbscs bon t`d batfgos rdqufrdn tg baagjpmfs` t`dsd tbscs. Deedatfvdmy, t`dsd brd t`d jgjdots  w`do t`d austgjdr just hd fovgmvdn f ovgmvdn fo f o grndr egr t`d prgadss tg jgvd egr wbrn. Fndotfey t`d foputs (w`bt t`d austgjdr `bs tg hrfol h rfol wft` `fj gr `dr tg dosurd t`d prgadss jgvds egrwbrn) bon t`d gutputs (w`bt t`d austgjdr s`gumn rdadfvd bt t`d don ge t`bt tbsc gr batfgo). Odxt, ndtdrjfod t`d jdbsurds ge suaadss egr dba` ge t`dsd tbscs gr batfgos. Ft fs fjpgrtbot tg cddp fo jfon t`bt t`fs suaadss fs jdbsurdn hy t`d austgjdr,, ogt t`d dotfty austgjdr dotfty.. Fo gt`dr wgrns, w`bt fs t`d austgjdr mggcfol egr tg fonfabtd t`d igh t`dy brd tryfol tr yfol tg ldt ngod `bs hddo agjpmdtdn suaadsseummy7

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[rgadss Jbppfol

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^`fs typd ge foegrjbtfgo jby agjd ergj fotdrobm gr dxtdrobm sgurads, hut fs jgst vbmubhmd w`do agjfol ergj t`d austgjdrs t`djsdmvds. Goad t`d jdbsurds ge suaadss brd fndotffldn, rboc t`d fjpgrtboad ge t`dsd jdbsurds. ^ryfol tg sbtfsey bmm ge t`dj fs b eggm‖ eggm‖s lbjd. Xbt`dr, ndtdrjfod t`d gods t`bt brd trumy fjpgrtbot sg bpprgprfbtd egaus abo hd bppmfdn. ^`do, ndtdrjfod `gw suaadsseum t`d dotfty fs bt jddtfol dba` jdbsurd. (Blbfo, t`d austgjdr wfmm hd bo fovbmubhmd rdsgurad egr ndtdrjfofol bmm t`dsd.) Goad t`dsd ndtdrjfobtfgos brd agjpmdtd, agjhfod t`d fjpgrtboad  wft` t`d suaadss jdbsurds bon mggc egr boy nfsagoodats, egr dxbjpmd, `fl` suaadss fo b mgw fjpgrtboad jdbsurd, gr ebfmurd fo bo brdb t`bt fs cdy tg t`d austgjdr.. ^`dsd rdprdsdot t`d brdbs ge egaus egr t`d Austgjdr Jbp. austgjdr  \`do agostruatfol b Austgjdr Jbp, t`d stdps t`d austgjdr just tbcd ruo bargss t`d tgp ge t`d pbld. ^`do, t`d stdps bon batfgos t`d dotfty agjpmdtds hdtwddo t`gsd stdps jgvd ngwo t`d pbld. ^`d flobm Austgjdr Jbp  wfmm stbrt bt t`d uppdr mdet ge t`d pbld bon don bt t`d mgwdr rfl`t. Bs ft fs agostruatdn, fonfabtd ayamd tfjds bon fssuds t`bt brfsd nurfol t`d nfsaussfgos. Tsfol t`d Austgjdr Jbp fo agoiuoatfgo wft` t`d foegrjbtfgo rdlbrnfol jdbsurds ge suaadss wfmm rdsumt fo brdbs ge egaus egr [rgadss Jbppfol.  Vgu abo sdd `gw dba` ge t`dsd stdps jfrrgrs t`d prgadss jbppfol bpprgba`„ wft` god jbigr nfeedrdoad. Austgjdr Jbppfol egausds go w`bt bpprgba`„ t`d austgjdr wbots tg ba`fdvd rbt`dr t`bo w`bt t`d dotfty wbots tg ba`fdvd.

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBA XBAFF Jbtrfads  \`fmd ogt tda  \`fmd tda`of `ofabmm abmmyy [rg [rgadss adss Jbps, Jbps, Qpbl Qpbl`dtt `dttff Jbp Jbpss bon XBAF (Xdspgosf (Xdspgosfhmd, hmd,  Baaguotbhmd, Agosumt, Agosu mt, bon Foegrj) Foegr j) Jbtrfads brd twg tw g tggms t`bt abo hd usdn fo agoiuoatfgo wft` [rgadss Jbps tg prgvfnd bnnftfgobm bobmysfs gppgrtuoftfds egr boy prgadss. Qpbl`dttf Jbps brd b vfsubm wby tg s`gw t`d ﬈gw ge jbtdrfbms gr foegrjbtfgo t`rgul` b pbrtfaumbr prgadss. ^`dy `bvd hddo prfjbrfmy usdn fo jbouebaturfol grlbofzbtfgos tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d ﬈ggr pmbo fs agofllurdn fo b wby t`bt gptfjfzds deflafdoay. @gwdvdr, t`dy brd bmsg usdeum fo uondrstbonfol `gw b prgadss (bon t`d bssgafbtdn foegrjbtfgo) jgvds brguon b ndpbrtjdot gr dotfty. ^`d Qpbl`dttf Jbp fs agostruatdn hy fonfabtfol dba` husfodss uoft, ndpbrtjdot, gr fonfvfnubm fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss. ^`do, ndvdmgpdn a`rgogmglfabmmy, dba` stdp ge t`d prgadss fs lfvdo b oujhdr bon fonfabtdn go t`d jbp uondr t`d bpprgprfbtd dotfty. Mfods brd nrbwo agoodatfol t`dsd stdps. ^`fs ardbtds b vfsubm rdprdsdotbtfgo ge t`d ﬈gw. Fe ft mggcs mfcd spbl`dttf, t`drd fs b lggn a`boad deflafdoay fjprgvdjdots abo hd jbnd. Fo prbatfad, t`drd brd ldodrbmmy twg jbps ardbtdn. ^`d flrst fs t`d ” Bs ” Bs Fs Fs‚‚ jbp bon t`d sdagon fs t`d ”^g ”^g Hd‚ Hd‚ jbp, deedatfvdmy hdegrd bon betdr pfaturds.  B XBAF Jbtrfx Jb trfx fs b jdt`gn ge vfsubmfzfol t`d rgmds bon rdspgosfhfmftfds ge fonfvfnubms fovgmvdn fo b prgadss. ^`d stdps fo t`d prgadss brd mfstdn go t`d mdet sfnd ge t`d jbtrfx. ^`d fonfvfnubms fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss brd mfstdn bargss t`d tgp. \ft`fo t`d hgny ge t`d jbtrfx, dba` fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm ‖s rgmd fs fonfabtdn (Xdspgosfhmd, Baaguotbhmd, Agosumt, gr Foegrj).

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Xdspgosfhmd  fs Xdspgosfhmd    fs t`d pdrsgo wft` umtfjbtd rdspgosfhfmfty. (^`drd s`gumn hd gomy god sua` pdrsgo egr dba` stdp.) Baaguotbhmd  brd  brd t`d fonfvfnubms w`g brd batubmmy ngfol t`d wgrc. God pdrsgo abo hd hgt` baaguotbhmd bon rdspgosfhmd egr bo batfgo. Agosumt   brd t`gsd pdgpmd w`g oddn tg cogw w`bt fs lgfol go bon `bvd b sby fo t`gsd batfgos. ^`d prgadss stgps uotfm sgjdgod fo t`d agosumtfol rgmd prgvfnds bpprgvbm egr ft tg prgaddn. Foegrj  brd   brd t`gsd pdgpmd w`g oddn tg cogw t`d stbtus, hut ng ogt oddn tg prgvfnd bpprgvbm. ^`d prgadss ngds ogt stgp egr t`dfr foput. Goad agjpmdtdn, XBAF Jbtrfads abo s`gw b oujhdr ge fssuds wft`fo b prgadss, foamunfol b mbac ge rdspgosfhfmfty, tgg jboy pdgpmd wft` rdspgosfhfmfty, tgg jboy stgps hdabusd ge agosumtfol rgmds, tgg jboy pdgpmd oddnfol tg hd foegrjdn, baaguotbhfmfty bon rdspgosfhfmfty t`rgul`gut t`d prgadss fs agoadotrbtdn wft` god pdrsgo, bon rdspgosfhfmfty fs bssflodn w`do t`drd fs og but`grfty (iust tg objd b edw). Fo pbrtfaumbr, t`d XBAF Jbtrfx fs b lggn tggm tg usd fo jbtrfx grlbofzbtfgos, spdafflabmmy t`gsd sftubtfgos fo  w`fa` og god `bs batubmmy ndtdrjfodn rdspgosfhfmftfds. ^`d egmmgwfol nfblrbj s`gws `gw t`dsd agoadpts rdmbtd, bon `gw t`dy  wfmm hd dxpmgrdn fo t`fs wgrchggc. A`bptdr 8 egausds go `gw t`d prgadss fs ndflodn. A`bptdrs 1 bon > (” (”[rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo‚ Fndotfflabtfgo‚ bon ”Foegrjbtfgo ”Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol‚‚) wgrc tgldt`dr tg prgvfnd t`d foegrjbtfgo oddndn egr t`d Lbt`drfol [rgadss Jbps. A`bptdrs 4 bon 5 (” ( ”Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo‚ bon ”Hufmnfol t`d Jbp‚ Jbp‚) s`gw `gw t`d foegrjbtfgo fs usdn tg agjpmdtd t`d [rgadss Jbps. A`bptdr < hrfols t`d prdvfgus a`bptdrs tgldt`dr tg agjpmdtd t`d bobmysfs. Efobmmy, A`bptdr 0 (” ( ”Austgjdr Jbppfol‚ Jbppfol‚) bon A`bptdr 6 (”Qpbl`dttf bon XBAF Jbtrfads‚ Jbtrfads‚) ndsarfhd bnnftfgobm tggms t`bt abo hd usdn fo agoiuoatfgo wft` t`d [rgadss Jbps.

[rgadss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Ngwo Fotg t`d [rgad ss

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

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 IbyCbyAg Absd Qtuny IbyCbyAg  \d wfmm hd usfol vbrfgus dxbjpmds bon absd stunfds bs wd wgrc t`rgul` t`d stdps ge [rgadss Jbppfol. @gwdvdr, wd wfmm `bvd god agjprd`dosfvd dxbjpmd wd usd t`rgul`gut t`fs hggc9 t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot ge IbyCbyAg. Jgst pdgpmd t`foc ge prgadss bobmysfs fo tdrjs ge prgnuatfgo sftubtfgos. @gwdvdr, boy batfvfty fs b prgadss. Baagrnfolmy, wd `bvd a`gsdo b sdrvfad prgvfndr (`ujbo rdsgurads) tg hdttdr dxpmgrd `gw prgadss bobmysfs  wgrcs fo t`dsd sftubtfgos. Egmmgwfol fs ygur foftfbm uondrstbonfol ge `gw IbyCbyAg‖ IbyCbyAg ‖s `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fs struaturdn, bs wdmm bs ndtbfms go sgjd prgadssds. ^`drd wfmm hd jgrd foegrjbtfgo `drd t`bo ygu oddn. Hut sua` fs t`d mfed ge prgadss bobmysfs, tryfol tg sdpbrbtd t`d w`dbt ergj t`d a`bee. Go t`d gt`dr `bon, ygu wfmm oddn bnnftfgobm ndtbfms tg eummy agjpmdtd t`d jbps. Dba` dxdrafsd wfmm `bvd t`d bnnftfgobm odadssbry jbtdrfbms.  IbyCbyAg fs b agjpboy t`bt egausds go sbmds bon sdr sdrvfad. vfad. Qfoad wd wfmm hd rdvfdwfol `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot gpdrbtfgos, t`d typds ge prgnuats bon sdrvfads brd ogt fjpgrtbot tg t`fs nfsaussfgo. @gwdvdr, uondrstbonfol t`d struaturd ge t`d agjpboy fs. Qtbrtfol gut fo t`d sjbmm tgwo ge Oudvg Xga`dmmd, Abmfegrofb, t`d agjpboy `bs hddo fo gpdrbtfgo egr gvdr flety ydbrs. Ft ogw gpdrbtds fo t`d egrtyegrty -dfl`t agotflugus stbtds bon fs mggcfol tgwbrn dxpbonfol fotg Abobnb. Fts `gjd geflad fs stfmm mgabtdn fo Oudvg Xga`dmmd bon ft fs t`d mbrldst djpmgydr fo t`bt juofafpbmfty. \`fmd `bme ge t`d agjpboy‖ agjpboy ‖s flvd t`gusbon djpmgydds wgrc ergj t`fs geflad, t`d rdjbfondr wgrc gut ge t`d mgabm sbmds bon sdrvfad adotdrs t`rgul`gut t`d Toftdn Qtbtds. ^`dsd brd godgod- tg flvdflvd pdrsgo s`gps, `bme ge w`fa` brd sbmds adotdrs (jbnd up ge fondpdondot pdrsgo agotrbatgrs w`g wgrc go purd agjjfssfgo gut ge agjpboyagjpboy-gwodn geflads). ^`d gt`dr `bme brd sdrvfad adotdrs (djpmgydds wgrcfol gut ge ebafmftfds rdotdn hy t`d agjpboy). ^`d adotdrs brd lrgupdn hy zgod, w`fa` brd t`do lrgupdn fotg t`rdd obtfgobm rdlfgos, bmm uondr t`d nfrdatfgo ge rdlfgobm  vfad prdsfndots. ^`drdegrd, t`drd brd t`rdd rdlfgobm sdr sdrvfad vfad vfad prdsfndots bon t`rdd rdlfgobm sbmds vfad prdsfndots.  Bs IbyCbyAg IbyCbyAg `bs lrgwo lrgwo,, sg `bs `bs t`d t`d `ujbo `ujbo rdsgur rdsgurads ads ndpbrtj ndpbrtjdot. dot. Bon ft ft fs hdabusd ge t`d rdsumtfol lrgwfol pbfos t`bt bo bobmysfs oddns tg hd agjpmdtdn.  Iust bs wft` boy lrgwfol agjpboy, agjpboy, IbyCby IbyCbyAg Ag `bs fovds fovdstdn tdn `dbvfmy fo agjputdrs, jda`bofzfol jboy ge fts gpdrbtfgos. @gwdvdr, t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fs iust bo betdrt`gul`t. Dvdry ydbr t`d agjpboy spgutdn t`bt pdgpmd wdrd fts oujhdr god prfgrfty, hut ft wbs bmwbys mfstdn bs oujhdr ofod go booubm ghidatfvds. Qg, t`d jda`bofzbtfgo ge `ujbo rdsgurads sdrvfads fs bmwbys prgjfsdn, hut odvdr ndmfvdrdn. Ft fs stfmm b vdry jboubm gpdrbtfgo. @ujbo rdsgurads fs agjpgsdn ge >; pdgpmd w`g brd bmm hbsdn fo t`d `gjd geflad. ^`d a`fde dxdautfvd gefladr (ADG), Bmmdo Hrbny, fonfabtds ft fs b tfl`ttfl`t-coft lrgup ge prgedssfgobms w`g eummy hdmfdvd fo t`d `ujbo rdsgurads vfsfgo stbtdjdot, ”[rgvfnfol ”[rgvfnfol t`d rfl`t scfmms bon t`d rfl`t pdgpmd bt t`d rfl`t tfjd.‚ tfjd.‚

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

^`d  ^ `d vfad prdsfndot ge `ujbo rdsgurads, Jdm Aggmdy Aggmdy,, t`d ADG‖ ADG‖s hrgt`drhrgt`dr fo-mbw, `bs hddo fo t`d igh egr tdo ydbrs bon `bs t`rdd nfrdatgrs w`g rdpgrt fotg `fj9 Qbmmy Xgldrs, Hun Qgrrdm, bon Xghdrt [dtrfd. ^`drd fs bmsg b `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo jbobldr jbobldr,, Jfmnrdn @dmpdr @dmpdr.. ^`d aurrdot struaturd ge t`d agjpboy fs t`d rdsumt ge b rdgrlbofzbtfgo t`bt wbs agjpmdtdn t`rdd ydbrs blg. [rfgr tg t`bt tfjd, t`d sbjd t`rdd nfrdatgrs wdrd fo pmbad, hut t`dfr nutfds wdrd fotdrtwfodn. Js. Xgldrs wbs fo a`brld ge bmm sdrvfad bon sbmds djpmgydds, Jr. Qgrrdmm wbs gvdrsddfol gvdr `bme t`d `gjd geflad djpmgydds bon pbrtpbrt-tfjd djpmgydds, bon Jr. [dtrfd wbs rdspgosfhmd egr t`d gt`dr `bme ge t`d `gjd geflad djpmgydds, bs wdmm bs tdjpgrbry wgrcdrs bon agotrbat djpmgydds. Fo ngfol prdmfjfobry  wgrc egr t`d pgtdotfbm ge b jda`bofzbtfgo prgidat, dvdry dvdrygod god rdbmfzdn t`bt t`d struaturd wbs ebr tgg nfsigfotdn bon t`d vfad prdsfndot abjd egrwbrn  wft` `fs prgpgsbm egr t`d odw struaturd. Dvdr ygod sddjdn baadptfol ge t`d bpprgba` bon ft wbs qufacmy fjpmdjdotdn. @gwdvdr, nurfol t`d trbosftfgo ft wbs bmsg ogtdn t`bt sgjd brdbs `bn hddo mdet gut. Ft wbs bmsg bppbrdot t`bt t`dsd brdbs nfn ogt flt ofadmy fotg t`d odw struaturd. \ft`fo sfx jgot`s, t`d bnjfofstrbtfgo jbobldr pgsftfgo wbs ndvdmgpdn tg `dmp flmm t`bt lbp. Quhsdqudotmy, bs lbps fo prgadss brd fndotffldn, t`dy brd dft`dr flmmdn hy bo dxfstfol nfrdatgr (fe t`drd bppdbrs tg hd b flt) gr lfvdo tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo jbobldr jbobldr.. Aurrdotmy, t`d hrdbcngwo ge rdspgosfhfmftfds egr t`d nfrdatgrs bon jbobldr brd bs egmmgws9 Qbmmy Xgldrs fs t`d nfrdatgr ge tbmdot jbobldjdot. Q`d egausds go t`d

ndvdmgpjdot ge djpmgydds goad t`dy brd `frdn. Q`d fs rdspgosfhmd egr bmm pdregrjboad pmboofol bon rdvfdws. Fo bnnftfgo, prglrbjs rdmbtdn tg suaadssfgo pmboofol, mdbndrs`fp ndvdmgpjdot, bon jdotgrfol brd uondr `dr nfrdatfgo. Beefmfbtdn wft` t`dsd nutfds, s`d fs bmsg a`brldn wft` bmm agrpgrbtd trbfofol„ trbfofol „fotdrobm bon dxtdrobm. Efobmmy,, bmt`gul` ft nfno Efobmmy nfno‖‖t eft obturbmmy wft` `dr nutfds, s`d fs rdspgosfhmd egr djpmgydd survdys. ^`fs abjd uondr `dr agotrgm hdabusd t`d efrst survdys rdmbtdn tg fonfvfnubms fotdrdstdn fo prgjgtfgo bon qubmfty ge pdregrjboad pmboofol. Hun Qgrrdmm  fs t`d agjpdosbtfgo nfrdatgr. @fs prfjbry nutfds egaus go sbmbry bnjfofstrbtfgo bon hdodefts pbacblds prgadssds. Qbmbry bnjfofstrbtfgo foamunds aggrnfobtfol hunldt batfvftfds rdmbtdn tg sbmbry egr t`d agjpboy, `bonmfol t`d prgadssfol ge booubm rbfsds, agonuatfol dxtdrobm survdys egr sbmbry agjpbrfsgo, bon dosurfol prgjgtfgos brd wft`fo agjpboy lufndmfods. ^`d hdodefts pbacbld prgadssds foamund pby, fosurboad (`dbmt`, mfed, ndotbm, vfsfgo, s`grts`grt- bon mgolmgol -tdrj nfsbhfmfty), sfac mdbvds, vbabtfgo, bon pdosfgos (foamunfol >;2(c)s). @d fs bmsg rdspgosfhmd egr tfjd s`ddt aggrnfobtfgo bon prgadssds rdmbtdn tg dnuabtfgo bon adrtfefabtfgos.

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 Xgh [dtrfd fs t`d nfrdatgr ge gogo -hgbrnfol (`d ndvfsdn t`d tftmd `fjsdme). Xgh @d fs a`brldn wft` bmm batfvftfds rdmbtdn tg hrfolfol odw pdgpmd fotg t`d agjpboy bon wfmm hd t`d prfjbry egaus ge gur rdvfdw. ^`d prgadssds uondr `fs agotrgm foamund rdaruftjdot, sarddofol ge bppmfabtfgos, bnjfofstrbtfol t`d sdmdatfgo prgadss, foftfbm fotdrvfdws, bon odw djpmgydd grfdotbtfgo. @d fs bmsg rdspgosfhmd egr t`d fotdrobm igh pgstfol prgadnurd. ^`gul` ogt rdbmmy pbrt ge gogo-hgbrnfol, `d bmsg pfacdn up rdspgosfhfmftfds egr prglrdssfvd nfsafpmfod bon tdrjfobtfgos. Fo bnnftfgo, hdabusd ge t`d usd ge djpmgyjdot bldoafds bon sdbra` efrjs, `d fs rdspgosfhmd egr bmm `ujbo rdsgurads vdongr jbobldjdot. Jfmmfd @dmpdr wbs prgjgtdn tg t`d pgsftfgo ge `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo jbobldr w`do ft wbs rdaglofzdn t`bt b oujhdr ge rdspgosfhfmftfds `bn hddo jfssdn nurfol t`d rdgrlbofzbtfgo. Jua` ge `dr  igh `bs tg ng wft` pbpdr pbpdrwgrc wgrc bon jgoftgrfol. Q`d fs rdspgosfhmd egr bmm rdlumbtgry agjpmfboad bon ngaujdot rdtdotfgo fssuds, w`fa` foamunds `bonmfol pbpdrwgrc rdmbtdn tg `frfol, tdrjfobtfgos, prgjgtfgos, pdregrjboad pmboofol, bon boyt`fol dmsd t`bt jfl`t wfon up fo b pdrsgoodm efmd. Jgoftgrfol rdspgosfhfmftfds prfjbrfmy rdmbtds tg rdpgrtfol go cdy pdregrjboad fonfabtgrs sua` bs pdradotbld ge `frds, turogvdr, bon rdsumts ge djpmgydd survdys. Q`d fs bmsg rdspgosfhmd egr trbacfol ftdjs t`bt agjd t`rgul` go t`d djpmgydd dt`fas `gtmfod bs wdmm bs boy gt`dr agjpmbfots gr ftdjs brfsfol ergj t`d agjpboy‖‖s gpdo nggr pgmfay. Bmm t`fs mdbns tg `dr rdspgosfhfmfty agjpboy egr dosurfol t`d prgpdr upnbtfol ge `ujbo rdsgurads `bonhggc usdn hy bmm djpmgydds bs t`dfr prfjbry rdedrdoad rdmbtdn tg `ujbo rdsgurads pgmfafds bon prgadnurds. God ge t`d pbrtfaumbr a`bmmdolds egr t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fs t`d djpmgydd struaturd. ^`d agjpboy fs jbnd up ge bo fotdrdstfol agjhfobtfgo ge eummeumm-tfjd bon pbrtpbrt-tfjd djpmgydds. ^`d jbigrfty ge pbrtpbrt  tfjd djpmgydds wgrc fo t`d sdrvfad adotdrs bs amdrfabm suppgrt egr sdrvfad tfjd djpmgydds. (Qfoad fonfvfnubms wgrcfol fo t`d sbmds adotdrs brd fondpdondot agotrbatgrs, amdrfabm suppgrt fs t`dfr rdspgosfhfmfty.) Hdabusd ge a`bolfol  wgrc agonftfgos wft`fo Abmfegrofb, t`d `gjd geflad wgrcegrad bmsg b msg foamunds sgjd tdjpgrbry bon agotrbat djpmgydds. Jgst ge t`dsd brd `bonmdn t`rgul` b `frfol bldoay. Efobmmy, bs ogtdn dbrmfdr, t`d sbmds egrad fs jbnd up ge fondpdondot agotrbatgrs. Bmm t`dsd vbrfgus typds brd bnjfofstrbtdn t`rgul` t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot.  \`bt egmmgws brd spdaffla ndtbfms egr sgjd ge t`d prgadssds wd wfmm hd rdvfdwfol. Xdaruftjdot

 \`fmd sgjd rdmfboad fs put go ghtbfofol rdsujds ergj wbmc wbmc--fos, t`d agjpboy‖‖s \dh sftd, bon bns fo t`d mgabm pbpdrs, IbyCbyAg‖ pboy IbyCbyAg ‖s prfjbry sgurad egr `frfol fs t`rgul` b igh jbta`fol \dh sftd, @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T. ^`fs \dh

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sftd bnvdrtfsds t`bt ft jbta`ds igh sddcdrs wft` `frdrs. Fo ldodrbm, ft fs b obtfgowfnd sftd t`bt baadpts bmm rdsujds bon baadpts bmm igh pgstfols. ^`d blrddjdot IbyCbyAg `bs wft` @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T fs uomfjftdn pgstfols egr b godgod ydbr  -ydbr edd. ^`fs foamunds strgol sdbra` dolfods t`bt sdbra` t`d aurrdot nbtbhbsd egr sdmdatdn cdywgrns bon sgrts hy edndrbmmy bmmgwdn ndjglrbp`fas bon mgabtfgo. ^`drd brd bt mdbst t`rdd typds ge ighs egr w`fa` IbyCbyAg cddps pdrjbodot pgstfols. ^`dsd brd fotrgnuatgry pgsftfgos rdmbtdn tg t`dfr sbmds geflads, sdrvfad geflads, bon jbobldjdot pgsftfgos fo t`dfr `gjd geflad. Boy gt`dr pgsftfgos (d.l., baaguotfol, `ujbo rdsgurads, dta.) brd pgstdn go bo bs--oddndn hbsfs. ^`d \dh sftd `bs bmsg hddo usdn egr `fl`drbs `fl`dr -mdvdm pgsftfgos, bmt`gul` ft `bs odvdr hddo usdn egr dxdautfvd sdbra`. ^`d gt`dr bpprgba` tg rdaruftjdot fs t`rgul` agmmdlds. \`fmd ogt b euonbjdotbm sgurad egr `frfol, IbyCbyAg `bs b wgrcfol rdmbtfgos`fp wft` b edw mgabm Abmfegrofb agmmdlds. Ft `bs bmsg iust stbrtdn twg rdmbtfgos`fps  wft` agmmdlds fo A`fablg bon @gustgo. ^`dsd brd tdst absds, hbsdn go t`d ebat t`bt t`drd brd b oujhdr ge sdrvfad/sbmds adotdrs fo t`gsd mgabtfgos. Fo ldodrbm, bmm agmmdld rdmbtfgos`fps brd nfrdatdn hy `ujbo rdsgurads. ^`dy bttdon igh ebfrs bon, fo god fostboad, `bvd nbhhmdn fo fotdros`fp prglrbjs. ^`dy bmsg geedr prgedssfgobms ergj IbyCbyAg tg tbmc tg ambssds go bo bsbs oddndn hbsfs. ^`d prglrbj `bs hddo lgfol go egr bhgut egur ydbrs. oddndn Dxdautfvd sdbra`ds `bvd bmm hddo `bonmdn t`rgul` b t`frn pbrty„ pbrty„  Dxdautfvd Qdbra`, Foa.„ Dxdautfvd Foa.„`ujbo rdsgurads `bs gomy `dmpdn dosurd baaurbtd  igh ndsarfptfgos bon pbyfol hfmms. Odw @frds

^`d foftfbm pgstfol ge igh gppgrtuoftfds fs umtfjbtdmy t`d rdspgosfhfmfty ge t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot. Boy gpdofol (w`dt`dr b odw gr dxfstfol igh) rdqufrds b Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj hd agjpmdtdn. ^`d egrj fs agjpmdtdn  wft`fo t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot (foamunfol odadssbr y bpprgvbms) t`do suhjfttdn tg `ujbo rdsgurads. Xgh [dtrfd‖ [dtrfd‖s ndpbrtjdot tbcds gvdr ergj t`drd. Odxt stdps brd hbsdn go t`d typd ge rdqudst„ rdqudst„fotdrobm, dxtdrobm, gr nubm. Bo fotdrobm pgstfol rdsumts fo b mfstfol go t`d IbyCbyAg‖ IbyCbyAg‖s igh hgbrn„ hgbrn„bo fotdrobm adotdr w`drd bmm djpmgydds abo vfdw gppgrtuoftfds wft`fo t`d agjpboy. Fe t`drd fs b rdqudst dxtdrobm sgurads hd usdn, t`d `ujbo rdsgurads lrgup hdlfos lgfol t`rgul` fts sgurads (sdd t`d rdaruftfol sdatfgo). ^`d geflafbm  IbyCbyAg \dh sftd `bs bo gptfgo tg pgst ygur rdsujd. @ujbo rdsgurads  wfmm lg t`rgul` bmm pgstdn rdsujds tg sdd fe t`drd fs b flt. IbyCbyAg `bs twg rdaruftdrs t`bt wgrc wft` @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T bon t`d mgabm agmmdlds. ^`d rdaruftdrs wgrc amgsdmy wft` t`d \dh sftd. ^`drd brd stbonfol pgstfols egr sgjd ighs, hut t`d rdaruftdrs wfmm `bvd tg pgst igh ndsarfptfgos egr gt`dr pgsftfgos. ^`dy prgvfnd b agmmdatfgo ge rdsujds ergj t`dsd sgurads betdr t`d rdqudst fs rdadfvdn.

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Goad  G oad bppmfabtfgos brd fo `bon (fotdrobm bon dxtdrobm) bon t`d pgstfol `bs amgsdn, `ujbo rdsgurads ngds t`d foftfbm sarddofol. Egr gutsfnd bppmfabots, t`fs jdbos rdvfdwfol rdsujds bon bppmfabtfgos tg dosurd t`bt hbsfa rdqufrdjdots (dxpdrfdoad, ndlrdd, dta.) brd jdt. ^`fs bmsg foamunds dosurfol t`drd brd og fssuds wft` t`d rdsujds sua` bs foagjpmdtd sdatfgos, sbmbry ndjbons tgg `fl`, mbrld lbps fo dxpdrfdoad, bon sg go. ^`gsd t`bt brd rdidatdn, w`fmd bvbfmbhmd tg t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot, brd ogt suhjfttdn. Egr fotdrobm `frds, t`d sbjd typd ge sarddofol fs ngod. Bmm bppmfabtfgos, dvdo fe dxpdrfdoad bon hbaclrguon rdqufrdjdots brd ogt jdt, just lg tg t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot. Bppmfabtfgos brd ﬈blldn fe t`dy ng ogt jddt t`d stbonbrns. ^`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot, betdr rdadfvfol bmm bppmfabtfgos, tdmms `ujbo rdsgurads w`fa` fonfvfnubms t`dy wbot tg fotdrvfdw. Bmm fotdrobm bppmfabots, og jbttdr t`dfr hbaclrguon, just hd fotdrvfdwdn. Egr dba` fonfvfnubm ogt fotdrvfdwdn, bo dxpmbobtfgo just hd prgvfndn. Egr dxtdrobm bppmfabots w`g `bvd hddo sdmdatdn, `ujbo rdsgurads ngds bo foftfbm sarddofol fotdrvfdw bon hbaclrguon a`dac. @ujbo rdsgurads t`do prgvfnds rdagjjdonbtfgos tg t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot. ^`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot wfmm mdt `ujbo rdsgurads cogw w`dt`dr tg prgaddn wft` sdttfol up t`d sdagon fotdrvfdw.  Bmm qudst qudstfgos fgos tg hd bscdn nurfo nurfol l t`d `frf `frfol ol ndpbr ndpbrtjdo tjdott‖s fotdrvfdws just agjd ergj t`d bpprgvdn mfst ge qudstfgos. Bmm fotdrvfdws brd tg tbcd og jgrd t`bo god `gur bon og mdss t`bo egrtyegrty-flvd jfoutds. ^`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot wfmm wgrc wft` `ujbo rdsgurads tg fndotfey t`d qudstfgos t`bt rdmbtd hdst tg t`d oddns ge t`d ndpbrtjdot egr t`bt pbrtfaumbr igh. Dvdry bppmfabot just hd bscdn t`d sbjd qudstfgos, bon t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot just ngaujdot t`d rdspgosds. Dvdry boswdr fs rbtdn go b god tg flvd sabmd (flvd hdfol hdst). Goad bmm fotdrvfdws brd agjpmdtd, t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot prdpbrds b `frfol jbtrfx ngaujdot. Egr dxtdrobm abonfnbtds, t`d flobm dvbmubtfgo fs b agjhfobtfgo ge sagrds hbsdn go t`d fotdrvfdw bon go t`d prdvfgus igh dxpdrfdoad. ^g `dmp dosurd prdvfgus dxpdrfdoad fs agrrdat, `ujbo rdsgurads agotbats prfgr djpmgydrs egr foegrjbtfgo rdmbtfol tg t`d bppmfabot. Egr fotdrobm bppmfabots, t`d sagrd fs b agjhfobtfgo ge fotdrvfdw sagrds bon prfgr ydbrs‖ ydbrs‖ dvbmubtfgos. ^`d flobm jbtrfx s`gumn foamund b ogtbtfgo fe t`drd fs boygod go t`d mfst w`g s`gumn ogt hd geedrdn t`d igh, foamunfol t`d rdbsgos w`y. @ujbo rdsgurads nguhmd a`dacs t`d jbtrfx egr agjpmdtdodss bon baaurbay. ^`d pdrsgo wft` t`d `fl`dst sagrd fs geedrdn t`d igh. Fe t`dy turo ft ngwo, t`d pdrsgo wft` t`d odxt `fl`dst sagrd fs geedrdn t`d igh, bon sg go. [rgpdr ngaujdotbtfgo fs rdqufrdn fe t`d pdrsgo ndamfods t`d igh. ^`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot agotbats bmm baadptdn bppmfabots (dxtdrobm bon fotdrobm). Egr baadptdn dxtdrobm bppmfabots, `ujbo rdsgurads prgvfnds bmm odadssbry foegrjbtfgo rdlbrnfol sbmbry bon stbrt nbtd bon boswdrs bnnftfgobm qudstfgos. Fe t`d bppmfabot wbots tfjd tg agosfndr t`d geedr, t`dy brd prgvfndn god husfodss nby. Fe t`drd fs og boswdr fo t`bt tfjd,

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t`dy brd agosfndrdn tg `bvd ndamfodn t`d geedr. Egr fotdrobm bppmfabots, `ujbo rdsgurads just flrst bnvfsd t`d bppmfabot‖ bppmfabot ‖s fjjdnfbtd supdrvfsgr bon ndtdrjfod b nbtd w`do t`d bppmfabot abo trbosedr. ^`d bppmfabot‖ bppmfabot ‖s ndpbrtjdot jby `gmn t`d pdrsgo egr up tg god jgot`, gr jby ambfj b `brns`fp sftubtfgo bon rdjgvd t`d pdrsgo ergj agotdotfgo. @brns`fp ambfjs rdqufrd bpprgvbm hy t`d vfad prdsfndot ge `ujbo rdsgurads. Betdr t`fs `bs hddo amdbrdn, `ujbo rdsgurads abmms t`d djpmgydd bon geedrs `fj gr `dr t`d igh.  Baadptboad just tbcd pmbad bt t`d tfjd ge t`d abmm. Fe t`d pdrsgo ndamfods, t`d fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm‖s fjjdnfbtd supdrvfsgr fs bnvfsdn, bon `ujbo rdsgurads jgvds tg t`d odxt pdrsgo. Fe baadptdn, t`d bppmfabot fs bnvfsdn tg tbmc gomy  wft` t`dfr supdr supdrvfsgr vfsgr bhgut t`d sftubtfgo egr god bnnftfgobm husfodss nby. ^`bt bmmgws `ujbo rdsgurads tg ogtfey gt`dr bppmfabots. \`do dft`dr bo dxtdrobm gr fotdrobm djpmgydd fs baadptdn, b jdjg (d(d-jbfm) fs sdot tg bmm gt`dr fotdrobm bppmfabots bnvfsfol w`g lgt t`d igh. Dxtdrobm bppmfabots brd odvdr ogtffldn fe t`dy ng ogt ldt t`d igh.  \`do b pgsftfgo fs flmmdn (ergj fotdrobm gr dxtdrobm sgurads) b Igh Efmm Agjpmdtdn egrj fs rdqufrdn. ^`fs egrj gutmfods bmm t`d odadssbry foegrjbtfgo bon fs usdn tg sdt t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s pby stbtus agrrdatmy bs wdmm bs egr stbtfstfabm bobmysfs. Egr fotdrobm `frds, og eurt`dr wgrc fs rdqufrdn ergj `ujbo rdsgurads. Egr dxtdrobm `frds, `ujbo rdsgurads fs rdspgosfhmd egr foftfbtfol bmm pbpdrwgrc bon flrst nby/wddc/jgot` grfdotbtfgo. Bt t`d tfjd t`d dxtdrobm bppmfabot baadpts t`d igh, t`d nby ge flrst djpmgyjdot fs dstbhmfs`dn bon b jddtfol fs sdt up hdtwddo t`d odw djpmgydd bon b `ujbo rdsgurads bssfstbot (usubmmy god `gur betdr ogrjbm stbrtfol tfjds). Bt t`fs flrst jddtfol, bmm t`d odadssbry pbpdrwgrc fs agjpmdtdn (d.l., hdodflts sdmdatfgo, tbx egrjs, djpmgydd nbtbhbsd foegrjbtfgo, bacogwmdnljdot ge ngaujdots). ^`d djpmgydd fs fotrgnuadn tg bon lfvdo t`d djpmgydd `bonhggc. ^`d djpmgydd fs bnvfsdn ge t`dfr prghbtfgobry pdrfgn bon systdjbtfa pdregrjboad rdvfdw prgadss. Jgot`my godgod -nby grfdotbtfgo trbfofol fs bmsg sa`dnumdn. ^`fs bmm tbcds bhgut bo `gur. Bt t`d don ge t`fs jddtfol, t`d odw supdrvfsgr fs abmmdn tg agjd ldt t`d pdrsgo. Bt t`bt tfjd, t`d supdrvfsgr fs lfvdo t`d fotrgnuatgry a`dacmfst (b egrj t`bt prgvfnds bpprgxfjbtdmy t`frtyt`frty  flvd brdbs t`bt s`gumn hd rdvfdwdn wft` t`d djpmgydd fo t`d odxt flvd nbys). flvd  \`do `frfol djpmgydds egr t`d sdr sdrvfad vfad adotdrs, jgrd ge t`d prgadssds brd batubmmy `bonmdn hy fonfvfnubms fo t`d sdrvfad adotdr. ^`d ndtbfms nfeedr ndpdonfol go t`d mgabtfgo. Bmm ngaujdotbtfgo fs suhjfttdn dmdatrgofabmmy.  \`do `frfol fo t`d sbmds ndpbrtjdot, dvdr yt`fol fs t`d sbjd sb jd uotfm betdr t`d fotdrvfdws brd agjpmdtdn. ^`d sbmds jbobldr suhjfts t`d jbtrfx tg `ujbo rdsgurads, hut t`d jbobldr fs t`d god w`g jbcds t`d geedr hy prdsdotfol t`d abonfnbtd wft` b agotrbat. (Xdjdjhdr, t`dsd brd fondpdondot agotrbatgrs, ogt djpmgydds.) ^`d agotrbat fs sflodn hy t`d sbmds jbobldr (rdprdsdotfol t`d agjpboy) bon hy t`d sbmds bldot. ^`drd fs og grfdotbtfgo trbfofol. Fostdbn, sbmds trbfofol fs `bonmdn hy t`d sbmds jbobldrs w`g agjpmdtd t`d grfdotbtfgos bs t`dy sdd hdst egr t`dfr tdrrftgrfds. (Qgjd jbobldrs

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jby `gmn trbfofol sdssfgos wft` t`d eumm lrgup, gt`drs jby ng rdjgtd trbfofol.) @ujbo rdsgurads jbfotbfos t`d ngaujdotbtfgo ge boy trbfofol bon egmmgws up go jfssfol trbfofol. ^`fs fs t`d prfjbry trbfofol brdb fo w`fa` `ujbo rdsgurads fs ogt fovgmvdn. [rghbtfgobry [rghbtfgob ry [drfgn

 Bmm djpmgyd djpmgydds ds lg t`rgu t`rgul` l` b t`rdd t`rdd--jgot` prghbtfgobry pdrfgn. Nurfol t`fs tfjd, supdrvfsgrs prgvfnd upnbtds go t`d fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm‖s prglrdss. ^`d flrst fs nud fo god wddc bon foamunds t`d agjpmdtdn fotrgnuatgry egrj. ^`d odxt fs nud bt twg wddcs, bon t`do god fs nud bt t`d don ge dba` ge t`d flrst t`rdd jgot`s. Bt t`d don ge t`d t`frn jgot`, bo baadptboad egrj (tg hd sflodn hy djpmgydd bon supdrvfsgr) fonfabtds t`bt dvdrygod fs `bppy wft` t`d sftubtfgo. ^rbfofol

Jgst trbfofol fs ndvdmgpdn fotdrobmmy, hut dxtdrobm sgurads brd usdn hbsdn go t`d ndlrdd ge dxpdrtfsd odadssbry. ^`d flrst brdb ge trbfofol fs odw djpmgydd grfdotbtfgo. ^`fs wbs ndvdmgpdn fofo-`gusd bon fs fotdondn tg rdfoegrad t`d brdbs rdvfdwdn fo t`d fotrgnuatgry a`dacmfst, bs wdmm bs gt`dr brdbs t`d agjpboy eddms brd fjpgrtbot egr t`d odw djpmgydd tg uondrstbon. ^rbfofol fs `dmn goad b jgot` bon bmm odw djpmgydds brd dxpdatdn tg bttdon. ^gpfas foamund t`d agjpboy `fstgry, agjpboy struaturd, pgmfafds bon lufndmfods, hdodflts, bon pdregrjboad pmboofol bon rdvfdw. Fe pgssfhmd, t`d ADG fs foamundn egr b hrfde `bme`bme -`gur tbmc. \`do `d fs uobvbfmbhmd, gt`dr sdofgr dxdautfvds wfmm tbcd `fs pmbad. Ruftd b hft ge tfjd fs spdot go trbfofol egr supdrvfsgrs„ supdrvfsgrs „odw, dxpdrfdoadn, bon supdrvfsgry trbfodds. Abtdlgrfds agvdrdn brd agjjuofabtfgo, hufmnfol ghidatfvds, sdxubm `brbssjdot, vfgmdoad fo t`d wgrcpmbad, pdregrjboad dvbmubtfgo, bon gt`dr fotdrpdrsgobm scfmms. Qgjd ge t`fs trbfofol `bs hddo ndvdmgpdn fofo-`gusd, hut jgst `bs hddo pura`bsdn gee t`d s`dme (f.d., stbonbrn trbfofol jbtdrfbms t`bt ng ogt oddn tg hd a`boldn tg jddt  IbyCbyAg‖‖s oddns).  IbyCbyAg  \`do ndpbrtjdots oddn prgedssfgo prgedssfgo--spdaffla trbfofol, ft fs usubmmy `bonmdn hy t`d fonfvfnubm ndpbrtjdot. @gwdvdr, hdabusd ge t`d mbrld vgmujd ge fonfvfnubms fo t`d fldmn sdrvfad sdatfgos, `ujbo rdsgurads fs rdspgosfhmd egr prgvfnfol t`fs trbfofol. Qua` trbfofol fs bmsg b jfxturd ge fo -`gusd bon dxtdrobm ndvdmgpjdot. ^`d fofo-`gusd bpprgba` abjd bhgut bpprgxfjbtdmy egur ydbrs blg tg `dmp rdnuad t`d agst ge trbfofol jbtdrfbms. ^`d agjpboy fndotffldn dxpdrts wft`fo t`d ndpbrtjdot w`g wgrcdn wft` t`d trbfofol lrgup tg ndvdmgp t`dsd jbtdrfbms. ^`d agjpboy agotfouds tg jgvd egrwbrn fo t`fs nfrdatfgo, usfol fndotffldn dxpdrts tg ndvdmgp odw jbtdrfbms bon upnbtd t`bt w`fa` fs bmrdbny ardbtdn. Bmm trbfofol egr sbmds bldots fs `bonmdn hy t`d jbrcdtfol ndpbrtjdot. @ujbo rdsgurads fs gomy fovgmvdn  w`do agjpmdtfgo ge ndsflobtdn prglrbjs fs rdagrndn.

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[dregrjboad  [ dregrjboad [mboofol bon Dvbmubtfgo

[dregrjboad dvbmubtfgo fs bo booubm prgadss wft` twg upnbtds. Bpprgxfjbtdmy Bpprgxfjbtdmy flvd ydbrs blg, t`d prgadss wbs egr t`d pdregrjboad pmbo tg hd dstbhmfs`dn bon nfsaussdn wft` t`d djpmgydd fo Iboubry. ^`drd wbs bo upnbtd rdqufrdn fo Iumy, bon t`d dvbmubtfgo wbs flobmfzdn fo Ndadjhdr. @gwdvdr, twg prghmdjs wdrd rdaglofzdn. Efrst, bmm foegrjbtfgo rdlbrnfol sbmbrfds wbs nud bt t`d hdlfoofol ge egurt` qubrtdr (god ge t`d mbst stdps ge t`d booubm hunldtfol prglrbj). Xbfsds tdondn tg hd hbsdn go t`d jfnjfn  ydbr  -ydbr rdvfdw rbt`dr t`bo t`d booubm rdvfdw. Qdagon, god upnbtd iust nfno‖ nfno ‖t sddj dogul`. ^`drdegrd, t`d agjpboy rdqufrdn t`bt b egrjbm rdvfdw tbcd pmbad dvdry qubrtdr sg t`bt djpmgydds wgumn rdadfvd hdttdr eddnhbac, bon t`d rdsumts ge t`rdd rdvfdws (rbt`dr t`bo iust god jfnjfn ydbr  -ydbr rdvfdw) wgumn hd bvbfmbhmd fo tfjd egr sbmbry rdvfdw. ^`fs stfmm nfno‖ nfno‖t wgrc. [dgpmd agjpmbfodn t`bt qubrtdrmy rdvfdws tggc tgg jua` tfjd bon t`dy edmt t`bt t`d egurt` qubrtdr wgrc (t`d flobm jdbsurdjdot tg suaadss) wbs ogt foamundn. Qg, twg ydbrs blg, twg a`bolds wdrd jbnd. ^`d flrst wbs tg agjpmdtd rdvfdws dvdry egur jgot`s. ^`dsd rdvfdws (tftmdn  󿬂rst, sdagon ,  bon  󿬂obm  ) bmmgwdn jgrd eddnhbac t`bo sdjfbooubm rdvfdws, hut wdrd ogt bs godrgus bs qubrtdrmy. Qdagon, t`d rdpgrtfol pdrfgn  wbs a`boldn tg hdttdr agfoafnd wft` hunldt oddns. [dregrjboad dvbmubtfgo bon t`d bssgafbtdn sbmbry bniustjdots ogw stbrt Qdptdjhdr 2 bon don Gatghdr 1;. ^`d gt`dr fjpgrtbot a`bold tg t`d pdregrjboad pmbo wbs t`bt t`d agjpboy jbnd t`d djpmgydds rdspgosfhmd egr nrfvfol t`d rdvfdw prgadss. ^`d djpmgydd fs t`d god w`g fs suppgsdn tg stbrt t`d prgadss bon agjpmdtd t`dfr egrj, wgrcfol nfrdatmy wft` `fs gr `dr supdrvfsgr. @ujbo rdsgurads `bs tbcdo b jgrd pbssfvd rgmd bon fs jdrdmy t`d agotrgm tg dosurd pbpdr wgrc fs agjpmdtd bon suhjfttdn go tfjd. ^`d agjfol ydbr‖ ydbr‖s pdregrjboad pmbo fs batubmmy ardbtdn bt t`d sbjd tfjd t`d aurrdot ydbr‖ ydbr‖s sbmbry rdagjjdonbtfgos brd hdfol flobmfzdn, t`d gomy nfeedrdoad hdfol t`bt t`d pdregrjboad pmbo aboogt hd stbrtdn uotfm Gatghdr 2. Nurfol t`bt tfjd, t`d pmbo egr t`d agjfol ydbr fs ardbtdn.  B stbonbrn egrj (t`d Booubm [dregrjboad Dvbmubtfgo egrj) egr j) fs usdn hy bmm ndpbrtjdots. @gwdvdr, @gwdvdr, dvdry dvdr y ndpbrtjdot fs bmmgwdn tg hufmn t`bt pmbo `gw ft  wfs`ds. ^`d gomy rdqufrdjdot fs t`bt t`drd hd b jfofjuj jf ofjuj ge flvd ghidatfvds, bon ft fs sulldstdn t`dy tfd nfrdatmy tg t`d booubm pmbos bon lgbms ge t`d agjpboy. (^`dsd brd fotrgnuadn fo Qdptdjhdr.) Bmm ndpbrtjdots brd tg usd QJBX^ ghidatfvds (Qpdaffla, Jdbsurbhmd, Ba`fdvbhmd, Xdmdvbot, bon ^fjdmy). Goad t`dsd pmbos brd dstbhmfs`dn, upnbtds brd nud hy t`d don ge Iboubry bon Jby. ^`d flobmfzdn egrjs brd dotdrdn fotg t`d agjputdrfzdn systdj bon t`do sdot tg `ujbo rdsgurads tg hd foamundn fo pdrsgoodm flmds. ^`d `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo jbobldr rdadfvds b mfst bt t`d don ge dba` pdrfgn fonfabtfol w`fa` fonfvfnubms‖ fonfvfnubms ‖ pdregrjboad pmbos

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`bvd ogt hddo agjpmdtdn. Q`d egmmgws up wft` jbobldrs bon supdrvfsgrs bs bpprgprfbtd. ^`drd fs bo dmdvbtfgo prgadss w`drdhy t`d flrst rdqudst (agjpmdtdn twg wddcs betdr t`d nud nbtd) lgds tg t`d supdrvfsgr bon t`d sdagon rdqudst (agjpmdtdn betdr bogt`dr twg wddcs) lgds tg t`d `dbn ge t`d ndpbrtjdot. Betdr b tgtbm ge sfx wddcs, t`d ADG fs ogtffldn ge bmm ndmfoqudot pdregrjboad pmbos. ^`fs sbjd prgadss fs egmmgwdn egr upnbtds bon flobm sbmbry rdagjjdonbtfgos.  Bs ogtdn, t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw fs tg hd ldodrbtdn hy t`d djpmgydd usfol b stbonbrn pbpdr egrj. ^`d djpmgydd dotdrs `fs gr `dr agjjdots bon sdons t`d egrj tg t`d supdrvfsgr. ^`d supdrvfsgr prgvfnds foput (fo wrftfol), rdturos t`d ngaujdot tg t`d djpmgydd, bon sdts b jddtfol tg flobmfzd t`d blrddn upgo pmbo. Goad hgt` fonfvfnubms `bvd blrddn tg t`d pmbo, t`d djpmgydd dotdrs t`d flobmfzdn pmbo fotg t`d systdj bon jbrcs t`d egrj bs agjpmdtd. ^`fs sbjd prgadss fs egmmgwdn egr upnbtds. Fo t`bt absd, t`d ngaujdotbtfgo foamunds t`d supdrvfsgr‖ supdrvfsgr ‖s bssdssjdot ge `gw wdmm t`d djpmgydd `bs ngod tg nbtd. ^`d flobm rdvfdw (nud Gatghdr 1;) fs `bonmdn fo b sfjfmbr jboodr, dxadpt t`bt ft foamunds t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s flobm rbocfols, w`fa` brd lrbndn go b sabmd ge B   tg  N   (B  fs   fs hdst,  N  fs   fs pggr). Betdr t`d blrddn upgo rbocfol `bs hddo dotdrdn fotg t`d systdj, t`d rbocfol bon sbmbry rdagjjdonbtfgo brd dotdrdn hy t`d supdrvfsgr fotg t`d systdj (bmt`gul` ft fs getdo ngod hy b sdardtbry `bonmfol t`d ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot ‖s hunldt). Bmm djpmgydds ldt b hbsd rbfsd (usubmmy b sjbmm pdradotbld) bon bo bnnftfgobm pdradotbld rbfsd fs lfvdo hbsdn go t`d rbocfol ( N   ogrjbmmy `bs b ; pdradot rbfsd) bon `gw `fl` fonfvfnubms brd wft`fo t`bt rbocfol. ^`d hbsd rbfsd fs a`boldn booubmmy,, hut t`d bnnftfgobm pdradotblds jbfomy stby t`d sbjd. bmmy Ndvdmgpjdotbm [rglrbjs

Xdmbtdn tg trbfofol, `ujbo rdsgurads fs rdspgosfhmd egr prgedssfgobm ndvdmgpjdot ge djpmgydds. ^`fs gaaurs bt vbrfgus mdvdms9 ndvdmgpjdot wft`fo t`d igh (prgjgtfgos wft`fo t`d ndpbrtjdot), ndvdmgpjdot tg supdrvfsgr/jbobldr (suaadssfgo pmboofol), bon euturd mdbndrs. ^wg ge t`d hrgbndr agoadpts brd b stbonbrnfzdn jdotgrfol prglrbj bon b rgtbtfgobm prglrbj. @ujbo rdsgurads `bs wgrcdn wft` adrtbfo ndpbrtjdots tg try bon hdttdr ndflod igh pbt`s, jgrd spdafflabmmy, fndotfey `gw bo djpmgydd jgvds t`rgul` t`d vbrfgus igh mdvdms fo ndpbrtjdots. ^`fs mdbns ofadmy tg t`d agoadpt ge suaadssfgo pmboofol. Xdqufrdn ge dvdry ndpbrtjdot fs agjpmdtfgo ge b stbonbrnfzdn suaadssfgo pmboofol. Dvdry supdrvfsgr gr jbobldr just fndotfey bt mdbst god fonfvfnubm (twg gr t`rdd brd prdedrrdn) w`g agumn suaaddn t`dj. ^`gsd djpmgydds‖‖ prgedssfgobm ndvdmgpjdot fs hufmt fotg t`dfr pdregrjboad pmbo. djpmgydds ^`drd brd b sdrfds ge egrjs t`bt brd rdqufrdn t`bt ndsarfhds w`y t`d fonf vfnubm s`gumn hd agosfndrdn egr suaadssfgo. ^`dsd egrjs just hd bpprgvdn

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20

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

hy t`d dxdautfvd nfrdatgr ge t`d ndpbrtjdot. \`fmd t`d nuty ge fndotfeyfol bon ndvdmgpfol djpmgydds fs lfvdo tg dba` jbobldr, `ujbo rdsgurads fs rdspgosfhmd egr t`d ndvdmgpjdot bon trbacfol ge t`d batubm suaadssfgo pmboofol prglrbj. ^`fs fs baagjpmfs`dn hy wgrcfol wft` t`d jbobldrs tg ndtdrjfod fonfvfnubm oddns, tg fjprgvd prglrbj, bon boy gt`dr brdbs t`dfr t`bt abo hd usdeum fo t`d`gw ndvdmgpjdot ge t`d suaadssgrs. @ujbo rdsgurads fs bmsg fo a`brld ge t`d mdbndrs`fp ndvdmgpjdot prglrbj. ^`fs fs fotdondn tg flon euturd dxdautfvds egr t`d agjpboy (ergj fosfnd t`d agjpboy). Ogjfodds brd prgvfndn hy t`d vfad prdsfndot ge dba` ndpbrtjdot (usubmmy betdr foput ergj gt`dr ndpbrtjdot dxdautfvds sua` bs t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s nfrdatgr gr jbobldr). [rgjgtfgos

Xdqudsts egr prgjgtfgo agjd tg t`d agjpdosbtfgo ndpbrtjdot. ^`d bobmysts fo t`fs ndpbrtjdot `bvd twg rgmds. ^`d flrst fs tg dosurd t`bt bmm ngaujdots brd agjpmdtdn prgpdrmy. ^`d sdagon fs tg dvbmubtd t`d suhjfttdn rdqudst bon prgvfnd eddnhbac go t`d qubmfty ge t`d rdqudst. ^`fs fs ngod tg `dmp jbobldrs lfvd t`d foegrjbtfgo odadssbry egr suaadsseum prgjgtfgos. Goad t`rgul` t`d agjpdosbtfgo ndpbrtjdot, bmm rdqudsts just lg t`rgul` t`d agjpdosbtfgo agjjfttdd egr bpprgvbm. ^`dfr ndafsfgo agjds hbac tg t`d bobmyst w`g foegrjs t`d jbobldr rdqudstfol t`d prgjgtfgo ge t`d rdsumt. Fe ndofdn, og eurt`dr batfgo fs odadssbry. Fe bpprgvdn, t`d bobmyst foputs bmm odadssbry foegrjbtfgo fotg t`d pbyrgmm systdj. ^drjfobtfgos

 Bmm ngaujdotbtfgo egr tdrjfobtfgos fs suhjfttdn tg `ujbo rdsgurads hy t`d tdrjfobtfol djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s jbobldr. \`fmd gogo-hgbrnfol fs gstdosfhmy rdspgosfhmd egr tdrjfobtfgos, t`d batubm prgadssfol `bs hddo `bondn gee tg `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo. Bmm pbpdrwgrc agjds tg gogo -hgbrnfol hut fs fjjdnfbtdmy rgutdn tg bnjfofstrbtfgo. Amdrfabm pdrsgoodm rdvfdw bmm ngaujdotbtfgo rdadfvdn tg dosurd agjpmdtdodss. ^`fs bmsg jdbos a`dacfol t`bt t`d jgst rdadot egrjs brd usdn. Fe odadssbry, b flobm a`dac fs rdqudstdn. ^`d ndpbrtjdot rdaglofzds t`d fjpgrtboad ge tfjdmy wgrc fo prgadssfol tdrjfobtfgos bon, fe pbpdrwgrc fs agrrdat, fs usubmmy bhmd tg turo t`fs brguon t`d sbjd nby. Goad bmm t`d pbpdrwgrc fs ngod, t`d tdrjfobtfol djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd ‖s jbobldr fs ogtffldn. ^`bt jbobldr fs t`do rdspgosfhmd egr dosurfol bmm agjpboy--fssudn ftdjs brd rdagvdrdn (ardnft abrns, pbrcfol pbssds, bon hufmnpboy fol baadss abrns). ^`d jbobldr t`do sdons t`d amgsfol ngaujdotbtfgo tg `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo egr flmfol.

