Building-ibt TOEFL Ak2

®

Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT Beginning

READING

TRANSCRIPTS Listening Section / Speaking Section / Writing Section

Listening

Note: Highlighting indicates a repeated listening sample.

Chapter 1

W: Thanks! OK... it’s 9.1 centimeters tall and 5 centimeters wide. Just what I need!

Skill A

05 Anthropology

01 Campus Life M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W:

M: W:

I’m worried about my girlfriend. Why is that? She thinks she’s too fat. Is she? No, but she keeps skipping meals. Then, she only eats chips and drinks cola. I used to do that. It’s called binging. It was no fun! Why did you stop doing it? Well, my doctor told me to eat when I’m hungry. She said, “Eat till you’re full or you’ll eat too much later.” She said a lot of girls ruin their health this way. Did she say what to eat? She said, “Eat fruit, vegetables, meats, and grains. Have regular meals and snacks. Get exercise, too.”

02 Music History M: We know that Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in Bonn, Germany, but we are uncertain of the month. Beethoven wrote hundreds of songs. One of his most famous is his Fifth Symphony. The first four notes go like this: dah dah dah da! Almost everyone recognizes them. He was the first to use trombones in a symphony. At age 28, he began to go deaf. Yet, he kept on writing and conducting. He never got married. But after he died, friends found some love letters. We don’t know who he wrote them to. Beethoven died in 1827.

03 Biology W: OK...let’s talk about animals we don’t see in the winter. Many animals hibernate during the cold months of the year. Basically, they go to sleep. Some animals hibernate in holes in the ground. Others sleep in caves, under bushes, or at the base of trees. Bears hibernate. So do cold-blooded animals, like frogs and snakes. When animals are hibernating, it seems like they’re dead. They have slow heartbeats, and they almost stop breathing. They have stored extra energy and fat to keep them alive. By the end of winter, they are very weak. They must eat soon after waking up.

04 Campus Life M: Hey Julie, what’s up? W: Hi, Brian. Taking a break from studying. I’m surfing the Internet for an MP3 player. M: Do you like the iPod? W: Yes, but I need a really small one. M: Oh, it’s small! W: Really? Someone told me it holds 5,000 songs! M: It’s 3.6 inches tall and two inches wide. I have one. W: What’s that in centimeters? M: The math textbook says one inch is 2.54 centimeters. W: OK, so first I need to multiply 3.6 by 2.54. M: Here! Use my calculator.

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W: Track and Field events happened long before they became a sport. The San people in Africa are one example. They still hold what’s called a “Persistence” hunt. The men find the tracks of an antelope herd. They find the antelope and follow them for several days and nights. During this time, they study the animals and choose one. Then, the hunt begins. Only the fastest runner will go after the chosen animal. He and the animal may run for as long as eight hours. If the hunter “persists,” the deer will finally get tired and fall. Then, he’ll slaughter it.

06 Business Writing W: When you’re writing a business letter, it’s important to be specific. That is, tell the reader exactly what he or she needs to know. If something is wrong, list what the problem is and what should be done to fix it. If you need information, state clearly what you want to know. Next, um, be positive. Say “no” in a good way. M: How can we do that? W: Use polite language. For example, “we regret to inform you that...” or “we’re sorry, but...” Always keep in mind this golden rule: write the kind of business letter that YOU would like to receive.

07 Campus Life M: Come on Holly, we’re going to be late. W: For what? M: Today’s the day of the parking-space lottery. I want to see if I get a parking space for next year. W: What?! You mean if they choose your number, you get a place to park your car? M: Yes. Parking is very limited. Only a few students can bring their cars. And freshmen are never allowed to park on campus. W: If your number is chosen, do you get to park for free? M: No. It costs $120 a year. W: So, you’re hoping to win the privilege of paying money? M: Yes. Now, come on!

08 English W: Professor Smith, I forget many English words. What’s a good technique to remember them? M: Try using index cards. Uh, small pieces of heavy paper. W: What do I do? M: On the front of the card, write the new word. On the back, write a definition of the word at the top...in English. W: In English? M: Yes. No native language! Then, divide the bottom part of the back into two halves. On the left, write a correct English sentence using the word. On the right, draw some kind of picture...anything that helps you remember the word. W: Then what? M: Review the cards every day.

Skill B 01 Geography W: Another name for the South Pole is Antarctica. This is a continent, but no people live there. There’s a good reason for this. It’s the coldest, windiest place on Earth. The lowest temperature ever measured was in Antarctica. Minus 88 degrees celsius! Ninety-eight percent of the ground is permanently frozen, and the continent contains 87 percent of the world’s ice. Antarctica’s only human occupants are scientists. They go there to learn how Antarctica used to be millions of years ago, when it was located at the equator. Antarctica used to be connected to Australia, before all the continents on the planet shifted.

02 Campus Life W: Hey Joe, where are you going? Are you on your way to class? M: No. I’m on my way to the recreation center to play basketball. Want to come? W: I can’t. I’m not a member. M: If you’re a full-time student, membership is included in your tuition. Do you have your student ID card? W: Yeah. Does that mean I can use any part of the rec center? M: Yes. You can use the swimming pool, the gym, the weight room...anything you want. All you need to do is show your ID card at the door. W: Hey, cool. I’ll come with you.

M: There’s free Internet information --- The Hermit Crab Association. They help crabs in captivity. And we will take them back to a beach someday.

06 University 101 M: As we study in university, we find we have a lot of reading. It’s very productive to learn how to read faster. To do this, you need to know how fast you read now. I’ll show you a quick test to find out. But before I do, let me say this. In this test, it’s important to understand what you have read. Rushing to beat the clock is pointless. You won’t enjoy the reading or understand it well. You’ll also get a false measure of your reading speed. When you finish, you should try to see what you remember.

07 Health W: We all know that we can get Vitamin D from sunshine. Long winters make it hard to get enough. People who don’t get outside often don’t get enough either. Without Vitamin D, we may develop weak bones and teeth. We can get certain kinds of cancer more easily, too. Few foods other than fish naturally have much Vitamin D, so it’s important to get some sunshine every day. But be careful. Too much can cause skin cancer. Notice what most animals that live outside all the time do. They are most active during the hours before sunrise and after sunset.

08 Campus Life 03 Literature M: If a play makes you laugh, it’s a comedy. Comedies have humorous characters and happy endings. A good example of a comedy is Shakespeare’s classic Much Ado About Nothing. Another popular style is called tragedy. Tragedies usually tell how a hero ruins his life, falling from good fortune to bad fortune because of a “tragic flaw” in character. One example is the play Ghosts, by Henrik Ibsen. Um, modern years have produced a third style, called tragicomedy. In tragicomedies, the play seems as though it will end in tragedy but instead has a humorous or unclear ending. An example is Saint Joan, by George Bernard Shaw.

04 Physics W: It’s a beautiful blue sky today. Ever wonder why it’s blue? It’s because the sun’s rays scatter, or spread out, as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. Blue rays are scattered most; they seem to be all over the sky. Yellow rays are scattered less. This is why the sun looks yellow most of the time. But, after sunrise and just before sunset, the sun looks red. Why? Because then the rays must travel a longer path into the atmosphere. More of the blue and yellow rays are scattered. The red rays are scattered the least. So, they come through in the largest numbers.

05 Campus Life M: W: M: W: M:

Hi, Ms. Jansen. Can we keep Romeo and Juliet in our dorm room? What on Earth...! They’re our pet hermit crabs! Oh, poor crabs! Don’t you think they’d be happier on the beach? Well, at the store they were squished into a little box. We thought they’d be happier with us. We let them out when we’re home. We give them baths too! W: I see. Do you know what to feed them?

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Ha ha! Hey Trevor, check this out! I’m trying to study here! Oh, sorry. But this is really funny. What is? This article about strange inventions. Like what? Well, one guy invented a ladder for spiders. It’s a rubber strip you can put on the side of your bathtub. Ha! Yeah? What else? A portable seat. You carry it around your waist like a big cushion. Ha! That’s really stupid. Here’s the best one: A car license plate that tells if the driver’s a man or a woman. I like that one. Then I could stay away from women drivers. Yeah... Hey!

Skill C 01 Campus Life M: I’m interested in your course on Indian culture. Can you tell me about it, please? W: Certainly. The course is eight weeks long. There will be a mid-term examination, a final exam, and two essays. M: How do you determine the grades? W: The final will account for 30 percent of your mark. The mid-term is 15 percent, the first essay is 10 percent, and the second essay is 30 percent. M: Let’s see. 30, 15, 10, 30...that’s only 85 percent. W: The other 15 percent is based on your attendance and participation in the class. M: It sounds interesting. I think I’ll take it. Transcripts

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02 English W: One of the most effective ways to increase your vocabulary is through newspapers. They are cheap, and they have a wide variety of words. When you read an English newspaper, make a list of eight to ten words you don’t know. Look them up in a dictionary. Then add them to your vocabulary notebook. If you learn eight new words each day, you will be learning new words faster than the average American. M: Professor? W: Yes? M: How can we remember the words after we write them? W: Spend 15 minutes each day reviewing words from the previous day. You’ll be surprised how fast you learn.

03 Campus Life W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M:

I really like art! Especially paintings. Really? Do you have a favorite one? Yes, Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. What do you like about it? Her smile. If you look closely, it seems she’s not smiling at all. Look again, she’s smiling! So many artists try to copy that smile. It must be hard to paint something so beautiful. Did you ever notice that she doesn’t have any eyebrows? Really? No! I never noticed. I wonder why? Girls in that time shaved their eyebrows. I just read it in our art history textbook. Hey! That’s cool. Nowadays, she’d have an eyebrow ring!

04 Anthropology M: In North America, the best weavers are a group of people called the Pueblo --- that’s P-U-E-B-L-O. The Pueblo have been weaving clothes, baskets, and blankets since at least 1000 BC. At first, they used their fingers to weave together vegetable fibers and animal hair. In the first century AD, they began growing cotton. About this time, they also started using a loom --- a kind of, um, machine that helped them weave the cotton into cloth more quickly and easily. By the year 1600, the Pueblos had sheep, so they began weaving wool, using the same methods they had used for weaving cotton.

05 Campus Life M: Have you heard about Mexican turtles disappearing? W1: Yes. It’s because they lay their eggs on the beach, right? M: Yeah, and people eat the eggs. But my professor said there’s a plan to save them. W1: What is it? M: I don’t know, but he gave us a phone number. W1: Let’s call! M: OK, here goes... W2: Hello, Environmental Protection Hotline. How may I help you? M: I’d like to find out about the program to save Mexican turtles. W2: Yes, of course. I can send you something to read or you can look at our website, www.enviro.com. M: Thanks! I’ll look at the website. W2: Thanks for calling!

06 Physics W: And now, the winner of this year’s science fair, Choi Min-Soo! Min-Soo, tell everyone about your work.

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M: Thank you! Let me tell you about my “white noise” machine. Does noise ever annoy you or keep you awake? Well, we can lessen noise by using “white noise.” Think of water. Think of sending one big wave toward another coming in. My machine does that with sound. It can tell how much noise is coming in, then send back “white noise.” You don’t hear it, but it shuts out the noise! I hope that my machine will help those who need quiet. Thank you!

07 Health M: Acupuncture is a way of treating sick people. The Chinese developed it over 2,500 years ago, and it is still used today. In acupuncture, small metal needles are inserted into spots on the human body. There are 787 of these spots. Each one is connected to a special body part or system. If, um, your ear hurts, for example, the doctor will put needles into all the spots connected with your ear. The needles don’t hurt because they don’t go in very far. Sometimes the doctor runs an electric current through the needles. We don’t understand exactly why this helps people.

08 Math W: Geometry is the study of points. Now, a point is a small dot, like a period at the end of a sentence. If we have two points, we know that there can be other points between them. There can also be a line. The line is continuous. It has no space between each point. Part of a line, with points at each end, is called a line segment. Two line segments can be the same length. We call these line segments congruent. That just means the line segments are equal in length.

Chapter 1

Skill Review A-C 01 Campus Life W: What should I do to prepare for my exams? I have some old exams from last year. Do you think it’s a good way to study? M: Yes, it can help. Being familiar with the way the test is made up is beneficial. You may be less anxious at exam time. First, quickly look over all the material you’ve studied. Then decide which things you need the most work on. Then use questions from the exams to practice. W: Great! I should just memorize all the answers! M: No, I don’t think that’s a good idea. Questions on the new exam will probably be different. You need a strong understanding of the material. Memorizing won’t replace a thorough knowledge of the subject. W: I guess that’s probably true. So, what else can I do? M: Make sure you go to all the review sessions. Go to your professor’s office hours too. W: I always do that. I really like my professor. M: Good! In the exam, be sure to read the directions carefully. They may be different from the practice exams. Also, make sure you get to the exam in plenty of time. Get comfortable before it begins. W: OK! Thanks for your help.

02 Physical Science W: Some people once thought that only four things made up the Earth: earth, water, air, and fire. Earth, water, and air are all forms of matter, but fire is really different. It may seem the same in that you can see it, feel it, and smell it. You can even move it from place to place, but it really isn’t matter at all. It’s an activity. It is matter changing form. Of course, fire has to have something to burn. We call this fuel. Fire also has to have air so that it can burn. Usually, when we build a fire, we first put down easily flammable material like newspaper or dry leaves. Then, we carefully place pieces of wood over it, leaving room for air. Since fire doesn’t start by itself, we need a spark or heat source to start it. Matches, lighters, even magnifying glasses can be used. That’s a glass piece, specially made for seeing small things. We can make sun shine through it to form a very hot spot of light. Wood has to reach about 150 degrees Celsius. Then, something in the wood changes. Part of the wood turns into gas. We see this gas as smoke. The parts of the wood that don’t burn change to ash. This is the soft, white powder left after a fire. A third part of the wood becomes carbon, or char. This char, or charcoal, burns slowly and hotly without smoke. This gives us enough time to cook food.

Skill D 01 Campus Life M: Hey, Rita, what are you looking at? W: I’m looking at a Nova Scotia College of Art catalog. I’m going to transfer there. They have a great lithography program. M: Oh, yeah? So you’ll have to send them your transcript. W: I guess so. What exactly is on my transcript? M: Well, basically all your courses and grades. W: How do I get it? M: At the transcript office. It’s $8. It takes the secretary three or four days to do it for you. W: Great! I can do this soon. I really want to learn to do lithos!

02 Communications W: Do you say what you really mean? We learn from listening to others. It’s a good way to learn. But if we’re not careful, we learn other people’s mistakes, too. Here’s an example. You often hear, “We’ve reached a consensus of opinion.” “Consensus,” already means that all of the people have the same idea. Adding “of opinion” is not needed. A saying that’s used too often is called a cliche’ . We have to be careful in using cliche’ s. For example, it’s easy to say something like, “I love chocolate.” What we really mean is, “I like it a lot.”

03 Sociology M: More and more US parents are choosing to homeschool their children. This means the parents teach them at home. They do this for several reasons. Some think public schools are too dangerous. Some think the education level is too low. And some want to teach their children about their religion. This is not allowed in public schools. At home, children can help choose which subjects to study. And since there are only one or

two students, the teacher --- mom or dad --- can give them lots of attention. Of course, homeschoolers might get lonely. And parents are sometimes not the best teachers.

04 History W: Albert Einstein is considered the greatest scientist of the twentieth century. He was born in Germany in 1879, and was interested in science from an early age. He had trouble in school. In fact, he failed on his first try to enter university. In 1896, however, he did enter a university in Switzerland. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics. When Hitler came to power in Germany, Einstein moved to the United States. He told the US president that Hitler was making an atomic bomb. The US made one first. This new bomb helped end World War II.

05 Campus Life M: W: M: W: M: W:

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Yaaaahh Quit yawning! I’m trying to read. Sorry. I’m just tired today. Our biology professor said when you yawn, it’s because your lungs need more oxygen. It cleans your blood. Hmm...my blood must be filthy, then. You’re probably not breathing as deeply as you should. Why don’t you go outside and take a few deep breaths? That’ll give you lots of oxygen. Yeah, but I’ll still be tired. Maybe a break and some fresh air will give you some energy. I need a break from this boring textbook. If you’re bored, go outside and try doing something interesting. Good idea. I think I’ll go for a bike ride.

06 Geography M: South America is a large continent, but it has only 12 countries. The largest country in South America is Brazil. It is almost as big as the United States! A lot of people don’t realize that from just looking at a map. Brazil takes up almost half the land in South America. The smallest country is Surinam. This is smaller than many US states. South America lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The equator crosses the northern part of the continent. At this point, South America is about 1,500 kilometers wide. The southern-most point in South America is a narrow tip called Tierra del Fuego. This is only about 300 kilometers north of Antarctica.

07 Campus Life W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W:

Hello, Chad. What’s happening? Not much. What are you doing with that camera? I’m taking pictures for our class photo exhibit next week. Where’s that going to be? In the student center. I need to get three or four good shots of nature on campus. Will all the photos be of nature? No. There are three other categories: students, professors, and buildings. And students are taking all the pictures? Yes. We have to take them, develop them, enlarge them, and frame them. Wow. You’re going to be busy. Yep. Well, I’m gonna go photograph the cherry tree blossoms. See ya.

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08 Social Studies M: A population is all the people, animals, or plants living somewhere. Taking a census means getting information about every member of a population. Census information helps governments, especially democracies, run well. In a democratic government, people vote for the leader. Democracies need to know everyone who is old enough to vote. The two oldest known censuses were taken in China. One was taken in 2 AD and the other in 140 AD. The Bible also tells of three different censuses. Censuses were taken by the Roman Empire, too. The person counting Romans and getting the taxes was called the “Censor.”

Skill E 01 Campus Life M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M:

Hey, neat! You got a telescope for your birthday! Yes. Now, we can look at the moon! Can we see any planets with this telescope? Yes. We can most easily see Mars --- it’s closest to Earth --- and Venus. It’s the next closest. Is it true that Mars once had rivers and oceans? A lot of scientists think so. Did you know it has two moons? No! Amazing! How many moons does Venus have? None! Do you think people will ever visit Mars? Maybe someday, but not Venus. It’s too hot. Well, at least we can see them with your new telescope!

02 Phys. Ed. M: Soccer, or football, is one of the best liked sports around the world. It’s an easy game to understand, but it has many rules. Each player must follow the rules carefully. A player who doesn’t can be given a yellow card. This is a warning. A player who breaks the rules many times may get a red card. A player who gets a red card is forced out of the game. He or she will not be allowed to play anymore. There is one very basic soccer rule. It is one that everyone knows. A player cannot do anything that could hurt another player.

03 Literature W: There’s a famous story about Mark Twain. Once he got on a train in New York. I don’t know where he was going, but the train was full. A ticket-office worker said there was no room on the sleeping coach. But on the train, the conductor saw him and came right over. He showed him to a sleeping coach in first class. He made especially sure that Twain was comfortable. Then he said, “I’m so proud to have you on this train, sir!” Mark Twain asked, “Oh! Who am I?” and heard, “General McClellan.” You can imagine his surprise.

04 Psychology M: It’s important to choose a job that’s right for your personality. Are you a friendly person who enjoys meeting people and talking with them? Perhaps you should become a salesperson or a teacher. If you’re quiet and thoughtful, maybe you should

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be an accountant or scientist. Think about what your job requires. Will you be interacting with others or spending most of your time alone? There are many factors to consider in choosing a career. Money is certainly one of them. So is social status. But remember, whatever you decide, you have to do that job every day. Choose carefully!

05 Campus Life W: M: W: M: W:

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Hey, Tony. Want to go play basketball? I can’t. I’ve got to study for my mid-term exams. Man, you can’t study all the time. You’ve gotta exercise! How? I don’t have the time! You can do simple things. Like, instead of taking the elevator to class, walk up the stairs. And when you’re studying, take a rest every hour and go for a short walk. Hmm....yeah, I could do that. You know, just squeezing a tennis ball makes your hands stronger and helps you relax. That’s easy. Anything else? Yeah. Walk backwards sometimes. It strengthens the back of your lower legs. Thanks. Have fun at basketball.

06 Astronomy W: OK, mmm...we all know that the Earth spins as it rotates around the sun. Does anyone know how fast it spins? M: Two thousand kilometers an hour? W: Close. About 2,200 kilometers an hour. It turns completely around once each day. Now, what would happen if the Earth stopped spinning so fast? If it slowed down to one rotation every 365 days, every place on the planet would have either daylight or darkness all year long. This is similar to the situation on the moon. For two weeks, the sun shines on the front side. Then, for two weeks, it shines on the back side. How do you think a slower rotation would affect your lives?

07 Campus Life W: I finished writing my paper on the American Revolution. M: Wow! I’m still looking for information on George Washington. W: Well, I saw a TV show about it last week. I wrote down all the important people and then looked them up on the Internet. M: I wish I’d seen that show. W: You can still find information on the Internet. Just type the words you’re looking for and then click the “search” button. M: I tried. But it gave me so many websites! W: Maybe you can ask Professor Cohen if there’s a good video you could watch. That would help you know what to look for.

08 Psychology M: It’s easier to remember something if we make a picture, or image, of it in our minds. You can remember a common object by giving it three qualities: detail, color, and movement. Take something you often lose, like a key, for instance. Make the key special in your mind. Give it detail. Imagine it has very sharp teeth. Then, give it color. Make it shiny gold. Finally, give it movement. Imagine it is alive. If you don’t watch it, it could jump up and lock you out. If you think of it this way, you’re not likely to forget it again.

Skill F 01 History W: Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the most powerful nation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492, Spain sent many people there. They brought back lots of gold and silver. Trade with the new American colonies made Spain rich. It established colonies in other parts of the world, such as Cuba and the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain lost a famous war against England. After that, its power began to decline. In 1898, Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines in the SpanishAmerican War.

