Bulgarian for English Speakers.pdf
March 6, 2017 | Author: Vojislav Medić | Category: N/A
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BULGARIAN for English Speakers
BULGARIAN for English Speakers is a brand new self-study book specially designed to meet the needs of anybody intending to learn Bulgarian well in a short time. Whoever you are - a student, a businessperson or a visitor to the country, this book is for you. BULGARIAN for English Speakers contains all the knowledge that you need, emphasizing on real-world tasks. The book includes many dialogues and other texts specially created to help you speak and be understood. It develops your vocabulary systematically and also covers all the required grammar skills.
Bulgarian for English Speakers
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: : “ ” ! - " # : 60/90/16 : 24 ISBN 954-8805-69- 3
© “ ” 2005 www.gramma-bg.com 2
CONTENTS The Bulgarian Alphabet Pronunciation Table ............................................................................................ 9 How to read Bulgarian ...................................................................................... 11 LESSON 1 DIALOGUES. ..................................................................................................... 27 GRAMMAR NOTES .......................................................................................... 34 Categories of Person, Gender and Number ................................................ 34 Personal Pronouns ...................................................................................... 35 Auxiliary Verb $% (to be) - Positive, Negative, Interrogative and Negative-Interrogative Forms. ......................................................... 35 The Present Tense of the Verb $% (to be) - Conjugation of the Verb ...... 35 Nouns Used When Speaking about Countries and Nationalities ............... 37 Interrogative Pronouns &'?, &*?, &+?, &8? (who?; which?); %?, ?, &?, 8? (what?) .................................... 39 LESSON 2 DIALOGUES. ..................................................................................................... 44 GRAMMAR NOTES. ......................................................................................... 57 The Noun. Gender of the Noun. ..................................................................................... 57 Use of the Article with Nouns of Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Genders in the Singular ...................................... 58 Demonstrative Pronouns for Near and Distant Objects. .............................. 60 Short Accusative Forms of the Personal Pronouns in the 3rd Person, Singular and Plural. ................................................................................ 60 Forms of Address. Vocative Forms. .............................................................. 62 Imperative Forms of Some Frequently Used Verbs. .................................... 62 LESSON 3 DIALOGUES. ..................................................................................................... 67 GRAMMAR NOTES. .......................................................................................... 81 Modes of Conjugation. Groups of Verbs. First, Second and Third Group. ... 81 The Present Tense of the Verb 8 (to have). Impersonal use of 8 (to have) - 8 (there is) ................................... 83 Verbs of the Third Group in Present Tense - Conjugation of Some Frequently Used Verbs ............................................................ 84 Cardinal Numbers From 1 To 10 .................................................................. 86 Ordinal Numbers From 1 To 10 .................................................................... 87 The Prepositions (in), = (on, at), +> (in, during, through) ................ 89
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LESSON 4 DIALOGUES. ..................................................................................................... 92 GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ 102 Countable Form of Masculine Nouns in the Singular .............................. 102 Plural of Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Gender Nouns ....................... 102 Use of the Article with Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Gender Nouns of in Plural ................................ 105 Cardinal Numbers From 10 To 1000 ......................................................... 106 Questions & ? (when?), %!+? (where?), > @&? (why?) ................ 107 LESSON 5 DIALOGUES ..................................................................................................... 111 GRAMMAR NOTES ......................................................................................... 119 Present Tense of Verbs of the First Group - Conjugation. Positive, Negative, Interrogative and Negative-Interrogative Forms .... 119 Possessive Pronouns - Short Forms ......................................................... 121 The Past Simple Tense of the Verb $% (to be) - All Forms ..................... 123 LESSON 6 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 127 GRAMMAR NOTES. ....................................................................................... 138 Present Tense of Second Group Verbs - All Forms ................................... 138 Ordinal Numerals from 10 To 1000 ............................................................ 140 The Adjective. Agreement of the Adjective with the Noun. Use of the Article with Adjectives. Forming Degrees of Comparison ........................................................ 141 Comparison of Adjectives .......................................................................... 143 LESSON 7 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 147 GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ 157 Future Tense of the Verb $% (to be) ....................................................... 157 Future Tense of Verbs Maintaining the Same Form in the Present and the Future Tense .................................................... 158 Negative Pronouns .................................................................................... 160 The Position of the Interrogative Particle E8 ............................................. 161 The Prepositions = ! (above, over, more than), &! (under, less than), +! (in front of, before), +!8 (ago, before), $E+! (after, in) ...... 162 LESSON 8 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 165 GRAMMAR NOTES. ........................................................................................ 174 The Present Tense of Reflexive Verbs ........................................................ 174 The Place of the Reflexive Personal Pronoun .......................................... 175
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Possessive Pronouns - Complete Forms .................................................. 176 Prepositions , 8, J .............................................................................. 178 Verbal Nouns (Gerund Participles) ............................................................ 180 LESSON 9 DIALOGUES .................................................................................................... GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ Relative Pronouns ..................................................................................... Complete Accusative Forms of Personal Pronouns .................................. Compound Predicate ................................................................................. The Active Present Participle ....................................................................
