Buku OneLab 20200623 A4

 

Imdahbc Cbokrbtkraui Xuppcy

tbjug ?>?>

 

Jmibtkckly Bgbcyzmr Bcbt ybgl dalugbfbg smoblba pmgug`bgl pmimrafsbbg dbrbj cmglfbp. Xbipcm dbrbj ybgl daoutujfbg oasb imgllugbfbg dbrbj vmgb (wjkcm ockkd) ibupug brbj fbpacbr (hbpaccbry ockkd). Imiacafa wbftu pmrjatuglbg smc ybgl `buj cmoaj hmpbt (jbgyb 2 imgat) `afb daobgdaglfbg dmglbg pmrjatuglbg smc dbrbj imgllugbfbg jbpusbg dbrbj (ibgubc). Dbpbt dalugbfbg da _uibj sbfat, ^usfmsibs, dbg Fcagaf.

_MBLMG ]_AT 8>>>^cus

pmglkpmrbsabgimgllugbfbg

]_AT Dacumgt ?> ctr

]_AT Dacumgt = ctr

]_AT Dmtmrlmgt = ctr

^rkom Hcmbgmr

Fmyokbrd dbg Ikusm

Jmibtkckly Bgbcyzmr ]_AT 8>>>^cus  Cbubr tkuhj shrmmg dmglbg ufurbg 2>.4 aghj  Jmibtkckly 8 DAEE, ?2 ^brbimtmr, dbg 8 Jastklrbi  Fmhmpbtbg 0 5> Xbipcm/@bi  Jbsac dahmtbf imgllugbfbg tjmribc pragtmr dbg oasb imgllugbfbg pragtmr  ^brbimtmr 0 \OH, CQI#,mfstmrgbc(kptakgbc) IAD#, L_BG#, CQI%, IAD%, Lrbg%, _OH, JLO, JHT, IHU, IHJ, IHJH, _D\-HU, _D\-XD, ^CT, I^U, ^D\, ^HT, ^-CH_, ^-CHH

_MBLMG ]_AT =25>

^rkom Hcmbgmr

]_AT = Da ?> ctr

Jmibtkckly Bgbcyzmr ]_AT =25>  Cbybr Tkuhjshrmmg dmglbg ufurbg 2>.4 aghj  Jmibtkckly = DAEE, ?4 ^brbimtmr, dbg ? Jastklrbi, ? Xhbttmr lrbis(= pbrt daeemrmgtabc shbttmr lrbi)  ?4 ^brbimtmr 0 \OH, CQI#, IKG#, GM]#, MKX#, OBX#, CQI%, IKG%, GM]%, MKX%, OBXK%, _OH, JLO, JHT, IHU, IHJ, IHJH, _D\-HU, _D\-XD, ^CT, I^U, ^D\, ^HT, ^-CH_  Jbgyb imioutujfbg ?>uc dbrbj ugtuf smtabp pmimrafsbbg  Imiacafa ? ikdm pmimrafsbbg 0 wjkcm ockkd(Umgb) dbg prmdacutmd (Fbpacbr)  Fmhmpbtbg 0 5> Xbipcm/@bi Imikra sbipba ?>>.>>> pbsamg  Butkibtah ibagtmgbghm  Tmrdbpbt wbrgagl bpboacb rmblmg jboas  Jbsac dahmtbf imgllugbfbg tjmribc pragtmr dbg oasb imgllugbfbg pragtmr mfstmrgbc(kptakgbc)

Xjmbtj = Da ?> ctr

]_AT Dmtmrlmgt = ctr

]_AT =C 22 Cysm

 

Hjmiastry Bgbcyzmr Bcbt ybgl dalugbfbg smoblba pmgug`bgl pmimrafsbbg pmimrafsbbg faiab dbrbj, smpmrta lucb dbrbj, hjkcmstmrkc, bsbi urbt, ebbc jbta, ebbc lag`bc, dcc. Xbipcm ybgl daoutujfbg bdbcbj smrui dbg daoutujfbg rmblmg ugtuf prksms pmiobhbbg. Dbpbt dalugbfbg da _uibj Xbfat, ^usfmsibs, dbg Fcagaf.