05 Campus Life W: M: W: M: W: M: W: M: W:

I don’t feel well. I think I’ll skip class today. What’s wrong? I feel hot then cold, and I ache all over. Ooh! That doesn’t sound very good! You’d better take your temperature. Do you have a thermometer? Yes, I do. Here you go. Thanks, Joe. Here, let me read the thermometer for you...Uh-oh, your temperature is really high! You’d better go see the school nurse! You know, I could have malaria. These are malaria symptoms. I just came back from a trip to Africa with my parents. I wasn’t very good about taking my medicine.

02 Campus Life

06 Science

W: Dr. Shin, how long have you been a university professor? M: Eighteen years, Sandra. W: Could you please tell our campus radio listeners what made you want to become an educator? M: I guess it was my mother. She was a writer. At an early age, she taught me that “the pen is mightier than the sword.” So when I entered university, I started to study writing. W: And you became a writer like your mother? M: No, I actually never wrote any books. But I did discover that I love teaching. So I’ve been a writing teacher ever since. W: Well, we’re certainly glad you became one. Personally, I really enjoyed your class. Thank you for being on the show today, Dr. Shin.

M: Light travels at 297,600 kilometers per second. That’s pretty fast! Sound travels much more slowly at 1 kilometer per 3 seconds. Knowing this, we can judge the distance of a storm. When you see a lightning flash, begin counting seconds. When you hear the thunder, stop counting. How many seconds have passed? The lightning is one kilometer away for every 3 of those seconds.

03 Literature

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M: Batman has changed several times since he first appeared in a comic book in May 1939. The first Batman is now called the “Golden Age” Batman. He was famous for using his mind, not his strength, to catch criminals. In April 1940, Robin first appeared as Batman’s partner. In April 1943, Batman and Robin were joined by their butler, Alfred. He was the only one who knew Batman and Robin’s real names. In 1952, Batman teamed with Superman for the first time. In May 1964, the “new look” Batman appeared. His costume had a black bat in a yellow oval. The first Batman did not have the oval.

There’s another way to know how close a storm is. As rain falls, it cools the air. That cooler air may flow about 3 miles ahead of the storm. The air becoming suddenly cooler tells you about how close it is.

07 Campus Life

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Hi, Barb! How was your vacation? Great! We went to New Mexico. You went to Mexico? No, NEW Mexico. It’s a state in the southwestern US. The license plates there say USA, so people don’t get confused. That’s funny. What did you do there? Well, on our way there we stopped at the Grand Canyon, in Arizona. It was awesome! Then, we went to Albuquerque --the biggest city in New Mexico. Then we visited Carlsbad Caverns. What are those? Caves --- sixty miles of them. In one cave, we had to wear hats with lights so we could see in the dark.

04 Ecology

08 History

W: The kind of oil that usually spills into the sea is called crude oil. Sometimes it leaks naturally. Other times, humans accidentally spill it when digging for oil or carrying it on boats. When oil spills, three things happen: spreading, evaporation, and emulsification. In spreading, the oil forms long, narrow strips, called windrows. You can remember this word as “wind” plus “rows.” The wind pushes the oil into long rows across the water. In evaporation, the lighter parts of the oil disappear. Only the heavier parts remain. In emulsification, E-M-U-L-S-I-F-I-C-A-T-I-O-N, the waves mix water into the oil. This forms a heavy and sticky substance, which is sometimes called chocolate mousse. The oil also mixes with other things floating in the water.

W: Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He began studying painting at age 14 and became famous just a few years later. His best-known paintings are Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an excellent scientist. He kept detailed notebooks of observations about the natural world. And he cut open dead people to learn how the human body works. Finally, he was an inventor. But his two most famous inventions --- the parachute and the war tank --- weren’t built until after he died.

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4. Try reading the ending first, so you know where the passage is going. 5. The next day, look over the passage again. Only read what you’ve underlined. Do it again a week later. Now, each night for several nights before a test, look at your list. Take an hour or two. You’ll remember some things from class. When you find something you can’t remember, look it up. You’ll learn what you don’t remember this way. You’ll have no problem getting a high score on the exam. Learning this does take time, though. So don’t get discouraged. Keep practicing. You’ll get it.

Chapter 1

Skill Review A-F 01 Psychology W: Some people can remember things in a way that seems almost impossible. It’s as if their minds just take photos. They might be able to repeat a lecture word for word. They can even accomplish this feat many years later. Some very good chess players can play with their eyes covered. This is called “Blindfold Chess.” They can play against several other players at once --- and win! Someone tells them the other players’ moves. They can easily remember where the pieces are on all the boards. Scientists call this “eidetic memory,” though many people call it photographic memory. However, this may be misleading. Scientists believe the memories are not stored photographically, but in another way. A scientist named Dr. DeGroot did a test to show this. A chessboard was set up a certain way, and some chess players were given fifteen seconds to look at it. Then, they were asked to set the pieces up again in the same way. The more seasoned chess players easily set up the pieces again. The beginners had a more difficult time doing it. In the next test, Dr. DeGroot began in the same way. However, this time he set them up in a way that would never happen in a real game. Now, the really good players had difficulty remembering, too, remembering only as well as the beginning players. It seemed they needed to apply their knowledge of what was really possible in a game. That is, they needed to apply what they knew about chess to remember well.

02 General Studies M: Some people really go overboard using their yellow markers to underline everything. I’m going to suggest that this isn’t the best strategy for studying. The first time you read a passage, don’t highlight. You can end up with an all-yellow text. Just read the passage first. Then ponder it for a while. Then read it again, this time looking for the most important ideas. In the next reading, you can start highlighting. Only underline one or two key words or phrases per page. Even better --- compile a list of the words and phrases. Write the page number beside each one so you can look them up again. Now, when you review, you won’t have pages and pages to read. This makes it much easier to review for an exam. W: Excuse me, Professor Hill. M: Yes, Jacqueline? W: Can you give us some suggestions on how to choose the words and phrases? M: Yes, of course! Here are some steps to help you decide what to choose: 1. Look for the main idea. Follow the way it’s being told through the passage. 2. Look at the beginning and ending paragraphs. They often give the information in a simple form. 3. Pick out transitional words that give you important information. i.e., “the point is,” “in sum,” “most importantly,” and so on.

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Chapter 2 Skill A 01 Culture M: Let’s talk about sneezing. When someone sneezes --- Ah choo! --- the customary response is, “Bless you” or “God bless you.” Why do we say this? There are several theories. Some of these are superstitions --that is, things that many people believe but that aren’t really true. One superstition is that saying “bless you” keeps the devil from flying down your throat. Another is that “bless you” keeps your soul from flying out of your body. Actually, there is a historical reason for this custom. There was a pope in Rome named Gregory the Great. When he was elected pope, the great plague was beginning all over Europe. Thousands of people were dying. In fact, the pope before Gregory had died of the plague. To get rid of the plague, Pope Gregory ordered people to march through the streets, asking for God’s help. If someone sneezed, others would immediately say “God bless you!” They hoped this would keep the person who sneezed from getting the plague. Today, of course, we know that when you sneeze, the devil isn’t trying to rush down your throat. Your soul won’t leave your body. And saying “bless you” to sneezers in the street is not going to cure disease. We do know, though, that each sneeze forces thousands of germs into the air. People keep germs out of public places by covering their mouths when they sneeze. And hearing an old-fashioned “bless you” from a stranger can make us feel better when the sneezes begin.

02 Campus Life W: M: W: M: W: M: W:

M: W:

Hey Alex. How’s it going? OK. I just finished math class. Man, I hate math! Why? It’s easy! Yeah, right. I’ve got a secret that helps me in math class. Wanna know what it is? OK. But it probably won’t help me. Listen and try it. Math is too abstract, right? Well, try to make it real for yourself. My secret is I think about numbers in math as if they were money. Huh? Yeah. I have a hard time picturing numbers. But if I see the numbers as dollars and cents, then I can see them clearly in my head.

M: Really?! W: Yeah. For example, if the teacher says, “What is 853 minus 727,” I think of eight dollars and fifty-three cents minus seven dollars and twenty-seven cents. The answer is one dollar and 26 cents---one twenty-six. It’s easy! M: Hey, that’s awesome! I’ll try it tomorrow. Thanks. W: No problem. See you at the basketball game tonight. M: See you.

03 Computer Science W: More people are buying home computers and using them for home networks. They need faster ways to get information over the Internet. Right now, there are mainly two avenues for information to be sent. These are cable modems and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines or ADSL. These faster ways of sending information are called broadband connections. Cable modems and ADSL are both types of broadband connections. They are much faster than a 56K modem. There is another new kind of DSL connection. It is known as very high bit rate DSL or VDSL. Some companies already have this for certain places. VDSL isn’t everywhere yet, but it may be very soon. Many people like it and are beginning to use it. VDSL accommodates a very, very large amount of bandwidth. It gives up to about 52 megabytes per second. In other words, it provides 52Mbps. In comparison, ADSL or cable modems can only give 8 to 10 megabytes per second. It’s easy to see that VDSL is a lot faster. VDSL will soon be more common, making home networks cost much less. In the United States, a telephone line has two copper wires. These wires have a very broad bandwidth. A telephone call only uses a very small part of the bandwidth. The telephone wires can carry much more information than telephone calls. DSL can use this extra bandwidth at the same time a call is being made. It can do this without changing the sound of the telephone call.

04 Campus Life M: Hey Lucy, are you going to watch any of the movies at the film festival? W: No, I wasn’t thinking of it. I have too much homework to do. M: Aw, that’s no fun! Can’t you even take one night off? Your dormitory is so close to the Annenberg Center! It’ll take you five minutes to get there. W: Well, maybe I will go to one. M: How about tomorrow night? I can go then. W: What movie is playing? M: School of Rock. Have you seen it? W: No. What’s it about? M: Well, it’s a comedy and it’s really funny. It’s about this guy who’s really trying to make it as a rock star. He gets kicked out of his band and he really needs money. So he acts like he’s somebody else to get a teaching job. Then, he tries to turn his class into a rock band. W: Sounds pretty crazy! OK, I’ll come see it.

05 Biology W: Most animals in the world have some kind of way to hide themselves so that they can hunt for food and protect themselves from other animals. This method of hiding is called camouflage: C-A-M-O-U-F-L-A-G-E. The simplest form of camouflage is for animals to “blend in” with their surroundings. Their colors match

the surroundings in which they live, which makes them hard to see. Deer and other forest animals, for example, have light brown colors that help them blend in with the brown trees and dirt on the forest ground. Many fish have a gray-blue color. This helps them blend in with the soft light under water. Other animals use color patterns to help them blend in. A tiger’s pattern of black stripes and orange fur blends into the long grass where it hunts. This makes the tiger difficult for its victims to spot---until it’s too late! Another form of camouflage is called copying. For instance, a king snake is red, yellow, and black. It copies the colors of the coral snake. The coral snake is very dangerous; its bite can kill you. The king snake is not dangerous, but other animals are afraid to attack the king snake because it looks like a coral snake. A third form of camouflage is disguise: D-I-S-G-U-I-S-E. This means that an animal looks like something else. For instance, a crocodile in the water can look just like a floating log. This disguise helps it catch deer when they come near the water to drink.

06 Psychology W: Do you ever wonder why we dream? Many people do. For centuries, in fact, people have been trying to understand what our dreams mean...or if they mean anything at all. In ancient Egypt, about 2000 BC, people thought dreams were very important. They believed that dreams foretold what would happen in the future. The Egyptians wrote books that listed what dreams meant. If a man saw himself looking out a window in his dream, it was considered a good omen. It meant that his cry would be heard by a god. If a man saw himself in his dream looking at people who were far away, it was considered a bad sign. It meant that he was soon going to die. In modern times, Sigmund Freud is famous for his research on dreams. Freud believed that dreams represent our suppressed desires --- things we want to do, but can’t. Dreams allow our minds to act out desires that we can’t express in our everyday lives. Usually, these suppressed desires involve sex. For example: A train going into a tunnel represents a man and woman having sex. According to Freud, this dream would mean you want to have sex, but for some reason you can’t. Another famous dream researcher was Carl Jung --- um, J-U-N-G. Jung believed dreams allow us to think more about ourselves than when we are awake and to solve problems that we have during the day. In 1973, researchers named Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley said dreams don’t mean anything. Dreams are just the result of natural activity in our brains.

Skill B 01 Biology W: I’m still confused about the lecture today on blood types. M: OK. What questions do you have? W: Well, first, the way we classify blood types. We use the letters A, B, and O, right? M: That’s right. There are four different types of blood: A, B, AB, and O. Each person on Earth has one of these types. W: And...where do we get our blood types? M: They come from both our father and mother. Your blood type could be the same as one of your parents, or completely

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Spiders use silk in many different ways. They often use it the same way a mountain climber uses rope. They’ll drop down on a silk strand. If they get into trouble, they can quickly run back up again. Another way they use silk is to make homes for their babies. Most kinds of spiders spin a thick silk covering around their eggs. Some spin it around the new little spiders. Spiders can make different kinds of silk strands. One way is to coat a silk strand with different materials. They might make it sticky to catch a fly. I think we’ve all seen a fly getting stuck on a spider’s web. You sometimes notice because the fly buzzes loudly. Or a spider might water-proof the silk with something. Then, they can stay dry in a rainstorm. A trapdoor spider’s home is a good example. The door over the trapdoor spider’s hole is a water-proof roof made of spider silk.

different. W: But everyone’s blood is red! M: Yes, it all looks the same, but it’s dangerous to mix two different blood types together. If you get hurt and need blood, you have to make sure the new blood is the same type as yours. If it’s not, you might die. W: But didn’t the professor say there was one type that could mix with any of them? M: Yes. That’s type O.

02 Literature W: Folktales are stories that grow out of the lives or imaginations of people, or folk. Folktales began as an attempt to explain and understand the world around us. Many folktales all over the world are nearly the same. Travelers passed them on from one country to another. Each person telling the folktale changes it slightly. The stories that traveled mostly over land changed a great deal. The ones that traveled by water changed less. There are many different kinds of folktales. Some have simple plots with lots of repeated phrases and words. These are called cumulative folktales. One example is called “There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly.” This sentence is repeated on almost every page of the story. In some stories, animals talk just like humans. These are talking beast folktales. A famous example is “The Three Little Pigs.” Humorous tales are meant for fun and nonsense. They are usually about someone who makes unbelievably funny mistakes, such as the Norwegian husband who has to take care of his house and nearly destroys it. Romances are stories in which lovers seem hopelessly separated until magic brings them back together. A good example is “Beauty and the Beast.” Tales of magic are types of stories we commonly call fairy tales. These include things like talking mirrors, enchanted forests, and magic kisses. “Snow White” is a popular example.

03 Campus Life W: Hello, Lance! What can I help you with today? M: I heard there’s a tutoring center for each department. Can you tell me where it is for the English Department? W: Yes! Ours is just next door. M: Can I go there right now? W: You can, but they might still be at lunch. You know, you’ll have to sign up for an interview first, anyway. You can do that over the Internet, too. M: OK. Can you give me the address? W: Go to www.pentutoring.info. They’ll get in touch with you within three working days. M: What will they send me? W: They’ll send you the tutor’s name, phone number, email address... Oh, yes, and how much you have to pay per hour. M: Uh-oh! I don’t have any money. W: That’s OK. You can get free tutoring. You’ll just need to agree to do a three-week feedback survey. M: That’s all? W: That’s all! M: Great! Thanks! W: No problem!

04 Biology M: Spiders can spin silk better than any other insect. Only a few others, like silkworms, can make silk.

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05 Physics M: A good way to understand why balloons float in the air is to understand why things float in water. Let’s say that you have a plastic one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. If you pour out the Coke and put the cap back on, you have a one-liter bottle full of air. Now, tie a string around it and take it to the bottom of a swimming pool. What will happen when you let go of the bottle? W: It will rise to the top? M: Yes. If you sit on the bottom of the pool holding the string, the bottle will act just like a balloon does in the air. Does anyone know why the bottle rises? W: Uh, because the air is, um, lighter than the water? M: Exactly! The bottle and the air inside it weigh just a few grams, But a liter of water weighs about 1,000 grams. The air is lighter than the water the air displaces, so the bottle floats. We call this the law of buoyancy. Balloons work by the same law of buoyancy --- except balloons are filled with helium, not air. Helium is a gas that is much lighter than air. You can think of the helium balloon you are holding as floating in a huge “pool” of air. The helium balloon displaces an amount of air, just like the empty bottle displaces an amount of water. As long as the helium and the balloon are lighter than the air they displace, the balloon will float in the air.

06 Health W:

Mmm. I love coffee. It wakes me up! You know why? Because it has caffeine. Caffeine is a kind of drug. Ah! Caffeine is found naturally in many plants, such as coffee beans, tea leaves, and cocoa nuts. It’s also added artificially to many other kinds of food and drinks. So, it’s safe to say that the typical American gets plenty of caffeine. As a matter of fact, most of us get too much. More than half of all adults in the United States consume more than 300 milligrams of caffeine each day. Including me! Seriously, though...too much caffeine is not good for your body. Caffeine interferes with a chemical in your brain called adenosine. That’s A-D-E-N-O-S-I-N-E. Now normally, adenosine helps prepare your body for rest. This chemical slows down nerve cells, which causes you to become sleepy. To the nerve cells in your brain, caffeine looks just like adenosine, but caffeine acts differently. Instead of slowing down your nerve cells, caffeine speeds them up. As a result, your heart starts to beat faster. Your breathing tubes open wider. Your blood pressure rises. Blood vessels tighten near the surface of your skin. The

blood flowing into your stomach slows down. Your muscles tighten up, ready for action. This is why, after consuming a big cup of coffee, you feel excited. You can feel your heartbeat increasing. You’re ready to do something, go somewhere, run, play, fight, conquer the world....or else start STUDYING to get ready for the next test!

Skill C 01 Science W: We use microscopes to help us study cells. Because cells are so small, we can’t see them without magnification --- um, the ability to make them look bigger. The first microscopes were called light microscopes. They were pretty simple devices. They were also simple to use. Scientists first cut the cells, or specimens, into thin sections. Then they stained the specimens with different colored materials, called dyes. The dyes helped them see the specimens more clearly. Unfortunately, dyes often killed the cells, too. That limited what scientists could find out about the specimen. In recent years, we have developed more powerful microscopes. These help us view living specimens. One of these new microscopes is called the phase-contrast microscope. It’s made in such a way that part of the light passing through it moves more slowly than the rest of the light. We say this part of the light is “out of phase” with the rest of the light. This enables scientists to see differences in living specimens as light and shade. Another type of new microscope is the electron microscope. This uses electrons to form images, instead of light. Electrons travel in waves, similar to light, but their wavelengths are over 100,000 times shorter than those of light. Therefore, they can give much clearer magnification. Electron microscopes even allow scientists to take pictures of the cells they are studying!

02 Campus Life W: Hey Frank. If you could be any person in the world, who would you be? M: That’s easy. Bill Gates! W: Why? M: I’ll give you 30 billion reasons. Ha, ha. W: Ah, so it’s the money. M: Not totally. But the money is nice. I was reading that if you made all of Gates’ money one-dollar bills, and then laid them end-toend, the line would stretch for almost six million kilometers. W: Wow! But what would you do with all that money? M: Gates gives a lot to the poor. He’s donated almost seven-anda-half billion since the year 2000. I’d give away even more. W: Really? M: Sure! It costs about $240 a year to feed a starving child. So, Bill could save almost 121 million children. W: Hmm...why else do you like Gates? M: I admire his confidence. Did you know he earned a scholarship to Harvard, but left after two years to start Microsoft? That took courage!

03 History M: So, you’ve heard of the Gettysburg Address. But do you know the story behind it?

The worst battle of the American Civil War was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Northern Army fought back the Southern Army. The battle lasted three days. Afterward, the field was left covered with bodies of dead soldiers. In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln came to Gettysburg. He was to speak at the opening of the cemetery there. Music played and soldiers saluted. Edward Everett, governor of Massachusetts, talked first for almost two hours. Then Lincoln stood up. He looked out over the valley. Then, he began to speak. He said they couldn’t do anything to make this place special. He said that the soldiers who had fought so hard had already done that. He said that everyone would soon forget what was spoken that day, but he said that what the soldiers did would never be forgotten. He said everyone should keep doing what these soldiers began. They should keep fighting for freedom for all the people. Then, they could make sure the soldiers didn’t die needlessly. The president’s speech only lasted two minutes! Everyone cheered and then left. Lincoln turned to Edward Everett. He said he thought he should have planned his speech better. Edward Everett didn’t agree. He said, “It was perfect. You said more in two minutes than I did in two hours.” Afterward, the newspapers said it was a great speech. And, as you know, Americans still remember it today.

04 Phys. Ed. W: Some people are surprised to know that walking is very good exercise. It seems very easy, but it does us a lot of good. It cleans the blood, tones up muscles, and strengthens bones. It even helps people lose weight. One study showed that fast walking keeps your heart healthy. Men who walked fast were 50 percent less likely to have heart disease. You don’t need much equipment to do it, and almost anyone, anywhere, at any time, can do it. It’s not difficult to plan walks into your day. You can walk to work, to catch a train, or to a park. You can walk to shops or enjoy walks in the country. It’s a great way to spend time with family and friends. People have some of their best conversations while walking. It’s best to do some stretches before and after you walk. Take short quick steps, stand straight, and take deep breaths. For basic health, it’s good to walk most days of the week. Walk for 20 to 30 minutes or more at a “talking pace.” To lose weight, walk for 30 to 45 minutes or more. Walk as many days as you can. Walk fast enough so that you finish slightly out of breath. To make your heart stronger, walk quickly for 20 minutes or more. If you can, walk where there are some small hills. Walk two or three times a week. Go as fast as you can, but enjoy yourself. Exercise should never be painful.

05 Campus Life W: Josh, what are you doing tonight? M: I have a biology class. What are you doing? W: Well, my friend’s sorority is having a party, but I don’t want to walk by myself in the dark. M: Why don’t you use Campus Escort? W: What’s that? M: Campus Escort is a free service that gives students rides. Other students drive you to the place you’re going.