183 195 195 196 197 199
LESSON 10 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 202 GRAMMAR NOTES. ....................................................................................... 211 Imperfective and Perfective Aspects of Bulgarian Verbs (1st and 2nd Form of Verbs) ................................................................. 211 The Future Tense (K L ) - Formation; Positive, Negative, Interrogative and Negative-Interrogative Forms ................. 212 Use of the 2nd Form of Verbs after the Modal Verbs & (can, may, to be able to), "* (must, should, would, have to, have got to, need to, ought to), 8$ (want) ...................... 217 Indefinite Pronouns .................................................................................... 219 Demonstrative Pronouns " %, " , " & , " 8 (such; like this/these) ............................................................................ 220 Preposition 8> (throughout, in, around, about) ........................................ 220 LESSON 11 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 223 GRAMMAR NOTES. ....................................................................................... 235 The Future Tense - Continuation .............................................................. 235 The Imperative Mood ................................................................................. 235 LESSON 12 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 242 GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ 252 The Past Simple Tense .............................................................................. 252 The Location of the Short Accusative Form of Personal Pronouns .......... 260 The Location of the Short Accusative and Dative Forms of Personal Pronouns Used Simultaneously ......................................................... 261 The Preposition +Y!J (&+Y!J) (between) ................................... 261
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LESSON 13 DIALOGUES .................................................................................................... 264 GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ 274 The Past Simple Tense of the verb Z - [ .................................................................... 274 The Past Simple Tense - Continuation ...................................................... 274 The Compound Predicate in the Past Simple Tense ................................ 277 Complex Sentences Containing Subordinate Object Clauses ................. 279 LESSON 14 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 285 GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ 294 The Active Past Simple Participle .............................................................. 294 The Past Indefinite Tense .......................................................................... 295 The Past Perfect Tense - Meaning, Formation, Forms ............................. 299 LESSON 15 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 304 GRAMMAR NOTES. ....................................................................................... 310 The Past Continuous Tense - Conjugation and Forms ............................. 310 The Verbal Adverb ..................................................................................... 312 The Passive Participle. The Passive Voice The Present, Past and Future Tenses of Passive Constructions .............. 312 LESSON 16 DIALOGUES. ................................................................................................... 318 GRAMMAR NOTES ........................................................................................ 331 The Future in the Past ................................................................................ 331 The Conditional Mood ............................................................................... 332 The Future Perfect Tense ........................................................................... 334 The Narrative Mood / The Indirect Indicative Mood .................................. 335 TABLES TABLE 1 A Comparison of Bulgarian and English Tenses Juxtaposition of the Tenses - A Simple Guide ................................................ 338 TABLE 2 Verb (to be) - Present, Past, and Future Tenses - All Forms .................... 340 TABLE 3 Present Tense of the Verbs of the First, Second, and Third Groups ............... 341 TABLE 4 First and Second Forms of Some Verbs . ..................................................... 342