Butk Hjmiastry Bgbcyzmr ]_AT :?2>  Jbgyb imioutujfbg rmblmgEaxmd ugtuf 2 pbrbimtmr Imgllugbfbg imtkdm?>>uc Mgd pkagt, taim, Fagmtah, mth  Fmhmpbtbg 0 88> tmst/`bi  Imiacafa 2> eactmr 0 84>/4>=/41?/=2>/=45/=/>/:>>gi  Tmipbt rmblmg 0 5> pksasa rmblmg  Tmipbt sbipcm 0 fuvmt  ]sab cbipu ?>>> @bi(Jbcklmg 2?U/?>\)  Butkibtah wbsjagl dmglbg imgllugbfbg : stmp pmghuhabg fuvmt ugtuf imiagaibcasar hrkss hkgtbiagbtakg  Dacmglfbpa pmgdaglag (?-:H) pbdb tmipbt rmblmg ybgl omreuglsa ugtuf img`blb fmstboacbg rmblmg  Dacmglfbpa embturm Caquad Cmvmc Dmtmhtakg ugtuf imglmtbjua `uicbj tmst ybgl tmrsasb

^jktkimtmr OX 8>>>^  Jbgyb imioutujfbg =>>uc rmblmg ugtuf 2 pbrbimtmr  CHD Tkuhjshrmmg  Imiacafa < ctmr 0 84>/4>=/41?/=2>/=45/=gi  Imgllugbfbg imtkdm Mgd pkagt, Eaxmd taim, Fagmtah, mth  Oasb datbiobjfbg dbtb pbsamg pbdb jbsac pragt kut

Iahrkshkpm Oagkhucmr Bcbt ybgl dbpbt imgug`bgl pmimrafsbbg imdas imdas ibupug pmgmcatabg , smpmrta pmgmcatabg oakcklas, obftmra, pbtkckla, dbg ebribsa. Iafrksfkp aga darbghbgl smhbrb ikdmrg dmglbg `brbf pbgdbgl cmgsb ybgl cubs. Dbpbt dalugbfbg da _uibj sbfat, ^usfmsibs, Fcagaf, dbg ]gavmrsatbs.

Iafrksfkp oagkhucbr Gkvmc tapm ZXP-2><  Dacmglfbpa cmgsb bfrkibtas(tmious wbrgb) 4x, 2>x, 4>x, dbg 2>>x  Dacmglfbpa ekhus stkp ybgl omreuglsa ugtuf imgymsubafbg fbsbr

dbg jbcushmpbtbg 0 >  rpi  Xcadagl oagkhucbr jmbd aghcagmd 4=, agtmrpupacbry dastbghm ==-rktbocm

 

]ragm Bgbcyzmr Bcbt ybgl dalugbfbg smoblba pmgug`bgl pmimrafsbbg uragm cmglfbp. Xbipcm ybgl dalugbfbg bdbcbj uragm. ^brbimtmr ybgl dbpbt daobhb imgymsubafbg dmglbg tapm strap ybgl dapbfba. Dbpbt dalugbfbg da _uibj sbfat, ^usfmsibs, Fcagaf, & smoblba pmgug`bgl pmrsybrbtbg bfrmdatbsa.

]ragm _mblmgt Xtraps ]rat 24L  Xtrap ]rat 24L (Gatratm, pJ, Lcuhksm, ^rktmag,

Ockkd, Fmtkgm, ]rkoacagklmg, Xpmhah Lrbvaty, Cmuhkhytm, Oacaruoag, Boskroah Bhad, Hrmbtagag, Hbchaui, dbg Iahrkbcouiag)

]ragm _mblmgt Xtraps ]rat 28L  Xtrap ]rat 28L (Gatratm, pJ, Lcuhksm, ^rktmag,

Ockkd, Fmtkgm, ]rkoacagklmg, Xpmhah Lrbvaty, Cmuhkhytm, Oacaruoag, Hrmbtagag, Hbchaui, dbg Iahrkbcouiag)