59129;> [J 59129;> [J

a;2 a;2.fonn fonn

20 20

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

 

A @ B [ ^ D X

 8

 Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss Nrfmmfol

H

degrd tbcfol t`d flrst stdps ge [rgadss Jbppfol, wd oddn tg `bvd b ldodrbm uondrstbonfol ge w`bt jbcds up b prgadss„ prgadss„b wby tg nrfmm ngwo fotg dba` prgadss. \d wfmm ndflod t`d mbydrs ge suhprgadssds t`bt brd fndotffldn bs wd nfl nddpdr fotg bo gpdrbtfgo. Bon dvdo hdegrd wd ndflod `gw wd wfmm nrfmm ngwo fotg dba` prgadss, wd `bvd tg flrst uondrstbon w`bt wd jdbo hy prgadss. [rgadss [rga dss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Ngwo Fotg t`d [rgadss

  l   o    f   p   p   b    J   r   d   j   g    t   s   u    A

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

26

 Q   p  b  l `   d t   t   f   J  b  p  s   b o  n  X  B   A F   J  b t   r  f    a  d  s 

59129;4 [J 59129;4 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

26 26

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 [rgadss Ndefodn [rgadss Ft fs prghbhmy ghvfgus t`bt uondrstbonfol [rgadss Jbppfol jdbos uondrstbonfol prgadssds. Bon jgst pdgpmd wfmm tdmm ygu t`bt t`dy `bvd b lggn fndb w`bt t`dy jdbo w`do t`dy usd t`bt wgrn. Hut t`drd brd dogul` nfeedrdot fotdrprdtbtfgos ge prgadss gut t`drd t`bt wd wfmm stbrt hy fndotfeyfol w`bt  wd jdbo hy hy t`d wgrn prgadss .  ^`d jgst hbsfa ndfloftfgo ge b prgadss„ prgadss„foput, batfgo, bon gutput„ gutput„prgvfnds t`d hbsfs egr t`fs uondrstbonfol. \d wbot tg bnn god jgrd agoadpt9 t`d fndb t`bt batfgo fs ogt dogul`. Fe t`d foput bon t`d gutput brd t`d sbjd, og rdbm prgadss (egr gur purpgsds) `bs gaaurrdn.  Baagrnfolmy,, rbt`dr t`bo iust usfol t`d wgrn batfgo ,  wd ndflod b prgadss bs  Baagrnfolmy bo foput, b trbosegrjbtfgo, bon bo gutput. Eurt`dr, wd wbot tg prgvfnd t`d egmmgwfol ndfloftfgos. Foput  fs  fs w`bt dotdrs t`d prgadss, trbosegrjbtfgo  fs  fs w`bt `bppdos tg t`d foput, bon gutput  fs  fs w`bt dxfts t`d prgadss. Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput

\`bt dotdrs t`d prgadss

\`bt `bppdos tg t`d fopu foputt

\`bt dxfts t`d prgadss

^`fs  ^ `fs sddjs rdmbtfvdmy sfjpmd, hut fo prbatfad, prgpdrmy fndotfeyfol bon ndflofol t`dsd tdrjs abo hd prghmdjb prghmdjbtfa. tfa. Fe ygu mggc bt b prgadss bs sfjpmd bs t`rgwfol gut t`d trbs`, ygu hdlfo tg sdd t`fs fo prbatfad. ^`d egmmgwfol fs b lrbp`fabm rdprdsdotbtfgo ge t`fs prgadss. (Egr purpgsds ge gur dxbjpmd,  wd wfmm mggc bt t`d prgadss ge tbcfol gut t`d trbs`. \d ndflod t`d hguonbrfds ge b prgadss mbtdr.) ^rbs` ^rbs` Hbl Djpty ^rbs` Agotbfodr Foput

Agosgmfnbtd bon Nfspgsd ge ^rbs`

Djpty ^rbs` Abos Amdbodr @gusd ^rbs` fo Nujpstdr

^rbose grjbt fgo

Gutput

 ^`d foput  foamunds ^`d  foamunds t`d trbs` t`bt wfmm hd agmmdatdn (w`dt`dr aurrdotmy fo b trbs` abo gr iust myfol bhgut), t`d hbl usdn tg agmmdat t`d trbs`, bon b rdadptbamd t`bt wfmm `gmn t`d trbs` hbl bs t`d trbs` fs agmmdatdn. ^`d trbosegrjbtfgo   fs ndflodn fo b wby t`bt s`gws `gw t`fols wfmm a`bold9 ^`d trbs` fs hdfol agmmdatdn bon rdjgvdn. Ft s`gumn hd ogtdn t`bt, getdo, t`d trbosegrjbtfgo jby  iust hd b rdstbtfol rdstbtfol ge t`d prgadss. Fo t`fs dxbjpmd, t`d trbosegrjbtfgo trbosegrjbtfgo agumn dbsfmy hd ”t`rgw ”t`rgw gut trbs`.‚ trbs`.‚ @gwdvdr, wd wbotdn tg foamund t`d lbt`drfol tgldt`dr bs pbrt ge t`d trbosegrjbtfgo. Efobmmy, t`d gutput  s`gws   s`gws t`rdd a`bolds9 t`d djpty abos, t`d amdbo `gusd, bon t`d trbs` fo b Nujpstdr.

591291; [J 591291; [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

8; 8;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

82

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 8.2 Fndotfeyfol Foputs, ^rbosegrjbtfgos, bon Gutputs

Hbsdn go t`d prdvfgus nfsaussfgo, fndotfey t`d foputs, trbosegrjbtfgos, bon gutputs egr t`d egmmgwfol t`rdd agjjgo, dvdrynby batfvftfds.

Foput

\bcfol Tp

Nrfvfol tg \grc

Huyfol b Abr

^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput

5912912 [J 5912912 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

82 82

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

88

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 [rgadssds, Tofts, ^bscs, bon Batfgos [rgadssds, ^g hdttdr bobmyzd bon uondrstbon prgadssds, b systdj egr ambssfeyfol bon uondrstbonfol w`bt tbcds pmbad wft`fo t`d gvdrbmm prgadss fs oddndn. ^`fs rdqufrds hrdbcfol b sfolmd prgadss fotg fts vbrfgus suhprgadssds9 suhprgadssds9 uofts, tbscs, bon batfgos. ^`d `fdrbra`y ge `gw t`dsd wgrc tgldt`dr egmmgw. [rgadss Toft

Toft

^bsc

^bsc

^bsc

Toft

^bsc

^bsc

Toft ^bsc

^bsc

^bsc

Batfgo B atf atfg go Ba tftfgo B atf atfg go Ba tftfgo B atf atfg go B atf atfg go Ba tftfgo B atf atfg go Ba tftfgo B atf atfg go Ba tftfgo

nrfmm--ngwo  Bogt`dr   wby tg vfsubmfzd t`fs fotdrrdmbtfgos`fp fs hy usfol b nrfmm jbp, w`fa` s`gws `gw dba` suhprgadss abo hd ndagostruatdn.

Foput

Toft 2

[ rgadss

Toft 8

^bsc 2

Gutput

Toft 1

Toft >

^bsc 8

Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Bat fgo 1

5912912 [J 5912912 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

88 88

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

81

 FFndotfeyfol ndotfeyfol Tofts wft`fo b [rgadss

^`d flrst stdp fo ndtdrjfofol t`d jbcdup ge t`d prgadss fs hy fndotfeyfol t`d uofts. Dxdrafsd 8.8 Fndotfeyfol Tofts wft`fo b [rgadss

Tsfol t`d dxbjpmd ge t`rgwfol gut t`d trbs`, fndotfey t`d hbsfa uofts uondrmyfol t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. Tsd t`d foegrjbtfgo prgvfndn fo t`d foput, trbosegrjbtfgo, bon gutput ndsarfptfgos tg ldt bo uondrstbonfol ge `gw t`dsd uofts jfl`t hd ndflodn. Dotdr t`d objd egr dba` uoft fo t`d spbad hdmgw t`d uoft oujhdr. \d `bvd prgvfndn spbad egr flvd uofts, hut t`bt ngds ogt jdbo ygu `bvd tg fndotfey flvd. Fo objfol t`d uoft, try tg usd b s`grt ndsarfptfgos, egr dxbjpmd, ”t`rgw ”t`rgw gut trbs`.‚ trbs`.‚

^`rgwfol Gut t`d ^rbs` Toft 2

Toft 8

Toft 1

Toft >

Toft 4

5912918 [J 5912918 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

81 81

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Fndotfeyfol Foputs bon Gutputs tg Tofts Fndotfeyfol  Iust bs b prgadss `bs bo foput, b trbosegrjbtfgo, bon bo gutput, t`d uondrmyfol uofts bmsg `bvd foputs, trbosegrjbtfgos, bon gutputs. Ft fs fjpgrtbot tg rdaglofzd t`bt t`d gutput ergj t`d flrst uoft wfmm usubmmy hd t`d foput egr t`d sdagon, t`d gutput ergj t`d sdagon wfmm hd t`d foput egr t`d t`frn, bon sg go. Dxdrafsd 8.1 Toft Foputs bon Gutputs

Egr t`d uofts mfstdn fo t`d sgmutfgo egr Dxdrafsd 8.8, mfst t`d bssgafbtdn foputs bon gutputs. ^`d grflfobm mfst ge foputs bon gutputs fs b lggn stbrtfol pgfot.

[rdpbrd Xdadptbamd Foput

Gutput

Lbt`dr ^rbs` Gutput

Foput

Nfspgsd ge ^rbs` Foput

Gutput

5912918 [J 5912918 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

8> 8>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

84

 Ndefofol ^bsc bon Batfgo Mdvdms Ndefofol Ft fs fjpgrtbot tg uondrstbon t`bt w`fmd b prgadss abo hd hrgcdo fotg sdpbrbtd uofts t`bt rdprdsdot t`d vbrfgus dmdjdots ge t`d prgadss, dba` uoft abo bmsg hd nfvfndn fotg fonfvfnubm tbscs rdprdsdotfol t`d dmdjdots ge t`d uoft, bon dba` tbsc abo hd hrgcdo fotg fonfvfnubm batfgos. (^`d mdvdm hdmgw t`d batfgo ftdjs brd t`d batubm prgadnurds„ prgadnurds„ wrfttdo gr uondrstgg uondrstggn. n. \`fmd  wd wfmm ogt ng boy wgrc bt t`d prgadnu prgadnurd rd mdvdm, uondrstbon t`bt t`dy brd t`d eguonbtfgo egr t`fs `fdrbra`y.) Dba` ge t`dsd tbscs bon batfgos wfmm bmsg `bvd bo foput, b trbosegrjbtfgo, bon bo gutput. Dxdrafsd 8.> Fndotfeyfol ^bscs, Batfgos, bon t`d Xdmbtdn Foputs bon Gutputs

Egr t`d uoft  prdpbrd rdadptbamd ,  fndotfey t`d uondrmyfol tbscs. Dotdr t`d ndsarfptfgo fo t`d spbad hdmgw t`d tbsc oujhdr. Egr dba` tbsc, ndtdrjfod t`d foput bon gutput. Jgvd t`d ndsarfptfgo ge dba` tbsc fotg t`d odxt egrj bon agjpmdtd t`d foput bon gutput. Goad ygu `bvd nrfmmdn ngwo tg t`d tbsc mdvdm, lg t`rgul` t`d sbjd prgadss egr god ge ygur fndotffldn tbscs bon nrfmm ngwo tg t`d batfgo mdvdm. Dotdr t`d objd ge t`d tbsc go t`d tgp ge t`d egrjs, ndsarfhd t`d batfgo fo t`d spbad hdmgw t`d batfgo oujhdr, t`do fndotfey t`d bssgafbtdn foputs bon gutputs. (^ry (^ry tg cddp t`d oujhdr ge tbscs bon batfgos tg flvd gr mdss.) ^bsc--Mdvdm Bobmysfs ^bsc Toft9 [rdpbrd Xdadptbamd ^bsc 2

^bsc 8

^bsc 1

^bsc >

^bsc 4

Toft9 [rdpbrd Xdadptbamd Foput

^bsc 2 ^bsc 8 ^bsc 1 ^bsc > ^bsc 4

^rbosegrjbtfgo (^bsc)

Gutput

5912918 [J 5912918 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

84 84

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

85

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Batfgo  Batfgo  -Mdvdm Bobmysfs ^bsc Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

^bsc9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW  

Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo (Batfgo)

Gutput

Batfgo 2 Batfgo 8 Batfgo 1 Batfgo > Batfgo 4

Egr purpgsds ge t`dsd foftfbm dxdrafsds, wd `bvd usdn sfjpmd dxbjpmds. ^`d fotdot fs tg prgvfnd prbatfad fo t`d tda`ofquds wft` ebjfmfbr sftubtfgos. Ogw wd hdlfo tg bppmy t`dsd agoadpts fo b jgrd pmbusfhmd wgrc sftubtfgo.

5912911 [J 5912911 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

85 85

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

8<

 Agjprd`dosfvd Dxbjpmd Agjprd`dosfvd Dxdrafsd 8.4 Nrfmmfol Ngwo b @ujbo Xdsgurads Dxbjpmd

^g hrfol bmm t`dsd pfdads tgldt`dr, mdt‖ mdt‖s mggc bt t`d djpmgydd pdregrjboad rdvfdw prgadss bsfondsarfhdn fo (bon t`d IbyCbyAg stuny fo ygu A`bptdr 2. Tsfol t`d foegrjbtfgo t`bt sdatfgo boy vbmfnabsd bssujptfgos eddm odadssbry tg uondrstbon t`d prgadss) agjpmdtd b nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbp ge t`fs prgadss. ^`d egmmgwfol tggms abo hd usdn tg wbmc t`rgul` t`d prgadss. Qtbrt hy fndotfeyfol t`d foput, trbosegrjbtfgo, bon gutput ge t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw prgadss. Odxt, fndotfey t`d uondrmyfol uofts bs wdmm bs t`dfr foputs, trbosegrjbtfgos, bon gutputs. Egr dba` fndotffldn uoft, lg t`rgul` t`d sbjd bpprgba` egr t`d tbscs. ^`do, egr dba` tbsc, lg t`rgul` t`d sbjd s bjd bpprgba` tg ndtdrjfod t`d batfgos. Goad t`dsd `bvd bmm hddo fndotffldn, agjpmdtd t`d bssgafbtdn nrfmmnrfmm ngwo jbp. ngwo Dogul` hmboc egrjs brd foamundn sg t`bt ygu abo wgrc t`rgul` god uoft, god tbsc, bon t`d bssgafbtdn batfgos. @gwdvdr, ygu s`gumn ndvgtd t`d tfjd tg ndtdrjfod bmm uofts, tbscs, bon batfgos. [rgadss Foputs bon Gutputs

[dregrjboad Xdvfdw Foput

Gutput

5912911 [J 5912911 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

8< 8<

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

80

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Toft T oft-Mdvdm Bobmysfs [rgadss9 [dregrjboad Xdvfdw Toft 2

Toft 8

Toft 1

Toft >

Toft 4

[rgadss9 [dregrjboad Xdvfdw Foput

Toft 2

Toft 8

Toft 1

Toft >

Toft 4

^rbosegrjbtfgo (Toft)

Gutput

5912911 [J 5912911 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

80 80

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

^bsc ^ bsc-Mdvdm Bobmysfs Toft9 ^bsc 2

^bsc 8

^bsc 1

^bsc >

^bsc 4

Toft9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW  Foput

^bsc 2

^bsc 8

^bsc 1

^bsc >

^bsc 4

^rbosegrjbtfgo (^bsc)

Gutput

86

591291> [J 591291> [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

86 86

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

1;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Batfgo  Batfgo  -Mdvdm Bobmysfs ^bsc9 Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

^bsc9 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW  

Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo (Batfgo)

Gutput

591291> [J 591291> [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

1; 1;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

  O

   \

  D

Cdy [gfots

  Q

^`d egmmgwfol b mfst ge cdy cddp fo jfon w`do uondrstbonfol prgadssds bonbrd nrfmmfol ngwo fotgpgfots t`gsd tg prgadssds. [rgadss 

• Foputs9 \`bt dotdrs t`d prgadss prgadss • ^rbosegrjbtfgo9 \`bt `bppdos tg t`d foput • Gutputs9 \`bt dxfts t`d prgadss Quhprgadss 

• • • • •

[rgadss9 ^`d `fl`dst `fl`dst mdvdm batfvfty bat fvfty Toft9 Cdy batfvftfds t`bt jbcd up t`d prgadss ^bsc9 Cdy batfvftfds t`bt jbcd up t`d uoft Batfvfty9 Cdy batfvftfds t`bt jbcd up t`d tbsc [rgadnurds9  ^`d ndsarfptfgos t`bt uondrmfd t`d prgadss

Fndotfeyfol Agjpgodots ge t`d [rgadss 

• [rgadssds, uofts, tbscs, bon batfgos dba` `bvd t`dfr gwo foputs, trbosegrjbtfgo, bon gutputs • Gutputs ge god uoft, tbsc, gr batfgo brd getdo t`d foput egr t`d odxt uoft, tbsc, gr batfgo • Nrfmm-ngwo bobmysfs bobmysfs ge t`d prgadss abo hd pdregrjdn pdre grjdn bt dba` mdvdm ge ambssfefabtfgo (uoft, tbsc, gr batfgo)

12

591291> [J 591291> [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

12 12

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

18

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Qgmutfgos ^`rgul`gut t`fs wgrchggc wd prgvfnd sulldstdn boswdrs. ^`drd brd jboy sgmutfgos tg t`d prghmdjs wd prdsdot, sg ygur boswdrs jby hd iust bs vbmfn bs gurs. ^`rgul`gut t`dsd dxdrafsds, tbcd bogt`dr mggc bt t`d boswdrs ygu ndvdmgp fo agjpbrfsgo tg t`d prgvfndn sgmutfgos. Hd surd t`bt ygu uondrstbon boy nfeedrdoads, mggc amgsdmy bt t`d suppgsftfgos ygu jbnd, bon vdrfey t`bt b prgpdr uondrstbonfol ge t`d agoadpts mdn tg ygur boswdr. Ghvfgusmy, egr agotfoufty purpgsds, suaadssfvd dxdrafsds wfmm hufmn go gur sulldstdn sgmutfgos. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 8.2 Foput   Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo   ^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput   Gutput

\bcfol Tp

Bmbrj

Xdba` b wbcfol stbtd

Ldt gut ge hdn

Nrfvfol tg \grc

Cdys Lbs fo abr

Abr stbrts Nrfvd tg wgrc

Brrfvd bt wgrc

Ndafnd go jbcd, jgndm, bon prfad rbold

Abr gwodrs`fp

 A`brldn hbttdry A`brldn Gfm mdvdm gcby Qdbt hdmt go Huyfol b Abr

Odwspbpdr bns Ufsftt tg abr ndbmdr Ufsf Agosujdr Agosuj dr rdpgrts rd pgrts Foput ergj erfdons Mgbo gptfgos

^dst-- nrfvd v d`famds ^dst Ldt efoboafo efoboafol l  [ura`bsd abr [ura`bsd

^`d wbcfol up prgadss fs rdmbtfvdmy strbfl`tegrwbrn. ^`d bmbrj fs t`d foput t`bt abusds b wbcfol stbtd. ^`fs mdbns tg ldttfol gut ge hdn. ^`drd agumn hd gt`dr foputs, t`bt fs, gt`dr dvdots gr sftubtfgos t`bt abusd us tg wbcd up (d.l., b ofl`tjbrd, b smddpfol pbrtodr w`g sogrds, gr dvdo t`d ebat t`bt ft fs oggo go b Qbturnby). ^`d wby wd ndflodn t`d foput bmmgws us tg hdttdr ndflod w`bt prgadss wd wbot tg fospdat. Mfcdwfsd, t`drd agumn hd gt`dr gutputs, egr dxbjpmd, `fttfol t`d soggzd bmbrj gr ndstrgyfol t`d bmbrj amgac.  \`fmd ndflofol t`d gutputs ge b prgadss, wd wbot tg dosurd t`bt, bmt`gul`  wd jby ogt wbot tg usd t`dsd bmtdrobtfvds bs t`d prfjbry gutput, wd `bvd rdaglofzdn t`bt t`dy dxfst. Egr t`d odxt twg prgadssds, t`d foputs wd `bvd fndotffldn brd jgrd spdaffla. ^`dsd brd smfl`tmy jgrd agjpmfabtdn prgadssds bon, baagrnfolmy,

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Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

11

`bvd jgrd foputs. Egr t`d nrfvfol tg wgrc sadobrfg, b sfjpmdr bpprgba` jfl`t gomy foamund cdys bon t`d abr. Hut egr t`fs dxbjpmd, fssuds rdmbtdn tg euoatfgobmfty bon sbedty `bvd hddo foamundn. Fo t`d abr huyfol dxbjpmd,  wd `bvd bssujdn sgjd prdpbrb prdpbrbtgry tgry wgrc `bs hddo agjpmdtdn prfgr tg t`d batubm Fo pbrtfaumbr, t`drd fs t`d bssujptfgo t`bt t`drd `bs bmrdbny hddo bhuyfol. vfsft tg t`d ndbmdr. Fo t`d mbst twg prgadssds, wd `bvd bmsg hdluo tg hrdbc ngwo t`d gvdrbmm prgadss fotg stdps. (\d ndflod sgjd ge t`dsd suhprgadssds mbtdr fo t`d a`bptdr.) tdr .) Egr dba`, t`d trbosegrjbtfgo agumn `bvd iust hddo t`d objd ge t`d prgadss (d.l., nrfvd tg wgrc  gr ghtbfo b abr ).  ). Hut, hy ndflofol t`d trbosegrjbtfgo trbosegr jbtfgo jgrd spdafflabmmy, wd hdlfo tg ldt b hdttdr eddm egr `gw t`d trbosegrjbtfgo fs ba`fdvdn. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 8.8 ^`rgwfol Gut t`d ^rbs` Toft 2 [rdpbrd Xdadptbamd

Toft 8 Lbt`d r ^rbs Lbt`dr ^rbs` `

Toft 1 Nfspgsd ge ^rbs ^rbs` `

Toft >

Toft 4

 Vgu jby `bvd fndotffldn jgrd gr edwdr t`bo t`rdd uofts. ^`bt fs pdredatmy flod. ^`d wby ygu fndotfey t`d uofts s`gws `gw ygu uondrstbon t`d prgadss  wgrcs. Egr dxbjpmd, dxbjpmd, jgst pdgpmd wfmm foamund trbs` lbt`drfol lbt`drfol bon nfspgsbm, hut getdo ogt foamund ldttfol t`d rdadptbamd t`bt wfmm hd usdn fo lbt`drfol t`d trbs`. ^`bt stdp jby hd usdn egr t`d odxt suhprgadss. ^`d bpprgba` wd usdn s`gws t`drd fs bo djp`bsfs go t`fs stbld ge t`d prgadss, w`fa` rdvdbms bo uondrmyfol bssujptfgo. God ge t`d trbs` abos jfl`t `bvd rggj tg agmmdat bmm gt`dr trbs`. Fo t`bt absd, bo djpty hbl fs ogt odadssbry. ^`fs fmmustrbtds t`d vbrfgus bssujptfgos wd hufmn fotg gur prgadss bobmysfs. ^`dy brd ogt wrgol, ft fs iust fjpgrtbot tg rdaglofzd t`bt t`dy dxfst bon bnbpt egr t`dj bs odadssbry. ^g lbfo bo uondrstbonfol ge `gw t`d prgadss fs prglrdssfol, wd abo put t`fs foegrjbtfgo fo b nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbp.

[rgadss

Toft

Foput

[rdpbrd Xdadptbamd

^`rgw Gut ^rbs`

Lbt`dr ^rbs`

Gutput

Nfspgsd ge ^rbs`

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1>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Qgmutfgo  Q gmutfgo Dxdrafsd 8.1 Hgx ge Hbls Djpty ^rbs`

Djpty Hbl fo Agotbfodr [rdpbrd Xdadptbamd

Foput

Gutput

Djpty Hbl fo Agotbfodr ^rbs`

Eumm Hbl fo Agotbfodr Lbt`dr ^rbs` Gutput

Foput

Eumm Hbl fo Agotbfodr

^rbs` fo Nujpstdr Nfspgsd ge ^rbs`

Foput

Gutput

 FFo o ndvdmgpfol t`d foftfbm foftfb m foputs tg t`d uofts, wd usdn t`d foputs t`bt wdrd prg vfndn fo gur flrst dxbjpmd. @gwdvdr @gwdvdr,, god ge t`dsd foputs (trbs`) (trbs`) fs ogt rdbmmy agosfndrdn uotfm t`d sdagon uoft. Fo bobmyzfol t`d foputs egr b prgadss, ft jby wdmm hd t`bt bo foput fs ogt usdn uotfm mbtdr fo t`d gvdrbmm prgadss.  Bmsg, bs wd fonfabtdn fonfabtdn fo gur ndsarfptfgo ndsarfptfgo ge `gw uofts wgrc, t`d gutput ergj ergj prdvfgus uofts fs t`d foput egr t`d odxt. Efobmmy, t`d grflfobm mfst ge gutputs foamundn t`d djpty trbs` abos bon t`d amdbo `gusd. ^`dsd `bvd ogt hddo foamundn fo t`fs sgmutfgo. ^`d sgmutfgo wd brd s`gwfol `dmps dosurd b rdvfdw ge t`d pbrt ge t`d prgadss w`drdhy t`d trbs` fs rdjgvdn ergj t`d `gusd.

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Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

14

Qgmutfgo  Q gmutfgo Dxdrafsd 8.>

^bsc--Mdvdm Bobmysfs ^bsc Toft9 [rdpbrd Xdadptbamd Toft 2

Toft 8

Xdtrfdvd Hbl

[ut Hbl fo Xdadptbamd

Toft 1

Toft >

Toft 4

Toft9 [rdpbrd Xdadptbamd Foput   Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo   ^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput   Gutput

^bsc 2 

Hgx ge Hbls

Xdtrfdvd Hbl 

Fonfvfnubm Hbl

^bsc 8 

Fonfvfnubm Hbl Djpty Xdadptbamd

[ut hbl fo Xdadptbamd 

Mfodn Xdadptbamd

^bsc 1 

^bsc > 

^bsc 4 

Egr t`d mfst ge tbscs, wd `bvd cdpt ft ebfrmy sfjpmd. Ft fs b euoatfgo ge ldttfol t`d hbl bon puttfol t`bt hbl fo t`d agotbfodr t`bt wfmm hd usdn tg agmmdat t`d trbs`. Blbfo, t`d foputs brd hbsdn go t`d foputs fndotffldn bt t`d stbrt ge t`d uoft bon t`dsd foputs brd usdn bt nfeedrdot pgfots fo t`d uoft. Bmsg, t`d gutput ergj t`d flrst tbsc fs pbrt ge t`d foput egr t`d sdagon tbsc, bon t`d gutput ergj t`d sdagon tbsc jbta`ds t`d gutput ergj t`d uoft (t`gul` ogt t`d dxbat sbjd wgrns).

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15

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Batfgo Batfgo   -Mdvdm Bobmysfs ^bsc9 Xdtrfdvd Hbl Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

Gpdo Abhfodt

Xdjgvd Hgx

Xdjgvd Hbl

Xdpmbad Hgx

Amgsd Amgs d Abhfodt

^bsc9 Xdtrfdvd Hbl Foput   Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo   ^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput   Gutput

Batfgo 2 

Abhfodt agotbfofol Hgx ge Hbls

Gpdo Abhfodt 

Gpdo Abhfodt Nrbwdr

Batfgo 8 

Gpdo Abhfodt wft` Hgx

Xdjgvd Hgx 

Hgx ge Hbls

Batfgo 1 

Hgx ge Hbls

Xdjgvd Hbl 

Fonfvfnubm Hbl

Batfgo > 

Hgx ge Hbls

Xdpmbad Hgx 

Hbls fo Abhfodt

Batfgo 4 

Gpdo Abhfodt Nrbwdr

Amgsd Abhfodt 

Amgsdn Abhfodt

 \d `bvd a`gsdo t`d rdtrfdvd hbl  tbsc  \d   tbsc tg nrfmm ngwo fotg t`d uondrmyfol batfgos. ^`drd brd jgrd stdps fo t`fs batfgo mdvdm t`bo t`drd wbs fo t`d tbsc gr uoft mdvdms. (\`do ngfol t`dsd nrfmm ngwos, ft fs ogt odadssbrfmy b rumd ge t`ujh t`bt t`drd wfmm hd jgrd batfgos. ^`d oujhdr ge uofts, tbscs, bon batfgos brd b euoatfgo ge `gw ygu wbot tg bobmyzd t`d prgadss.) Vgu abo dbsfmy sdd t`bt bo bnnftfgobm nrfmm ngwo ge t`dsd ftdjs wgumn prghbhmy mdbn tg t`d batubm prgadnurds t`bt jfl`t dxfst egr t`rgwfol gut t`d trbs`. Fo t`fs dxbjpmd, wd `bvd fndotffldn sgjd bnnftfgobm foputs t`bt nfn ogt dxfst bt t`d tbsc mdvdm. Fo sua` b sftubtfgo, ygu abo jbcd ygur gwo ndafsfgo w`dt`dr tg bnn t`dsd foputs tg t`d prdvfgus mdvdm gr mdbvd ft bs ft fs. Fo t`fs absd, wbot tg @gwdvdr, cddp t`d gvdrbmm egaus go t`d hbls, wd `bvd ogt a`boldn t`dwd tbsc mdvdm. t`dsd bnnftfgobm foputs brdsgfjpgrtbot tg uondrstbonfol `gw t`d batfgos wgrc, sg t`dy `bvd hddo bnndn. Ft fs bmsg fjpgrtbot tg ogtfad t`bt t`d foputs bon gutputs usdn egr t`d tbsc mdvdm„ mdvdm „  t`d hgx ge hbls bon t`d fonfvfnubm hbl„ t`d hbl „brd usdn gomy go t`d t`frn batfgo ftdj. Blbfo, t`d egaus ge t`d batfgos `bs dxpbondn smfl`tmy, sg t`d gutput ergj batfgo 2 hdagjds t`d foput egr batfgo 4, bon t`d gutput ergj batfgo 8 hdagjds t`d foput egr batfgo >. Fe ygu flon t`fs sftubtfgo, ft fs fjpgrtbot tg tbcd bogt`dr mggc bt t`d wby ygu `bvd ndflodn bon hguondn t`d prgadss bon ndtdrjfod fe t`d prgadss s`gumn hd hrgbndodn gr t`d bnnftfgobm stdps (uofts, tbscs, batfgos) s`gumn hd rdjgvdn. Vgu abo bmsg ng bs wd `bvd fo t`fs sftubtfgo9 baadpt t`bt t`d batfgo mdvdm tbcds b smfl`tmy hrgbndr mggc bt t`d prgadss, bon mdbvd t`d sftubtfgo bs ft fs.

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Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

1<

^`d  ^ `d egmmgwfol nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbp wbs agostruatdn hbsdn go t`d prdvfgus sgmutfgos. ^`fs abo `dmp vfsubmfzd t`d batubm `fdrbra`y. Ft stbrts wft` t`d gvdrbmm prgadss, t`do mfsts t`d uondrmyfol uofts, tbscs, bon batfgos.

[rgadss

^`rgw Gut ^rbs`

Foput

Toft

[rdpbrd Xdadptbamd

Lbt`dr ^rbs`

^bsc

Xdtrfdvd Hbl

[ut Hbl fo Xdadptbamd

Batfgo

Gpdo Abhfodt

Xdjgvd Hgx

Xdjgvd Hbl

Gutput

Nfspgsd ge ^rbs`

Amgsd Abhfodt

Xdpmbad Hgx

 Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 8.4 Qgmutfgo

[rgadss Foputs bon Gutputs

Efrst, ndtdrjfod t`d foputs bon gutputs tg t`d prgadss ftsdme.

Djpmgydd's Djpmgyd d's Bss B ssdss dssjdot jdot Qupdrvfsgr‖s Bssds Bssdssjdot sjdot

Xbocfol/Odw Qbmbry Agjpmdtdn Xdvfdws [dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Foput

Gutput

Egr  E gr t`d foputs, wd `bvd egausdn go t`d foegrjbtfgo t`bt lgds fotg t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw prgadss, w`fa` fs dba` fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm ‖s uondrstbonfol ge w`bt fs dxpdatdn bon w`bt `bs hddo baagjpmfs`dn. Vgu jby `bvd bmsg foamundn t`d Booubm [dregrjboad Dvbmubtfgo egrj usdn tg rdagrn t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw. Egr gutputs, wd `bvd fndotffldn w`bt wd agosfndr tg hd t`d prfjbry flobm rdsumt ge t`d rdvfdw (t`d rbocfol bon odw sbmbry) bs  wdmm bs t`d tbolfhmd dvfndoad dvfndoad (t`d ngaujdotbtfgo ngaujdotbtfgo rdmbtdn tg t`d agjpmdtdn agjpmdtdn rdvfdw).

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Toft-Mdvdm Bobmysfs Toft-

^`d odxt stdp fo t`d nrfmm ngwo fs tg ndtdrjfod t`d uoft mdvdm. ^`d rdsumts brd s`gwo fo b uoftuoft-mdvdm nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbp. [rgadss [dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Foput

Gutput

Toft Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw

^`fs  ^ `fs s`gws t`d t`rdd prfjbry batfvftfds rdmbtdn tg t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw prgadss9 ndvdmgpfol t`d foftfbm pmbo, pdregrjfol pdrfgnfa rdvfdws ge t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s pdregrjboad, bon prgvfnfol t`d flobm eddnhbac bon dvbmubtfgo. Ergj t`fs, t`d foputs bon gutputs egr dba` uoft brd ndtdrjfodn. ^`dy brd s`gwo fo t`d tbhmd t`bt egmmgws. [rgadss9 [dregrjboad Xdvfdw Toft 2

Toft 8

Toft 1

Foftfbtd [mboofo [mboofol l

Xdvfdw Xdsu Xdsumts mts

Efobmfzd Efobmf zd Xdvfdw

Toft >

Toft 4

[rgadss9 [dregrjboad Xdvfdw Foput   Foput

Toft 2 

Toft 8 

Gutput   Gutput

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Bssdssjdot

Foftfbtd [mboofol 

[mbo egr t`d Agjfol Vdbr

Djpmgydd Xdsumts

Xdvfdw Xdsumts 

Eddnhbac go [bst [dregrjboad

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Bssdssjdot

Djpmgydd Xdsumts Toft 1 

^rbosegrjbtfgo  ^rbosegrjbtfgo  (Toft)   (Toft)

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Bssdssjdot

[mbo  [ mbo egr rdjbfondr ge ydbr Efobmfzd Xdvfdw 

Eddnhbac Xbocfol bon Qbmbry  Xdvfdw Ngaujdots Xdvfdw

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Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

16

^`d  ^ `d foputs egr bmm t`rdd uofts brd vdry sfjfmbr. Bs fonfabtdn, t`d foput egr t`d prgadss fs t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s bon supdrvfsgr‖ supdrvfsgr‖s bssdssjdots ge t`d djpmgydd‖‖s ndvdmgpjdotbm oddns egr t`d agjfol ydbr. ^`d odxt twg foputs foamund dd t`dsd sbjd typds ge bssdssjdots bs wdmm bs t`d rdsumts tg nbtd. Mfcdwfsd, t`drd fs sgjd fo ydbr. t`d gutputs. ^`dXdsumts Foftfbtduoft [mboofol rdsumts fo b pmbo egr sfjfmbrfty t`d agjfol ^`d Xdvfdw rdsumts uoft fo eddnhbac bon bniustjdots tg t`d pmbo. ^`d Efobmfzd Xdvfdw uoft rdsumts fo eddnhbac, hut bmsg rdsumts fo t`d gutputs wd fndotffldn egr t`d dotfrd prgadss. ^bsc--Mdvdm Bobmysfs ^bsc

^`d odxt stdp fs tg dvbmubtd t`d tbsc mdvdms uondrmyfol dba` uoft. ^`d flrst tbsc--mdvdm nrfmmtbsc nrfmm-ngwo jbp s`gws t`d Foftfbtd [mboofol uoft. [rgadss Foput

[dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Gutput

Toft Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw

^bscs Ndvdmgp [mbo

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

^`d  ^ `d twg tbscs fndotffldn egr t`fs uoft egaus go t`d ndpbrtjdots rdspgosfhmd egr t`d tbscs. ^`d ndvdmgpjdot ge t`d pmbo fs t`d rdspgosfhfmfty ge t`d djpmgydd‖‖s ndpbrtjdot bon fs fndotffldn sdpbrbtdmy ergj t`d jgoftgrfol djpmgydd tbsc, w`fa` fs t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot ‖s rdspgosfhfmfty. ^`d foputs bon gutputs egr t`dsd tbscs brd s`gwo `drd.

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>;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Toft9  Toft9 Foftfbtd [mboofol ^bsc 2

^bsc 8

Ndvdmgp [mbo

Jgoftgr

^bsc 1

^bsc >

^bsc 4

Agjpmdtfgo

Toft9 Foftfbtd [mboofol Foput   Foput

^bsc 2 

^bsc 8 

^rbosegrjbtfgo  ^rbosegrjbtfgo  (Toft)   (Toft)

Gutput   Gutput

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Bssdssjdot

Ndvdmgp [mbo 

[mbo egr t`d Agjfo Agjfol l Vdbr

Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo 

Agjpmdtdn [dregrjboad [dre grjboad [mbos

^`d foputs egr t`d flrst tbsc ge t`d prgadss brd fndotfabm tg t`gsd ge t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. ^`d gutput fs bmsg fndotfabm tg t`d gutput egr t`d flrst uoft. @gwdvdr, dvdo t`gul` wd bmrdbny `bvd gur prdvfgusmy fndotffldn gutput, t`drd fs stfmm bogt`dr tbsc wd `bvd bssgafbtdn wft` t`fs uoft. Hy foamunfol t`d jgoftgrfol prgadss, wd brd hdlfoofol tg s`gw `gw agotrgms brd fovgmvdn tg dosurd prgpdr agjpmdtfgo ge t`d prgadss. ^`d foput egr t`fs prgadss fs b mfstfol s`gwfol bmm foagjpmdtd pdregrjboad pmbos. ^`d gutput fs t`bt bmm pdregrjboad pmbos brd, fonddn, agjpmdtd. Fo t`fs fostboad, rbt`dr t`bo fndotfeyfol b tbolfhmd prgnuat bs t`d gutput, wd `bvd usdn t`d bssurboad t`bt sgjdt`fol fs agjpmdtd agjpmdtd.. Odxt fs t`d tbsctbsc-mdvdm nrfmm ngwo egr t`d rdvfdw rdsumts uoft. [rgadss Foput

[dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Gutput

Toft Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw

^bscs Efrst [mbo Xdvfdw

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

Qdagon [mbo Xdvfdw

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

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Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

>2

Egr  E gr t`fs uoft, t`d tbscs mggc vdry sfjfmbr tg t`gsd fndotffldn egr t`d foftfbtd pmboofol uoft. Bon dvdo t`d tbscs wft`fo t`fs uoft brd sfjfmbr tg dba` gt`dr. ^`rgul` t`fs nrfmm ngwo wd brd hdlfoofol tg ogtfad t`bt t`d bpprgba`ds bon prgadnurds brd sfjfmbr t`rgul`gut t`d prgadss. \ft` t`fs fo jfon,^`dsd ft fs ogt t`d fndotffldn foputs bon gutputs brd bmsg sfjfmbr. brdsurprfsfol fndotffldn t`bt fo t`d egmmgwfol.

Toft9 Xdvfdw Xdv fdw Xdsu Xdsumts mts ^bsc 2

^bsc 8

^bsc 1

^bsc >

Efrstt [mbo Xdvfdw Efrs

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

Qdagon [mbo Xdvfdw

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

^bsc 4

Toft9 Xdvfdw Xdv fdw Xdsu Xdsumts mts Foput   Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo   ^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput   Gutput

(^bsc)   (^bsc)

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s bssdssjdot

Efrst [mbo Xdvfdw 

Eddnhbac go [bst [dregrjboad

^bsc 2 

[mbo egr Xdjbfondr ge Vdbr ^bsc 8 

Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo 

Agjpmdtdn [dregrjboad [dre grjboad [mbos

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Bssdssjdot

Qdagon [mbo Xdvfdw 

Eddnhbac go [bst [dregrjboad

^bsc 1 

[mbo egr Xdjbfondr ge Vdbr Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol ^bsc > 

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo 

Agjpmdtdn [dregrjboad Xdvfdws

^`d foputs egr t`d twg rdvfdws brd fndotfabm tg dba` gt`dr, bon fndotfabm tg t`gsd fndotffldn egr t`d dstbhmfs`jdot ge t`d pmbo. ^`d gomy nfeedrdoad fs t`d batubm agotdot. Qfoad t`dsd brd dvdots t`bt brd gaaurrfol t`rgul`gut t`d ydbr, dba` fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm‖s bssdssjdot wfmm `bvd a`boldn. Qfjfmbrmy, t`d foputs egr t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot‖s jgoftgrfol ge pdregrjboad dvbmubtfgo agjpmdtfgo fs deedatfvdmy t`d mbtdst vdrsfgo ge t`d mfst ge foagjpmdtd rdvfdws. Bon, hdabusd ge t`d sfjfmbrftfds fo t`d uondrmyfol tbscs, t`d gutputs egr t`d rdvfdws bon t`d jgoftgrfol tbscs brd blbfo sfjfmbr. Efobmmy, wd `bvd t`d tbsc‑ tbsc‑mdvdm nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbp egr t`d flobmfzd rdvfdw uoft.

59129>> [J 59129>> [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>2 >2

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

>8

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc [rgadss [dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Foput

Gutput

Tofts Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw ^bscs Efobmfzd Xdsumts

Dotdr Efobm Oujhdrs

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

 Blbfo,   t`drd fs sgjd sfjfmbrfty fo t`d uondrmyfol tbscs. Hdabusd bo fjpgrtbot gutput ge t`fs prgadss fs t`d flobm rbocfol bon sbmbry, t`fs tbsc `bs hddo foamundn uondr t`d flobmfzd rdvfdw uoft. ^`d sfjfmbrftfds brd bmsg rd﬈datdn fo t`d bssgafbtdn foputs bon gutputs. Toft9 Efobmfzd Efobmfzd Xdvfdw ^bsc 2

^bsc 8

^bsc 1

Efobmfzd Xdsumts

Dotdr Efobm Oujhdrs

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

^bsc >

^bsc 4

Toft9 Efobmfzd Efobmfzd Xdvfdw Xdv fdw Foput   Foput

Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr Djpmgydd‖ s/Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Bssdssjdot

^rbosegrjbtfgo  ^rbosegrjbtfgo  (Toft)   (Toft) Efobmfzd Xdsumts 

Gutput   Gutput

Eddnhbac go [bst [dregrjboad

^bsc 2 

Qbmbry  Q bmbry Xdvfdw Ngaujdots ^bsc 8 

^bsc 1 

[rgpgsdn Xbocfol bon Qbmbry

Dotdr Efobm Oujhdrs 

Efobmfzdn Qbmbry fo [by [byrgmm rgmm Qystdj

Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo 

Agjpmdtdn [dre [dregrjboad grjboad Xdvfdws

^`d foputs bon gutputs egr t`d flrst bon t`frn tbscs brd sfjfmbr tg t`d tbscs wd `bvd prdvfgusmy nfsaussdn. @gwdvdr, t`fs uoft `bs bo gvdrbmm don rdsumt t`bt fs nfeedrdot t`bo t`d prdvfgus uofts, t`drdhy ardbtfol b nfeedrdoad fo t`d flobmfzd rdsumts tbsc9 sbmbry rdvfdw ngaujdots ,  w`fa` jbta`ds t`d flobm gutput ge t`d dotfrd prgadss.

59129>4 [J 59129>4 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>8 >8

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

>1

 Batfgo  Batfgo  -Mdvdm Bobmysfs

^`d flobm stbld ge t`d nrfmm ngwo fs tg ndtdrjfod t`d batfgos uondrmyfol dba` tbsc. Goad blbfo, wd stbrt bt t`d hdlfoofol ge t`d prgadss wft` t`d ndvdmgp pmbo tbsc uondr foftfbtd pmboofol. ^`d egmmgwfol fs t`d batfgobatfgo -mdvdm nrfmm--ngwo jbp. nrfmm [rgadss [dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Foput

Gutput

Tofts Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw

^bscs Ndvdmgp [mbo

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

Batfgos Djpmgydd Foput

Qupdrvfsgr Foput

Blrdd go [mbo

Dotdr [mbo

^`fs  ^ `fs fs bo dxadmmdot dxbjpmd ge t`d mdvdm ge ndtbfm t`bt stbrts tg bppdbr bt t`d batfgo mdvdm. ^`d djpmgydd foftfbtds t`d pmboofol prgadss, t`d supdrvfsgr supdr vfsgr prgvfnds eddnhbac, hgt` agjd tg blrddjdot, bon t`d flobm pmbo fs dotdrdn fotg t`d systdj. ^`d foputs bon gutputs brd fndotffldn fo t`d egmmgwfol. ^bsc9 Ndvdmgp [mbo Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Djpmgydd Foput

Qupdrvfsgr Qupdrvfs gr Foput

Blrdd go [mbo

Dotdr [mbo

Batfgo 4

^bsc9 Ndvdmgp [mbo

Foput 

Batfgo 2 

Batfgo 8 

Batfgo 1  Batfgo > 

Djpmgydd‖‖ s Djpmgydd

^rbosegrjbtfgo  (Batfgo) 

Gutput 

Djpmgydd Foput 

Xdagrn Xda grn ge Bssdss Bssdssjdot jdot

Qupdrvfsgr Foput 

Xdagrn Xda grn ge Bssdss Bssdssjdot jdot

Blrdd go [mbo 

Blrddn [mbo egr Agjfo Agjfol l

Bssdssjdot Qupdrvfsgr‖‖ s Qupdrvfsgr Bssdssjdot Agjhfodn Bssdssjdots Blrddn [mbo

Vdbr

Dotdr [mbo 

Ngaujdotbtfgo ge [mbo

59129>4 [J 59129>4 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>1 >1

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

>>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

God  G od jgrd tfjd, t`d foputs egr t`d gvdrbmm prgadss brd t`d foputs egr t`fs flrst batfgo fo t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. Fo t`fs absd, t`d twg foputs brd rdagrndn fo sdpbrbtd batfgos. ^`d gutputs ergj t`dsd twg batfgos t`do hdagjd t`d foput tg t`d t`frn batfgo9 t`d blrddn pmbo egr t`d agjfol ydbr. Fo t`fs

fostboad, t`fs jbta`ds t`d flobm gutput egr t`d ndvdmgp pmbo tbsc. @gwdvdr, fo t`fs nrfmm ngwo wd brd foamunfol t`d rdagrnfol ge t`d foegrjbtfgo fo t`d `ujbo rdsgurads systdj. ^`drdegrd, t`d flobm batfgo tbcds t`fs blrddn upgo pmbo bs t`d foput bon rdsumts fo bo gutput ge eumm ngaujdotbtfgo. ^`d odxt tbsc tg rdvfdw fs t`d jgoftgr agjpmdtfgo tbsc uondr t`d foftfbtd pmboofol uoft. ^`d egmmgwfol fs t`d rdsumtfol batfgo -mdvdm nrfmm--ngwo jbp. nrfmm [rgadss [dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Foput

Gutput

Tofts Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw

^bscs Ndvdmgp [mbo

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo Batfgos

Qupdrvfsgr Egmmgw Tp

Ndpt @dbn Egmmgw Tp

ADG Egmmgw Tp

Rubmfty Agotrgm

^`d  ^ `d tbscs rdmbtdn tg jgoftgrfol agjpmdtfgo ge t`d foftfbm pmbo egaus go t`d batfvftfds pdregrjdn hy t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. Fo pbrtfaumbr, t`rdd stblds ge egmmgwegmmgw-up brd agonuatdn tg dosurd t`d pmbo fs agjpmdtdn, egmmgwdn hy t`d qubmfty agotrgm pdregrjdn goad bmm pmbos brd agjpmdtdn. ^`d bssgafbtdn foputs bon gutputs brd mfstdn `drd.

59129>4 [J 59129>4 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>> >>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

>4

 ^bsc9 Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo ^bsc9 Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

Qupdrvfsgr

Ndpbrtjdot

ADG Egmmgw Tp

Rubmfty Rubm fty Agotrgm

Egmmgw Tp

@dbn Egmmgw Tp

^bsc9 Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo Foput   Foput

Batfgo 2 

Batfgo 8  Batfgo 1  Batfgo > 

^rbosegrjbtfgo  ^rbosegrjbtfgo  (Batfgo)   (Batfgo)

Gutput   Gutput

Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol

Qupdrvfsgr Egmmgw Tp 

Bnnftfgobm Agjpmdtdn [mbos

Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol

Ndpbrtjdot @dbn Egmmgw Tp 

Bnnftfgobm Agjpmdtdn [mbos

Foagjpmdtd Mfstfol

ADG Egmmgw Tp 

Bmm [mbos Agjpmdtd Agjpmdtdn n

Xbongj Qbjpmd Qbjpmd ge

Rubmfty Agotrgm 

Bobmysfs ge [mbo

Agjpmdtdn [mbos

Rubmfty

^`d foputs egr t`d flrst t`rdd batfgos jbta` t`d foput egr t`d gvdrbmm jgoftgr agjpmdtfgo tbsc„ tbsc„t`d jgst rdadot vdrsfgo ge t`d foagjpmdtd f oagjpmdtd mfstfol.  Bt dba` stbld, ft fs bssujdn t`bt bnnftfgobm pmbos wfmm hd agjpmdtdn (bs t`d gutput) bon t`d mfstfol wfmm a`bold baagrnfolmy. ^`d foput egr t`d qubmfty agotrgm fs ndflodn brguon t`d sbjpmfol jdt`gn. Bogt`dr pgssfhmd sgmutfgo bt t`fs pgfot agumn `bvd hddo tg `bvd twg batfgos9 sdmdat sbjpmd bon qubmfty agotrgm. Fo t`bt sftubtfgo, t`d foput egr sdmdatfol t`d sbjpmd wgumn hd t`d dotfrd pgpumbtfgo ge pmbos wft` bo gutput ge t`d rbongj sbjpmd.  Iust bs wft` t`d prfgr batfgo mfst, t`drd fs god batfgo hdygon hdygon t`d gutput t`bt  wbs ndflodn egr t`d tbsc. Fo t`fs absd, t`d foftfbm gutput wbs t`d agjpmdtdn pmbos. @gwdvdr, hy nrfmmfol ngwo bon bnnfol t`fs batfgo, wd brd rdaglofzfol Bs t`dygu fjpgrtboad ge t`d qubmfty t`dpmbo prgadss. bobmyzd t`d odxt sdt geagotrgm tbscs„ tbscs „fotwg rdvfdws bon twg jgoftgrfol tbscs egr t`d rdvfdw rdsumts uoft, bon flobmfzd rdsumts bon jgoftgr agjpmdtfgo egr t`d flobmfzd rdvfdw uoft„ uoft„ ygu wfmm sdd t`bt t`d bssgafbtdn batfgos brd bmjgst fndotfabm tg t`gsd s`gwo uondr t`d ndvdmgp pmbo bon jgoftgr agjpmdtfgo tbscs uondr foftfbtd pmbo. ^`d gomy nfeedrdoad fs t`bt, rbt`dr t`bo ft hdfol ndvdmgpjdot ge b pmbo, t`d batfgos rdmbtd tg rdvfdwfol pdregrjboad. Baagrnfolmy, wd wfmm ogt rdpdbt t`d bobmysds rdmbtdn tg t`gsd batfgos. ^`d flobm batfgo mdvdm wd wbot tg bnnrdss fs dotdr 󿬂obm oujhdrs .  ^`d batfgo--mdvdm nrfmm ngwo fs s`gwo `drd. batfgo

59129>5 [J 59129>5 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>4 >4

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

>5

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc [rgadss [dregrjboad Xdvfdw

Foput

Gutput

Tofts Foftfbtd [mboofol

Xdvfdw Xdsumts

Efobmfzd Xdvfdw ^bscs Efobmfzd Xdsumts

Dotdr Efobm Oujhdrs

Jgoftgr Agjpmdtfgo

Batfgos Quhjft Qbmbry

Ghtbfo Bpprgvbm

^`drd  ^ `drd brd twg batfgos rdmbtdn tg t`fs tbsc. ^`d flrst fs t`d suhjfssfgo ge t`d sbmbrfds (bon bssgafbtdn rbocfols) tg lg t`rgul` boy dxfstfol vdttfol prgadss. ^`d sdagon fs ghtbfofol t`d batubm bpprgvbm egr t`gsd sbmbrfds bon rbocfols. ^`d foputs bon gutputs brd rdmbtfvdmy sfjpmd. ^bsc9 ^bs c9 Dotdr Dotd r Efobm Oujhdrs Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Quhjft Qbmbry

Ghtbfo Bpprgvbm

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

^bsc9 ^bs c9 Dotdr Dot dr Efobm E fobm Oujhdrs Foput   Foput

^rbosegrjbtfgo   ^rbosegrjbtfgo

Gutput   Gutput

(Batfgo)   (Batfgo) Batfgo 2 

[rgpgsdn Xbocfol bon Qbmbry

Quhjft Qbmbry 

Foegrjbtfgo Bvbfmbh Bvbfmbhmd md egr Gvdrbmm Xdvfdw

Batfgo 8 

Bmm Xdmdvbot Qbmbry Foegrjbtfgo

Ghtbfo Bpprgvbm 

Efobmfzdn Qbmbry fo [by [byrgmm rgmm Qystdj

^`d foput tg t`d flrst batfgo (prgpgsdn rbocfol bon sbmbry) jbta`ds t`d foput tg t`d tbsc (suhjft sbmbry). ^`fs foegrjbtfgo fs agmmdatdn sg t`bt ft abo hd suhjfttdn egr bpprgvbm. ^`d gutput fo t`fs fostboad (foegrjbtfgo bvbfmbhmd egr gvdrbmm rdvfdw) djp`bsfzds t`bt t`dsd suhjfssfgos rdprdsdot

59129>5 [J 59129>5 [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>5 >5

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Nrfmmfol Ngwo fotg t`d [rgadss

><

t`d hrfolfol tgldt`dr ge jboy sbmbrfds tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d gvdrbmm sbmbry pfaturd egr t`d agjfol ydbr fs fo bmflojdot wft` dxpdatbtfgos. ^`fs rdmd vbot foegrjbtfgo hdagjds t`d foput tg t`d sdagon batfgo, w`drd bpprgvbm fs ghtbfodn. ^`d gutput tg t`d sdagon batfgo (flobmfzdn sbmbry fo pbyrgmm systdj) t`do jbta`ds t`bt ge t`d gvdrbmm tbsc. God t`fol ygu jby `bvd ogtfadn fs t`bt, w`fmd wd sulldstdn t`d egrjs hd agjpmdtdn, bon t`do t`d nrfmmnrfmm -ngwo jbp prdpbrdn, gur sgmutfgos  wgrcdn ergj t`d jbps. Ergj b strfatmy prbatfabm bpprgba` ft jbcds jgrd sdosd tg mfst t`d uofts, tbscs, gr batfgos flrst. @gwdvdr, dxpmbfofol t`d flobm rdsumts getdo lgds dbsfdr hy stbrtfol wft` t`d vfsubm bspdat ge jbps. Fo ygur gwo wgrc, ygu jby dvdo flon ft dbsfdr tg wgrc ergj t`d jbps tg t`d bobmysfs ge foputs bon gutputs. Bs wft` boy ge t`d tggms wd wfmm nfsauss, usd t`dj fo t`d jboodr t`bt prgvfnds ygu t`d hdst suaadss.

59129>< [J 59129>< [J

a;8 a;8.fonn fonn

>< ><

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

 

A @ B [ ^ D X

 1

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

F

o t`d prdvfgus a`bptdr, hy ndagostruatfol prgadssds wd hdlbo tg uondrstbon t`d stdps t`bt dxfst wft`fo t`gsd prgadssds. Ogw ft fs tfjd tg ndvdmgp b jgrd struaturdn bpprgba` tg ndflofol t`d prgadssds wft`fo t`d brdb hdfol rdvfdwdn, ndflod t`d hguonbrfds egr t`gsd prgadssds, bon ndtdrjfod sgjd ge t`d uondrmyfol stdps. Fo t`d egmmgwfol nfsaussfgo, t`d tdrj gpdrbtfgo  wfmm   wfmm hd usdn tg fonfabtd t`d gvdrbmm brdb hdfol rdvfdwdn. ^`bt brdb jby hd bo fonfvfnubm prgadss, b husfodss uoft, gr ft agumn dvdo hd b ldglrbp`fa mgabtfgo. ^`d tdrj  prgadss    wfmm hd usdn egr t`d batfvftfds uondrmyfol t`bt gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo. \d agumn `bvd usdn jboy ge t`d tdrjs nfsaussdn fo t`d prdvfgus a`bptdr. @gwdvdr, t`d purpgsd ge t`d bobmysfs nfsaussdn fo t`fs a`bptdr fs tg flon t`d prgadssds t`bt wfmm hd rdvfdwdn. Baagrnfolmy, wd wfmm usd t`d wgrn prgadss  tg  tg egaus go t`gsd uondrmyfol mdvdms, bon usd t`d wgrn gpdrbtfgo   sg bs tg abusd mdss agoeusfgo.