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TABLE 5 The Past Simple Tense of the Verbs from Table 4. .......................................... 343 TABLE 6 Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 344 TABLE 7 Future (Simple) Tense ..................................................................................... 345 TABLE 8 Prepositions and Their Meanings ................................................................... 347 TABLE 9 Pronouns ......................................................................................................... 354 TABLE 10. ....................................................................................................... 358 / Confirmation and Agreement / Disagreement / Requests / Warnings !/ Gratitude +/ Excuses or Apologies Y/ Lack of Information >/ Suppositions or Assumptions 8/ Neglect or Ignorance '/ Hope / Praise E/ When Somebody Is Waiting for Us TABLE 11 Some Frequently Used Idiomatic Expressions in Bulgarian ......................... 362 TABLE 12 Business Contacts and Correspondence ........................................................ 363 The Customs .................................................................................................... 364 Travelling .......................................................................................................... 366 In Town ............................................................................................................. 368 At the Hotel ....................................................................................................... 369 At thePost Office. On theTelephone .................................................................. 370 At the Bank. Money ............................................................................................ 371 At the Restaurant .............................................................................................. 372 Shopping .......................................................................................................... 375 At the Doctor’s .................................................................................................. 379 At the Chemist’s ................................................................................................ 380 The Human Body .............................................................................................. 381 Family. Relatives ............................................................................................... 382 Holidays ............................................................................................................ 382 Education. Occupations .................................................................................... 383
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List of Abbreviations: English: abt. – about e.g. – (exempli gratia) for example i.e. – (id est) that is n – noun m – masculine f – feminine ntr – neuter sng – singular pl – plural adj – adjective v – verb 1p – 1st person 2p – 2nd person 3p – 3rd person 1gr – 1st group 2gr – 2nd group 3gr – 3rd group 1f – 1st form 2f – 2nd form colloq. – colloquial speech o.s. – oneself o.’s – one’s s.b. – somebody
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s.o. – someone s.th. – something Bulgarian: .. – /masculine gender .. – /feminine gender .. – /neuter gender . . – /singular . . – /plural ^.. – ^ _ /the Present Tense K.. – K L /the Future Tense ... – _ /the Past Simple Tense . .. – _ /the Past Continuous Tense . `.. –
` /the Past Indefinite Tense .` .. – ` /the Past Perfect Tense K.. . – K L /the Future in the Past
The Bulgarian Alphabet Pronunciation Table
ë
Bulgarian Alphabet Pronunciation K ^ ! + Y > 8 ' E =
& ` $ " J #} ~ _ @L % *
Àà Áá Ââ Ãã Ää Åå Ææ Çç Èè Éé Êê Ëë Ìì Íí Îî Ïï Ðð Ññ Òò Óó Ôô Õõ Öö ×÷ Øø Ùù Úú ü Þþ ßÿ
[a] [b] [v] [g] [d] [e] [zh] [z] [i] [y] [k] [l] [m] [n] [o] [p] [r] (hard) [s] [t] [u] [f] [h] (aspirate) [ts] [ch] [sh] [sht] [ə] [~] (softener) [yu] [ya]
Examples of respective English sounds after, past, path bit, bright, be, bear vogue, vivid, violin, vision get, go, glory, tag day, dream, destiny, devotion set, bet, tell, let illusion, vision, division, fusion zero, amazing, Zen, zip grin, inn, sit, hit boy, toy, yacht, yeoman key, kid, keep, kit live, light, letter, litter man, miracle, make, almost night, not, near, on opt, top, stop, dot pet, pall, please, part red, rest, read, rubber set, sit, stop, said top, talk, tell, let put, look, took, pudding fusion, fire, flame, fantasy hope, hear, had, hut tsunami, sits, meets chair, teach, charity, chat she, shall, shark, shift ashtray, fishtail, wished, washed camel, campus, letter, better (no literal English equivalent) yurt, you, new, music yard, yarn, Yankee
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INTRODUCTION
The Bulgarian Alphabet consists of 30 letters. They represent the sounds as shown below. There are six vowels: are wide (open) vowels
are narrow (closed) vowels;
and two diphthongal vowels:
= + = + The remaining letters represent consonants:
are voiced consonants
!
"
are resonant (sonorous) consonants;
is a short ;
#
softens the sounds before/after which it is placed;
$
is an aspirate consonant;
are voiceless consonants;
% = + and is therefore a diphthongal consonant.