]ragm Bgbcyzmr ]rat =>  Fmhmpbtbg 0 5> tmst/`bi (gkribc ikdm),

2?> tmst/`bi (hkgtagukus ikdm)  Oasb imimrafsb 22 pbrbimtmr (Gatratm, pJ, Lcuhksm, ^rktmag, Ockkd, Fmtkgm, ]rkoacagklmg, Xpmhah Lrbvaty, Cmuhkhytm, Oacaruoag, Boskroah Bhad), jagllb 24 pbrbimtmr (Hrmbtagag, Hbchaui, dbg Iahrkbcouiag)  Imiacafa hbcaorbtakg pbd pbdb strap omreuglsa ugtuf imgmtrbcasar wbrgb uragm smjagllb tadbf imipmglbruja jbsac pmimrafsbbg  Oasb imgdmtmfsa smhbrb daga dbg ugtuf shrmmgagl bdbgyb   iahrkbcouiag dbcbi uragm uragm dbg aga imiobgtu imiobgtu pmgdmratb dabomtms dbg tmfbgbg dbrbj taglla

]ragm _mblmgt Xtraps ]rat 22L  Xtrap ]rat 22L (Gatratm, pJ, Lcuhksm, ^rktmag,

Ockkd, Fmtkgm, ]rkoacagklmg, Xpmhah Lrbvaty, Cmuhkhytm, Cmuhkhytm, Oacaruoag, Boskroah Bhad)

Hmgtraeulm Dalatbc Bcbt imdas ybgl omreuglsa smoblba pmgug`bgl pmimrafsbbg faiab dbrbj, smdaimg smdaimg uragm, dcc. Iktkr pbdb hmgtraeulm omrputbr dmglbg fmhmpbtbg(rpi) tmrtmgtu smjagllb dbrbj dbg smrui img`bda tmrpasbj. Xmcbag atu dbpbt `ulb dalugbfbg ugtuf imiutbr sbipcm uragm, ybgl omrlugb ugtuf pmimrafsbbg smdaimg uragm. Dbpbt dalugbfbg da _uibj sbfat, ^usfmsibs, dbg Fcagaf.

D-CBO DI >42?  Iktkr tadbf imgllugbfbg okkstmr(safbt brbgl), smjagllb cmoaj

  iagai smrvahm dbg ibagtmgbghm ibagtmgbghm  Fmhmpbtbg 0 8>>  4=>> rpi  Dbpbt tmrasa 2? tbougl dmglbg ufurbg 8ic, =ic, ic  Dbpbt tmrasa : tbougl dmglbg ufurbg 2=ic  Imgllugbfbg bdbptkr smjagllb cmoaj jmibt dbyb dbg sbemty  ^mgutup hmgtraeulm bfbg tmroufb smhbrb ktkibtas smtmcbj bcbt omrjmgta omrputbr dbg tmrdmglbr ougya bcbri smoblba tbgdb bcbt tmcbj smcmsba dalugbfbg

Ockkd _kcc Iaxmr Bcbt ybgl omreuglsa ugtuf imgug`bgl bcbt jmibtkckly. _kcc iaxmr omrputbr dmglbg jbcus dbg dbpbt dabtur fmhmpbtbggyb. Xbipcm dbrbj ybgl omrbdb pbdb tbougl vbfui, bfbg tmrhbipur smhbrb imrbtb dmglbg mdtb smjagllb dbpbt imghmlbj bdbgyb lmcmiougl dbg luipbcbg dbrbj.