>6

59129>< [J 59129>< [J

a;1 a;1.fonn fonn

>6 >6

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

4;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

[rga [rgadss dss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Nrfmmfo l Ngwo Fotg t `d [rgadss

  l   o    f   p   p   b    J   r   d   j   g    t   s   u    A

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Bobmysfss ge t `d [ rgadss Jbps Bobmysf

 p  Q   b  l `   d t   t   f   J  b  p  s   b o  n  X  B   A F   J  b t   r  f    a  d  s 

19;;98; [J 19;;98; [J

a;1 a;1.fonn fonn

4; 4;

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

42

Efonfol  Efonfol t`d Qtgry Fndotfeyfol t`d prgadssds wft`fo bo gpdrbtfgo hdfol rdvfdwdn jby sddj mfcd bo dbsy tbsc. Jboy prgadssds abo hd fndotffldn t`rgul` t`d objds ge t`d ndpbrtjdot gr husfodss uoft. Bon ft jfl`t sddj ghvfgus t`bt dvdrygod  wgrcfol wft`fo bo brdb agumn tdmm ygu t`d prgadssds t`bt jbcd up t`d wgrc hdfol ngod. @gwdvdr, @gwdvdr, ygu wfmm flon t`bt husfodssds brd ogt bmwbys grlbofzdn brguon prgadssds, hut brd fostdbn grlbofzdn ldglrbp`fabmmy gr hy ndpbrtjdot, bon w`fmd djpmgydds cogw t`d wgrc t`dy ng, t`dy jfl`t ogt uondrstbon w`drd t`dfr wgrc flts fotg t`d prgadss. God ge t`d jgrd deedatfvd wbys tg fndotfey t`d cdy prgadssds fs tg ndtdrjfod t`d trflldr dvdots t`bt gaaur ergj agotbat wft` t`d austgjdr (fotdrobm gr dxtdrobm). Fo t`fs agotdxt, trflldr dvdots   brd ndflodn bs t`gsd dvdots stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr gr foftfbtdn tg rdbat wft` t`d austgjdr. Dba` ge t`dsd trflldr dvdots fonfabtds dxfstdoad ge bo uondrmyfol prgadss t`bt suppgrts t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo. ^`d rdsumtfol sdrfds ge trflldr dvdots wfmm t`do prgvfnd b pfaturd ge `gw t`d gpdrbtfgo stbrts, `gw ft jgvds egrwbrn, bon `gw ft agoamunds. ^`d hdst wby tg fndotfey trflldr dvdots fs tg mggc bt t`d gpdrbtfgo hbsdn go t`d austgjdrs‖ austgjdrs‖ fotdrbatfgos wft` t`d dotfty. Bsc ygursdme, w`bt dvdot stbrts t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo7 ^`do bsc, w`bt batfgos just t`d austgjdr tbcd tg jgvd t`fols egrwbrn7 egr wbrn7 Vgur boswdrs ardbtd b pfaturd ge t`d prgadssds t`bt jbcd up t`d gpdrbtfgo. Dxdrafsd 1.2 Fndotfeyfol t`d [rgadss ^rflldr

 Vgu `bvd ndafndn tg pura`bsd b abr stdrdg (hdabusd t`d mgw mgw--tda` pfdad ge  iuoc fo t`d usdn abr ygu rdadotmy pura`bsdn fs ogt ngfol b t`fol egr ygur fjbld). Xdjdjhdr t`bt b trflldr dvdot rdprdsdots bo dvdot stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr gr foftfbtdn tg rdbat wft` t`d austgjdr. \`fa` ge t`d egmmgwfol jfl`t hd b mdlftfjbtd trflldr dvdot t`bt stbrts t`d gvdrbmm prgadss ge huyfol b abr stdrdg7  B. Vgur jgst rdadot nbtd dondn wft` t`d fonfvfnubm mbul`fol w`do ygu pgppdn bo dfl`tdfl`t-trbac fotg ygur stdrdg. H. Vgu stgp fo t`d Lggn, A`dbp Qtdrdg Qtgrd tg sdd w`bt t`dy `bvd fo stgac. A. ^`d Lggn, A`dbp Qtdrdg Qtgrd pmbads bns fo t`d mgabm odwspbpdrs prgjfsfol b $2;; $2;; trbndtrbnd-fo egr abssdttd pmbydrs, b $8;; $ 8;; trbndtrbnd-fo egr dfl`t--trbac tbpd pmbydrs, bon b $2,;;; dfl`t $ 2,;;; trbndtrbnd-fo egr eguregur-trbac tbpd pmbydrs. N. B sbmdspdrsgo prgvfnds ygu wft` ndtbfms go aurrdot prfads, sbmds prfads, bon fostbmmbtfgo ndbms. D. Egr t`d ngwo pbyjdot, ygu wrftd b a`dac t`bt ygu `gpd t`dy wfmm `gmn uotfm ygu cogw ft‖ ft‖mm amdbr.

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48

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Dxdrafsd 1.8 Ndtdrjfofol \`fa` Batfgos Brd ^rflldr [gfots Dxdrafsd

^`d prgadss ge huyfol b abr stdrdg wfmm hd ndflodn bs stbrtfol w`do t`d austgjdr sdds bo bn pmbadn hy LAQQ (t`d Lggn, A`dbp Qtdrdg Qtgrd). ^`d egmmgwfol brd t`d batfgos rdadotmy tbcdo hy b austgjdr fo rdmbtfgo tg b pura`bsd bt LAQQ.  Betdr rdbnfol bo bnvdrtfsdjdot egr t`d Lggn, A`dbp Qtdrdg Qtgrd, t`d austgjdr, Igobs Lrujhy, `dbns tg t`d stgrd tg a`dac gut t`d ndbms. Tpgo dotdrfol, `d fs lrddtdn hy b sbmdspdrsgo w`g bscs fe `d abo `dmp. Igobs dxpmbfos t`bt `d sbw t`d bn bon fs fotdrdstdn fo rdpmbafol t`d dfl`tdfl`t -trbac stdrdg `d aurrdotmy `bs fo `fs a`drry rdn BJA Lrdjmfo. Ogopmusdn hy t`d bnjfssfgo, t`d sbmdspdrsgo jboblds tg rdlrgup bon jdotfgos t`d aurrdot trbnd--fo geedr. Igobs bon t`d sbmdspdrsgo mggc t`rgul` t`d bvbfmbhmd stdrtrbnd dgs bon nfsauss t`d aurrdot prfads, sbmds prfads, bon fostbmmbtfgo ndbms. Igobs t`focs `d `bs eguon b stdrdg `d mfcds. ^`d sbmdspdrsgo agoflrjs t`bt t`d pbrtfaumbr stdrdg fs bvbfmbhmd. (Ft sddjs t`drd fs vdry mfttmd ndjbon egr bo J[1 agjpbtfhmd dfl`tdfl`t-trbac stdrdg.) Igobs mdbvds wft` t`d sbmdspdrsgo‖ sbmdspdrsgo ‖s husfodss abrn fo `fs pgacdt. Bt `gjd `d a`dacs prfads go t`d Fotdrodt bon ndtdrjfods t`bt t`d geedr ergj LAQQ fs, fonddn, t`d hdst god gut t`drd. ^`d odxt nby, `d rdturos tg t`d stgrd w`drd t`d sbjd sbmdspdrsgo rdaglofzds bon lrddts `fj. ^`d sbmdspdrsgo flmms gut t`d grndr egrj bon sdts bo bppgfotjdot egr fostbmmbtfgo. Igobs lfvds t`d sbmdspdrsgo b a`dac egr $2;;, rdprdsdotfol t`d ngwo pbyjdot egr t`d pura`bsd. Betdr mdbvfol t`d stgrd, Igobs rus`ds tg bo B^J tg trbosedr euons (sg t`bt `fs a`dac ngds ogt hguoad) bon ldts bnnftfgobm abs` egr t`d rdst ge t`d pura`bsd. ^`d odxt nby, `d rdturos tg t`d stgrd tg `bvd t`d stdrdg fostbmmdn. ^`d sbmdspdrsgo lrddts `fj bt t`d fostbmmbtfgo hby. Nurfol t`dfr nfsaussfgo, Igobs bscs fe `d abo floboad t`d hbmboad t`rgul` b pura`bsd pmbo rbt`dr t`bo pby t`d rdjbfondr fjjdnfbtdmy. ^`d sbmdspdrsgo flmms gut bnnftfgobm pbpdrwgrc tg sdt up t`d jgot`my pbyjdots. Betdr Igobs sflos t`d pbpdrwgrc, t`d sbmdspdrsgo tbcds ft tg `fs jbobldr egr bpprgvbm. @d rdturos t`d agpfds tg Igobs. Jdbow`fmd, t`d fostbmmdrs `bvd hddo a`dacfol tg dosurd t`dy `bvd t`d bnbptgrs odadssbry tg pmbad t`d pura`bsdn stdrdg fo t`d Lrdjmfo. Qurprfsfolmy, t`d wdmmwdmm-stgacdn suppmy rggj `bs iust t`d bnbptdr oddndn. \ft`fo `bme bo `gur,, Igobs nrfvds gut wft` `fs odw stdrdg bon odw jgot`my pbyjdots. ^wg `gur  wddcs mbtdr, mbtdr, `d rdadfvds `fs flrst hfmm bon b austgjdr austgjdr sbtfsebatfgo surv survdy dy..  \`fa` ge t`d egmmgwfol egmmgwfol brd mdlftfjbtd mdlftfjbtd trflldrs fo t`fs sadobrfg7  B. H. A. N. D. E.

^`d sbmdspdrsgo lrddts t`d t`d austgjdr. austgjdr. Igobs a`dacs t`d Fotdrodt egr gt`dr prfads. Igobs pbys $2;;. Igobs vfsfts t`d B^J. B^J. ^`d sbmdspdrsgo sdts t`d bppgfotjdot. ^`d jbobldr bpprgvds t`d pbpdrwgrc.

L. Igobs rdadfvds rdadfvds `fs efrst hfmm. hfmm.

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

41

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 1.1 Fndotfeyfol Bmm Austgjdr ^rflldr [gfots

Tsfol t`d boswdrs prgvfndn fo t`d flrst twg dxdrafsds bon t`d bnnftfgobm foegrjbtfgo ndrfvdn ergj t`d sadobrfgs, ndvdmgp b mfst ge bmm austgjdr trflldr pgfots t`bt jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn. egr wbrn. Hd surd tg foamund t`d flobm trflldr9 t`d god t`bt hrfols t`d prgadss tg agoamusfgo. 2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. [J 19;;98> [J

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4>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Fndotfeyfol  Fndotfeyfol Agjpboy [rgadssds  \d `bvd fndotffldn t`d trflldr dvdots t`bt just gaaur ergj t`d austgjdr‖‖s pdrspdatfvd fo grndr egr t`d gpdrbtfgo tg agotfoud. ^`d odxt stdp fs tg dr fndotfey t`d agjpboy prgadssds t`bt dba` ge t`dsd trflldrs stbrts. Bs prdvfgusmy stbtdn, t`fs jby ogt hd bs dbsy bs ft sguons. Bt t`fs pgfot, wd brd mggcfol bt t`d trflldr dvdots ergj t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr ‖s pdrspdatfvd bon sddfol `gw t`d trflldr dvdots jbp tg cdy Agjpboy prgadssds. \`fmd t`drd fs bo fotuftfvd uondrstbonfol ge sgjd prgadssds, gt`drs jby ogt hd bs sdme -dvfndot. Xdjdjhdr t`bt t`d objd a`gsdo egr t`d prgadss s`gumn jbcd sdosd tg bmm fonfvfnubms fovgmvdn fo t`d prgidat, bon baaurbtdmy ndsarfhd t`d gpdrbtfgo hdfol rdvfdwdn. Dxdrafsd 1.> Objfol t`d [rgadssds

Agjpmdtd t`d egmmgwfol [rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo \grcs`ddt hy prgvfnfol prgadss objds egr t`d prdvfgusmy fndotffldn austgjdr trflldrs. Vgu wfmm ogtd t`bt  wd nfn ogt foamund t`d trflldr dvdot ”Qbmdspdrsgo lrddts austgjdr.‚ austgjdr.‚ ^`d uondrmyfol prgadssds egr t`fs dvdot bon Austgjdr vfsfts stgrd brd sfjfmbr bon t`d rdsumtfol bobmysfs wfmm hd dbsfdr fe wd agjhfod t`dj.

Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg ^rflldr Dvdots Austgjdr rdbns bn. Austgjdr vfsfts stgrd. Qbmdspdrsgo bon austgjdr agjpmdtd sbmds egrj. Austgjdr jbcds ngwo pbyjdot. Qbmdsjbo sdts fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjdot.

[rgadss Objd

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Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 1.4 Objfol Bmm [gtdotfbm ^rflldrs

Dvdo t`gul` t`dsd prgadssds `bvd hddo objdn, ygu jby `bvd sgjd trguhmd uondrstbonfol w`y bnnftfgobm stdps wdrd ogt dotdrdn. ^`fs rdbmmy rdmbtds tg  w`bt dba` prgadss fs bhgut, bon w`dt`dr ygu abo fndotfey b trud nfeedrdoad.  Bs ogtdn wft` t`d fostbmmbtfgo prgadss, brrfvfol bt t`d fostbmmbtfgo hby jddts gur foftfbm  arftdrfb  arftdrfb egr b trflldr dvdot (t`gsd dvdots stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr gr foftfbtdn tg rdbat wft` t`d austgjdr), hut ft fs stfmm pbrt ge t`d gvdrbmm fostbmmbtfgo prgadss t`bt wbs stbrtdn hy sdttfol t`d fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjdot. ^g hdttdr uondrstbon w`y sgjd ge t`d dvdots ygu jby `bvd fndotffldn wdrd ogt foamundn, mggc t`rgul` t`d egmmgwfol [rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo  \grcs`ddt.  \ grcs`ddt. Fo t`fs absd, wd `bvd foamundn b oujhdr ge bnnftfgobm dvdots. Goad blbfo, prgvfnd prgadss objds egr t`dsd austgjdr trflldr dvdots.

Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg ^rflldr Dvdots Austgjdr rdbns bn. Austgjdr vfsfts stgrd. Qbmdspdrsgo lrddts austgjdr. Qbmdspdrsgo prgvfnds husfodss abrn. Qbmdspdrsgo lrddts austgjdr upgo rdturo. Qbmdspdrsgo bon austgjdr agjpmdtd sbmds egrj. Austgjdr jbcds ngwo pbyjdot. Qbmdspdrsgo sdts fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjdot. Qbmdspdrsgo Qbmds pdrsgo bon austgjdr agjpmdtd pbyjdot pmbo pbpdrwgrc. Qtdrdg fos fostbmmdn. tbmmdn. Hfmm rdadfvdn. Austgjdr survdy rdadfvdn.

[rgadss Objd

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45

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Husfodss  Husfodss [rgadss ^fjdmfod \grcs`ddts @bvfol fndotffldn t`d prgadssds brguon austgjdr fotdrbatfgo, ygu abo usd b husfodss [rgadss ^fjdmfod \grcs`ddt tg hdttdr vfsubmfzd t`d ﬈gw ge t`d gpdrbtfgo. ^`d egmmgwfol fs wgrcs`ddt agjpmdtdn hbsdn go gur boswdrs tg Dxdrafsd 1.>.

Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg Jbrcdtfol

Qbmds

Austgjdr [ura`bsd

[ byjdot

Fostbmmbtfgo

^`fs  ^ `fs a`brt s`gws t`d fndotffldn prgadssds go b `grfzgotbm baadss,  w`fa` wfmm `dmp ygu ndtdrjfod fe bmm prgadssds `bvd hddo fndotffldn. (Vgu  wfmm ogtfad t`d sfjfmbrfty tg t`d nrfmm ngwos wd agjpmdtdn fo A`bptdr 8.) Goad t`d prgadssds brd fo pmbad, t`d odxt bobmysfs fs tg ndtdrjfod w`drd tfjd lbps jby gaaur. ^`bt fs, ygu just fndotfey t`d pgfots fo t`d prgadss  w`drd gt`dr batfvftfds jby hd lgfol go go„ „gods t`bt suppgrt t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo„ gpdrbtfgo „t`bt s`gumn hd trbospbrdot tg t`d austgjdr. Bs bo dxbjpmd, t`drd wfmm bmjgst bmwbys hd b lbp hdtwddo t`d foftfbm jbrcdtfol bon t`d hdlfoofol ge t`d sbmds prgadss. Tsfol t`d [rgadss ^fjdmfod \grcs`ddt, ygu abo hdlfo tg pmbad t`gsd suppgrtfol prgadssds uondrodbt` t`d austgjdr prgadssds fo grndr tg ndtdrjfod `gw t`dy flt fo t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo. Dxdrafsd 1.5 Quppgrtfol [rgadssds

 \d `bvd prgvfndn god prgadss t`bt jfl`t gaaur nurfol gr betdr t`d jbrcdtfol p`bsd„ p`bsd„stgrd upcddp. Fndotfey bt mdbst egur jgrd prgadssds. Egr t`fs dxdrafsd, t`foc fo tdrjs ge t`d dotfrd gpdrbtfgo9 \`bt dmsd oddns tg hd fo pmbad egr t`d austgjdr tg rdba` t`d sbmds prgadss7 ^`fs fs b hrgbnhrgbn -hbsdn mggc bt t`d eumm gpdrbtfgo. 2. Qtgrd upcddp 8. 1. >. 4.

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

4<

 Ergj Ergj t`d sgmutfgo, ygu abo sdd t`bt wd brd hdlfoofol tg fndotfey b oujhdr ge t`d suppgrt prgadssds t`bt jby dxfst brguon t`d austgjdr prgadssds. ^`dsd suppgrtfol prgadssds (bs wdmm bs t`d tfjfol) abo hd s`gwo hy dxpbonfol bon foamunfol t`dj fo t`d prgadss tfjdmfod. ^`d egmmgwfol fs bo dxbjpmd. Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg Austgjdr [rgadssds Jbrcdtfol

Qbmds

Austgjdr [ ura`bsd

[byjdot

Fostbmmbtfgo

Quppgrt [rgadssds Hufmnfol [ura`bsd

Qtgrd Qtgrd Tpcddp Ndsflo

@frfol ^rbfofol

Tsfol  T sfol t`fs tfjdtfjd-mfod bpprgba`, ygu abo sdd `gw t`d prgadssds fotdrrdmbtd. Fo t`fs absd, t`d hufmnfol pura`bsd, stgrd ndsflo, bon stgrd upcddp  wgrc sdqudotfbmmy hut `bvd tg hd hd fo pmbad hdegrd t`d sbmds prgadss abo jgvd jgvd egrwbrn. Mfcdwfsd, t`d `frfol just `bppdo hdegrd t`d trbfofol. Hdabusd `frfol tdons tg hd bo golgfol prgadss, ft fs s`gwo bs agotfoufol t`rgul`gut t`d dotfrd austgjdr prgadss. Baagrnfolmy Baagrnfolmy,, trbfofol `bs t`d sbjd bpprgba`.

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Dxdrafsd 1.< Bnnftfgobm Quppgrtfol [rgadssds Dxdrafsd

Mggcfol egr pgtdotfbm lbps fo t`d prgadss (brdbs fo w`fa` suppgrt prgadssds jby dxfst hdtwddo austgjdr prgadssds), t`drd fs pgtdotfbm egr tfjd tg pbss hdtwddo t`d pbyjdot bon fostbmmbtfgo prgadssds. ^`d egmmgwfol [rgadss ^fjdmfod \grcs`ddt `bs hddo bniustdn tg s`gw t`bt lbp. Fo bnnftfgo, mfods `bvd hddo prgvfndn tg rdagrn t`d suppgrt prgadssds t`bt jfl`t gaaur hdtwddo t`d pbyjdot bon fostbmmbtfgo prgadssds. Ndtdrjfod fe boy sua` prgadssds dxfst bon rdagrn t`dj go t`d wgrcs`ddt. Hd surd tg fonfabtd  w`drd t`dsd prgadssds wgumn stbrt bon stgp stgp fo t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo.

Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg Austgjdr [rgadssds Jbrcdtfol

Qbmds

Austgjdr [ura`bsd

Quppgrt [rgadssds Hufmnfol [ura`bsd

Qtgrd Ndsflo

@frfol ^rbfofol

Qtgrd Tpcddp

[ byjdot

Fost bmmbt fgo

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46

Agjprd`dosfvd  Agjprd`dosfvd Dxbjpmd Dxdrafsd 1.0 Nd󿬂ofol t`d @frfol [rgadss

^g hrfol t`fs tgldt`dr, mdt‖ mdt‖s wgrc go t`d `frfol prgadss bt IbyCbyAg. ^`d baaguotfol jbobldr, jbobldr, Mburb Jdd`bo, oddns tg `frd bo baaguotbot. Qtdp 29 Fndotfeyfol ^rflldr ^rflldr Dvdots ^`bt Qtbrt t`d Gpdrbtfgo

Egr t`d egmmgwfol sftubtfgos, aframd t`d trflldr dvdot gr dvdots t`bt stbrt t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo ge `frfol b odw djpmgydd.  B. Mburb `bs `bn t`d wgondreum egrtuod tg hd bhmd tg dxpbon `dr gpdrbtfgo bon `bs hddo bpprgvdn tg `frd bo bnnftfgobm djpmgydd. H. Mburb `bs `bn t`d mdss egrtuobtd gaaurrdoad ge god ge `dr jgrd lfetdn baaguotbots efonfol b hdttdr igh dmsdw`drd bon `bvfol lfvdo `fs twgtwg wddc‖  -wddc‖s ogtfad. A. Mburb `bs `bn t`d uoagjegrtbhmd uoagjegrtbhmd dxpdrfdoad ge fjjdnfbtdmy fjjdnfbtdmy tdrjfobtfol bo djpmgydd t`bt oghgny mfcdn boywby boywby.. Qtdp 89 Fndotfeyfol Austgjdr ^rflldr Dvdots

Xdedr tg t`d IbyCbyAg absd stuny bon fndotfey t`d austgjdr trflldr dvdots egr t`d `frfol prgadss. Fo t`fs dxbjpmd, t`d austgjdr fs bo fotdrobm austgjdr„ tgjdr „t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot„bon wd `bvd ndflodn austgjdr trflldr dvdots   bs t`gsd dvdots stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr gr foftfbtdn tg rdbat wft` t`d austgjdr (fo t`fs absd, Js. Jdd`bo). Egr t`fs dxdrafsd, bssujd t`d igh vbaboay `bs gaaurrdn hdabusd Js. Jdd`bo `bs hddo bmmgwdn tg `frd bo bnnftfgobm djpmgydd (^rflldr Dvdot B fo Qtdp 2 bhgvd) bon t`bt t`d prgadss ge `frfol b odw djpmgydd wfmm ogt hd agosfndrdn agjpmdtd uotfm t`bt odw djpmgydd `bs pbssdn t`d prghbtfgobry pdrfgn. ^rflldr dvdots wft`fo t`d `frfol b odw djpmgydd prgadss9 2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. 9 Agjpmdtfol t`d [rgadss ^fjdmfod Qtdp

Goad ygu eddm agoflndot t`bt ygu `bvd fndotffldn t`d austgjdr prgadssds, dotdr t`dj fo t`d [rgadss ^fjdmfod \grcs`ddt.

@frfol b Odw Djpmgydd Austgjdr Aust gjdr [rgadssds

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52

 Betdr   agjpmdtfol agjpmdtf ol t`d [rgadss ^fjdmfo ^fjdmfodd \grcs`ddt, \grcs`ddt, ndtdrjfod fe t`drd brd boy lbps fo t`d prgadss ergj t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr‖s pdrspdatfvd. ^`bt fs, brd t`drd boy pgfots w`drd suppgrtfol prgadssds jby hd gaaurrfol t`bt nrfvd t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo egrwbrn7 Tsd t`d egmmgwfol dxpbosfgo ge t`d [rgadss ^fjdmfod  \grcs`ddt tg dotdr t`dsd prgadssds, foamunfol bo bpprgxfjbtfgo ge `gw  \grcs`ddt t`dy fotdrrdmbtd wft` t`d fndotffldn austgjdr prgadssds.

@frfol b Odw Djpmgydd Austgjdr Aus tgjdr [rgadssds

Quppgrt [rgadssds

 Qtdp 49 @frfol Qbmds Bssgafbtds Qtdp

 Bs b flobm stdp tg tg t`fs t`fs dxdrafsd, dxdrafsd, rdvfdw t`d prgadss prgadss ge `frfol `frfol b odw djpmgy djpmgydd dd bs ft rdmbtds tg t`d `frfol ge sbmds bssgafbtds. Ndtdrjfod fe t`drd brd boy nfeedrdoads t`bt jfl`t dxfst„ dxfst„dft`dr fo t`d prgadssds t`djsdmvds gr `gw t`dy grflfobtd.

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58

  O

   \

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

  D

Cdy [gfots

  Q

[rgadss Fndotf󿬂abtfgo foamunds9 • Ndtdrjfofol t`d prgadss trflldrs9 Fndotfeyfol trflldrs9 Fndotfeyfol fotdrbatfgos hdtwddo t`d austgjdr aus tgjdr bon t`d agjpboy t`bt jgvd t`d gpdrbtfgo egrwbrn. • Objfol t`d prgadss trflldrs9 [rgvfnfol trflldrs9 [rgvfnfol b s`grt dxpmbobtfgo ge dba` ge t`dsd trflldr dvdots. • Objfol t`d agjpboy prgadssds9 Ndtdrjfofol w`fa` agjpboy prgadssds suppgrt t`d trflldr dvdots. • Ardbtfol b tfjdmfod9 Nfspmbyfol tfjdmfod9 Nfspmbyfol t`d a`rgogmgly ge austgjdr prgadssds. • Ndtdrjfofol w`drd lbps fo t`d austgjdr prgadss abo gaaur9 Fndotfeyfol gaaur9 Fndotfeyfol brdbs w`drd suppgrtfol batfgo just hd tbcdo hdegrd t`d prgadss abo jgvd egrwbrn. • Fndotfeyfol suppgrtfol prgadssds9 Ndefofol prgadssds9 Ndefofol prgadssds t`bt brd ldodrbmmy ogt vfsfhmd tg t`d austgjdr hut t`bt just just hd fo pmbad tg jgvd t`d t `d prgadss egrwbrn. ^g bssfst fo t`fs bobmysfs, t`d [rgadss Fndotf󿬂abtfgo \grcs`ddt bon prgadss tfjdmfods ngaujdot prgadss trflldrs, bssflo prgadss objds, bon prgvfnd b a`rgogmglfabm a`rgogm glfabm vfdw ge t`d prgadss. prgadss.

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

51

Qgmutfgos  Qgmutfgos Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.2

 Boswdrs H bon A brd agrrdat. agr rdat. Fo hgt` fostboads, t`dsd agumn stbrt t`d prgadss ge huyfol b abr stdrdg. Boswdr H rdprdsdots t`d austgjdr tbcfol batfgo tg fotdrbat wft` t`d agjpboy fo grndr tg hdlfo t`d pura`bsfol prgadss.  Boswdr A rdprdsdots b sftubtfgo fo w`fa` t`d agjpboy `bs foftfbtdn bo batfgo fotdondn tg fotdrbat wft` t`d austgjdr, fo t`fs absd prgvfnfol t`bt austgjdr wft` t`d fjpdtus tg hdlfo t`d pura`bsfol prgadss. Bmt`gul` ft fs trud t`bt, fo sgjd fostboads, H jfl`t egmmgw A (fo w`fa` absd H wgumn ogt hd t`d foftfbtfol trflldr), dba` ge t`dsd agumn stfmm hd b flrst stdp. Ndtdrjfobtfgo ge w`fa` trflldr tg usd bs t`d foftfbtfgo trflldr wfmm ndpdon go t`d ghidatfvd ge t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat.  Boswdr B fs foagrrdat foagr rdat hdabusd, bmt`gul` t`fs jgrtfeyfol foafndot jfl`t  wdmm abusd t`d pdrsgo tg rdbmfzd t`d oddn egr b odw stdrdg, t`drd fs og fotdrfotdrbatfgo wft` t`d agjpboy bt t`fs pgfot. Dvdo t`gul` b trflldr fs ndflodn bs bo dvdot stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr, fjpmfdn fo t`bt ndfloftfgo fs t`d fovgmvdjdot ge t`d dotfty. Deedatfvdmy, uotfm t`drd fs batubm agotbat wft` t`d dotfty, t`drd fs og fotdrbatfgo, bon t`d prgadss `bs ogt stbrtdn.  Boswdrs N bon D, w`fmd fotdrbatfgo pgfots wft`fo t`d prgadss, wgumn ogt hd t`d hdlfoofol ge t`d prgadss. ^`fs pgfots gut t`bt, wft`gut fndotfeyfol t`d prgpdr stbrt bon don pgfots ge b prgadss, t`d flobm bobmysfs jby ogt prgpdrmy rd﬈dat t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.8

 Boswdrs B, A, bon D rdprdsdot austgjdr trflldrs. Fo dba` fostboad, t`drd fs fotdrbatfgo hdtwddo t`d austgjdr bon t`d agjpboy t`bt jgvds t`d prgadss egrwbrn. Fo dvdot B, t`d agjpboy (fo t`d pdrsgobld ge t`d sbmdspdrsgo) fs foftfbtfol bo batfgo t`bt eurt`drs t`d prgadss. Fo dvdot A, t`d austgjdr `bs stbrtdn t`d dvdot fo grndr tg jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn. (God t`fol tg mggc egr w`do ndtdrjfofol fe t`d batfgo fs b trflldr dvdot fs tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d prgadss agumn jgvd egrwbrn wft`gut t`d dvdot. Fo t`d absd ge pbyjdot, ft fs qufacmy ghvfgus t`bt, wft`gut t`fs dvdot, t`d prgadss wgumn dvdotubmmy lrfon tg b `bmt.) Dvdot D fs foftfbtdn hy t`d agjpboy tg jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn.  Boswdr H fs ogt b trflldr hdabusd t`drd fs og fotdrbatfgo wft` t`d agjpboy. (^`d agjpboy jby wbot tg cddp t`fs stdp fo jfon egr do`boafol t`d austgjdr dxpdrfdoad„ dxpdrfdoad„b tgpfa t`bt fs agvdrdn fo austgjdr jbppfol (A`bptdr 0). 0). Egr dxbjpmd, fe t`d stgrd `bs baadss tg t`d Fotdrodt, t`d prgspdatfvd austgjdr agumn a`dac prfads w`fmd stfmm fo t`d stgrd. Boswdr N ngds ogt qubmfey hdabusd, bmt`gul` t`d jgody fs odadssbry tg jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn, t`d agjpboy fs ogt fovgmvdn. Fostdbn, t`fs jfl`t hd b austgjdr trflldr dvdot egr t`d hboc. Boswdr E fs ogt b austgjdr trflldr hdabusd t`d

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

austgjdr fs ogt fovgmvdn. @gwdvdr, t`fs jby hd bo fonfabtgr ge bo fjpgrtbot pbrt ge t`d suppgrtfol prgadssds„ prgadssds „b suhidat wd wfmm tbcd up mbtdr fo t`fs a`bptdr. Efobmmy, dvdot L jby gr jby ogt hd b trflldr dvdot. ^`fs fs ndpdondot go `gw ygu wbot tg sdt t`d hguonbrfds egr t`d prgadss, t`bt fs, w`drd ygu  wbot tg don ygur bobmysfs. Fe t`d egaus ge t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat fs go t`d batubm dvdots t`bt gaaur brguon batfvftfds mdbnfol up tg bon wft`fo t`d stgrd„ stgrd„ergj t`d austgjdr fndotfeyfol LAQQ bs t`d pmbad tg s`gp tg t`d pgfot w`do `d batubmmy `bs t`d stdrdg fo `fs `bons„ `bons „t`do t`fs fs ogt b trflldr dvdot. Ft fs hdygon t`d prgadss don pgfot. @gwdvdr, fe t`d prgidat fs jdbot tg foamund dvdots t`bt gaaur hdabusd ge t`d sbmd, t`do t`d jgot`my pbyjdot prgadss (bs trflldrdn hy t`d hfmm) jby hd foamundn. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.1

^`d egmmgwfol fs b mfst ge t`d trflldr dvdots dv dots fo t`d grndr t`dy gaaur. gaaur. 2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5.

Austgjdr rdbns bn Austgjdr dotdrs stgrd Qbmdspdrsgo lrddts austgjdr Qbmdspdrsgo bon austgjdr agjpmdtd agjpmdtd t`d sbmds egrj Qbmdspdrsgo sdts fostbmmbtfgo fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjdot bppgfotjdot Austgjdr jbcds ngwo ngwo pbyjdot pbyjdot

 Bs prdvfgusmy stbtdn, t`fs prgadss fs ndflodn bs stbrtfol w`do t`d austgjdr rdbns t`d bn. ^`fs fs t`d dvdot t`bt foftfbtds t`d dotfrd prgadss. Goad t`d austgjdr hdagjds fotdrdstdn, `d just lg tg bon dotdr t`d stgrd. Agjpbrfol t`fs tg gur uondrstbonfol ge trflldr dvdots   t`fs fs 2) bo dvdot stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr tg cddp t`d prgadss jgvfol egrwbrn, bon 8) odadssbry tg jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn. (Fo nfeedrdot sadobrfgs, b sfjfmbr trflldr dvdot jfl`t hd baadssfol b \dh sftd gr abmmfol b tgmmtgmm -erdd oujhdr. Dba` ge t`dsd trflldr `bs tg ng wft` hrfolfol t`d austgjdr fotg agotbat wft` t`d agjpboy.) ^`d sbjd bobmysfs fs trud egr t`d sbmdspdrsgo lrddtfol t`d austgjdr. ^`d odxt dvdot fs t`d agjpmdtfgo ge t`d egrj hy t`d sbmdspdrsgo bon t`d austgjdr. ^`fs fs b stdp fo w`fa` t`d austgjdr fs jgvfol t`d prgadss egrwbrn (hy rdqudstfol tg huy t`d stdrdg) gr t`d agjpboy foftfbtds bo batfgo tg eurt`dr t`d prgadss (hy prdpbrfol t`d egrj). Ft rdbmmy ngds ogt jbttdr w`fa` fotdrprdtbtfgo fs usdn3 ft fs gomy fjpgrtbot t`bt t`fs fs sddo bs b trflldr dvdot t`bt fs odadssbry tg jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn. ^`d sbjd fs trud egr t`d trflldr dvdot ge jbcfol t`d ngwo pbyjdot. Ogtd t`bt t`d flobm prgadss fo t`d dotfrd gpdrbtfgo fs prghbhmy ogt mfstdn mbst. Hbsdn go t`d wby wd `bvd ndflodn t`fs prgadss (wd wfmm tbmc bhgut t`d flobm trflldr dvdots odxt) t`d fostbmmbtfgo ge t`d stdrdg fo t`d abr fs t`d flobm stdp.

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

54

@gwdvdr, fo t`d agursd ge dvdots bs gutmfodn, t`d fostbmmbtfgo pgrtfgo batubmmy hdlfos hdegrd t`d ngwo pbyjdot fs jbnd. Mbtdr fo t`d a`bptdr, ygu‖ ygu‖mm sdd `gw t`d batubm prglrdssfgo ge dvdots jby hd mdss fjpgrtbot t`bo `gw t`dy flt fo t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo. Fo t`d prdvfgus dxdrafsd, wd nfsaussdn t`bt t`d don ge t`fs prgadss abo hd ndflodn fo wbys gt`dr t`bo t`d flobm fostbmmbtfgo. Egr dxbjpmd, ygu jby `bvd fonfabtdn t`bt t`d flobm trflldr wbs t`d hfmm, fonfabtfol t`bt t`d hfmmfol prgadss `bs hdluo. Vgu jby `bvd bmsg rdbmfzdn t`bt t`d dotfrd pbyjdot prgadss fs ogt agjpmdtd uotfm t`d austgjdr fs ogtffldn t`bt bmm fs pbfn fo eumm. Fe t`bt fs t`d prgadss uondr bobmysfs, t`do t`bt, fonddn, fs bo donfol trflldr dvdot. Vgu jby `bvd bmsg sdmdatdn t`d survdy bs hdfol t`d flobm dvdot. Blbfo, t`fs ndpdons go `gw ygu wbot tg bobmyzd t`d prgadss. Ft jby hd t`bt ygu  wbot tg foamund t`d austgjdr sbtfsebatfgo fonfads fo t`bt bobmysfs. Fe sg, t`fs  wgumn hd b mdlftfjbtd mdlftfjbtd trflldr tg t`bt flobm dvdot. Fo ygur ndtdrjfobtfgo ge trflldr dvdots, ygu prghbhmy `bvd b mgoldr mfst. Mggc bt t`dj amgsdmy bon ndtdrjfod fe t`dy ebmm wft`fo t`d ndfloftfgos prgvfndn `drd. ^`drd brd b oujhdr ge gt`dr fotdrbatfgos ndsarfhdn fo t`fs sadobrfg t`bt, w`fmd t`dy jby hd stdps fo t`d prgadss, ng ogt dx`fhft t`d trbfts wd `bvd ndflodn egr trflldr dvdots. Vgu bmsg jby `bvd foamundn t`d austgjdr brrfvfol bt t`d fostbmmbtfgo hby. ^`drd fs og nguht t`bt t`fs fotdrbatfgo just gaaur tg jgvd t`d prgadss egrwbrn. @gwdvdr, t`fs fs rdbmmy  iust b agotfoubtfgo ge t`d fostbmmbtfgo prgadss. prgadss. Tomdss t`drd fs b sflofflabotmy nfeedrdot prgadss, t`d batfvfty ngds ogt oddn tg hd agosfndrdn b sdpbrbtd trflldr dvdot. ^`fs nfstfoatfgo wfmm hdagjd amdbrdr fo t`d odxt sdatfgo9 Fndotfeyfol Agjpboy [rgadssds.

Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.> Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg ^rflldr Dvdots

[rgadss Objd

Austgjdr rdbns bn.

Jbrcdtfol

Austgjdr vfsfts stgrd.

Qbmds

Qbmdspdrsgo bon austgjdr agjpmdtd sbmds

Austgjdr [ura`bsds

egrj. Austgjdr jbcds ngw o pbyjdot .

[ byjdot

Qbm bmds dsjb jbo o sdts sdts fos ostb tbmm mmbt btfg fgo o bpp bppgf gfo otj tjdo dot. t.

Fosstb Fo tbmm mmbt btffgo

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 FFo o ldodrbm, t`dsd prgadss objds brd sdmesdme-dxpmbobtgry. ^`d prgadss brguon t`d austgjdr rdbnfol t`d bn fs t`d jbrcdtfol prgadss. Bs jdotfgodn dbrmfdr, t`fs flrst agotbat hdtwddo austgjdr bon agjpboy jby `bvd hddo t`rgul` boy oujhdr ge gt`dr jdbos9 wgrnwgrn-ge ge--jgut`, Fotdrodt, tdmdvfsfgo. @gwdvdr, bmm ge t`dsd wgumn rdprdsdot vbrfgus jbrcdtfol deegrts ge t`d agjpboy. ^`d austgjdr dotdrfol t`d stgrd fs t`d hdlfoofol ge t`d sbmds prgadss. Agjpmdtfol t`d sbmds egrjs fs t`d stbrt ge t`d austgjdr pura`bsd prgadss. Egr purpgsds ge t`fs rdvfdw, wd wbot tg nfeedrdotfbtd hdtwddo t`d sbmds pgrtfgo (t`d pbrt ge t`d prgadss fo w`fa` t`d austgjdr fs pdrsubndn tg jbcd b pura`bsd) bon t`d batubm pura`bsd ge t`d ftdj. \d jfl`t `bvd tftmdn t`fs pura`bsfol. @gwdvdr, jgst agjpbofds rdsdrvd t`fs tdrj egr t`d pura`bsd ge rbw jbtdrfbms bon fovdotgry, sg wd `bvd usdn t`d jgrd spdaffla tdrj austgjdr pura`bsds .  ^`d usd ge t`fs tdrj dx`fhfts t`d oddn tg dosurd dvdrygod fovgmvdn fo t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat fs agjegrtbhmd  wft` t`d tdrjs t`bt brd usdn bon t`drd fs rdnuadn agoeusfgo. ^`d pbyjdot prgadss `bs sfjfmbrmy hddo sdpbrbtdn ergj t`d pura`bsfol prgadss tg nfeedrdotfbtd hdtwddo t`d rdqufrdjdots ge b sbmd vdrsus t`d jda`bofas ge jbcfol pbyjdots. Efobmmy, Efobmmy, t`d fostbmmbtfgo prgadss stbrts bs wd nfsaussdn dbrmfdr. dbrmfdr. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.4 Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg ^rflldr Dvdots

[rgadss Objd

Austgjdr rdbns bn.

Jbrcdtfol

Austgjdr vfsfts stgrd.

Qbmds

Qbmdspdrsgo lrddt s austgjdr.

Qbmds

Qbmdspdrsgo prgvfnds husfodss abrn.

Qbmds

Qbmdspdrsgo lrddt s austgjdr upgo rdturo.

Qbmds

Qbmdspdrsgo bon aust gjdr agjpmdtd sbmds egrj.

Austgjdr [ ura`bsds

Austgjdr jbcds ngw o pbyjdot .

[ byjdot

Qbmdspdrsgo sdts fostbmmbtfgo bppgfot jdot.

Fostbmmbtfgo

Qbmds Qb mdspdr pdrsg sgo o bon bon austgj austgjdr dr agjpmdtd agjpmdtd pbyjdot pbyjdot pmbo pmbo pbpdr pbpdrwgrc wgrc..

Fostbm Fos tbmmj mjdot dot [mbo [mbo

Qtdrdg fost bmmdn.

Fostbmmbtfgo

Hfmm rdadfv dn.

Fostbmmjdot [ mbo

Austgjdr surv dy rdadfv dn.

Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

5<

 Bs   ygu ndvdmgpdn ygur prgadss objds, god ge twg t`fols jby `bvd `bppdodn. Efrst, bs s`gwo wft` egur ge t`d trflldrs, ygu jby `bvd rdbmfzdn t`bt jgrd t`bo god trflldr fs pbrt ge t`d sbjd prgadss. ^`d austgjdr vfsftfol t`d stgrd, hdfol lrddtdn hy t`d sbmdspdrsgo (fo twg fostboads), bon t`d sbmdspdrsgo lfvfol t`d austgjdr b husfodss abrn brd bmm pbrts ge t`d sbmds prgadss. Qdagon, ygu jby `bvd agjd up wft` sdpbrbtd objds egr prgadssds wd `bvd put uondr t`d sbjd objd. Bs bo dxbjpmd, fo gur sgmutfgo egr t`d dxdrafsd, wd nfn ogt foamund t`d pbyjdot pmbo pbpdrwgrc bs b trflldr dvdot. \d jbnd t`d ndtdrjfobtfgo t`bt t`fs wbs iust bogt`dr pbrt ge t`d pbyjdot prgadss. Egr t`fs dxdrafsd, wd `bvd lgod wft` t`d bssujptfgo t`bt t`d fostbmmjdot pmbo fs bo fjpgrtbot dogul` prgadss t`bt wd wbot tg hd surd bon sdpbrbtd ft. Qgjdtfjds, fo b ardbtfvd bpprgba` tg flonfol prgadssds egr trflldr dvdots, ygu jby nfsagvdr prgadssds t`bt, w`fmd ogt rdbmmy b pbrt ge t`d austgjdr prgadss, wfmm hd suppgrt prgadssds. Egr dxbjpmd, wd `bvd ndflodn t`d trflldr austgjdr vfsfts stgrd  bs  bs hdfol bo dvdot stbrtdn hy t`d austgjdr t`bt trflldrs t`d sbmds prgadss. @gwdvdr, t`drd fs bogt`dr wby tg vfdw t`fs dvdot. Ft fs up tg t`d agjpboy tg `bvd t`d rdsgurads bvbfmbhmd egr t`d austgjdr tg baadss t`d agjpboy9 hufmnfols, \dh sftds, bon sg go. ^`drdegrd, fe t`fs dvdot wbs vfdwdn bs bo dvdot foftfbtdn hy t`d agjpboy, t`do b hdttdr objd jfl`t rdmbtd tg t`d hufmnfol ftsdme9 t`d struaturd, t`d upcddp, t`d bppdbm ge t`d hufmnfol. Fo t`fs absd, t`d prgadss jfl`t hd stgrd ndsflo, stgrd upcddp, gr boy gt`dr prgadss rdmbtdn tg t`d stgrd ftsdme. \`fmd t`fs prghbhmy strdta`ds gur ndfloftfgo ge b austgjdr trflldr dvdot tgg t`fomy, ft ngds pgfot gut b  wby tg ndtdrjfod gt`dr prgadssds t`bt jby jby hd odadssbry tg suppgrt t`d austgjdr prgadss. Fo t`fs dxbjpmd, wd `bvd bmsg foamundn t`d twg bnnftfgobm trflldrs t`bt  ygu jby `bvd fndotffldn bs gaaurrfol betdr t`d stdrdg fs fostbmmdn. Bs wd `bvd nfsaussdn hdegrd, t`d foamusfgo ge t`dsd ftdjs fs agotfoldot upgo `gw jua` ge t`d prgadss ygu rdbmmy wbot tg dvbmubtd. ^`fs bpprgba` ge foamunfol bmm pgssfhmd trflldrs (jbyhd dvdo t`gsd ygu grflfobmmy nfsjfssdn gut ge `bon) fs b vbmubhmd tggm w`do ygu brd jbcfol  ygur foftfbm ndtdrjfobtfgo ge trflldr dvdots bon bon bssgafbtdn prgadssds. \`do  wgrcfol wft` ygur amfdot, try tg fndotfey t`d bssgafbtdn bssgafbtdn prgadss objds. objds. Fe ygu flon t`bt t`d trflldrs rdmbtd tg nupmfabtd prgadssds, t`do ygu prghbhmy `bvd b sftubtfgo fo w`fa` suhsdqudot batfgos brd pbrt ge t`d prgadss, ogt t`d trflldr. @gwdvdr, ngo‖ ngo‖t lfvd up hdabusd ygu abo‖ abo‖t agjd up wft` b objd. Bs wd `bvd prdvfgusmy ogtdn, objds brd ogt bmwbys dbsfmy fndotffldn fe t`d agjpboy `bs ogt prdvfgusmy t`gul`t fo tdrjs ge prgadssds.

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.5 Qgmutfgo

^`d egmmgwfol brd prgadssds t`bt jfl`t oddn tg hd fo pmbad9  

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5.

Qtgrd upcddp Hufmnfol pura`bsd Qtgrd ndsflo @frfol ge sbmds bon suppgrt stbee ^rbfofol Qtgacfol (fovdotgry pura`bsd) pura`bsd)

 Bt t`fs stbld (t`bt fs, bt t`d stbrt ge t`d gpdrbtfgo), wd brd deedatfvdmy fndotfeyfol prgadssds t`bt oddn tg hd fo pmbad fo grndr egr t`d agjpboy tg fotdrbat wft` t`d austgjdr. Baagrnfolmy, t`d fndotffldn prgadssds rdprdsdot hbsfa euoatfgos ge b stdrdg sbmds stgrd. Dvdo hdegrd t`drd abo hd b stgrd tg hd cdpt up, t`d agjpboy just pura`bsd (gr mdbsd) b stgrdergot. ^`drd `bs tg hd bo gvdrbmm pmbo egr t`d wby t`d stgrd wfmm hd ndsflodn. ^g agjpmdtd sbmds, t`d agjpboy just `bvd sbmdspdgpmd, sg t`d `frfol bon trbfofol ge stbee hdagjd fotdlrbm tg t`d stbrt ge t`fs gpdrbtfgo. Efobmmy, t`drd `bs tg hd sgjdt`fol tg sdmm. ^`d vbrfgus bspdats ge fovdotgry pura`bsds just hd fo pmbad. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.<

Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg Austgjdr [rgadssds Jbrcdtfol

Qbmds

Austgjdr [ura`bsd

[byjdot

Fostbmmbtfgo

Quppgrt [rgadssds Hufmnfol [ura`bsd

Qtgrd Qtgrd Tpcddp Ndsflo

@frfol ^rbfofol Agmmdatfgo Qtgacfol Fostbmmdr \grc Qa`dnumfol Fostbmmjdot [mbo

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

56

Ndpdonfol  N dpdonfol go `gw jua` cogwmdnld ygu `bvd ge t`d prgadss, ygu `bvd foamundn bnnftfgobm prgadssds. Egr dxbjpmd, betdr t`d austgjdr mdbvds (hdegrd t`d pura`bsd) t`drd jby hd b egmmgwegmmgw-up prgadss fo pmbad w`drdhy t`d sbmdspdrsgo agotbats t`d austgjdr tg sdd fe `d gr s`d fs stfmm fotdrdstdn. ^`fs prgadss jfl`t hd pmbadn uondr t`d sbmds pgrtfgo. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 1.0

Qtdp 29 Fndotfeyfol ^rflldr ^rflldr Dvdots ^`bt Qtbrt t`d Gpdrbtfgo

Fo bmm t`rdd absds, t`d trflldr dvdot `folds go twg t`fols9 w`do t`d vbaboay gaaurs bon w`do Mburb cogws s`d abo flmm t`d pgsftfgo. Fo sftubtfgo B, t`d trflldr dvdot fs t`d but`grfzbtfgo tg dxpbon hy god baaguotbot. Fo sftubtfgo H, t`d trflldr dvdot agumn hd t`d pgfot bt w`fa` t`d fonfvfnubm lfvds twgtwg wddc‖  wddc   ‖s ogtfad. Fo sftubtfgo A, t`d trflldr agumn hd t`d pgfot bt w`fa` t`d djpmgydd fs fjjdnfbtdmy tdrjfobtdn. @gwdvdr, t`d trud trflldr dvdot egr sftubtfgos H bon A jby ndpdon jua` jgrd go t`d gpdrbtfgos ge t`d agjpboy. Fe ft fs uondrstggn t`bt bmm gpdo pgsftfgos wfmm hd fjjdnfbtdmy flmmdn, t`do t`dbpprgvbm trflldr pgfots agrrdatmy @gwdvdr, gpdo pgsftfgos rdqufrd hdegrdbrd flmmfol, t`dofndotffldn. t`d trflldr dvdot gefe`frfol jby ogt hd uotfm t`fs bpprgvbm fs lbfodn. Jua` ge t`fs ndpdons go t`d ndfloftfgo ge t`d prgadss. Fe, fo grndr tg bobmyzd t`d dotfrd prgadss, `frfol `bs hddo ndflodn bs foamunfol t`d bpprgvbm tg flmm t`do, goad blbfo, t`d prgpdr trflldr dvdot fs w`do t`d gpdofol gaaurs. ^`d bpprgvbm tg flmm hdagjds pbrt ge t`d prgadss. Qtdp 89 Fndotfeyfol Austgjdr ^rflldr Dvdots

Mggcfol bt t`d `frfol b odw djpmgydd prgadss t`rgul` t`d dyds ge t`d austgjdr,, wd sdd t`d egmmgwfol pgfots w`drd t`d baaguotfol jbobldr hdagjds tgjdr fovgmvdn9 • Xdvfdwfol Agjpmdtfolbppmfabtfgos t`d Xdqudst egr [gsftfgo egrj abonfnbtds wfmm hd tg Gpdo ndtdrjfod w`fa` fotdrvfdwdn • Xdvfdwfol dxtdrobm bppmfabots w`g `bvd pbssdn t`d efrst fotdrvfdw tg ndtdrjfod w`g t`d jbobldr wfmm fotdrvfdw • Ndvdmgpfol fotdrvfdw qudstfgos fotdr vfdw sa`dnumd ergj `ujbo rdsgurads • Xdadfvfol fotdrvfdw • Agjpmdtfol b jbtrfx agjpbrfol agjpbrfol bmm fotdrvfdwdn fotdr vfdwdn abonfnbtds • Xdadfvfol agoefrjbtfgo ergj `ujbo rdsgurads rdlbrnfol baadptdn abonfnbtd • Djpmgydd s`gws up egr efrst nby • Ofodty nbys dmbpsd betdr djpmgydd efrst stbrts

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

02

  rgjgtfgos  [rgjgtfgos [ Grflfobm9 [rgvfnd tfjdmy eddnhbac go pgtdotfbm prgjgtfgos. Xdvfsdn (fe oddndn)9 [dregrjboad Xdvfdw   Grflfobm9  [rgvfnd  [rgvfnd tfjdmy, qubmfty eddnhbac tg bmm djpmgydds tg dosurd prgpdr ndvdmgpjdot. Xdvfsdn (fe oddndn)9   Quaadssfgo [mboofol   Grflfobm9  Ndvdmgp  Ndvdmgp qubmfefdn pdgpmd egr euturd pgsftfgos. Xdvfsdn (fe oddndn)9  

Dxdrafsd >.4 \rftfol Ghidatfvds

 \rftd ghidatfvds egr t`d egmmgwfol prgadssds t`bt brd pbrt ge t`d abr stdrdg pura`bsd sadobrfg. Qbmds 

Qtgacfol  

Fostbmmbtfgo 

Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo 

Husfodss Xfscs

Goad wd `bvd ndtdrjfodn t`d ghidatfvd ge t`d prgadss, wd oddn tg ndtdrjfod w`bt abo lg wrgol. Jgst ge t`d prgadssds bon prgadnurds agjpbofds ndvdmgp brd fo rdspgosd tg t`fs sfolmd fssud, jbcfol surd t`bt t`fols lg rfl`t.  Bon sg, fndotfeyfol fndotfeyfol t`d t`d husfodss rfsc rfsc„fndotfeyfol t`d t`fols t`bt agumn `bppdo t`bt wgumn fjpbat t`d ba`fdvdjdot ge t`d husfodss ghidatfvd„ ghidatfvd „ hdagjds bo fjpgrtbot pbrt ge bobmyzfol t`d bssgafbtdn prgadss. Jgst pdgpmd wfmm ogt `bvd t`gul`t ge gpdrbtfgos ergj t`fs pdrspdatfvd, t`bt fs, t`dy jby cogw t`d wgrc t`dy brd ngfol, hut t`dy ng ogt uondrstbon `gw t`dfr wgrc dosurds t`bt rfscs brd prgpdrmy jftflbtdn. Baagrnfolmy, t`fs

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08

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

egrby fotg ndtdrjfofol t`d bssgafbtdn rfscs wfmm prghbhmy hd b odw dxpdrfdoad. Xdjdjhdr t`bt b rfsc fs ogt iust t`d gppgsftd ge bo ghidatfvd. Egr dxbjpmd, fe t`d ghidatfvd fs tg fssud a`dacs tfjdmy, t`d rfsc fs ogt t`bt a`dacs wfmm ogt hd fssudn tfjdmy. Xbt`dr, t`d rfscs brd t`d dvdots t`bt agumn gaaur tg cddp t`gsd a`dacs ergj hdfol fssudn tfjdmy. Qgjdtfjds ft bmsg `dmps tg t`foc ge ft t`d gt`dr wby brguon9 w`bt oddns tg lg rfl`t tg dosurd t`bt t`d ghidatfvd fs ba`fdvdn. Fe ft ngds ogt lg rfl`t, t`do ygu `bvd ygur rfsc. Dxdrafsd >.5 Fndotfeyfol Xfscs

Dba` ge t`d egmmgwfol ghidatfvds fs mfstdn wft` egur rfscs. Egr dba` sdt ge egur, twg brd cdy rfscs bs wd `bvd ndflodn t`dj. Fndotfey t`d prgpdr rfsc stbtdjdots bon dxpmbfo w`y t`d gt`dr twg ng ogt qubmfey.  ”Dosurd Dosurd tdrjfobtfgos brd baagjpmfs`dn fo b tfjdmy jbo^drjfobtfgos9  ” odr wft` bmm mdlbm bon prgadnurbm rdqufrdjdots agjpmdtdn.‚ agjpmdtdn.‚ b. Ndpbrtjdot ngds ogt cddp cddp up go a`bolds fo mdlbm rdqufrdjdots. h. ^drjfobt drjfobtfgo fgo ngds ogt bn`drd tg mdlbm rdqufrdjdots. a. ^drjfobt drjfobtfol fol ndpbrtjdot ngds ogt sdon pbpdr pbpdrwgrc. wgrc. n. ^drjfobt drjfobtdn dn djpmgydd jby rdturo tg wrdbc rdvdold. Xdaruftfol9  ”Jbfotbfo b pggm ge qubmfefdn abonfnbtds bvbfmbhmd tg efmm euturd vbaboafds wft` IbyCbyAg.‚ IbyCbyAg.‚ b. ^`d \dh \dh sftd, @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T, lgds ngwo egr t`d nby. h. ^urogvdr gaaurs ebstdr t`bo dxpdatdn. a. Igh rdqufrdjdot rdqufrdjdot a`bolds brd ogt agjjuofabtdn tg `ujbo rdsgurads. n. IbyCbyAg lgds gut ge husfodss. Quaadssfgo [mboofol9  ”[rgvfnd ndvdmgpjdot egr fonfvfnubms fndotfefdn bs pgtdotfbm suaadssgrs ge aurrdot jbobldjdot.‚ jbobldjdot. ‚ b. Ndvdmgpjdot prglrbjs brd fobndqubtd. h. ^`drd brd tgg jboy gpdofols fo t`d jbobldjdot rbocs. a. Fndotfefdn fonfvfnubms ng ogt `bvd t`d tfjd tg hd fovgmvdn. n. Ndvdmgpjdot fs ogt prgvfndn. Dxdrafsd >.< Ndtdrjfofol Xfscs tg Ghidatfvds

Fo Dxdrafsd >.4, wd fndotffldn t`d ghidatfvds ge egur prgadssds wft`fo t`d abr stdrdg huyfol sadobrfg. Ogw, fndotfey twg gr t`rdd cdy rfscs egr dba` ghidatfvd. Tsd boy pdrsgobm cogwmdnld ygu `bvd bhgut stdrdgs, s`gppfol, gr sbmds.

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

01

  bmds9  ”[rgvfnd austgjdrs t`d foegrjbtfgo t`dy oddn tg jbcd bo Qbmds9 Q foegrjdn ndafsfgo bhgut pura`bsfol gur stdrdgs.‚ stdrdgs.‚ b. h. a.  ”Dosurd Dosurd t`bt stdrdgs bon fostbmmbtfgo dqufpjdot brd bvbfmbhmd Qtgacfol9 ”  w`do oddndn. oddndn.‚‚ b. h. a. Fostbmmbtfgo9  ”[rgjpt, agjpdtdot, bon agjpmdtd fostbmmbtfgo ge stdrdg dqufpjdot.‚‚ dqufpjdot. b. h. a. Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo9  ”Lbt`dr eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs tg ndtdrjfod

 w`bt t`d agjp agjpboy boy fs ngfol ngfol rfl`t bon `gw t`d agjp agjpboy boy abo fjpr fjprgvd gvd..‚ b. h. a. Cdy Agotrgms

Odxt, wd wbot tg sdd w`bt batfgos brd hdfol tbcdo rdmbtdn tg t`d fndotffldn rfscs„ rfscs „`gw t`d rfscs tg t`d prgadss ghidatfvds brd hdfol rdnuadn. Dxdrafsd >.0 Fndotfeyfol Cdy Agotrgms

 Vgu `bvd bmrdbny `bn sgjd jddtfols wft` Jdm Aggmdy Aggmdy,, vfad prdsfndot ge `ujbo rdsgurads egr IbyCbyAg. Nurfol t`bt tfjd, ygu `bvd agjd tg uondrstbon t`d prgadssds bs wdmm bs t`d ghidatfvds ge bon rfscs tg t`gsd prgadssds. ^`d rdsumts ge t`gsd nfsaussfgos brd s`gwo fo Dxdrafsds >.> bon >.5. ^`d rfscs egr t`rdd ge t`dsd foamund9  ^drjfobtfgos9  ogt ^drjfobtfgos9   ogt upup-tg tg--nbtd go mdlbm a`bolds bon ndmbydn pbpdrwgrc Xdaruftfol9  foardbsdn  foardbsdn turogvdr bon uofndotfefdn igh rdqufrdjdot a`bolds Quaadssfgo [mboofol9   fobndqubtd prglrbjs bon fosueefafdot tfjd egr fovgmvdjdot

Fo ygur jgst rdadot nfsaussfgo wft` Jr. Aggmdy, ygu tbmcdn bhgut t`d cdy agotrgms fo pmbad rdmbtdn tg t`gsd rfscs. ^`d egmmgwfol brd sgjd ogtds ergj t`bt nfsaussfgo.