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How to read Bulgarian K How to read letters. Each letter has own designation that is used when pronouncing either the whole alphabet or a single letter: 12345678901 1234567890 1234567890 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 & 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 ' 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 ( 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 ) 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 * 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 12345678901 , 12345678901
(a) (bə) (və) (gə) (də) (e) (zhə) (zə) (i) ('i 'kratko)
1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 - 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 / 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 ; 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 ! 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 ?" 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 @ 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 F 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 J 1234567890
(kə) (lə) (mə) (nə) (o) (pə) (rə) (sə) (tə) (u)
1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 K 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 Q$ 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 V 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 W 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 X 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 [% 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890
1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 # 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 \
1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 ] 1234567890
(fə) (hə) (tsə) (chə) (shə) (shtə) ('er go'lyam) ('er 'malək) (yu) (ya)
L How to read words. The placing of stress. All the letters in words should be pronounced in the way they are marked in the Pronunciation Table. Some more explanations as well as special cases and exceptions are given below. Bearing in mind that word stress in Bulgarian takes a different place in each word, there are no rules for learning the placing of stress. Therefore, each new word should be learned by itself. For the purpose of marking stress, in this book we have adopted the sign ['] preceding the stressed syllable. Ü Vowels: When the wide (open) vowels , , are stressed, they should be pronounced clearly: [a] [o] [e] Examples: & [a] _^ ^ `
['avgust] [grat] [mlat] ['kazvam] [po'darək]
August a town; a city young to say a present 11
< [o] [` `[ [ ` [
['opit] ['prolet] ['ostrof] [sport] [kri'lo]
experience spring island sport wing
[e]
K K
['eftin] ['bezhof] [bes] [kə'de] [mom'che]
cheap beige without where boy
However, when the vowels and are unstressed, they get narrower by reducing their length: becomes [ ] . (a medial sound of [a] and [ə]) becomes [o] . (a medial sound of [o] and [u]). Examples: & [ ] . K ` Z^ K[
['azbuk ] . ['lamp ] . ['knig ] . [v 'blok ] . [n . cho'vek ] .
alphabet lamp book in the block to/of the man
< [o] . K ` Z
[o'rel] . [o'bufk] . [mo're] . [po'le] . [ o'ris] .
eagle shoe sea field; ground rice
The remaiining vowels should be pronounced in the way they are marked in the Pronunciation Table.
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Examples: [ə] `
j^ ` `
[pət] ['əgəl] [prəst] [pək] [t 'kəf] .
way angle; corner soil but; yet such
J [u] Z ^
^
[um] ['uch ] . [u'chitel] [ur 'gan] . [dru'gar]
mind to study; to learn teacher hurricane mate; friend
[i] Z Z `
[mil] [ili] ['kin o] . [pri'yatel] [ide'alno] .
dear; kind or cinema friend perfectly, ideal
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 The alteration of to [ ] . is the most frequently found. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 In particular, becomes [ ] 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 . at the end of some words. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 The other above-mentioned vowel reductions are not as pronounced. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
The diphthong vowels [yu] and [ya] are each made up of two letters/sounds: = + = + However, they should be read as single sounds. The diphthong vowel should be pronounced [yu]: \ [yu] ^ [yuk] South
['yuzhen] southern } [yuf'ka] noodles [yu'nak] hero _ ['yun osh teenager . ] . 13
The diphthong vowel can be pronounced in two ways depending on the position of the letter and its stress. If is stressed, it should be pronounced [ya]: ] [ya] K K K ^
['yabəlk ] . ['yastrep] ['yatka] [ ob'yav ] . . ['yagod . ] .
apple hawk kernel ad(vertisement) strawberry
However, when is not stressed, in particular when placed at the end of a given word, it should be pronounced [y ]: . ] [y] ` Z ^ `
Z
['pravy ] . ['misly ] . ['angliy ] . ['pey ] . [na u'chitely ] .
to do to think England to sing to/of the teacher
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 The vowel alterations 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 to [ ] 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 . and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 to [y ] . 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 are the most frequently found. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 In particular, a becomes [ ] 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 . and becomes [y ] . at the end of some 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 words. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 Other vowel reductions are not as pronounced. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
Ü Consonants. Voiced consonants should be pronounced in one of two ways: Ü When a voiced consonant is placed in any position in a given word, except as the last letter, it should be pronounced in the usual way as a voiced consonant. Examples: ' [b] KK ['bab ] grandmother . K ['byal ] white (f) .