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W: Really? It’s free? M: Yep. Just call 874-SAFE and tell them what time you would like to be picked up. W: But...will they escort me back home? M: Sure. There’s a car that will take you from your dorm room to the party, then back to your dorm. It runs 5 p.m. to 1 a.m. And there’s a small van that picks students up each hour at the student center and the mall. It runs from 6 p.m. to midnight. W: What if I want to stay later? M: Call campus police for a free escort: 874-2121.

06 General Studies M: All right. Saturday’s the big day. Are you ready? Yes, Susan? W: Tests make me nervous. What can I do? M: Good question. It’s natural to be a little nervous before a test. The important thing is: don’t panic. You’ve studied hard for this test. You can pass it. Be confident! Relax! Now, you’re more likely to be relaxed if you are well prepared. Here are some tips. First, before you leave home, check to make sure you have everything you need. You should have your admission ticket. This was mailed to you last week. You should have two number-two pencils and a good eraser. You should have identification --- your student ID card, a driver’s license, or a passport. If you’re taking the math portion of the test, you should have a calculator. Second, know what you can’t bring to the test. You cannot bring a watch with a loud alarm. You cannot bring any food or drink. You cannot bring extra paper to write on. You cannot bring any books, notes, or dictionaries. You cannot bring compasses, rulers, protractors, or other aids --- except for the calculator. You cannot bring colored pens, pencils, or highlighters. You cannot bring cell phones or pagers. You cannot bring any portable tape recorders, walkmans, or headphones. Questions? W: Um...what if I uh, have to go to the bathroom during the test? M: You can’t. So go before! Don’t worry, there will be breaks after each section of the test. You’ll be able to go then.

Chapter 2

Skill Review A-C 01 Campus Life M: All right. Here’s your student ID card. You’ll need to show this at every meal, or each time you buy something at a campus dining hall. W: Really? Hmm. That’s different than my old school. M: Yes, I imagine it is. We have a unique system here. Do you know about our meal plans? W: Meal plans? Uh, no. M: There are several different plans. You can choose to buy 9, 12, 15, or 18 meals each week. It depends on your schedule and eating habits. W: I see. Um, what if I buy the 15-meal plan and only eat 13 meals that week? Will I get 17 the next week? M: No, meals do not carry over into the next week. That’s why it’s important that you choose your meal plan carefully. W: What if I want to treat my friend? Can I use two meals at one time? 648

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M: Sorry, no. Only one meal each meal period. If you want to treat a friend, you can use your declining balance points. W: My what? M: Declining balance points. They work like an ATM card. At the dining halls, you use the points like cash. You can buy food, snacks, or meals. Then the points are withdrawn from your declining balance account. All of our meal plans offer these points. W: Um, OK. What happens when I run out of declining balance points? M: You can buy more points at any time. Just go to the One Card office on the North Campus. We will bill your home through the Student Accounts office.

02 Geography W: We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’s learn about some of them. In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The first is the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250 millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is how much of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back into the atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss of water “evaporation.” Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greater than rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates, most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles, for instance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimeters of snow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen. We also classify deserts by their location and main weather pattern. One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts are located between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the equator. The winds that blow over these areas are very strong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches the ground. Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areas crossed by the trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa, is a trade wind desert. Temperatures there can reach 57 degrees Celsius. Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadow deserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains, they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the other side. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of the mountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert. So is a large part of the western United States called the Great Basin. Still another kind of desert is the coastal desert. Coastal deserts are on the western edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastal desert, the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driest desert. In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall only once every 50 years.

03 Business Writing M: Today, I’d like to give you some basic rules for writing a resumé. Let’s begin with spelling. Don’t use words you don’t know. Use a dictionary. Seems like a lot of trouble to get up, find a dictionary, and look up the word. But if you’re on the computer, you can look up words online. Do a spell check, but then read every word carefully. The spell check can’t catch every mistake. If you use “form” instead of “from,” it won’t catch it. So, use a spell check, but read everything yourself, too. And read carefully. If you read quickly, it’s easy to miss words that are misspelled. Have a friend read your resumé, too.

Another thing, choose your words carefully. Some words sound alike but don’t mean the same thing, like these: personal means private, personnel means staff members. And use active tense like “directed staff” rather than passive tense like “was staff director.” The active tense gives a stronger feeling. Now, about grammar. In each part of your resumé, keep the same tense. The duties you do now should be in the present tense. Things you did in the past should be in the past tense. For example, let’s say you started your job several years ago in September. You might write on your resumé “September 2003 to present, manage office and staff,” or “teach at Canyon High School.” That means, “I manage” or “I teach” now. But if you’re listing a job you don’t have anymore “taught at Canyon High School” instead of “teach at Canyon High School.” Don’t give your sex, age, race, or marital status. How much money you made before is also personal information. Make your resumé look nice. Make it as simple as you can, too. Leave plenty of space, but try to make it just one page. Use a font like Times Roman that’s easy to read. Put your name, address, and telephone number on it and any letters. Use a good printer and print on only one side of white paper. Your resumé speaks for you. A professional-looking resumé tells an employer that you do things well. An employer may decide to see you or not because of it.

04 Economics W: Our world is so rich! All the people together make more than $31 trillion a year. In some countries, many people make more than $40,000 a year. But in other countries, many people make less than $700 a year. Of these, 1.2 billion earn less than $1.00 a day. Because of this, 33,000 children die every day in these poorer countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies in childbirth. Being poor keeps more than 100 million children out of school. Most of them are girls. Helping the poorer countries is a very big task --- especially because more people are born every year. In fifty years, there will be about 3 billion more people. The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people. It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It is one of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helping them build schools and health centers, and get water and electricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings. The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in world markets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates. The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans, and interest-free credit. It helps them take care of the money, too. When the countries get loans, they have 35---40 years to pay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it. In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion to low-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDS is a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is to help them fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, many more people will get the illness. The World Bank is not like other banks. It’s really a part of the United Nations. One hundred and eighty-four countries belong to it. These countries all put money into it and help maintain it. About 10,000 people work in World Bank offices. They are from nearly every country in the world. Its headquarters is in Washington, DC. But there are World Bank offices in 109 countries.

Skill D 01 Campus Life W: Hi Tony! Where are you headed? M: Hey, Mary. I’m going to the campus gym to lift weights. Want to come? Um, there’s an aerobics class at 5 o’clock. W: Uh, no thanks. I’ve got to study for my chemistry mid-term. Maybe next time. How often do you go? M: I try to go three times a week. When I study, I sit too much. I don’t feel good unless my body gets some exercise, not just my mind. W: Do you usually just lift weights? M: No. I lift to get stronger. Then, I run on the treadmill to help my heart and lungs. Then, I jump rope or do aerobics to improve my balance and coordination. W: Wow! I wish I had that much discipline. M: Start slowly and do a little more each day. W: Thanks for the advice. Well, have fun. Maybe I’ll go next week. M: Bye! Good luck on your mid-term.

02 Physical Science W: Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction, of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezing and thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks --of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to break apart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks. Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animals are also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, or dig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanical weathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s so cold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also common in deserts, where there is little water and few plants. Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock by chemical changes or solution. This includes the processes of oxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many iron minerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they can quickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust or oxidize. Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock that does this. Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water, which contains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail about that reaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place in warm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is more common than mechanical weathering, although they usually act together.

03 Campus Life M: I just don’t get it! W: Get what? M: Professor Johnson’s biology lecture. I took notes, but I don’t understand them. W: You should go to a review session. M: A review session? W: Yeah. A review session is a discussion that’s led by a student who has already taken the class. They review the professor’s lecture and the homework assignments for each week. Then, they answer questions. M: It sounds like an extra class.

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W: You don’t have to go, but if you’re having trouble, a review session will help you a lot. I went to one last year when I had Professor Johnson’s class. M: Yeah? How did you do? W: I got an A-minus. M: Hmm. When is the review session? W: Let’s see... You have your choice. You can go Monday from 5 to 6 p.m., or Tuesday from 3 to 4. M: I’ve got economics on Tuesday. I guess I could go Monday. W: It’s up to you. M: I’ll think about it.

04 Business M: Advertisements. They’re everywhere. You can’t hide from them. There’s no escape. Turn on the TV. There they are. Turn on the radio. There they are. Waiting for an elevator? There they are. Using your computer? There they are. Looking out your car window? Ahhhhhh! Ads, ads, ads! Aren’t you getting tired of them? W: Yes! Especially on my computer and on TV. I wish there weren’t so many of them. M: Well, would you believe you’ve actually seen more ads than you think? You’ve also been watching secret ads. Instead of regular ads, today we are seeing lots more of something called product placement. Product placement is like an ad that’s not an ad. It’s an advertisement in disguise. For example, how many of you have seen the movie Cast Away, with Tom Hanks? Mmmm, most of you. Which company does Toms Hanks work for at the start of the movie? W: Fed Ex. M: Bingo! That’s a product placement. Fed Ex --- short for Federal Express --- got more publicity from that movie than it could have with hundreds of traditional ads. In another movie, The Firm, the main character drank a beer from Jamaica called Red Stripe. In the movie’s first week, sales of Red Stripe increased 50 percent. Product placement used to be limited to movies. Now, we see it on TV shows, video games, even in books. It’s an effective technique. But companies have to be careful. They want their products to be visible within a scene, but not the focus of attention. When done correctly, product placement can add a sense of realism to a movie or television show that something like a bottle simply marked “beer” cannot.

Cross the wide Missouri O Shenandoah, I love your daughter Away, you rolling river For her I’ve crossed the rolling water Away, I’m bound away Cross the wide Missouri Notice the dialog in the second verse. The white man tells his lover’s father: “Oh Shenandoah, I love your daughter...for her I’ve crossed the rolling river.” Such dialog is typical of ballads. So, we have three characteristics of ballads so far. One, they tell a story. Two, they come from oral tradition. Three, they repeat simple words and use dialog.

06 Earth Science M: Trade winds are a pattern of wind found in regions near the Earth’s equator. Do you remember what the equator is? W: The imaginary circle around the middle of the Earth that divides the planet into the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. M: Very good! Now, in the old days, sailors used to sail their boats back and forth across the equator on their way to trade things with other nations. They depended on the wind to get them there quickly. Hence the name, trade winds. The trade winds begin in regions called the Horse Latitudes. These are regions between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the equator. The winds in the Horse Latitudes are light, and the weather there is hot and dry. Because of the light winds, trading ships would become stalled in the Horse Latitudes. Sailors were worried about running out of water, so they threw their horses into the sea. This way, they could drink the water meant for the horses. It also made their boats lighter, so they could go faster. The trade winds blow from the Horse Latitudes toward the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, they blow from the northeast and are called the Northeast Trade Winds. In the Southern Hemisphere, they blow from the southeast and are called the Southeast Trade Winds. The trade winds between about 30 degrees latitude and the equator are steady and blow about 22 to 24 kilometers per hour. They can quickly propel ships across the ocean.

05 Music M: Today we’re going to learn about a kind of song called a ballad. A ballad is a song that tells a story. Usually, the story in a ballad is one that began with oral tradition. Parents passed it down to their children from generation to generation. Ballads are often sung in rhyme, like a poem. Unlike a poem, though, ballads do not use a lot of explanation. The words are usually simple, clear, and easy to read. There is not much emotion. And the motives of characters --- that is, why they do something --- is not usually told. One famous ballad from the 1800s is called “Shenandoah.” Um, S-H-E-N-A-N-D-O-A-H. It tells the story of a white man who was in love with an American Indian woman. She lived near the Missouri River, one of the two largest rivers in the United States. Listen to part of the song: The white man loved an Indian maiden Away, you rolling river With notions his canoe was laden Away, I’m bound away

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Skill E 01 Campus Life M: Excuse me. I’d like to buy a bicycle permit please. W: That will be four dollars. M: Here you are. And the permit will let me park my bike anywhere on campus? W: Yes. M: How long is the permit valid for? W: It’s valid for the next four years. OK, now I need your bicycle serial number. M: My serial number? Just a minute. Ah, here it is. A7-10023. W: All right. Next, I need some identification with your address on it. M: My address? Um, oh yeah. I have my driver’s license. W: Sure, your driver’s license will be fine...all right. Last but not least, you need to fill out this bicycle registration card. Then

we’ll give you your permit. M: Here you are. W: Thank you. Now, you need to make sure this permit is in plain sight on your bicycle. Attach it to the main frame, on the center post below the seat. If we can’t see it, you will have to pay a fine. M: No problem. Thanks.

02 Art W1: Today, we’re going to see how much you know about china. M1: It’s got the Great Wall. W2: And rice. M2: And chopsticks! W1: No, not that China. Yes, China is a country. But there’s another china-the kind you eat off of. This china is a fancy type of porcelain. Porcelain is a material used to make plates, cups, and bowls. When people get married in America, one of the oldest customs is for the bride and groom to choose which type of china they want for their new home. There are four main processes in creating china. These are clay making, mold making, glazing, and decorating. In the clay-making process, five ingredients are mixed together with water and shaped into tubes. These tubes are called pugs: P-U-G-S. In the mold-making process, plaster is poured into metal molds to make production molds. These production molds are then used to shape the pugs into plates, cups, and bowls. Next, comes the glazing process. Glaze is like liquid glass. When it’s heated, glaze forms a protective shell around each piece of china. Glaze is incredibly strong. A store in Canada once showed how strong china is by using four teacups to support a race car! Can you picture that---a heavy car with only one small cup under each wheel? After glazing, the china is ready for decorating. Here, artists use 85 patterns and 400 different shapes to make the china look beautiful. Then, it’s ready to be sold.

03 Campus Life M: I’d like to check out this book, please. W: May I please see your student ID card? M: I’m sorry, ma’am, it’s been stolen. It was in my wallet, which was stolen. W: I’m not allowed to check out any books for you without it. M: Oh, that’s great! What should I do now? W: You can download the form for a new student ID card from the computer. Fill it out and take it over to the Student Center. Actually, they can also give you the form there. M: Thanks. I don’t think I’ll bother. Doesn’t it cost $10.00? W: It does. You might just want to do it, though. You won’t be allowed to sit for exams without it. M: All right, I guess I’ll have to. I suppose they’ll want a passport photo too. W: Yes, and a copy of your identification --- driver’s license or passport. M: All right, I’ll go over there. Thanks ma’am. W: You’ll be glad to have it. Good luck!

04 Health M: Let’s begin our study of Vitamin D. It’s something we must have. Among other things, it helps our bodies use the important mineral, calcium. Calcium makes our bones strong. It also helps our nerves and muscles work the way they should. Let’s open our textbooks to page 63. I’d like you to take a look at these pictures. As you can see, these children don’t look well

at all. The bones in their heads haven’t come together as they should. That’s why their heads are too big. Their legs curve out. The bones are too soft to stand on. These children didn’t get enough Vitamin D. Happily, we don’t see this too often any more. Vitamin D is not in most of the foods we eat. We get it mostly from the sun. Ultraviolet rays from the sun transform something in our skin. It becomes what’s called previtamin D3. Inside our bodies, it changes again. It becomes what’s called active vitamin D. With active vitamin D, our bones can make enough calcium to stay hard. Active vitamin D helps us have enough calcium for our nerves too. This helps us feel calm and sleep well. Today, many people need to have stronger bones. Many older people’s bones, especially, break far too easily. One main reason why is that people don’t get nearly enough sunlight. We close windows to stay warm in the winter. In summer, we close windows for air conditioning. But we really need time in the sunshine almost every day.

05 Computer Science W: I did a search on Google yesterday. It was amazing. I typed in “horses” and hit the search button. In less than a second, it showed me more than 32 million websites related to horses. Do you ever wonder how computers can think so fast? Well, I did another Google search, and I found out. Computer chips are based on something called Boolean logic. This is a type of thinking developed in the mid-1800s by George Boole --- B-O-O-L-E. Boolean logic maps information into bits and bytes. It begins with seven electronic pathways, called gates. The simplest gate is called a NOT gate. The NOT gate takes one bit of input, which we’ll label A, and produces an output, which we’ll label Q, that is exactly opposite. So, if input, A, is one, the output, Q, will be zero. If A is zero, Q will be one. Simple. Next is the AND gate. The idea behind an AND gate is this: if there are two bits of input, say, A and B, and if A and B are both the same, then the output, called Q, should be the same. After the NOT gate and the AND gate comes the OR gate. Its basic idea is, “If A or B is one, or if both A and B are one, then Q is also one.” The next two gates are called NAND and NOR. These two gates are simply combinations of an AND or an OR gate with a NOT gate. Now, next comes....

06 Biology M: Let’s begin. Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim bladder to move around in the water. Remember, when the fish breathes oxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. This causes the fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some of the gas out of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it can move vertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-air balloon. A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder, so they use their forward movement to control their vertical position. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swings it back and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forward movement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forward movement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, the forward movement creates lift --- the airplane and shark both rise. Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. These fins are in about the same position as the main wings and tail wings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at different angles. This changes the path of the water around them and

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enables the shark to move quickly upward or downward. The shark also has two vertical fins on its back. These are like the stabilizer fin on an airplane. They allow the shark to keep its balance as it moves through the water and help it turn quickly left and right.

Skill F 01 Computer Science M:

Robots are very popular these days. We see movies and television shows in which robots move, speak, and have personalities that are almost human. Like R2D2 and C3PO in Star Wars, and Data from the Star Trek TV series. In real life, there are robot dogs, robots that walk on two legs like a person, robots that clean your house, and robots that work in factories to help build cars. What, exactly, is a robot? That’s a surprisingly difficult question. Different people have different ideas. One famous scientist said, “I can’t define a robot, but I know one when I see one.” The easiest definition is that a robot is something most people say is a robot. However, people who build robots have a more precise definition. They say a robot must have a reprogrammable brain --- in other words, a computer --- that moves a body. The vast majority of robots have several features in common. First of all, almost all robots have a movable body. Some move only by wheels, and some have many movable parts that are joined together. These parts are usually metal or plastic. Secondly, robots have some sort of actuator --- that’s AC-CHEW-ATE-OR --and this actuator spins their wheels or moves their parts. An actuator could be an electric motor, or a hydraulic system, or compressed gas, which we call a pneumatic system. Some robots use all these actuator types: motors, hydraulics, and pneumatic systems. And third, robots need a power source for their actuators. They could have a battery, or they could plug into a wall.

02 Health M: If you have white skin, you’re in danger of getting sunburn. The cells in your skin are not protected from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation --- or UV rays. If you don’t protect your skin when you go outside, your skin can become red and sore. We call this sunburn. I bet we’ve all experienced this at some point in our lives. What happens is this: UV rays damage the cells in your skin. The body responds by sending more blood to these cells to repair the damage. This is why your skin is red when you get sunburned --- because of this extra blood. The blood begins moving toward the damaged areas four hours after you’ve first been in the sun and will keep moving there as much as 24 hours afterwards. You won’t know you’re sunburned until it’s too late. Sunburn is dangerous because it increases the chance that you will get skin cancer. People who have been sunburned a lot get skin cancer much more often than those who don’t get sunburned very much. So, it’s very important to protect your skin when you’re in the sun. The best way to do this is to use sunscreen. Sunscreen is a lotion you put on your body about 30 minutes before you go outside. Sunscreen helps in two ways. It can block UV rays. Like a shield, it stops them before they reach your skin. Sunscreen can also absorb UV rays. This means the lotion “eats” the UV rays. The rays stay in the lotion instead of your skin.

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03 Campus Life M: What’s your plan for the day, Natalie? W: Well, I have to work on my paper this morning. After that, I’m free. Why? M: I was thinking about going to see an art show. It’s about First Nations tribal totems. Do you want to go? Isn’t that what your paper is about? W: Yea, you remembered, Alex! Maybe I should go see the show before I work on my paper. M: It’s in the Gallery Shopping Mall. W: I know where that is. It’s at 10th and Market Street. M: I’ll drive. But could you just quickly go over the directions with me first? W: Sure, Alex, it’s easy. Take University Drive to Market Street. We take Market Street eastbound to 15th Street. Then, follow the circle around City Hall to continue on Market Street. We keep going on Market Street until 10th Street. Then, the main door to the mall is right on the northwest corner of 10th and Market Street.

04 Social Studies W: Today I’d like to talk about animal helpers. There are many ways that animals can help or teach us. By that, I mean how people long ago learned from animals. And even today, we can still learn from them. Think of a snake, for example. A snake grows new skin and sheds its old skin many times. It can remind us that we too need to change. The snake’s old skin can be discarded because it has a new one. For us, it’s the same. We let go of old things and ideas for new ones. At age seven, we think certain things. Do we think the same things at age thirty-seven? If so, we have evolved little in our lifetime. Since long, long ago, people have learned from animals they admired. Some First Nations people would go to live with and study bears. One of them might stay with a bear for a whole year. People and bears eat many of the same foods. They would learn all of the vegetation that bears know about. So First Nations people would watch bears forage for food. If a bear ate berries or roots of some plant, they knew it was OK for people to eat. Or if a bear avoided a certain plant, First Nations people would stay away from it too. Knowing about these plants helped people, especially if they migrated to a new area.

05 Campus Life M: Good afternoon, Ms. Smith. W: Good afternoon. M: Now, then...you would like to apply for a position as a campus tour guide? W: Yes, sir. M: OK. Have you ever been a tour guide? W: No, I haven’t. But I love people, and I’ve been a student here for two years, so I know all about the campus. M: I see. Do you know what your duties would be as a tour guide? W: Sure. I’d walk people around the campus, tell them the names of buildings, talk about student life, then answer questions. M: That’s correct. Tours are held once each day. They last for 90 minutes. W: What time do they begin? M: At 10 a.m. Monday through Saturday. On Sunday, tours start at 1 p.m. Monday through Friday only, the guide will give a 30-minute talk after the tour for students who want to study here but have not yet applied.

W: How much money do the tours cost? M: They’re free.