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0>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 ^drjfobtfgos ^drjfobtfgos

^`d agjpboy‖ agjpboy‖s agjpmfboad ndpbrtjdot fs rdspgosfhmd egr jgoftgrfol bmm odw mdlfsmbtfgo. Go b rdlumbr hbsfs, pdrtfodot foegrjbtfgo fs pbssdn go tg t`d bpprgprfbtd ndpbrtjdots. Fo bnnftfgo, Jr. Aggmdy jddts wft` t`d a`fde agjpmfboad gefladr go bo booubm hbsfs. ^`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot ngds b qubmfty bssurboad rdvfdw go b qubrtdrmy hbsfs. God ge t`d ftdjs ft rdvfdws fs t`d nbtd tdrjfobtfgo pbpdrwgrc fs rdadfvdn. ^`d foegrjbtfgo fs agotbfodn fo t`d qubrtdrmy rdpgrt Jr. Aggmdy rdadfvds. Xdaruftfol

Jr. Aggmdy rdadfvds b qubrtdrmy turogvdr rdpgrt ergj t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo ndpbrtjdot. @d ogtds bnvdrsd trdons bon prgvfnds t`d rdsumts tg t`d deedatdn ndpbrtjdots. [drtbfofol tg igh ndsarfptfgo a`bolds, `d ogtdn t`bt t`d ndpbrtjdot fs fovgmvdn fo bmm rdwrftds ge igh ndsarfptfgos, foamunfol bpprgvbm ge t`d flobm ndsarfptfgo. Quaadssfgo [mboofol

Jr. Aggmdy fs vdry surd t`bt t`drd brd og fssuds wft` t`d aurrdot suaadssfgo pmbos prglrbj. ^`d ADG `bs ngod bo dxadmmdot igh ge sdttfol b pgsftfvd tgod bt t`d tgp go t`fs fssud. Fe t`drd fs boy ndpbrtjdot t`bt ebfms tg prgpdrmy rdspgon tg fssuds rdmbtdn tg trbfofol fo ldodrbm (bon suaadssfgo pmboofol spdafflabmmy), t`d ADG tbcds pdrsgobm rdspgosfhfmfty tg tbmc wft` t`bt ndpbrtjdot `dbn. Fo bnnftfgo, Jr. Aggmdy fonfabtdn t`bt dbrmfdr agoadros bhgut trbfofol wdrd pbrt ge t`d rdbsgo egr t`d rdadot rdgrlbofzbtfgo. @d eddms Qbmmy Xgldr‖ Xgldr‖s tbmdot jbobldjdot tdbj `bs ngod b lggn igh ge wgrcfol wft` ndpbrtjdots tg fndotfey pgssfhmd suaadssgrs bon ndvdmgpjdot ge trbfofol. Egr dba` prgadss, fndotfey t`d rfsc rdspgosd bon ndtdrjfod fe t`bt rdspgosd fs bndqubtd. ^drjfobtfgos9  

Xdaruftfol9 

Quaadssfgo [mboofol9 

Jdbsurds ge Quaadss

 Bogt`dr brdb t`bt fs getdo gvdrmggcdn w`do pdgpmd t`foc ge b prgadss fs t`d jdbsurds ge suaadss egr t`d prgadss. Agjpbofds, ndpbrtjdots, bon

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

04

fonfvfnubms jby bmm `bvd sua` jdbsurds, hut ft fs uoagjjgo egr t`d gwodrs ge b prgadss tg uondrstbon `gw t`dy abo tdmm w`do t`d prgadss fs suaadsseum. ^`fs ﬈gws mglfabmmy ergj t`d prdvfgus nfsaussfgo. Dvdry prgadss s`gumn `bvd bo ghidatfvd, w`bt ft wbots tg baagjpmfs`. B lggn bobmysfs wfmm fndotfey w`bt abo cddp t`bt ghidatfvd ergj hdfol ba`fdvdn„ ba`fdvdn„t`d rfsc„ rfsc„bon `gw t`gsd rfscs abo hd jftflbtdn. Baagrnfolmy, t`drd oddns tg hd b wby tg jdbsurd t`d suaadsseum ba`fdvdjdot ge t`bt prgadss‖ prgadss‖ ghidatfvd. Dxdrafsd >.6 Fndotfeyfol Jdbsurds ge Quaadss

^`d egmmgwfol ghidatfvds wdrd dstbhmfs`dn egr egur ge t`d prgadssds rdmbtdn tg huyfol b abr stdrdg. Fo t`d spbads hdmgw, fndotfey god gr twg jdbsurds ge suaadss t`bt wgumn fonfabtd t`bt t`d ghidatfvd fs hdfol jdt. ^`fs s`gumn foamund w`bt wgumn hd usdn tg jdbsurd suaadss bs wdmm bs bo fonfabtgr ge `gw ft wgumn hd jdbsurdn. Egr dxbjpmd, t`d ghidatfvd ge b a`dac fssuboad prgadss fs t`d tfjdmy fssuboad ge a`dacs3 t`d jdbsurd ge suaadss wgumn hd b pdradotbld ge a`dacs fssudn wft`fo god nby ge rdqudst. ^`d jdbsurd fs dstbhmfs`dn hbsdn gofs t`d nbtds t`d a`dacs brd fssudn vdrsus t`d rdqudst, bon t`d batubm jdbsurd b pdradotbld ge suaadsseum agjpmdtfgo. Qbmds9  ”[rgvfnd austgjdrs t`d foegrjbtfgo t`dy oddn tg jbcd bo foegrjdn ndafsfgo bhgut pura`bsfol gur stdrdgs.‚ stdrdgs.‚ Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9  

 ”Dosurd Dosurd t`bt stdrdgs bon fostbmmbtfgo dqufpjdot brd bvbfmbhmd Qtgacfol9 ”  w`do oddndn. oddndn.‚‚ Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9   Fostbmmbtfgo9  ”[rgjpt, agjpdtdot, bon agjpmdtd fostbmmbtfgo ge stdrdg

dqufpjdot.‚ dqufpjdot.‚ Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9   Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo Qbtfsebatfgo99 ”  ”Lbt`dr Lbt`dr eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs tg ndtdrjfod  w`bt t`d agjpboy fs ngfol rfl`t bon `gw t`d agjpboy abo fjprgvd.‚‚ prgvd. Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9  

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05

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 [rgadss [rgefmd \g [rgadss \grcs`ddt rcs`ddt Hy t`fs tfjd, ygu wfmm `bvd lbt`drdn quftd b hft ge foegrjbtfgo. Bs wd stbtdn prdvfgusmy, ygu wfmm oddn sgjdw`drd tg rdagrn ft. ^`d [rgadss [rgflmd \grcs`ddt fs bo dxadmmdot tggm egr t`fs purpgsd. Ft foamunds bmm t`d foegrjbtfgo wd `bvd nfsaussdn bhgut prgadssds bon prgvfnds b qufac gvdrvfdw. Fo bnnftfgo, ft abo hd usdn bt boy prgadss mdvdm, bs wdmm bs t`d uoft, tbsc, bon, fe odadssbry, batfgo mdvdms.

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

0<

Agjprd`dosfvd  Agjprd`dosfvd Dxbjpmd Dxdrafsd >.2; Agjpmdtfol t`d [rgadss [rg󿬂md \grcs`ddt

 B hmboc [rgadss [rgflmd \grcs`ddt fs prgvfndn sg t`bt ygu abo agjpmdtd ft egr t`d tdrjfobtfgo prgadss. ^`d ndsarfptfgo, ghidatfvd, rfscs, bon agotrgms egr t`fs prgadss wdrd fndotffldn fo t`d dxdrafsds >.2, >.>, >.5, bon >.0. ^`d rdjbfofol sdatfgos s`gumn hd agjpmdtdn hbsdn go t`d foegrjbtfgo fo t`d IbyCbyAg absd stuny.  \d  \ d `bvd agvdrdn agvdrdn jgst ge t`d ftdjs ftdjs go t`fs wgrcs`ddt wgrcs`ddt dxadpt dxadpt t`d suhidat suhidat ge prgadss uofts bon prgadss uoft gwodrs. Bs ygu nrfmm ngwo b prgadss, t`fs sdatfgo wfmm bmmgw ygu tg rdagrn sgjd ge t`d stdps wft`fo t`bt prgadss. Vgu abo rdagrn t`dsd `drd, bmgol wft` t`d gwodr ge dba` uoft. (^`fs jby hd t`d sbjd bs t`d gwodr ge t`d prgadss.) Egr t`fs dxdrafsd, fndotfey twg gr t`rdd suhprgadssdss tg t`d tdrjfobtfgo prgadss. suhprgadssd

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

[rgadss Objd

[rgadss Gwodr

Ndsarfptfgo

^rflldrs Dvdot hdlfoof hdlfoofol9 ol9 Dvdot donfol prgadss9 Bnnftfgobm dvdots9

Foput„Ftdjs bon Qgurads

Gutput„Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs

[rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

Husfodss Ghidatfvd(s)

Husfodss Xfscs

Cdy Agotrgms

Jdbsurd ge Quaadss

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

  O

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  Q

 Cdy [gfots Cdy

^`d [rgadss [rg󿬂md \grcs`ddt fs t`d prfjbry egrj usdn tg dosurd t`bt bmm pdrtfodot foegrjbtfgo fs ghtbfodn. ^`fs foamunds9 •  [ [rgadss rgadss Gwodrs9 Tsd Gwodrs9 Tsd t`d prgadss gwodr a`brt tg bssfst fo t`fs fndotfefabtfgo. • Ndsarfptfgo9 Ndsarfptfgo9 B  B hrfde ndsarfptfgo ge t`d prgadss t`bt bmm usdrs abo uondrstbon. • ^rflldr9 ^rflldr9 ^`d  ^`d dvdot t`bt hdlfos t`d prgadss, agotfouds t`d prgadss, bon dons t`d prgadss. • Foput9 Foput9 ^`d  ^`d foegrjbtfgo gr ngaujdotbtfgo ngaujdotbtfgo oddndn tg t g ldt t`d prgadss lgfol. • Gutput9 Gutput9 \`bt  \`bt fs dxpdatdn ergj t`d prgadss goad t`d trbosegrjbtfgo fs agjpmdtd. • Husfods Husfodsss Ghidatfvds9 Ghidat fvds9 \`bt  \`bt t`d prgadss fs fs fotdondn tg ba`fdvd. • Husfodss Xfscs9 \`bt Xfscs9 \`bt abo gaaur tg cddp t`bt ghidatfvd ergj hdfol ba`fdvdn. • Cdy Agotrgms Agotrgms99 ^`d batfvftfds fo pmbad fotdondn tg jftflbtd t`d rfsc. • Jdbsurds ge Quaadss Quaadss99 @gw t`d gwodr cogws t`d prgadss `bs jdt fts ghidatfvd. B e dw t`fols tg cddp cdd p fo jfon fo ndtdrjfofol ndtdrjfofol t`fs foegrjbtfgo9 •  ^^`d `d trflldr bon t`d foput abo hd t`d sbjd. • B trud ghidatfvd spdbcs tg w`bt wfmm hd ngod, ogt `gw ft wfmm hd baagjpmfs`dn. • B rfsc fs ogt iust t`d gppgsftd ge bo ghidatfvd, ogr fs ft w`bt wfmm `bppdo fe t`d ghidatfvd fs ogt rdba`dn. • Cdy agotrgms s`gumn rdmbtd tg t`d fndotfefdn jbigr rfscs. • Lggn jdbsurds ge suaadss s`gumn foamund t`d sgurad ge t`d nbtb bs wdmm bs t`d qubotfefbhmd rdsumts.

06

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgos Qgmutfgos Qgmutfgo >.2 Fjprgvfol [rgadss Ndsarfptfgos

^drjfobtfgo  Grflfobm9   @ujbo rdsgurads efmds ngaujdotbtfgo rdadfvdn ergj t`d tdrjfobtfol djpmgydd djpmgydd‖‖s ndpbrtjdot. Xdvfsdn9  @ujbo  @ujbo rdsgurads rdvfdws ngaujdotbtfgo rdadfvdn ergj t`d tdrjfobtfol djpmgyd djpmgydd d‖s ndpbrtjdot tg dosurd t`bt bmm mdlbm bon prgadnurbm rdqufrdjdots brd egmmgwdn. Fo t`d grflfobm ndsarfptfgo, t`d foput wbs prgpdrmy fndotffldn (ngaujdotbtfgo ergj t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s tdrjfobtfol tdr jfobtfol ndpbrtjdot), hut t`d trbosegrjbtfgo bon gutput brd ogt agjpmdtd. \`fmd ft fs trud t`bt pbrt ge t`d rgmd ge t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fo t`fs sftubtfgo fs bnjfofstrbtfvd„ bnjfofstrbtfvd„jbfotbfofol ngaujdotbtfgo„ tbtfgo „t`drd fs b hrgbndr rgmd. Hbsdn go t`d ndsarfptfgo wd `bvd hddo prgvfndn, t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fs bmsg rdspgosfhmd egr dosurfol t`bt t`d agjpboy egmmgws bppmfabhmd rumds, rdlumbtfgos, bon prgadnurds. ^`drdegrd, t`d trbosegrjbtfgo bon t`d gutput s`gumn foamund bssurboad t`bt t`dsd rumds, rdlumbtfgos, bon prgadnurds `bvd hddo egmmgwdn. Xdaruftfol   Grflfobm9  @ujbo   @ujbo rdsgurads fndotfefds pgtdotfbm bppmfabots egr euturd gpdofols. Xdvfsdn 9  @ujbo rdsgurads rdvfdws foegrjbtfgo ergj dxtdrobm sgurads tgwbrn fndotfeyfol pgtdotfbm bppmfabots egr euturd gpdofols. ^`d grflfobm ndsarfptfgo nfn ogt foamund t`d foputs (t`d dxtdrobm sgurads). Bs b rdsumt, ft wbs ogt bppbrdot t`bt t`fs rdaruftfol prgadss fs egr dxtdrobm bppmfabots. [rgjgtfgos  Grflfobm9  @ujbo  @ujbo rdsgurads prgvfnds bpprgvbm gr ndofbm go suhjfttdn suhjft tdn prgjgtfgo rdqudsts. Xdvfsdn9   @ujbo rdsgurads rdadfvds ngaujdotbtfgo suppgrtfol djpmgydd‖‖s prgjgtfgo bon, t`rgul` t`d prgjgtfgos agjjfttdd, djpmgydd prgvfnds bpprgvbm gr rdbsgo egr ndofbm. ^`d grflfobm ndsarfptfgo fs foagjpmdtd fo b edw brdbs. ^`drd fs og foput fndotffldn bon, bmt`gul` t`fs jfl`t hd bssujdn, ft fs bmwbys hdttdr tg foamund sua` foegrjbtfgo sg t`drd fs og qudstfgo w`bt fs hdfol foamundn. ^`d trbosegrjbtfgo `bs bmsg hddo hddedn up tg foamund t`d prgjgtfgos agjjfttdd. ^`fs jfl`t hd ngod tg s`gw t`bt t`d fonfvfnubms fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss bobmysfs rdaglofzd t`fs bs bo fjpgrtbot pbrt ge t`fs prgadss. Efobmmy, t`d gutput bs grflfobmmy stbtdn fs gomy pbrtfbmmy agrrdat. \`fmd ft

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

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fs trud t`bt t`d bpprgvbm gr ndofbm fs t`d gutput, t`d dxpmbobtfgo ge ndofbm fs bo fjpgrtbot vbmudvbmud-bnndn stdp fo t`d prgadss.

Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.8

 Bs prdvfgusmy jdotfgodn, jdotfgodn, wd `bvd `bvd bnndn sgjd prgadssds prgadssds hdygon hdygon t`gsd flrst s`gwo bt t`d austgjdr mdvdm egr t`d [rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo \grcs`ddt. ^`fs prgvfnds b lggn dxbjpmd ge w`y ft jby hd odadssbry tg ng jgrd t`bo iust bnn b ndsarfptfgo agmujo tg t`d [rgadss Fndotfflabtfgo \grcs`ddt. Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg [rgadss Objd Qbmds

Ndsarfptfgo Qbmdspdgpmd Qbmds pdgpmd jddt austgjdrs fo t`d stgrd tg prgvfnd foegrjbtfgo odadssbry tg jbcd b pura`bsfol ndafsfgo.

Austgjdr [ura`bsd

^`d austgjdr ndafn ndafnds ds tg pura`bsd b stdrdg bon sflos b sbmds pura`bsd pura`bs d egrj.

[byjdot

^`d austgjdr jbcds eumm gr pbrtfbm pbyjdot go t`d stdrdg tg agjpmdtd t`d sbmd.

Agmmdatfgo Agmmda tfgo

^`d sbmdspdrsgo rdagrns t`d pbyjd pbyjdot ot trbosbatfgo bon sdaurds agmmdatfgo.

Qtgacfol

Qtgac fovdot fovdotgrfds grfds brd bniustdn ergj foagjfol jdra`bonfsd bon sbmds tg ndtdrjfod w`do bnnftfgobm pura`bsds brd odadssbry.

Fostbmmbtfgo Fostbm mbtfgo

^`d austgjdr brrfvds tg `bvd t`d stdrdg fos fostbmmdn. tbmmdn.

Fostbmmjdot Fostbm mjdot [mbo

^`d austgjdr ngaujdots blrddjdot tg jbcd rdlumbr pbyjdots uotfm t`d ndht fs pbfn fo eumm.

Austgjdr sbtfs sbtfsebatfgo ebatfgo

^g lbfo foegrjbtfgo rdmbtdn tg gvdrbmm austgjdr sdrvfad rdsumts rdsumts,, austgjdr survdy survdy e grjs brd sdot betdr b pura`bsd pura`bsd fs agjpmdtd.

Fo t`fs dxbjpmd, t`d foputs, gutputs, bon trbosegrjbtfgos brd stbtdn gr fjpmfdn. ^`fs prgvfnds bo bpprgxfjbtfgo ge t`d prgadss t`bt wfmm hd rdvfdwdn. ^`d sdpbrbtfgo hdtwddo prgadssds hdagjds jgrd bppbrdot fo t`dsd ndsarfptfgos. ^`d sbmds prgadss egausds go t`d batubm sdmmfol ge t`d prgnuat, sg ft stgps s`grt ge t`d batubm pura`bsd. ^`d batubm pura`bsd prgadss t`do egmmgws. ^`d gutput ergj t`d austgjdr pura`bsd prgadss fs t`d agjpmdtdn egrj, w`fa` `dmps sdpbrbtd t`d pura`bsd prgadss ergj t`d pbyjdot prgadss. Mggcfol amgsdmy bt t`d pbyjdot bon agmmdatfgo prgadssds, ft jby hd t`bt t`dsd twg s`gumn hd agjhfodn. Bs wd dxpmgrd ft, t`d fndb ge sdpbrbtfol t`d pbyjdot prgadss ergj t`d agmmdatfgo prgadss jby ogt hd b amdbr dogul` nfstfoatfgo tg hd wgrt` pursufol. Efobmmy, t`d fostbmmbtfgo ndsarfptfgo sddjs s`grtdr t`bo t`d gt`drs. @gwdvdr, ygu abo sdd t`bt t`d foput (austgjdr wft` abr), t`d trbosegrjbtfgo (fostbmmfol t`d stdrdg), bon t`d gutput (abr wft` fostbmmdn stdrdg) brd bmm dvfndot ergj t`fs ndsarfptfgo.

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.1 Qgmutfgo Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg Qbmds

Qbmds Jbobldr

Austgjdr [ura`bsd

[byjd [by jdo ot Ag Agmmmmda datfg tfgo o Qtga tgacf cfo ol Fo Fosstb tbmmmmbt btfg fgo o

Baaguotfol Jbobldr

Qdrvfad Jbobldr

Fostbmmjdot [mbo

Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo

Baaguotfol Jbobldr

Austgjdr Bnvgabay Jbobldr

 FFo o t`fs dxbjpmd, t`d baaguotfol jbobldr fs rdspgosfhmd egr egur nfeedrdot prgadssds. God ge t`dsd (fostbmmjdot pmbo) fs sdpbrbtdn ergj t`d gt`drs, sg wd mfst t`d baaguotfol jbobldr twfad. \d `bvd bssujdn t`bt t`d sdrvfad jbobldr fs rdspgosfhmd egr fovdotgry bon wd `bvd fovdotdn b odw pgsftfgo tg `bonmd t`d austgjdr sbtfsebatfgo fssuds. ^`fs mbst ftdj agumn iust `bvd dbsfmy ebmmdo uondr t`d rdspgosfhfmfty ge t`d sbmds jbobldr, jbrcdtfol jbobldr, gr b stgrd jbobldr. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.>

^drjfobtfgo  Grflfobm9  Dosurd  Dosurd tdrjfobtfgos brd baagjpmfs`dn fo b tfjdmy jboodr. Xdvfsdn9   Dosurd tdrjfobtfgos brd baagjpmfs`dn fo b tfjdmy jboodr wft` bmm mdlbm bon prgadnurbm rdqufrdjdots agjpmdtdn. ^`fs ghidatfvd fs flod bs ebr bs ft lgds. Fo tdrjfobtfgo sftubtfgos (w`dt`dr t`dy brd vgmuotbry gr fovgmuotbry), tfjdmy agjpmdtfgo fs bo fjpgrtbot ghidatfvd. @gwdvdr, bs fs dvfndot ergj t`d prgadss ndfloftfgo wd nfsaussdn prdvfgusmy, t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fs bmsg rdspgosfhmd egr dosurfol mdlbm bon prgadnurbm agjpmfboad. Blbfo, t`fs fs bo fjpgrtbot bspdat ge tdrjfobtfgos bon s`gumn hd foamundn. foam undn. Xdaruftfol   Grflfobm9  Tsd  Tsd igh ebfrs bon Fotdrodt rdsgurads tg fndotfey fonfvfnubms fotdrdstdn fo euturd pgsftfgos wft` IbyCbyAg. Xdvfsdn9   Jbfotbfo b pggm ge qubmfefdn abonfnbtds bvbfmbhmd tg efmm euturd vbaboafds wft` IbyCbyAg. ^`d grflfobm stbtdjdot fs bo dxadmmdot dxbjpmd ge bo ghidatfvd hdfol wrfttdo bs `gw  rbt`dr  rbt`dr t`bo w`bt .  Baagrnfolmy, ft fs ogt rdbmmy bo ghidatfvd. ^`d rdvfsdn ghidatfvd bmmgws jgrd ﬈dxfhfmfty fo t`d sdbra` bpprgba`ds. Fo bnnftfgo, ft rdaglofzds t`bt t`d purpgsd ge t`fs pgtdotfbm abonfnbtd pggm fs bhgut qubmffldn fonf vfnubms w`drdbs t`d grflfobm fjpmfdn t`d ghidatfvd wbs iust tg flon pdgpmd w`g wdrd fotdrdstdn og jbttdr w`bt qubmfflabtfgos t`dy jfl`t `bvd.

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61

  rgjgtfgos  [rgjgtfgos [ Grflfobm9  [rgvfnd  [rgvfnd tfjdmy eddnhbac go pgtdotfbm prgjgtfgos. Xdvfsdn9  Ogod  Ogod oddndn. ^`gul` s`grt, t`d grflfobm ghidatfvd fs b lggn god. ^`d prgjgtfgo agjjfttdd (bo fotdlrbm pbrt ge t`fs prgadss) ngds jgrd t`bo iust sby  yds  gr  gr og  rdlbrnfol   rdlbrnfol b prgjgtfgo. Fe t`d prgjgtfgo fs ogt wbrrbotdn, t`do rdbsgos brd lfvdo. ^`fs eddnhbac t`do hdagjds bo fjpgrtbot pbrt ge t`d prgadss. ^`fs ghidatfvd ngds ogt spdafflabmmy jdotfgo t`d but`grfty„ but`grfty„ w`g `bs t`d bhfmfty tg sby  yds  gr  gr og .  @gwdvdr, spdaffla jdotfgo ge t`bt but`grfty fs ogt odadssbrfmy oddndn fo bo ghidatfvd. Xbt`dr, t`d usd ge t`d wgrn  eddnhbac  fjpmfds   fjpmfds hgt` pgsftfvd bon odlbtfvd eddnhbac, bon t`drd fs ogt`fol jgrd pgsftfvd t`bo bpprgvbm. [dregrjboad Xdvfdw   Grflfobm9  [rgvfnd  [rgvfnd tfjdmy, qubmfty eddnhbac tg bmm djpmgydds tg dosurd prgpdr ndvdmgpjdot. Xdvfsdn9  Dosurd  ^`d Dosurd tfjdmy agjpmdtfgo ge qubmfty pmbos. , ft grflfobm ghidatfvd fs batubmmy vdr y pdregrjboad vdry wdmm wrfttdo. @gwdvdr, @gwdvdr fs t`d gvdrbmm ghidatfvd ge t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw prgadss rbt`dr t`bo t`d ghidatfvd bs ft rdmbtds tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. \`do ndtdrjfofol t`d bpprgprfbtd ghidatfvd, jbcd surd  ygu brd agjp agjpmdtfol mdtfol ft bt t`d bpprgprfbtd bpprgprfbtd mdvdm. Fo t`fs dxbjpmd, dxbjpmd, fe ygu wdrd ngfol bo dvbmubtfgo ge t`d pdregrjboad rdvfdw ergj t`d vfdw ge t`d dotfrd agjpboy, t`do t`d lfvdo ghidatfvd wgumn hd b lggn god. @gwdvdr, @gwdvdr, sfoad t`fs rdvfdw fs strfatmy ge t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot, t`d rdvfsdn ghidatfvd fs t`d hdttdr dxbjpmd. ^`fs egausds go `ujbo rdsgurads‖ rdsgurads‖ rgmd ge dosurfol bmm pmbos brd agjpmdtd bon t`do egmmgwfol up wft` rbongj qubmfty a`dacs. Quaadssfgo [mboofol   Grflfobm9  Ndvdmgp  Ndvdmgp qubmfefdn pdgpmd egr euturd pgsftfgos. Xdvfsdn9  [rgvfnd   [rgvfnd ndvdmgpjdot egr fonfvfnubms fndotfefdn bs pgtdotfbm suaadssgrs ge aurrdot aur rdot jbobldjdot. ^`d grflfobm ghidatfvd bs stbtdn fs flod bs ebr bs ft lgds, hut ft ngds ogt lg ebr dogul`. Fo pbrtfaumbr, ft oddns tg hd jgrd spdaffla tg t`d typd ge ndvdmgpjdot fovgmvdn. Ndvdmgpfol pdgpmd egr euturd pgsftfgos abo batubmmy flt jboy ge t`d batfvftfds fovgmvfol t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot (d.l., pdregrjboad rdvfdws, mdbndrs`fp trbfofol, jdotgrfol, gr trbfofol). Bon, ft jfl`t hd t`bt bo gvdrbmm ghidatfvd fs oddndn t`bt hrfols t`dsd gpdrbtfgos tgldt`dr. Hut t`bt fs ogt t`d bobmysfs t`bt fs hdfol agonuatdn fo t`fs sftubtfgo. Fostdbn, t`fs fs egausfol spdafflabmmy go suaadssfgo pmboofol. ^`drdegrd, t`d rdvfsdn ghidatfvd fs hdttdr. ^`drd fs god

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

gt`dr fotdrdstfol nfeedrdoad fo t`fs ghidatfvd. Bs grflfobmmy stbtdn, ft fs t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot‖s rdspgosfhfmfty tg ndvdmgp pdgpmd. ^`drd fs og fonfabtfgo t`bt t`fs rdspgosfhfmfty rdsfnds wft`fo `ujbo rdsgurads. Fo t`d odw ghidatfvd t`d ndpbrtjdot fs gomy rdspgosfhmd egr prgvfnfol t`d ndvdmgpjdot.

Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.4

Qbmds9  ”[rgvfnd austgjdrs t`d foegrjbtfgo t`dy oddn tg jbcd bo foegrjdn ndafsfgo bhgut pura`bsfol gur stdrdgs.‚ stdrdgs.‚ ^`fs ghidatfvd egausds go t`d foegrjbtfgobm bspdats ge t`d sbmds prgadss. Jboy sbmds ghidatfvds ghidatfvds wfmm rdmbtd tg t`d batubm amgsfol ge t`d ndbm. @gwdvdr, t`fs bspdat ge t`d gvdrbmm gpdrbtfgo wbs ogt foamundn fo gur ndfloftfgo ge t`d prgadss. ^`drdegrd, w`fmd t`fs ghidatfvd ngds jdotfgo t`bt wd wbot tg mdbn t`d austgjdr tg t`bt sbmd, ft `fl`mfl`ts t`d foegrjbtfgobm bspdat ge t`d sdmmfol prgadss. Qtgacfol9 ”  ”Dosurd Dosurd t`bt stdrdgs bon fostbmmbtfgo dqufpjdot brd bvbfmbhmd  w`do oddndn. oddndn.‚‚ ^wg cdy t`fols brd fjpmfdn fo t`fs ghidatfvd9 t`d agjpmdtdodss ge t`d stgac bon tfjdmy rdpmbadjdot ge sgmn stgac. Bmsg foamundn fs jdotfgo ge t`d fostbmmbtfgo cfts bon gt`dr ftdjs t`bt jfl`t hd oddndn tg agjpmdtd fostbmmbtfgo. Fe t`d egaus wbs gomy go t`d stdrdgs, t`do tfjdmy fostbmmbtfgo jfl`t ogt hd ghtbfodn. God gt`dr t`fol t`bt jfl`t `bvd hddo bnndn fs b ogn tg hunldtbry rdstrbfots. Ft fs pgssfhmd tg `bvd t`d wgrmn‖ wgrmn‖s jgst pdredatmy stgacdn fovdotgry, hut bt b agst t`d agjpboy fs ogt wfmmfol tg hdbr. Fe t`fs `bn hddo foamundn, ft wgumn spdbc tg t`d fjpgrtboad ge hunldtbry agoadros tg t`d agjpboy bon t`d ndpbrtjdot. Fostbmmbtfgo9  ”[rgjpt, agjpdtdot, bon agjpmdtd fostbmmbtfgo ge stdrdg

dqufpjdot. dqufpjdot.‚ ‚ ^`fs ghidatfvd ngds t`d igh ge gutmfofol t`d t`rdd jbigr ghidatfvds ge t`d prgadss9 Fostbmmbtfgos s`gumn hd ngod qufacmy3 t`dy s`gumn hd ngod wft` tda`ofabm scfmm3 bon t`drd s`gumn hd og rdbsgo egr t`d austgjdr tg agjd hbac hdabusd ge bo drrgr gr gjfssfgo.  \ft` t`fs s`grt stbtdjdot, t`drd fs mfttmd nguht w`bt t`d ndpbrtjdot ndpbrtjdot (bon t`d bssgafbtdn prgadnurd) wbots tg ba`fdvd. Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo9  ”Lbt`dr eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs tg ndtdrjfod w`bt t`d agjpboy fs ngfol rfl`t bon `gw t`d agjpboy abo fjprgvd.‚‚ fjprgvd. Fo t`fs ghidatfvd, t`d w`bt  fs  fs qufacmy dvfndot9 t`bt t`dy lbt`dr foegrjbtfgo. ^`fs fs ngod wft`gut rdstrfatfol `gw t`bt foegrjbtfgo fs lbt`drdn, bmmgwfol t`dj t`d erddngj tg flon t`d hdst sgurads fo dvdry sftubtfgo.

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^`fs bmsg fonfabtds w`y t`dy wbot t`fs foegrjbtfgo (tg ndtdrjfod `gw t`fols brd lgfol rfl`t bon w`drd t`dy jby hd lgfol wrgol). Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.5

^drjfobtfgos9  ”  ”Dosurd Dosurd tdrjfobtfgos brd baagjpmfs`dn fo b tfjdmy jboodr wft` bmm mdlbm bon prgadnurbm rdqufrdjdots agjpmdtdn.‚ agjpmdtdn.‚

b. Ndpbrtjdot ngds ngds ogt cddp up go a`bolds fo mdlbm rdqufrdjdots. Agrrdat. ^`d ndpbrtjdot jby ogt hd bhmd tg dosurd t`bt mdlbm rdqufrdjdots brd jdt hdabusd t`dy ng ogt cogw bmm t`d rdqufrdjdots. h. ^drjfobt drjfobtfgo fgo ngds ogt bn`drd tg mdlbm rdqufrdjdots. Foagrrdat. ^`fs fs b lggn dxbjpmd ge iust rdstbtfol t`d ghidatfvd bs b odlbtfvd fo grndr tg ndflod b rfsc. Ft prgvfnds og fosfl`t go `gw t`fs prghmdj jfl`t gaaur. a. ^drjfobt drjfobtfol fol ndpbrtjdot ngds ogt sdon pbpdr pbpdrwgrc. wgrc. Agrrdat. Ndmbys abusdn hy t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot wfmm abusd ndmbys hy t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. ^`fs s`gws t`bt t`d rfsc jby wdmm hd gut ge t`d agotrgm ge t`d prgadss gwodr, hut ft fs stfmm b vbmfn rfsc. n. ^drjfobtd drjfobtdn n djpmgydd jby rdturo tg wrdbc rdvdold. rdvdold.‚‚ Foagrrdat. ^`fs fs ndfloftdmy b rfsc tg t`d agjpboy bon b rfsc rdmbtdn tg t`d tdrjfobtfgo prgadss. Hut ft fs b ogt b rfsc tg t`d tdrjfobtfgo prgadss ogt ba`fdvfol fts ghidatfvd. Xdaruftfol9  ”Jbfotbfo b pggm ge qubmfefdn abonfnbtds bvbfmbhmd tg efmm euturd vbaboafds wft` IbyCbyAg.‚ IbyCbyAg.‚ b. ^`d \dh \dh sftd @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T lgds ngwo egr t`d nby. Foagrrdat. ^`drd brd twg ebatgrs t`bt fovbmfnbtd t`fs bs b cdy rfsc. Efrst, t`d \dh sftd lgfol ngwo egr god nby s`gumn ogt hd b sflofflabot fssud bon s`gumn ogt abusd t`d prgadss tg ebfm. Qdagon, t`fs god \dh sftd fs ogt t`d gomy sgurad egr rdaruftfol. ^`d ghidatfvd `bs hddo ndflodn fo sua` b wby t`bt jboy nfeedrdot sgurads abo hd usdn. ^g rdstbtd t`fs bs b vbmfn rfsc, ft jfl`t hd sueflafdot tg fndotfey t`d rfsc t`bt t`drd fs og mgoldr baadss tg t`d prfjbry igh sgurads. h. ^urogvdr gaaurs ebstdr t`bo dxpdatdn. Agrrdat. ^`d suaadss ge t`fs prgadss fs hbsdn go t`d bhfmfty ge t`d ndpbrtjdot tg `bvd b pgtdotfbm abonfnbtd pggm rdbny. Fe turogvdr `bppdos ebstdr t`bo pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds abo hd fndotffldn, t`drd wfmm hd b ndmby. a. Igh rdqufrdjdot a`bolds brd ogt agjjuofabtdn tg `ujbo rdsgurads.

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65

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Agrrdat.  A grrdat. Egr t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot tg `bvd b pggm ge pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds, ft just cogw t`d rdqufrdjdots egr t`gsd abonfnbtds. Fe `ujbo rdsgurads fs ogt bnvfsdn ge a`bolds, t`d pggm jby ogt jbta` t`d oddns ge t`d gt`dr ndpbrtjdots. n. IbyCbyAg lgds gut ge husfodss. Foagrrdat. Ghvfgusmy, t`fs fs b rfsc egr boy prgadss, bon ft fs t`d wgrst t`fol t`bt abo `bppdo. @gwdvdr, ft fs b rfsc gutsfnd t`d sagpd ge t`d prgadss. Ft fs fjpgrtbot w`do ndtdrjfofol cdy rfscs tg fndotfey t`gsd t`bt brd bt t`d bpprgprfbtd mdvdm egr t`d rfsc uondr rdvfdw. Quaadssfgo [mboofol9  ”[rgvfnd ndvdmgpjdot egr fonfvfnubms fndotfefdn bs pgtdotfbm suaadssgrs ge aurrdot jbobldjdot.‚ jbobldjdot. ‚ b. Ndvdmgpjdot prglrbjs brd fobndqubtd. Agrrdat. Cdy tg t`d suaadss ge boy suaadssfgo pmbo fs b eummy ndvdmgpdn prglrbj. Fe t`bt prglrbj fs fobndqubtd, t`do t`d dotfrd ndvdmgpjdot prgadss wfmm hd sfndtrbacdn. h. ^`drd brd tgg jboy gpdofols fo t`d jbobldjdot rbocs. Foagrrdat. \`fmd bo foardbsd fo gpdofols bt t`d jbobldjdot mdvdm ngds rdprdsdot b prghmdj, ft ngds ogt fo`fhft t`d bhfmfty ge t`fs prgadss tg jddt fts ghidatfvds. Ft jby hd t`bt t`d prglrbj `bs tg baadmdrbtd, hut t`bt stfmm ngds ogt beedat fts suaadss. a. Fndotfefdn fonfvfnubms ng ogt `bvd t`d tfjd tg hd fovgmvdn. Agrrdat. Fe t`drd fs ogt b agjjftjdot tg t`d tfjd oddndn egr suaadsseum suaadssfgo pmboofol, t`do t`d prgadss abo dbsfmy ebfm. n. Ndvdmgpjdot fs ogt prgvfndn. Foagrrdat. Blbfo, t`fs fs bo dxbjpmd ge t`d rfsc hdfol sfjpmy stbtdn bs t`d odlbtfvd ge t`d ghidatfvd. Ergj t`fs ghvfgus dxbjpmd stbtdjdot.ygu abo sdd `gw og vbmud fs bnndn hy usfol sua` b rfsc Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.<

Qbmds9  ”[rgvfnd austgjdrs t`d foegrjbtfgo t`dy oddn tg jbcd bo foegrjdn ndafsfgo bhgut pura`bsfol gur stdrdgs.‚ stdrdgs.‚ Xfscs  

b. Qbmds rdprdsdotbtf rdprdsdotbtfvds vds brd fobndqubtdmy trbfodn. h. Qbmds prdsdotbtfgos brd tgg tda`ofabm tda`ofabm.. a. Qbmds rdprdsdotbtfvds ng ogt jddt wft` t`d austgjdrs. ^`d rfscs fndotffldn `drd rdmbtd tg t`rdd nfeedrdot fssuds w`do ft agjds tg sbmds9 t`d cogwmdnld ge t`d sbmds rdprdsdotbtfvds,

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

6<

t`dfr bhfmfty tg agjjuofabtd t`bt cogwmdnld, bon t`dfr austgjdr sdrvfad scfmms. Egr t`d mbttdr, t`d rfsc rdedrs tg rdprdsdotbtfvds w`g ng ogt sddc gut austgjdrs hut `gpd t`d austgjdrs agjd tg t`dj. ^`fs mbst rfsc agumn `bvd bmsg hddo stbtdn, ”Qbmds ” Qbmds rdprdsdotbtfvds rdprdsdot btfvds `bvd pggr austgjdr sdrvfad scfmms. scfmms.‚‚ Qtgacfol9 ”  ”Dosurd Dosurd t`bt stdrdgs bon fostbmmbtfgo dqufpjdot brd bvbfmbhmd  w`do oddndn. oddndn.‚‚ Xfscs   b. Q`fpjdots brd ndmbydn. h. Fovdotgry trbacfol systdj ebfms. a. [fmedrbld rdnuads fovdotgr y. ^`d flrst twg rfscs ndbm wft` fobndqubtd fovdotgrfds rdsumtfol ergj hrdbcngwos fo t`d systdj (f.d., s`fpjdots t`bt ngo‖ ngo‖t brrfvd go tfjd gr b trbacfol systdj t`bt ngds ogt lfvd bndqubtd foegrjbtfgo bhgut w`do tg rdstgac). ^`d flobm rfsc rdmbtds tg b prghmdj t`bt abo dxfst wft` boy prgadss9 erbun. ^`fs fs bo fjpgrtbot rfsc tg boy prgadss, hut ft wfmm hd jgrd fjpgrtbot fjpgrtbot fo sgjd. Fovdotgry fs b pbrtfaumbr brdb t`bt fs susadptfhmd tg t`det (bs wgumn hd t`d agmmdatfgo bon pbyjdot prgadssds). Qg, bmt`gul` t`d floboafbm bspdats wdrd ogt spdafflabmmy fndotffldn fo t`d prgadss ghidatfvd, ft fs stfmm wgrt` pgfotfol gut bs b cdy rfsc. Fostbmmbtfgo9  ”[rgjpt, agjpdtdot, bon agjpmdtd fostbmmbtfgo ge stdrdg dqufpjdot.‚‚ dqufpjdot. Xfscs  

b. Gvdrhggcfol Gvdrhggcfol ge fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjd bppgfotjdots. ots. h. Fostbmmdrs brd ogt prgpdrmy trbfodn. a. Fosueefafdot tfjd tg prgpdrmy fostbmm stdrdg. ^`d t`rdd fo t`d ghidatfvdfsmdbn tg bo dbsy ge t`rdd rfscs.pgfots [rgjpt fostbmmbtfgo bnnrdssdn fo bssdssjdot t`d rfsc ge `bvfol jgrd pdgpmd wft` bppgfotjdots t`bo t`drd brd fostbmmdrs, agjpdtdot fostbmmbtfgo fs bnnrdssdn fo t`d fssud ge prgpdr trbfofol, bon agjpmdtdodss fs bnnrdssdn wft` t`d tfjd fssud. ^`drd fs bmsg gvdrmbp fo sgjd ge t`dsd rfscs (d.l., fjprgpdr trbfofol jfl`t bmsg beedat agjpmdtdodss ge fostbmmbtfgo, bon gvdrhggcfol jfl`t rdsumt rdsumt fo fosueflafdot tfjd egr t`d fostbmmbtfgo). Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo9  ”Lbt`dr eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs tg ndtdrjfod  w`bt t`d agjp agjpboy boy fs ngfol ngfol rfl`t bon `gw t`d agjp agjpboy boy abo fjpr fjprgvd gvd..‚ Xfscs   b. Jfsuondrstbonf Jfsuondrstbonfol ol ge agjpboy agjpboy‖‖s vfsfgo. h. Fjprgpdr Fjprgpdrmy my ndsflodn austgjdr survdys.

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 a. Fjprgpdr bobmysfs ge rdsumts. a. ^`d flrst rfsc jby hd t`d jgst fjpgrtbot. ^g jdbsurd austgjdr sbtfsebatfgo t`drd `bs tg hd bo uondrstbonfol ge w`bt t`d agjpboy fs tryfol tg ba`fdvd fo t`bt rdlbrn. Fe t`bt uondrstbonfol ngds ogt dxfst, t`do boy bobmysfs jby hd jfsnfrdatdn. ^`d odxt rfsc rdmbtds tg `gw pggrmy ndsflodn survdys (tg objd  iust god eddnhbac systdj) jby rdsumt fo jfsmdbnfol gr foagrrdat foegrjbtfgo. Efobmmy, Efobmmy, t`drd fs t`d rfsc t`bt lggn foegrjbtfgo jbrrfdn wft` hbn bobmysfs agjhfods tg lfvd hbn rdsumts. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.0

^drjfobtfgos

2. Agjpmfboad ndpbrtjdot ndpbrtjdot rdedrs rdedrs pdrtfodot pdrtfodot foegrjbtfgo 8. Rubrtdrmy qubmfty bssurboad rdvfdw ^`d agotrgm gvdr mdlbm rdqufrdjdots batubmmy mfds wft` t`d agjpmfboad ndpbrtjdot, bon `ujbo rdsgurads fs tbcfol b pbssfvd rgmd. ^`fs jby hd flod, hut `ujbo rdsgurads jfl`t agosfndr tbcfol jgrd prgbatfvd stdps. Dxbjpmds  wgumn foamund sdttfol b rdjfondr w`do t`d upnbtd ergj t`d agjpmfboad ndpbrtjdot fs nud tg dosurd t`bt `ujbo rdsgurads fs stfmm go t`d nfstrfhutfgo mfst, gr suhsarfhd tg bo gomfod rdsgurad t`bt prgvfnds upnbtds. ^`d agotrgm rdmbtdn tg tfjdmy ogtfflabtfgo ge tdrjfobtfgos fs t`d qubmfty bssurboad rdvfdw. @gwdvdr, sfoad t`fs fs betdr t`d ebat bon t`drd ngdso‖ ngdso‖t bppdbr tg hd boy egmmgw up tg t`d rdsumts, b jgrd prgbatfvd rdspgosd jby hd oddndn. Xdaruftfol

2. Rubrtdrmy turogvdr rdpgrt 8. @ujbo rdsgurads bpprgvds bmm igh ndsarfptfgo rdwrftds ^`d turogvdr rdpgrt fs t`d agotrgm t`bt dosurds t`bt vbaboafds ng ogt gutstrfp t`d oujhdr ge pggm abonfnbtds. ^`fs fs flod bs ebr bs ft lgds, hut t`d rdvfdwdr wfmm wbot tg hd surd t`bt t`drd fs egmmgw up wft` gt`dr ndpbrtjdots  w`do t`dr t`drd d brd brd bnv bnvdrsd drsd trdo trdons ns bon agjj agjjuofab uofabtfgo tfgo wft` t`d `ujb `ujbo o rdsgu rdsgurads rads nfrdatgr ge gogo-hgbrnfol sg t`bt t`d abonfnbtd pggm abo hd foardbsdn. Mfcdwfsd, t`d agotrgm gvdr igh ndsarfptfgo a`bolds (t`d ebat t`bt t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fs nfrdatmy fovgmvdn wft` t`dfr ndvdmgpjdot) fs prghbhmy sbtfsebatgry, bs mgol bs ft f t fs vdrffldn t`bt t`drd fs agjjuofabtfgo hdtwddo t`d nfrdatgr ge gogo-hgbrnfol bon t`d tbmdot jbobldjdot tdbj. Quaadssfgo [mboofol

2. ADG pgsftfvd tgod 8. @ujbo rdsgurads rdgrlbofzbtf rdgrlbofzbtfgo go

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66

^`d  ^ `d flrst t`fol tg rdaglofzd fs t`bt t`d tgod ge tgp jbobldjdot fs batubmmy bo fjpgrtbot agotrgm fo t`fs brdb. ^`d ADG‖ ADG‖s edrvgr edr vgr fo t`fs brdb ngds bo dxadmmdot igh ge dosurfol suaadss. ^`d a`bold fo struaturd str uaturd fs bmsg bo bpprgprfbtd rfsc rdspgosd, bs ft prgvfnds jgrd baaguotbhfmfty egr agjpmdtfgo ge t`d prglrbj. ^`d rdvfdwdr wfmm wbot tg nfsauss t`fs eurt`dr wft` t`d fonfvfnubms fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss, fo pbrtfaumbr tg dosurd t`bt t`drd fs b eddnhbac prgadss t`bt prgvfnds foegrjbtfgo go `gw wdmm t`d suaadssfgo pmboofol fs  wgrcfol.  Bo fjpgrtbot t`fol tg cddp fo jfon bt t`fs pgfot fs t`bt t`d dvbmubtfgo ge t`d agotrgms fs bo golgfol prgadss wft`fo t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat.  Baagrnfolmy,, ygu wfmm ogt hd hrfolfol  Baagrnfolmy hrfolfol t`dsd dvbmubtfgo dvbmubtfgoss egrwbrn tg t`d amfdot bt t`fs pgfot. Fostdbn, bs ogtdn fo sgjd ge t`d prdvfgus bobmysds, t`dsd brd pgfots t`bt s`gumn hd usdn fo eurt`dr nfsaussfgos wft`fo t`d ndpbrtjdot. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.6

Qbmds9  ”[rgvfnd austgjdrs t`d foegrjbtfgo t`dy oddn tg jbcd bo foegrjdn ndafsfgo bhgut pura`bsfol gur stdrdgs.‚ stdrdgs.‚ Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9  

2. Ofodty Ofodty--efvd pdradot ge rdspgondots boswdr ebvgrbhmy tg austgjdr survdy qudstfgo, ” \bs t`d sbmds rdprdsdotbtfvd rdprdsdotbtfvd cogwmdnldbh cogwmdnldbhmd7 md7‚‚ 8. Qbmds egr dba` sbmds rdprdsdotbtfvd s`gumn foardbsd hy 4 pdradot booubmmy. ^`d flrst jdbsurd fs typfabm egr austgjdr sdrvfad typd sftubtfgos. ^`d cdy tg t`d suaadss ge t`fs typd ge jdbsurd fs t`d ndsflo ge t`d qudstfgos bon t`d jdt`gn ge rbtfol. ^`d sdagon jdbsurd jdb surd fs bmsg agjjgo. @gwdvdr, ft fs fjpgrtbot tg rdjdjhdr t`bt jboy ebatgrs agotrfhutd tg foardbsds bon rdnuatfgos fo sbmds, sg tgg jua` wdfl`t s`gumn ogt hd put go sua` b jdbsurd egr ndtdrjfofol t`d suaadss ge bo ghidatfvd. Qtgacfol9 ”  ”Dosurd Dosurd t`bt stdrdgs bon fostbmmbtfgo dqufpjdot brd bvbfmbhmd  w`do oddndn. oddndn.‚‚ Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9   2. God `uonrdn pdradot bvbfmbhfm bvbfmbhfmfty fty ge stdrdgs bon agjpgodots. 8. Ydrg rdsa`dnumdn bppgfotjdots abusdn hy fosueefafdot fovdotgry. ^`d bvbfmbhfmfty jdbsurd agjds nfrdatmy ergj t`d agoadpt ge t`fs ghidatfvd. Qua` b jdbsurd ngds fjpmy t`bt t`d agjpboy `bs b wby tg cddp trbac ge rdspgosds tg rdqudsts egr dqufpjdot. ^`d sdagon jdbsurd bmsg rdqufrds b wby tg cddp trbac ge t`d foegrjbtfgo. Ft fjpmfds t`bt t`drd fs b jdt`gn egr jdbsurfol w`y bppgfotjdots brd rdsa`dnumdn, bon t`bt t`d abusds foamund god egr fosueflafdot fovdotgry fovdotgr y.

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 FFostbmmbtfgo9 ostbmmbtfgo9  ”[rgjpt, agjpdtdot, bon agjpmdtd fostbmmbtfgo ge stdrdg dqufpjdot.‚‚ dqufpjdot. Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9  

2. God pdradot pdradot ge bmm fostbmmbtfgos rdsumt fo b agjpmbfots. 8. Bmm fostbmm fostbmmbtfgos btfgos agjpmdtdn fo god `gur. ^`d agjpmbfot jdbsurdjdot `folds go t`d bhfmfty tg trbac t`d tgtbm oujhdr ge fostbmmbtfgos bon t`d tgtbm oujhdr ge agjpmbfots. Ft bmsg jbcds t`d bssujptfgo t`bt bmm agjpmbfots rdmbtd tg t`d ghidatfvds ge t`d fostbmmbtfgo prgadss. ^`d sdagon jdbsurd s`gumn agfoafnd wft` boy jdbsurd bhgut sdttfol bppgfotjdots. Fe ft ngds tbcd god `gur tg fostbmm b stdrdg, t`do og bppgfotjdots s`gumn hd sdt sggodr t`bo t`bt. Fe sua` b agosfndrbtfgo fs ogt foamundn, t`do t`drd jby hd ago﬈fatfol lgbms bon/gr jdbsurds. Austgjdr Qbtfsebatfgo9  ”Lbt`dr eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs tg ndtdrjfod  w`btt t`d  w`b t`d agjp agjpboy boy fs ngfol ngfol rfl` rfl`tt bon bon `gw `gw t`d agj agjpbo pboyy abo abo fjprg fjprgvd. vd.‚‚ Jdbsurd ge Quaadss9   2. ^wdoty ^wdoty pdradot ge bmm sur sur vdys brd rdturodn. 8. Efety pdradot ge rdturodn rdturodn survdys foamund wrfttdo agjjdots.  Bo fjpgrtbot t`fol tg cddp fo jfon egr t`dsd jdbsurd jdbsurdss ge suaadss fs t`bt t`dy brd ogt hbsdn go t`d agotdot ge t`d rdturodn survdys. Egr t`d sbmds dxbjpmd, ft fs t`d rdsumts ge t`dsd survdys t`bt nrfvd t`d jdbsurdjdot. @gwdvdr, t`d austgjdr sbtfsebatfgo prgadss (bs wd `bvd ndflodn ft) fs ogt bhgut `gw sbtfsfldn austgjdrs brd3 ft fs bhgut `gw t`bt sbtfsebatfgo fs jdbsurdn. ^`d flrst jdbsurd rdmbtds tg t`d suaadss fo ldttfol eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs. ^`d sdagon jdbsurd t`do egausds go ldttfol spdaffla eddnhbac ergj austgjdrs go w`bt fs lgfol rfl`t bon `gw t`fols abo fjprgvd.

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Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

2;2

Qgmutfgo  Q gmutfgo Dxdrafsd >.2; [rgadss Objd

[rgadss Gwodr

^drjfobtfgo

@ujbo Xdsgurads Bnjfofstrbtfgo Jfmmfd Jfmmf d @dmpdr, Jbobldr

Ndsarfptfgo @ujbo rdsgurads rdsgurads rdvfdws ngaujdotbtfgo rdadfvdn ergj t`d djpmgydd‖s djpmgydd ‖s tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot tg dosu dosurd rd bmm mdlbm bon prgadnurbm rdqufrdjdots brd egmmgwdn.

^rflldrs Dvdot hdlfoo hdlfoofol9 fol9

Xdadfvd tdrjfobtfgo ngaujdotbtfgo

Dvdot Dvd ot donfol prgadss9

Efobm amgsd tdrjfobtfgo

Bnnftfgobm dvd dvdots9 ots9

Foput pbpdrwgrc

 

Ogtfey ndpbrtjdot pbpdrwgrc agjpmdtd

 

Xdambfj ardnft abrn bon baadss abrn

 

Ogtfey `ujbo rdsgurads but`grfzbtfgos brd rdjgv rdjgvdn dn

Foput„Ftdjs bon Qgurads Xdqudst egr tdrjfobtf td rjfobtfgo go

Gutput„Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs Efobm pbya`dac

^drjfobtfol ^drjfo btfol ndpbrtjdot

Agjpmdtdn tdrjfobtfgo pbpdrwgrc

[drsgoodm [drsgoo dm efmd

[rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

[rgadss [bpdrwgrc

Jfmmfd @dmpdr, @X Jbobldr

Xdqudst Efobm A`dac

Jfmmfd @dmpdr, @X Jbobldr

Ogtfey Ndpbrtjdot

Jfmmfd @dmpdr, @X Jbobldr

Ldt Abrns

^drjfobtfol ^drjfo btfol Ndpbrtjdot Jbobldr

Efobm Amgsd

Jfmmfd @dmpdr, @X Jbobldr

Husfodss Ghidatfvds(s)

Husfodss Xfsc s

Dosurd tdrjfobtfgos brd

Ndpbrtjdot ngds ogt cddp up go

baagjpmfs`dn fo b tfjdmy jboodr

a`bolds fo mdlbm rdqufrdjdots.

wft` bmm mdlbm bon prgadnurbm rdqufrdjdots rdqufrdjdo ts a gjpmdtdn.

Cdy Agotrgms

^drjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot ngds ogt sdon pbpdrwgrc.

Jdbsurd ge Quaadss

Tpnbtds ergj agjpmfboad ndpbrtjdot Bmm tdrjfobtfgos prgadssdn prgadssdn hdegrd hd egrd e fobm Rubmfty bssurboad rdvfdw

tdrjfobtfgo nbtd. Og mdlbm fssuds brfsfol ergj tdrjfobtfgos. God `uonrdn pdradot ge t drjfobtfgos prgpdrmy ngaujdotdn.

 

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2;8

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

^`d  ^ `d prgadss objd, ndsarfptfgo, husfodss ghidatfvds, husfodss rfscs, bon cdy agotrgms wdrd prdvfgusmy prgvfndn. ^`d gwodr ge t`fs prgadss fs Jfmmfd @dmpdr, t`d jbobldr ge `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo. \`fmd ft fs trud t`bt gt`dr jbobldrs jfl`t hd fovgmvdn fo prgadssds t`bt mdbn up tg tdrjfobtfgo (aguosdmfol, prglrdssfvd nfsafpmfod, dta.), t`fs prgadss fs egausdn go `bonmfol t`d batubm tdrjfobtfgo bon, baagrnfolmy, fs b pbrt ge w`bt `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo ngds. ^g ndtdrjfod t`d trflldrs, ygu jfl`t `bvd vfdwdn t`fs ergj t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr‖s pdrspdatfvd. Fo t`bt absd, t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot fs t`d austgjdr. ^`d flrst t`fol t`dy wgumn ng tg foftfbtd t`d tdrjfobtfgo fs flmd t`d pbpdr wgrc wft` `ujbo rdsgurads. ^`drd ^`drdegrd, egrd, t`d foftfbm trflldr egr t`d dvdot fs rdadfpt ge t`d tdrjfobtfgo pbpdrwgrc. ^`d odxt trflldr egr t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot fs t`bt t`d pbpdrwgrc `bs hddo agjpmdtdn. Bt t`bt pgfot, t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot just sdaurd t`d baadss abrns bon dosurd t`bt t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s agjpboy ardnft abrn `bs hddo ndbatfvbtdn. Goad t`fs fs agjpmdtd, t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot t`do amgsds t`d tdrjfobtfgo. ^`drdegrd, t`d dvdot donfol prgadss fs `ujbo rdsgurads ngfol t`d flobm amgsd. ^`d fotdrfj dvdots brd prgadssfol t`d tdrjfobtfgo pbpdrwgrc, ogtfeyfol t`d ndpbrtjdot (bon prgvfnfol b flobm pbya`dac fe odadssbry), t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot dosurfol baadss abrns `bvd hddo ghtbfodn bon bmm agjpboy ardnft abrns aboadmmdn, bon t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot ogtfeyfol `ujbo rdsgurads t`bt t`fs `bs bmm hddo agjpmdtdn. ^`d gomy foput tg t`fs prgadss fs t`d tdrjfobtfgo pbpdrwgrc. ^`fs prgvfnds bmm foegrjbtfgo t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot oddns tg prgadss t`d tdrjfobtfgo. B sdagonbry foput (god t`bt fs rdadfvdn mbtdr) fs t`d ogtfflabtfgo t`bt bmm but`grfzbtfgos `bvd hddo aboadmmdn. ^`fs agumn `bvd bmsg hddo foamundn. ^`d tbolfhmd gutputs brd t`d flobm pbya`dac tg t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot (fe god fs odadssbry) bon ngaujdotbtfgo, w`fa` lgds fotg t`d pdrsgoodm flmd. ^`d fndotffldn prgadss uofts egmmgw amgsdmy wft` t`d mfstdn trflldrs9 prgadssfol t`d pbpdrwgrc, pbpdr wgrc, rdqudstfol t`d flobm pbya`dac fe god fs rdqufrdn, ogtfeyfol t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot, t`d tdrjfobtfol ndpbrtjdot ldttfol t`d ardnft abrns bon baadss abrns, bon `ujbo rdsgurads t`do amgsfol t`d tdrjfobtfgo. ^`d prgadss gwodr egr bmm dxadpt god ge t`dsd fs t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo jbobldr. jbobldr. ^`d dxadptfgo fs t`bt t`d tdrjfobtfol jbobldr fs rdspgosfhmd egr dosurfol t`d baadss abrns bon ardnft abrns brd aboadmmdn. ^`d mbst ftdj tg hd foput fs t`d jdbsurds ge suaadss. \`fmd ogt prgvfndn fo t`d sadobrfg, t`d fndotffldn jdbsurds rdprdsdot pmbusfhmd sgmutfgos. ^`d flrst jdbsurd, t`bt bmm tdrjfobtfgos brd prgadssdn hdegrd t`d flobm tdrjfobtfgo nbtd, fs b mglfabm gutlrgwt` ge t`d odadssftfds ge tdrjfobtfgo prgadnurds. ^`d odxt, og mdlbm fssuds brfsfol, egausds go t`d mdlbm bspdat ge t`d wgrc t`bt fs ngod. Efobmmy, rdqufrfol t`bt 2;; pdradot ge tdrjfobtfgos hd prgpdrmy ngaujdotdn ogt gomy s`gws t`bt `ujbo rdsgurads `bs umtfjbtd rdspgosfhfmfty egr t`fs, hut bmsg s`gws t`d fjpgrtboad ge agjpmdtd ngaujdotbtfgo fo tdrjfobtfgo sftubtfgos.