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K ^ ~K
[broy] [bəl'gariy ] . ['hubost]
number; copy Bulgaria beauty
[v]
[vr 'ta] . ['vətre] [vən] ['vyarv m] . ['varn ] .
door in out to believe Varna (a Bulgarian city)
( [g] ^
[^ ^ [ ^ ^_
['garv n] . ['mnogo] . [ge'roy] [go'lyam] ['greshk ] .
raven much; many hero big mistake; error
[d] [
K
[dər'vo] [den] [do'bər] [de'te] [da]
tree day good child yes
) [zh]
Y Z
[zhe'na] ['yuzhen] [zhe'neva] ['zhito] [zhif]
woman southern Geneva wheat alive
* [z] K
['zebr ] . [izvi'nyav m] . [zo'ra] [iz'vesten] [zvez'da]
zebra to excuse dawn well-known star
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Ü When the last letter of the word represents a voiced consonant, the voiced consonant devocalizes and becomes voiceless. Each devocalized voiced consonant obtains the sound of the respective voiceless consonant. Therefore:
K ^
[b] [v] [g] [d] [zh] [z]
Examples: ' [p] ~K K ^K KK ^K
becomes ` [p] becomes } [f] becomes [k] becomes [t] becomes _ [sh] becomes [s]
[hlyap] [dəp] ['gələp] [bop] [grup]
bread oak pigeon beans rude
[f] Z
Z ~K
[vəf ] ['molif ] ['nik kəf ] . [k 'kəf ] . ['hub f . ]
in pencil none; any; no what beautiful; pretty
( [k] ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
['dələk] [vlok] [druk] [drak] [yuk]
long bank deposit other; another dear South
[t] ^ K K ^
[glat] ['obet] [blet] [grat] [nat]
hunger lunch pale city; town above
16
) [sh]
B ! ! !
[tara'lesh] [v 'lesh] . [vish] [drəsh] [ush]
hedgehog rainfall; snowfall Look! Hang it! as if
* [s] ` K
[pres] [vles] [iz'les] [sles] [bes]
through come in go out come down without
The above-mentioned devocalization of voiced consonants can also be found in another case. This is when a voiced consonant is placed in the middle of the word and before a voiceless consonant or before the aspirate consonant ~:
[te'tratka] notebook ['slatk o] jam; sweet(ly) . K_ [bifsh] ex ^ ['gratski] of the town/city/urban ['drəshk ] handle . ^ ['gletk ] view . Z` ['ispit] exam [tse'lufk ] kiss . [ko'leshk ] colleague (f); mate (f) . ['ryatk o] rare(ly) . ` ~[ L [pret'hozhd sht] previous . Z ['fsichko] everything; all Voiceless consonants should always be pronounced as indicated in the Pronunciation Table. Examples: > [p] `Z_ ['pish ] to write . ` ['pravy ] to do . `
['pesen] song ` ['pamet] memory
['pleven] Pleven (a Bulgarian city) 17
K [f] }Z } }
} Z } _Z
['filtər] [film] [f n'taziy ] . . [f v . o'rit] . [f l'shif] .
filter film; movie fantasy favourite; pet false; fake
- [k] Z ` Z
[kray] ['kriy ] . ['kərp ] . [k 'set ] . . ['isk m] .
end to hide towel cassette (tape) to want
F [t]
K
`
`
Z
['tryabv ] . [tər'py ] . [tər'penie] ['tikv ] . [t ole'rantn ost] . .
must, to have to to bear patience pumpkin tolerance
X [sh] _ ^ `Z_ _ _ }
[she'ga] ['pish ] . [shans] [shef] [sh ot'landiy ] . .
joke to write chance boss; a chief Scotland
@ [s] Z Z $[}
[sto'y ] . ['stay ] . ['istin ] . ['istinski] ['sofiy ] .
to stay room truth true, real Sofia
The resonant (sonorous) consonants , , , should always be pronounced as indicated in the Pronunciation Table. However, they must be articulated clearly, especially the letter [r], much stronger than the English [r].