06 Phys. Ed. M: When we think of the martial arts, most of us picture spectacular fights, like the flying kicks, spinning punches, and fantastic flips we see in Jackie Chan movies. Actually, people who practice martial arts use their physical skills to make their minds and spirits stronger. This is especially true with a type of martial art called karate. Yes? W: How do you spell that? M: K-A-R-A-T-E. People who practice karate are called karatekas: K-A-R-A-T-E-K-A-S. For karatekas, karate is much more than a style of self-defense. It is the best way to strengthen their minds and spirits. Karatekas say that the fighting principles they learn in karate help them in all areas of life. The first principle karatekas must learn is to concentrate on their own movements and not think about other things. This teaches them to concentrate better on their studies or jobs. Second, they must be alert and be ready to react to a punch or kick from their opponent. This helps them be alert and react to difficult problems in life. Third, they need to focus their strongest points on their opponents’ weakest points. This helps them work and focus harder on important things. Fourth, karatekas learn to make their bodies physically strong; they are ready to defend themselves and throw punches without thinking. This, in turn, makes their minds and spirits stronger. Their bodies know right away how to deal with new problems and challenges in everyday life.

Chapter 2

Skill Review A-F 01 Campus Life W: Hello, Mr. Thompson. Are you my student advisor? M: Yes, Amanda. How can I help you? W: I’m thinking about majoring in history. I’d need History 101 --History of Western Civilization. Can you tell me what the course covers? M: Sure, I’d be happy to. It’s one of my favorite subjects. W: Lucky for me! M: OK, let’s see here. It starts with the beginning of Western civilization in the Near East, and it covers everything up through the 16th Century Reformations. It’s mostly lectures. W: Uh-oh, that can be a little boring. M: Yes, but I do know that Professor Jantzen makes her class interesting. She shows some very intriguing DVDs, and she really gets students to ask questions. W: Yeah, my friend Kelly studied with her last year. She said they had great class discussions. M: Yes, I think you’ll find that’s true. W: So, how closely does she follow the textbook? M: Well, she covers all the same basic material, but you’ll find the lectures won’t be exactly the same. And you’ll have some writing assignments. W: Yes, of course.

M: From the class, you’ll get a good basic idea how our society became the way it is. You’ll learn about what our society thinks makes good citizens. You’ll find out how different governments were formed. And you’ll learn how technology has changed us. W: And how about historians? M: Oh, yes. You’ll learn how historians decide what happened. You’ll be asked what you think about it too. W: Great! That’s what I’m most interested in.

02 Psychology W: Our mother tongue is the language we learn first from our families. We are native speakers of that language. People who know two languages are bilingual. Those people who know three or more are trilingual and multilingual. Many people have more than one native language. They learn them without going to school. And then there are many people who learn a second language through study. Like me! I only heard English at home. In order to learn Spanish, I had to study, hard! Now, our mother tongue, or first language, is very important. Some academics believe that it teaches us how to think. So, knowing your mother tongue is very important to getting an education. Knowing it well makes learning another language easier. People who are bilingual will learn a third language even more quickly. Educators have different ideas about how we learn languages. There are two basic ideas. Some say babies’ brains are specially ready for learning languages. They think that as we grow up, that changes. That’s why it gets harder to learn languages. Others disagree with this idea. They say we learn languages the same way we learn other things. We don’t know for sure just how it happens. There are places where two language groups may not talk to each other much. Something interesting, called coordinate bilingualism, happens to people here. They think about things in a special way. We know this happens in Quebec, Canada to French-English bilinguals. Let me give you an example of what I mean. They might think of one kind of dog when they say “dog” in English. In French, the word for dog is “chien.” When saying that word, they think of a different kind of dog. Yes, Tony, did you have a question? M: Are there a lot of French-English bilinguals in Quebec? W: Yes, there are quite a few. M: Do these people ever feel like they have two different personalities? W: Well, yes, in fact they do. You can see how this would happen. Here are two different groups who don’t always get along. You need to understand both groups and have them understand you. So, you talk differently to each group. You end up learning two different ways of thinking.

03 General Studies M: OK, pay close attention, please. I’m going to tell you what courses you need to take to graduate. Take careful notes. Each undergraduate can make his or her own curriculum. This means you can choose which classes you want to take. BUT...we want to make sure you get a good general education, so your curriculum must include the following: First, you will need six hours of composition. Those can be basic writing classes in the English department. You will also need six credit hours in 300 and 400-level courses

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that require some kind of written project. These courses will usually require you to write at least two lengthy papers. They will have a “W” next to them in your student catalogs. So those were the English requirements. Next, I’ll go over the general humanities requirements. First, there is a foreign language requirement. So you’ll need six hours of a foreign language or six hours of computer courses. Learning a computer language can count as a foreign language. Both the foreign language and computer courses require a grade of “C” or higher for credit toward graduation. Also in the humanities, you’ll need twelve hours of literature or fine arts. And on top of those twelve hours, you’ll need twelve hours in history or social science courses. I haven’t said anything yet about math or science. You’re all required to have some of those credits too. All graduates are required to take six hours in the natural sciences, like chemistry or biology, plus three hours in math. And that math requirement could be business math or other courses like that. If you add up all those credits, you’ll see that you still have quite a few credit hours needed for graduation. Those extra credit hours can be electives. So you can choose just about anything from Phys. Ed. to music to fill in the remaining credits. Now, questions? W: I took three years of Spanish in high school. Do I have to take two semesters of Spanish here? M: No. You can take a test, and the foreign language advisors will assign you to a class based on your score. If you’re placed into the Spanish 103 class or the Spanish 201 class, you will only have to take one semester.

04 Political Science W: The simplest way to define ideology is as a collection of ideas. Every society has an ideology. It forms the basis of the society’s “public opinion,” or common sense. This ideology is usually invisible to most people within the society. It is just “normal” thinking. Everybody thinks this way. When somebody says or does something different from this normal thought, it is seen as strange, or maybe even dangerous or radical. There are different kinds of ideologies. There’s political, social, ethical, and so on. Let’s look at political ideologies for a few moments. A political ideology is concerned with two things. One --- how a society should work, and two --- the rules needed to make it work that way. Some political ideologies believe in a flat social order. In a flat society, almost everyone is equal. Men are equal to women. All cultures are equally valuable. All lifestyles are acceptable. A flat social order is thought to promote diversity. It encourages people to be individuals and not conform to any one standard. People in a flat society might support alternative lifestyles, for example, gay marriage. Other political ideologies believe in a structured social order. In a structured society, there are many different levels. For example, God is a higher level than people, men are higher than women, and some cultures are higher than others. A structured social order is thought to promote uniform thinking and behavior. It encourages individuals to respect the established social order. People in a structured society might support the nuclear family unit and military programs. Let’s look at rules that make a society work. Some societies reward individuals over the group. These societies encourage individuals to achieve self-sufficiency, so they don’t depend on

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the rest of society. This tends to create a society with a high level of economic independence among its members. Does this sound like society here? I think it fits us pretty well. Other societies reward the group over the individual. These societies encourage individuals to increase the strength of their social ties, so that they must depend on the rest of society. This tends to create a society with a high level of economic interdependence among its members.

Chapter 3 Focus A 01 01 Math W: Geometry is the study of points. Now, a point is a small dot, like a period at the end of a sentence. If we have two points, we know that there can be other points between them. There can also be a line. The line is continuous. It has no space between each point. Part of a line, with points at each end, is called a line segment. Two line segments can be the same length. We call these line segments congruent. That just means the line segments are equal in length.

02 Biology M: Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim bladder to move around in the water. Remember, when the fish breathes oxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. This causes the fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some of the gas out of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it can move vertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-air balloon. A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder, so they use their forward movement to control their vertical position. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swings it back and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forward movement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forward movement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, the forward movement creates lift---the airplane and shark both rise. Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. These fins are in about the same position as the main wings and tail wings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at different angles. This changes the path of the water around them and enables the shark to move quickly upward or downward. The shark also has two vertical fins on its back. These are like the stabilizer fin on an airplane. They allow the shark to keep its balance as it moves through the water and help it turn quickly left and right.

03 Psychology W: Our mother tongue is the language we learn first from our families. We are native speakers of that language. People who know two languages are bilingual. Those people who know three or more are trilingual and multilingual. Many people have more than one native language. They learn them without going to school. And then there are many people who learn a second language through study. Like me! I only heard English at home. In order to learn Spanish, I had to study hard!

Focus A 02 01 Literature M: If a play makes you laugh, it’s a comedy. Comedies have humorous characters and happy endings. A good example of a comedy is Shakespeare’s classic Much Ado about Nothing. Another popular style is called tragedy. Tragedies usually tell how a hero ruins his life, falling from good fortune to bad fortune because of a “tragic flaw” in character. One example is the play Ghosts, by Henrik Ibsen. Um, modern years have produced a third style, called tragicomedy. In tragicomedies, the play seems as though it will end in tragedy but instead has a humorous or unclear ending. An example is Saint Joan, by George Bernard Shaw.

02 Physical Science W:

Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction, of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezing and thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks --of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to break apart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks. Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animals are also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, or dig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanical weathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s so cold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also common in deserts, where there is little water and few plants. Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock by chemical changes or solution. This includes the processes of oxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many iron minerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they can quickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust or oxidize. Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock that does this. Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water, which contains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail about that reaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place in warm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is more common than mechanical weathering, although they usually act together.

03 Geography W:

We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’s learn about some of them. In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The first is the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250 millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is how much of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back into the atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss of water “evaporation.” Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greater than rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates, most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles, for instance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimeters of snow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen. We also classify deserts by their location and main weather pattern. One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts

are located between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of the equator. The winds that blow over these areas are very strong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches the ground. Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areas crossed by the trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa, is a trade wind desert. Temperatures there can reach 57 degrees Celsius. Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadow deserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains, they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the other side. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of the mountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert. So is a large part of the western United States called the Great Basin. Still another kind of desert is coastal deserts. These are on the western edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastal desert, the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driest desert. In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall only once every 50 years.

Focus B 01 01 History W: Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the most powerful nation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492, Spain sent many people there. They brought back lots of gold and silver. Trade with the new American colonies made Spain rich. It established colonies in other parts of the world, such as Cuba and the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain lost a famous war against England. After that, its power began to decline. In 1898, Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines in the Spanish-American War.

02 Computer Science W: More people are buying home computers and using them for home networks. They need faster ways to get information over the Internet. Right now, there are mainly two avenues for information to be sent. These are, cable modems and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line or ADSL. These faster ways of sending information are called broadband connections. Cable modems and ADSL are both types of broadband connections. They are much faster than a 56K modem. There is another new kind of DSL connection. It is known as very high bit rate DSL or VDSL. Some companies already have this for certain places. VDSL isn’t everywhere yet, but it may be very soon. Many people like it and are beginning to use it. VDSL accommodates a very, very large amount of bandwidth. It gives up to about 52 megabytes per second. In other words, it provides 52 Mbps. In comparison, ADSL or cable modems can only give 8 to 10 megabytes per second. It’s easy to see that VDSL is a lot faster. VDSL will soon be more common, making home networks cost much less.

03 Political Science W: The simplest way to define ideology is as a collection of ideas. Every society has an ideology. It forms the basis of the society’s “public opinion,” or common sense. This ideology is usually invisible to most people within the society. It is just “normal”

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thinking. Everybody thinks this way. When somebody says or does something different from this normal thought, it is seen as strange or maybe even dangerous or radical. There are different kinds of ideologies. There’s political, social, ethical, and so on. Let’s look at political ideologies for a few moments. A political ideology is concerned with two things. One --- how a society should work; and two --- the rules needed to make it work that way.

Focus B 02

sunburn. What happens is this: UV rays damage the cells in your skin. The body responds by sending more blood to these cells to repair the damage. This is why your skin is red when you get sunburned --- because of this extra blood. The blood begins moving toward the damaged areas four hours after you’ve first been in the sun and will keep moving there as much as 24 hours afterwards. You won’t know you’re sunburned until it’s too late. Sunburn is dangerous because it increases the chance that you will get skin cancer. People who have been sunburned a lot get skin cancer much more often than those who don’t get sunburned very much. So, it’s very important to protect your skin when you’re in the sun.

01 History

03 Economics

W:

W: The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people. It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It is one of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helping them build schools and health centers, and get water and electricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings. The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in world markets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates. The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans, and interest---free credit. It helps them take care of the money, too. When the countries get loans, they have 35--40 years to pay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it. In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion to low-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDS is a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is to help them fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, many more people will get the illness.

Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He began studying painting at age 14 and became famous just a few years later. His best-known paintings are Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an excellent scientist. He kept detailed notebooks of observations about the natural world. And he cut open dead people to learn how the human body works. Finally, he was an inventor. But his two most famous inventions --- the parachute and the war tank --- weren’t built until after he died.

02 Health M:

If you have white skin, you’re in danger of getting sunburn. The cells in your skin are not protected from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, or UV rays. If you don’t protect your skin when you go outside, your skin can become red and sore. We call this

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Chapter 1 Skill A Q1 --- practice 1 Sample response: A useful skill my father taught me is managing my money. He taught me this skill by giving me an allowance when I was in school. From this, I learned how to plan what I should spend my money on. Today, I use this skill all the time when I get my monthly paycheck. I know how much money I should spend on food, clothing, and other expenses.

Q1 --- practice 2 Sample response: In high school, I spent my free time acting with the theater club. I think this was a good way to spend my free time. For example, one thing I did was practice for shows. I did this because I thought acting was fun. Another thing I did was build and paint things we used on stage. I did this because I enjoyed working with other members of the club. Spending my free time with the theater club in high school was a great experience for me.

Q1 --- practice 3 Sample response: One difficult experience that I went through was living alone in another city. I experienced this when I moved in order to go to school. It was difficult because I didn’t have any friends or relatives there. This meant I had to do everything myself and solve lots of problems by myself. From this experience, I learned self-reliance. Now, I know that I can take care of myself.

Q2 --- practice 1 Sample response: One person I admire is my mother. I admire her because she works very hard. My mother is a homemaker. She has worked hard to raise me and my brothers and sisters. Even though she does not earn a wage or hold a high job in a company, she has shown me how important it is to do your life’s work the best that you can.

Q2 --- practice 2 Opinion 1 : One dangerous sport that I would like to try is skydiving. This sport looks like it would be a lot of fun. In order to do this sport, you have to be brave enough to jump out of the plane. I want to see if I can be that brave. I also think that I would enjoy the feeling of free-falling. That is why I want to try skydiving. Opinion 2 : I don’t want to try any dangerous or extreme sports. One reason I don’t want to try them is because I could get injured. I always try to take care of myself and be healthy, so I don’t want to hurt my body by doing an extreme sport. Another reason I don’t want to try any extreme sports is because they cost a lot of money. I am not rich, so I don’t want to waste my money.

Q2 --- practice 3 Opinion 1: I prefer movies made to entertain audiences. One movie that fits this category is Spiderman 2. I saw this movie because several of my friends told me it was good. This movie was entertaining because it had lots of great special effects and an interesting story. This movie made me forget about real life for a few hours, and I enjoyed the fantastic life of a superhero for a little while. Opinion 2: I prefer movies made to make audiences contemplate certain issues. One movie that fits this category is Erin Brockovich. I saw this movie because my friend wanted to see it. This movie made people think about the issue of justice because it told the story of how a woman fought for the rights and safety of others. This movie made me contemplate how some businesses hurt the environment, and I discussed this issue and the story of this movie with my friend after the movie was over.

Skill B Q3 --- practice 1 M: Hi Tara! Did you hear that Prof. Brown is sick? He’ll be absent all of next week. W: What? That’s awful! He’s so sick he can’t come to class? M: Don’t worry, he’s not seriously ill. Anyways, I’m so happy because we have an extra week to finish the assignment!! W: What do you mean about having an extra week to finish the assignment? M: Both of next week’s classes are canceled, the one on Monday and the one on Wednesday. Check the notice in the student lounge. It says next week’s assignments are now due on the 29th once he’s back. W: Well, all this is good news after all! I’m behind in my work. I haven’t even read the article yet, and doing that report would have taken all weekend. Hey, since we have both got an extra week, how about a movie on Saturday? Sample response: The woman learns that the professor is sick and that classes are being canceled. At first, she worries about the professor and the canceled classes. The man, however, explains that the professor is not seriously ill, and that they have an extra week until the professor is back to finish their assignment. After that, the woman feels glad because she was behind in her work.

Q3 --- practice 2 M: Wow, they’re beefing up security on campus now. I guess what’s been happening is being taken seriously. W: Well, it is serious. Lisa had her MP3 player stolen from her dormitory room last weekend and Chrissie had some money taken the very next night. Now, I’m always worried about something being ripped off from my room. It’s terrible. M: Well, I don’t live on campus, but I surely understand how worried you are. I’ve also seen the heavy damage done to the campus square gates and all the yellow paint splashed onto the main building. I think whoever the culprit is should really be caught. W: Right. I think the added guards are a good idea, and that if anyone knows anything they should report it right away. Transcripts

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Sample response: The university is adding more security guards to campus night patrols. Students are informed this decision follows recent damage and thefts occurring on campus. The woman states that things are serious. The woman’s friends had things stolen from their dormitory rooms and the woman herself is now worried about being robbed, too. The man understands. He has seen damage done to school property and buildings. The man thinks people doing all these things should be caught. The woman agrees and adds that any information should be reported. They both agree that adding security guards on campus is a good idea.

Q3 --- practice 3 M: Have you ever taken a creative writing class? W: No, why? M: Well, we’re all going to have to now. They just made creative writing a requirement for us. Last year, the dean proposed all those studying literature should also have experience at doing creative writing. So, the English department finally made the class a requirement. W: That’s a good idea. It should help us better understand what the authors we study are doing if we have experience in writing literature ourselves. M: Yeah, I think you’re right. I’ve already been doing some writing on my own, and I can tell you it helps me analyze the works we have to read. The class will make us better writers and better students of literature. I also don’t mind because they are making the class available all the time. It will be easy to fit into my schedule. Sample response: The dean recommended that all literature majors should have practice in creative writing, so the English department made creative writing a required class for graduation. The woman thinks this is a good idea, and the man has the same opinion. The man explains that the creative writing he has been doing on his own has helped him analyze the literary works he has had to study. He thinks the required creative writing class will make him a better writer and a better student. He also doesn’t mind because the class is easy to fit into his schedule.

Q4 --- practice 2 M: We call it the Dead Sea for one simple reason...nothing lives in it! Why not, you ask. Because the Dead Sea is full of salt, mineral salt. This mineral salt is carried into the Dead Sea from rivers. However, this salt is trapped here because no rivers flow out of the Dead Sea. When water evaporates, it leaves behind all the dissolved minerals, making the sea even saltier. Water evaporation and mineral salts carried into the sea from the rivers account for the Dead Sea’s unusual saltiness. Sample response: The reading passage says that the Dead Sea has a lot of mineral salt. This salt is deadly to plants and fish, so there are no living things in the sea. The Dead Sea has ten times as much salt as the ocean. Rivers carry mineral salts into the Dead Sea. Salt is trapped there because no rivers flow out of the Dead Sea. Water evaporation also makes the sea even saltier.

Q4 --- practice 3 M: At the time of its origin, jazz was not widely accepted as “real” music by mainstream “white” America. Most people thought it was too wild and unstructured. Later, however, when white musicians such as Elvis Presley began incorporating elements of jazz into their music, the music became wildly popular. It was especially popular with the younger generations. Since then, rock and roll music has gone on to dominate the pop music scene. Today, it has evolved into many modern forms such as punk, rhythm and blues, and hip-hop. Sample response: This reading passage talks about how jazz music began. First, it says that African-American musicians made jazz music. This music was different or special because it combined rhythms from African music with melodies from European music. The speaker says that white musicians didn’t like jazz at first. They thought jazz was too wild and that it wasn’t real music. Then, some white musicians began incorporating parts of jazz music into their songs. Eventually, one of these musicians, Elvis Presley, became really popular, so jazz, along with rock and other forms, became popular with younger people.

Q4 --- practice 1 M: When Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD 79, it wiped out the city of Pompeii --- POOF just like that! Pompeii, at that time, was a large city with a rich culture. Some people thought it was even more advanced than Rome. The eruption began about noon on, um, August 24th, although the final eruption wasn’t until midnight that day. So what happened? Why couldn’t the people escape? Scientists have now discovered that the citizens of Pompeii did not die as a result of lava, or molten rock. Instead, Vesuvius let out a great stream of superheated air. The air from the volcano was so hot, that it killed the people instantly. Later, their bodies were covered with ash and volcanic rock. Sample response: This reading passage talks about the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. It erupted in 79 AD and destroyed Pompeii. The speaker says that it was strange because even though the volcano erupted for 12 hours, people couldn’t escape. In fact, people in Pompeii died due to superheated air from the volcano and not lava. Later, their bodies were covered in ash.

Skill C Q5 --- practice 1 W: M: W: M:

W: M: W:

M: W: M:

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Hey, Tony, how’re you doing? OK, but, uh...I’ve got a problem. What is it? Coach says I need to practice more to make the football team. But I’ve also got to raise my grades, or else I’ll flunk math and science. I don’t know how I can find time to do both. Well, one thing you could do is find tutors to help you with your class work. Tutors? Yeah, you know, classmates who are smart in those subjects. Maybe they could help you, and you could help them with something else in return. Hmmm...yeah, that might work, if I can find someone willing to tutor me. Or, you could try to make extra time to practice football. Make extra time?

W: Yeah. Like, you could get up early every day and practice before classes. From 6 to 8 or something. M: What about my sleep? W: You’re going to have to sacrifice something, right? M: Um, I guess so. Opinion 1: The man’s problem is that he doesn’t have enough time to practice football and improve his grades in math and science. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he find tutors to help him with math and science. Second, she suggests that he get up early in the morning for extra football practice. I think the first solution is better than the second one. If the man has tutors, he can improve his grades in a short time. If he doesn’t have to get up early, he can get more sleep, so he’ll be rested for football. Opinion 2: The man’s problem is that he doesn’t have enough time to practice football and improve his grades in math and science. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he find tutors to help him with math and science. Second, she suggests that he get up early in the morning for extra football practice. I think the second suggestion is better than the first one. If the man gets up early, he will have enough time to improve at football. The morning exercise will clear his mind, which will help him concentrate better in class.