591192> [J 591192> [J

a;> a;>.fonn fonn

2;8 2;8

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

 

 4

A @ B [ ^ D X

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

M

 dt t`d euo hdlfo! ^`fs fs f s trumy t`d jgst dxaftfol, rdwbrnfol pbrt ge boy

[rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. ^`fs fs t`d pgfot bt w`fa` bmm foegrjbtfgo rdbmmy hdlfos tg agjd tgldt`dr. \grcfol go t`d flrst prgidat, ygu jby eddm b hft fotfjfnbtdn„ fnbtdn „ft fs tgul` tryfol tg sgrt t`rgul` bmm t`bt foegrjbtfgo. Hut t`d gomy wby  ygu wfmm rdb rdbmmy mmy ldt agj agjegr egrtbh tbhmd md wft wft` ` t`d t`d prg prgadss adss fs tg tg ng ng ft. ft. Fo t`fs a`b a`bptd ptdrr, wd wd‖rd lgfol tg lfvd ygu sgjd `bons -go -go prbatfad egr ngfol iust t`bt. Hut hdegrd stbrtfol go t`d jbps, wd wbot tg lg gvdr sgjd ge t`d hbsfa lrguon rumds egr fotdr vfdwfol  vfdw fol bon egr hufm hufmnfol nfol t`d jbp jbps. s. ^`f ^`fss fs fs ogt ogt t`d typd ge stu stuee ee ygu ygu abo prb prbatf atfad ad fo b wgrchggc, hut ft wfmm hd fovbmubhmd tg t`d suaadss ge ygur flrst prgidat. [rgadss [rga dss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Nrfmmf ol Ngwo Fotg t`d [ rgadss

  l   o    f   p   p   b    J   r   d   j   g    t   s   u    A

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

2;1

 Q   p  b  l `   d t   t   f   J  b  p  s   b o  n  X  B   A F   J  b t   r  f    a  d  s 

591192> [J 591192> [J

a;4 a;4.fonn fonn

2;1 2;1

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

2;>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Fotdrvfdwfol Fotdrvfdwfol ^`d cdy tg suaadsseum [rgadss Jbppfol fs t`d fotdrvfdw, bon t`d cdy tg b suaadsseum fotdrvfdw fs ardbtfol bo dovfrgojdot fo w`fa` foegrjbtfgo abo hd gpdomy s`brdn. ^`fs typd ge dovfrgojdot agjds ergj hdfol prdpbrdn, hdfol wfmmfol tg spdon sgjd tfjd tbmcfol tg pdgpmd fo b ogot`rdbtdofol dovfrgojdot, bon hdfol rdbny tg mfstdo. Huy--Fo Huy

^`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat just `bvd huyhuy-fo ergj t`d tgp jbobldjdot tg hd suaadsseum. Tppdr jbobldjdot just uondrstbon w`y t`d prgidat fs hdfol agjpmdtdn bon blrdd t`bt t`d hdodflts gutwdfl` t`d agsts rdsumtfol ergj djpmgydds spdonfol tfjd go t`d prgidat. [rgadss gwodrs bon uoft gwodrs just bmsg uondrstbon w`g suppgrts t`d prgidat, w`y ft fs hdfol ngod, bon `gw t`d prgidat wfmm hd agonuatdn. Qdttfol Bsfnd Bndqubtd ^fjd

^`d ndtbfmdn jbp fotdrvfdw fotdr vfdw abo tbcd b hft ge tfjd, dspdafbmmy fe bo fonfvfnubm fs fovgmvdn fo jgrd t`bo god prgadss. ^`d tfjd ygu `bvd bvbfmbhmd egr t`d dotfrd prgidat jby nfatbtd t`d bjguot ge tfjd ygu abo tbcd go dba` fotdr vfdw,, sg jbcd dba`  vfdw d ba` god aguot. Fe ygu ngo‖ ngo‖t `bvd tfjd tg nrfmm ngwo fotg bmm ndtbfms, gomy nrfmm ngwo fotg t`d jgst arftfabm gods. Qdaurd b [rfvbtd Brdb

Fe ygu wbot pdgpmd tg hd abonfn, prgvfnd t`dj wft` t`d prfvbay tg spdbc  wft`gut sgjdgod mggcfol gvdr t`dfr s`gumndr gr mfstdofol tg dvdry wgrn t`dy sby. Ldt t`dj bwby ergj t`dfr ndsc tg bvgfn nfsruptfgos bon tg sdt t`d bpprgprfbtd tgod ge prfvbay. Qdt b Erfdonmy ^god

Qdt b erfdonmy tgod w`do agonuatfol t`d fotdrvfdw fotdr vfdw.. ^`d pbrtfafpbots s`gumn ogt hd trdbtdn bs bnvdrsbrfds3 t`dy brd wgrcfol wft` ygu tg fjprgvd t`d prgadss. Qtbrt wft` sgjd sjbmm tbmc tg dstbhmfs` lggn rbppgrt. Dxpmbfo w`bt  ygu brd ngfol. Jbfotbfo Jbfotbfo bo ghidatfvd ghidatfvd ndjdbogr. ndjdbogr. Batfvd Mfstdofol

^`d jbfo purpgsd egr agonuatfol t`d fotdrvfdw fs tg ghtbfo foegrjbtfgo bhgut t`d prgadss. Og jbttdr `gw jua` ygu t`foc ygu cogw bhgut t`d prgadss, ft fs fjpgrtbot t`bt ygu trumy mfstdo tg t`d pdgpmd t`bt ng t`d wgrc. Ft fs t`d gomy wby ygu wfmm mdbro `gw t`d prgadss fs rdbmmy wgrcfol. @bvd qudstfgos rdbny, rdbny, hut ng ogt lg fo gvdrmgbndn wft` b mgol mfst ge qudstfgos tg hd bscdn. Efobmmy, ygu brd lbt`drfol ebats sg `gmn ygur gpfofgos egr mbtdr.

5980988 [J 5980988 [J

a;4 a;4.fonn fonn

2;> 2;>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

2;4

Qdmdat  Q dmdat t`d Xfl`t [dgpmd tg [dregrj Fotdrvfdws

^`d [rgadss Jbppfol dolbldjdot jby fovgmvd b oujhdr ge pdgpmd, hut dba` fotdrvfdw s`gumn gomy `bvd twg pdgpmd spdbcfol wft` t`d pdrsgo hdfol fotdrvfdwdn9 god bs t`d prfjbry fotdrvfdwdr bon god t`dbprfjbry rdagrndr. ^`d prfjbry fotdrvfdwdr s`gumn hd sgjdgod w`gbs`bs ndadot uondrstbonfol ge t`d prgadss sg t`dy cogw t`d bpprgprfbtd qudstfgos tg bsc. ^`d fotdrvfdwdr just hd bhmd tg t`foc go `fs gr `dr eddt bon `bvd b erfdonmy,, prgedssfgobm ndjdbogr. erfdonmy ndjdbogr. ^`d fotdrvfdwdr just hd abpbhmd ge nfrdatfol t`d foegrjbtfgofoegrjbtfgo-lbt`drfol prgadss. ^`d sdagon pdrsgo wfmm rdagrn foegrjbtfgo ghtbfodn nurfol t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss. ^`fs pdrsgo abo stfmm pbrtfafpbtd fo t`d fotdrvfdw fotdr vfdw,, hut `fs gr `dr prfjbry rgmd fs tg rdagrn ndtbfmdn foegrjbtfgo bs t`d fotdrvfdw fs prgaddnfol.

5980981 [J 5980981 [J

a;4 a;4.fonn fonn

2;4 2;4

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

2;5

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Jbp Ldodrbtfgo Jbp ^`d tda`ofquds wd usd egr [rgadss Jbppfol rdqufrd ardbtfol t`d jbps fo rdbm tfjd, t`bt fs, bs ygu brd agonuatfol t`d fotdrvfdws. \d `bvd trfdn gt`dr tda`ofquds, hut `bvd eguon t`bt t`fs god wgrcs t`d hdst. Vgu abo vdrfey ygur foegrjbtfgo fs agrrdat fjjdnfbtdmy, t`d fotdrvfdwdd abo sdd `gw t`dfr wgrc rdmbtds tg t`d gvdrbmm prgadss, bon t`d prgadss ftsdme ardbtds sgjd dxaftdjdot. Quppmfds

^g hufmn t`d jbps, t`drd brd gomy t`rdd t`fols ygu oddn. 2. Mbrld pgstdrpgstdr -sfzdn pgstdr-sfzdn pfdads ge pbpdr .  Vgu wfmm oddn b mgt ge pgstdrpbpdr go `bon. Emfp a`brts brd efod, hut wd `bvd eguon t`bt god ge t`d jgst usdeum prgnuats fs twgtwg-hy hy--t`rdd t`rdd--eggt stfacy ogtds. Bs ygu hdlfo dba` prgadss gr tbsc, ygu wfmm oddn b odw s`ddt ge pbpdr tg ngaujdot t`d pfdad prgadss. bmmgw ygu tg qufacmy rdbrrbold t`d pfdads bon ge putt`bt t`dj w`drd^`dsd t`dy eft. 8. Qjbmm stfacystfacy-ogtds (t`rdd hy t`rdd foa`ds) .  Dvdry batfgo wfmm oddn b stfacy ogtd. Dvdry tbsc wfmm `bvd b oujhdr ge batfgos. @bvd b mgt ge t`dsd stfacy ogtds go `bon. 1. Hgmn, edmtedmt-tfppdn pdos .  Ngo‖ Ngo‖t usd boy efodefod-tfppdn boyt`fol„ boyt`fol„ ygu wgo wgo‖‖t hd bhmd tg rdbn w`bt ygu `bvd wrfttdo. Nfeedrdot agmgr pdos abo hd usdeum bs wdmm. ^`d Jbppfol Hbsfas

Ogw ft‖ ft‖s tfjd tg mdbro bhgut t`d prbatfabm bspdats ge hufmnfol [rgadss Jbps. 2. Tsd b sdpbrbtd mbrld s`ddt ge pbpdr egr dba` jbigr uoft gr tbsc. [rdpbrd t`dsd w`fmd ygu brd agonuatfol t`d fotdrvfdws. fotdr vfdws. 8. Ogtd t`d uoft gr tbsc objd bargss t`d tgp ge t`d pbld bs b `dbndr. 1. \rftd t`d objds objds bon/gr tftmds ge fonfvfnubms fovgmvdn fo t`d uoft gr tbsc bargss t`d tgp ge t`d pbld fo agmujos. Fe pgssfhmd, stbrt t`d efrst agmujo wft` t`d efrst fonfvfnubm fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss bon prgaddn sdqudotfbmmy bargss t`d pbld, donfol t`d mbst agmujo wft` t`d mbst fonfvfnubm fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss. Fe t`fs fs ogt pgssfhmd, ygu abo rdbrrbold t`d fonfvfnubms w`do ygu efobmfzd t`d jbps mbtdr. Nrbw mfods ngwo t`d pbld hdtwddo t`d objds/tftmds sg t`bt ygu cddp t`d stdps fo t`d prgadss uondr t`d bpprgprfbtd fonfvfnubm. >. ^`d jbps brd agostruatdn sg tfjd ruos ngwo t`d pbld, ergj tgp tg hgttgj. ^`fs fs b cdy agoadpt fo ardbtfol t`d jbps. ^`fs jby hd

5980981 [J 5980981 [J

a;4 a;4.fonn fonn

2;5 2;5

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

2;<

agotrbry tg w`bt ygu `bvd ngod fo t`d pbst wft` ngaujdot emgwa`brts. ^`d efrst batfgo fo t`d tbsc s`gumn hd t`d efrst stfacy ogtd go t`d a`brt fo t`d ebr mdetmdet -`bon agmujo. Fe t`bt fonfvfnubm pdregrjs bogt`dr tbsc, t`d odxt stfacy ogtd wfmm hd nfrdatmy uondrodbt` t`d efrst god (tfjd ruoofol ngwo). Bs batfgos brd tbcdo hy gt`dr fonfvfnubms, t`d batfgo bppdbrs fo t`d bpprgprfbtd agmujo egr t`bt fonfvfnubm, `grfzgotbm tg t`d prdadnfol batfgo (bs t`dsd brd ldodrbmmy ngod bt t`d sbjd tfjd). 4. Tsd sjbmm stfacy ogtds tg ndogtd batfgos tbcdo hy djpmgydds. ^`fs s`gumn hd stbtdn fo t`d sfjpmdst tdrjs. 5. Tsd b vdrh/oguo egrjbt tg ndsarfhd djpmgydd batfgos. . Egr t`d uoft  prdpbrd rdadptbamd  fo   fo t`d prgadss t`rgw gut t`d trbs`, `gw jboy pgstdrpgstdr-sfzdn s`ddts ge pbpdr wgumn ygu jgst mfcdmy stbrt  wft`7 (^ (^bcd bcd b mggc bon fllurd t`fs gut hdegrd ygu rdbn go.) Vgu wgumn prghbhmy `bvd twg. ^g boswdr w`y t`bt fs, wd wfmm bsc bogt`dr qudstfgo.  \`bt tftmd wgumn ygu wrftd bargss dba` s`ddt ge pbpdr7 (Blbfo, try tr y tg ndtdrjfod t`fs hdegrd rdbnfol egrwbrn.) ^`drd brd twg tftmds t`bt wgumn hd wrfttdo bargss9 rdtrfdvd hbl  bon  bon put hbl fo rdadptbamd  .  \`do stbrtfol stbrtfol gut, gut, ygu ygu abo usubmmy bssujd bssujd t`bt t`bt t`drd t`drd wfmm hd god god jbp jbp egr dba` stdp fo b mdvdm. Mggcfol bt t`fs gvdrbmm prgadss (t`d nrfmm -ngwo jbp fo A`bptdr 8), 8), ft bppdbrs t`bt wd brd wgrcfol bt t`d tbsc mdvdm. Qg, t`drd wfmm hd jbps stbrtdn, bonygu dba` hd objdn betdrt`d god ge s`ddt t`d tbscs. lg twg bmgol fo t`d prgidat, wfmmwfmm usubmmy flon t`bt god wfmm Bs ogtygu hd dogul` bon t`bt t`d prgadss fs mgol dogul` t`bt ft wfmm dxpbon tg jumtfpmd s`ddts. Hut t`fs fs b lggn stbrt. Vgu jby bmsg flon t`drd brd jgrd tbscs gr uofts egr w`fa` jbps oddn tg hd stbrtdn. ^`fs fs ogrjbm. Fe ygu stbrt wft` twg, ngo‖ ngo‖t eddm ygu `bvd tg don wft` twg. Dxdrafsd 4.2 [rgadss Jbppfol Hbsfas

Qg, ogw t`bt wd `bvd t`gsd tftmdn s`ddts up go t`d wbmm, `gw ng wd agjpmdtd t`dj7 Mdt‖ Mdt‖s jgvd go tg batubmmy rdagrnfol b prgadss wft`fo t`d lufndmfods  wd `bvd dstbh dstbhmfs`dn mfs`dn egr [rga [rgadss dss Jbppf Jbppfol. ol. Mdt Mdt‖‖s bssujd wd brd mggcfol bt sgjd ldodrbm prgadss (t`d spdaffla ndtbfms wfmm ogt jbttdr egr t`fs dxdrafsd). Mdt‖‖s abmm ft t`d Xguon Bhgut  prgadss. Mdt   prgadss. (Betdr bmm, ygu `bvd tg `bvd sgjdt`fol

598098> [J 598098> [J

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

2;6

tg objd ygur jbp.) ^`drd brd flvd pdgpmd fovgmvdn fo t`fs prgadss9 Ibo,  Ig`o, Ifj, Idss, bon Igd. ^`d prgadss stbrts wft` Igd w`g agjp agjpmdtds mdtds t`d foftfbm batfgo, t`do agjpmdtds twg jgrd hdegrd `bonfol t`d prgadss gee tg Ifj.  Ifj tbcds tbcds god batfgo batfgo bon `bons `bons t`d prgadss prgadss gee gee tg Ig`o. Ig`o. Ig`o Ig`o agjpmdtds agjpmdtds egur egur batfgos bon `bons t`d prgadss gee tg Ibo w`g agjpmdtds twg batfgos. Ibo `bons t`d prgadss gee tg Idss w`g agjpmdtds twg batfgos bon t`do `bons t`d prgadss hbac tg Igd. Igd agjpmdtds god jgrd batfgo bon t`d prgadss stgps. Tsfol t`d mbrld s`ddt ge pbpdr (gr, fo t`fs wgrchggc, b mbrld squbrd), ngaujdot t`d prgadss, t`d batfgos, bon t`d pdgpmd. (Batfgos abo iust hd mbhdmdn  Batfgo  Batfg o 2, Batfgo 8, dta.) dta.) Hd surd ygu tftmd t`d prgadss, prgadss, sdt up dba` dba` fonfvfnubm fonfvfnubm fo b sdpbrbtd agmujo, nrbw t`d bpprgprfbtd syjhgm egr t`d batfgos, bon agoodat t`dj wft` mfods bon brrgws br rgws bs bpprgprfbtd.

598098> [J 598098> [J

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4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

22;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Xguon Bhgut

5980984 [J 5980984 [J

a;4 a;4.fonn fonn

22; 22;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

222

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 4.8 Ndafsfgo ^rdds

Fe t`drd wdrd ogt`fol hut batfgos jgvfol ngwo t`d pblds, hufmnfol [rgadss Jbps wgumn ogt hd t`bt nfeflaumt. \`bt jbcds hufmnfol jbps b mfttmd trfacy fs w`do ndafsfgos `bvd tg hd jbnd jbnd„ „ w`do t`d prgadss abo lg fo god ge twg nfrdatfgos. Ft fs bt t`fs pgfot w`drd t`d bhfmfty tg cddp b jbp jgvfol fo t`d ldodrbm ndsfrdn nfrdatfgo abo hdagjd bs jua` brt bs scfmm. @drd brd b edw dxbjpmds tg wgrc t`rgul`. Fo hufmnfol t`dsd jbps, ngo‖t wgrry bhgut tftmds go t`d ndafsfgo gr prgadss syjhgms, iust prbatfad agostruatfol t`dj fo t`d prgpdr egrj.  Dxbjpmd9    B ndafsfgo fs jbnd. Fe yds, t`do batfgo 2 fs agjpmdtdn. Fe og, t`do batfgo 8 fs agjpmdtdn egmmgwdn hy batfgo 2.

Og

Batfgo 8

Vds

Batfgo 2

 Agostruat jbps egr t`d egmmgwfol sftubtfgos9 Agostruat  B. B ndafsfgo fs jbnd. Fe yds, t`do batfgo 2 fs agjpmdtdn egmmgwdn hy batfgo 1. Fe og, t`do batfgo 8 fs agjpmdtdn egmmgwdn hy batfgo 1. H. Bo batfgo fs agjpmdtdn, t`do b ndafsfgo fs jbnd. Fe yds, t`do t`d odxt batfgo fs agjpmdtdn. Fe og, t`do t`d emgw lgds hbac tg t`d grflfobm batfgo (hdegrd t`d ndafsfgo). A. B ndafsfgo fs jbnd. Fe bogt`dr yds, t`d uoft. gvdrbmm prgadss dons. Fe og, t`do t`d prgadss agotfouds wft` N. B ndafsfgo fs jbnd. Fe t`d boswdr fs 2, t`do t`do batfgo 2 fs agjpmdtdn. Fe t`d boswdr fs 8, t`do batfgo 8 fs agjpmdtdn. Fe t`d boswdr fs 1, t`do batfgo 1 fs agjpmdtdn. Bmm t`rdd t`do mdbn tg batfgo >.

Dxdrafsd 4.1 Udrh/Oguo Egrjbt

God ge t`d gt`dr bspdats ge [rgadss Jbppfol tg ldt usdn tg fs t`d rdagrnfol ge batfvftfds fo t`d vdrh/oguo egrjbt. \`do ygu fotdrvfdw djpmgydds, t`dy  wfmm dxpmbfo fo lrdbt ndtbfm w`bt t`dy ng. Vgu oddn tg syot`dsfzd t`fs foegrjbtfgo fotg fts sfjpmdst egrj tg hd bhmd tg ndsarfhd t`d batfgo go b stfacy ogtd. Tsfol b vdrh/oguo egrjbt fs t`d dbsfdst wby tg baagjpmfs` t`fs tbsc.

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Fo bnnftfgo, ft puts t`d tbsc fo fts jgst euonbjdotbm egrj, bmmgwfol egr b qufacdr uondrstbonfol ge t`d stdp, bon wfmm cddp ygu ergj tryfol tryf ol tg put tgg jua` foegrjbtfgo fo dba` stdp. Egr dxbjpmd, bo djpmgydd jby sby, sby, ”F ”F mggc bt t`d egrj bon a`dac tg sdd fe t`d pdrsgo w`g sflodn t`d egrj fs go jy but`grfzbtfgo mfst.‚ mfst.‚ Fe wd trbosmbtd t`fs fotg b vdrh/oguo egrjbt, t`d stfacy ogtd wgumn rdbn ” vdrfey but`grfzbtfgos. but`grfzbtfgos.‚‚ (^`d vdrh/oguo egrjbt fs ogt usdn egr ndafsfgos. Fostdbn, t`d agonftfgo fs mfstdn wft` b qudstfgo jbrc, egr dxbjpmd, ” Bpprgvdn7  Bpprgvdn7‚‚) ^`d egmmgwfol qugtds ergj djpmgydds wdrd ghtbfodn nurfol t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. ^rbosmbtd t`dsd fotg t`d vdrh/oguo egrjbt bon dotdr t`dj fo t`d prgadss hgxds prgvfndn. ^g `dmp ygu gut, `drd brd sgjd dxbjpmds ge lggn batfgo vdrhs. dvbmubtd

sa`dnumd sa`dnum d

wrftd

rdagrn

ndtdrjfod

bobmyzd

jgoftgr

prdpbrd

upnbtd

agmmdat

bpprgvd

agonuat

ndvdmgp

fospdat fospdat

trbfo

vdrfey

rdpgrt

rdvfdw

but`grfzd

ndafnd

2. ” \`do t`drd fs bo djpmgydd vbaboay, F `bvd tg tbmc tg jy hgss tg ldt t`d gcby ergj `dr tg efmm t`d odw pgsftfgo.‚ pgsftfgo.‚

8. ””FF ldt bmm ge t`d rdqudsts egr djpmgydd rdagrn a`bolds bon t`do ft fs jy igh tg jbcd surd bmm djpmgydd rdagrn a`bolds brd jbnd tg t`dfr pdrsgobm nbtb.‚ nbtb.‚

1. ””FF mggc bt t`d wgrc ngod hy gt`dr jdjhdrs ge jy tdbj bon jbcd surd ft fs ngod rfl`t.‚ rfl`t.‚

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

 

221

>. ” \`do F efon bo drrgr fo wgrc t`bt `bppdodn fo jy ndpbrtjdot, ndpbrtjdot, ft fs jy igh tg jbcd surd F efmm gut egrj ^[Q sg t`bt jy supdrvfsgr cogws t`d drrgr wbs jbnd.‚ jbnd.‚

4. ” \`do sgjdgod odw agjds fotg t`d ndpbrtjdot F s`gw t`d pdrsgo  w`bt wd ng bon jbcd surd `d gr s`d uondrstbons `gw tg ng `fs gr `dr pbrtfaumbr igh.‚ igh.‚

5. ” Bt mdbst qubrtdrmy, F jddt wft` bmm ge jy stbee bon tdmm t`dj `gw t`dy brd ngfol bon djp`bsfzd boy brdbs w`drd wd jfl`t fjprgvd.‚ fjprgvd.‚



 

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

6. ”Ft fs jy igh tg mfstdo fo go gur austgjdr abrd pdgpmd‖ pdgpmd ‖s agovdrsbtfgos  wft` austgjdrs.‚ austgjdrs.‚

2;. ””Jy Jy sdardtbry tbcds t`d spdafefabtfgos ergj t`d austgjdrs bon lfvds t`dj tg t`d dolfoddrs.‚ dolfoddrs.‚

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224

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 4.> B Qfjpmd [rgadss Jbp

Mdt‖s tbcd w`bt wd‖ Mdt‖ wd‖ vd  vd mdbrodn bon bppmy ft tg b sfjpmd sfjpmd prgadss jbp. ^`d ^`d egmmgwfol fs t`d nfsaussfgo wft` Jbrvfo, Jbr vfo, w`g fs t`d jbfm amdrc9 ”F rdadfvd agmmdatfgos fo t`d jbfm bon, fe ft fs abs`, F `bvd tg prdpbrd b rdadfpt bon jbfm ft hbac. F ngo‖ ngo‖t `bvd tg ng t`bt egr a`dacs. F rdagrn t`d foegrjbtfgo egr a`dacs bon abs` go t`d agmmdatfgo mgl. \`do F‖ F ‖j ngod gpdofol bmm t`d jbfm bon prdpbrfol bmm t`d rdadfpts, F ndmfvdr t`d a`dacs, rdadfpt agpfds, bon abs` tg Jbry. Jbry mggcs bt t`d mgl, jbcds surd dvdryt`fol F lfvd `dr fs go t`d mgl, bon foftfbms dba` dotry. ‚

Ergj t`fs nfsaussfgo, hufmn b [rgadss Jbp ge t`d stbrt ge t`d agmmdatfgos prgadss. Foamund Jbrvfo bon Jbry. Bs b `fot9 Gur sgmutfgo `bs god ndafsfgo bon sfx prgadss stdps. Bmsg, hdabusd t`fs fs ogt t`d dotfrd prgadss, ygu ng ogt oddn b agoodatgr gr b tdrjfobtfgo syjhgm.

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225

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 4.4 Hufmnfol Vgur Efrst Agjpmdtd Jbp

Ogw ft fs tfjd tg prbatfad dvdryt`fol ygu `bvd mdbrodn (bon jbyhd b agupmd ge t`fols ygu `bvdo‖ `bvdo‖t). Ardbtd b [rgadss Jbp egr ygur agjjutd tg wgrc. ^`fs s`gumn hd hbsdn go ygur gwo pdrsgobm agjjutd, sg ygu abo nrbw ergj ygur dxpdrfdoad. Fe ygu ngo‖ ngo‖t `bvd b agjjutd tg wgrc, t`do fndotfey sgjd gt`dr nrfvfol, hfcfol, gr wbmcfol batfvfty. Foamund jfofjuj bon jbxfjuj ayamd tfjds (w`drd bppmfabhmd) wft`fo t`d batfvftfds, bon ogtd boy brdbs w`drd ndmbys jby gaaur. Bmsg foamund boy ndafsfgos bon fotdrbatfgos  wft` boy gt`dr fonfvfnubms. Jbcd surd ygu usd t`d bpprgprfbtd vdrh/oguo egrjbt egr ygur batfgos.

Nrfvfol tg \grc

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22<

 Agjprd`dosfvd Dxbjpmd Agjprd`dosfvd Dxdrafsd 4.5 [uttfol Ft Bmm ^gldt`dr

Ft fs tfjd tg pumm bmm t`d pfdads tgldt`dr. Vgu brd lgfol tg agjpmdtd b [rgadss Jbp ge t`d igh pgstfol prgadss. Qtbrt wft` t`d foegrjbtfgo t`bt fs fo t`d IbyCbyAg absd stuny. ^`do jgvd tg t`d agjpmdtdn [rgadss [rgflmd  \grcs`ddt  \ grcs`ddt bon sgjd ge t`d fotdrvfdws wft` vbrfgus v brfgus djpmgydds t`bt egmmgw egmmgw.. Fo agostruatfol ygur jbp rdjdjhdr tg9 [mbad pdgpmd fo agmujos, mdet tg rfl`t Q`gw batfgos emgwfol ngwo t`d pbld  \grn  \ grn t`d batfgos fo vdrh/oguo egrjbt Tsd sfjpmd syjhgms Ogtd ayamd tfjds w`do rdmdvbot  Betdr agjpmdtfol t`d jbp, ogtd ygur ghsdrvbtfgos bhgut t`d prgadss betdr lgfol t`rgul` t`d fotdrvfdws bon agostruatfol agostr uatfol t`d jbp. Igh [gstfol

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

[rgadss  [ rgadss [rgefmd \grcs`ddt [rgadss Objd bon Oujhdr Igh pgstfo pgstfol l

[rgadss Gwodr @frfol Ndpbrtjdot Jbobldjdot Xgh [dtrfd, Nfrdatgr ge GoGo- hgbrnfol

Ndsarfptfgo Hbsdn go t`d `frf `frfol ol ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot ‖ s spdafefabtfgos, `ujbo rdsgurads ndvdmgps b pggm ge pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds egr sarddofo sarddofol. l.

^rflldrs Dvdot hdlfoof hdlfoofol9 ol9

B vbaboay fo t`d `frf `frfol ol ndpbrtjdot

Dvdot donfol donfol prgadss prgadss99

B mfst mfst ge pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds

Bnnftfgobm Dvdots9

Bpprgvbms, fotdrobm pgstfo pgstfol, l, dxtdrobm pgstfo pgstfol l

Foput„ Foput „Ftdjs bon Qgurads Xdqudst egr Gpdo G pdo [gsftfgo egrj, `frfol ndpbrtjdot

Gutput„ Gutput „Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs Bppmfabtfgos rdadfvdn e rgj IbyCbyAg igh hgbrn, IbyCbyAg‖ IbyCbyAg ‖ s \dh sftd igh mfstfol, rdaruftdrs,, @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T.agj rdaruftdrs @bvd\d LgtBIgh>T.agj,, bon agmmdlds rdbny tg hd sarddodn

Austgjdr : @frfol ndpbrtjdot

[rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

Bpprgvbms

@frfol Ndpbrtjdot Jbobldjdot

Fotdrobm [ gstfol

@ujbo rdsgurads„ rdsgurads„fonfvfnubm uocogwo„ uocogwo„oddn tg spdbc tg Xgh X gh tg ndtdrjfod w `g fs rdspgos rdspgosfhmd fhmd

Dxtdrobm [ gstfo gstfol l

egr t`dsd uofts

Husfodss Ghida Ghidatfvd(s) tfvd(s)

Husfodss Xfscs

[rgvfnd b wdmmwdmm- rguon rguondn dn lrgup ge

Ebfmurd Ebfmu rd tg bttrbat qubmfefdn abonfnbtds

pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds go rdqudst.

Foagrrdat spdafefabtfgos egr abonfnbtds

Cdy Agotrgms

Jdbsurds ge Quaad Quaadss ss

Bpprgvbms

Rubotfty bon qubmfty ge bppmfabots

Xdqudst egr Gpdo Gpd o [gsftfgo

^fjdmfodss ge `frfol ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot‖ s rdadfpt ge

[drfgnfa rdvfdws rdvfd ws ge rdaruftfol sgurads sgurads

bppmfabott foegrjbtfgo bppmfabo

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 Fotdrvfdw Qujjbrfds Fotdrvfdw

@frfol Ndpbrtjdot Jbobldr Jbobldr,, Mburb Jdd`bo, Baaguotfol Jbobldr  Baaguotfol

Jbobldr Mburb Jdd`bo stbtdn t`bt, w`do t`drd fs bo gpdofol fo `dr ndpbrtjdot, s`d `bsvfad tg agjpmdtd Xdqudst egregr Gpdo [gsftfgo suhjfttdn tg t`d prdsfndot t`d ge baaguotfol bpprgvbm. ^`degrj. gomy ^`fs tfjd fss`d sdds t`d egrj blbfo fs fe t`d vfad prdsfndot gr `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst sdds sgjdt`fol wrgol wft` t`d egrj. Q`d `bs gomy jbnd twg `frds gvdr t`d mbst twg  ydbrs, bon hgt` wdrd pgstdn fotdrobmmy bon dxtdrobmmy. Q`d t`focs ft tggc bhgut t`rdd wddcs tg ldt t`d sarddodn bppmfabtfgos. ^`d t`fol t`bt hgt`drdn `dr jgst wbs t`bt ft tggc b w`fmd egr t`d vfad prdsfndot tg bpprgvd god ge t`d rdqudsts, bmjgst flvd nbys. (^wg bnnftfgobm fotdrvfdws wdrd `dmn fo gt`dr ndpbrtjdots bon t`d hbsfa ebats wdrd agrrghgrbtdn.) agr rghgrbtdn.) Jdm Aggmdy, Ufad [rdsfndot @ujbo Xdsgurads Nfsaussfgo rdlbrnfol t`d `frfol

ge dxdautfvds9  Bs ndtbfmdn fo dbrmfdr nfsaussfgos, t`d `frfol ge dxdautfvds fs prfjbrfmy `bonmdn hy Dxdautfvd Qdbra` Foa (DQF). Jr. Aggmdy ngds bmm aggrnfobtfgo hdtwddo IbyCbyAg bon DQF. Fe t`drd fs bo gpdofol, bon t`d hgbrn `bs ndafndn tg prgjgtd ergj wft`fo, t`drd fs og fovgmvdjdot hy t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot uotfm t`d prgjgtfgo fs hdfol prgadssdn. ^`d pbpdr wgrc fs `bonmdn hy `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo. Fe t`d ndafsfgo fs jbnd tg `frd ergj gutsfnd, t`d spdafflabtfgos brd prgvfndn tg Jr. Aggmdy hy t`d ADG. (@d `bs odvdr hddo fovgmvdn fo b sftubtfgo w`drd b ADG fs hdfol hrgul`t fo ergj t`d gutsfnd, hut `d bssujds `d wgumn t`do ldt t`d spdafflabtfgos ergj t`d hgbrn.) Ergj t`dsd rdqufrdjdots, Jr. Aggmdy ndsflos t`d  igh rdqudst, bon t`do sdons ft tg DQF bon t`dy ng t`dfr sdbra`. DQF ngds bmm sarddofol bon rdnuads t`d bppmfabtfgos tg t`d tgp flvd. ^`dy t`do prg vfnd t`d flobm mfst, wft` t`dfr rdagjjdonbtfgos, tg Jr. Aggmdy tg prdsdot tg t`d ADG. Ndpdonfol go t`d oujhdr ge bppmfabots bon t`d pgsftfgo, t`fs  w`gmd prgadss abo abo tbcd ergj god wddc tg twg twg jgot`s. Js. Hmbcd fs f s god ge egur bobmysts fo t`d go-hgbrnfol ndpbrtjdot bon s`d `bonmds b oujhdr ge gpdrbtfgos, foamunfol igh pgstfols. \`do s`d rdadfvds b pgstfol, t`d flrst t`fol s`d ngds fs a`dac ft gvdr tg sdd fe ft fs agjpmdtd, prgpdrmy bpprgvdn, bon fe t`drd fs b aurrdot vbaboay fo t`d ndpbrtjdot. Q`d fonfabtdn t`bt s`d cogws t`fs fs bo fjpgrtbot pbrt ge `dr nutfds, bon rdvfdws t`dsd ngaujdots bs sggo bs s`d ldts t`dj. Fe t`d egrj fs ogt flmmdn gut agjpmdtdmy, agjpmdtdmy, s`d rdturos ft tg t`d `frfol jbobldr wft` b rdqudst tg agjpmdtd bon ldt bpprgvdn blbfo. (Fo jboy sftubtfgos, t`d jbobldrs iust agjpmdtd b odw egrj.) Fe t`d bpprgvbm fs ogt prdsdot, s`d sdons ft hbac tg t`d dxdautfvd jbobldr (dxdautfvd vfad prdsfndot gr vfad prdsfndot) ge t`d ndpbrtjdot egr t`d bpprgvbm. ^`fs abo turo fotg b rdbm fssud egr `dr bs s`d `bs `dbrn t`bt t`d dxdautfvds brd ogt qufac tg rdspgon. Xdadotmy, Xdadotmy, s`d wbs Ubmdrfd Hmbcd, @X Bobmyst Bobmys t

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

bscdn tg cddp trbac ge t`d mdolt` ge tfjd rdqudsts sft go dxdautfvds‖ dxdautfvds ‖ ndscs. Q`d `bs sddo ft rbold boyw`drd ergj god tg sdvdo nbys. Efobmmy, fe t`drd fs ogt bo gpdofol, s`d sdons ft tg `dr nfrdatgr, nfrdatgr, Xgh [dtrfd. Q`d foamunds b ogtd fonfabtfol t`drd fs ogt bo gpdofol fo t`fs ndpbrtjdot bon rdqudsts Jr.. [dtrfd‖ Jr [dtrfd ‖s bpprgvbm tg agotfoud. @d usubmmy bpprgvds t`dsd wft`fo t`d sbjd nby bon s`d `bs odvdr sddo `fj turo tur o god ngwo. Fe t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot wbots bo fotdrobm pgstfol, Js. Hmbcd lgds gomfod tg t`d IbyCbyAg igh hgbrn bon suhjfts t`d pgstfol hy dotdrfol t`d  igh oujhdr oujhdr.. ^`fs prdflmms bmm foegrjbtfgo dxadpt t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot, `frfol jbobldr, stbrt nbtd, bon nbys t`d pgstfol wfmm hd gpdo. ^`fs fs bmm bvbfmbhmd ergj t`d Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj. ^`d agjpboy bmmgws pgstfols tg hd gpdo ergj egur tg dfl`t nbys. Betdr dfl`t nbys, s`d ngwomgbns bmm rdspgosds bon t`d bssgafbtdn rdsujds. ^`fs wbs do`boadn bs pbrt ge t`d agjputdrfzdn uplrbnds t`bt gaaurrdn bhgut b ydbr blg. [rfgr tg t`fs tfjd, bmm pgstfols wdrd mftdrbmmy pgstfols„ pgstfols„prfotguts ge igh gpdofols t`bt  wdrd sdot tg bmm bmm geflads t`rgul`gut t`rgul`gut t`d agjpboy agjpboy. Fe t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot wbots bo dxtdrobm pgstfol, Js. Hmbcd agpfds t`d rdqudst bon turos ft gvdr tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads rdaruftdr tg sdbra` `fs sgurads. Fo ldodrbm, dxtdrobm rdqudsts sddj tg tbcd bmjgst twg wddcs. \`do s`d rdadfvds t`d rdsujds ergj t`d rdaruftdr, s`d lbt`drs bmm rdsujds ergj bmm sgurads fo prdpbrbtfgo egr sarddofol. Ft fs `dr uondrstbonfol t`bt jua` ge t`fs prgadss wfmm a`bold fo t`d odxt sfx jgot`s. Q`d `bs `dbrn t`bt bogt`dr uplrbnd tg t`d systdj fs pmboodn, bon dba` `frfol jbobldr wfmm lg gomfod tg rdqudst t`d igh w`drd ft wfmm hd butgjbtfabmmy pgstdn. @dr agoadro fs t`bt s`d sdds b mgt ge drrgrs fo t`d rdqudsts s`d rdadfvds, bon jgst pdgpmd agjd ngwo tg tbmc tg `dr hdegrd dvdo stbrtfol tg flmm gut t`d egrjs. Cdooy Ndxtdr, @ujbo Xdsgurads Xdaruftdr  \`do Jr. Jr. Ndxtdr Ndxtdr ldts b agpy agpy ge t`d

Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj, `d flrst a`dacs tg sdd fe t`drd fs b stbonfol pgstfol go t`d @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T \dh sftd. Fe ogt, `d wfmm prgvfnd t`d igh ndsarfptfgo bon put b odw pgstfol up. Tsubmmy `d iust usds t`d agjpboy ‖s  igh ndsarfptfgo, hut t`dsd brd ogt bmwbys baaurbtd bon `d fonfabtds `d `bs getdo `bn tg rdwrftd t`dj tg flt t`d \dh sftd‖ sftd ‖s egrjbt. \`do b odw igh ndsarfptfgo fs pgstdn, ft fs go t`d sftd egr twg wddcs. Fe t`d pgstfol fs bmrdbny gomfod, `d fs bhmd tg pumm t`d aurrdot mfst ge rdsujds t`d sbjd nby. Fo dft`dr dvdot, `d bmsg ldts boy gutstbonfol rdsujds go `bon t`bt jbta` t`d ndpbrtjdot‖‖s rdqufrdjdots. ^`fs foamunds boy rdsujds ergj agmmdld igh ebfrs, t`d jdot  IbyCbyAg agjpboy \dh \dh sftd, gr jbfmjbfm- bon wbmcwbmc-fos. \`do t`d rdsujds ergj bmm sgurads `bvd hddo lbt`drdn, `d rdturos t`d rdsujds, bmgol wft` t`d rdqudst, tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst.

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

  O

   \

282

  D

  Q

 Cdy Cdy [gfots

^`d egmmgwfol cdy pgfots s`gumn hd cdpt fo jfon nurfol t`d fotdrvfdwfol stbld9 • HuyHuy- fo9 Dxdautfvd jbobldjdot fs b pbrtodr fo t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. • Bndqubtd ^fjd9 Hd surd ygu `bvd t`d tfjd tg agjpmdtd eumm fotdrvfdws. • [rfvbay9 Fotdrvfdws s`gumn s`gumn hd agonuatdn bwby ergj t`d pryfol dyds ge gt`drs. • Erfdonmy ^god9 ^`fs prgidat fs b pbrtodrs`fp bon t`d tgod ge t`d fotdrvfdws s`gumn rdemdat t`fs. • Batfvd Mfstdofol9 Ft fs hdttdr hdtt dr tg `dbr w`bt t`d t `d fotdrvfdwdd sbys t`bo tg bsc qudstfgos. Egmmgwfol fs b sujjbry ge t`d jbppfol hbsfas9 • Jbtdrfbms oddndn9 pgstdrpgstdr- sfzdn pbpdr, sjbmm stfacy ogtds, bon edmtedmt - tfppdn pdos. • B sdpbrbtd mbrld s`ddt s`gumn hd usdn egr dba` uoft gr tbsc. • \rftd objds bargss t`d tgp fo sdqudotfbm grndr3 bmm batfgos emgw ngwo t`d pbld. • ^`d sjbmm stfacy ogtds brd usdn tg rdagrn dba` batfgo tbcdo. • Tsd t`d vdrh/oguo egrjbt tg ndsarfhd t`d batfgos. • Tsd sfjpmd emgwa`brtfol syjhgms. • Xdagrn ayamd ay amd tfjds t fjds go pdrtfodot pdrtfodot batfgos bat fgos..

5980980 [J 5980980 [J

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288

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgos Qgmutfgos Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 4.2

Igd

Ifj

Xguon Bhgut Ig`o

Batfgo >

Batfgo 4

Ibo

Idss

Batfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo 5

Batfgo <

Batfgo 0

B at fgo 6

Batfgo 2;

Batfgo 21

Batfgo 22

Batfgo 28

Don

Dvdo  D vdo t`fs sfjpmd jbp s`gws b edw ge t`d hbsfa [rgadss Jbppfol rumds. Dba` fonfvfnubm `bs t`dfr gwo agmujo bon t`d tbscs t`dy agjpmdtd brd mfstdn uondr t`dfr objd. ^`d batfgo ﬈gws ngwo t`d pbld3 t`drd fs odvdr b oddn tg jgvd hbac tg t`d tgp. Bs dba` batfvfty gaaurs, ft fs pmbadn hdmgw t`d prd vfgus god. Vgu abo sdd t`bt, fe t`d odxt pdrsgo tbcds go bo batfgo, ft abo hd pmbadn `grfzgotbmmy ergj t`d prfgr god, hut odvdr bhgvd. Efobmmy, gomy twg syjhgms wdrd usdn9 t`d prgadss bon tdrjfobtfgo syjhgms.

5980980 [J 5980980 [J

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

281

Qgmutfgo  Q gmutfgo Dxdrafsd 4.8

^g stbrt wft`, t`d dxbjpmd t`bt wbs prgvfndn fs b pdredat dxbjpmd ge t`gsd sftubtfgos fo w`fa` wgrc agjds fo tg god pdrsgo. Hbsdn go t`bt pdrsgo‖ pdrsgo ‖s fospdatfgo, t`d wgrc abo dft`dr jgvd egrwbrn gr bo bnnftfgobm stdp `bs tg hd tbcdo hdegrd jgvfol egrwbrn. Bs bo dxbjpmd, sgjdgod fo qubmfty agotrgm rdvfdws b egrj tg jbcd surd ft fs agndn agrrdatmy. Fe ft fs, t`do t`d egrj fs prgadssdn. Fe ogt, t`d pdrsgo fo qubmfty agotrgm agrrdats t`d agnd, t`do prgadssds t`d egrj.  B.

Vd s

Og

B atfgo 2

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

^`fs  ^ `fs rdprdsdots b sftubtfgo fo w`fa` t`d rdsumts ge t`d ndafsfgo mdbn tg god ge twg bmtdrobtfvds. Betdr t`d bmtdrobtfvds brd agjpmdtdn, t`d prgadss jgvds egrwbrn. Bs bo dxbjpmd, sgjdgod ldts b a`dac rdqudst. Fe t`d rdqudst fs lrdbtdr t`bo $2;;, $ 2;;, god batfgo fs tbcdo. Fe ft fs mdss t`bo $2;;, $2;;, t`do bogt`dr batfgo fs tbcdo. Betdr t`gsd batfgos brd tbcdo, t`do t`d a`dacs (og jbttdr w`bt bjguot) brd fssudn. H.

Batfgo 2

Og

Vds

Batfgo 8

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28>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 FFo o t`fs absd, sgjdt`fol `bs gaaurrdn t`bt abusds t`d prgadss tg jgvd hbac up t`d jbp. ^`d rdsumt ge t`d ndafsfgo `bs abusdn wgrc tg hd ngod blbfo. (^`fs fs b sftubtfgo w`drd t`d X  syjhgm   syjhgm jfl`t hd usdn.) Vgu abo sdd t`bt, fe b struaturdn bpprgba` fs usdn egr [rgadss Jbppfol (agostbotmy jgvfol ngwo), t`d dxadptfgos hdagjd jgrd bppbrdot. ^`d jgst mfcdmy dvdot t`bt jfl`t abusd t`fs typd ge nfblrbj fs sgjdgod rdvfdwfol b ngaujdot egr bpprgvbm, ogt flonfol ft, bon t`do sdonfol ft hbac egr t`d bpprgvbm. Qfjfmbrmy, qubmfty agotrgm jfl`t flon b prghmdj bon `bvd tg sdon ft hbac tg hd agrrdatdn. A.

Vd s

Og

 Vgu   wfmm ogtd t`bt t`fs jbp fs ogt bpprdafbhmy nfeedrdot t`bo boswdr B. ^`d nfeedrdoad fs fo t`d rdsumts9 tdrjfobtfgo fe yds, bon bogt`dr prgadss fe og. Ft fs b lggn fndb tg mfst m fst t`d objd ge t`d prgadss t`bt t`fs agoodatgr rdedrdoads. Fo bnnftfgo, ft jfl`t rdedr tg b prgadss t`bt fs ogt pbrt ge t`d prgidat. Fe sg, foamund t`bt foegrjbtfgo bmsg. N.

2

1

8 B at fgo 2

Bat fgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

^`drd  ^ `drd fs b lggn a`boad ygu abjd up wft` t`fs sgmutfgo. Bon ft fs bo bndqubtd sgmutfgo. @gwdvdr, ygu abo sdd t`bt t`fs hdagjds agoeusfol. Fo bnnftfgo, fe t`drd wdrd jgrd t`bo god stdp uondr dba`

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

284

oujhdr, ft agumn hdagjd dvdo wgrsd (fo pbrtfaumbr, fe ygu `bn tg jgvd t`d stdps hdtwddo b oujhdr ge pdgpmd). Baagrnfolmy, b sgmutfgo fo smfl`tmy hdttdr egrj fs bs egmmgws.

27



Vds

Og

Batfgo 2

87



Vd s

Og

Batfgo 8

Batfgo 1

Batfgo >

 ^`fs bmmgws jgrd ﬈dxfhfmfty fo t`d agostruatfgo ge t`d jbp fe ^`fs bnnftfgobm stdps brd oddndn. Ft bmsg stfacs wft` t`d fndb t`bt b ndafsfgo s`gumn hd hbsdn go b yds/og sftubtfgo. ^g s`gw t`fs, wd `bvd foamundn t`d ndafsfgo fo t`fs dxbjpmd. Fo bnnftfgo, wd `bvd bssujdn t`bt t`d rdsumt abo gomy hd 2, 8, gr 1. ^`fs mbst dxbjpmd, bs ygu jby `bvd ogtfadn, fs rdbmmy iust bo gutlrgwt` ge sgjd ge t`d prdvfgus dxbjpmds. Fo ldodrbm, w`bt ygu `bvd sddo `drd rdprdsdots t`d prfjbry typds ge ndafsfgos ygu wfmm sdd w`fmd  wgrcfol go b [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. Bmjgst dvdr dvdryt`fol yt`fol dmsd (iust mfcd N) fs b jbttdr ge usfol t`dsd bpprgba`ds. Qgjdtfjds ft fs bnnfol jgrd stdps. Udry getdo ft fs jgvfol t`d batfgos bjgol b oujhdr ge pdgpmd. Ft wfmm ldt b hft fovgmvdn bt tfjds. Hut, bs wd prdvfgusmy ogtdn, t`drd fs bs jua` brt tg [rgadss Jbppfol bs boyt`fol dmsd.

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285

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 4.1 Qgmutfgo

2. ” \`do t`drd fs bo djpmgydd vbaboay, F `bvd tg tbmc tg jy hgss tg ldt t`d gcby ergj `dr tg efmm t`d odw pgsftfgo.‚ pgsftfgo.‚ Ghtbfo Bpprgvbm

 

8. ”F ldt bmm ge t`d rdqudsts egr djpmgydd rdagrn a`bolds bon t`do ft fs jy igh tg jbcd surd bmm djpmgydd rdagrn a`bolds brd jbnd tg t`dfr pdrsgobm nbtb.‚ nbtb.‚ Tpnbtd Xdagrns

 

1. ”F mggc bt t`d wgrc ngod hy gt`dr jdjhdrs ge jy tdbj bon jbcd surd ft fs ngod rfl`t.‚ rfl`t.‚ Udrfey Baaurbay

 

>. ” \`do F efon bo drrgr fo wgrc t`bt `bppdodn fo jy ndpbrtjdot, ndpbrtjdot, ft fs jy igh tg jbcd surd F efmm gut egrj ^[Q sg t`bt jy supdrvfsgr cogws t`d drrgr wbs jbnd.‚ jbnd.‚ Xdpgrt Drrgrs

 

4. ” \`do sgjdgod odw agjds fotg t`d ndpbrtjdot F s`gw t`d pdrsgo  w`bt wd ng bon jbcd surd `d gr s`d uondrstbons `gw tg ng `fs gr `dr pbrtfaumbr igh.‚ igh.‚ ^rbfo Djpmgydds

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

 

28<

5. ” Bt mdbst qubrtdrmy, F jddt wft` bmm ge jy stbee bon tdmm t`dj `gw t`dy brd ngfol bon djp`bsfzd boy brdbs w`drd wd jfl`t fjprgvd.‚ fjprgvd.‚ Dvbmubtd [dregrjboad

 

Qgmutfgo Agmmdatfgos Jbrvfo Jbry Gpdo Jbfm

Vds

Abs`7

[rdpbrd Xdadfpt Og Jbfm Xdadfpt

Mgl Agmmdatfgos

Udrfey Mgl

Foftfbm Mgl

Jbrvfo‖  J brvfo‖s flrst batfvfty fs tg gpdo t`d jbfm. Hbsdn go t`d agotdots, `d ndtdrjfods w`bt tg ng odxt. Fe ft fs abs`, `d prdpbrds bon jbfms t`d rdadfpts, t`do dotdrs t`d agmmdatfgo go t`d mgl. Fe ft fs b a`dac, `d gomy mgls t`d agmmdatfgo. Ft fs t`do `bondn gee tg Jbr y w`g vdrfflds bon foftfbms t`d mgl.  Vgu abo sdd `gw t`d bnnftfgobm batfvftfds rdmbtdn tg abs` agmmdatfgos brd s`gwo tg t`d sfnd. ^`d dotfrd prgadss agjds hbac tgldt`dr hdegrd t`d mgllfol ge t`d agmmdatfgos. Vgu jfl`t `bvd bmsg foamundn b stdp egr trbosedrrfol t`d mgl. @gwdvdr, t`fs fs fjpmfdn fo t`d [rgadss Jbp bon fs ogt rdbmmy odadssbry.

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21;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 4.4 Qgmutfgo Nrfvfol tg \grc Jd Qtbrt Abr

Dxft Nrfvdwby

Nrfvd tg Erddwby 2; jfoutds

Xdturo @gjd 

Jfo 2 jfo



Vds

Egrlgt Qgjdt`fol7

Jbx 2; jfo

Og Nrfvd go Erddwby >4 jfoutds

Geefad Ghfd Qpddnfol ^facdt7

\rftd ^facdt Vds

Jfo 4 jfo



Jbx 84 jfo



Og Qtgp bon Lg Jfo 4 jfo



Jbx 1; jfo



Vds

^rbeefa Hbacup7 Og

Ldt Xfnd Jfo 2 jfo



Jbx > `gurs 

Vds

Abr ^rguhmd7 Og Brrfvd bt \grc

Jfofjuj ^fjd

 44  4 4 jfo



Jbxfjuj ^fjd

 15; jfo



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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

212

^`d  ^ `d a`boads t`bt gur jbp jbta`ds ygurs brd fofloftdsfjbm, bs gur flatfgobm agjjutd fs ogt mfcdmy tg jbta` ygurs. @gwdvdr, ft wfmm prgvfnd b hbsfs egr  ygu tg jdbsurd blbfost ygur gwo. gwo. flrstFot`fol ygu jby fs t`btspdot ygur bnnftfgobm jbp `bn bstdps mgt jgrd ndtbfm t`bo^`d gurs. pbrtfaumbr, yguogtfad jby `bvd dxpmbfofol `gw tg stbrt t`d abr, sgjd ge t`d vbrfgus rgbns tg tbcd, bon jbyhd sgjd stgps egr lbs gr hrdbcebst. ^`d mdvdm bt w`fa` t`d [rgadss Jbp fs ardbtdn wfmm ndpdon go t`d purpgsd ge t`d jbp. Gur vdrsfgo jby rdprdsdot b `fl`dr`fl`dr  mdvdm jbp. ^`d odxt stdp agumn hd tg nrfmm ngwo bon ng fonfvfnubm jbps egr mdvdm stbrt abr abr,, dxft nrfvdwby ,  gr brrfvd bt wgrc ,  egr dxbjpmd. ^`d sdagon t`fol ygu jby ogtfad fs t`bt gur jbp fs s`gwfol b lrdbtdr oujhdr ge rfsc brdbs„ brdbs„t`gsd t`fols t`bt jfl`t lg wrgol. Fo gur absd,  wd brd djp`bsfzfol t`d ayamd tfjd bon `gw jboy t`fols abo beedat t`bt. ^`d pbrtfaumbr mgabtfgo ge t`dsd foafndots agumn `bvd hddo boyw`drd fo t`d jbp bon agumn `bvd hddo nupmfabtdn egr strddt nrfvfol bon erddwby nrfvfol. @gwdvdr, fo gur bobmysfs, t`fs fs w`drd t`dsd rfscs brd jgst mfcdmy tg gaaur bon rdprdsdots t`d jgst agjjgo sdt ge dvdots. Egr dxbjpmd, Gefladr Ghfd fs ldodrbmmy wgrcfol t`d erddwby fjjdnfbtdmy betdr t`d erddwby `fl`wby dotrboad, sg ldttfol b tfacdt fs jgst mfcdmy tg `bppdo t`drd. Qpdbcfol ge Gefladr Ghfd, wd `bvd ogt sdt up b eumm agmujo egr `fs batfvftfds. \`fmd wd wbot tg ogtd t`bt `d fs fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss, ft fs gomy b jfogr rgmd. Fo bnnftfgo, t`drd brd og gt`dr pbrtfafpbots. ^`drdegrd, wd `bvd bnbptdn t`d [rgadss Jbppfol rumds tg foamund Gefladr Ghfd hut ogt gvdrstbtd `fs fjpgrtboad. Fo absd wd `bvdo‖ `bvdo ‖t sbfn ft hdegrd, [rgadss Jbppfol fs b tggm tg hd usdn fo b wby t`bt prgvfnds t`d hdst foegrjbtfgo. \d `bvd mbfn gut lufndmfods, hut ygu s`gumn bnbpt t`dj bs ygu sdd hdst. Fo bobmyzfol t`d ayamd tfjds, wd `bvd mfstdn t`d bjguot ge tfjd dba` ge t`d twg mdls ge t`d trfp tbcds. ^`fs prgvfnds us t`d jfofjuj bjguot ge tfjd9 fletyflety-flvd jfoutds. Odxt, wd `bvd bpprgxfjbtdn `gw mgol dba` ndmby jfl`t hd bon bnndn t`d tgtbms fo t`d wgrst absd sadobrfg. Bnnfol fo t`d grflfobm flety-flvd fletyjfoutds, t`fsjfoutds jdbos (b t`bt t`d rdbsgo jbxfjuj bjguot ge tfjd gur agjjutd jfl`t hd fs 15; lggn tg stby fo hdn). Efobmmy, b edw gt`dr pgfots. \d `bvd usdn t`d  N  syjhgm   syjhgm tg hdttdr `fl`mfl`t t`d a`boad ge dxtdonfol t`d agjjutd tfjd. ^`d ndafsfgo  egrlgt sgjd-  t`fol7  rdsumts  rdsumts fo t`d ﬈gw lgfol hbac up`fmm go t`d jbp. Ft fs bo brdb w`drd  wd agumn `bvd usdn bo X  tg  tg s`gw rdwgrc. Mbst, rbt`dr t`bo put b flobm batfvfty go t`d jbp, wd `bvd usdn t`d tdrjfobtfgo syjhgm agjhfodn wft` vdrh/ oguo tg fonfabtd t`bt t`fs fs t`d mbst stdp fo t`d prgadss.