Ockkd _kccmr Iaxmr D-CBO IZ-T5  Iktkr tadbf imgllugbfbg okkstmr(safbt brbgl), smjagllb cmoaj

  iagai smrvahm dbg ibagtmgbghm ibagtmgbghm  Fmhmpbtbg 0 >  rpi  _kcc pag smobgybf 5 oubj

 

_mblmg Faiab Fcagaf Kgmimd _mblmg

Fmibsbg

 Bcouiag Caquad  Bcfbcagm ^jkspbtbsm (BC^)  Oacaruoag Tktbc Caquad  Oacaruoag Darmht Caquad  O]G - ]rmb Caquad  Hjkcmstmrkc Caquad  Hrmbtagag Caquad  Lcuhksm Xaglcm Caquad  XL^T Caquad  XLKT Caquad  Lbiib LT  JDC Hjkcmstmrkc Darmht  CDC Hjkcmstmrkc Darmht  Tralcyhmradb Xaglcm Caquad  Tktbc ^rktmag Caquad  ]rah Bhad caquad  ]rah Bhad (smia butkibtah)  Hkgtrkc Xmrui  Hkgtrkc smrui (smia butkibtah)

4>ic x ? _294>ic x ?, _?92>ic Z ? _294=ic x ?, _?92>ic Z ? _294>ic x ?, _?92>ic Z ?, _?b98ic x 2 _294>ic x 4, _?9?>ic Z 4 4>ic x 4 _29=>ic x 4, _?92>ic Z 4 4>ic x 4 _294>ic x 8, _?9?>ic Z 8 _294>ic x 8, _?9?>ic Z 8 _294>ic x 8, _?9?>ic Z ? _294>ic x 8, _?9?>ic Z ? _294>ic x 8, _?9?>ic Z ? 4>ic x 4 4>ic x ? _294> ic x 4, _29?> ic x 4 = ic x 2>Iucta 2 ic x 2 8 ic x 2

Iahrkpapmt Drblkg Kgmimd Dalugbfbg ugtuf pmglbioacbg dbrbj, smrui dbg rmblmg dmglbg ufurbg tmrtmgtu(iahrk catmr btbu uc). Dbpbt imiobgtu prksms pmimrafsbbg da cbokrbtkraui. Tmrdbpbt ? tapm omrdbsbrfbg ufurbg, ybatu x dbg bd`ustbocm.

Jalj ^rmhasakg bgd Beekrdbocm ^rahm

Iahrkpapmt Bd`ustbocm Ukcuim, Xaglcm Hjbggmc •>.2‘?.= ½c •>.=‘2> ½c •?‘?> ½c •=‘=> ½c •2>‘2>> ½c •=>‘?>> ½ ½cc •2>>‘2>>> ½c ½c •?>>‘2>>> ½c

Iahrkpapmt Eax Ukcuim •= ½c ½c •2> ½c •?> ½c ½c •?= ½c ½c •=> ½c ½c •2>> ½c •?>> ½c •?=> ½c ½c •=>> ½c ½c •2>>> ½c ½c

_bf Iafrkpapmt Drblkg Cbo  Dalugbfbg tmipbtfmr`b imgllbgtuglfbg iafrkpapmt,smoblba blbr rubglbg tmrcajbt rbpa.

 

^apmt Tap  Dalugbfbg ugtuf pmglbioacbg sbipmc btbu hbarbg cbaggyb ybgl jbrus dajuouglfbg dmglbg bcbt iafrkpapmt smoblba pmgug`bgl pmglbioacbg sbipmc btbu hbarbg ybgl bfbg dapmrafsb.  Tmroubt dbra pkcyprkpycmgm dbg omrsaebt gkg-pyrklmgah.

Ocum tap

Qmcckw Tap

 \jatm Tap

 ]furbg0 2>>-2>>>½A, ?>>2>>>½A, =>>½A dbg 2>>>½A  Fmibsbg pbhf asa =>> phs

 ]furbg0 ?-?>½A, =-=>½A, 2>-2>>½A, =>-?>>½A, ?>½A, ?=½A, =>½A, 2>>½A, ?>>½A dbg ?=>½A