Q5 --- practice 2 W: Hey Mark, have you got a moment? M: Sure, Wendy. What’s up? Is everything all right? W: I don’t know what to do. See, I have to take Chemistry 202 before I can graduate. I’ve only got two terms left to go, but Professor Peabody’s teaching it this semester, and I just can’t stand him! M: I see. Well, you could wait and take the class next semester. W: Sure, but then I’ll be behind. I took 201 last semester. I want to take 202 before I forget what I learned, and next semester will be my last one before graduation. What if Peabody’s still teaching 202 then? M: Mmmm, I see. I’m wondering, is Peabody all that bad? Couldn’t you just grin and bear it for one term? I mean, we all get stuck with teachers we don’t like. Part of education is learning to live with that. W: I know, but I just hate that guy! When he taught me in Chemistry 101, he gave me a C! M: Wendy... W: What? M: Maybe you deserved it. Opinion 1: The woman’s problem is that she needs to take Chemistry 202 to graduate, but she doesn’t like the professor teaching it this semester. The man suggests two solutions to the problem. First, he suggests that she take the class next semester. Second, he suggests that she take the class this semester and try to get along with the professor. I think the first suggestion is better than the second one. If she waits, even if she might feel like she’s behind, she can catch up very quickly. Also, with a different professor she might get a higher mark.

Opinion 2: The woman’s problem is that she needs to take Chemistry 202 to graduate, but she doesn’t like the professor teaching it this semester. The man suggests two solutions to the problem. First, he suggests that she take the class next semester. Second, he suggests that she take the class this semester and try to get along with the professor. I think the second suggestion is better than the first one. If she takes the class this semester, she won’t be behind. Also, she needs to learn to get along with teachers and bosses she doesn’t like.

Q5 --- practice 3 W: M: W: M: W: M:

W: M: W:

M: W: M: W:

Hi, Tyler. How are you? Hey, Jenny. I’m doing great. Are you going to take world history this term? No, I can’t! Why not? You know we’re supposed to take it freshman year. Yeah, I know, but the problem is that it’s only offered at 10 a.m. Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. That’s the same time as my Math 101...and I’ve also got to take that! Maybe math is also offered on a Tuesday-Thursday schedule. Did you check and see? No, I didn’t think of it. Hmm, that might work. Or, here’s another idea. Take one class this term and the other next term. That way you’ll still be able to take both of them this year. Well, sure. I thought about that, but I kind of wanted to get them both out of the way this semester. Both classes are pretty hard. It might be better to spread them out, so your studies each term will be less difficult. OK. But, um, if I have to choose between math and history, which one should I take this term? History, of course, so we can study together!

Opinion 1: The man’s problem is that he needs to take a world history class and a math class that are offered on the same days and at the same time. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he might be able to take the math class on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Second, she suggests that he take one of the necessary classes this term, and the other next term. I think the first suggestion is better than the second one. If he is able to take math on Tuesdays and Thursdays, he can take history with his friend and complete both classes in one term. Opinion 2: The man’s problem is that he needs to take a world history class and a math class that are offered on the same days and at the same time. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he might be able to take the math class on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Second, she suggests that he take one of the necessary classes this term, and the other next term. I think the second suggestion is better than the first one. If he takes one mandatory class each term, he will have more time to concentrate on each class and can earn higher marks. Also, he will get to study with his friend.

Q6 --- practice 1 W: Okay everybody, show of hands please. How many of you like to eat squid? Some of you, good. Me, too. Today, though, we’ll be talking about a type of squid that probably none of you has tasted. We’ll be examining the giant squid. For a long time, no one really knew much about giant squid. People used to think they were sea monsters, or not believe in them at all. Well...two

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things helped scientists learn more about giant squid: the capture of squid by sailors and the study of whales. Sailors helped scientists learn a lot about giant squid. In 1861, some French sailors caught one of the arms of a giant squid and gave it to the French Academy of Science. Years later, some fishermen caught an 18-meter-long squid. It’s still the largest one ever measured. Then, in, ummm, 1965, some Russian sailors witnessed a struggle between a whale and a giant squid in which both died. They brought the two bodies back, and it helped us see the link between these animals. Since then, sperm whales have helped us learn a lot about giant squid. Because the whales eat the squid, scientists can estimate the size of giant squid by measuring squid parts found inside whale stomachs. In fact, we now know that squid can grow as long as 40 meters! Can you imagine that? Something to think about next time you’re at the beach, huh? Since we hardly ever see squid, cameras have been tied to whales so we can study where squid live and check out how they behave. Sample response: This lecture is about giant squid. The speaker says that two things have helped scientists learn more about giant squid. These two things are sailors and whales. First, sailors were the ones who first captured giant squid and allowed them to be measured or given to scientific academies. The link between whales and squid has also been better understood thanks to Russian sailors. The speaker’s next point is that whales are especially helpful in studying squid. Whales hunt squid and the sizes of squid can be estimated by measuring parts of squid found in whale stomachs. Whales can also carry cameras, allowing scientists to study squid underwater more closely.

Q6 --- practice 2 W: Leonardo da Vinci spent most of his life working as an engineer. During his time, leaders were really looking for scientific ways to modernize. What made Leonardo well-known were his breakthroughs in engineering. His work in engineering showed that he had the set of skills that powerful leaders wanted. Once word got around, Leonardo’s engineering skills were in bigger demand than his art. Leonardo’s big engineering breakthrough was writing the first systematic explanation of how machines worked. He explained how the parts of any machine worked, and how each part could be combined differently to improve the machine or build new inventions. So, what he did, in effect... was develop modern techniques to solve existing problems. This gave him a really high profile and put him in great demand as an engineer for powerful leaders. So, Leonardo spent much of his life working as an engineer. He worked for powerful leaders and on special projects, too. Leonardo was Military Engineer for Cesar Borgia. A year later, he supervised the huge project to divert the River Arno. He developed mirrors for Pope Leo X in Rome. Leonardo died in 1519 while serving as scientific counselor to King Francis I. All his life, his engineering had been in bigger demand than his art. Sample response: This lecture is about Leonardo da Vinci’s life as an engineer. The speaker explains that Leonardo made breakthroughs in engineering, while leaders were looking for scientific ways to modernize. Leonardo was the first to explain how machines could be improved or invented. He came up with modern techniques to deal with existing problems. Leonardo thus had the set of skills that leaders wanted. The 660

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speaker then explains how Leonardo spent much of his life working as an engineer for powerful leaders and on special projects. The speaker concludes that all his life, Leonardo the engineer was in bigger demand than Leonardo the artist.

Q6 --- practice 3 M: So, how was the Giant’s Causeway formed? Well, even after its discovery in the 1600s, this still remained a mystery for a long time. All the theories that followed its discovery only started big debates about its origins. So, basically, the Causeway’s real origin remained pretty much a mystery up until modern scientists gave us definite answers. All the big debates about the Causeway’s origins started in the 1600s. Its discovery by the Bishop of Derry in 1692 made the Causeway famous. Theories written about it by several natural scientists started the debates. There were a lot of different opinions and stories. Some said men with tools formed the Causeway. Others argued, quite correctly, that natural processes formed the Causeway. Many people believed a legend that a giant named Finn McCool made the Causeway and named it. The truth was, no one back then really knew for sure. Well, nowadays, we know the truth. Modern geologists know for sure the Causeway was formed by volcanic activity. They compare the Causeway’s origin to what’s happening in Hawaii right now. When lava cools quickly by contact with water, it forms large crystal rocks that crack and result in the many joined columns we see in the Causeway. So, the Causeway isn’t a mystery anymore. Now, it’s simply a fascinating geological discovery. Sample response: This lecture is about the origins of the Giant’s Causeway. The speaker says that for a long time nobody really knew how the Giant’s Causeway was formed. He explains that many different theories on the Giant’s Causeway’s origin were being debated after it was discovered in the 1600s. Some people believed a legend that suggested the Giant’s Causeway was made by a giant. The speaker explains that nobody knew for sure how it was formed until modern geologists provided the real answer. Geologists explain that it was formed by volcanic activity in much the same way we see in Hawaii right now. Nowadays, we know the truth about how the Giant’s Causeway was formed.

Chapter 2 Skill A Q1 --- practice 1 Sample response: One kind of work I am willing to do even if I never get paid for it is writing poetry. In fact, I do this all the time without getting paid because I enjoy writing poetry. One reason I enjoy writing poetry is because it lets me create something beautiful. When people create something beautiful, it gives them a good feeling in their heart. Another reason I enjoy writing poetry is because I can think about things in a new way. When I think about things in new, innovative ways, even boring things around my house become inspiring.

Q1 --- practice 2 Sample response: What I regret the most was not spending enough time with my cousin when he was young. This is regrettable because, when he was born, I thought I could spend a lot of time with him and teach him things. It is important for older family members to guide and teach younger family members. I often regret the many occasions I could have spent time with him but was preoccupied with something else instead. The fact that children grow up quickly is another reason why I regret spending too little time with my cousin when he was young. Once my cousin is older, spending a lot of time with him may be more difficult.

Q1 --- practice 3 Sample response: The last time I needed to talk about an important topic, I talked with my brother. The important topic I needed to talk about was an argument I’d had with my friend. I chose to talk to my brother at that time because my brother is very familiar with my friend. In fact, we all grew up together, so my brother and I have known my friend for many years. After talking with my brother, I better understood my friend’s point of view during our argument. Because of my brother’s aid, I was no longer angry with my friend.

effects on society. These bad, or negative effects are damaging families and children. In my opinion, the worst effect has resulted in families not communicating much anymore. Parents and children just watch silently rather than sharing their thoughts and experiences. This means that children are learning behavior from television, not from their parents. In addition, watching too much television has resulted in lower levels of physical health among children. These days, they don’t get enough exercise. Instead of playing sports, children just sit at home and watch them on TV.

Q2 --- practice 4 Sample response: If I won some money, I would prefer to buy a sports car rather than an SUV. First of all, SUVs do not get good gas mileage. Secondly, they are too large and cumbersome, which makes them difficult to park. Finally, I think they’re ugly. Sports cars, on the other hand, are fun to drive. You can go fast. They burn less fuel than SUVs, and they’re much easier to park. Also, I think they look more impressive than SUVs.

Skill B

Q1 --- practice 4 Sample response: The worst vacation I ever had to endure was a camping trip with my brother and a friend. First, it rained heavily the whole three days. We couldn’t hike or swim. Then, to compound the problem, the wet weather made me sick. I spent most of the time lying in my sleeping bag trying to stay warm. In addition, my friend and I had an argument, so we stopped speaking to each other. To top it off, when we finally left for home, my brother’s car broke down. We had to walk five kilometers to get help.

Q2 --- practice 1 Sample response: I think oral presentations are more beneficial for students than writing papers. First of all, oral presentations are easier in that they take less time to prepare and put less emphasis on grammar than papers do. Another reason is oral presentations are interesting and educational for the other students who listen to them. Finally, many jobs require oral presentations, so students can improve their communication skills and develop confidence by speaking publicly as a student.

Q2 --- practice 2 Sample response: I’m glad the government is finally going to address the transportation issue. In my opinion, building a subway is better than increasing the number of buses. First of all, while a subway is clean and efficient, buses run on fuel that pollutes the air. Second, increasing the number of buses also increases traffic on the streets, while the subway, in contrast, reduces traffic. Lastly, a subway train can carry many more people than a bus, so it’s more efficient. Though a subway requires a lot of money to build, it is cheaper over time.

Q2 --- practice 3 Sample response: I think that watching too much television has produced several bad

Q3 --- practice 1 W: M: W: M: W: M:

W: M:

Are you going to vote about whether or not to close the cafeteria? Yeah. I was going to vote this afternoon after my history class. Which option are you going to vote for? I’m going to vote to close the cafeteria and open a deli and barbecue grill on campus. You think having those places on campus is better than having a cafeteria in the Student Center? Sure. I like variety. So, the more food choices to select from, the better! Besides, I don’t like the food in the cafeteria. It’s too much like the food I used to eat in my high school cafeteria. I don’t think the cafeteria food is so bad. Another reason I don’t like the cafeteria is because it’s always so crowded. Too many students try to eat there all at the same time. I can never find a place to park my bike during lunch. See, there are lots of reasons we should close the cafeteria and vote for Option 2.

Sample response: The man’s opinion about the campus food service is that Option 2 is better. The man likes this option because it adds several more places to get food. He will not vote for Option 1 because he doesn’t like the cafeteria. The reason he doesn’t like the cafeteria is that it is too crowded and there is no place to put his bike. He prefers Option 2 because he wants more variety, better food, and a less crowded place to eat.

Q3 --- practice 2 W: Did you hear that they’re raising the student gym fee next semester? M: Oh, man! Really? W: Yeah, it’s going up to $15 a term. M: Shoot, I don’t know if I can afford that. W: It’s only $3. M: I’m already living on a tight budget. I don’t have a job, you know.

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W: So what are you going to do? You love to play basketball at the gym! M: Yep, and I lift weights there too. W: Well, $15 is still a good deal. Don’t you think? M: I suppose so. I mean, if I go to the gym at the YMCA they’re going to charge me a lot more. W: You could play for free on the high school playground. M: Sure, but we can’t play there if it’s raining...and what about weights? W: Seems like you’ll have to pay the fee. M: I’ll pay it because it’s still cheap and the gym’s convenient. I just don’t like them jacking up fees all the time, though. I guess my beer fund will have to absorb the loss. Sample response: The man decides that he will pay the higher fee to use the gymnasium. The first factor he considers is whether he can afford the new fee. Even though it’s only $3 more, he doesn’t have a job. He considers using the YMCA, but that’s more expensive. The second factor he considers is convenience. The gym is close, and he can play there even if it rains. A nearby high school has basketball courts, but they are outside and he can’t lift weights there. In the end, he decides that even with the new fee, the gym is still the best bargain.

Q4 --- practice 1 W: When most people think about organic gardening, they usually think of gardening without chemicals. There are other things involved with organic gardening, but let’s start with this basic idea. How do you all feel about organic gardening? Or, putting it another way, how do we all feel about using chemicals to control plant diseases in gardens? M: I think it’s best not to use any chemicals. W: OK, good. Why do you say that? M: It’s healthier for us and healthier for the plants, I guess. W: Well, think about this. Plants have natural chemicals in them to protect them from diseases and insects. Long ago, farmers discovered that they could grow more crops by using other chemicals to help plants fight diseases and insects better. In the past, farmers used chemicals found in nature, like sulphur. Today, we have man-made chemicals, and they fight diseases and insects better than anything in nature. Are they harmful for the plants and unhealthy for us? I would argue no, as long as they are used correctly. So, although organic farming has some benefits, personally, I’m not totally against using chemicals in gardens. Sample response: The speaker talks about organic gardening and using chemicals in gardens. She says that using chemicals is okay if they are used correctly. The professor points out that plants have natural chemicals in them. These natural chemicals help the plant fight diseases and insects. As farming developed in the past, farmers used other natural chemicals to help plants fight diseases and insects better. This eventually led to farmers using man-made chemicals today. These man-made chemicals fight plant diseases and insects more effectively than natural chemicals, so farmers can grow plants better today than in the past.

M: W: M: W:

Sample response: Parisians were opposed to building the Eiffel Tower for several reasons. They thought the tower would destroy Paris’s beautiful landscape. They considered the design to be like an ugly skeleton. They also thought the tower would be useless. In the lecture, we see that all those reasons are no longer valid. First, the tower has come to represent, rather than destroy, the landscape of Paris. Second, the skeletal design once considered ugly is now the world’s nicest example of 19th century industrial architecture. Finally, instead of being useless, the tower has been very useful for broadcasting.

Skill C Q5 --- practice 1 M: W: M: W: M: W: M:

W:

M: W: M: W: M:

Q4 --- practice 2 W: When people think of the Eiffel Tower they usually think of Paris. However, we’ve read that Parisians were opposed to building the tower and wanted it destroyed after it was done.

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Let’s start with a basic question. Do you think those who opposed building the Eiffel Tower were right? In other words, do you think building the Eiffel Tower was a good idea? Well, I think they were wrong, and that building it was a good idea. All right. And why do you say that? Because now everyone seems to like the Eiffel Tower. Perfectly true. And so we can go on and say that the reasons for opposing the Eiffel Tower back then are no longer valid today. First, the Eiffel Tower has become the ultimate symbol for the city of Paris. So, far from destroying the landscape of Paris, it now represents it. Its “ugly” skeletal design is today considered the world’s finest example of 19th century industrial architecture. It was thought useless, but proved very useful over the years and even right now is used for broadcasting French Radio and Television. So, I would agree with you that having built the Eiffel Tower was a good idea.

W: M:

How is your history class, Tanya? Terrible! I have a big problem with that class. What is the problem? My professor’s lectures are boring! I fall asleep every day in class. That means I miss a lot of the notes. What am I going to do? Well, I had a problem like that with my math class, but I found a good way to solve that problem. What did you do? I got to know this smart girl who sat in front of me. She let me borrow her notes. In fact, we got to be really good friends from that class. Hm. I don’t know if that will work for me. Most of the students sitting near me have the same problem I have. They usually fall asleep too. Where do you sit in your history class? At the back of the room, of course. I don’t want the professor to see me sleeping. OK, then how about this. Try sitting at the front of the class. Then, you’ll have to stay awake or the professor will see you. I guess I would make more of an effort not to sleep if I were sitting in the front row. And while you’re sitting there, you should try to take as many notes as you can. Even if the information doesn’t seem that important, keep writing. When you’re actively writing things, you can’t fall asleep. I appreciate your assistance. Do you have any other ideas? Well, let me think...

Sample response: In this listening passage, the woman describes a problem she’s having in her class. The man offers suggestions to solve the problem. The problem the woman has is that she is bored and falls asleep in class. One thing that the man suggests is for the woman to sit in the front of the class and try to take lots of notes. I think this is a good suggestion. This will solve the woman’s problem because she will worry about the professor seeing her sleep and she will keep active by writing a lot.

Q5 --- practice 2 W: Hi, Scott! You didn’t look too happy in philosophy class. What’s going on? M: I’m having a rough time in that class. W: Why...what’s the matter? M: I bombed the mid-term exam. Meanwhile, the coach is pushing us to get ready for a tournament, and I’ve got tennis practice every day. I just don’t have time to read all the books we’re assigned. W: No sweat. I had that problem with basketball and literature last year, but I found a good way to handle it. M: Really? How did you handle it? W: Well, you don’t need to read entire books page by page to understand them. Read quick summaries or critical notes, then only the book’s key passages. Doing this is a lot faster. It also gives you insights and ideas you’d probably miss in the book itself. M: Hmm, I don’t know. It sounds like it’s still a lot of reading and a bit complicated too. W: OK... well, here is another idea. How about coming to my study group. We meet once or twice a week at my place and sit around talking about the readings for an hour or so. M: I guess it would save me reading time if I could hear and discuss ideas in the books with others. W: It’s fast and fun. Key points of readings get covered, and we relate them to lecture topics that are going to be on the tests. Talking about this stuff is also the best way to remember it. M: All right. Count me in. Sample response: The man in the conversation tells the woman he has a problem in philosophy class. His problem is that he has no time to read any of the books being assigned. One thing the woman suggests is joining her study group that meets for an hour or two every week to discuss the readings. This is a good idea. It will solve the man’s problem because in short amounts of time he will hear and discuss key points in the readings with others and remember them more easily.

Q6 --- practice 1 M: OK, quiet please. Today we’re going to learn about telescopes. Now, in ancient times --- yes, even before I was born --- people believed that the Earth stood still, and that the sun and other planets moved around it. No, they weren’t drunk. They just didn’t have any telescopes. About 1608, craftsmen in Holland invented glass lenses that made objects appear larger and nearer. These caught the attention of an Italian scientist named Galileo. That’s G-A-L-I-L-E-O. He made the first working telescope by fitting two lenses at either end of a long tube. His first telescope magnified images three times; that is, it made them appear three times larger. Over the next two years, he made telescopes that magnified eight times, and finally one that magnified objects 33 times.

Galileo used his large telescope to study the stars. It helped him make several important discoveries. First, he discovered the four largest moons around the planet Jupiter. Then he saw strange spots on the sun, which, logically enough, he called sunspots. These spots helped him conclude that the sun spins on its axis. Later, he proved that all planets in our solar system move around the sun. Since then, telescopes have gotten increasingly powerful. Today our largest telescope, called the Hubble telescope, orbits the Earth in space and is used to study the furthest sections of the universe. Sample response: In this lecture, the professor talks about telescopes. The first telescope was made about 1608 by the Italian scientist Galileo. He soon made a more powerful telescope, which he used to study the stars. It helped him discover many important things, such as four of Jupiter’s moons, sun spots, and the fact that planets move around the sun. Since then, telescopes have become more and more powerful. Today, a huge telescope, called the Hubble telescope, is in space orbiting the Earth. It helps us learn about the furthest parts of the universe.

Q6 --- practice 2 W: After World War II, the city of Berlin was divided into four parts. One part was controlled by each of the countries that won the war; Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the US. Now, right after the war, people in Berlin could travel around the city freely, but you all know that after World War II, another war began in Europe: the Cold War. During the Cold War, Great Britain, France, and the US brought East Berlin a democratic government and capitalist economy. The Soviet Union, in contrast, formed a totalitarian government and communist economy in West Berlin. All during the 1950s, people living in the communist part of Berlin could see that life was better for people living in the capitalist part of the city, so they moved to the west side. As more and more people moved out, the Soviet Union realized they had to stop this. They were losing all of their workers. In 1961, the Berlin Wall went up. Now, think about this. Most walls are built to keep people out of some place, but the Berlin Wall was built to keep people in a place. It trapped people in West Berlin. The Berlin Wall stood and actually grew over the next two decades. Finally, in 1989, travel restrictions between East and West Germany were lifted, and, over one weekend, the people of Berlin themselves basically destroyed the wall that had divided their city for decades. Sample response: In this lecture, the professor describes the Berlin Wall. It was built during the Cold War in the 1960s. The main point the professor makes about the Berlin Wall is that it was built to keep people in West Berlin. It stood in the city for many years, but people finally tore it down at the end of the 1980s. The professor points out that the Berlin Wall was destroyed in one weekend.