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218

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 4.5 Qgmutfgo

^`d egmmgwfol fs b sulldstdn [rgadss Jbp. Igh [gstfol @frfol Jbobldr

Agjpmdtd Xdqudst

@frfol Ndpt Dxdautfvd

@X Bobmyst

Xdvfdw Xdqudst 2 nby

Nfrdatgr„ Go-hgbrnfol

@X Xdaruftdr

Og

< nbys

Bpprgvd7

Vds

Xdvfdw Xdqudst

Og [rgpdr Bpprgvbm7 Vds

Og

Agjpmdtd7 Vds Ubabot [gsftfgo7

Bpprgvd Ubaboay

Og

2 nby

Vds Fotdrobm [gstfol7

Og

Vds [gst tg Igh Hgbrn 2 nby

Dxtdrobm [gstfol7

Vds

Qtbonfol [gstfol7 Og

Og

[gst Igh Ndsarfptfgo 2 nby

8 w cs

Vds

Xdtrfdvd Xdsujds

Agmmdat Go-`bon Xdsujds

Qarddofol [rgadss

Fe fotdrobm gomy gr dxtdrobm wft` stbonfol pgstfol, > tg 0 nbys. Fe d xtdrobm oddnfol igh ndsarfptfgo, 8 nbys tg 8 wddcs.

> nbys

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

211

Dxdautfvd @frd ADG/Hgbrn

@X Dxdaut fv d

Quppmy Xdqufrdjdots

Ndsflo Igh Xdqudst

[gst tg Dxdautfvd Qdbra`

Lbt`dr Xdagjjdonbtfgos 2 wc

8 jgs

Dxdautfvd @frfol [rgadss

Mdt‖  M dt‖s stbrt hy mggcfol bt t`d flrst stdp fo t`fs [rgadss Jbp9 agjpmdtd rdqudst .  \d brd stbrtfol `drd hdabusd ge t`d wby wd `bvd ndflodn t`d prgadss ge igh pgstfol .  Go t`d [rgadss [rgflmd \grcs`ddt, t`d trflldr fs t`d vbaboay fo t`d ndpbrtjdot bon t`d flrst foput fs t`d Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj. ^`us, wd stbrt wft` t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot agjpmdtfol t`fs egrj.  \ft` t`bt fo jfon, mdt mdt‖‖s mggc bt w`drd t`d prgadss dons. Blbfo, pdr t`d foegrjbtfgo agotbfodn fo t`d [rgadss [rgflmd \grcs`ddt, t`fs prgadss dons wft` t`d prdpbrbtfgo ge b mfst ge pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds tg hd sarddodn.  Baagrnfolmy  Baagrnfo lmy,, t`d prgadss prgadss fs s`gwo s`gwo bs donfol donfol w`do t`d `ujbo `ujbo rdsgurads rdsgurads bobmyst `bs t`d rdsujds egr bmm pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds go `bon. ^`d flobm dotry fo t`d [rgadss Jbp fs t`d agoodatgr tg t`d sarddofol prgadss. (^`drd brd b edw nfeedrdoads fo t`d dxdautfvd `frd [rgadss Jbp hut wd wfmm nfsauss t`bt mbtdr.) ^`d odxt sdt ge batfgos fs agjjgo fo boy [rgadss Jbp. B egrj fs agjpmdtdn, ft fs bpprgvdn hy b supdrvfsgr, sdot tg t`d odxt ndpbrtjdot, bon rdvfdwdn fo t`bt ndpbrtjdot. ^`drd brd b oujhdr ge wbys t`fs abo hd jbppdn, hut ft fs fjpgrtbot tg try bon jbcd ft fs bs dbsy bs pgssfhmd egr sgjdgod tg uondrstbon w`bt fs `bppdofol. ^`d egmmgwfol fs bo dxbjpmd fo w`fa` t`d stdps brd agrrdatmy rdagrndn, hut t`d rdsumt fs b sdrfds ge mfods gvdrmbppfol. ^`fs fs odvdr b lggn rdsumt.

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21>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Agjpmdtd Xdqudst

Bpprgvd

2 nby

Vds

Xdvfdw Xdqudst

< nbys

Og Og

[rgpdr Bpprgvbm7

Vds

Og

Agjpmdtd7

Vds

 FFtt fs ogt hbn tg `bvd agjhfodn t`d dxdautfvd‖ dxdautfvd‖s batfgo fotg god stdp3 t`d rdvfdw bon bpprgvbm abo hd agjhfodn (foamunfol t`d ayamd tfjds), hut ft t`do hdagjds struaturbmmy nfeflaumt tg hufmn t`d jbp fo b suaadsseum jboodr. ^`d argssfol ge t`d og   rdspgosds ergj t`d ndafsfgos brd pbrtfaumbrmy nfsagoadrtfol. Go t`d gt`dr `bon, t`d rdvfdw egr bpprgvbm bon agjpmdtdodss abo hd mfstdn fo dft`dr grndr hdabusd ft ngds ogt pbrtfaumbrmy jbttdr tg t`d ﬈gw ge t`d prgadss bon t`d jbp mggcs flod dft`dr wby. ^`d odxt ndafsfgo wft`fo t`fs jbp fs w`dt`dr t`drd fs bo gpdofol fo t`d ndpbrtjdot. ^`fs fs bo fotdrdstfol sftubtfgo fo t`bt, uotfm t`fs pgfot, wd nfn ogt cogw t`bt pdgpmd agumn `frd fe t`drd wbs ogt b vbaboay. Bpprgvbms brd ldodrbmmy nrbwo wft` b ndafsfgo hgx (t`d nfbjgons bs fo t`d dxbjpmd) hdabusd ygu brd dft`dr lgfol tg bpprgvd ft gr nfsbpprgvd ft. @gwdvdr, bt t`fs pgfot, wd abo gomy jbp w`bt wd cogw, sg t`d og  boswdr  boswdr go t`d ndafsfgo trdd mdbns tg b prgadss hgx w`drd t`d nfrdatgr bpprgvds t`d vbaboay v baboay.. ^`d agostruatfgo ge t`d jbp rdlbrnfol fotdrobm bon dxtdrobm pgstfols abo hdagjd prghmdjbtfa. ^`drd fs b a`boad t`bt, w`do ygu agostruatdn t`d jbp, ygu abjd up wft` b sgmutfgo sfjfmbr tg t`d god s`gwo `drd.

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

214

Fotrdobm [gstfol

Vds [gst tg Igh Hgbrn

Og Agmmdat Fotdrobm Xdsujds

Dxtdrobm [gstfol

Vds

Qtbonfol [gstfol7 Og [gst Igh Ndsarfptfgo

Vds

Og Ldt G omfo omfod d Xdsujds

Lbt`dr Xdsujds

Agmmdat Go-`bon Xdsujds

 Blbfo,   ndpdonfol go `gw nddpmy ygu wbot tg nrfmm fotg t`d prgadss, t`fs jfl`t hd sueflafdot. @gwdvdr, sfoad wd `bvd b spdaffla agoadro bhgut t`d tfjdmfodss ge t`fs prgadss, wd wbot tg dosurd wd `bvd t`d batfgos fo t`d bpprgprfbtd grndr. ^`d jbp s`gwo, tbcdo mftdrbmmy, fonfabtds t`bt t`d dxtdrobm pgstfol ngds ogt hdlfo uotfm t`d fotdrobm pgstfol prgadss fs agjpmdtdn.  \d cogw t`bt t`dsd brd agjpmdtdn bt t`d sbjd tfjd. ^`d dotfrd prgadss agumn tbcd b tgtbm ge iust gvdr t`rdd wddcs, bs t`d fotdrobm pgstfol jfl`t hd up egr dfl`t nbys bon t`d dxtdrobm pgstfol agumn tbcd twg wddcs. @gwdvdr, sfoad t`dy brd ngod bt t`d sbjd tfjd, t`d mgoldst t`fs s`gumn tbcd fs t`d twg wddcs egr t`d dxtdrobm prgadss. \`do hufmnfol jbps, nguhmdnguhmd-a`dac

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215

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

t`bt ygu `bvd t`d stdps fo t`d rfl`t grndr bon t`bt ygu brd jdbsurfol t`d prgpdr bspdats. ^`d flobm t`fol tg ogtd go t`fs vdrsfgo ge t`d [rgadss Jbp fs t`bt wd `bvd ngaujdotdn sgjd ge t`d ge ayamd bon usdn bo gvdrbmm tg prgvfnd b hdttdr uondrstbonfol t`d tfjds tfjd erbjds fovgmvdn. ([brtogtd ge t`fs sgmutfgo rdmbtds tg t`d prdvfgus nfsaussfgo ge `gw tg rdagrn t`d batfgos fo bpprgprfbtd grndr.) ^`d dxdautfvd `frd [rgadss Jbp fs sflofflabotmy nfeedrdot t`bo t`d god rdmbtdn tg gt`dr djpmgydds. Efrst, ygu jby ogt `bvd dvdo foamundn t`fs jbp fo ygur bobmysfs. @gwdvdr, sfoad wd `bvd t`d foegrjbtfgo bon sfoad t`drd  wbs spdaffla foegrjbtfg foegrjbtfgo o rdlbrnfo rdlbrnfol l t`fs prgadss, wd `bvd foamundn ft. Vgu jby `bvd bmsg foamundn ft fo t`d jbfo jbp hy bnnfol b ndafsfgo pgfot sgjd w`drd fo t`d prgadss tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d pgstfol wbs egr bo dxdautfvd pgsftfgo. ^`fs wgumn hd pdredatmy mdlftfjbtd. ^`d prgadss fs iust nfeedrdot dogul` t`bt wd ndafndn tg hufmn b sdpbrbtd jbp. Odxt, t`fs jbp `bs vdry mfttmd ndtbfm.  Bs ygu rdbn t`rgul` t`d ndsarfptfg ndsarfptfgo o ge t`d prgadss, ygu sdd t`bt `ujbo rdsgurads `bs vdry mfttmd tg ng wft` t`d prgadss. ^`drdegrd, b mfjftdn oujhdr ge batfgos brd rdqufrdn egr t`fs jbp. Efobmmy, iust mfcd t`d gt`dr jbps, t`d dotfrd prgadss dons wft` t`d baaujumbtfgo prgadss stdp. ^`d gomy sflofflabot nfeedrdoad `drd fs t`bt, rbt`dr t`bo b lrgup ge pgtdotfbm rdsujds tg hd sarddodn, t`dsd brd t`d batubm abonfnbtds egr t`d pgsftfgo. Bs jgrd wgrc fs ngod go t`d dxdautfvd `frfol prgadss, t`drd wfmm ogt hd b sarddofol jbp. Ghsdrvbtfgos

@frfol \ft`gut Ubaboay

Jgrd foegrjbtfgo fs oddndn rdlbrnfol t`d nfrdatgr bpprgvfol pgstfols  w`do t`drd t`drd fs ogt b vbaboay vbaboay.. Gur foftfbm uondrstbo uondrstbonfol nfol wbs wbs t`bt t`d agjpboy agjpboy `bs b spdaffla rdqufrdjdot t`bt t`drd hd og odw `frds wft`gut b vbaboay.  Vdt t`d nfrdatgr ge gogo -hgbrnfol sddjs tg hd jbcfol bpprgvbms w`do t`bt fs ogt t`d absd. ^`drd oddns tg hd bo bnnftfgobm nfsaussfgo wft` t`fs nfrdatgr tg ndtdrjfod w`y t`drd wgumn dvdr hd sua` b rdqudst, ngds `d `bvd t`d but`grfty tg bpprgvd t`dsd, bon w`bt `bppdos fe t`drd fs god `d ngdso‖ ngdso‖t bpprgvd7 Eurt`dr, w`bt fs gaaurrfol nurfol t`fs ndafsfgo7 ^`d fonfabtfgo fs t`bt bmm brd bpprgvdn. Fe t`bt fs t`d absd, w`y ngds t`drd oddn tg hd bo bpprgvbm prgadss7 Fe t`dy brd ogt bmm bpprgvdn, t`do w`bt `bppdos w`do t`dy brd ogt bpprgvdn7 Boy tfjd ygu fndotfey b rdqudst egr bpprgvbm t`bt ngds ogt rdsumt fo b ndafsfgo, ft fs bo brdb t`bt wbrrbots eurt`dr rdvfdw. ^`fs fs b lggn dxbjpmd ge usfol t`d aurrdot foagjpmdtdodss ge b [rgadss Jbp tg ndtdrjfod  w`bt bnnftfgobm foegrjbtfgo fs oddndn. ^fjdmfodss

^`drd bppdbr tg hd b edw pgfots w`drd t`d prgadss fs hdfol ndmbydn. ^`d flrst fs nurfol t`d dxdautfvd dxdautfvd‖‖s bpprgvbm ge t`d Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj.

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Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

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^`fs abo tbcd up tg b wddc tg gaaur. ^`d sbjd sftubtfgo gaaurs fe t`d rdqudst `bs tg lg hbac tg t`d dxdautfvd egr bpprgvbm. Bmt`gul` t`fs fs b sftubtfgo gutsfnd t`d agotrgm ge `ujbo rdsgurads, ft fs bo fssud t`bt s`gumn hd hrgul`t gut hy t`d [rgadss systdj Jbppfol prgidat bon hy t`d agjpboy. pboy . (^`d odw agjputdrfzdn jby hd pbrt ge bnnrdssdn t`d sgmutfgo.) [gstfol t`d igh ndsarfptfgo tg t`d @bvd\dLgtBIgh>T \dh sftd w`do t`drd fso‖ fso‖t b stbonfol pgstfol fs bogt`dr fssud. Ft bppdbrs t`bt t`drd fs b ndmby w`do b odw pgstfol `bs tg hd ndvdmgpdn. Ft jby jdbo t`bt t`d aurrdot igh ndsarfptfgos brd ogt upup -tg tg--nbtd, gr t`bt tfjd agumn hd sbvdn hy `bvfol bmm igh ndsarfptfgos rdbny egr t`d \dh sftd‖ sftd‖s egrjbt. ^`d flobm ndmby pgfot gaaurs w`do t`d vfad prdsfndot ge `ujbo rdsgurads bpprgvds rdqudsts egr djpmgydds w`do t`drd fs og gpdofol. Bs wd `bvd ogtdn, t`fs sddjs tg hd b ebfrmy strbfl`tegrwbrn prgadss, sg t`d abusd ge t`d eguregur-nby ndmbys fs wgrt` foamunfol fo t`d gvdrbmm nfsaussfgos rdlbrnfol t`fs batfvfty. [rgadss A`bolds

@gw wfmm t`d odw agjputdrfzdn systdj beedat t`d prgadss7 ^`drd brd sgjd pgrtfgos ge t`d prgadss t`bt wfmm hd strdbjmfodn, fo pbrtfaumbr t`d foftfbm fotdrobm pgstfols. @gwdvdr, @gwdvdr, t`drd fs bo fonfabtfgo t`bt sgjd ge t`d djpmgydds jby ogt `bvd t`d bpprgprfbtd cogwmdnld tg agjpmdtd t`d rdqudsts baaurbtdmy. Qua` b agoadro s`gumn hd bnnrdssdn fo ndsflo ge t`d systdj. Ndpdonfol go t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat, t`fs jfl`t hd bnnrdssdn fo nfsaussfgos bon jbnd pbrt ge t`d flobm rdpgrt, jfl`t hd usdn bs b hbsfs tg agonuat b sdpbrbtd bobmysfs ge t`d odw systdj, gr jfl`t hd foamundn fo bo dxpbondn sagpd ge t`d aurrdot aur rdot prgidat.  \`do mggcfol fotg t`d a`bolds t`bt jby gaaur wft` wft` t`d odw agjputdrfzdn systdj, cddp fo jfon t`bt t`drd sddjs tg hd t`d fjprdssfgo wft`fo t`d agjpboy t`bt djpmgydds brd mgsfol pdrsgobm fotdrbatfgo wft` t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. ^`fs fovfsfhmd agosdqudoad ge t`d a`bold fs bmsg  wgrt` fovdstflbtfol bon ndtdrjfofol fe t`d nfvgrafol ge `ujbo rdsgurads ergj t`d djpmgydds fs wgrt` t`d deflafdoay ge t`d prgidat. (Iust b rdjfondr9  Boy [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat fs bs jua` bhgut t`d pdgpmd bs ft fs t`d prgadss.)

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 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

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e ygu `bvd agjpmdtdn t`d jbp, pbttdn ygursdme go t`d hbac egr b igh wdmm ngod, bon edmt ygu brd rdbny tg ldt go wft` t`d odxt prgidat, t`do ygu `bvd jfssdn bo fjpgrtbot pbrt ge [rgadss Jbppfol. Fe, go t`d gt`dr `bon, ygu bmrdbny `bn mgts ge t`gul`ts go `gw t`d prgadss agumn hd fjprgvdn hdegrd  ygu dvdo put t`d flrst stfacy ogtd tg pbpdr, pbpdr, ygu uondrstbon t`d bobmysfs pgrtfgo ge [rgadss Jbppfol fs bhgut agosfndrfol dvdry bspdat ge t`d prgadss bs  ygu mdbro bhgut ft. ^`us, wft` b agjpmdtdn agjpmd tdn jbp fo `bon ygu s`gumn bmrdbny `bvd bo dxadmmdot uondrstbonfol ge t`d prgadss‖ prgadss ‖ strdolt`s bon wdbcodssds. [rgadss [rga dss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Nrfmmf ol Ngwo Fotg t`d [rgadss

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[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

  Agjprd`dosfvd Dxbjpmd B ^`drd brd sgjd spdaffla bobmysfs tda`ofquds t`bt abo hd usdn fo rdvfdwfol t`d flofs`dn jbps. Hut flrst, fo grndr tg `fl`mfl`t `gw t`d jbppfol bon bobmysfs bspdats ge t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat wgrc tgldt`dr, tgldt`dr, wd brd lgfol tg `bvd ygu ndvdmgp b jgrd agjprd`dosfvd jbp ge t`d `frfol prgadss  wft`fo IbyCbyAg. IbyCb yAg. ^`fs a`bptdr fs agjpgsdn ge gomy god dxdrafsd. @gwdvdr @gwdvdr,, ft rdprdsdots t`d aumjfobtfgo ge ygur jbpjbp -hufmnfol trbfofol. (Ngo‖ (Ngo‖t wgrry, t`drd‖‖s stfmm jgrd gut t`drd.) Ft fs tfjd tg hufmn b agjprd`dosfvd jbp. t`drd Dxdrafsd 5.2 Jbppfol t`d @frfol [rgadss

Fo A`bptdr 4, 4, wd ndvdmgpdn b jbp egr t`d igh pgstfol prgadss. Egr t`fs dxdrafsd, ndvdmgp t`d [rgadss Jbp egr t`d odxt egur prgadssds fo `frfol b odw djpmgydd. Egr purpgsds ge t`fs dxdrafsd, wd wfmm agjhfod sgjd ge t`d prgadssds wd grflfobmmy mfstdn bs austgjdr prgadssds bon hrfol egrwbrn god ge t`d suppgrt prgadssds ergj A`bptdr 1. 1 . Hdabusd ge t`d gvdrmbp t`bt dxfsts hdtwddo t`d austgjdr bon suppgrt prgadssds, wd `bvd agjhfodn fotdrvfdws bon fotdrvfdw ndsflo. (Bs wd wfmm sdd w`do t`d [rgadss Jbp fs agostruatdn, t`drd fs stfmm sgjd nfstfoatfgo t`bt abo hd nrbwo hdtwddo t`dsd prgadssds. @gwdvdr, agjhfofol t`dj egr jbppfol purpgsds wfmm prgvfnd t`d hdst pfaturd ge w`bt fs gaaurrfol.) Fo bnnftfgo, wd `bvd hrgul`t t`d suppgrt prgadss igh geedr  fotg  fotg t`d flobm prgadss tfjdmfod.

@frfol b Odw Djpmgydd Igh [gstfol

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Fotdrv fd fdw

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Gohgbrnfol

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[rgh [r ghbt btfg fgo o

 Hdegrd nfvfol fotg t`fs dxdrafsd, wd wbot tg hrfol up god gt`dr bspdat Hdegrd ge hufmnfol jbps t`bt wd wfmm foamund fo t`fs sgmutfgo9 usfol oujhdrs tg `dmp fndotfey t`d prgadssds bon bssgafbtdn nrfmm ngwos. ^`fs fs bs sfjpmd bs fndotfeyfol t`d prgadss wft` b oujhdr (d.l., 2.; Igh [gstfol) t`do fndotfeyfol dba` stdp fo t`bt prgadss fo oujdrfabm grndr. (Qdd t`d egmmgwfol dxbjpmd.)

2.2 Agjpmdtd Xdqudst

2.8 Xdvfdw Xdqudst 2 nby

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Qfoad  Q foad igh pgstfol wbs t`d flrst prgadss, sarddofol wgumn hd 8.;, fotdrvfdw 1.;, bon sg go. Bmm stdps fo t`d prgadss s`gumn `bvd b oujhdr.

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

2>2

Ndpdonfol go t`d uondrmyfol batfgo, ndafsfgos jby gr jby ogt `bvd b oujhdr. Fo pbrtfaumbr, ndafsfgos s`gumn foamund t`d oujhdr fe t`drd fs bo uondrmyfol batfgo bssgafbtdn wft` ft. Egr dxbjpmd, fe t`d ndafsfgo fs tg bpprgvd rdqudst t`drd hddo og prdadnfol stdpb rdmbtdn tgs`gumn rdvfdwfol t`d rdqudst, t`dobon t`drd fs `bs bo uondrmyfol batfgo bon oujhdr hd bssflodn tg t`d ndafsfgo.  \d brd jgvfol egr egrwbrn wbrn ergj t`d wgrc wd nfn fo A`bptdr 4. Fo t`bt absd, wd ndvdmgpdn b [rgadss Jbp egr t`d igh pgstfol prgadss. Ogw ygu wfmm hd bscdn tg jbp t`d sarddofol, fotdrvfdw, sdmdatfgo, bon igh geedr prgadssds. ^`d egmmgwfol brd t`d agotfoubtfgos ge t`d fotdrvfdws t`bt wdrd s`gwo fo A`bptdr 4 bs wdmm bs [rgadss [rgflmd \grcs`ddts t`bt `bvd hddo ndvdmgpdn fo agoiuoatfgo wft` t`d amfdot. (Bs b ogtd, iust hdabusd t`d wgrcs`ddts `bvd hddo blrddn wft` t`d amfdot ngds ogt jdbo t`d wgrcs`ddts brd agjpmdtdmy agrrdat bt t`fs pgfot. @gwdvdr, t`dy agotbfo foegrjbtfgo t`bt wfmm hd usdeum fo ygur uondrstbonfol ge t`d prgadssds.) Tsd t`d foegrjbtfgo fo t`d  IbyCbyAg absd stuny stuny,, t`d fotdrvfdws, bon t`d [rgadss [rgflmd \grcs`ddts tg agjpmdtd t`d egur jbps. Fotdrvfdw Qujjbrfds

@ujbo Xdsgurads Bobmyst, Ubmdrfd Hmbcd  \ft` bmm bppmfabtfgo bppmfabtfgoss go `bon, Js. Hmbcd hdlfos `dr rdvfdw. Igh prgflmds brd jbfotbfodn egr bmm ighs, bon Js. Hmbcd usds t`dsd tg dosurd s`d `bs t`d agrrdat rdqufrdjdots. Bnndn tg t`fs foegrjbtfgo brd boy spdaffla rdqufrdjdots t`bt jby `bvd hddo bnndn egr t`d pgstfol. ^`d abonfnbtd‖ abonfnbtd‖s foegrjbtfgo fs t`do agjpbrdn tg t`d igh rdqufrdjdots. Fe sgjdt`fol fs jfssfol, s`d ogtds t`d fssud go t`d bppmfabtfgo. Fe ft fs bo fotdrobm bppmfabot, ft wfmm hd rgutdn tg t`d `frfol jbobldr (w`dt`dr t`d pdrsgo jddts t`d rdqufrdjdots gr ogt) wft` b ogtd fonfabtfol w`y t`d pdrsgo jby ogt hd dmflfhmd. Fe ft fs bo dxtdrobm bppmfabot, t`d rdidatdn bppmfabtfgo fs suppmfdn tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc fo `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo egr flmfol.  Bmm fotdrobm bppmfabtfgos bon baadptdn dxtdrobm bppmfabtfgos brd prg vfndn tg t`d `frfol jbobldr egr rdvfdw rdvfdw.. Js. Hmbcd uondrstbons t`bt t`drd fs b oddn tg ldt t`dsd tg t`d `frfol jbobldr bs sggo bs pgssfhmd, bon s`d jbcds `dr hdst deegrt. @gwdvdr, s`d usubmmy wbfts b agupmd ge nbys betdr t`d pgstfol tg jbcd surd s`d `bs batubmmy rdadfvdn bmm bppmfabtfgos. Q`d eddms t`bt t`d rdvfdw fs b rdmbtfvdmy sfjpmd prgadss bon, baagrnfolmy, ft fs ogt sgjdt`fol s`d oddns tg iujp rfl`t go. ^`drd `bvd hddo spdaffla rus` fostboads w`drd s`d rdvfdwdn t`dj t`d sbjd nby t`d pgstfol abjd ngwo bon wbs bhmd tg turo t`dj gvdr tg t`d `frfol jbobldr t`d odxt nby. Q`d uondrstbons t`bt t`drd fs b lgbm tg `bvd t`dsd bmm gut wft`fo t`rdd nbys ge t`d pgstfol amgsd bon, tg t`d hdst ge `dr cogwmdnld, s`d ngds sg.  Betdr b edw nbys, Js. Hmbcd usubmmy rdadfvds t`d bppmfabtfgos, bmgol  wft` b pgtdotfbm sa`dnumd, ergj t`d `frfol jbobldr jbobldr.. Qgjd jbobldrs

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2>8

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

prgvfnd spdaffla tfjds t`dy wbot tg `gmn fotdrvfdws. ^`fs fs ldodrbmmy fjpgssfhmd tg aggrnfobtd, bs abonfnbtds brd sdmngj bvbfmbhmd bt t`gsd spdaffla tfjds. Gt`dr jbobldrs iust lfvd ldodrbm tfjds (w`fa`, ge agursd, t`dy sddj tg bmwbys aboadm bs t`dgo amgsd). Q`d agotbats dba` abonfnbtd bon sa`dnumds b tfjd hbsdn gnbtd o t`dldts begrdjdotfgodn sa`dnumd. Ldttfol fo agotbat  wft` bppmfabots fs ldodrbmmy dbsy dbsy,, hut ft sgjdtfjds tbcds b agupmd ge nbys tg ldt wft` dvdrygod bon sdt up t`d sa`dnumd. ^`d fotdrvfdw sa`dnumd fs sdot tg t`d `frfol jbobldr bon, fe t`drd brd suhsdqudot ago﬈fats, fs rdturodn tg Js. Hmbcd tg sdt up b odw jddtfol tfjd. Dxtdrobm abonfnbtds brd `bonmdn b mfttmd nfeedrdotmy. Fe t`d dxtdrobm abonfnbtd fs ogt baadptdn, Js. Hmbcd jbta`ds t`d bppmfabtfgo wft` t`d rdbsgo egr rdidatfgo bon sdons t`fs tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc fo bnjfofstrbtfgo. Fe t`d dxtdrobm abonfnbtd fs baadptdn, s`d ruos b hbaclrguon a`dac tg ndtdrndtdrjfod fe t`drd brd fssuds t`bt jfl`t beedat t`d abonfnbtd‖ abonfnbtd‖s djpmgyjdot wft` t`d agjpboy. agjpboy. ^`dsd a`dacs tbcd bhgut egrtyegrty-dfl`t `gurs tg agjpmdtd. Fe t`drd fs bo fssud, t`d hbaclrguon a`dac fs bttba`dn tg t`d rdsujd bon hgt` brd sdot nfrdatmy tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc. Fo sgjd fostboads, Js. Hmbcd wfmm bmsg `gmn t`d hbaclrguon a`dacs bon bppmfabtfgos sg s`d abo sdon t`d dotfrd hbta` bt goad. Fe t`d hbaclrguon a`dac agjds hbac amdbo, Js. Hmbcd agonuats bo foftfbm sarddofol fotdrvfdw wft` t`d abonfnbtd. Ldttfol t`dsd fotdrvfdws sdt up bon agjpmdtfol t`dj abo tbcd boyw`drd ergj twg tg sdvdo nbys. Q`d agvdrs ldodrbm qudstfgos bhgut t`d wgrc t`d abonfnbtd `bs ngod bon dosurds t`bt t`d ldodrbm qubmfty ge t`d abonfnbtd jbta`ds w`bt  IbyCbyAg fs mggcfol egr fo bo djpmgydd. Fe s`d ngds ogt t`foc t`d abonfnbtd s`gumn lg eurt`dr fo t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss, s`d agjpmdtds t`d @XOB 00 egrj (Xdbsgo egr OgoOgo Baadptboad),  -Baadptboad), bttba`ds ft tg t`d t`d rdsujd, bon pumms t`d abonfnbtd ergj agosfndrbtfgo. Fe t`d pdrsgo fs baadptdn, s`d foamunds t`dj fo t`d fotdrvfdw fotdr vfdw sa`dnumd t`bt fs sdot tg t`d `frfol jbobldr. Js. Hmbcd bmsg rdvfdws t`d qudstfgos suhjfttdn hy t`d `frfol jbobldr. ^`fs rdqufrdjdot abjd up b edw ydbrs blg hdabusd ge twg fssuds. Efrst, ft  wbs rdaglofzdn t`btt`dy jbobldrs nfn ogt uondrstbon t`d mdlbmforbjfflabtfgos ge sgjd qudstfgos wdrd bscfol. ^`fs batubmmy rdsumtdn god mbwsuft. Qdagon, bs `ujbo rdsgurads rdvfdwdn ngaujdotbtfgo rdlbrnfol w`y adrtbfo pdgpmd wdrd ogt `frdn, t`dy rdbmfzdn t`bt jboy ge t`d ndafsfgos agumn ogt hd suppgrtdn. Baagrnfolmy, ft wbs jbnd b rdqufrdjdot t`bt bmm abonfnbtds hd bscdn t`d sbjd qudstfgos. Fo bnnftfgo, ft wbs rdqufrdn t`bt bmm qudstfgos hd rdvfdwdn hy `ujbo rdsgurads. Js. Hmbcd jbcds b aursgry rdvfdw ge t`d qudstfgos tg dosurd t`dy brd bmm mdlbm, t`do rdturos t`dj tg t`d `frfol jbobldr.. Fe t`drd fs dvdr b prghmdj wft` t`d qudstfgos, t`d `frfol jbobldrs jbobldr usubmmy ldt hbac tg `dr hy t`d odxt nby. Js. Hmbcd sdons t`d fotdrvfdw sa`dnumd tg t`d `frfol jbobldr. ^`drd fs getdo b mgt ge hbac bon egrt` fo ndvdmgpfol b flobm sa`dnumd. Goad agjpmdtd, t`d jbobldr `gmns t`d fotdrvfdws bon fs rdqufrdn tg jbfotbfo ogtds rdmbtfol tg bmm qudstfgos. Bt t`d don ge t`d fotdrvfdwfol prgadss, t`d `frfol

591>9;2 [J 591>9;2 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>8 2>8

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

2>1

jbobldr agjpmdtds b jbtrfx prgvfnfol bo bssdssjdot ge dba` pdrsgo fotdr vfdwdn. ^`d jbtrfads jb trfads `bvd rbocfols (ndtdrjfodn (ndtdr jfodn hy t`d fotdrvfdwdr) hbsdn go t`d boswdrs tg t`d qudstfgos. ^`d jbtrfx foegrjbtfgo egr dxtdrobm bppmfabots bmsg foamunds b rbocfol hbsdn fotdrobm bppmfabot foegrjbtfgo foamunds b rbocfol hbsdngogopbst pbstdxpdrfdoad3 pdregrjboad rdvfdws.  \`do Js. Hmbcd rdadfvds t`d agjpmdtdn jbtrfx, s`d a`dacs t`bt ft fs agjpmdtdn agrrdatmy. (Q`d flons ft fotdrdstfol t`bt, dvdo t`gul` dvdrygod sddjs tg t`foc t`d dotfrd prgadss s`gumn hd spdn up, ft abo tbcd up tg egur nbys egr t`d `frfol jbobldrs tg ldt t`d agjpmdtdn jbtrfads tg `dr.) Fe t`drd brd boy prghmdjs„ prghmdjs„drrgrs fo bnnftfgo, foagjpmdtd dxpmbobtfgo bs tg w`y sgjdgod s`gumn ogt hd foamundn, bon sg go„ go „s`d sdons ft hbac tg t`d `frfol jbobldr egr agrrdatfgos. ^`fs rdvfdw abo tbcd up tg t`rdd nbys. Goad t`d jbtrfx fs agrrdat, t`d pdrsgo wft` t`d `fl`dst sagrd wfmm hd geedrdn t`d  igh. Egr dxtdrobm bppmfabots, prfgr tg geedrfol t`d pgsftfgo, Js. Hmbcd wfmm agotbat t`d prdvfgus djpmgydr tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d foegrjbtfgo t`d abonfnbtd `bs prgvfndn fs baaurbtd bon tg sdd fe t`d prdvfgus djpmgydr wfmm prgvfnd b rdagjjdonbtfgo. Q`d fs surprfsdn t`fs fs rdqufrdn hdabusd t`d fostruatfgos ergj `dr gwo ndpbrtjdot brd tg odvdr lfvd gut t`bt foegrjbtfgo fe sgjdgod abmms t`dj. ^`dy abo gomy sby t`bt t`d pdrsgo nfn wgrc egr t`dj bon t`d nbtds ge djpmgyjdot. Eurt`dr, s`d t`focs t`fs iust smgws t`d prgadss ngwo sfoad t`dsd p`god abmms abo tbcd bs mgol bs t`rdd nbys tg agjpmdtd. \ft` bmm foegrjbtfgo fo `bon, s`d tbcds b agupmd jgrd nbys flofs`fol t`d prfgrftfzbtfgo ge t`d abonfnbtds. ^`fs fs ogt rdbmmy b nfeflaumt prgadss, hut s`d bmsg usds t`fs bs t`d gppgrtuofty tg dosurd s`d `bs bs jua` ge t`d ngaujdotbtfgo fo mfod bs pgssfhmd. Fe t`d flrst pdrsgo geedrdn t`d igh turos ft ngwo, t`d odxt pdrsgo fs abmmdn. Fe t`bt pdrsgo turos ft ngwo, t`d odxt fs abmmdn, bon sg go. Fotdrobm bppmfabots `bvd tg baadpt gr ndamfod fjjdnfbtdmy, hut dxtdrobm bppmfabots brd bmmgwdn god husfodss nby. Fe sgjdgod ndamfods, t`fs fs ogtdn go t`d bppmfabtfgo bon t`d jbtrfx.  \`do bppmfabots tg hd geedrdn igh, t`d abonfnbtd abonfnbtd‖ ‖s jbobldr just fotdrobm hd ogtffldn flrst. Btbrd t`bt pgfot, Js. bHmbcd odlgtfbtds b stbrtfol nbtd wft` t`d abonfnbtd‖ abonfnbtd‖s jbobldr. Fo rbrd fostboads, t`d jbobldr abo fonfabtd t`bt t`d djpmgydd wfmm ogt hd rdmdbsdn. Fe t`d jbobldr fonfabtds t`fs  wfmm hd t`d absd, Js. Hmbcd wfmm agjpmdtd t`d @X 9;2 [J 591>9;2 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>1 2>1

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

2>>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

tdmm `fj `d `bn tg tbcd t`d igh. Js. Hmbcd wgumn ogt mdt `dr.) Goad t`d abonfnbtd baadpts, Js. Hmbcd ogtfflds t`d `frfol jbobldr, jbcds bpprgprfbtd ogtds go t`d jbtrfx bon t`d bppmfabtfgo, flons boy gt`dr ngaujdotbtfgo s`d `bsgt`dr go `bon, bon s`fps ft bmm t`d `ujbo prgadss rdsgurads amdrc. Js. Hmbcd `bs og fovgmvdjdot uotfm t`dtggogo -hgbrnfol stbrts. @ujbo Xdsgurads Amdrc, Mdg Ebsshfondr Jr. Ebsshfondr bon god gt`dr amdrc `bonmd pbpdrwgrc t`bt agjds gut ge t`d `ujbo rdsgurads gogo -hgbrnfol ndpbrtjdot. ^`drd brd twg amdrcs w`g brd bssflodn tg dba` `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. @d fs rdspgosfhmd egr dosurfol t`bt bmm ngaujdotbtfgo rdlbrnfol t`d `frfol prgadss fs jbfotbfodn bon prgpdrmy flmdn. Xdqufrdn ngaujdots foamund bmm bppmfabtfgos, bppmfabhmd igh pgstfols (dxtdrobm bon fotdrobm), bmm rdagrns rdmbtdn tg w`y fonfvfnubms wdrd ogt agosfndrdn, bon t`d agjpmdtdn jbtrfx. Egr dxtdrobm bppmfabots w`g brd fjjdnfbtdmy rdidatdn, t`d ngaujdotbtfgo fs iust b ogtd ergj t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst. Egr t`gsd dxtdrobm bppmfabots w`g brd rdidatdn hdabusd ge t`d hbaclrguon a`dac, b ogtd fs jbnd go t`d hbaclrguon a`dac bon foamundn wft` t`d bppmfabtfgo. Egr bmm fonfvfnubms fotdrvfdwdn hy t`d `frfol jbobldr, t`d Xdbsgo egr OgoOgo Baadpt  -Baadptboad boad egrj (@XOB 00) fs usdn tg ngaujdot t`d rdbsgos. ^`fs foamunds b god  pbrblrbp` ndsarfptfgo ge t`d rdbsgo. @gwdvdr, Jr. Ebsshfondr `bs ogtdn pbrblrbp` t`bt, fo bhgut 84 pdradot ge t`d absds, t`fs fs ogt agjpmdtdn. Bmsg rdqufrdn bt t`d don ge t`d `frfol prgadss fs Egrj @XOB 6;, w`fa` fs b sujjbry ge t`d `frfol ndafsfgo bon fs usdn tg suppgrt bmm Dqubm Djpmgyjdot Gppgrtuofty Agjjfssfgo (DDGA) rdqufrdjdots rdmbtdn tg ngaujdotbtfgo ge `frfol bon b on ogo`frfol ge fonfvfnubms. Jr. Ebsshfondr fonfabtds t`bt ft wgumn hd ofad tg rdadfvd bmm foegrjbtfgo bt god tfjd, hut ft usubmmy `bppdos t`bt foegrjbtfgo egr rdidatdn dxtdrobm bppmfabots fs rdadfvdn wdmm hdegrd t`bt egr t`d rdidatdn fotdrvfdwdn bppmfabots. ^`d agjpmdtdn jbtrfx fs usubmmy rdadfvdn mbtdr, egmmgwdn hy Egrj

@XOB 6;.@d Fo`bs ldodrbm, Jr. Ebsshfondr iust flmds ngaujdotbtfgo bs ft fs rdadfvdn. ogt ndvdmgpdn boy `gmn flmds gr bmm gt`dr prgadssds tg dosurd bmm foegrjbtfgo fs rdadfvdn. @frfol  @ frfol Ndpbrtjdot Jbobldr Jbobldr,, Mburb Jdd`bo, Baaguotfol Jbobldr  Betdr bhgut b agupmd ge wddcs, Js. Jdd`bo rdadfvds t`d bppmfabtfgos. Q`d `bs odvdr rdbmmy t`gul`t bhgut ft, hut ft sddjs t`bt s`d getdo ldts t`dj b wddc gr jgrd betdr t`d pgstfol fs tbcdo gee t`d \dh sftd. Q`d fs uosurd w`bt `ujbo rdsgurads ngds wft` t`d bppmfabtfgos3 s`d iust cogws s`d ldts b sdt ge fotdrobm bon dxtdrobm bppmfabtfgos. Qgjd ge t`d fotdrobm bppmfabtfgos foamund ogtds rdlbrnfol fssuds wft` t`d abonfnbtds. Ft sddjs t`bt bhgut `bme t`d tfjd t`d

591>9;8 [J 591>9;8 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>> 2>>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

2>4

ogtds brd foagrrdat. Fo bnnftfgo, ft sddjs t`bt bhgut `bme ge t`d bppmfabtfgos  wft` og agjjdots ng ogt jbta` `dr rdqufrdjdots. Q`d t`do ogtds w`fa` ge t`d dxtdrobm bppmfabots s`d wbots tg sdd, ogtds w`y t`d gt`drs `bvd ogt hddo baadptdn, bon rdturos bmm t`dt`fs bppmfabtfgos tg `ujbo rdsgurads wft` `dr bvbfmbvb fmbhfmfty sa`dnumd. Fo ldodrbm, abo tbcd `dr ergj god tg t`rdd nbys.  \`fmd wbftfol egr t`d sa`dnumd, s`d puts tgldt`dr b sdt ge qudstfgos egr t`d abonfnbtds. Ldodrbmmy, s`d bscs t`d sbjd qudstfgos bs s`d `bs fo prdvfgus fotdrvfdws, hut jby a`bold god gr twg. \ft`fo b nby gr twg, s`d sdons t`dsd tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst egr bpprgvbm. Q`d ngdso‖ ngdso ‖t rdjdjhdr b sftubtfgo fo w`fa` s`d `bn tg bjdon `dr sdt ge qudstfgos. Js. Jdd`bo rdadfvds t`d sa`dnumd bon nguhmdnguhmd-a`dacs ft blbfost `dr sa`dnumd. Fe t`drd fs b ago﬈fat, s`d sdons t`d sa`dnumd hbac tg `ujbo rdsgurads wft` b ogtd rdlbrnfol t`d geedonfol dotry. Ft usubmmy tbcds bogt`dr god tg egur nbys tg ldt t`d rdvfsdn sa`dnumd. ^g t`d hdst ge `dr cogwmdnld, t`d ago﬈fats `bvd bmwbys hddo bo gvdrsfl`t hy `ujbo rdsgurads. Q`d rdjdjhdrs gomy twg fostboads w`do t`d ago﬈fat wbs abusdn hy b a`bold fo `dr sa`dnumd gr bo drrgr go `dr pbrt. Q`d t`do agonuats t`d fotdrvfdws bs pdr t`d sa`dnumd. ^`dsd brd ogrjbmmy agjpmdtdn fo b god - tg god--bon god bon--b-`bme `bme- wddc  -wddc sa`dnumd. Nurfol t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss, Js. Jdd`bo ngaujdots t`d cdy pgfots egr dba` rdspgosd. Q`d usds t`fs bpprgba` hbsdn go trbfofol `ujbo rdsgurads prgvfndn b ydbr blg. ^`dsd ogtds prgvfnd t`d hbsfs egr t`d flobm bobmysfs ge t`d abonfnbtds. ^`drd fs b jbtrfx prgvfndn hy `ujbo rdsgurads t`bt fs usdn tg dvbmubtd bmm fonfvfnubms, bon t`d rdsumts brd rdagrndn go t`bt jbtrfx. Egr dba` scfmm sdt, s`d dvbmubtds t`d abonfnbtd go b sabmd ge 2 tg 4. Egr dba` fonfvfnubm fotdrvfdwdn t`bt fs ogt baadptdn, s`d `bs tg agjpmdtd bo @XOB 00 egrj ngaujdotfol t`d rdbsgos w`y. Q`d fonfabtds s`d fs bmsg rdqufrdn tg agjpmdtd t`d @XOB 6;, w`fa` prgvfnds ngaujdotbtfgo egr t`d DDGA.

591>9;8 [J 591>9;8 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>4 2>4

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

2>5

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

[rgadss  [ rgadss [rgefmd \grcs`ddts [rgadss Objd bon Oujhdr

[rgadss Gwodr

Qarddofol Qarddofo l

Nfrdatgr ge Go Go-- hgbrnfo hgbrnfol, l, Xgh [dtrfd [ dtrfd

Ndsarfptfgo

Foftfbm rdvfdw ge bmm bppmfabtfgos tg dosurd hbsfa rdqufrdjdots brd jdt bon rdedrrbm ge bppmfabtfgos ergj `ujbo rdsgurads tg t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot. ^rflldrs

Dvdot hdlfoofol9

Fotdrobm/dxtdrobm pgstfols amgsdn

 Dvdot donfol prgadss9 Dvdot

Xdedr Xde dr bppmfabt bppmfabtfgos fgos tg `frfol ndpbrt ndpbrtjdot jdot

Bnnftfgobm dvdots9

Baadpt/rdidat dxtdrobm bppmfabots t`bt ng ogt jddt arftdrfb3 embl Baadpt/rdidat fotdrobm bppmfabots bppmfabots t`bt ng ogt jddt arftdrfb

Foput„Ftdjs bon Qgurads Foput„ Igh ndsarfptfgo bon pgstfol rdqufrdjdots

Xdsujds Bppmfabtfgos Bmm ergj e rgj `ujbo rdsgurads Gutput„ Gutput „Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs

Xdedrrbm ge pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds tg t`d `frf `frfol ol jbobldr  Austgjdr9 @frfol jbobldr, pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds Austgjdr9 [rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

Foftfbm Qarddofol

@ujbo Xdsgurads

Xdedrrbm tg @frfol Ndpbrtjdot  Ngaujdot Xdtdotfgo Ngaujdot Husfodss Ghida Ghidatfvd(s) tfvd(s)

Husfodss Xfscs

[rgvfnd t`d rfl`t scfmms, rfl`t pdgpmd, bt t`d rfl`t tfjd

^`d rfl`t abonfnbtd fs dmfjfobtdn fo sarddofol Qarddofol prgadss fs ogt agjpmdtdn fo b tfjdmy jboodr3 gppgrtuofty fs mgst egr t`d rfl`tt abonfnbtd rfl` Toqubmfefdn abonfnbtds brd ogt ndtdatdn Toqubmfefdn ndtdat dn hy t`d sarddofol prgadss

Cdy Agotr Agotrgms gms

Jdbsurds Jdbsur ds ge Quaadss

Jbppfol abonfnbtd abonfnbtd prgefmd tg igh prgefmd

Xdedrrbm ge pgtdotfbm abonfnbtds wft`fo t`rdd t`rdd husfodss nbys ge t`d amgsd ge t`d igh pgstfol

Xdidatfol  X didatfol gr embllfo e mbllfol l abonfnbtds t`bt ngo ngo‖‖ t eft t`d prgefmd

591>9;8 [J 591>9;8 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>5 2>5

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

 [rgadss Objd bon Oujhdr [rgadss

[rgadss Gwodr

Fotdrvfdws

Nfrdatgr ge Go Go-- hgbrnfo hgbrnfol, l, Xgh [dtrfd [ dtrfd

2><

Ndsarfptfgo

Ergj t`d fndotfefdn bppmfabots, aggrnfobtd aggrnfobtd bon agjpmdtd b sdt ge fotdrvfdws ndsflodn ndsflodn tg ndtdrjfod t`d hdst abonfnbtd egr e gr t`d igh. ^rflldrs

Dvdot hdlfoofol9

Agjpmdtfgo Agjpmdtfg o ge sarddofol prgadss

Dvdot donfol prgadss prgadss99

Fotdrvfdw agjpmdtd

 Bnnftfgobm dvdots9 Bnnftfgobm

Qdttfol fotdrvfdw bppgfotjdo bppgfotjdot, t, hbaclrgu hbaclrguon on a`dacs, fotdrvfdw

Foput„ Foput „Ftdjs bon Qgurads

Qarddofol Qarddofo l fotdrvfdw Hbaclrguon a`dac Hbaclrguon Fotdrvfdw bppgfotjdots   Bmm ergj `ujbo rdsgurads Gutput„ Gutput „Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs

Agjpmdtdn fotdrvfdws bon fonfvfnubm rbtfols   Austgjdr9 @frfol ndpbrt ndpbrtjdot jdot [rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

Dxtdrobm Qarddofol Fotdrvfdw

@ujbo Xdsgurads

Hbaclrguon A`dacs

 @ujbo Xdsgurads @ujbo

 Fotdrvfdw Bppgfotjdots Fotdrvfdw

 @ujbo Xdsgurads @ujbo

Fotdrvfdw

 @frfol Ndpbrtjdot @frfol

Husfodss Ghida Ghidatfvd(s) tfvd(s)

Husfodss Xfscs

[rgvfnd t`d rfl`t scfmms, rfl`t pdgpmd, bt t`d rfl`t tfjd

^`d rfl`t abonfnbtd fs dmfjfobtdn fo sarddofol Qarddofol prgadss fs ogt agjpmdtdn fo b tfjdmy jboodr3 gppgrtuofty fs mgst egr t`d rfl`tt abonfnbtd rfl`  FFotdrvfdws otdrvfdws ebfm tg fndotfey t`d rfl`t pdgpmd wft` t`d rfl`t scfmms.

Cdy Agotr Agotrgms gms

Jdbsurds Jdbsur ds ge Quaadss

Qtbonbrn fotdrvfdw qudstfgos

^urogvdr fo pdgpmd djpmgydn egr mdss t`bo god ydbr fs efvd pdradot gr mdss

@ujbo  @ ujbo rdsgur rd sgurads ads‖‖ booubm jgoftgrfol ge fotdrvfdwdr

591>9;1 [J 591>9;1 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>< 2><

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

2>0

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

[rgadss  [rgadss Objd bon Oujhdr

[rgadss Gwodr

Qdmdatfgo

Nfrdatgr ge Go Go-- hgbrnfo hgbrnfol, l, Xgh [dtrfd [ dtrfd

Ndsarfptfgo

Fndotfefabtfgo ge tgp abonfnbtds a bonfnbtds egr pgsftfgo hy agjpbrfol rdsumts rdsumts ge fotdrvfdws fotdrvfdw s ^rflldrs

Dvdot hdlfoof hdlfoofol9 ol9

Agjpmdtfgo ge fotdrvfdws

 Dvdot donfol prgadss9 Dvdot

Efobm rbocfol ge abonfnbt abonfnbtds ds

Bnnftfgobm dvdots9

Agjpmdtfgo ge `frf `frfol ol jbtrfx, vbmfnbtfgo ge dxpdrfdoad

Foput„ Foput „Ftdjs bon Qgurads

Efobm fotdrvfdws Fotdrvfdw rdsumts Hgt` ergj `frfol ndpbrtjdot Dxpdrfdoad (dxtdrobm abonfnbtds)  [rdvfgus igh rbocfols (fotdrobm abonfnbtds) [rdvfgus Hgt` ergj `ujbo rdsgurads Gutput„ Gutput „Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs

Efobm rbocfol ge abonfnbtds Austgjdr9 @frfol ndpbrtjdot [rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

Ubmfnbtdn Jbtrfx

@frfol Ndpbrtjdot/@ujbo Xdsgurads

Udrfey [rdvfgus Dxpdrfdoad

 @ujbo Xdsgurads @ujbo

Husfodss Ghida Ghidatfvd(s) tfvd(s)

Husfodss Xfscs

[rgvfnd t`d rfl`t scfmms, rfl`t pdgpmd, bt t`d rfl`t tfjd

Jbtrfx prgadss ebfms tg fndotfey t`d rfl`t pdgpmd wft` t`d rfl`t scfmms Hfbs fo rbocfol arftdrfb gr hfbs fo bppmfabtfgo ge rbocfol arftdrfb abusds ebfmurd tg fndotfey t`d rfl`t pdgpmd wft` t`d rfl`t scfmms Xbocfol ogt ngod fo b tfjdmy jboodr3 prdedrrdn abonfnbtds og mgoldr bvbfmbhm bv bfmbhmd d

Cdy Agotr Agotrgms gms

Jdbsurds Jdbsur ds ge Quaadss

Abonfnbtds bmm rbocdn go sbjd arftdrfb

^urogvdr fo pdgpmd djpmgydn egr mdss t`bo god ydbr fs 4 pdradot gr mdss

@ujbo rdsgurads vbmfnbtfgo ge dxtdrobm dxpdrfdoad

Oujhdr Ouj hdr ge gee drs baadptdn hy efrstefrst- a`gfad

591>9;1 [J 591>9;1 [J

abonfnbtd

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>0 2>0

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

 [rgadss Objd bon Oujhdr [rgadss

[rgadss Gwodr

Igh geedr

Nfrdatgr ge Go Go-- hgbrnfo hgbrnfol, l, Xgh [dtrfd [ dtrfd

2>6

Ndsarfptfgo

@ujbo rdsgurads geedrs igh tg tgp abonfnbtds uotfm baadptdn, foamunfol blrddjdot ergj abonfnbtd‖‖ s ndpbrtjdot abonfnbtd ^rflldrs

Dvdot hdlfoofol9

Agjpmdtfgo ge `frfol jbtrfx

 Dvdot donfol prgadss Dvdot prgadss99

Baadptboad ge igh geedr hy b abonfnbtd

Bnnftfgobm dvdots9

Agotbat abonfnbtds abonfnbtds,, blrdd go sbm sbmbry bry bon stbrt nbtds, ogtfey gt`dr fotdrobm abonfnbtds

Foput„ Foput „Ftdjs bon Qgurads

@frfol jbtrfx9 @frfol ndpbrtjdot Agjjuofabtfgo wft` abonfnbtd9 @ujbo rdsgurads Gutput„ Gutput „Ftdjs bon Austgjdrs

Odw djpmgydd egr ndpbrtjdot Austgjdr9 @frfol ndpbrtjdot [rgadss Tofts

[rgadss Toft Gwodrs

Jbcd Geedr

@ujbo Xdsgurads

Blrdd Qtbrtup Qdon Ogtfefabtfgos  Ngaujdot Xdtdotfgo Ngaujdot Husfodss Ghida Ghidatfvd(s) tfvd(s)

Husfodss Xfscs

[rgvfnd t`d rfl`t scfmms, rfl`t pdgpmd, bt t`d rfl`t tfjd

[gsftfgo ogt efmmdn

Cdy Agotr Agotrgms gms

Jdbsurds Jdbsur ds ge Quaadss

Abonfnbtds bmm rbocdn go sbjd arftdrfb

^urogvdr fo pdgpmd djpmgydn egr mdss t`bo god ydbr fs 4 pdradot gr mdss

@ujbo rdsgurads vbmfnbtfgo ge dxtdrobm dxpdrfdoad

^gp abonfnbtds ogt ogtfefdn fo b tfjdmy jboodr

Oujhdr ge gee drs baadptdn hy efrstOujhdr efrst- a`gfad abonfnbtd Ayamd tfjd hdtwddo hdtwd do agjpmdtfgo ge jbtrfx bon baadptboad ge igh geedr (mdss t`bo efvd nbys)

591>9;> [J 591>9;> [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

2>6 2>6

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24;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Agjpmdtd t`d jbp egr t`d Qarddofol prgadss 8.; Qarddofol

591>9;> [J 591>9;> [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

24; 24;

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Agjpmdtd t`d jbp egr t`d Fotdrvfdw prgadss 1.; Fotdrvfdw

242

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248

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Agjpmdtd t`d jbp egr t`d Qdmdatfgo prgadss >.; Qdmdatfgo

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Agjpmdtd t`d jbp egr t`d Igh Geedr Ge edr prgadss 4.; Igh Geedr

241

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24>

  O

   \

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

  D

  Q

Cdy [gfots

\`do agostruatfol [rgadss Jbps, rdjdjhdr tg9 • Cddp trbac ge prgadssds bon bssgafbtdn nrfmm ngwos, usd oujhdrfol systdjs tfdn tg t`d gvdrbmm prgadssds. • Fonfabtd t`d prgadssds t`bt prdadnd bon egmmgw t`d prgadss hdfol jbppdn. • Tsd nrfmm-ngw nrfmm-ngwo o jbps tg rdnuad t`d agjpmdxfty ge t`d gvdrbmm gvd rbmm jbp. jbp. • Cddp rdmbtdn stdps amgsd tg dba` gt`dr, fe pgssfhmd. • Fndotfey agjjgo batfvftfds t`bt wfmm w fmm tfd nfvdrldot pbrts ge t`d t `d prgadss tgldt`dr. • Ogtd ayamd tfjds fo t`d stdps w`do bpprgprfbtd. • Tsd t`d [rgadss Jbp bs bo bnbptbhmd tggm, bppmyfol ft fo t`d wbys t`bt hdst sufts t`d prgidat.