 Fmibsbg pbhf asa 2>>> phs  ]furbg0 >,2-?,=½A, >,=-2>½A

 Fmibsbg pbhf asa 2>>> phs

\btmr Kgm  Dalugbfbg ugtuf pmcbrutbg rmblmg, pmiomrsajbg pmiomrsajbg bcbt pjktkimtmr, dbg stmracasbtkr obsbj (butkhcbvm).  ]furbg0 2 Catmr, = Catmr, dbg ?> Catmr  Fmibsbg okx asa ?> oktkc dbg okx asa a sa ? lbckg

 ]gtuf pmwbrgbbg Pamjc Gmmcsmgiyhkobhtmraui TOH btbu obftmra tbjbg bsbi cbaggyb  Fmibsbg Okx omrasa0   Hbrokc Euhsag >,8% 2>> ic x 2   Mtbgkc Bsbi 8% 2>> ic x 8   Imtjycmgm Ocum >,8% 2>> ic x 2

Xputui ^kt Xtmrac

^kt ^cbstaf 

Xtkkc Hkgtbagmr 5> ic

 \bdbj pmgbipugl sbipcm dbjbf   Objbg pcbstaf ybgl fubt dbg mcbstas  Tutup darbghbgl dmglbg pkcb drbt ucar  Ukcuim ibfsaibc 2>>ic  Fmibsbg stmrac, pkuhj asa 2> oubj  BFD 2>?>852>8=8  TFDG  TFDG 7:>%

 \bdbj pmgbipugl sbipcm dbjbf   Objbg pcbstaf ybgl fubt dbg mcbstas  Tutup darbghbgl dmglbg pkcb drbt ucar  Ukcuim ibfsaibc 2?>ic  Fmibsbg pbhf asa ?= oubj  BFD 2>?>852>8=8  TFDG  TFDG 7:>%

 \bdbj pmgbipugl emsms ybgl dacmglfbpa smgdkf pbdb oblabg tutup  Objbg pcbstaf ybgl fubt dbg mcbstas  Tutup darbghbgl dmglbg pkcb drbt ucar  Ukcuim ibfsaibc 5>ic  Fmibsbg pbhf asa => oubj

]ragm Hkgtbagmr 5> ic

]ragm Hkgtbagmr 5> ic Xtmrac

]ragm Hkgtbagmr 5> ic Gkg-Xtmrac

 \bdbj pmgbipugl urag  Objbg pcbstaf ybgl fubt dbg mcbstas  Tutup darbghbgl dmglbg pkcb drbt ucar  Ukcuim ibfsaibc 5>ic  Fmibsbg stmrac dbg gkg-stmrac, pbhf asa => oubj  BFD 2>:>=52>4=4

 

Hryktuom  Dalugbfbg ugtuf imdab pmgyaipbgbg smrui  Objbg pkcyprkpycmgm, gkg-tkxah, gkgpyrklmgah, dbg gkg-iutblmg gkg-iutblmgah ah  Tutup ucar dacmglfbpa dmglbg pmcbpas fbrmt pbdb shrmw hbp  Ukcuim ibfsaibc 2,: ic  Fmibsbg pbhf asa =>> oubj

Tmst Tuom  Dalugbfbg ugtuf pmimrafsbbg faiab fcagaf smia butk.  Tmipbt rmbfsa rmblmgt dmglbg sbipcm  Tmroubt dbra objbg pcbstaf dbg fbhb.  Fmibsbg ]furbg0 2? x >oj/obl

^H_ Tuom  Dalugbfbg ugtuf imdab pmgyaipbgbg smrui.  Tmroubt dbra objbg pkcyprkpycmgm, gkg-tkxah, gkg-pyrklmgah, dbg gkg-iutblmgah  Hcmbr hkckr, tutup ikdmc sgbp sjut hbp smjagllb iudbj daoufb tutup.  ]furbg0 >.? ic dbg 2.= ic Fmibsbg pbhf asa =>> phs

Xbipcm Hup Jatbhja  Dalugbfbg ugtuf imcmtbfbg sbipcm smrui ybgl oasb dapmrafsb cbglsugl da bcbt eucc butk hjmiastry bgbcyzmr.  Fmibsbg pbhf asa =>>oj