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Step 2 --- Stress related to content words

Chapter 3 Focus A Step 1 --- Final consonant sounds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Let’s eat some meat. Dan likes jazz and pop. Did you hear the lion roar? If you dance, you will enjoy it. I broke the dish set. That hat is black.

Step 2 --- Commonly mispronounced sounds: /th/, /d/, and /s/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

taught thigh boss skate sank though thin torn

thought sigh both scathe thank dough sin thorn

The pretty flowers are growing. We pray, not play, on Sundays. He lent a car. I like rivers. Look at that big berry.

Step 4 --- Long and short vowel sounds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

slip leave wheel fool bin peel seek pull

Sentences 1. I ate the last of the pie. 2. He feels better than yesterday. 3. Sam is reading about the history of Canada. 4. The professor gave us a deadline. 5. They waited over two hours to see him. 6. Homework is necessary in school.

Focus C

Step 3 --- Commonly mispronounced sounds: /l/ and /r/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Phrases 1. as quick as a fox 2. on top of the world 3. a history of England 4. land of the rising sun 5. last of the candy 6. the eye of the storm 7. better than the rest 8. in the heat of the moment 9. both uploads and downloads 10. not only an MP3 player but a camera

sleep live will full bean pill sick pool

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Focus B Step 1 --- Stress related to parts of words 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.

biology environment advantage benefit responsible invite flexible admire prefer negotiate

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b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.

biological environmental advantageous beneficial responsibility invitation flexibility admiration preferable negotiation

Although we hadn’t finished, we decided to go home. When she stepped off the boat, she immediately ran to her car. It was raining so hard all day that they didn’t leave the house. If the alarm rings, put down your books, and slowly leave the building. The test will be two hours long, and will count for 25 percent. When I went to the store, it was closed.

Due to illness, Professor Brown will be absent all of next week. Beginning next term, the student fees will increase by 20%. If a person smokes, it can lead to lung and heart problems in later life. Much study and hard work can lead to a good education and a bright future. If I won some money, I would prefer to buy a sports car rather than an SUV. To top it off, when we finally left for home my brother’s car wouldn’t start. The government’s attempt to raise taxes resulted in a loss of popularity. When the wedding was over, the happy couple walked slowly from the church.

Writing

Chapter 1 Skill A Practice 1

you ask? Well, they keep detecting objects very similar to Pluto---I mean similar in size. They’re all tiny. All those tiny objects are out in the same area of space, called the Kuiper Belt. So way out at the edge of our solar system are all these other objects in space about the same size and shape as Pluto, but nobody is calling those things planets. In fact, a lot of those things seem to fit our definition of comets. For this reason maybe Pluto should just be called a comet instead of a planet. And speaking of that, it’s not just Pluto’s size and shape that make it look like a comet. Pluto has a tilted orbit, something none of the other planets have. So this strange, tilted orbit makes Pluto seem even more like a comet than a planet. Despite all of this new evidence, there are still lots of people who want to keep Pluto as a planet.

W: What is the big deal about Muslim women wearing head scarves in class? The big deal appears to be image. One famous writer who studies Turkish politics says head scarves tarnish the modern image of Turkey. Women in head scarves give the people of Turkey an old-fashioned or uncivilized image. As this writer once said, “To be civilized, you have to look like a Western person.” And in fact, this is not the first time Turkey has outlawed a fashion to change its image. In the early 20th century, the Turkish government made it illegal for men to wear a fez in public. A fez is the traditional red felt hat worn by Turkish men in the past.

Skill B

Practice 2

Practice 1

M: We now know that the Vikings sailed to North America from Iceland about 500 years before Columbus reached the continent. The question is, did Columbus follow their directions? Some historians assert that Columbus visited Iceland 15 years before he sailed to America. If true, it’s likely he heard the people there tell stories about this land to the west, and it is possible that he even saw Viking maps of it. This might have given him the idea to explore that land. But, we’re not sure if Columbus did reach Iceland. The only evidence is in Columbus’s diary. He wrote of a voyage in 1477 to a place that might have been Iceland. Then again, it might not have. Many facts in the diary were accurate, but others were dead wrong, so the mystery remains unsolved.

M: American English has become so ubiquitous --- that is, widespread --- for several reasons. Business and Hollywood are probably the reasons that first come to mind. And those two reasons were basically what drove the spread of English after World War II. But another reason is also important today. Another key factor driving the spread of English today is the Internet. Have you ever done an Internet search in a language other than English? If you have, you know that you’re lucky if you get a couple of thousand hits. But if you search in English, it’s not uncommon to get millions of hits for any given search. Clearly, there’s a lot more English content online than content in other languages. And in fact, the majority of that English content available is in American English.

Practice 3 W: The Net is the most amazing invention of our lifetime. It’s like having a newspaper, a movie theater, a telephone, a television, a mailbox, an encyclopedia, and a supermarket all rolled into one. It is indeed an incredibly convenient thing to have in your home. But that convenience comes at a price. Now when I say it comes at a price, most of you probably think of problems or dangers related to the content of the Internet. Or maybe you think of health problems like muscle strain or eye strain from staying up all night playing games online. Those are real problems. A more serious problem that I would like to discuss is the social problem of the Net. As more and more people get connected online, they disconnect with society. The Internet isolates users outside of or away from society. It is now possible for someone to sit at home in front of their computer and shop or chat or even play interactive card games without ever meeting another person face-to-face. I see this as a real danger. Without face-to-face contact, people can forget that at the other side of that computer screen is a real person with real emotions. Because there is a machine between them, they forget the human behind those messages in the chat window.

Practice 4 M: For over seven decades now, scientists have been telling us that Pluto is a planet. Now, they say maybe it isn’t. Hmmm, it seems they can’t make up their minds. Why are some scientists now changing their minds about Pluto’s classification as a planet,

Practice 2 W: Sunlight can be a medicine, but we have to know how to use it. It can harm us if we’re not careful. But sunlight can also keep people from getting many diseases. It’s true that sunlight may cause skin cancer. Most of the time, however, people don’t actually die from skin cancer. Sunlight can kill germs or bacteria that cause sickness. It can even do this after passing through glass. Illness from germs found within hospitals is the fourth leading cause of death in America. Hospitals with less sunlight have more germs. On the bright side, though, hospitals with more sunlight have fewer germs. People also recover faster in hospitals where there is more sunlight. Maybe we should reconsider our new idea that sunlight is harmful.

Practice 3 W: Russia was the first country to make nuclear power for everyday use. England, the United States, and many other countries followed. One important reason why some countries were slow to develop nuclear energy is that it’s very dangerous. Many people don’t think it should be used because of this. Let’s look at both sides of the nuclear power question. Nuclear power is very inexpensive to make and doesn’t create any air pollution. There’s also only a very small amount of waste left after it’s made. These are some good reasons for using it. There is one main reason for not using it. The waste is a deadly poison.

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Accidents can happen while handling this waste. In fact, many people, plants, and animals have already been hurt by it. It costs a great deal to make the buildings safe where nuclear power is created. The waste has to be buried in very durable boxes. Nuclear waste will break down and finally become harmless, but not until it has been in the ground for a very long time.

Practice 4 M: Some people say dinosaurs died out gradually because Earth changed slowly. Others say that a sudden change killed them all at once. Scientists study the very old bones of animals in rocks. They can see that many animals have disappeared. They have also found clues that suggest some dinosaurs were killed suddenly. In some places, there are huge holes, called craters, where objects from space have hit the Earth. Such impacts could have changed the weather quite suddenly. Using photos of Earth taken from space, scientists have found a huge crater in the ocean near Mexico. If a huge rock from space hit the Earth here, giant clouds of steam and dust probably flew up into the atmosphere. This probably made the Earth a very dark place for a long time. That means any dinosaurs that weren’t killed by floods or the explosion after when the Earth was hit were killed by cold weather and lack of food after all the plants died.

Chapter 2 Skill A Practice 1 W: Experts used to say that people had to exercise vigorously for any health benefit, but now many of them are changing their tune. Doctors have found that physical changes occur in the body even with very light exercise. These physical changes are actually healthy changes for the body! For example, one study looked at women who walked. In this study, researchers looked at women who walked a certain distance quickly versus women who walked the same distance slowly. The fast walkers were obviously exercising. The slow walkers were usually just walking with friends and talking. They were basically walking for enjoyment. Surprisingly, the doctors found that the slow walkers actually lost more weight than the fast walkers! The difference seemed to be that slow walkers spent more time walking because they found it stimulating, and that helped them lose more weight. Doctors and health trainers now say you should focus on taking your time while exercising. This means you can exercise longer. The faster you exercise, especially when you’re not in good shape to start with, the sooner you’ll want to quit. This will also make you want to wait longer before you exercise the next time.

Practice 2 M: OK. So we’ve read about some of the merits of GM, that is, genetically modified, foods. Today, we’re going to look at the opposite side of the issue. Environmental groups believe GM

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crops cause problems in farming and that they are unnecessary. So, one problem environmental groups mention is that farming is already too technological. They believe GM crops make farming too scientific for farmers’ regular abilities. They argue that there are better and safer ways to make crops resistant to natural enemies and to reduce chemicals in the land, such as bio-natural farming. Umm, we'll discuss bio-natural farming in more detail next class. The point the environmentalists are making, though, is that it’s not more technology that we need, but more natural ways of farming. Furthermore, environmental groups don’t think the higher quantities and better quality achieved by genetically modifying foods are necessary. Natural crops look fine and taste better. Also, in their opinion, more products from farms will only provide more food to already rich countries. They don’t believe GM foods will feed the Third World --- they think GM foods will increase the number of goods in richer countries --- you know the old saying, "The rich get richer, the poor get poorer."

Practice 3 M: You should have read one side of the space exploration debate already --- the side in favor of government spending on exploration. Today, we will consider the opposite side. Let’s see...to begin, opponents of space exploration contend that we should deal with world problems here on Earth before thinking about space. Why, they ask, should the threat of over-population make it necessary to try and colonize other planets? Instead, the rise in world population could be slowed by better handling global issues in agriculture, clean-water management, and birth control. Ummm, they also believe that taxpayers’ money would be better invested in trying to solve these issues. Similarly, they believe that more could be invested on developing the Earth's natural resources as well as on programs to increase recycling and reusing, and to decrease consumption. Now comes the fun part --- we’ll be discussing which side of the argument you agree with and why. Who'd like to begin?

Practice 4 W: OK, class --- you’ve read how some believe decay in morals and values led to the fall of Rome. History, however, shows us that the living conditions in cities and too much military spending were bigger reasons for the fall. To begin with, most Romans were poor and life in the cities was terrible. They worked hard and lived in small crowded apartments. The cost of living was so high that many could not pay their rent. Of course, money was needed to improve life in cities. As things turned out, conditions in cities never improved... almost all public money went to the military. Naturally, poor Romans became angry and refused to defend the Empire. In response, the government began hiring soldiers from foreign countries. As one can guess, the armies became harder to control and even more expensive to keep. More taxes were raised in cities to pay the new troops and conditions there kept getting worse and worse. Thus, we see Rome had two serious problems affecting daily life and the economy --- ummm, that is, poor conditions in cities and over-spending on armies. These were big issues. Decay in morals and values had, in comparison, no real affect on the fall of Rome.

Another famous embroidered artwork is the Bradford Carpet. It was made in England in the late 17th Century. The Bradford Carpet covers an entire wall, but it was originally made not as a carpet, but as a table covering. It was stitched on a canvas --like a painting --- and uses silk thread. We call this style Elizabethan embroidery, in honor of Queen Elizabeth. The carpet shows countryside life in a simple, realistic way. There are many different embroidery styles and stitching techniques. Unfortunately, machines embroider most of our clothing today. Hand embroidery has become more of a hobby than a regular occupation.

Practice Test --- Listening 01 Campus Life M: We don’t have nearly enough things to do for fun on campus. Why can’t we have more plays and art fairs and dances? W: You’re right. But did you know about the new student activity fee? M: So what! What’s the good of it? W: Well, it means a lot more money for things like that. M: You don’t think our drama club will really get any of the money, do you? W: Well, it could. M: What do you mean? W: Well, I was looking at the university web site. They’re giving $500 to each registered student organization. So, if it’s not already, we should get our drama club registered. Then, we can ask for $3,500 more after that! We just have to come up with a special program. M: Wow! Let’s do it! What is the web site again? W: It’s the Ohio Union Activities Board. In fact, they’re looking for student organizations right now. M: Really! How come they have so much money? W: Well, every new student at our university pays $15 into the fund. It starts this year. That wouldn’t be very much money for another couple of years, so our university president is putting in a bunch more money. It’s coming from other programs at the university. M: Oh, I get it. So we can do some cool stuff with our drama club! Remember that idea we had to do Shakespeare plays in present day settings? W: Yes, of course! That’s why I was looking on the website! M: Good thinking, Sandy! How do we officially register our club? W: There’s a form we fill out on the web site.

02 Art M: Embroidery is today’s topic. EM-BROY-DUH-REE. What is it? Embroidery is needlework in which designs and pictures are created by stitching strands of some material onto a layer of another material. Most embroidery uses strands of thread or wool, but embroidery could use different materials, such as wire or leather strands. Embroidery designs are usually stitched into a woven fabric, such as blankets or carpets, but designs can be embroidered onto many materials, including leather, felt, and plastic. Embroidery has traditionally been used to decorate clothing and household furnishings such as tablecloths, towels and bedding. But you can embroider anything as long as it is made from an evenly woven fabric and can be held firmly in the hand or in a special embroidery hoop. Embroidery has also been used as an art form and for decoration. One of the most famous embroidered artworks is called the Bayeux Tapestry --- B-A-Y-E-U-X. It was made in England in the year 1077. This tapestry is like a huge blanket. It’s 70 meters long and 0.5 meters wide. It has 58 scenes that tell the story of the events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066. In the Battle of Hastings, you’ll recall, French soldiers from the region of Normandy defeated the English army under King Harold. The Bayeux Tapestry used wool that had been colored with vegetable dyes. The colors of mustard yellow, olive-green, dark brown and off-white can be found in cloth traditionally woven in the region.

03 Health W: We are always sweating, even when we don’t notice it. It’s the major way that our bodies get rid of extra heat. Body heat comes from moving or from taking in food. We sweat different amounts at different times. When the weather is hot or if we move a lot, we sweat more. When we have very strong feelings, we might sweat more, too. Inside our bodies are small things called glands. These glands get water and other materials from our blood. They use it to make sweat. We know that sweat is mainly water because it feels wet. It has salt and some other materials in it, too. We all know the salty taste of sweat. Now, look at the picture of a sweat gland. The bottom part is coiled. It goes around in circles. Then, it has a straight part. The glands bring in sweat in the coiled part. Then, it moves from the coiled part up to the straight part. There, if it’s not needed to keep us cool, it can be taken back in again. So, not much sweat reaches our skin when it’s cool, and that’s a good thing, too! Can you see yourself in the winter, putting on heavy clothing to keep warm? But there you are, sweating. It would be very hard to get warm! Now, when it’s hot or we are exercising --- well, that’s another story. The glands make a lot more sweat. So, they can’t take as much of it back in again. A lot more comes out onto our skin. Of course, this is very good for us. As it dries, it helps us stay cool. Can you see yourself at the gym working out --- lifting weights maybe? How would you feel if you didn’t sweat at all? People who live in cold places only sweat about one liter per hour, but if they move to a hot place, their bodies change. In about six weeks, they’ll sweat as much as two to three liters per hour. That seems to be the most that people can sweat.

04 Biology M1: W: M2: M1: W: M2: M1:

Look closely at this picture. Is it a mouse or a rat? It’s a mouse. Rat! How about this one? Rat! Mouse! Ah! It’s hard to tell, isn’t it? The terms “mouse” and “rat” are not scientific classifications. They’re words common people use to distinguish these two rodents. We use “rat” to describe medium- or large-sized rodents with long, thin tails. There are many different kinds of rats: kangaroo rats, cotton rats, Norway rats, black rats, pack rats, etc. We use “mouse” to describe tiny rodents with long, thin tails. There are many different kinds of mice: house mice, field mice, deer mice, etc. Some of these different rodent species that we call rats and mice are closely related, but other rodent species are not related to each other at all!

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Usually, when people refer to rats and mice they mean pet rats and mice and pest rats and mice. This means Norway rats and house mice. Norway rats and house mice belong to different species. A species is a group of related individuals that can mate and have babies. Humans and horses, for example, belong to different species. Even though Norway rats and house rats are different species, they are related to each other. They both come from a common ancestor that lived millions of years ago. The descendants of that ancestor evolved into different species. So, how can we tell Norway rats and house mice apart? First off, adult house mice are much smaller than adult Norway rats. A house mouse weighs about 30 grams. Its body and tail are both about three to four inches long. A Norway rat weighs between 350 and 450 grams for females, and 450 to 650 grams for males. Their bodies are 9 to 11 inches long, and their tails are seven to nine inches long. The heads of Norway rats are heavy and chunky. The heads of house mice are triangular, with pointed muzzles. Note, though, that Norway rats have smaller ears relative to their heads than house mice. Now, what’s this? Class (in unison): Mouse! M1: And this? Class (unison): Rat!

Practice Test --- Speaking

a small village by a river and one of those massive ships suddenly appearing in front of you with two hundred Viking warriors? Pretty scary, huh? Drakkar ships were usually owned by a nobleman because no one else could afford to build one. The regular ships were um, usually about 28 meters in length and had uh, about twenty or thirty oarsmen. However, much larger ones have been found. The biggest one ever uncovered was actually over seventy meters long and was probably owned by a king.

Question 5 W: Hey, Paul, how are you? M: Pretty good. I’m a little worried about the exams we have soon. How about you? W: Oh, I’m a bit stressed, to be honest. M: Really? Are you worried about your exams? W: Well, it’s because of my part-time job. My boss wants me to work in the restaurant four weeknights each week. I just don’t have the time, especially with the exams coming up. I don’t know what to do. I need that job to buy books and meals. M: Yeah, that sounds like a problem. Hmmm, I know. Why don’t you ask your boss if you can work on the weekend instead. That way you can study each night during the week and keep your job at the restaurant. W: Yeah, that’s a good idea, but I play a lot of sports on the weekend and hang out with my friends. It’s when I like to relax. M: I see. Well, why don’t you explain to your boss that you have these exams coming up soon? Maybe you can just work two weeknights. That way you have your weekend free, and you still have your job. W: Yeah, that’s a great idea. Thanks! I’ll say that to him tonight.

Question 3 M: Wow, that’s great news. I really don’t want to go further into debt with more student loans for next year. W: I don’t know. I don’t like this kind of scholarship. M: Why not? You’re an excellent student, Mary. I think you will get one. W: Didn’t you hear? They’re not awarding them based on academic performance. They’re awarding them based on financial need. M: So? All university students are in financial need. W: True, but they award this kind of scholarship based on the income of the student’s parents, not on the grades earned by the student. M: I see. What do your parents do? W: Well, my dad is just an editor, but my mom is a fairly successful dentist. I don’t stand a chance. M: Really? That’s a pity. W: Not only does this kind of scholarship discriminate against students with wealthy parents, but it rewards lazy students who don’t work as hard. I think these scholarships should be based on merit, not financial need. M: I see your point, but someone has to reward lazy students like me.

Question 4 W: Good morning, class. Um, today we will be talking about the Vikings and their drakkar, or longships. I’m sure most of you know these ships were used over a millennium ago so the Vikings could raid lands and steal riches, but what else do you know about them? Most people think these ships were only used to um, travel the seas. This isn’t true. In fact, the drakkar ships could travel along rivers that were only one meter deep. Can you imagine living in

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Question 6 M: Today, we’re continuing our series of lectures on the seven wonders of the ancient world with an examination of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. As described by Greek historians, these gardens were built by King Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, who came from a land far from Mesopotamia. Now, from what we’ve studied about the marriages of nobles, who can tell me why Nebuchadnezzar might marry a woman from far away? W: To help Babylon? Like to make powerful friends or trade partners with another area. M: Very good, Miss Andrews. That’s exactly right. So, one reason he had these gardens built was to keep his wife happy and help maintain Babylon’s strong relationship with her homeland. Can anyone think of another reason he might build a great green garden in the middle of the hot dry Middle East? W: To impress and attract people from other cities? Like tourism? M: That’s a good thought. I doubt it was for tourism, but I think it was to impress and attract others. Like the giant cathedrals built by Christians in Europe, these gardens were a show of power-- a show of wealth that advertised the Babylon way was the right, or at least, the powerful way. Indeed, the advertising might have carried over to the historians who reported the gardens. Early reports described the gardens as 400 feet by 400 feet and as tall as 320 feet. In the late 19th century, however, archaeologists excavated Babylon and found the base of the garden building to be only 100 by 150 feet.

Practice Test --- Writing M: OK, today’s topic is acupuncture. Do you all know what that is? W: Yeah, it’s when they stick needles in your body. M: Correct. Doctors vibrate the needles, and this relieves pain and promotes healing. China has used acupuncture for over 2,000 years, but it wasn’t well known in America until 1971, when a reporter for the New York Times wrote about how it helped him recover from surgery. Today, acupuncture has become a popular trend. People are trying it to cure everything from toothaches to cancer. My uncle used it last year for his arthritis. He swears it’s the greatest thing since sliced bread. Well...maybe it is, but in truth, we don’t know exactly how acupuncture works or why it’s effective. We also don’t know much about the risks involved in acupuncture treatment. Some studies have shown that acupuncture is safe --- If it’s performed by well-trained people. Hmm. What if it’s not? In a Norwegian survey of 197 acupuncturists, there were 132 cases of fainting, eight cases of punctured lungs, and 26 cases where pain actually increased after treatment. If acupuncture is performed improperly, it can cause many different problems, including nerve damage, infections, and hepatitis B. Acupuncturists are usually not medical doctors. Can we trust their diagnoses? The National Council Against Health Fraud doesn’t think so. It warns us that acupuncture is a quote-unquote “unproven”treatment based on quote-unquote “primitive”ideas. If you want to try it, the Council suggests you should talk with your family doctor first.