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Examples: / [l] ` [ Z K[
['lamp ] . ['lotk ] . ['lilaf] [lyu'bof] [let]
lamp boat lilac love ice
; [m] [^
['mam ] . ['mnogo] . ['malk o] . [miriz'ma] ['mlyak o] .
Mum much, many a few; a little, small smell milk
! [n]
Z
['nyak oy] . ['nyakəde] ['nik oy] . [ne] [n 'dezhd ] . .
somebody somewhere nobody not hope
? " [r] [ ZK ` ` `
['roz ] . ['rib ] . [pret] [pri] [pri'yatel]
rose fish before; in front at friend
The pronunciation of the short sound as represented by the letter is [y]. The letter is never used alone. It is either combined with as the syllable [yo] at the beginning of a word; or with any other vowel positioned anywhere else in the word. Examples: , [y]
[nay] most [moy] my [yot] iodine '[ ['yonk o] Yonko (a man’s name) . [stoy] stay 19
The letter is not used alone either. This letter softens the sounds before/after which it is placed. is almost always used in the combination , pronounced [~o]=[yo]. Examples: # [~] [ }
[ Z _}[
[ k'tyor] . [f nt . 'zyor] . ['siny o] . ['vany o] . [sh o'fyor] .
actor dreamer blue Vanyo (a man’s name) driver
There is no difference in the pronunciation of the sound combinations [yo] and [~o] = [yo]. The only difference is written. ' is used at the beginning of a word or after a vowel, in contrast to , that is used exclusively after a consonant. The letter $ represents the aspirate consonant [h]. This consonant should be pronounced clearly, like “-ch” in “loch”. Examples: Q $ [h] ! ~ ~[ ~
~
['haide] ['hvaly ] . ['hor ] . [hristi'yanin] [hrast]
Come on! to praise people Christian (m) bush
The letter % [sht] comprises two separate consonants: [sh] and [t] linked as single sound. Examples: [ % [sht] L L L L` L K
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[shtu'rets] ['shtuk ] . ['shtastie] ['shtamp ] . [shtap]
cricket pike happiness print staff; headquarters
The letter [ts] should be pronounced as a single sound. Examples: V [ts] Z^
[tsar] ['tsig nin] . [tsirk] [tsyal] ['tsərkv ] .
tsar; king gypsy (m) circus whole church
The letter [ch] should also be pronounced as a single sound. Examples: W [ch] [ Z
[che'ta] [chis'lo] ['chetiri] ['chisty ] . ['chudo] .
to read number four to clean wonder
There also are two sounds, and that although not included in the alphabet, should be pronounced as a single sound. Examples: [dzh] K [dzhop] [dzhas]
[dzhin]
['dzhentəlmen] ` [dzhip] [dz]
[dzen] [dzən]
pocket jazz gin gentleman jeep
Zen “ting”
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 These are the main rules on reading Bulgarian. For ease of use we 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 shall simplify some of them, as you will see in the pronunciation 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 examples that follow. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
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M
How to read phrases, sentences and a whole text.
When reading phrases, care should be taken with voiced consonants located alongside voiceless ones - in this case, voiceless consonants are shortened: [fte'tratkata] in the notebook ! ` [natpo'leto] over the field Care should be taken with the opposite case. Voiceless consonants are lengthened when located next to a voiced one (especially if the voiceless consonant precedes the voiced one): [səzzelen'chutsi] with vegetables KK ['zbaba] with grandmother Any other letter should be pronounced as printed/written. N
Learn to read Bulgarian correctly. Some examples.
^ . [as səm angli'chanin.]
I am (an) English(man).
" K^ ? [ti 'bəlgarin li si?]
Are you Bulgarian?
Òè áúëãàðèí ëè ñè?
K^ ^. [az 'ucha 'bəlgarski v bəl'garia.]