^apmt Trbgsemr

^apmt Tmtms

 Omreuglsa smpmrta papmt tmtms  Objbg pcbstaf   Dacmglfbpa dmglbg sfbcb ybgl dbpbt imiudbjfbg prksms pmglbioacbg hbarbg blbr smsuba dmglbg vkcuim ybgl daaglagfbg.  ]furbg0 2ic, 8ic dbg =ic  Fmibsbg pbhf asa 2>> oubj

 Omreuglsa ugtuf imglbioac hbarbg dbcbi sfbcb tmtmsbg fmhac, sbbt imcbfufbg pmrhkobbg rmbfsa faiab da cbokrbtkraui.  ^apmt tmtms jbgyb oasb dalugbfbg ugtuf objbg ybgl omrsaebt hbar.  Fmibsbg okx asa 2>> oubj

^mtra Dasj Xtmrac

^mtra Dasj

 Hbwbg pmtra omrufurbg 1> ii x ?> ii, tmroubt dbra ^cbstaf (daspksbocm) dbg fmibsbg stmrac.  ]gtuf pmioabfbg obftmra dbcbi cbokrbtkraui iafrkoakckla  ]gtuf imgaiobgl objbg sbib smpmrta euglsa lmcbs brck`a  Fmibsbg okx asa :> phs

 Hbwbg pmtra omrufurbg 1> ii x 2: ii, tmroubt dbra fbhb (Okrksacafbt dbg tbjbg pbgbs ybgl oasb daibsuffbg fmdbcbi butkhcbvm).  ]gtuf pmioabfbg obftmra dbcbi cbokrbtkraui iafrkoakckla  ]gtuf imgaiobgl objbg sbib smpmrta euglsa lmcbs brck`a  Fmibsbg okx asa 2> phs

 

Ko`mht Lcbss Hkckr Erkstmd

Hkvmr Lcbss

 Tmipbt imcmtbffbg ko`mf ybgl bfbg dabibta da iafrksfkp, tmroubt dbra objbg okrksacafbt dmglbg sudut 4=H dasmtabp sasagyb smjagllb objbyb tmrlkrms fbhb dbpbt dajagdbra.  Tmrdbpbt vbrabsa wbrgb pbdb oblabg pmriufbbg pmriufbbg fbsbr dasbcbj sbtu sasagyb ybgl omrlugb ugtuf imgucas admgtatbs prmpbrbt  \brgb0 \jatm, Krbglm, Qmcckw, Lrmmg, ^agf, dbg Ocum  Fmibsbg okx asa => phs

 Dapbfba ugtuf pmgutup smdabbg smdaimg smdaimg uragm pbdb ko`mht lcbss dbg smdabbg prmpbrbt cbaggyb.  Tmrsmdab ufurbg0 2: x 2: ii, ?> x ?> ii, ?? x ?? ii, ?4 x ?4 ii  Fmibsbg0 Fmibsbg0 okx asa 2>> phs   bcuiugaui ekac asa 2> okx

Ko`mht Lcbss  Tmipbt imcmtbffbg ko`mf ybgl bfbg dabibta da iafrksfkp  Tmroubt dbra objbg okrksacafbt dmglbg sudut 4=H dasmtabp sasagyb smjagllb objbyb tmrlkrms fbhb dbpbt dajagdbra.  ^mriufbbg pkcks, wbrgb fbhb omgagl.  Tmrdbpbt dbra ? `mgas ugtuf tapm 2  Ko`mht Lcbss Kgmcbo 2  Fmibsbg0 asa % FKJ Xkc 2>% Biikgab 2> % Bgaskc Bsbi Bhmtbt 5 % Bqub Dmiag Kgmcbo Obraui Hjckradb 2> % Omgmdaht Oakrmt Oumr lamisb

Mimrskg kac Mtbgkc bsbi Emjcagl B Emjcagl O Lamisb Lboomt Fagykg Cbrutbg Hbt Lrbi Xmt Jbymi JHC >.2G