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®

Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT Beginning

READING

ANSWER KEY Reading Section / Listening Section / Speaking Section / Writing Section

Reading

Chapter

1 05 Exposure

Skill A 01 Australia 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. The passage says that 70% live in cities near the coast; this leaves 30% of the population.

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) Why? B only states the topic of the second paragraph, while A combines the topics of both paragraphs.

02 Classical Music

Skill C

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. A group of four musicians in the classical period would most likely play chamber music.

01 Learning Vocabulary

03 Chemical Equations 1. (C) 2. (D) 4. will vary

3. (A)

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) Why? The word “transportation” is used as an example of how to use word parts to increase vocabulary; increasing vocabulary is the main idea of the reading.

04 Wilderness First Aid

02 Polar Regions

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. something for cuts, medicine for bites/pain, a first aid book

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (A) Why? Sentence A expresses the main idea of the paragraph, while sentence B only expresses one detail.

05 Pottery 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. Grind it into fine powder; Let it dry

Skill B

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. The pronouns “him” and “her” give the clue. It should come after mentioning the secretary. 04 Television

01 Baseball 1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. How baseball is different from most sports 02 Biographies 1. (B) 2. (B) 4. will vary

03 The United Nations

3. (A)

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (A) Why? Choice A is best because it deals with information already introduced in the reading; choice B would disrupt the coherence of the reading by introducing a new idea, the Internet. 05 Sunlight

03 Geology 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. Geology is a young branch of science. 04 Milk 1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (B) How and when milk became an important food for people.

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Answer Key

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) Why? Choice A could be removed because it does not give us information about the parts of sunlight, which is the main topic of the reading. Choice B does give information about one part of sunlight.

05 Dogs

Review A-C Vocabulary Review 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

(D) (A) (A) (C) (D) real diary up out

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(B) (D) (D) (B) (A) centuries survive up

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(A) (C) (A) (B) (C) modern out in

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. they = people; them = dogs; they = people; They = people; they = dogs; They = people; They = people; them = dogs

Skill E 01 Rome 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. legend, myth, true or not, know 02 Guitars

Skill Review 01 Pueblo Silver Works 1. (C) 4. (D)

2. (C) 5. (C)

1. (C) 2. (D) 4. will vary 3. (B) 6. (B)

03 Scientific Method 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. educated guess, learned, past experience

02 Oaks 1. (C) 4. (B)

3. (D)

2. (B) 5. (A)

3. (A) 6. (B)

Skill D 01 Oral Reports 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. others = (not important) points, it = the report, them = a small group of friends, their = the friends’

04 Humidity 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. During the night because the air becomes cooler at night and can’t hold as much humidity. 05 Flamenco 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. major, intense, passionate, deep emotions, express, enjoy

02 Air Movement 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. Air is heated when it touches the warm earth. ▼

03 Territories 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. they = people living in territories 04 Ten-Speed Bikes 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. one = a control, you = riders/someone, it = the bike

Skill F 01 Literature 1. (A), (C), (E) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. sentences 1, 3, 4, and 7 02 Vitamins 1. Vitamin A --- (B), (C); Vitamin D --- (D), (E) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. sentences 8 and 11

Answer Key

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03 1. 2. 4.

Crime Felony --- (B), (C), (F); Misdemeanor --- (A), (D), (E) (C) 3. (C) fine

04 Geology 1. Physical --- (B) Oceanography --- (E) Historical --- (D) Economic --- (F) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. paragraph 1, sentences 3 and 5; paragraph 2, sentences 3 and 4 05 Hide Preparation 1. (C), (D), (E) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. will vary

Review A-F Vocabulary Review 1. (C) 4. (B) 7. (D) 10. (A) 13. (C) 16. major 19. express 22. (O) 25. (O)

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Answer Key

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(A) (C) (B) (C) (C) intense ancient (S)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(B) (A) (A) (D) (B) emotion (S) (S)

Skill Review 01 Fiction 1. 4. 7. 10.

(B) (D) (D) (A), (C), (F)

2. (A) 5. (C) 8. (C)

3. (A) 6. (B) 9. (D)

02 Machines 1. 4. 7. 10.

(B) 2. (C) (D) 5. (B) (D) 8. (B) Levers --- (A), (B), (F), (I); Inclined planes --- (C), (D), (G)

3. (D) 6. (D) 9. (C)

Chapter

2 02 Clouds

Skill A 01 Soccer 1. (C) 4. (D) 6. (A), (E), (F)

2. (C) 5. (B)

3. (D)

03 Space Bodies

02 Rain 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. Method 1 --- (B), (D), (E); Method 2 --- (C), (F), (H) 03 Herbs and Spices 1. (C) 4. (C)

2. (D) 5. (C)

01 The Earth 2. (A) 5. (D)

3. (B) 6. (D)

02 Scientific Notation 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (C) 6. Scientific Notation --- (C), (E), (F); Floating Point Notation --- (A), (B), (G) 03 Elizabethan Theater 1. (D) 4. (C) 6. (B), (C), (E)

2. (B) 5. (C)

3. (C)

2. (D) 5. (B)

3. (C)

Vocabulary Review 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 34. 37. 40. 43. 46. 49.

(B) (C) (C) (C) (D) (C) (A) (B) (A) (B) among distance towers after a while opponent (O) (S)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. 44. 47. 50.

(D) (B) (B) (A) (A) (B) (D) (C) (C) (A) base goal frozen absorb satellite (S) (O)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48.

(B) (A) (A) (C) (A) (D) (B) (A) (B) (C) altitude breathe period shallow equation (O)

Skill Review 01 Map Legends

Skill C 01 Breathing 1. (B) 4. (C) 6. (A), (B), (E)

1. (D) 4. (C) 6. (C), (D), (E)

Review A-C 3. (A) 6. (D)

Skill B 1. (A) 4. (C)

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. Cumulus --- (E), (C); Stratus --- (B), (D); Cirrus --- (F), (H)

2. (C) 5. (A)

3. (A)

1. 4. 7. 10.

(D) (C) (B) (B), (D), (F)

2. (C) 5. (C) 8. (D)

3. (B) 6. (D) 9. (C)

Answer Key

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02 Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors 1. 4. 7. 10.

(B) 2. (A) 3. (D) (C) 5. (A) 6. (A) (D) 8. (A) 9. (D) Comets --- (E); Asteroids --- (A), (G); Meteors --- (D), (F)

Skill F 01 Evaluating Sources 1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. Primary --- (B), (C); Secondary --- (A), (F) 02 Succession 1. (C) 4. (C) 6. (B), (C), (E)

Skill D 01 History Makers 1. (A) 4. (B)

2. (D) 5. (C)

3. (C) 6. (A)

02 Poetry 1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. Lyric --- (F), (G), (I); Narrative --- (B), (H); Dramatic --- (A), (E)

2. (C) 5. (A)

3. (A)

2. (C) 5. (B)

3. (A)

2. (B) 5. (A)

3. (B) 6. (C)

Skill E 01 Tennis 1. (A) 4. (A) 6. (B), (D), (E) 02 Glaciers 1. (C) 4. (C) 03 Vikings 1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. Work --- (B), (F), (G); Celebration --- (A), (D)

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Answer Key

3. (C)

03 The Renaissance 1. (A) 4. (A) 6. (B), (E), (F)

2. (C) 5. (A)

3. (B)

Review A-F Vocabulary Review

03 Tides 1. (B) 4. (D) 6. (B), (E), (F)

2. (D) 5. (C)

1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 34. 37. 40. 43. 46. 49.

(B) (C) (B) (D) (A) (B) (D) (A) (B) (B) event contests predominantly smash conjunction (D) (A)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. 44. 47. 50.

(B) (A) (B) (C) (D) (C) (B) (C) (D) (D) planet talent rackets stringed reform (E) (C)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48.

(B) (C) (A) (B) (D) (A) (D) (B) (A) (A) take part victory loft series course (B)

Skill Review 01 Wild Pigs 1. 4. 7. 10. 12.

(B) (A) (D) (B) (E), (A), (F)

02 Constellations 2. 5. 8. 11.

(C) (C) (A) (B)

3. (C) 6. (D) 9. (D)

1. 4. 7. 10. 12.

(A) (D) (B) (C) (C), (D), (A)

2. 5. 8. 11.

(D) (D) (A) (D)

3. (B) 6. (B) 9. (C)

Answer Key

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Chapter

3

Focus A Guided Practice 01 Hide Preparation 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (E) 02 Succession 1. (F) 2. (B)

3. (E)

2. Oaks can grow very old and very large, and their acorns may have been an early human food. 3. Oaks were so important in the past for construction that people made myths about them and even worshipped them. 4. Even nowadays, oak is an important resource for fuel and carpentry.

03 Constellations

1. (B)

2. (C)

3. (A)

Focus B

Summary

Guided Practice

01 Literature Sample response: 1. Through literature, we can learn about the world in three main ways. 2. First, we learn about people by reading the experiences of the author. 3. Second, we learn about history when we read stories written in the past. 4. Last, the writing itself can teach us about the language we use.

01 Geology Suggested answer: This passage describes the different branches of geology. The first of these branches of geology looks at the rocks and land inside the Earth. On the other hand, physical oceanography looks at the oceans and the rocks beneath them. Next, the passage describes historical geology, which may involve the study of fossils, and economic geology, which deals with the search for minerals and fuels.

02 The Renaissance Sample response: 1. The Renaissance was a period of remarkable change. 2. People’s major concern shifted from God to humans. 3. Art, philosophy, and education emphasized the achievements of people. 4. People stopped living for a future life and started living for their present one.

02 Evaluating Sources

03 Oaks

Sample response: 1. For a long time, oaks have been important trees to people.

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Answer Key

Suggested answer: This passage explains how to evaluate different sources of information. First, we should consider if the source is a primary source, which means the writer gives first-hand information, or if the source is a secondary source, which means the writer gives second-hand information. Another point to consider is whether the source is presenting facts or opinions. Finally, we should look at when the source was written, as older sources may have outdated information.

03 Machines

Suggested answers: This passage explains three examples of simple machines: levers, pulleys, and wheels and axles. Simple machines like these are useful because they can multiply the force applied to them and they can change the direction of that force. Levers are used to lift and push. Pulleys are used to lift heavy objects. Wheels and axles are used to turn large wheels.

learned silver working from the Navajo. Eventually, turquoise became more important than silver in Zuni pieces. Finally, the passage describes Hopi silver works. They first learned this craft from the Zuni and later formed a silver works guild with soldiers from World War II.

Summary 01 Vitamins

Sample response: This passage examines some facts and myths about vitamins and health. It first mentions the belief that taking Vitamin C can cure a cold is not true. Next, it states that being careful about taking Vitamin D is a good idea because too much can cause health damage. Finally, the passage warns against the belief that people should take a lot of Vitamin A; in fact, too much Vitamin A can also cause health problems. 02 The Earth

Sample response: This passage describes different ways that the age of the Earth has been calculated. It first tells about an older technique that calculated age based on the idea that lower layers of rock are older than higher layers. Another, more accurate, technique mentioned in the passage is measuring the radioactive particles from rocks. By using this second method, scientists have concluded that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. 03 Silver Work

Sample response: This passage discusses the silver works of three different First Nations. It first explains about the Navajo people. They learned how to silver work from Mexicans and later added turquoise to their silver jewelry. Next, it describes how the Zuni people 679

Listening

Chapter

1

Skill A

Skill B

01 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. Don’t SKIP meals / Eat when you are HUNGRY / Eat REGULAR meals / Eat fruit, VEGETABLES, meats, and grains

01

02 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B), (C) 4. Known: year of BIRTH, year of DEATH / Unknown: month of BIRTH, name of LOVER 03 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. Physical changes: stored energy in fat, SLOW BREATHING, LOW or SLOW HEART RATE / Animals that hibernate: BEARS, snakes, FROGS 04 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. Storage: (over) 5,000 songs Size: 9.1 cm (3.6 inches) tall / 5 cm (2 inches) wide 05 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. SPORT / Ex. the PERSISTENCE Hunt / Who: the SAN people / What: hunted ANTELOPE / How: ran for as long EIGHT HOURS / too TIRED 06 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. Be SPECIFIC, State EXACTLY what is needed / Be POSITIVE, Use POLITE language / Remember the GOLDEN rule 07 1. (B) 2. (C), (D) 3. (A) 4. Parking spaces are LIMITED / Freshmen CAN’T PARK / A LOTTERY determines who can park / Winners must pay MONEY to park 08 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. use INDEX cards / front of card: write (NEW) WORD / back of card: top - write ENGLISH DEFINITION, bottom - write SENTENCE (USING WORD) and (DRAW A) PICTURE

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Answer Key

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. Also called: SOUTH POLE Was attached to: AUSTRALIA Lowest temp.: -88˚C Only humans there: SCIENTISTS 02 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. need: STUDENT ID CARD / can use these facilities: SWIMMING pool, GYM, WEIGHT ROOM 03 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. COMEDY - happy endings TRAGEDY - hero ruins his life TRAGICOMEDY - unexpected endings 04 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. BLUE rays scatter most RED rays scatter least YELLOW rays scatter neither most nor least 05 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A), (D) 4. keep in DORM ROOM / let them OUT or WALK in the room / give them BATHS or FOOD / take them back to the BEACH 06 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B), (C) 4. important aspects of reading: SPEED, UNDERSTANDING, enjoyment, REMEMBERING 07 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. Why don’t we get enough? --- LONG winters, not going OUTSIDE often, few FOODS have much of it How can we get more? --- eating FISH, getting more SUNSHINE 08 1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. LICENSE PLATE --- lets others know who’s driving LADDER --- helps spiders get out of bathtubs (PORTABLE) SEAT --- provides a chair to sit on wherever you are

Skill C 01 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. Determining GRADES / mid-term = 15 PERCENT, final = 30 PERCENT / first essay = 10 PERCENT, second essay = 30 PERCENT / attendance and PARTICIPATION = 15 percent 02 1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. read a NEWSPAPER / make a list of EIGHT to ten new words / look them up in a DICTIONARY / write them in your vocabulary NOTEBOOK 03 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. painted by: DA VINCI / is often: COPIED / has an interesting: SMILE / doesn’t have any: EYEBROWS 04 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. were good WEAVERS materials: ANIMAL HAIR/WOOL, vegetable fibers, COTTON methods: by hand, BY LOOM products: BASKETS, blankets, CLOTHES 05 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. Turtles are DISAPPEARING in Mexico. Causes: they LAY EGGS on the beach, people EAT/TAKE THE EGGS How to help: call the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION hotline, look up www.enviro.com on the INTERNET 06 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. When? this YEAR / Who? CHOI MIN-SOO / What? machine that LESSENS noise / Why? help people who need QUIET 07 1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. Development: When? OVER 2,500 YEARS AGO, Where? CHINA / Method: Uses what? NEEDLES, How many body spots? 787

08 1. (B) 4. (A) LINE

2. (A), (B), (C) 3. (A) (B) (LINE) SEGMENT

(C) POINT

Review A-C Vocabulary Review 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

(B) (C) (B) (B) (B) fortune continuously (S) (O)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(B) (B) (A) (D) (D) determined specific (O)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(A) (C) (A) (C) (C) multiply (O) (S)

Skill Review 01 1. (A) 4. (A)

2. (A), (C) 5. (B)

3. (B) 6. (A)

02 1. (C) 4. (B)

2. (B) 5. (A)

3. (B), (D) 6. (B)

Skill D 01 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. Nova Scotia College of Art --- (B), (C); Transcript Office --- (A), (D) 4. wants to TRANSFER / needs her TRANSCRIPT / can get it at TRANSCRIPT OFFICE / will get it in 3 OR 4 DAYS 02 1. (C) 2. (A) 3. Yes --- (A), (D); No --- (B), (C) 4. What? saying USED TOO OFTEN / How learned? From OTHERS / Example? I LOVE CHOCOLATE. 03 1. (B) 2. (A) 3. advantages --- (B), (C); disadvantages --- (A), (D) Answer Key

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4. public schools are too DANGEROUS / education level is too LOW / freedom to teach RELIGION / can give students ATTENTION

4. YELLOW card = warning / RED card = can’t play anymore / Soccer or FOOTBALL, has many RULES, basic rule: don’t HURT ANOTHER PLAYER

04 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. 19th century --- (A), (B) / 20th century --- (C), (D) 4. born in GERMANY / attended university in SWITZERLAND / left GERMANY / moved to USA

03 1. Mark Twain --- (A), (B); Train Conductor --- (C), (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. Boarded TRAIN in New York / couldn’t get room on SLEEPING coach / conductor thought Twain was GENERAL MCCLELLAN / conductor gave him room in FIRST class

05 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. Yes --- (B), (C), (D); No --- (A) 4. Why? His body NEEDS MORE OXYGEN / Why? Oxygen CLEANS YOUR BLOOD / How to get more Oxygen? BREATH DEEPLY 06 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. Largest --- (C), (D); Smallest --- (A), (B) 4. Where: lies between ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC, 300 km north of ANTARCTICA / Facts: 1500 km wide at equator, has 12 countries 07 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. Category --- (A); Process --- (B), (C), (D) 4. When? NEXT WEEK / Where? STUDENT CENTER / What? students photos of NATURE, STUDENTS, PROFESSORS, BUILDINGS 08 1. (D) 2. (C) 3. China --- (C); Rome --- (A); The Bible --- (B) 4. information about NUMBERS OF PEOPLE / helps GOVERNMENTS / early examples from CHINA, THE BIBLE, ROMAN EMPIRE

Skill E 01 1. Yes --- (B), (C); No --- (A), (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. too HOT to visit / once had RIVERS and oceans, has TWO moons 02 1. Yellow Card --- (A), (C); Red Card --- (B), (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 682

Answer Key

04 1. Enjoy meeting people --- (B), (C) Quiet and thoughtful --- (A), (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. Most important: PERSONALITY / SOCIAL status / Have to do the JOB every day 05 1. Yes --- (B), (C); No --- (A), (D) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. Simple ways to EXERCISE / WALK up stairs / Squeeze a TENNIS BALL --- Helps you RELAX / Walk BACKWARDS --- Strengthens the BACK of your legs 06 1. normally --- (B), (D); slowly --- (A), (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. how fast? 2,200 km/h, once a day it TURNS AROUND / SLOWER than Earth’s, moon gets TWO WEEKS of night and TWO WEEKS of day 07 1. Man --- (B), (C); Woman --- (A), (D) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. TV SHOW (George Washington) / INTERNET (too many sites) / VIDEO (professor could recommend one) 08 1. Detail --- (B); Color --- (C); Movement --- (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. How to REMEMBER things better Give objects THREE qualities DETAIL COLOR MOVEMENT

ALBUQUERQUE / in A CAVE, wore HATS WITH LIGHTS

Skill F 01 1. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (B), 4 (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. Rise: became rich from COLONIES, made colonies in CUBA and PHILIPPINES / Decline: lost wars to ENGLAND and AMERICA, lost colonies to AMERICA 02 1. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (B) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. has worked as a professor for 18 YEARS / studied WRITING / loves TEACHING 03 1. 1 (C), 2 (D), 3 (B), 4 (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. first appeared in comics 1939 / Robin appeared 1940 / Alfred appeared 1943 / first teamed with Superman 1952 / Batman’s new look 1964 04 1. 1 (C), 2 (A), 3 (D), 4 (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. How: leaks NATURALLY, humans spill it when CARRYING ON BOATS / Steps: SPREADING, EVAPORATION, EMULSIFICATION / Result: HEAVY AND STICKY substance called chocolate mousse 05 1. 1 (C), 2 (D), 3 (B), 4 (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. Will SKIP CLASS today / Feels SICK / Might have MALARIA / Forgot to TAKE MEDICINE 06 1. 1 (C), 2 (B), 3 (D), 4 (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. sound from THUNDER, thunder travels at 1 KM PER SECOND, distance of storm = seconds between LIGHTNING AND THUNDER x 1/3 km / temperature, COOL air from storms travels THREE miles ahead of storm

08 1. 1 (C), 2 (A), 3 (D), 4 (B) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. painter scientist INVENTOR / kept notebooks of OBSERVATIONS (OF NATURAL WORLD) / cut open DEAD PEOPLE to learn HOW THE BODY WORKS

Review A-F Vocabulary Review 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

(C) (D) (A) (A) (C) warning factor cavern campus

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(B) (B) (C) (B) (B) forced qualities bomb

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(B) (B) (A) (C) (C) realize empire crude

Skill Review 01 1. (D) 2. (A), (C), (D) 3. (D) 4. Chess --- (B); Eidetic --- (C); Dr. DeGroot --- (A) 5. (A) 6. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (B) 02 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. Underline key words --- (A); Look for important points --- (C); Wait, think about it --- (B) 5. (A) 6. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (B), 4 (A)

07 1. 1 (B), 2 (D), 3 (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. Arizona: GRAND CANYON / New Mexico:

Answer Key

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Chapter

2

Skill A 01 1. (C)

Skill C 01 2. (B)

3. (B), (D)

4. (D)

02

1. (A)

2. (D)

3. (D)

4. (B)

2. (D)

3. (D)

4. (C)

2. (C)

3. (D)

4. (B)

02

1. (A)

2. (C)

3. (A)

4. (D)

03

1. (C) 03

1. (D) 3. (A)

2. (A), (B), (D) 4. (B)

1. (C) 04

04 1. (C)

2. (B)

3. (B)

4. (B)

2. (C)

3. (A)

4. (B)

2. (A)

3. (B), (D)

4. (C)

05

1. (D) 3. (D)

2. (B), (C), (D) 4. (B)

05

1. (B) 06

1. (C)

2. (D)

3. (B)

4. (A)

2. (B)

3. (D)

4. (A)

06

1. (D)

Skill B

1. (B)

Review A-C

01 1. (C)

2. (D)

3. (D)

4. (A)

02 1. (B)

2. (A)

3. (C)

4. (C)

2. (D)

3. (C)

4. (B)

03 1. (B) 04 1. (D) 3. (A), (C), (D)

2. (B) 4. (B)

05 1. (B)

2. (D)

3. (A), (C)

4. (A)

2. (C)

3. (B)

4. (D)

06 1. (C)

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Answer Key

Vocabulary Review 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 34. 37. 40. 43. 46. 49.