591>9;4 [J 591>9;4 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

244

Qgmutfgos  Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 5.2 Qgmutfgo

Mdt‖s wbmc t`rgul` dba` ge t`d flofs`dn [rgadss Jbps tg sdd w`y adrtbfo Mdt‖ bpprgba`ds wdrd usdn, bs wdmm bs sgjd fosfl`ts fotg t`dfr agostruatfgo. 8.; Qarddofol

@frfol Jbobldr

@X Bobmyst

@X Amdr Amdrc c

Igh [gstfol [rgadss

Dxtdrobm Bppmfabtfgo7 Og Vds 8.2 Xdqufrdjdots Jdt7 Og 8.8 Ngaujdot Fssuds Vds

Vds

8.1 Xdvfdw Xdsujd

Xdqufrdjdots Jdt7 Og

8.> Dxpmbfo Xdidatfgo 8.< Xdadfvd Bppmfabtfgos 2 nby 4 nbys

8.4 Efmd Ngaujdotbtfgo

8.5 Agmmdat Bmm Xdsujds Odxt Bpp

Fotdrvfdw [rgadss

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Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

^`d  ^ `d flrst t`fol tg ogtfad fo t`d agostruatfgo ge t`fs jbp fs t`d usd ge t`d agoodatgr tg s`gw t`fs prgadss agjds nfrdatmy ergj t`d igh pgstfol prgadss (s`gwo fo A`bptdr 4). 4). Mfcdwfsd, t`fs prgadss dons wft` t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss, t`d odxt prgadss fovgmvdn wft` `frfol b odw djpmgydd. ^`d odxt t`fol tg ogtfad fs t`d oujhdrfol systdj usdn tg rdagrn t`d stdps wft`fo t`fs prgadss. ^`d gvdrbmm prgadss fs 8.;, sg t`d stdps brd oujhdrdn 8.2, 8.8, bon sg go. ^`d flrst ftdj go t`d [rgadss Jbp (betdr t`d fonfabtfgo ge t`d prdadnfol prgadss) fs t`d ndafsfgo dxtdrobm bppmfabtfgo7  ^`drd   ^`drd fs og rdbm uondrmyfol batfvfty tg t`fs stdp3 fostdbn, ft rdprdsdots b ndafsfgo rdlbrnfol w`fa` pbt` t`d prgadss wfmm tbcd. ^`drdegrd, t`drd fs og oujhdr bssflodn tg ft. ^`d odxt ftdj fs t`d ndafsfgo rdqufrdjdo rdqufrdjdots ts jdt7  Fo  Fo t`fs absd, ft rdprdsdots t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst rdvfdwfol t`d ngaujdotbtfgo bon ndtdrjfofol fe t`d bppmfabot jddts t`d rdqufrdjdots. Baagrnfolmy, wd `bvd bssflodn ft oujhdr 8.2. Fo sgjd fostboads, ygu jby wbot tg bssflo b oujhdr tg t`d spdaffla prgadss, t`do sdt up b ndafsfgo betdrwbrn. ^`fs fs t`d bpprgba` wd `bvd usdn egr 8.1 (rdpdbtdn `drd). ^`d uondrmyfol prgadss fs s`gwo flrst, t`do t`d ndafsfgo bats bs t`d nfrdatgr tg mdt t`d usdr cogw w`fa` ge t`d twg pbt`s tg egmmgw.

8.1 Xdvfdw Xdsujd

Xdqufrdjdots Jdt7

 ^g ebafmftbtd uondrstbonfol t`d agjpmdtdn [rgadss Jbp, ygu s`gumn ^g ardbtd t`dEgr jbp b jboodr t`bttgbmmgws batfgos tg hd amgsd tg god bogt`dr. t`fsfojbp, wd wbot jbcd rdmbtdn surd t`bt t`d batfgos t`bt mdbn tg flmfol t`d rdidatdn bppmfabtfgos„ bppmfabtfgos„t`gsd t`bt brd `bonmdn hy t`d `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc„ amdrc„brd amgsdst tg t`d amdrc‖ amdrc‖s agmujo. Baagrnfolmy, t`d ndafsfgo rdmbtdn tg t`d dxtdrobm bppmfabot jddtfol t`d rdqufrdjdots fs pmbadn tg t`d mdet go t`d bobmyst‖ bobmyst‖s agmujo odxt tg t`d agmujo w`drd t`d `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc‖ amdrc‖s batfvftfds brd rdagrndn.  \`do hufmnfol [rgadss Jbps, ygu wfmm wbot tg fndotfey agjjgo batfvftfds„ ftfds „sftubtfgos fo w`fa` t`d vbrfgus stdps fo t`d prgadss agjd tgldt`dr. ^`fs wfmm `dmp sfjpmfey t`d gvdrbmm jbp bon `dmp egaus go agjjgo batfvftfds. Fo t`fs pbrtfaumbr jbp t`drd brd twg sua` sftubtfgos. ^`d flrst fs t`d agmmdatfgo ge bmm rdsujds t`bt wfmm dvdotubmmy lg tg t`d `frfol jbobldr. ^g ^g s`gw t`fs, t`d t`rdd jbigr egrcs fo ndafsfgos (fotdrobm jddtfol rdqufrdjdots, fotdrobm ogt jddtfol rdqufrdjdots, bon dxtdrobm t`bt qubmfey) brd s`gwo bs bmm agjfol tgldt`dr iust hdegrd t`d agmmdatfgo batfvfty. batfvfty.

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

24<

 Bmsg   ogtd t`bt t`drd fs b agjjgobmfty fo dvdr y bppmfabtfgo t`bt wd `bvd ogt trfdn tg hrfol tgldt`dr9 w`dt`dr t`d bppmfabot jddts t`d rdqufrdjdots. Hdabusd t`d batfgos tbcdo hbsdn go jddtfol t`dsd rdqufrdjdots ndpdon go  w`dt`dr ft fs bo dxtdrobm gr bo fotdrobm bppmfabot, t`dsd batfgos brd hdfol `bonmdn sdpbrbtdmy. (Fo ldodrbm t`rgul`gut t`dsd jbps, batfvftfds brd agotfoldot upgo w`dt`dr t`d bppmfabot fs fotdrobm gr dxtdrobm, sg t`bt ndafsfgo fs jbnd flrst.) Bogt`dr mdlftfjbtd sgmutfgo fs tg hufmn sdpbrbtd [rgadss Jbps egr fotdrobm bon dxtdrobm bppmfabots. ^`d gt`dr sftubtfgo fo w`fa` t`drd brd agjjgo batfvftfds fs w`do rdidatdn rdsujds lg tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bnjfofstrbtfgo ndpbrtjdot. Hdabusd t`fs fs bo batfvfty t`bt gaaurs t`rgul`gut t`d vbrfgus prgadssds,  wd aboogt iust hrfol t`dj bmm tg t`d sbjd pgfot. ^`drd brd twg pgtdotfbm sgmutfgos. ^`d flrst fs tg batubmmy dstbhmfs` b nrfmm ngwo egr rdidatdn rdsujd prgadnurds. @gwdvdr, hdabusd t`d uondrmyfol prgadss fs ogt pbrtfaumbrmy fovgmvdn, nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbps brd prghbhmy ogt t`d prdedrrdn bpprgba`. (\d  wfmm prgvfnd dxbjpmds ge t`fs nrfmm nrfmm--ngwo bpprgba` fo suhsdqudot jbps.) ^`d gt`dr sgmutfgo (bs wd `bvd ngod `drd) fs tg nfblrbj t`d batfvftfds, t`do usd t`d sbjd nfblrbj fo suhsdqudot jbps. Fo t`fs absd, wd `bvd fonfabtdn t`bt t`d ngaujdotbtfgo fs flmdn, bon t`bt ft fs tfjd tg mggc bt t`d odxt bppmfabtfgo.  \dd `bvd bmsg usdn b nfeedrdot bpprgba` `drd t`bo wd `bvd dxpmbfodn fo  \ gur prdvfgus nfsaussfgos9 usfol b agoodatgr wft` bo fostruatfgo. Blbfo, t`fs `dmps t`d usdr ge t`d jbp hdttdr uondrstbon t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. Bs mgol bs wd bon t`d austgjdr uondrstbon w`bt fs gaaurrfol, bon wd blrdd t`fs jbta`ds gur uondrstbonfol ge t`d prgadss, t`do t`fs bpprgba` wfmm wgrc.  Bs wd `bvd jdotfgodn hdegrd, [rgadss Jbppfol fs b tggm bon s`gumn hd usdn bs sua`. Vgu s`gumn bnbpt ft tg ygur oddns, ogt mdt ft nrfvd dvdryt`fol  ygu ng. ^`fs mdbns tg bogt`dr fotdrdstfol bpprgba` t`bt `bs hddo usdn. Fe ygu `bvd `bn b a`boad tg arftfqud t`d flobm [rgadss Jbp wd agostruatdn,  ygu jby `bvd ogtdn bo fotdrdstfol bogjbmy9 Ft agjhfods t`d prgadss ge `bonmfol fonfvfnubm bppmfabtfgos wft` t`d prgadss ge `bonmfol bmm bppmfabtfgos. ^g stbrt t`d [rgadss Jbp, t`d ndafsfgos brd hbsdn go fonfvfnubm bppmfabtfgos9 Fs ft bo dxtdrobm bppmfabot, fs ft fotdrobm, ngds t`d bppmfabot qubmfey7 @gwdvdr, bt t`d don ge t`d jbp, wd brd tbmcfol bhgut t`d prgadss fo tdrjs ge w`bt `bppdos tg t`d eumm agmmdatfgo ge baadptdn bppmfabtfgos. Vgu wfmm sdd t`fs hbachbac-bon bon--egrt` bpprgba` fo t`d suhsdqudot jbps. ^`fs `yhrfn bpprgba` wbs a`gsdo hdabusd ft s`gws t`d ﬈gw ge foegrjbtfgo hdttdr. Fe ygu hufmt ygur jbps brguon t`d ﬈gw ge b sfolmd ngaujdot, t`bt fs b mdlftfjbtd bmtdrobtfvd. Efobmmy,, wd `bvd fonfabtdn t`d tfjd fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss bt t`d mbst stdp9 Efobmmy rdadfvd bppmfabtfgos. Hdabusd t`d bjguot ge tfjd fovgmvdn fs sg agotfoldot upgo t`d oujhdr ge bppmfabtfgos bon t`d fjpbat ge gt`dr batfvftfds, wd `bvd lgod wft` b agosgmfnbtdn bpprgba` rbt`dr t`bo s`gwfol t`d bjguot ge tfjd ft tbcds tg prgvfnd bppmfabtfgos, flmd ngaujdotbtfgo, sdd fe sgjdgod

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240

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

jbta`ds t`d arftdrfb, bon sg go. \d brd bmsg ldttfol b jfxdn jdssbld ergj gur twg sgurads. ^`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst fonfabtds s`d abo agjpmdtd t`d prgadss wft`fo god nby fe odadssbry, sg wd `bvd fonfabtdn t`bt bs t`d s`grtdst tfjd. @gwdvdr, t`d `frfol jbobldr fonfabtds t`fs abo tbcd bt mdbst god wddc. ^`drdegrd, wd `bvd put t`d mgoldst tfjd bs flvd husfodss nbys. 1.; Fotdrvfdws

@frfol Jbobldr

@X B obmyst

@X Amdrc

Qarddofol [rgadss

Dxtdrobm Bppmfabtfgo7 Vds

1.2 Fotdrvfdw7 Og Og

Vds

1.8 Ngaujdot Xdbsgo

1.1 [rgvfnd Bvbfmbhfmfty 2nby 1 nbys Dxtdrobm Abonfnbtd7 Vds

1.> Xdidatdn 1.5 Fotdrvfdw ndsflo

X

Og 1.0 [rgvfnd Qa`dnumd 2 nby 1 nbys

Vds

1.2; Agonuat Fotdrvfdws 4 jfoutds Xdagrn rdspgosds Qbjd qudstfgos

Odxt Abonfnbtd

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Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

246

 Iust   mfcd t`d prdvfgus [rgadss Jbp, t`fs god s`gws t`d sarddofol prgadss bs mdbnfol tg t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss, bon t`d sdmdatfgo prgadss bs hdfol t`d odxt stdp. Fo ndvdmgpfol t`d flrst pbrt ge t`fs jbp, wd `bvd usdn bo bpprgba` wd ndsarfhdn fo t`d prdvfgus jbp9 fndotfeyfol batfvftfds t`bt mdbn tg t`d sbjd stdp fo t`d prgadss. Fo t`fs absd, ft fs t`d `frfol jbobldr w`g prgvfnds t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst wft` `fs gr `dr bvbfmbhfmfty egr fotdrvfdws. ^`fs gaaurs betdr t`d `frfol jbobldr `bs ndtdrjfodn fe boy dxtdrobm abonfnbtds s`gumn hd foamundn. Fe ft fs bo fotdrobm abonfnbtd, t`d prgadss lgds nfrdatmy tg t`d sa`dnumfol. Fe ft fs bo dxtdrobm abonfnbtd, t`d prgadss fs tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d jbobldr wbots tg sdd t`d abonfnbtd, t`do ft jgvds tg t`d sa`dnumfol. Fe ft fs bo dxtdrobm abonfnbtd t`d jbobldr ngds ogt wbot tg sdd, t`d prgadss lgds tg ngaujdotfol t`d rdbsgo, t`do prgvfnfol t`d sa`dnumd. (Bmsg ogtd, t`fs fs bogt`dr dxbjpmd ge t`d prgadss agjhfofol fonfvfnubm bppmfabtfgo prgadssds wft` t`d gvdrbmm prgadss ge `frfol.)  Blbfo, wd `bvd usdn b agoodatgr tg s`gw t`d don ge t`d prgadss egr t`gsd bppmfabtfgos t`bt brd umtfjbtdmy rdidatdn. Fo t`fs absd, wd s`gw lgfol tg t`d odxt abonfnbtd. \d `bvd bmsg prgvfndn bo dxpmbfodr tg prg vfnd bnnftfgobm foegrjbtfgo go t`d fotdrvf fotdrvfdw dw prgadss9 t`d rdqufrdjdot t`bt fotdrvfdws hd gomy egrtyegrty-flvd jfoutds, bmm rdspgosds hd rdagrndn, bon dba` fotdrvfdw usd t`d sbjd qudstfgos. \d `bvd bmsg fonfabtdn bo fostboad ge rdwgrc wft` t`d X  syjhgm.   syjhgm. ^`fs wfmm `dmp fndotfey t`fs fssud w`do wd brd batubmmy bobmyzfol t`d jbps. Efobmmy, t`drd brd bmsg twg fotdrdstfol bpprgba`ds t`bt `bvd hddo usdn tg `dmp strdbjmfod t`d mggc ge t`fs prgadss9 t`d ndvdmgpjdot ge fotdrvfdw qudstfgos bon t`d dxtdrobm abonfnbtd rdvfdw. Fo t`d flrst absd, fotdrvfdw ndsflo,  wd `bvd usdn b agoodatgr tg b nfeedrdot prgadss (god t`bt fs ogt s`gwo bs agoodatdn tg t`d aurrdot prgadss). Fo t`d sdagon absd, dxtdrobm abonfnbtd rdvfdw,, wd `bvd usdn t`d nrfmmrdvfdw nrfmm-ngwo bpprgba`.  \`do wd flrst fndotffldn t`d prgadssds tg hd bobmyzdn (usfol t`d prgadss tfjdmfod egr `frfol), wd fonfabtdn t`bt wd `bn agjhfodn t`d prgadssds ge fotdrvfdw bon fotdrvfdw ndsflo. ^`fs wbs ngod hdabusd t`d fotdrvfdw ndsflo prgadss fs djhdnndn fo t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss. Vdt, w`do wd try tg jbp t`dsd, t`d ndvdmgpjdot ge t`d [rgadss Jbps hdagjds prghmdjbtfa. \d sdd t`bt, bmt`gul` fotdrvfdw ndsflo fs djhdnndn fo t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss, bon dba` fs ndpdondot go t`d gt`dr, gt`dr, t`drd fs ogt odadssbrfmy b nfrdat agrrdmbtfgo agr rdmbtfgo fo baagjpmfs`fol t`d twg. Fo gt`dr wgrns, t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss aboogt lg egrwbrn wft`gut t`d fotdrvfdw ndvdmgpjdot prgadss, hut fotdrvfdw ndsflo fs ogt rdbmmy b stdp fo t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss. Baagrnfolmy, wd `bvd s`gwo ft fo t`d fotdrvfdw [rgadss Jbp, hut `bvd hufmt b sdpbrbtd fotdrvfdw ndsflo jbp. ^`fs fs ogt b pbrtfaumbrmy agjpmfabtdn jbp, hut ft ngds lg fotg t`d ndtbfms ge ndvdmgpjdot, foamunfol t`d hbachbac-bon bon--egrt` dxa`bold t`bt abo gaaur w`do tryfol tg ldt t`d fotdrvfdw qudstfgos flobmfzdn. Ft bmsg s`gws t`d bjguot ge tfjd odadssbry tg ldt t`fs prgadss ngod. Hdabusd ft fs b rdmbtfvdmy sdmesdmeagotbfodn prgadss„ prgadss„god t`bt dxfsts wft`fo t`d fotdrvfdw prgadss„ prgadss „ wd nfn ogt s`gw boy pbrtfaumbr foput gr gutput. Ogtd t`d usd ge t`d nrfmm -ngwo

591>921 [J 591>921 [J

oujhdrs 1.5b, 1.5h, bon sg go.

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

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25;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc 1.5 Fotdrvfdw Ndsflo

@frfol Jbobldr

@ X B obmy st

1.5b Ndvdmgp Rudstfgos 2nby 8 nbys

X

1.5a Dnft Rudstfgos 2 nby

Og

1.5h Rudstfgos Bpprgvdn7

Vds

1.5n Tsd egr Fotdrvfdws

 \  \d   d `bvd usdn b nrfmm nrfmm--ngwo bpprgba` egr t`d dxtdrobm abonfnbtd rdvfdw hdabusd t`d fotrfabafds ge t`fs nrfmm ngwo, fe cdpt fo t`d grflfobm jbp, wgumn gomy agjpmfabtd ft. ^`drd fs og prfzd egr ldttfol t`d dotfrd prgadss go god pbld, sg usfol nrfmm ngwos bon agoodatgrs rdsumts fo b prgnuat t`bt fs dbsfdr egr dvdrygod tg uondrstbon.

591>921 [J 591>921 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

25; 25;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

252

1.< Dxtdrobm Abonfnbtd Xdvfdw

@X Amdr Amdrc c

@X Bob Bobmyst myst

1.0 `gurs

Hbaclrguon Gcby7 Og Vds 1.92> [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

252 252

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

258

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

jbp hy s`gwfol b rdturo tg t`d odxt abonfnbtd. Efobmmy, t`drd fs og foagjfol gr gutlgfol prgadss. Qfoad t`fs rdprdsdots b nrfmm ngwo, ft fs ogt odadssbry tg fonfabtd t`d surrguonfol stdps. >.; Qdmdatfgo

@frfol Jbobldr

@ X B obmy st

Fotdrvfdw [rgadss

>.2 Agjpmdtd Jbtrfx 2 nby > nbys

>.8 Udrfey Jbtrfx 2 nby

X>.1 Agrrdat Jbtrfx

Og

1 nbys

Agrrdat7

Vds Dxtdrobm Bppmfabtfgo7

Og

>.4 [rfgrftfzd Abonfnbtds 2 nby 8 nbys Igh Geedr [rgadss

Vds

>.> Udrfey [rdvfgus Dxpdrfdoad 2 nby 1 nbys

591>92> [J 591>92> [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

258 258

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

251

^`fs  ^ `fs jbp agotfouds jboy ge t`d fndbs bon agoadpts wd `bvd usdn fo t`d prdvfgus jbps. ^`d surrguonfol prgadssds brd fonfabtdn bt t`d hdlfoofol bon don. \d `bvd fndotffldn b pgtdotfbm rdwgrc brdb wft` t`d syjhgm X .  Blbfo, hdabusd t`drd brd sgjd pgtdotfbm brdbs egr ndmby, wd `bvd jgrd

spdafflabmmy fonfabtdn t`d tfjd t`dsd stdps tbcd. ^`drd brd twg hbsfa ndafsfgo trdds fo t`fs [rgadss Jbp, gods wd fndotffldn w`do flrst nfsaussfol `gw hdst tg `bonmd ndafsfgo sftubtfgos. ^`d flrst rdmbtds tg vdrfeyfol t`d jbtrfx fs agrrdat. Fe ft fs, t`d prgadss jgvds egrwbrn. Fe ogt, b agrrdatfgo fs rdqufrdn bon t`d prgadss lgds hbac tg vdrfeyfol t`d jbtrfx fs ogw agrrdat. ^`fs wfmm hd b ndafsfgo wd wfmm mggc bt jgrd amgsdmy  w`do ngfol bobmysfs. ^`d sdagon stbonbrn ndafsfgo trdd rdmbtds tg w`dt`dr ft fs bo dxtdrobm bppmfabot. Ruftd sfjpmy, fe ft fs, t`drd fs bo bnnftfgobm stdp rdqufrdn. ^`do t`d twg trbacs agjd hbac tg fonfabtd t`d prfgrftfzbtfgo abo hd agjpmdtdn. ^`fs fs b agjjgo wby tg bnn god batfvfty tg god trbac gr t`d gt`dr gt`dr..

591>92> [J 591>92> [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

251 251

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

25>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc 4.; Igh Geedr @X Bobmyst

@X Amdrc

Qdmdatfgo [rgadss [drsgo wft` t`d `fl`dst sagrd go t`d jbtrfx

4.2 Fndotfey Abonfnbtd

Og

Dxtdrobm Abonfnbtd7

Vds 4.8 Ogtfey Abonfnbtd 2 nby

Og 4.1 Geedr tg Fotdrobm Abonfnbtd

8 nbys

Dxtdrobm abonfnbtds bmmgwdn god nby tg ndafnd. Fotdrobm abonfnbtds just ndafnd fjjdnfbtdmy. Quaadsseum7

Vds 4.> Aggrnfobtd Qtbrt Nbtd

4.4 Ogtfey @ frfol Jbobldr

4.5 Ogtfey Fotdrobm Abonfnbtds 2 nby

4.< Efmd Ngaujdotbtfgo

8 nbys Gohgbrnfol [rgadss

 FFo o t`d bpprgba` wd usdn, t`d igh geedr [rgadss Jbp prdsdotdn sgjd fotdrdstfol a`bmmdolds. Jua` ge t`fs jbp fs hbsdn go t`d bnnftfgobm batfvftfds rdqufrdn fo geedrfol t`d igh tg bo fotdrobm bppmfabot. Fe ft fs bo dxtdrobm abonfnbtd, t`d sftubtfgo fs strbfl`tegrwbrn9 Fe t`dy baadpt ft, t`do t`d prgadss jgvds egrwbrn3 fe t`dy turo ft ngwo, t`d odxt

591>924 [J 591>924 [J

bppmfabot fs sdmdatdn. @gwdvdr, rbt`dr t`bo usd t`d p`rbsd baadptdn   bs wd

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

25> 25>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

254

`bvd fo prdvfgus ndafsfgos fo t`fs jbp, wd `bvd usdn suaadsseum .  \`fmd t`fs stfmm bppmfds tg t`d fssud wft` dxtdrobm abonfnbtds, ft fs usdn tg `dmp dosurd t`d prgadss ﬈gws suaadsseummy ergj t`d nrfmm ngwo. ng wo. ^g ngaujdot t`d sftubtfgo wft` fotdrobm abonfnbtds, wd `bvd ndvdmgpdn t`d egmmgwfol nrfmmnrfmm-ngwo jbp. 4.1 Geedr tg Fotdrobm Abonfnbtd

Djpmgydd‖s Jbobldr

@X B obmys obmystt

@X - U[

4.1b Ogtfey Djpmgydd‖s Jbobldr 2 nby 8 nbys Bmmgw @frd7

Og 4.1h Xdqudst tg Qtgp @frd

Vds

4.1a Bpprgvd Xdqudst

4.1n Brrbold Qtbrt Nbtd

4.1d Ogtfey Djpmgydd 2 nby

8 nbys

4.1e Baadpts7

Og 4.1l Ogtfey Djpmgydd‖s Jbobldr 2 nby

Xdturo

591>925 [J 591>925 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

254 254

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

255

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

^`d  ^ `d god t`fol ge pbrtfaumbr fotdrdst fo t`fs jbp fs t`bt, bs ygu rdba` t`d don, t`drd brd t`rdd nfeedrdot t`fols t`bt jfl`t hd lgfol go9 t`d djpmgydd baadpts t`d geedr, t`d djpmgydd rdidats t`d geedr, gr t`d djpmgydd‖ djpmgydd‖s jbobldr ngds ogt bmmgw t`d pdrsgo tg trbosedr. Xbt`dr t`bo hufmn sdpbrbtd agoodatgrs egr dba` ge t`dsd, t`dy brd hrgul`t tgldt`dr tg t`d flobm agoodat tftmdn rdturo .  Ergj t`fs, ygu abo sdd w`y t`d wgrn suaadsseum  wbs   wbs usdn rbt`dr t`bo baadptdn   fo t`d jbfo jbp. Fe t`d abonfnbtd‖ abonfnbtd ‖s jbobldr fs ogt bmmgwfol t`d trbosedr, t`do ft fs b jbttdr ge t`d `frfol hdfol uosuaadsseum rbt`dr t`bo t`d geedr hdfol rdidatdn. Xdturofol tg t`d igh geedr [rgadss Jbp, Jb p, t`d agjjdots sdatfgos `bvd hddo usdn fo twg fostboads fo t`fs jbp. ^`d flrst sfjpmy rddjp`bsfzds `gw t`d pdrsgo fs sdmdatdn. Ogtd t`bt, go t`d jbp, boy tfjd b abonfnbtd rdidats t`d geedr t`d prgadss ﬈gw rdturos bhgvd t`bt pbrtfaumbr pgfot, fonfabtfol t`bt t`d odxt pdrsgo go t`d jbtrfx fs sdmdatdn. ^`d sdagon usd ge agjjdots `dmps ndmfodbtd t`d nfeedrdoads fo dxtdrobm bon fotdrobm abonfnbtds‖ abonfnbtds ‖ bhfmfty tg baadpt b aadpt t`d geedr.

591>925 [J 591>925 [J

a;5 a;5.fonn fonn

255 255

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

 

 <

A @ B [ ^ D X

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

B

s ygu t`d hufmtprgadssds t`dsd [rgadss Jbps,sddfol wd brdbrdbs surdegr ygu hdlbo tg bscOgw qudstfgos bhgut bon stbrtdn fjprgvdjdot. ft fs tfjd tg rdbmmy nfl fotg t`bt bspdat ge [rgadss Jbppfol9 fllurfol gut `gw tg jbcd t`fols hdttdr. Hdegrd ldttfol stbrtdn usfol t`d ngaujdotbtfgo ygu `bvd go `bon, mdt‖ mdt‖s mggc bt sgjd t`fols tg cddp fo jfon egr bobmysfs hgt` fo t`d jbps t`djsdmvds bon fo t`d wgrc t`bt mdbns up tg t`d jbps.

[rgadss [rga dss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Nrfmmf ol Ngwo Fotg t`d [ rgadss  Q   p  b  l ` 

  l   o    f   p   p   b    J   r   d   j   g    t   s   u    A

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

 d t   t   f   J  b  p  s   b o  n  X  B   A F   J  b t   r  f    a  d  s 

591>925 [J 591>925 [J

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a;< a;    [

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  l   o    f    t   b   r    t    f    n   d   r    A

  d   o    t   g    t   d   f    m   b   p   m    m   b   j   t   g   s   o    A   f

   n   g   g   j    n   g   g    L  

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821

19;89;2 [J 19;89;2 [J

   D

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

821 821

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

82>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Bs   ygu abo sdd, jgst ge t`d foegrjbtfgo fo t`fs wgrcs`ddt abjd ergj t`d prdvfgus dxdrafsds. ^`d trflldr fs hbsdn go t`d foftfbm nfssbtfsebatfgo ge t`d austgjdr. Boy oujhdr ge dvdots agumn `bvd abusdn t`fs nfssbtfsebatfgo„ tfgo „rfnfaumd ge erfdons, t`d stdrdg hrdbcfol ngwo, bo bnvdrtfsdjdot tgutfol t`d odw fjprgvdn vdrsfgo, ogt `bvfol b stdrdg systdj„ systdj „hut ft bmm agjds ngwo tg t`d austgjdr hdfol uo`bppy wft` t`d aurrdot sftubtfgo bon wbotfol tg a`bold.  Bs wd fonfabtdn, t`d euoatfgobm igh jbta`ds t`d grflfobm igh wd fndotffldn fo t`d flrst dxdrafsd. Udry getdo, t`d igh ygu flrst ndflod wfmm hd t`d euoatfgobm igh. ^`d pdrsgobm igh (t`d wby t`d austgjdr wbots tg eddm) ndbms  wft` t`d doigyjdot ge b lggn sguon systdj. (Gcby (Gcby,, muxurfbtd jby hd b hft jua`.) Vgu wfmm ogtfad t`bt t`fs igh tfds amgsdmy tg t`d jdbsurd ge suaadss egr t`d flobm tbsc. \`do ygu brd ndflofol t`dsd ighs, ft abo hd hdodflafbm tg mggc bt sgjd ge t`d jdbsurds ygu `bvd fndotffldn. ^`d sgafbm igh rdmbtds tg t`fs pdrsgo‖‖s pdradfvdn stbtus, fo t`fs absd t`d ndsfrd tg jbcd t`d rfl`t fjprdspdrsgo sfgo wft` pdgpmd w`g jbttdr. jbttdr. Mggcfol bt t`d rbocfols, ft bppdbrs t`bt t`d fjpgrtbot bspdats tg t`d austgjdr brd t`d prgnuat‖s edbturds bon qubmfty, rdnuadn tfjd fo batubmmy pura`bsfol t`d prgnuat, bon t`d qubmfty ge t`d mfstdofol dxpdrfdoad. ^`dsd brd t`d brdbs wd jfl`t flrst mggc tg egr fjprgvdjdot. ^`d mgwdrmgwdr -rbtdn brdbs `bvd tg ng wft` vfsftfol t`d stgrd bon `bvfol jboy pbyjdot gptfgos. ^`dsd brd brdbs go w`fa` wd jby pmbad b mgw prfgrfty. @gwdvdr, bs wd nfsaussdn, bmm ge t`fs jfl`t a`bold hbsdn go t`d austgjdr‖s austgjdr‖s pdradptfgos ge `gw wdmm  wd brd jddtfol t`gsd jdbsurds.

19;89;8 [J 19;89;8 [J

a;0 fonn a;0.fonn

82> 82>

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

Austgjdr Jbppfol

824

Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 0.5 Austgjdr Jbp Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg Ndtdrjfod [ura`bsd Gptfgos

Ufsft Qtgrd

Qdmdat [rgnuat

[ura`bsd [rgnuat

Fostbmm [r [rgnuat

Tsd [r [rgnuat

Bnvdrtfsdjdot fo pbpdr wbs trflldr„prgnuat trflldr„prgnu at foegrjbtfgo bon trbnd-fo foadotfvd.

2.; Ghtbfo [rgnuat Foegrjbtfgo

2.2 Ndtdrjfod @gw Jua` tg Qpdon

Fndotfefdn [gtdotfbm [rgnuats7

Vds

8.2 Nrfvd tg Qtgrd

Og Don

8.8 Dotdr Qtgrd

8.1 Efon [rgnuat

1.2 Dxbjfod [rgnuat Edbturds

1.8 [rfgrftfzd Edbturds

[byjdot gptfgos ogt dxpmbfodn eummy, rdqufrdn rdwgrc ge pura`bs pura`bsd d agotrbat.

1.1 Ndtdrjfod [rfad

Fndotfefdn Ndsfrdn [rgnuat7 Og Don

Vds

>.2 Quhjft [byjdot 8 nbys

4.2 Qdmdat Jdt`gn ge Fostbmmbtfgo

4.8 Agjpmdtd Fostbmmbtfgo 8 nbys

@bn tg rdturo odxt nby egr fostbmmbtfgo„tfjd spdot go fostbmmbtfgo Gcby, hut wbft tfjd qudstfgobhmd.

5.2 Mfstdo tg Jusfa

Don

 Vgur   flobm jbp s`gumn mggc vdr y sfjfmbr tg t`d god `drd. (^g `dmp ebafmftbtd boy eurt`dr wgrc t`bt jfl`t hd hbsdn go t`fs jbp, wd `bvd foamundn oujhdrs egr argssargss-rdedrdoafol t`d vbrfgus tbscs bon batfgos.) ^`d prfjbry nfeedrdoads jfl`t mfd wft` t`d ndafsfgo pgfots, t`d tdrjfobtfgo pgfots, bon t`d boogtbtfgos. ^`d flrst boogtbtfgo prgvfnds b pdrspdatfvd go `gw t`d prgadss stbrtdn. ^`d gt`dr twg rdmbtd tg austgjdr fssuds t`bt jby brfsd wft`fo t`d prgadss. ^`drd brd twg brdbs t`bt jby rdqufrd eurt`dr fovdstflbtfgo tg sdd fe t`d prgadssds abo hd fjprgvdn9

19;89;8 [J [J 19;89;8

2. ^`d pura`bsd trbosbatfgo trbosbatfgo tggc twg nbys. ^`d foftfbm pura`bsd pura`bsd ndpgsft  wbs jbnd go nby god bon t`d agotrbat wbs ogt efobmfzdn uotfm t`d austgjdr rdturodn tg `bvd t`d dqufpjdot fostbmmdn. ^`fs rdqufrdn dxtrb

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

824 824

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

825

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

tfjd bon deegrt go t`d pbrt ge t`d austgjdr t`bt agumn `bvd pgssfhmy hddo bvgfndn. Fo bnnftfgo, bmm pbyjdot gptfgos wdrd ogt foftfbmmy dxpmbfodn, rdqufrfol t`d pura`bsd ngaujdotbtfgo tg hd agjpmdtdn b sdagon tfjd fo grndr tg baagjjgnbtd t`d fostbmmjdot gptfgo. Bs b sfnd ogtd, t`d austgjdr bmsg wgumn ogt `bvd `bn tg lg tg t`d B^J bon ghtbfo dxtrb abs` fe t`d bpprgprfbtd gptfgo `bn hddo dxpmbfodn fo bnvboad. 8. \`fmd t`d fostbmmbtfgo ftsdme wdot wdmm, t`d austgjdr `bn tg rdturo tg t`d agjpboy t`d odxt nby tg `bvd t`d fostbmmbtfgo agjpmdtdn. Fe t`fs agumn `bvd hddo baagjpmfs`dn go t`d sbjd nby bs t`d sbmd ft jby `bvd prgvfndn dxadptfgobm (rbt`dr t`bo iust pmbfo sbtfsebatgry) sdrvfad. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 0.<

2. Igh Ndefoftfgo

 Bs b rdjfondr rdjfondr,, t`fs fs t`d igh t`d austgjdr austgjdr„ „t`d `frfol jbobldr„ jbobldr„ wbots tg ldt ngod9 ”@frd ”@frd bo fonfvfnubm wft` bpprgprfbtd dxpdrfdoad, qubmfflabtfgos, bon a`brbatdr tg pdregrj t`d nutfds rdqufrdn ge boy gpdo pgsftfgo.‚ pgsftfgo. ‚ ^`fs fs b rdmbtfvdmy mgol ndfloftfgo, hut god t`bt spdmms gut t`d rdqufrdjdots ge t`d austgjdr. Gt`dr sgmutfgos jfl`t foamund vbrfbtfgos ge ”@frd ” @frd qubmffldn fonfvfnubms egr gpdo pgsftfgos,‚ pgsftfgos,‚ ”Rufacmy flmm gpdo pgsftfgos,‚ pgsftfgos,‚ gr ”@frd qubmffldn abonfnbtds w`g abo pdregrj rdqufrdn nutfds wft`fo t`d ndpbrtjdot.‚‚ ^`d fjpgrtbot pbrt fs tg dosurd ygu `bvd foamundn t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot. bspdat bon sgjdt`fol bhgut t`d qubmfflabtfgos. 8. Cdy ^bscs

2. Qpdafey qubmfefabtfgos. 8. Xdvfdw bppmfabot qubmfefabtfgos. 1. [dregrj fotdrvfdws. >. Qdmdat abonfnbtd.  Vgu wfmm ogtd t`bt t`drd t`drd fs sgjd agrrdmbtfgo agrrdmbtfgo hdtwddo t`dsd t`dsd bon t`d prgadssds wd fndotffldn fo t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. @gwdvdr, t`dy brd ogt fndotfabm. Fostdbn, t`dy rdprdsdot t`d prfjbry pgfots ge fotdrbatfgo w`drd t`d austgjdr (t`d `frfol jbobldr) fs rdqufrdn tg hd fovgmvdn. ^`dsd brd spdaffla tg IbyCbyAg‖ IbyCbyAg‖s aurrdot prgadss rdqufrdjdots. Hdegrd lgfol fotg t`d ghvfgus tbscs, wd `bvd stbrtdn wft` t`d tbsc spdafey qubmf󿬂abtfgos .  ^`d fotdot fs tg fndotfey b prgadss t`bt pmbadn agotdot fotg t`d Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj. Bmsg ge fotdrdst, t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr‖s rgmd fo t`fs prgadss deedatfvdmy stgps dbrmy fo t`d sdmdatfgo prgadss. \d wfmm nfsauss t`fs fo eurt`dr ndpt` mbtdr fo t`fs dxdrafsd.  Vgu jby `bvd bmsg ogtfadn t`bt t`drd brd ogt b mbrld oujhdr ge tbscs

19;89;1 [J 19;89;1 [J

fo w`fa` t`d austgjdr fs fovgmvdn. Udry getdo, t`d purpgsd ge b Austgjdr

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

825 825

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

Austgjdr Jbppfol

82<

Jbppfol prgidat fs tg rdnuad t`d austgjdr tgua`pgfots wft` t`d purpgsd ge strdbjmfofol t`d gvdrbmm prgadss. @gwdvdr, t`d mbac ge tbscs jby hd fonfabtfvd ge bogt`dr prghmdj9 t`d austgjdr hdfol fosueflafdotmy fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss. Fe ygu brd fo b sfjfmbr sftubtfgo, god fo w`fa` ft bppdbrs t`drd fs ogt dogul` austgjdr fotdrbatfgo, ft fs lggn tg agjpbrd t`d cdy austgjdr tbscs wft` tbscs dxpdatdn tg hd odadssbry tg agjpmdtd t`d prgadss. Fo t`fs fostboad, ft wgumn hd bmm t`d tbscs fovgmvdn fo agjpmdtfol t`d igh ge `frfol bo djpmgydd. Vgu abo sdd w`drd t`d austgjdr (t`d `frfol jbobldr) fs fovgmvdn bon w`drd t`d austgjdr fs ogt fovgmvdn fo t`d prgadss. \ft` t`bt foegrjbtfgo fo `bon, ygu abo t`do ndtdrjfod fe t`drd s`gumn hd jgrd austgjdr fovgmvdjdot. Fo t`fs sftubtfgo, wd jfl`t fndotfey t`d egmmgwfol cdy igh tbscs egr t`d ldodrfa igh ge `frfol bo djpmgydd9 2. Qpdafey qubmfefabtfgos 8. 1. >. 4. 5.

Qgmfaft bppmfabtfgos Xdvfdw bppmfabot qubmfefabtfgos [dregrj fotdrvfdws Qdmdat abonfnbtd @frd abonfnbtd

Agjpbrfol t`dsd tbscs tg t`d cdy tbscs prdvfgusmy fndotffldn egr t`d `frfol jbobldr, ft hdagjds qufacmy bppbrdot t`bt t`d austgjdr jby oddn jgrd fovgmvdjdot fo t`d batubm `frfol ge t`d abonfnbtd. (Bs wd wfmm sdd fo t`d agostruatfgo ge t`d Austgjdr Jbp, t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr‖s fovgmvdjdot dons tgg sggo fo t`d prgadss.) 1. Austgjdr [rgefmd \grcs`ddt @frfol bo Djpmgydd bt IbyCbyAg  Austgjdr9 @frfol Jbobldr  Igh Ndsarfptfgo9 @frd bo fonfvfnubm wft` bpprgprfbtd dxpdrfdoad, qubmf-

efabtfgos, bon a`brbatdr tg pdregrj t`d nutfds ge boy gpdo pgsftfgo.

19;89;1 [J 19;89;1 [J

a;0 fonn a;0.fonn

82< 82<

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

  s    t    m   u   s   d    X     l   o    f    c   o   b    X  

  w   g    m   :    2

   `   l    f    `   :    4  

  s   s   d   a   a   u    Q    e   g   d   r   u   s   b   d    J  

  s   o   g    f    t    f   s    t   g   o   p   d   o   j   d    t   r   p   b   g   p    e   d   g   n   s   d   d    f    t    `   u   t    n   e   g   d   s    `    t    d   v    f    t   j   r   a   d   g   i    e   r    h   d   g   p   d   o   `   b   t   r   g   a   l   t   o   b   g   f    `   t   r    h   w   g   u   s   p   a    m   o    f   b   p   u   u   s    t   o    n   e    f    e   d   v   b   m    f   b    n   t   s    t   o   n   b    f   d   s    n   f    e   b   d    f    m    f    e    f    m   b   n   u   d   z   o   b   q   f   g   u   o    f   q   b    t    f   s   d   d   l   r   v   g   g   f   p   @   b   a   r    t   9    @   d   o   h   9   d   g   h   H   b   I   a   m   g   9    I    h   b    m   g    U   b   9   o   b   I   r   g    m    f   d   t   o   b    f   l   a   g   s   r   a   o   l    f   u   d   g   r     E    ^      [   Q  

   t   u   p    t   u    G  

 

 

 

   1  

   4  

>

  d    t   b    f    t    f   o    f   g    t    n   d   r    f   u   q   d   r   d   j    f    t   d   z    f   j   t   s    f   o   d    f   u    J  q  .    2   r   d

  s   r   o   g   g    e    f    t    t   s   b   d    f   a   l   u   m    f   o   q   p   w   p   d   r   d   b    f   o   l   v   d   d    f   r   d   o    t   o    f   w   b   o    t   d    t   d   p    h   h   g   s   d   d    n   j  o    f   j    f    t   b    t   s   d   d   z   d    f   z    t    f   o   d   y   j   j  b    f    f   g   a    f   o   m    f   o   m    f   p    J    J  p  .   j  .   p    8     d    1   b

  o   g    f    n   r    t    f   g   s   d    e    t    t   g   d   s    [    m   p   d   o     u   j  q   d   j   g   d   p   r   g    A      X    G   e

   n   d    f    e    f    m   b   s   u   t   q   o    e   b   a   g   m    m    f   g   p   g   p    [   b

4

   n   d    f    e    f    m   b   u   q   o   u    e   g   r   d    h   j   u   o   s   d    t   a   o   u   b   a    n   m    f   d    X   p  .   p    >   b

 

   4  

>

  l   o    f    t   a   d    m   d   s   r   d   g   t    e    m   b   b   n    f    f    t   o   n   o   d    t   b   g   a   p   d    t   d   s    f   b   b   r   d   r   p   r   a   g   o   p    F  .   p    4     b

   1

   t   s   d    m   b    m   u    n    n   d   o    `   b   a    t   s   s   r    f   g    e    t   o    n   d   d   d   r    f   w   u    t   q   d   d   r    h   d   d   j   j    f    f    t    t   d   d   z   s    f   z   s    f   w   w   j   f   j   f   d    f   d    f   o   v   o   v    f    f   r   r   d    J   t   d    J   t  .  .    5    f   o    <    f   o

   1     s   w   d    f   v   r   d    t   o    f   o   d   d   w    t   d    h   d   j    f    t   d   r   z   s    f   d   j   e    e    f   o   g    f    J   n  .   o    0     b

8

  p   g    t    e   g   r   d   l   o    h   f    t   j  p   u   d   o   a   d   a    `    t   b   s   d   d   s    t   b   b   d    f   r    n   a    n   o   o    F  .   b    6   a

   n   d   s    t   d   w    m   d   p   f   v   j  r   d   g   t   o    A      f

   n   d    t   d    m   x   p   f   r   j   t   g   b    A     j

  s   d    m   u    n   d    `   a   s    ‖   s    t   o   b   a    f    m   p   p    B  

  s   d    m   u    n   o   g   d    f    `    t   b   a   s   a   s   g    ‖   r    m   d   w   l    f   d   b   v   o   r   d   b    t   o    J    F

   )   x    f   r    t   b   s   o   j    f   g    (    t   d   a   d   b   a   o    f   s   j    e   d    f    f   a   r   g    m   d   a   b   j    e    t   u   u   q   b   d   g    e   o   r   y   p   w   g    n    m   b   d    f   w   p   o   v   d   g   r    f   u   s   d   v   g   r    t   d   r    [   d   o    F      X      L

  s   o   g    f    t   a    B  

  s   d   o    t   g   d    f   y    t   o    m   g   b   b    m   r   b   a   s    f   g   m   s   p    f   a    f    m    m    t   a   o   o   j   p   p   f   d   d   b   g   o   d   d   p   p   t   p   a   s   o   f   g   j    t   b   b   b   s   o   y    f   d    t   a   d    e    f   w   e   b   f    f   r   d    f    t   r    f   d    m   a   u    t   b    f   u   o   d   u   q   v   b   d   p   x    n   q   d    h   d   u    n    F     d   d   d   r    X    G      X   q

  s   w   d    f   v   r   d    t   o    f   d    m   u    n   d    `   a    Q  

  s   o   g    f    t   s   d   u   q   p   g    m   d   v   d    N

   c   s   b    ^  

  s   o   g    f    t   y    e    f   b   a   a    f    f   d    e    m   p   b    Q   u  .    2      R

    j  s   r   w   g   f   d    e   r   v   d   r   d    [    t  .   o    1    F

   t   u   d   p   l   o    F      n   d    m   w   g   o    c    h   g    I  

   h   g    i    m   b   j   r   g   s    e    e   o   g   g   f    t   p   w   f   d   r    f   a   v   s   d    n   d    X

  o   g    f    t   o    f    f   s   g   d    n    [   d   l    n    n   u   o   d    m   d    m   a   p   w    f   o   G   g   o   o   r   g    c    f   g   e    m    t   b   b   t   s   o   j  d     g   r   u   s   r   g   q   j   d   d    e   r   g   o   X    [      e    F

  s   o   g    t    f    t   w   o   b   d   b   f   a    f   a    e   v    m    f    f   d   p   m    X   p   b   u  .    8    B   R

  s   w   d    f   v   r   d    t   o    f    t   a   u    n   o   g    A

  y    h   s   d   d   a    t   b   o    n    f   d   r   d    c    n   e   o   o   d   r   b   b    X     a   p

  d    t    t   b   a    n   d    f    m    n   d    Q   o  .   b    >    A

19;89;> [J [J 19;89;>

   t   r   b    t    Q

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

   n   o    D

820 820

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

Austgjdr Jbppfol

826

^`d  ^ `d trflldr t`bt wd `bvd usdn egr t`fs wgrcs`ddt fs t`d sbjd t`bt wd fndotffldn fo prdvfgus dxdrafsds. Egr t`d euoatfgobm igh, wd `bvd usdn b s`grtdodn vdrsfgo ge t`d gvdrbmm igh ndsarfptfgo. Gur sadobrfgs ng ogt rdbmmy prgvfnd foput go t`d pdrsgobm bon sgafbm ighs. Qg, egr t`d pdrsgobm  igh, wd egausdn go t`d ndsfrd ge t`d `frfol jbobldr tg `bvd b tdbj t`bt `dmps suppgrt ghidatfvds bon egr t`d sgafbm igh wd egausdn go t`d jbobldr‖ jbobldr‖s ndsfrd tg hd sddo bs b s ndvdmgpfol t`d euturd mdbndrs ge t`d agjpboy agjpboy.. ^`d batfgos brd ndrfvdn nfrdatmy ergj t`d tbscs. ^`d spdafey qubmf󿬂abtfgos   tbsc fs t`d prgadss t`bt dosurds bmm pdrtfodot foegrjbtfgo fs foamundn fo t`d Xdqudst egr Gpdo [gsftfgo egrj. ^`drdegrd, t`d flrst stdp fs tg ndtdrjfod fe t`drd brd spdafbm qubmfflabtfgos, bon t`d sdagon fs tg agjpmdtd t`d egrj. Jgst ge t`d jdbsurds ge suaadss rdmbtd tg t`d tfjdmfodss ge t`d prgadss, hut t`drd brd bmsg sgjd t`bt bnnrdss fssuds go mgsfol lggn abonfnbtds gr spdonfol tgg jua` tfjd go uoqubmffldn fonfvfnubms. (^`fs fs pbrt ge t`d rdbsgo wd wbotdn t`d spdafflas fo gur ndsarfptfgo ge t`d igh t`d austgjdr  wbotdn ngod.) ^`d flrst jdbsurd ge suaadss egr sdmdat abonfnbtd  fs   fs b mfttmd nfeedrdot hdabusd ft foamunds b jdbsurdjdot t`bt fs batubmmy hdygon t`d prgadss t`bt fs hdfol ndflodn. ^`d `frfol jbobldr fs og mgoldr fovgmvdn betdr t`d sdmdatfgo prgadss. Vdt, s`d stfmm `bs b vdstdn fotdrdst fo t`d tfjdmy brrfvbm ge t`d odw djpmgydd. ^`drdegrd, t`fs fs t`d hdst pmbad tg jdbsurd t`d suaadss ge t`bt prgadss.

19;89;> [J 19;89;> [J

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

826 826

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

88;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

>. Austgjdr Jbp Austgjdr Jbp @frfol bo Djpmgydd Qpdafey Rubmfefabtfgos

Xdvfdw Bppmfabot Rubmfefabtfgos

2.2 Fndotfey Xdqufrdjdots

Qtbonbrn igh ndsarfptfgos bvbfmbhmd„gomy bnnftfgobm rdqufrdjdots oddndn.

2.8 Xdqudst Djpmgydd 2 tg 28 nbys

Hdabusd ge bpprgvbm prgadss, t`d jdbsurd ge "jfofjfzd tfjd

[dregrj Fotdrvfdw

8.2 Ghtbfo Bppmfabtfgos

\ft` @X ngfol jua` ge t`d prdmfjfobry prdmfjfo bry rdvfdw, t`drd fs b rfsc ge rdidatfol b qubmfefdn abonfnbtd. ^`d tfjd rdvfdwfol egr t`d `frfol jbobldr fs jfofjfzdn.

2 nby tg 8 jgot`s

8.8 Xdvfdw Bppmfabtfgos ; tg 4 nbys

Qdmdat Abonfnbtd

Hdabusd ge t`d bnnftfgobm fotdrvfdws agonuatdn egr dxtdrobm abonfnbtds, t`d ayamd t fjd fs foardbsdn.

rdqufrdn tg foftfbtd rdqudst" fs ogt jdt. Jddt Xdqufrdjdots7

Vds

Qa`dnumd Fotdrvfdw 2 tg 28 nbys

Og

Xdidat Bppmfabtfgo

Don

Agonuat Fotdrvfdw

Xboc Abonfnbtds

2 tg < nbys

2 nby

Don

^`d  ^ `d flobm jbp mggcs rdmbtfvdmy s`grt bon strbfl`tegrwbrn. ^`fs sfjpmfafty `dfl`tdos t`d fssud ge ayamd tfjds. Fo t`d agostruatfgo ge t`fs jbp, wd `bvd boogtbtdn sgjd ge t`gsd pgfots fo grndr tg djp`bsfzd t`gsd fssuds. Jua` ge t`fs bobmysfs agjds ergj t`d ardbtfgo ge t`d [rgadss Jbps, bon t`fs `fl`mfl`ts bo fotdrdstfol ndafsfgo t`bt just hd jbnd. Austgjdr Jbppfol abo hd ngod hdegrd gr betdr (gr sgjdtfjds dvdo fostdbn ge) b [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat. Fe Austgjdr Jbppfol fs ngod flrst, t`do ft abo hd usdn tg `dmp egaus t`d [rgadss Jbppfol prgidat, fsgmbtfol prgadssds w`drd bobmysfs jby rdbp t`d `fl`dst rdwbrn. Fe [rgadss Jbppfol fs ngod flrst, t`do t`d Austgjdr Jbps wfmm foamund jgrd foegrjbtfgo bon s`gumn `dmp fndotfey t`d aruafbm austgjdr fssuds fo t`d [rgadss Jbp. A`ggsd t`d bpprgba` t`bt fs rfl`t egr ygur prgidat.

19;89;> [J 19;89;> [J

Goad blbfo, t`fs jbp bmsg pgfots gut t`bt t`d `frfol jbobldr fs og mgoldr fovgmvdn betdr rbocfol t`d abonfnbtds. Fo ebat, ergj t`d [rgadss Jbp

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

88; 88;

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 

Austgjdr Jbppfol

882

ft fs bppbrdot t`bt t`drd fs ogt dvdo b eddnhbac mggp tg dosurd t`d `frfol jbobldr fs upup-tg tg--nbtd go prglrdss. ^`d jbfo rdbsgo t`d Austgjdr Jbp fs ogt pbrtfaumbrmy fovgmvdn fs t`bt t`d `frfol jbobldr fs ogt bs fovgmvdn fo t`d gvdrbmm prgadss bs t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. Egr b suppgrt sdrvfads lrgup mfcd `ujbo rdsgurads, t`fs abo hd b lggn t`fol. ^`dy wbot tg prgvfnd suppgrt bon bmmgw pdgpmd tg ldt t`d rdbm wgrc ngod. @gwdvdr, tgg mfttmd fovgmvdjdot jby tgg rbnfabmmy sdpbrbtd t`d `frfol jbobldr ergj t`d prgadss. Iust bs t`d jbobldr fs ogt fovgmvdn betdr t`d rbocfol, t`drd brd b oujhdr ge gt`dr pmbads (fo pbrtfaumbr, brdbs w`drd t`drd brd ndmbys) w`drd bnnftfgobm foegrjbtfgo, fe ogt bt mdbst fovgmvdjdot, ge t`d `frfol jbobldr jfl`t batubmmy spddn t`d prgadss bmgol.  Bs b mbst stdp fo t`d bobmysfs ge t`fs prgadss, wd wbot tg ndtdrjfod t`d suaadss ge t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot fo jddtfol fts jdbsurds ge suaadss. ^`d gomy jdbsurd t`bt bppdbrs tg hd jdt fs t`d t`frn „jfofjfzd tfjd spdot rdvfdwfol bppmfabots. Bmm gt`dr jdbsurds rdmbtdn tg tfjdmfods (egr dxbjpmd, foftfbtfol rdqudsts, ghtbfofol bppmfabtfgos) brd ndfloftdmy ogt jdt. Nfsaussfgos bmsg rdvdbm t`bt t`d egurt` jdbsurd„ jdbsurd„rdnuafol t`d oujhdr ge uoqubmffldn bppmfabots„ bppmfabots„fs bmsg sueedrfol. Efobmmy, jdbsurds flvd t`rgul` ofod, fe ogt ndfloftdmy ebfmurds, brd fo idgpbrny hbsdn go t`d agovgmutdn prgadssds t`bt dxfst.

19;89;> [J 19;89;> [J

a;0 a;0.fonn fonn

882 882

4/26/;6 4/26/;6

 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

 

 6

A @ B [ ^ D X

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

`fmd ogt batubmmy b pbrt ge [rgadss Jbppfol, wd `bvd eguon twg bnnftfgobm tggms t`bt, w`do usdn fo agoiuoatfgo wft` [rgadss Jbppfol, abo prgvfnd vbmubhmd pdrspdatfvds go t`d prgadssds uondr rdvfdw. ^`dsd brd Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads.

\

[rgadss [rga dss Jbppfol Nrfmmfol Nrfmmf ol Ngwo Fotg t`d [rgadss

  l   o    f   p   p   b    J   r   d   j   g    t   s   u    A

[rgadss Fndotfefabtfgo

Foegrjbtfgo Lbt`drfol

Fotdrvfdwfol bon Jbp Ldodrbtfgo

Hufmnfol t`d Jbp

 Q   p  b  l `   d t   t   f   J

 b  p  s   b o  n  X  B  A F   J  b t   r  f    a  d  s 

Bobmysfs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps

 

19;89;4 [J 19;89;4 [J

881

a;6 fonn a;6.fonn

881 881

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

88>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 Qpbl`dttf Jbps Qpbl`dttf Qpbl`dttf Jbps (gr Nfblrbjs) brd b vfsubm wby tg s`gw t`d ﬈gw ge jbtdrfbm gr foegrjbtfgo t`rgul` b pbrtfaumbr prgadss. ^`dy brd getdo usdn fo grlbofzbtfgos t`bt prbatfad Mdbo Qfljb tg ndtdrjfod fe t`d ﬈ggr pmbo fo b jbouebaturfol sdttfol fs deflafdotmy agofllurdn. Bs bo dxbjpmd, `gspftbms usd t`dsd nfblrbjs tg fndotfey wbys tg ndtdrjfod t`d gptfjbm ﬈ggr mbygut bon jfofjfzd t`d nfstboad trbvdmdn hy pbtfdots gr stbee egr cdy tbscs.  Iust bs Qpbl`dttf Jbps abo hd usdn tg fndotfey fodeflafdoafds fo p`ysfabm  wgrc brdbs, b rdbs, t`dy abo bmsg hd usdn tg fndotfey fodeflafdoafds fo prgadss wgrc wg rc ﬈gws hy prgvfnfol b vfsubm ndpfatfgo ge t`d wby t`d prgadss jgvds hdtwddo agjpbofds, ndpbrtjdots, gr pdgpmd. Tmtfjbtdmy, t`d Qpbl`dttf Jbp fs b vfsubm ndpfatfgo ge `gw wgrc jgvds t`rgul` t`d grlbofzbtfgo. Ft fs mfcd tbcfol b hbmm ge strfol bon boa`grfol ft tg t`d ﬈ggr bt t`d stbrt ge t`d prgadss. ^`d strfol t`do trbvdms wft` t`d wgrc bs ft fs pbssdn ergj god pdrsgo gr ndpbrtjdot tg t`d odxt. Bt dba` pbssfol pgfot cdy stdp, t`d‖s-dyd strfolvfdw fs boa`grdn tg t`d ﬈ggrt`d blbfo. t`d prgadss fs gr flofs`dn, b hfrn‖ hfrn ge t`d strfol rdvdbms rgbn\`do t`d wgrc trbvdmdn bon t`d agjpmdxfty ge t`d prgadss. Fe t`drd brd edw mfods bon jgstmy nfrdat pbt`s, wd jfl`t agoamund t`d prgadss ﬈gw fs rdbsgobhmy deflafdot. Fe, `gwdvdr, t`d strfol rdsdjhmds spbl`dttf, t`drd fs ldodrbmmy wgrc t`bt abo hd ngod tg fjprgvd t`d deflafdoay ge t`d prgadss. Qpbl`dttf Jbps brd usubmmy flrst nrbwo tg rdprdsdot t`d aurrdot stbtd ge t`d prgadss„ prgadss„t`d Bs Fs agonftfgo. Bobmysfs ge t`d Bs Fs vdrsfgo wfmm rdvdbm brdbs w`drd t`d prgadss abo hd fjjdnfbtdmy strdbjmfodn. B odw ^g Hd jbp fs t`do ardbtdn tg ndpfat t`d fjprgvdn prgadss. \`fmd t`d ^g Hd jbp abo hd t`d rdsumt ge fofo-ndpt` bobmysfs ge t`d prgadss, ft abo bmsg hd ardbtdn bt  vbrfgus stblds ge fndb ndvdmgpjdot prgvfnfol b rdprdsdotbtfgo ge hrbfostgrjdn fndbs. Fo t`bt wby, t`d ^g Hd jbp abo `dmp trbac t`d edbsfhfmfty ge fndbs bs t`dy brd ldodrbtdn bon dxpbondn. God bnvbotbld ge Qpbl`dttf Jbps fs t`dy brd dbsy tg prdpbrd goad  ygu `bvd fndotffldn t`d cdy tbscs fo t`d prgadss. Vgu brd b rd ogt nfstrbatdn hy oujdrgus syjhgms gr wgrns. Vgu abo egaus ygur bttdotfgo go t`d prgadss ﬈gw. \`do ygu brd bobmyzfol t`d Qpbl`dttf Jbps, ygu wfmm mggc egr wbys tg agjhfod tbscs, dmfjfobtd tbscs, `bvd mdss pdgpmd fovgmvdn, bon ndardbsd ayamd tfjds„ tfjds„boyt`fol t`bt wfmm jbcd t`d prgadss ﬈gw jgrd deflafdotmy. Iust mfcd b [rgadss Jbp, t`d Qpbl`dttf Jbp `dmps ygu sdd prgadssds bon prgadnurds fo b nfeedrdot wby.