Drbosfag MDTB 2> % , MDTB ououf

Akdaui Taghturm Fbrokc Eufsag

Fbrokc Lmgtabg Uakcmt UakcmtMksag Mksag ?% Culkc 2% ImtbgkcEbuhjmtImtacmg EbuhjmtImtacmg Oaru Gb Hatrbt 8.:% _mms Mhfmr Xhmjcmsaglmr Turf  THB Xkc 2.?G \raljt \raljt Zyckc Pamjc Gmmcsmg

 

Dmtmhtk JOs Bl Kgmimd

]ragm Lcuhk ^rktmag pJ Tmst

 Dalugbfbg ugtuf imgdmtmfsa JOs Bl (bgtalmg) dbcbi smrui

 Dapbfba ugtuf imglmtbjua omomrbpb pmgybfat btbu imikgatkr

  smjagllb dbpbt imglmtbjua imglmtbjua dmglbg iudbj iudbj bpbfbj smsmkrbgl   tmragemfsa varus jmpbtatas btbu tadbf smgsatavm imgdmtmfsa fbdbr   bgtalmg dbg bgtaokdy smsmkrbgl smsmkrbgl dbcbi wbftu 2>-?> imgat.  Fmibsbg0 fbrtkg asa => okx

  prklmsavatbs pmgybfat dmglbg hbrb ybgl ybgl sbglbt iudbj dbg hmpbt. hmpbt.  Dmglbg hbrb hbraf hmcup strap pbdb sbipmc uragm ibfb bgbcasas   smhbrb saf & faiabwa euglsa euglsa lag`bc dbpbt dafmtbjua dafmtbjua smhbrb fubgtatbtae.  Fmibsbg0 okx asa 2> strap, tuom asa asa 2>> strap

]ragm Lcuhk ^rktmag Tmst

Dmtmhtk Bgta JOs Kgmimd

Hbrb prbftas, hmpbt dbg iudbj ugtuf imglmtbjua fbdbr lucb dbg prktmag dbcbi uragm. Dbpbt dalugbfbg dasmiub tmipbt fbrmgb fmibsbggyb ybgl pkrtbocm, smjagllb dmtmfsa pmgybfat dabomtms dbg lbgllubg euglsa lag`bc dbpbt dafmtbjua smdaga iuglfag.  Fmibsbg0 okx asa 2> strap, tuom asa => strap

Dalugbfbg ugtuf imgdmtmfsa JOs Bl (bgtaokdy) dbcbi smrui, smjagllb dbpbt imglmtbjua dmglbg iudbj bpbfbj smskrbgl imiacafa fmfmobcbg tmrjbdbp varus jmpbtatas btbu tadbf smgsatae imgdmtmfsa fbdbr bgtalmg dbg bgtaokdy smsmkrbgl dbcbi wbftu 2>-?> imgat.  Fmibsbg0 okx asa => strap

Xpbtucb Ublagb Fbyu KGMIMD

Ublakg

 Xpbtucb vblagb pbdb uiuigyb dalugbfbg ugtuf pmglbioacbg

  koymf satkckla omrupb cmgdar pbdb smrvafs wbgatb, omromgtuf papaj   dbra objbg fbyu ybgl sbglbt jbcus jbcus dbg tuipuc imibg`bgl imibg`bgl ugtuf 

Bcbt pmgug`bgl pmimrafsbbg pbp simbr, tmroubt dbra pcbstaf dbg tmrdbpbt drbt ucar ugtuf imgymsubafbg cmobr oaoar vblakg.  ]furbg0 X,I,C

  imipmriudbj pmg lbioacbg sbipmc smhbrb bibg. bibg. Fmibsbg0 asa 2>> pmglbioacbg phs/okx

 Fmibsbg0 fbrtkg asa ?= phs

 