I am learning Bulgarian in Bulgaria. K^ ^ .
^ Z [^ . ['bəlgarskiyat e'zik e 'mnogo 'truden za men.]
Bulgarian is very difficult for me.
[ . ['moyat məzh e le'tets.]
My husband is a pilot.
[ . ['moyata zhe'na e 'lekar.]
My wife is a doctor.
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Àç ñúì àíãëè÷àíèí.
Áúëãàðñêèÿò åçèê å ìíîãî òðóäåí çà ìåí. Ìîÿò ìúæ å ëåòåö. Ìîÿòà æåíà å ëåêàð.
8 ^ L `Z . ['imame go'lyama 'kəshta f pro'vintziyata.]
We have a big house in the country.
Y $[}. [zhi'veem f 'sofiya.]
We live in Sofia.
`
KZ ^ . [aparta'mentət ni e 'blizo do 'garata.]
Our apartment is near the station.
Èìàìå ãîëÿìà êúùà â ïðîâèíöèÿòà.
Æèâååì â Ñîôèÿ. Àïàðòàìåíòúò íè å áëèçî äî ãàðàòà.
$ . [se'stra mu e o'məzhena.]
His sister is married.
^ Z . [bəl'gariya e kra'siva stra'na.]
Bulgaria is a beautiful country.
Y[ ~ . [zhi'votət tuk mi ha'resva.]
I like living here.
- Z ^[ ? - [ K ^Z.
. Z ? - > Z Z Z. = Z ^[ .
- Which language do you speak? - I speak English well. At the moment I am learning Italian. What about you? - Unfortunately I do not know any foreign languages. But I have a great desire to learn German.
[- ka'kəv e'zik go'vorite? - go'vorya do'bre an'gliyski v mo'menta 'ucha itali'anski a 'vie - za səzha'lenie az ne znam 'nito e'din chuzhd e'zik, no 'imam og'romno zhe'lanie da na'ucha 'nemski.]
- Êàêúâ åçèê ãîâîðèòå? - Ãîâîðÿ äîáðå àíãëèéñêè.  ìîìåíòà ó÷à èòàëèàíñêè. À âèå? - Çà ñúæàëåíèå àç íå çíàì íèòî åäèí ÷óæä åçèê. Íî èìàì îãðîìíî æåëàíèå äà íàó÷à íåìñêè.
Ñåñòðà ìó å îìúæåíà. Áúëãàðèÿ å êðàñèâà ñòðàíà. Æèâîòúò òóê ìè õàðåñâà.
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- [ K[ _? - Z . K[ [ ` .
- What is your job? - I am a journalist. I work for a magazine.
[- kak'vo ra'botish? - as səm zhurna'list. ra'botya za ed'no spi'sanie]
- Êàêâî ðàáîòèø? - Àç ñúì æóðíàëèñò. Ðàáîòÿ çà åäíî ñïèñàíèå.
- 8 ~ KZ? - Z ~ Z
.
- Is there a hotel near here? - All the hotels are to be found in the city centre.
[- 'ima li ho'tel na'blizo? - 'fsichki ho'teli se na'mirat v 'tsentəra]
- Èìà ëè õîòåë íàáëèçî? - Âñè÷êè õîòåëè ñå íàìèðàò â öåíòúðà.
- " ^ ? - = , Z . - ? - = _ .
- Is she English? - No, she is Russian. - What is her name? - Her name is Natasha.
[- tya angli'chanka li e? - ne tya e rus'kinya. - kak se 'kazva? - 'kazva se na'tasha.]
- Òÿ àíãëè÷àíêà ëè å? - Íå, òÿ å ðóñêèíÿ. - Êàê ñå êàçâà? - Êàçâà ñå Íàòàøà.
- > , . - > , " ! - ? - ^ . !K . ? - [ -[.
- Hello, Julia. - Hello, Tanya! - How are you? - I am fine, thank you. And you? - So-so.
[- zdra'vey 'yuliya - zdra'vey 'tanya - kak si - blagoda'rya. do'bre səm .a ti? - 'gore 'dolu.]