5916922 [J [J 5916922

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

88> 88>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

884

 Bo   dxbjpmd ge t`d flobm Bs Fs Qpbl`dttf Jbp egr bo b o dxpdosd rdpgrtfol prgadss fs s`gwo `drd. Qpbl`dttf Jbp„Bs Fs Dxpdosd Xdpgrtfol

^rbvdm Qdrvfad 8

6 Nfshursdjdot Amdrc 2; 21

>

5 0

2>

24 25 2<

1

4

<

28

2

Qupdrvfsgr

[bybhmds Amdrc

A`dac Xdtrfdvdr

Djpmgydd

22

2. Nfsauss ^rfp Ndt Ndtbfms bfms wft`   Qupdrvfsgr 8. Agotbat ^rbvdm ^rbvdm Qdrvfad 1. Hggc ^rbospgrtbtfgo ^rbospgrtbtfgo bon   @gtdm >. Agjpmdtd Dxpdosd Dxpdosd Xdpgrt 4. Bpprgvd Dxpdosd Dxpdosd Xdpgrt 5. Egrwbrn tg [bybhmds Amdrc . Fe Jbta`, Jbfm A`dac 24. Xda dfvd A`dac A`dac 25. Nd pgsft A`dac 2. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 2.) Efobmmy, w`fmd wd jby `bvd fndotffldn t`d spdaffla Batfgo ^bcdr, t`fs  wfmm ogt bmwby bmwbyss pdre pdredatmy datmy trbosmb trbosmbtd td fotg t`d mgabtfg mgabtfgo o ge t`d cdy stdp. Bs bo dxbjpmd, fo t`d dxpdosd rdpgrtfol prgadss t`d sdagon stdp agotbat trbvdm sdrvfad  wgumn   wgumn batubmmy hd tbcdo hy t`d austgjdr. @gwdvdr, tg hdttdr rdprdsdot t`d batfvftfds fovgmvdn, wd `bvd pmbadn t`bt stdp oujhdr uondr t`d trbvdm sdrvfad.

5916921 [J [J 5916921

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

88< 88<

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

880

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 6.8 Hufmnfol t`d Bs Fs Qpbl`dttf Jbp

Tsfol t`d cdy stdps wd fndotffldn fo Dxdrafsd 6.2, ardbtd bo Bs Fs Qpbl`dttf Jbp egr t`d prgadss ge huyfol b abr stdrdg. Huyfol b Qtdrdg Bs Fs

2. Ufsft Qtgrd 8. Jddt Austgjdr 1. Nfsauss Bvbfmbhmd Gptfgos >. Dosurd Qtgac go @bon 4. A`dac [rfads Go-Mfod 5. Xdturo tg Qtgrd . Qflo Fostbmmjdot Blrddjdot 24. Bpprgvd Blrddjdot 25. Xdadfvd Agpfds ge Blrddjdot 2 [J 591692> [J

t`bt stdp up fo t`d prgadss bon dmfjfobtd t`d oddn egr t`d austgjdr tg rdturo god jgrd tfjd.

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

886 886

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

81;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Huyfol b Qtdrdg ^g Hd

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 2 Qpbl`dttf Jbppfol t`d @frfol [rgadss

Fo t`fs dxdrafsd ygu wfmm ndvdmgp b Qpbl`dttf Jbp egr t`d `frfol prgadss. ^`fs wfmm hd hbsdn go foegrjbtfgo wd `bvd ndvdmgpdn fo vbrfgus dxdrafsds t`rgul`gut t`fs wgrchggc. Egr t`fs dxbjpmd, wd wfmm stbrt wft` t`d sarddofol prgadss bon don wft` t`d igh geedr.

591692> [J 591692> [J

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

81; 81;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

812

2.. Fndotfey t`d Cdy Qtdps  2

^`dsd stdps wfmm hd vdry amgsd tg t`d tbscs bon batfgos ndflodn nurfol t`d ndvdmgpjdot t`d [rgadss ^bcdr) w`g fs ge fovgmvdn fo dba`Jbp. stdp.Hd surd tg fndotfey t`d pdrsgo (Batfgo Cdy Qtdps

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 2. 84.

Batfgo ^b ^bcd cdrr

591692> [J 591692> [J

a;6 fonn a;6.fonn

812 812

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

818

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

8.. Ardbtd t`d Bs Fs Qpbl`dttf Jbp  8

^`d egmmgwfol tdjpmbtd jby hd `dmpeum fo agostruatfgo ge t`fs jbp. Fo prdvfgus dxbjpmds, wd `bvd bmwbys mfstdn t`d stdps uondr t`d objd ge t`d  Batfgo ^bcdr bcdr.. Fo t`fs bpprgba` wd `bvd ardbtdn b lrfn. ^`d stdp oujhdrs abo hd pmbadn wft`fo t`d lrfn egr t`d Batfgo ^bcdr, t`do t`d brrgws nrbwo bs bpprgprfbtd.

Qpbl`dttf Jbp„Bs Fs @frfol

@ujbo Xdsgurads

@frfol Jbobldr

Abonfnbtds

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 2. 84.

 

5916924 [J [J 5916924

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

818 818

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

811

1.. Ardbtd t`d ^g Hd Qpbl`dttf Jbp  1

Hbsdn go ygur bobmysfs ge t`d Bs Fs Qpbl`dttf Jbp, ndtdrjfod fe b jgrd strdbjmfodn bpprgba` abobshdpbrt ndvdmgpdn. Foamundbobmysds. boy sulldstdn fjprgvdjdots wd `bvd ndvdmgpdn ge gur prdvfgus Egr purpgsds ge t`fs dxdrafsd, egaus go rdnuafol t`d oujhdr ge `bongees `bonge es bon foardbsfol t`d `frfol jbobldr‖ jbobldr‖s fovgmvdjdot.

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 2. 84.

Qpbl`dttf Jbp„^g Hd @frfol

@ujbo Xdsgurads

@frfol Jbobldr

Abonfnbtds

 

5916924 [J 5916924 [J

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

811 811

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

81>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 XBAF Jbtrfads XBAF XBAF Jbtrfads brd b vfsubm rdprdsdotbtfgo ge dba` fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm ‖s rgmd fo t`d baagjpmfs`jdot ge b prgadss. Gur prdvfgus nfsaussfgos ([rgadss Jbps, Austgjdr Jbps, bon Qpbl`dttf Jbps) `bvd egausdn go `gw  t`fols   t`fols brd ldttfol ngod. ^`d XBAF Jbtrfx egausds go w`g  fs   fs batubmmy baagjpmfs`fol t`d tbscs. ^`fs rdspgosfhfmfty jbppfol fs usdn tg fndotfey w`drd bjhfluftfds jby dxfst rdmbtdn tg rdspgosfhfmfty bon baaguotbhfmfty. ^`d jbtrfx ndrfvds fts objd ergj t`d egur typds ge rgmds t`bt brd dvbmubtdn9 Xdspgosfhmd, Baaguotbhmd, Agosumt, bon Foegrj.  ^`d fonfvfnubm w`g batubmmy wgrcs go t`d batfvfty. Jgrd t`bo Xdspgosfhmd9  ^`d god pdrsgo abo hd rdspgosfhmd. Baaguotbhmd9   ^`d fonfvfnubm wft` t`d batubm but`grfty gvdr t`d batfvfty. ^`drd s`gumn gomy hd god fonfvfnubm w`g fs baaguotbhmd. Bo fonf vfnubm abo hd hgt` rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd. Dvdo fe t`drd fs bo bnnftfgobm bpprgvbm rdqufrdn, t`d fonfvfnubm abo stfmm hd agosfndrdn baaguotbhmd. Agosumt9  Bo  Bo fonfvfnubm w`g fs agosumtdn prfgr tg t`d batfvfty jgvfol egr wbrn. ^`fs rdprdsdots twgtwg  wby  -wby agjjuofabtfgo prfgr tg agjpmdtfgo ge t`d batfvfty batfvfty.. Foegrj9   Bo fonfvfnubm w`g fs agosumtdn bs t`d batfvfty jgvds egrwbrn. @gwdvdr, t`d batfvfty ngds ogt stgp egr eddnhbac ergj t`fs fonfvfnubm. Boy oujhdr ge pdgpmd abo tbcd t`d foegrj rgmd. Dxdrafsd 6.4 Ndtdrjfofol Xdspgosfhfmftfds

Egr dba` ndsarfptfgo, ndtdrjfod fe t`d pdrsgo fs batfol fo b Xdspgosfhmd,  Baaguotbhmd, Agosumt, gr Foegrj rgmd. b. ^`d iboftgr tbcds t`d trbs` bon nfspgsds ge ft fo t`d hfo. X

B

A

F 

h. ^`d iboftgr rdpgrts t`bt t`d trbs` trbs` hfos `bvd bmm hddo djptfdn. X

B

A

F 

a. ^`d geefad supdrvfsgr fospdats t`d trbs` bon dovfrgos prfgr tg pbyjdot. pbyjdot. X

B

A

F 

5916925 [J 5916925 [J

a;6 fonn a;6.fonn

81> 81>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

 

814

n. ^`d geefad jbobldr fs tgmn t`bt t`d trbs` `bs hddo amdbodn up. X

B

A

F 

d. ^`d stdrdg sbmdspdrsgo agjpmdtds agjpmdtds t`d fostbmmjdot blrddjdot, blrddjdot, `bs t`d austgjdr sflo ft, bon t`do `bs t`d sbmds jbobldr bpprgvd ft. Qbmdspdrsgo X

B

A

F 

B

A

F 

B

A

F 

Qbmds jbobldr X Austgjdr X

e. ^`d amdrc agjpmdtds `fs tfjd s`ddt. ^`d supdrvfsgr rdvfdws t`d tfjd s`ddt bon sflos `dr bpprgvbm. B wddcmy mfstfol ge foagjpmdtd tfjd s`ddts fs sdot tg t`d jbobldr jbobldr.. Amdrc X

B

A

F 

B

A

F 

B

A

F 

Qupdrvfsgr X Jbobldr X

l. Jgot`my rdpgrts brd agjpmdtdn hy bmm bobmysts. ^`dy brd suhjfttdn tg t`d supdrvfsgr w`g rdvfdws t`d foegrjbtfgo bon agjhfods ft fotg t`d agosgmfnbtdn jgot`my rdpgrt.  Bobmysts X

B

A

F 

5916925 [J [J 5916925

Qupdrvfsgr X

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

B

A

F 

814 814

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

815

 

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

`. ^`d austgjdr prgvfnds t`d spdafefabtfgos tg t`d sdardtbry. ^`d sdardtbry pbssds t`d spdafefabtfgos tg t`d dolfoddrs bon t`do tdmms `dr jbobldr. Qdardtbry X

B

A

F 

B

A

F 

Jbobldr X

5916925 [J 5916925 [J

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

815 815

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

81<

Hufmnfol  Hufmnfol t`d XBAF Jbtrfx ^`d batubm jbtrfx fs agostruatdn usfol t`d stdps fo t`d prgadss bon t`d fonf vfnubms fovgmvdn fo t`bt prgadss. Bmgol t`d sfnd, dba` stdp, batfvfty batfvfty,, gr ndafsfgo fs mfstdn. Bargss t`d tgp brd t`d pbrtfafpbots gr t`dfr pgsftfgos. \ft`fo t`d rdsumtfol jbtrfx fs pmbadn t`d rgmd ge dba` pdrsgo egr t`bt tbsc. (Fe t`d pdrsgo fs ogt fovgmvdn, t`do ft fs mdet hmboc.) Egmmgwfol fs bo dxbjpmd ge b XBAF Jbtrfx agjpmdtdn egr t`d abr stdrdg dxbjpmd. \d `bvd bnndn b edw suppgsftfgos fo agjpmdtfol t`fs jbtrfx.

Huyfol b Abr Qtdrdg

Lrddt Austgjdr Aus tgjdr Agjpmdtd Qbmd Qflo Fostbmmjdot Blrddjdot Xdadfvd [byjdot Qdt Fostbmmbtfgo Bppgfotjdot Fostbmm Qtdrdg

       o    g        r s        d      [        s               md        b          Q

X/ X/B B X/B X/ B X/B X/ B X X/B

       r               fd              s`        b          A

       r              m md             s  tb              F o

X/B X X/B X/B

       r        d        l           b        o        b      J        s               md        b          Q

       r        d        l           b        o        b           J        r d             tg          Q

F A F

F F F F

 

Efrst, ygu wfmm sdd t`bt t`d sbmdspdrsgo fs rdspgosfhmd egr bmm hut god batfvfty9 fostbmmfol t`d stdrdg. @d fs bmsg baaguotbhmd egr dvdry batfvfty egr  w`fa` `d fs rdspgosfhmd dxadpt t`d rdadfpt ge pbyjdot. \d `bvd bnndn b abs`fdr tg t`fs dxbjpmd. ^`bt pdrsgo fs ogw pbrt ge t`d pbyjdot prgadss bon fs rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd. ^`d fostbmmdr s`brds rdspgosfhfmfty wft` t`d sbmdspdrsgo egr sdttfol t`d fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjdot, hut fs hgt` rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd egr t`d batubm fostbmmbtfgo.  \dd `bvd  \ jbnd (egr purpgsds\d ge cogw t`fs dxbjpmd) rdlbrnfol t`dbmsg sbmds bonsgjd stgrdbssujptfgos jbobldr‖s fovgmvdjdot. jbobldr‖ t`bt t`d sbmds jbobldr fs agosumtdn go t`d fostbmmbtfgo blrddjdot, hut wd bssujd `d `bs bo fotdrdst fo sbmds fllurds t`bt wgumn rdsumt fo `fj hdfol bnvfsdn ge foegrjbtfgo rdmbtfol tg sbmds (agjpmdtd sbmd bon rdadfvd pbyjdot). ^`drdegrd, `d fs mfstdn bs foegrj. Mfcdwfsd, t`d sbmds jbobldr wgumn hd fotdrdstdn fo t`gsd brdbs bs wdmm bs t`d prglrdss ge fostbmmbtfgo, sg `d fs sfjfmbrmy mfstdn bs foegrj. Dxdrafsd 6.5 Hufmnfol b XBAF Jbtrfx

^g lbfo prbatfad fo hufmnfol t`d XBAF Jbtrfx, wd wfmm goad blbfo turo tg

591692< [J 591692< [J

t`d `frfol prgadssds wd `bvd hddo rdvfdwfol fo t`fs wgrchggc. ^`d egmmgw fol fs b pbrtfbmmy agjpmdtdn XBAF Jbtrfx t`bt foamunds t`d batfvftfds bon t`d pdgpmd fovgmvdn. Hbsdn go t`d foegrjbtfgo wd `bvd ndvdmgpdn fo prdvfgus

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

81< 81<

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

810

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

dxdrafsds, ndtdrjfod t`d bpprgprfbtd rgmds wft`fo t`fs jbtrfx. Ft jby hd hdodflafbm tg lg hbac tg t`d [rgadss Jbps agjpmdtdn egr A`bptdrs 4 bon 5 tg ndtdrjfod w`g fs fovgmvdn.

@frfol b Odw Djpmgydd

 .    a        r        d        d        l                 D x        b          t            s t        o        p         b           my         d          J      N        b        o        l           l             B                 r fo                 r fo      f      f      X      @      @      @

       r        d                ft        r u    a        d      X      X      @

       r        l           d        l                  fo        b            rn        o        b        b    g      J             - h               's        o           td          G        b        r               fn             tg      X     n    a      @        o         r d   ,         b      f      [      N          A      U

             rc               md          A      X      @

Xdqudst Djpmgydd [gst Fotdrobmmy [gst Dxtdrobmmy Qarddo Bppmfabots Ndvdmgp Rudstfgos Hbaclrguon A`dac Qa`dnumd Qa`dnu md Fotdrvfdws Agonuat Agonu at Fotdrvfdws Fotdrvfdw s Agjpmdtd Jbtrfx Geedr Igh Aggrnfobtd Aggrnfo btd Qtbrt Nbtd Efmd Ngaujdotbtfg Ngaujdotbtfgo o

 

5916982 [J 5916982 [J

a;6 fonn a;6.fonn

810 810

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

816

Bobmyzfol  Bobmyzfol t`d XBAF Jbtrfx  \`do t`d XBAF Jbtrfx fs agjpmdtd (bs wdmm bs w`do ygu wgrc t`rgul` t`rgul` agjpmdtfol ft), t`drd brd b edw t`fols tg wbta` egr w`fmd bobmyzfol t`d prgadss. ^`d hdst bpprgba` tg t`fs bobmysfs fs tg flrst rdvfdw t`d vdrtfabm bxfs, t`do rdvfdw t`d `grfzgotbm bxfs. ^`d vdrtfabm bobmysfs fs egausdn go t`d rgmd ge dba` pdrsgo wft`fo t`d prgadss. Qtbrt hy mggcfol bt t`d wby t`d baaguotbhmd bon rdspgosfhmd rgmds brd mbfn gut. Fe god pdrsgo `bs tgg jboy, ft jby hd b sftubtfgo fo w`fa` dft`dr baaguotbhfmfty gr rdspgosfhfmfty oddns tg hd s`brdn. Bmsg dosurd t`bt t`d prgpdr pdgpmd brd baaguotbhmd gr rdspgosfhmd. Odxt, mggc tg sdd fe boy pdrsgo `bs b mgt ge w`ftd spbad uondr `fs gr `dr objd. Ndpdonfol go t`d sftubtfgo, t`fs abo fonfabtd t`bt t`d pdrsgo oddns tg hd jgrd fovgmvdn gr (jgrd mfcdmy) ogt fovgmvdn bt bmm. Efobmmy, vdrfey t`bt t`d ndlrdd ge pbrtfafpbtfgo jbta`ds t`d fonfvfnubm‖ fonfvfnubm‖s rgmd. Egr dxbjpmd, fe t`fs fs b `fl``fl` -mdvdm fonfvfnubm, ndtdrjfod fe `d gr s`d fs fovgmvdn bt w`bt jfl`t hd agosfndrdn bdosurd supdrvfsgr gr jbobldr mdvdm (gr dvdo b amdrfabm Qfjfmbrmy, t`bt mgwdrmgwdr -mdvdm fonfvfnubms `bvdwgrsd, ogt hddo lfvdomdvdm). rdspgosfhfmftfds bhgvd t`dfr pby lrbnd.  \`do bobmyzfol t`d `grfzgotbm bxfs, ygu brd egausfol go t`d fonfvfnubm stdps bon w`g fs fovgmvdn. Blbfo, stbrt hy rdvfdwfol t`d baaguotbhmd bon rdspgosfhmd rgmds. Efrst, fe t`drd fs og god ogtdn bs rdspgosfhmd gr baaguotbhmd, t`do ft jby hd t`bt og god fs batubmmy ngfol t`d wgrc gr gvdrsddfol fts agjpmdtfgo. Go t`d gt`dr `bon, fe t`drd fs jgrd t`bo god pdrsgo fndotffldn bs baaguotbhmd, t`do t`drd jby hd jfxdn jdssblds hdfol sdot. Fe t`drd brd tgg jboy pdgpmd w`g brd rdspgosfhmd, ft jby hd fonfabtfvd ge b prgadss t`bt `bs tgg jboy pdgpmd fovgmvdn. Odxt, mggc bt t`d agosumt bon foegrj rgmds. Fe t`drd brd tgg jboy, t`fs jby rdprdsdot b hgttmdodac gr b prgadss t`bt fs gvdragotrgmmdn. Efobmmy, iust bs wft` t`d vdrtfabm bobmysfs, mggc bt boy  w`ftd spbads. ^gg jua` w`ftd spbad jby jb y fonfabtd t`d prgadss ngdso ‖t oddn tg gaaur gr jgrd pdgpmd oddn tg hd fovgmvdn3 tgg mfttmd jby fonfabtd tgg jua` fovgmvdjdot.

5916984 [J [J 5916984

a;6 fonn a;6.fonn

816 816

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8>;

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Dxdrafsd  D xdrafsd 6.< Bobmyzfol t`d Xbaf Jbtrfx

Hdmgw fs t`d sgmutfgo egr Dxdrafsd 6.5. [dregrj t`d vdrtfabm bon `grfzgotbm bobmysds bon ndtdrjfod fssuds fndotffldn fo t`d agjpmdtdn XBAF Jbtrfx.

       r        d @frfol b Odw Djpmgydd        l           b        o        b      J        l                  fo               fr      @ Xdqudst Djpmgydd X/B [gst Fotdrobmmy [gst Dxtdrobmmy Qarddo Bppmfabots X/B X/ B Ndvdmgp Rudstfgos X/B X/ B Hbaclrguon A`dac Qa`dnumd Qa`dnu md Fotdrvfdws X Agonuat Agonu at Fotdrvfdws Fotdrvfdw s X/B X/ B Agjpmdtd Jbtrfx X/B X/ B Geedr Igh F Aggrnfobtd Aggrnfo btd Qtbrt Nbtd F Efmd Ngaujdotbtfg Ngaujdotbtfgo o

 .    a        d        x      D          t            s t        p         d               my       N        b        o        l             B               fo               fr      X      @      @ A A X/B X/ B X/B X/ B X A X/B X/ B X/B X/ B F A X/B X/ B X/B X/ B X

       r        l           d               fo        l           b            rn        o        b        b    g           J             - h        r              's        o                f td           td           G        b        r        r u         tg    a               fn          X        d     n    a      @      X        o       r d   ,           b      f      [      X      @      N          A      U A

             rc               md          A      X      @

X

A

A X/B X/ B

 

5916984 [J [J 5916984

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

8>; 8>;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

  O

   \

8>2

  D

  Q

Cdy [gfots

Qpbl`dttf Jbps brd b vfsubm rdprdsdotbtfgo ge `gw prgadssds 󿬈gw bjgol dotftfds. ^`d stdps fo hufmnfol t`d jbp brd9          

2. 8. 1. >. 4.

Fndotfe y t`d cdy stdps bon t`d Bat Fndotfey Batfgo fgo ^bcdrs ^bcdrs.. [mbad t`d oujhdrdn stdps go t`d rfl`t sfnd ge t`d jbp. Qdt sdatfgos ge t`d jbp egr dba` Bat Batfgo fgo ^bcdr ^bcdr.. [mbad t`d oujhdr egr dba` stdp fo t`d Bat Batfgo fgo ^bcdr‖s sdatfgo. Agoodat t`d stdps wft wft` ` t`d bpprgprfbtd brrgws.

Betdr agjpmdtfgo, mggc egr wbys tg amdbr t`d amuttdr ge t`d rdsumtfol spbl`dttf (tbolmdn gr iujhmdn mfods). Betdr t`d Bs Fs Jbp fs agjpmdtdn, b ^g Hd Jbp abo hd ardbtdn tg s`gw t`d a`bold fo prgadss. XBAF Jbtrfads s`gw t`d rgmds egr pdgpmd fovgmvdn fo b prgadss. ^`dsd rgmds brd9 • Xdspgosfhmd9 ^`d gods w`g ng t`d wgrc. • Baaguotbhmd9 ^`d god w`g `bs umtfjbtd but`grfty. • Agosumt9 Bo fonfvfnubm w`g fs agosumtdn hdegrd t`d prgadss abo jgvd egrwbrn. • Foegrj9 Bo fonfvfnubm bnvfsdn ge t`d prglrdss ge t`d prgadss hut ngds ogt stgp t`d prgadss ergj jgvfol egrwbrn. Bobmysfs fs pdregrjdn go t`d `grfzgotbm bon vdrtfabm bxfs ge t`d jbp mggcfol egr9 • ^gg jua` fovgmvdjdot • ^gg mftt mfttmd md fovgmvdjdot • ^gg jboy (gr og god) baaguotbhmd

5916984 [J 5916984 [J

a;6 fonn a;6.fonn

8>2 8>2

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8>8

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Qgmutfgos  Qgmutfgos Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.2 Cdy Qtdp

Batfgo ^b ^bcd cdrr

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 28 8>8

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

8>1

t`d stgrd mgabtfgo (bs ndsarfhdn fo t`d prdvfgus a`bptdrs). Qtbrtfol t`d jbp bt bo dbrmfdr pgfot (t`d bnvdrtfsdjdot gr dvdo dbrmfdr) wfmm ogt batubmmy bnn  vbmud tg t`fs typd ge prgadss bobmysfs. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.8 Qpbl`dttf Jbp„Bs Fs Huyfol b Qtdrdg

Qbmds [drsgo

Austgjdr 8

2 4

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5.

5

<

6 28

2; 2>

Jbobldr

21

25

24

20

Fostbmmdr 22

2<

0

0. 6. 2;. 22. 28. 21. 2>. 24. 25. 2 brd bmm lrgupdn tgldt`dr hdegrd t`d prgadss jgvds hbac tg t`d austgjdr. ^g s`gw t`d oddn egr t`d sbmdspdrsgo tg wgrc wft` t`d fostbmmdr fo sdttfol t`d bppgfotjdot, wd `bvd pmbadn stdp 0 uondr t`d fostbmmdr (wft` og eurt`dr batfgo lgfol ergj t`bt stdp). ^`fs fs ngod fo spftd ge t`d Batfgo ^bcdr hdfol t`d sbmdspdrsgo. ^`fs djp`bsfzds t`d stbrt ge t`d prgadss bt

5916986 [J [J 5916986

t`d fostbmmdr mdvdm. Qfjfmbrmy, stdp 22 lgds tg t`d fostbmmdr (a`dacfol egr t`d pbrts), hut t`d prgadss agotfouds wft` t`d sbmdspdrsgo bon austgjdr bs t`dy  wgrc t`rgul` t`d pgtdotfbm fostbmmjdot pmbos.

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

8>1 8>1

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8>>

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

^`d  ^ `d flobm jbp `bs sgjd agoeusfgo, hut ldodrbmmy mggcs wdmm struaturdn. ^`fs jbta`ds gur aurrdot aur rdot uondrstbonfol ge t`d prgadss. \d cogw t`d prgadss ruos ebfrmy wdmm, hut t`drd brd gppgrtuoftfds egr fjprgvdjdot. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.1 Qpbl`dttf Jbp„^g Hd Huyfol b Qtdrdg

Qbmds [drsgo

Austgjdr

8

2

1 >

4 5 < 6

0

22

2;

28 Fostbmmdr 21 25

Jbobldr

24

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25.

Ufsft Qtgrd Jddt Jd dt Austgjdr Nfsauss Bvbfmbhmd Gptfgos Dosurd Qtgac go @bon A`dac [rfads Gomfod Dxpmbfo [byjdot Gptfgos Agjpmdtd Qbmds Egrj Ag jpmdtd Fostbmmjdot Agjpmdtd Fostbmmjdot Blrddjdot Qflo Fostbmmjdot Blrddjdot Bpprgvd Blrddjdot Blrddjdot Xdadfvd Agpfds ge Blrddjdot Blrddjdot Jbcd [byjdot Dosurd Dosur d Fostbmmbtfgo ^fjd A`dac egr [brts Fostbmm Qtdrdg Mdbvd Qtgrd (Mfstdo tg Jusfa)

2>

 

^`d flrst t`fol tg ogtd fs t`d odw grndr bon ndsarfptfgo ge t`d cdy stdps. Hdabusd t`d austgjdr abo ogw mggc t`d foegrjbtfgo up gomfod w`fmd fo t`d stgrd, wd `bvd dmfjfobtdn t`d oddn egr t`d austgjdr tg mdbvd bon rdturo tg t`d stgrd. Odxt, wd tggc t`d cdy stdp dxpmbfo fostbmmjdot pmbo ,  a`boldn ft tg dxpmbfo pbyjdot gptfgos ,  bon jgvdn ft up bs t`d odxt stdp betdr a`dacfol prfads. ^`fs rdaglofzds t`bt t`d bvbfmbhmd pbyjdot gptfgos jby ogt `bvd hddo bpprgprfbtdmy agjjuofabtdn tg t`d austgjdr. Baagrnfolmy, t`d tbsc fs jgrd t`bo ndsarfhfol fostbmmjdots3 ft fs bhgut ndsarfhfol bmm pbyjdot gptfgos. Ogw, wft` t`d dxpmbobtfgo dbrmfdr fo t`d prgadss, t`d austgjdr‖ austgjdr ‖s ndafsfgo agjds sggodr. ^`drdegrd, t`d stdps rdmbtdn tg t`d fostbmmjdot pmbo abo ogw hd jgvdn amgsdr tg t`d batubm sbmds prgadss. Efobmmy, hdabusd wd wgumn mfcd t`d fostbmmbtfgo tg gaaur fjjdnfbtdmy betdr t`d sbmd, wd `bvd a`boldn t`d cdy stdp sdt fostbmmbtfgo bppgfotjdot   tg dosurd fostbmmbtfgo tfjd.  ^`d sbmdspdrsgo, rbt`dr t`bo sdttfol bo bppgfot-

591691; [J 591691; [J

jdot, fs ogw dosurfol t`d fjjdnfbtd bvbfmbhfmfty ge t`d fostbmmdr. ^`fs stdp `bs ogw hddo jgvdn amgsdr tg t`d dotfrd fostbmmbtfgo prgadss.

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

8>> 8>>

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

8>4

Hufmnfol  H ufmnfol t`d Qpbl`dttf Jbp ergj t`fs odw prgadss jbcds t`d gvdrbmm prgadss mdss agjpmfabtdn. Bmt`gul` wd `bvd rdjgvdn gomy twg stdps (t`d gods t`d austgjdr mdbvfol bon rdturofol tg t`d stgrd), wd ergj `bvd jbndrdmbtdn b jua`tgamdbodr bon strdbjmfodn prgadss. Jua` ge t`fs agjds t`d bhfmfty tg amustdr batfvftfds fo god mgabtfgo„ mgabtfgo„dft`dr dbrmfdr gr mbtdr t`bo t`dy wdrd grflfobmmy sa`dnumdn. Bs prdvfgusmy stbtdn, t`d batfvftfds rdmbtdn tg fostbmmbtfgo brd ogw bmm `bonmdn tgwbrn t`d don ge t`d prgadss. Qfjfmbrmy, jboy ge t`d sbmds prgadssds brd ogw lrgupdn amgsdr tgldt`dr. ^`fs lfvds us b odw pdrspdatfvd ge t`d prgadss t`bt jfl`t mdbn tg bnnftfgobm do`boadjdots. Egr dxbjpmd, ft fs ogw jgrd amdbrmy dvfndot t`bt t`drd brd twg fostboads w`do fovdotgry fs a`dacdn9 goad w`do t`d sbmdspdrsgo agoflrjs t`bt t`d stdrdg fs fo stgac, bon goad w`do t`d fostbmmdr jbcds surd t`d pbrts oddndn egr fostbmmbtfgo brd bvbfmbhmd. Dft`dr ge t`dsd stdps abo smgw ngwo gr stgp t`d prgadss. ^`drdegrd, ft jbcds sdosd egr t`dsd tg `bppdo bt t`d sbjd tfjd (rbt`dr t`bo t`drd hdfol twg pgtdotfbm stgppblds) bon bs dbrmy fo t`d prgadss bs pgssfhmd (rdnuafol austgjdr nfssbtfsebatfgo  w`do t`d prgadss fs stgppdn betdr t`dy `bvd bmrdbny fovdstdn b mgt ge t`dfr tfjd bon pbfn egr t`d prgnuat). Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.>

2. Fndotfey t`d Cdy Qtdps

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25. 24 8>4

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8>5

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

^`d  ^ `d cdy stdps egr t`fs prgadss brd rdmbtfvdmy strbfl`tegrwbrn bon, bs prd vfgusmy ogtdn, amgsdmy egmmgw t`d tbscs bon batfgos fndotffldn fo gur prfgr [rgadss bon hrgbndr Austgjdrstbtdjdots. Jbppfol wgrc. \d `bvdt`d agjhfodn sgjd ge t`d batfgos fotg Egr dxbjpmd, prgadss ge sarddofol fotdrobm bon dxtdrobm bppmfabots wft` t`d fotdot ge rdidatfol dxtdrobm bppmfabots bon ogtfol fssuds wft` fotdrobm bppmfabots `bs hddo egmndn fotg baadpt/  rdidat bppmfabots .  ^`fs fs b jbttdr ge flonfol t`d bpprgprfbtd mdvdm ge ndtbfm tg s`gw t`d hdst pfaturd.  \ft` stdps 20 bon 26, wd `bvd jbfotbfodn t`d ndafsfgo pgfot fo t`d [rgadss Jbp. Fe t`d abonfnbtd rdidats t`d geedr, wd lg tg t`d odxt fonf vfnubm. Fe t`d abonfnbtd baadpts t`d geedr geedr,, wd jgvd egr egrwbrn. wbrn. ^`fs fs ngod tg s`gw t`d oddn tg lg hbac fotg t`d prgadss. \d agumn `bvd usdn sfjfmbr bpprgba`ds egr rdidatfgo ge bppmfabots t`rgul`gut t`d prgadss, hut t`d batubm geedr/baadptboad fs b trud ndafsfgo tg jgvd egrwbrn fo t`d prgadss. 8. Ardbtd t`d Bs Fs Qpbl`dttf Jbp 2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. . 24. 25.

Qpbl`dttf Jbp„Bs Fs @frfol

@ujbo Xdsgurads

2 8

20 1 >

6

<

2; 22

2>

24

25 26 8;

4 5

0

@frfol Jbobldr

28

21

Foftfbm Qarddofol Ndtdrjfod fe Xdqufrdjdots Xdqufrdjdots Jdt Jdt Baadpt/Xdidat Bppmfabot Bppmfabot Xdedr Bppmfabots Bppmfabots Qarddo Dxtdrobm Dxtdrobm egr Fotdrvfdw Fotdrvfdw [rgpgsd Fotdrvfdw Fotdrvfdw Qa`dnumd Qa`dnumd Blrdd Fotdrvfdw Qa`dnumd Qa`dnumd Ndvdmgp Fotdrvfdw Rudstfgos Rudstfgos Blrdd Fotdrvfdw Rudstfgos Rudstfgos Agonuat Qarddofol Qarddofol Fotdrvfdws Fotdrvfdws A gjpmdtd Hbaclrguon A`dacs Agjpmdtd Agonuat Fotdrvfdws Agjpmdtd Agjpmdt d @frfol Jbtrfx Udrfey Dxtdr Dxtdrobm obm Dxpdrfdoad Agotbat Abonfnbtd Abonfnbtd Jbcd Geedr

25 8>5

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

8><

fs foegrjbtfgo lgfol tg bmm abonfnbtds, wd `bvd put t`d stdp fo t`dfr sdatfgo. Qdagon, ygu abo sdd t`d wby t`d prdvfgusmy jdotfgodn ndafsfgo fs ngaujdotdn. Qtbrtfol stdp t`d 25, geedr. t`d geedr jbnd. Qtdp 2< s`gws abonfnbtd baadptfol gr wft` rdidatfol Fe t`dfsfonfvfnubm rdidats t`d geedr get`d edr,, stdp 20 mdbns tg b odw geedr hdfol jbnd (stdp 24). Fe t`d fonfvfnubm baadpts t`d geedr, geedr, stdp 26 mdbns tg agoamusfgo ge t`d prgadss. 1. Ardbtd t`d ^g Hd Qpbl`dttf Jbp Qpbl`dttf Jbp„^g Hd @frfol

@ujbo Xdsgurads

2 21

8

22 1

@frfol Jbobldr

>

4

5

<

2. 8. 1. >. 4. 5. < 8><

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

8>0

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 \  \d   d `bvd bmsg rdjgvdn t`d sarddofol fotdrv fotdrvfdw fdw egr dxtdrobm abonfnbtds. ^`fs stdp wbs grflfobmmy agjpmdtdn hy t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot. Qfoad `bs t`d hddo pgfot jbnd ge t`fst`bt bpprgba` fs tg rdnuad t`dfr fovgmvdjdot, t`d bssujptfgo t`d ghidatfvds ge t`d sarddofol fotdrvfdw abo hd ba`fdvdn nurfol t`d `frfol jbobldr jbobldr‖‖s fotdrvfdw. God ge t`d hflldst fssuds fo t`fs sgmutfgo rdmbtds tg t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot‖‖s rgmd fo dosurfol agjpmfboad. Dbrmfdr nfsaussfgos fonfabtdn ndpbrtjdot t`bt t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot eddms strgolmy t`bt t`dy s`gumn hd fovgmvdn fo t`d ndvdmgpjdot ge fotdrvfdw qudstfgos. Vdt, t`d eddnhbac ergj `frfol jbobldrs fonfabtds t`bt jby hd ge mfttmd vbmud. Hy rdjgvfol t`d `ujbo rdsgurads ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot‖s fovgmvdjdot, wd jby hd dxpgsfol t`d prgadss tg bnnftfgobm agjpmfboad rfsc. ^`d ndpbrtjdot‖ ndpbrtjdot‖s batfvftfds fo t`d Bs Fs Jbp rdmbtd tg suppgrt, hut brd t`drd tg dosurd agjpmfboad. Agjpmdtd dmfjfobtfgo (bs fonfabtdn `drd) jby ogt hd baadptbhmd. ^`fs ^g Hd Jbp fs prghbhmy ogt bo fndbm sgmutfgo. Hut, hy ardbtfol bon bobmyzfol ft, sgjd odw fssuds bon sgmutfgos `bvd hddo fndotffldn. Fo pbrtfaumbr, sgjd ge t`d strdbjmfofol gppgrtuoftfds fndotffldn fo prdvfgus jbps `bvd hddo s`gwo tg hd usdeum. ^`fs dx`fhfts `gw ndvdmgpjdot ge t`d Qpbl`dttf Jbps abo `dmp `fl`mfl`t w`drd t`d sgmutfgos jby mfd.

Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.4

b. ^`d iboftgr tbcds t`d trbs` bon nfspgsds ge ft fo t`d rdeusd hfo. X

B

A

F 

^`fs fs b rdmbtfvdmy strbfl`tegrwbrn dxbjpmd. ^`d iboftgr fs ngfol t`d  wgrc, sg `d fs rdspgosfhmd. @gwdvdr @gwdvdr,, t`drd fs og fonfabtfgo fo t`fs ndsarfptfgo t`bt t`d iboftgr fs bmsg Baaguotbhmd. h. ^`d iboftgr rdpgrts t`bt t`d trbs` trbs` hfos `bvd bmm hddo djptfdn. X

B

A

F 

@drd fs t`d dvfndoad ge baaguotbhfmfty. ^`d iboftgr rdpgrts w`do t`d  wgrc fs ngod. ^`fs prgvfnds t`d suppgrt t`bt t`d iboftgr fs baaguotbhmd egr t`d batfvfty batfvfty.. a. ^`d geefad supdrvfsgr fospdats t`d trbs` bon dovfrgos prfgr tg pbyjdot. X

B

A

F 

5916918 [J 5916918 [J

^`d supdrvfsgr fs ogt ngfol boy batubm wgrc. @gwdvdr, t`d prgadss aboogt jgvd egrwbrn uotfm t`d fssupdrvfsgr agjpmdtdn tfgo. ^`drdegrd, t`d fonfvfnubm batfol fo b`bs agosumt rgmd. t`d fospda-

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

8>0 8>0

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

 

8>6

n. ^`d geefad jbobldr fs tgmn t`bt t`d trbs` `bs hddo amdbodn up. X B A F  ^`d geefad jbobldr `bs og rdbm pbrt fo t`fs batfvfty batfvfty.. @gwdvdr, hdabusd `d fs cdpt upup-tg tg--nbtd go t`d batfvfty, `d fs tbcfol go bo foegrj foegr j rgmd. d. ^`d stdrdg sbmdspdrsgo agjpmdtds agjpmdtds t`d fostbmmjdot blrddjdot, blrddjdot, `bs t`d austgjdr sflo ft, bon t`do `bs t`d sbmds jbobldr bpprgvd ft. Qbmdspdrsgo X

B

A

F 

^`fs fs bo dxbjpmd ge god fonfvfnubm hdfol rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd. ^`d sbmdspdrsgo agjpmdtds t`d blrddjdot, w`fa` jbcds `fj rdspgosfhmd. @gwdvdr, `d fs bmsg baaguotbhmd egr t`d agjpmdtdodss bon baaurbay ge t`d blrddjdot. ^`d ebat t`bt t`d sbmds jbobldr fs bpprgvfol t`d batfvfty ngds ogt odlbtd t`fs baaguotbhmd rgmd. Qbmds jbobldr X

B

A

F 

^`d blrddjdot just hd bpprgvdn hdegrd t`d batfvfty abo jgvd egr wbrn, sg t`d sbmds jbobldr fs batfol fo b agosumt rgmd. Bs wd ogtdn prdvfgusmy, t`fs bpprgvbm ngds ogt jdbo t`d jbobldr fs bmsg batfol fo bo baaguotbhmd rgmd. ^`fs fs t`d sbmdspdrsgo‖ sbmdspdrsgo‖s rgmd. Austgjdr X

B

A

F 

 Iust b trfac qudstfgo. ^`d austgjdr fs ogt batfol fo boy rgmd. Fo jgst sftubtfgos, ygu wfmm efon t`fs tg hd t`d absd. ^`d austgjdr fs w`y t`d batfvftfds brd gaaurrfol. Bs sua`, t`d austgjdr fs ogt usubmmy pbrt ge t`d XBAF Jbtrfx prgadss. (Ge agursd, t`drd brd bmwbys dxadptfgos.) e. ^`d amdrc agjpmdtds `fs tfjd s`ddt. ^`d supdrvfsgr rdvfdws t`d tfjd s`ddt bon sflos `dr bpprgvbm. B wddcmy mfstfol ge foagjpmdtd tfjd s`ddts fs sdot tg t`d jbobldr jbobldr.. Amdrc X

B

A

F 

5916910 [J 5916910 [J

 Iust bs wft` t`d sbmdspdrsgo bhgvd, t`d amdrc fs hgt` rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd egrbut`grfty agjpmdtfgo ge t`d tfjd bon `d `bs t`d tg agjpmdtd ft. s`ddt. @d ngds t`d wgrc

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

8>6 8>6

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

84;

 

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

Qupdrvfsgr X B A F  ^`d supdrvfsgr, hy bpprgvfol t`d tfjd s`ddt, `bs b agosumt rgmd. Blbfo, t`d batfvfty ngds ogt jgvd egrwbrn uotfm t`d supdrvfsgr fs fovgmvdn. Jbobldr X

B

A

F 

^`d jbobldr fs wgrcfol strfatmy fo bo foegrj abpbafty. \`fmd `d fs lfvdo foegrjbtfgo t`bt spdbcs tg t`d batfvfty, ft wfmm jgvd egrwbrn  wft`gut `fs foput. l. Jgot`my rdpgrts brd agjpmdtdn hy bmm bobmysts. ^`dy brd suhjfttdn tg t`d supdrvfsgr w`g rdvfdws t`d foegrjbtfgo bon agjhfods ft fotg t`d agosgmfnbtdn jgot`my rdpgrt.  Bobmysts X

B

A

F 

Fo t`fs fostboad, bmm t`d bobmysts brd prghbhmy sdrvfol b rdspgosfhmd rgmd. @gwdvdr, bs ndsarfhdn `drd, t`drd fs og dvfndoad t`dy `bvd bo batubm baaguotbhmd rgmd. ^`fs fs dvfndoadn hy t`d supdr supdrvfsgr vfsgr‖s oddn tg rgmm t`d foegrjbtfgo up fotg t`d efobm rdpgrt. Qupdrvfsgr X

B

A

F 

 Bs fonfabtdn bhgvd, bh gvd, t`d supdrv supdrvfsgr fsgr rdvfdws t`d foegrjbtfgo bon agjhfods ft. Ft fs fjpgrtbot tg ogtd t`bt, iust hdabusd sgjdgod rdvfdws sgjdt`fol ft ngds ogt jdbo t`dy brd fo b agosumt rgmd. Fo t`fs absd, t`d rdvfdw fonfabtds t`d supdrvfsgr‖ supdrvfsgr‖s but`grfty bon fs t`d suppgrt t`bt t`d supdrvfsgr fs baaguotbhmd egr t`d batfvfty. `. ^`d austgjdr prgvfnds t`d spdafefabtfgos spdafefabtfgos tg tg t`d sdardtbry. sdardtbry. ^`d sdardtbry sdardtbry pbssds t`d spdafefabtfgos tg t`d dolfoddrs bon t`do tdmms `dr jbobldr. jbobldr. Qdardtbry X

B

A

F 

^`d sdardtbry fs ngfol t`d wgrc, sg s`d fs rdspgosfhmd. @gwdvdr,

5916910 [J 5916910 [J

hdabusd s`d iust pbssds ft egrwbrn, t`drd fs og fonfabtfgo s`d `bs bo baaguotbhmd rgmd.

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

84; 84;

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

 

842

Jbobldr X B A F  ^`d jbobldr fs iust hdfol foegrjdn. ^`d batfvfty ngds ogt stgp fe `d fs ogt fovgmvdn. ^`dsd twg rgmds, w`do vfdwdn tgldt`dr, s`gw `gw ft jby hdagjd bppbrdot fo t`fs bobmysfs t`bt baaguotbhfmfty `bs ogt hddo bssflodn.

Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.5

       r        d @frfol b Odw Djpmgydd        l           b        o              J b        l                  fo               fr      @ Xdqudst Djpmgydd X/B [gst Fotdrobmmy [gst Dxtdrobmmy Qarddo Bppmfabots X/B Ndvdmgp Ruds Rudstfgos tfgos X/B Hbaclrguon A`dac Qa`dnumd Qa`dnu md Fotdrvfdw s X Agonuat Agonu at Fotdrvfdws Fotdrvfdw s X/B Agjpmdtd Jbtrfx X/B Geedr Igh F Aggrnfobtd Aggrnfo btd Qtbrt Nbtd F Efmd Ngaujdo Ngaujdotbtfgo tbtfgo

 .    a        d        x      D          t          t         d   p                my s       N        b        o        l             B                 r fo      f      X      @      @ A A X/B X/ B X/B X/ B X A X/B X/ B X/B X/ B F A X/B X/ B X/B X/ B X

       r        l           d               fo        l           b            rn        o        b        b    g      J             -h        r               's        o            td        d        r u f        r G        b t    a           fn             tg      X        d     n    a      @      X        o        rd   ,           b      f      [      X      @      N          A      U A

             rc               md          A      X      @

X

A

A X/B X/ B

 

 Bs ygu jby `bvd ogtfadn, jboy tbscs `bvd hddo agjhfodn fotg fonfvfnubm stdps wft`fo t`d XBAF Jbtrfx. Vgu wfmm flon t`bt, bs ygu ndvdmgp t`d stdps, ft ngds ogt dxbatmy jbta` t`d fonfvfnubm batfvftfds bon tbscs ge t`d [rgadss Jbps. Fostdbn, ygu oddn tg flon t`d rfl`t mdvdm egr t`d stdps t`bt wfmm bmmgw bpprgprfbtd bobmysfs. Qg, t`d flrst stdp„ stdp„rdqudst djpmgydd„ djpmgydd„batubmmy fovgmvds jboy ge t`d tbscs bon batfvftfds ergj t`d [rgadss Jbp. ^`d `frfol jbobldr fs agosfndrdn rdspgosfhmd bon fs bmsg baaguotbhmd. B oujhdr ge gt`dr pdgpmd jby hd fovgmvdn, bon t`dy brd bmm agosfndrdn tg hd fo t`d agosumt rgmd. ^`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot dxdautfvd just bpprgvd t`d rdqudst, t`d `ujbo

5916916 [J 5916916 [J

rdsgurads bobmyst rdvfdws t`d rdqudst egr agjpmdtdodss, bon t`d nfrdatgr ge gogo-hgbrnfol just bpprgvd t`d `frfol fe t`drd fs ogt b vbaboay vbaboay..

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

842 842

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

848

Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc

 FFee ft fs bo fotdrobm pgstfol, t`do t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst `bs hgt` baaguotbhmd bon rdspgosfhmd rgmds. Fe ft fs bo dxtdrobm pgstfol, t`d `ujbo rdsgurads rdaruftdr fovgmvdn. bobmyst fs stfmm tgldt`dr. agosfndrdn baaguotbhmd, bs s`d fsfst`d god w`g@gwdvdr, just ldt bmm bt`d mm t`d bppmfabtfgos ^`drd brd b agupmd ge nfeedrdot pgfots w`drd sarddofol fs agonuatdn, sg t`fs fs agjhfodn fotg t`d sfolmd stdp. ^`d bobmyst bon `frfol jbobldr brd hgt` mfstdn bs rdspgosfhmd. Qfoad t`d `frfol jbobldr fs t`d god w`g jbcds t`d flobm sdmdatfgos egr fotdrvfdws, s`d fs agosfndrdn baaguotbhmd. ^`d hbaclrguon a`dac fs agonuatdn hy t`d bobmyst, sg s`d fs hgt` rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd. ^`d sa`dnumfol ge t`d fotdrvfdws fs, blbfo, b igfot deegrt hdtwddo t`d bobmyst bon `frfol jbobldr, sg t`d sbjd mglfa bs ndsarfhdn bhgvd fs usdn fo bssflofol rgmds egr t`fs tbsc. ^`d fotdrvfdw agjds odxt bon fs t`d sgmd wgrc ge t`d `frfol jbobldr  w`g fs s`gwo bs rdspgosfhmd bon baaguotbhmd. \d `bvd bssujdn t`bt t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot dxdautfvd wbots tg hd cdpt upup -tg tg--nbtd. ^`drdegrd, `fs rgmd fs s`gwo bs foegrj. Betdr t`d fotdrvfdws, t`d jbtrfx fs agjpmdtdn hy t`d `frfol jbobldr (w`gsd rgmd fs baaguotbhmd bon rdspgosfhmd) bon ft fs rdvfdwdn hy t`d bobmyst (w`g fs s`gwo wft` b agosumt rgmd). ^`d odxt stdp„ stdp„geedr igh„ igh„bmsg fovgmvds b mbrld oujhdr ge pdgpmd. ^`fs fs b rd﬈datfgo ge t`d prgadss fovgmvdn w`do bo geedr fs jbnd tg bo fotdrobm bppmfabot. ^`d abonfnbtd‖ abonfnbtd‖s jbobldr just bpprgvd t`d baadptboad ge t`d abonfnbtd bon, fe t`d jbobldr ngds ogt bpprgvd ft, t`drd fs b eurt`dr bpprgvbm rdqufrdn ge t`d vfad prdsfndot ge `ujbo rdsgurads. ^`d mbst twg stdps brd bmm tbcdo hy t`d bobmyst bon `dr rgmd fs s`gwo bs rdspgosfhmd egr hgt`. Q`d fs bmsg rdspgosfhmd egr aggrnfobtfol t`d stbrt nbtd. ^`d `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc fs agosfndrdn rdspgosfhmd egr t`fs batfvfty. \d `bvd bmsg bssujdn t`bt t`d `frfol jbobldr wfs`ds tg hd cdpt fo t`d mggp ge t`d prglrdss tgwbrn ldttfol t`d hdst abonfnbtd. ^`drdegrd, s`d fs s`gwo  wft` bo foegrj rgmd fo t`d bpprgprfbtd stdps. Qgmutfgo Dxdrafsd 6.<

Jboy ge t`d t`fols t`bt hdagjd bppbrdot ergj rdvfdw ge t`fs jbtrfx jbta` fssuds wd `bvd sddo fo gur gt`dr bobmysds. ^`d vdrtfabm bobmysfs s`gws egur pgsftfgos wft` gomy god gr twg pgfots ge fovgmvdjdot. ^`d flrst fs wft` t`d `frfol ndpbrtjdot dxdautfvd. Ft fs ghvfgus t`bt t`fs fonfvfnubm just hd fovgmvdn, sg t`d qudstfgo jfl`t hd fe bnnftfgobm fovgmvdjdot fs odadssbry. Ft fs b sfjfmbr sftubtfgo egr t`d `ujbo rdsgurads rdaruftdr bon `ujbo rdsgurads amdrc.  Blbfo, t`d t`d odadssfty odadssfty egr egr fovgmvdjdot fovgmvdjdot fs ghvfgus, bon bon t`d fonfvfnu fonfvfnubm bm fs fovgmvdn fovgmvdn bpprgprfbtdmy. ^`drd fs b mbrldr qudstfgo bhgut t`d nfrdatgr ge gogo -hgbrnfol.  \`do bobmyzfol t`d [rgadss Jbps fo A`bptdr 5, 5 , t`d qudstfgo wbs rbfsdn fe

5916916 [J 5916916 [J

t`fs bpprgvbm fs dvdo odadssbry. ^`fs hdagjds jgrd bppbrdot fo t`fs jbtrfx bs t`fs fs t`d gomy stdp fo w`fa` `d fs fovgmvdn. Baagrnfolmy, ft jfl`t hd sulldstdn t`bt t`d nfrdatgr hd rdjgvdn ergj t`fs prgadss.

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

848 848

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

Qpbl`dttf Jbps bon XBAF Jbtrfads

841

^`d  ^ `d odxt fssud t`bt agjds gut fs ergj bobmysfs ge t`d `ujbo rdsgurads bobmyst‖‖s bon `frfol jbobldr‖ bobmyst jbobldr‖s fovgmvdjdot. Fo pbrtfaumbr, t`d XBAF Jbtrfx `dmps tg pgfotbtgut `frfol jbobldr jby ogt t`d hd sueflafdotmy fovgmvdn, pbrtfaumbrmy t`dt`bt dont`d ge t`d prgadss. Fo bnnftfgo, bobmyst `bs b mbrld oujhdr ge stdps egr w`fa` s`d fs baaguotbhmd. Ndpdonfol go t`d  igh tftmd tftm d bon ndsarfptfgo, t`fs jby hd bo fobpprgprfbtd mdvdm ge g e rdspgosfhfmrdspgosfh fmfty egr t`d bobmyst. Fo t`d `grfzgotbm bobmysfs wd sdd t`bt, goad blbfo, t`drd bppdbrs tg hd tgg jboy pdgpmd fovgmvdn fo t`d djpmgydd djpmg ydd rdqudst stdp„t`d stdp w`drd wd `bvd qudstfgodn t`d fovgmvdjdot ge t`d nfrdatgr ge gogo -hgbrnfol. Qfjfmbrmy Qfjfmbrmy,, t`fs bobmysfs bmsg s`gws t`d fssud rdmbtdn tg t`d bobmyst hdfol t`d gomy god fovgmvdn fo geedrfol t`d igh bon aggrnfobtfol t`d stbrt nbtds. Hgt` t`dsd rddjp`bsfzd t`d fssuds wd bmrdbny eguon fo t`d vdrtfabm bobmysfs. Ft fs bmsg dvfndot t`bt tgg jboy pdgpmd jby hd fovgmvdn fo t`d igh geedr stdp. ^`fs fs t`d flrst bon gomy tfjd t`d abonfnbtd‖ abonfnbtd‖s jbobldr bon t`d vfad prdsfndot ge `ujbo rdsgurads brd fovgmvdn, bon ft fs vdry mbtd fo t`d prgadss.  Baagrnfolmy,, ft jby oddn tg hd jgvdn dbrmfdr fo t`d prgadss gr dmfjfobtdn  Baagrnfolmy dotfrdmy.

5916916 [J 5916916 [J

a;6 a;6.fonn fonn

841 841

4/20/;6 4/20/;6

 

 Husfodss [rgadss Jbppfol \grchggc9 Fjprgvfol Austgjdr Austgj dr Qbtfsebatfgo Hy I. Jfcd Ibacb bon [bumdttd I. Cdmmdr Agpyrfl`t © 8;;6 hy Ig`o \fmdy & Qgos, Foa.

 Dpfmglud Dpfmglud

\

d `gpd ygu `bvd eguon sgjd vbmud fo wgrcfol t`rgul` t`d dxdrafsds  wft`fo t`fs wgrchggc. ^`d god t`fol bhgut [rgadss Jbppfol fs t`bt ygu `bvd tg nfvd fo bon ng t`d wgrc tg rdbmmy uondrstbon `gw ft bmm jds`ds.  @gwdvdr, t`drd fs jua` jgrd jbtdrfbm fo t`d absd stuny t`bo wbs batu@gwdvdr, bmmy usdn. Fe ygu brd mggcfol egr jgrd prbatfad, lg hbac tg t`gsd brdbs bon hufmn ygur gwo jbps. Vgu wgo‖t `bvd dvdryt`fol ygu oddn, hut ygu abo put tgldt`dr pgrtfgos ge t`d jbps. Bt t`d sbjd tfjd, ygu abo ndtdrjfod  w`bt bnnftfgobm foegrjbtfgo foegrjbtfgo ygu jfl`t oddn bon w`bt w`bt qudstfgos ygu jfl`t bsc. Bon t`do jbcd up ygur gwo boswdrs bon hufmn t`d jbps hbsdn go t`gsd bssujptfgos. Vgu‖vd prghbhmy hddo b austgjdr tg `ujbo rdsgurads, sg lg b`dbn bon hufmn odw austgjdr jbps. Vgu cogw w`bt t`d prgadss mggcs mfcd bon abo prghbhmy agjd up wft` fjprgvdjdots. Hufmn Bs Fs bon ^g-Hd Qpbl`dttf Jbps. Bon t`d mgabtfgo ge t`d fldmn egrad fs iust hdllfol egr bo bobmysfs ge dba` fonfvfnubm‖s rgmd. Tsd t`d foegrjbtfgo tg hufmn b XBAF jbtrfx. Hut bmm t`d prbatfad fo t`d wgrmn wfmm gomy w`dt ygur bppdtftd. \ft` ygur odw-eguon cogwmdnld bon prbatfad, lg gut bon stbrt hufmnfol ygur gwo jbps. Goad ygu nfvd fotg t`bt flrst prgadss, goad ygu pbrtodr wft` t`bt flrst austgjdr,, ygu cogw t`d `dbny eddm ge suaadss. austgjdr  Bon wd fovftd ygur agjjdots, qudstfgos, bon agoadros. Vgu abo agotbat us bt t`d egmmgwfol d-jbfm bnnrdssds9 Jfcd Ibacb, fllrdKagx.odt  [bumdttd Cdmmdr Cdmmdr,, bzpcjbfmKjso.agj Lggn muac. Bon `bvd euo.

59169>; [J 59169>; [J