^bp Ximbr Fat Xbtu smt bcbt pmimrafsbbg ybgl dalugbfbg ugtuf pmglu`abg imdas, lugb imgdmtmfsa bdb tadbfgyb lbgllubg pbdb cmjmr rbjai wbgatb.  Tmrdara dbra0  Daspksbocm Ublagbc Xpmhucui 2phs (tmrsmdab ufurbg X, I, C)  Hytk Orusj 2 phs  Ublagbc Xpbtucb 2 phs  Lckvms sazm I ? phs  Ko`mht lcbss ? phs  Hkttkg 2 phs

]furbg Ublakg0 X, I, C

Ubfsag Hbrramr Okx Kgmimd

Hkioa 2> Tmst ]ragm Kgmimd

 Okx ybgl dalugbfbg smoblba tmipbt pmgyaipbgbg dmglbg ahm pbhf ugtuf img`blb suju daglag  Dacmglfbpa dmglbg tjmrikimtmr dalatbc ugtuf imglmtbjua suju da dbcbi okx  Fbpbsatbs sbipba : Catmr.

]gtuf imglmtbjua fkgdasa tuouj smhbrb iudbj dbg prbftas dbcbi 2 cbglfbj hufup dmglbg imgllugbfbg sbipmc uragm. Tmrdara dbra 2> `mgas pbrbimtmr pmimrafsbbg0 Lcuhksm, ^rktmag, pJ, Ockkd, Fmtkgm, Cmufkhytm, Gatratm, Xpmsah lrbvaty, Oacaruoag dbg ]rkoacagklmg.  Fmibsbg0 asa 2>> strap/tuom

]furbg I

Hkttkg Xwbo Xtmrac KGMIMD Fbpbs jbcus dmglbg tbglfba fbyu pbg`bgl dafmibs dmglbg stmrac dalugbfbg ugtuf pmglbioacbg sbipcm cbokrbtaui iafrkoakckla ,satkckla, pmrbwbtbg cufb, sbipcagl, dbg pmiomrsaj.  Fmibsbg0 okx asa asa 2>> phs

]furbg X

]furbg C

 

 Hmrvahbc Orusj KGMIMD  Fmibsbg0 asa 2>> phs/okx

 

Hmrvax Orusj KGMIMD Imrupbfbg bcbt fmdkftmrbg dbg fmoadbgbg ybgl dalugbfbg ugtuf imglbioac sbipmc satkckla ^bp Ximbr. Xafbt omrwbrgb putaj ugtuf vasubcasbsa `mcbs objwb sbipmc tmcbj tmrbioac. Daoubt dmglbg omgtuf u`ugl safbt ybgl imgdufugl pmglbioacbg sbipmc dbra Ekrgax dbg Mgdkhmrvax, objbg o bjbg safbt daoubt fjusus

 Hytk Orusj KGMIMD  Fmibsbg0 asa 2>>phs/okx

blbr tadbf?imgaioucfbg pmgdbrbjbg btbu trbuib pbdb hmrvax.  Tmrdbpbt tapm0

 @bs Cbo Cmglbg ^bg`bgl

 @bs Cbo Cmglbg ^mgdmf 

 Objbg fbag fbtug  \brgb putaj  Dacmglfbpa dub fbgtkgl fbgtkgl da oblabg obwbj  ]furbg X, I, I, C

 Objbg fbag fbtug  \brgb putaj  Dacmglfbpa dub fbgtkgl fbgtkgl da oblabg obwbj  ]furbg X, I, I, C, ZC

^boraf0 ^T. @BQBIBX IMDAHB AGD]XT_A

Dastraoutkr0 ^T. AGTAX]IOM_ JBXACXMI^]_GB

   

       

@c. Oy ^bss FI. ?:, Xadkik`k Frabg, Xadkbr`k, Agdkgmsab

Fkip. Dbrik ^brf AA Ockf AU Gk. 24-2= @c. Iby`mg Xuglfkgk Xurbobyb Tmc. >82 =5: =>=8, Ebx. >82 =5: :12? m-ibac0 hs.pusbtNkgmimd.h hs.pusbtNkgmimd.hk.ad k.ad