- Çäðàâeé, Þëèÿ. -Çäðàâåé, Òàíÿ! - Êàê ñè? - Áëàãîäàðÿ. Äîáðå ñúì. À òè? - Ãîðå-äîëó.
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- ![K , ^` ! - ![K , ^`Z ! - . 8 . 8 ^[ L . - > ` , ^`Z . J` . Y L `Z }, , ? - ^ . E }, KZ .
- Good morning, Madam! - Good morning, Sir! - Nice to meet you. My name is Ivan Kounchev. I have an appointment. - Do come in, r Kounchev. The manager is waiting for you. Would you like something to drink coffee, tea, mineral water? - Thank you. Coffee, please.
[-'dobər den. -'dobər den. - Pri'yatno mi e. 'kazvam se i'van 'kunchev. 'imam ugo'vorena 'sreshta. - zapo'vyadayte, gospo'din 'kunchev. gospo'din up'ravitelyat vi o'chakva. zhe'laete li 'neshto za 'piene ka'fe, chay, mine'ralna vo'da? - blagoda'rya vi. ed'no ka'fe, ako o'bichate.]
- Äoáúð äåí! - Äoáúð äåí! - Ïðèÿòíî ìè å. Êaçâàì ñå Èâàí Êóí÷åâ. Èìàì óãîâîðåíà ñðåùà. - Çàïîâÿäàéòå, ã-í Êóí÷åâ. Ãîñïîäèí óïðàâèòåëÿò âè î÷àêâà. Æåëàåòå ëè íåùî çà ïèåíå êàôå, ÷àé, ìèíåðàëíà âîäà? - Áëàãîäàðÿ âè. Eäíî êàôå, àêî îáè÷àòå.
- ![K , ! - ![K , L . & K _? - "-L ` Z^ ~ ^. $ L L. - [^ . @ . L ` . - . ! [!
- Good evening, mum! - Good evening, daughter. Where are you phoning from? - I have just arrived from England. I will be home in an hour. - I am so glad. I will be waiting for you. Your father says hello (to you). - Kisses to you both. See you soon!
[- 'dobər 'vecher, 'mamo. - 'dobər 'vecher 'dəshte. otky'de se o'bazhdash? - to'ku shto pri'stignah ot 'angliya. slet chas səm f'kyshti. - 'mnogo se 'radvam. shte te 'chakam. ba'shta ti te pozdra'vyava. - tse'luvam vi i 'dvamata. do 'skoro.]
- Äîáúð âe÷åð, ìàìî! - Äîáúð âe÷åð, äúùå. Îòêúäå ñå îáàæäàø? - Òîêó-ùî ïðèñòèãíàõ îò Àíãëèÿ. Ñëåä ÷àñ ùå ñúì âêúùè. - Ìíîãî ñå ðàäâàì. Ùå òå ÷àêàì. Áàùà òè òå ïîçäðàâÿâà. - Öåëóâàì âè è äâàìàòà. Äî ñêîðî! 25
- !K[ , =! _ ? - ! `-K . - $Z^ , L
` . - = Z _ `.
- Good morning, Nadya! How are you feeling today? - Today I feel better than yesterday. - I am sure that by tomorrow you will be fully recovered. - I hope you are right.
- Äîáðî óòðî, Íàäÿ! Êàê ñå ÷óâñòâàø äíåñ? - Äíåñ ñå ÷óâñòâàì ïî-äîáðå îò â÷åðà. - Ñèãóðåí ñúì, ÷å óòðå ùå ñè íàïúëíî îçäðàâÿëà. - Íàäÿâàì ñå äà èìàø ïðàâî.
[- dobr'o 'utro 'nadya! kak se 'chustvash dnes? - dnes se 'chustvam po-do'bre ot 'fchera '- siguren səm che utre shte si na'pylno ozdra'vyala. - na'dyavam se da 'imash 'pravo]
ë
NOTA BENE In Bulgarian, there are two styles of fonts. Note that small letters like , , , , , , sometimes confuse English speaking people because of their similarity with Latin letters. K ^ ! + Y > 8 '
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& ` $ " J
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! "#
#} ~
= =
$% &
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= = = = = = = =
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