(B) (B) (B) (D) (D) (A) (D) (B) (D) (D) modern superstition represents blood stain (O) (O)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. 44. 47. 50.

(C) (A) (A) (C) (A) (D) (B) (A) (B) (B) customs customary omens vessel escort (O) (O)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48.

(D) (C) (D) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) centuries reason big day instance panic (S)

Skill Review 01 1. (D) 4. (B)

Skill E 2. (A), (B) 5. (C)

3. (A) 6. (D)

2. (B), (D) 5. (A)

3. (B) 6. (B)

2. (A), (D) 5. (C)

3. (A) 6. (B)

2. (A), (C) 5. (D)

3. (C) 6. (D)

04 1. (C) 4. (C)

1. (A)

2. (D)

3. (B)

4. (D)

2. (C)

3. (D)

4. (C)

2. (D)

3. (B), (C)

4. (D)

2. (D)

3. (C)

4. (A)

2. (D)

3. (D)

4. (C)

2. (B)

3. (B)

4. (B)

03 1. (A)

03 1. (C) 4. (B)

1. (D) 02

02 1. (A), (C) 4. (C)

01

04 1. (C) 05 1. (D) 06

Skill D

1. (C)

01 1. strength --- (A); heart, lungs --- (B); balance, coordination --- (C), (D) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D) 02 1. mechanical --- (B), (D); chemical --- (A), (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 03 1. Lecture --- (A), (C); Review Session --- (B), (D) 2. (C) 3. (A), (B), (D), (F) 4. (B) 04 1. Example 1 --- (A), (B); Example 2 --- (D), (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B) 05 1. Shenandoah --- (A), (D); Missouri --- (B), (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 06 1. Equator --- (B), (D); Horse Latitudes --- (A), (C) 2. (D) 3. (B), (C) 4. (B)

Skill F 01 1. (C), (B), (A) 3. (B)

2. (A), (D) 4. (C)

02 1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 3. (A)

2. (B) 4. (C)

03 1. (C), (B), (D), (A) 3. (D)

2. (C) 4. (C)

04 1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 3. (B)

2. (C) 4. (B)

05 1. (C), (B), (D), (A) 3. (D)

2. (D) 4. (B)

06 1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 3. (D)

2. (C) 4. (B)

Answer Key

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Review A-F

Skill Review 01

Vocabulary Review

1. (B) 2. (C) 4. (D), (A), (C), (B) 5. (A)

1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 34. 37. 40. 43. 46. 49.

(A) (D) (B) (B) (D) (A) (C) (D) (C) (B) muscles co-ordination key personalities combination (D) (B)

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Answer Key

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. 44. 47. 50.

(C) (C) (D) (B) (A) (C) (A) (B) (D) (B) lift aerobics alert deal with stall (A) (C)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48.

(B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (A) treadmill calm discipline valid mineral (E)

3. (B), (C) 6. (B)

02 1. (B), (C) 4. (A)

2. (B) 5. (A), (D), (B), (C)

3. (C) 6. (C)

2. (A) 5. (A), (C), (B), (D)

3. (C) 6. (A)

2. (B), (C) 5. (A), (B), (D), (C)

3. (C) 6. (A)

03 1. (D) 4. (B) 04 1. (A) 4. (B)

Chapter

3

Focus A Tables 1 01 Geometry --- study of...POINTS A line with two points is a...SEGMENT Two lines the same length are...CONGRUENT 02 Causes fish to rise...OXYGEN Sharks do not have...SWIM BLADDER Sharks use this to propel themselves...TAIL Sharks use this to change direction...FIN 03 People who speak... People learn languages Two languages in Quebec...

Two languages = BILINGUAL From FAMILY ENGLISH

Three languages = TRILINGUAL Through STUDY FRENCH

Tables 2 01 Comedy Tragedy Tragicomedy

HAPPY ending tragic FLAW in character seems tragic but funny or UNCLEAR ending

02 Types of weathering Process Caused by 03 Define desert by: Specific types of desert:

SHAKESPEARE Ibsen SHAW

Mechanical disintegration or DESTRUCTION freezing, ROOTS, or animals 1. 1. 2. 3.

RAINFALL TRADE wind desert, rain SHADOW desert, COASTAL desert

Much Ado About Nothing GHOSTS Saint Joan

CHEMICAL oxidation, CARBONATION, or hydration REACTIONS with air or water

2. evaporation 3. desert = evap>RAINFALL SAHARA Desert, around equator JUDEAN Desert, near mountain Atacama Desert = DRIEST desert on Earth

Focus B Completing Note Diagrams 1 01 Spain

--- location - S of FRANCE, W of ITALY --- 16th century - MOST POWERFUL NATION in world --- 1490s - Spanish people brought GOLD AND SILVER from America Spain became RICH Made new colonies: CUBA and PHILIPPINES --- 1588 - War with ENGLAND Began to lose POWER --- 1898 - LOST COLONIES in Spanish-American War Answer Key

687

02 people looking for faster ways to get INFORMATION a faster way is a BROADBAND connection a VDSL connection has a greater BANDWIDTH gives around 52 MEGABYTES per second 03 Ideology Concerned with

---------

COLLECTION of ideas forms basis of PUBLIC opinion how SOCIETY works RULES needed to make it work

Completing Note Diagrams 2 01 Leonardo da Vinci --- artist, INVENTOR, and SCIENTIST --- born in VINCI, ITALY IN 1452 --- kept notebook OBSERVATIONS OF NATURAL WORLD --- most famous inventions: PARACHUTE and WAR TANK 02 White skin Sunburn

---------

not protected from ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UV RAYS) danger of SUNBURN skin is red because of EXTRA BLOOD increases chance of SKIN CANCER

03 I. World Bank: helps A. build SCHOOLS and HEALTH CENTERS B. get water and ELECTRICITY

688

Answer Key

II. Low-income countries A. can’t BORROW much money B. World Bank gives MONEY, LOW-INTEREST LOANS, INTEREST-FREE CREDIT

Speaking

Chapter

1

Skill B Q3 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested keywords: History 102; Prof. Brown; lectures; canceled; assignments Sample restatement: The cancellation notice concerns students enrolled in History 102. They are advised that Prof. Brown is ill and that he will be absent all of next week. For this reason, both of next week’s lectures are canceled. Assignments will be due in class one week later, on August 29th. Step 2 Suggested keywords: happy; canceled; assignment; extra week; good news Sample restatement: The man tells the woman that the professor is sick. The woman worries about their teacher canceling classes, but then hears he’s not seriously ill. Then, the man tells her there’s an extra week to finish the assignment. They don’t have to turn in the assignment until the professor is back. The woman is happy to hear that. Step 3 Opinion: Reason 1: Detail: Reason 2: Detail:

The woman thinks the canceled classes and the extra week is a good thing. The professor is not very sick. The man tells her the professor is not seriously ill. She has more time to do the work. She hasn’t read the article yet.

Step 4 Sample response: The woman learns the professor is sick and that classes are being canceled. At first, she worries about the professor and the canceled classes. The man, however, explains the professor is not seriously ill, and that they have an extra week until the professor is back to finish their assignment. After that, the woman feels glad because she was behind in her work. Q3 --- practice 2

Step 1 Suggested keywords: security guards, added, administration, vandalism, report Sample restatement: Five extra security guards are being added to campus night patrols. The decision to do this was made by the university administration. Security is being increased on campus because of recent vandalism to school buildings and thefts reported in the dormitories. Students are urged to report any information about violations on campus to the administration. Step 2 Suggested keywords: serious, stolen, always worried, damage, should be caught Sample restatement: The man and the woman are talking about the added security guards and how matters on campus are now serious. The woman explains that two of her friends have been victims of theft. Now, she’s always worried about thieves coming into her room, too. The man says he saw the damage done to some places on campus. He thinks the people who did all this should be caught. Both the man and the woman think the added guards are a good idea. Step 3 Opinion:

They think the added security guards are a good idea. Reason 1: The woman is always worried. Detail: Two of her friends have been victims of theft. Reason 2: The campus is being damaged. Detail: The man has seen damage to various areas of campus. Step 4 Sample response: The university is adding more security guards to campus night patrols. Students are informed this decision follows recent damage and thefts occurring on campus. The woman states things are serious. The woman’s friends had things stolen from their dormitory rooms and the woman herself is now worried about being robbed too. The man understands. He has seen the damage Answer Key

689

done to school property and buildings. The man thinks people doing all these things should be caught. The woman agrees and adds that any information should be reported. They both agree that adding security guards on campus is a good idea.

Q3 --- practice 3 Step 1 Suggested keywords: creative writing, requirement, experience; producing; literature Sample restatement: The English department is advising all English Literature majors that creative writing is now a graduation requirement. The notice explains that the Dean wants all literature majors to gain experience producing creative writing, because literature is the study of this style of writing. Step 2 Suggested keywords: writing, good idea, analyze, writers, students Sample restatement: The man explains that creative writing is now a required class for them to take. The woman thinks this is a good idea. She believes practice at creative writing will help her better understand the books she must read. The man agrees with this. He says he’s been doing some writing already and it’s helped him analyze literature. He thinks creative writing will help him become a better writer and become a better student. Step 3 Opinion: Reason 1: Detail: Reason 2: Detail:

690

They think that the creative writing requirement is a good idea. It will help them understand literature better. By writing literature themselves, they will understand what other writers are doing. They will be better writers. By practicing writing, they will improve their own abilities at it.

Answer Key

Step 4 Sample response: The dean recommended all literature majors should have practice in creative writing, so the English department made creative writing a required class for graduation. The woman thinks this is a good idea, and the man has the same opinion. The man explains that the creative writing he has been doing on his own has helped him analyze the literary works he has had to study. He thinks the creative writing class will make him a better writer and a better student. He also doesn’t mind because the class is easy to fit into his schedule.

Q4 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested keywords: eruption, Pompeii, volcano, escape, reconstruct Sample restatement: This passage tells about a volcano that erupted and buried the Roman city of Pompeii. Few people escaped. Scientists can now reconstruct what happened the day the volcano erupted. Step 2 Suggested keywords: Mount Vesuvius, superheated air, wiped out, Pompeii, advanced Sample restatement: A volcano called Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD 79. It wiped out the Roman city of Pompeii, a large city with an advanced culture. Although the volcano erupted for over 12 hours, people couldn’t escape. Scientists discovered that hot air from the volcano killed the people of Pompeii instantly. Later they were covered with ash. Step 3 Suggested answers: Volcano: Erupted when: Destroyed where: Strange because: People died because:

Mt. Vesuvius AD 79 Pompeii people didn’t escape superheated air, NOT lava. Later, ash covered the people.

Step 4 Sample response: This reading passage talks about the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. It erupted in 79 AD and destroyed Pompeii. The speaker says that it was strange because even though the volcano erupted for 12 hours, people couldn’t escape. In fact, people in Pompeii died due to superheated air from the volcano and not lava. Later, their bodies were covered in ash.

Step 4 Sample response: The reading passage says that the Dead Sea has a lot of mineral salt. This salt is deadly to plants and fish so there are no living things in the sea. The Dead Sea has ten times as much salt as the ocean. Rivers carry mineral salts into the Dead Sea. Salt is trapped there because no rivers flow out of the Dead Sea. Water evaporation also makes the sea even saltier.

Q4 --- practice 2

Q4 --- practice 3

Step 1 Suggested keywords: Dead Sea, landlocked, mineral salt, deadly, reason

Step 1 Suggested keywords: jazz, African-American, combining, rhythms, melodies

Sample restatement: The reading passage says that the Dead Sea is a landlocked sea with no living plants and animals. It is saltier than the oceans. It contains mineral salt which is deadly to plants and fish. Therefore, there are no living things in this sea. There are two reasons for the Dead Sea’s saltiness.

Sample restatement: This reading passage talks about how jazz music began. First, it says that African-American musicians made jazz music. This music was different or special because it combined rhythms from African music with melodies from European music.

Step 2 Suggested keywords: Dead Sea, salt, trapped, river, evaporate

Step 2 Suggested keywords: white, wild, incorporating, popular, younger

Sample restatement: The speaker said that nothing lives in the Dead Sea because it is full of salt. The salt goes into the Dead Sea from rivers. No rivers go out so this salt is trapped in the sea. When water evaporates, it leaves behind minerals, which makes the sea saltier.

Sample restatement: The speaker says that white musicians didn’t like jazz at first. They thought jazz was too wild and it wasn’t real music, but some white musicians began incorporating parts of jazz music into their songs. One of these musicians, Elvis Presley, became really popular. Jazz has changed into many of the popular music forms of today.

Step 3 Suggested answers: The Dead Sea has no living plants or animals. Rivers flow into the Dead Sea but not out. The Dead Sea has lots of mineral salt. It’s more than ten times saltier than the ocean. Mineral salts are deadly to fish and plants. Salt is carried into the Dead Sea from rivers. When water evaporates, the sea becomes even saltier.

Step 3 Suggested answers: Jazz music went from being considered not real music to being very popular. Originally: played by African-Americans Different because: combined African rhythms and European melodies Who liked it: young people Who didn’t like it: mainstream white America How it became popular: used by popular white singers like Elvis Presley Answer Key

691

Step 4 Sample response: This reading passage talks about how jazz music began. First, it says that African-American musicians made jazz music. This music was different or special because it combined rhythms from African music with melodies from European music. The speaker says that white musicians didn’t like jazz at first. They thought jazz was too wild and it wasn’t real music. Then, some white musicians began incorporating parts of jazz music into their songs. Eventually, one of these musicians, Elvis Presley, became really popular, so jazz, along with rock and other forms, became popular with younger people.

Skill C Q5 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested answers: Problem: The man wants to spend more time practicing football and needs to spend more time studying. Solution 1: Get tutors to help him study Solution 2: Make more time for practice by getting up earlier Step 3 Opinion 1: The man’s problem is that he doesn’t have enough time to practice football and improve his grades in math and science. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he find tutors to help him with math and science. Second, she suggests that he get up early in the morning for extra football practice. I think the first solution is better than the second one. If the man has tutors, he can improve his grades in a short time. If he doesn’t have to get up early, he can get more sleep, so he’ll be rested for football. Opinion 2: The man’s problem is that he doesn’t have enough time to practice football and improve his grades in math and science. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he find tutors to help 692

Answer Key

him with math and science. Second, she suggests that he get up early in the morning for extra football practice. I think the second suggestion is better than the first one. If the man gets up early, he will have enough time to improve at football. The morning exercise will clear his mind, which will help him concentrate better in class.

Q5 --- practice 2 Step 1 Suggested answers: Problem: The woman has to take Chemistry 202 to graduate, but she doesn’t like the professor teaching the class. Solution 1: The man suggests taking the class in another semester. Solution 2: The man suggests taking the class now even though she doesn’t like the professor. Step 3 Opinion 1: The woman’s problem is that she needs to take Chemistry 202 to graduate, but she doesn’t like the professor teaching it this semester. The man suggests two solutions to the problem. First, he suggests that she take the class next semester. Second, he suggests that she take the class this semester and try to get along with the professor. I think the first suggestion is better than the second one. If she waits, even though she might feel like she’s behind, she can catch up very quickly. Also, with a different professor she might get a higher mark. Opinion 2: The woman’s problem is that she needs to take Chemistry 202 to graduate, but she doesn’t like the professor teaching it this semester. The man suggests two solutions to the problem. First, he suggests that she take the class next semester. Second, he suggests that she take the class this semester and try to get along with the professor. I think the second suggestion is better than the first one. If she takes the class this semester, she won’t be behind. Also, she needs to learn to get along with teachers and bosses she doesn’t like.

Q5 --- practice 3 Step 1 Suggested answers: Problem: The man has to take a math class and a history class, but they are offered at the same time. Solution 1: The woman suggests the math class might be offered at a different time. Solution 2: She also suggests that the man take one of the classes in the next semester. Step 3 Opinion 1: The man’s problem is that he needs to take a world history class and a math class that are offered on the same days and at the same time. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he might be able to take the math class on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Second, she suggests that he take one of the necessary classes this term, and the other next term. I think the first suggestion is better than the second one. If he is able to take math on Tuesdays and Thursdays, he can take history with his friend and complete both necessary classes in one term. Opinion 2: The man’s problem is that he needs to take a world history class and a math class that are offered on the same days and at the same time. The woman suggests two solutions to the problem. First, she suggests that he might be able to take the math class on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Second, she suggests that he take one of the necessary classes this term, and the other next term. I think the second suggestion is better than the first one. If he takes one mandatory class each term, he will have more time to concentrate on each class and can earn higher marks. Also, he will get to study with his friend.

Q6 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested answers: How two things have helped scientists know more about squid

A. sailors • sailors among first to capture squid • captured squid given to academies or measured • Russians helped understand link between squid and whales B. whales • whales useful --- hunt squid for food • sizes of squid estimated --- measuring parts inside whale stomachs • whales carry cameras to observe squid underwater Sample response: This lecture is about giant squid. The speaker says that two things have helped scientists learn more about giant squid. These two things are sailors and whales. First, sailors were the ones who first captured giant squid and allowed them to be measured or given to scientific academies. The link between whales and squid has also been better understood thanks to Russian sailors. The speaker’s next point is that whales are especially helpful in studying squid. Whales hunt squid, and the sizes of squid can be estimated by measuring parts of squid found in whale stomachs. Whales can also carry cameras, allowing scientists to study squid underwater more closely.

Q6 --- practice 2 Step 1 Suggested answers: Engineer in bigger demand than artist • leaders interested in modernization • had a set of skills that leaders wanted Leonardo breakthrough in engineering • explained how machines could be improved or invented • developed modern techniques to existing problems • gave him high profile and put him in great demand

Answer Key

693

Leonardo spent much of his life working as an engineer • worked for powerful leaders and on special projects • all his life, his engineering in bigger demand than his art Sample response: This lecture is about Leonardo da Vinci’s life as an engineer. The speaker explains that Leonardo made breakthroughs in engineering, while leaders were looking for scientific ways to modernize. Leonardo was the first to explain how machines could be improved or invented. He came up with modern techniques to deal with existing problems. Leonardo thus had the set of skills that leaders wanted. The speaker then explains how Leonardo spent much of his life working as an engineer for powerful leaders and on special projects. The speaker concludes that all his life, Leonardo the engineer was in bigger demand than Leonardo the artist.

Q6 --- practice 3 Step 1 Suggested answers: Main Question: How was the Giant’s Causeway formed? • origin debated until modern geologists gave answer Early Debates: • big debates in 1600s after discovery • theories about its origin started the debates • a lot of different opinions --- but no one knew for sure Nowadays: • we know the truth • was formed by volcanic activity • lava cooled quickly by water --- crystal rocks cracking result in many joined columns • not a mystery anymore --- just a fascinating geological place

694

Answer Key

Sample response: This lecture is about the origins of the Giant’s Causeway. The speaker says that for a long time nobody really knew how the Giant’s Causeway was formed. He explains that many different theories on the Giant’s Causeway’s origin were being debated after it was discovered in the 1600s. Some people believed a legend that suggested the Giant’s Causeway was made by a giant. The speaker explains that nobody knew for sure how it was formed until modern geologists provided the real answer. Geologists explain that it was formed by volcanic activity in much the same way we see in Hawaii right now. Nowadays, we know the truth about how the Giant’s Causeway was formed.

Vocabulary Review Review 1 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

(C) (C) (A) (A) (B) enrolled cancellation bury element

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(A) (A) (B) (A) (D) kindly check kindly

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(D) (B) (B) (C) (D) absent frustrated violence

(A) (B) (A) (C) (B) modernize

3. 6. 9. 12. 15.

(A) (D) (D) (D) (A)

combine (A)

21. (C) 24. (B)

Review 2 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 18. 19. 22. 25.

(D) 2. (B) 5. (B) 8. (B) 11. (C) 14. engineer 17. breakthroughs imagine 20. (E) 23. (D)

Chapter

2

Skill A Q1 --- practice 1 Step 1 C, B, D, F, A, E Step 2 Suggested answers: 1. One kind of work the speaker does without getting paid is write poetry. 2. One reason she enjoys doing this is that it lets her create something beautiful. 3. Another reason she enjoys doing this is that it lets her think about things in new ways. Step 3 Sample response: One kind of work I would be willing to do even if I never got paid for it is writing poetry. In fact, I do this now without getting paid because I enjoy writing poetry. One reason I enjoy writing poetry is because it lets me create something beautiful. When people create something beautiful, it gives them a good feeling in their heart. Another reason I enjoy writing poetry is because I can think about things in a new way. When I think about things in new, innovative ways, even boring things around my house become inspiring.

Q1 --- practice 2 Step 1 F, E, A, C, D, B Step 2 Suggested answers: 1. The speaker most regrets not spending enough time with his cousin. 2. One reason he regrets this is because he thought he could spend time with his cousin and teach him things. 3. Another reason he regrets this is that spending time with him when he is older may be more difficult.

Step 3 Sample response: What I regret the most was not spending enough time with my cousin when he was young. This is regrettable because, when he was born, I thought I could spend a lot of time with him and teach him things. It is important for older family members to guide and teach younger family members. I often regret the many occasions I could have spent time with him but was preoccupied with something else instead. The fact that children grow up quickly is another reason why I regret spending too little time with my cousin when he was young. Once my cousin is older, spending a lot of time with him may be more difficult.

Q1 --- practice 3 Step 2 Sample response: The last time I needed to talk about an important topic, I talked with my brother. The important topic I needed to talk about was an argument I’d had with my friend. I chose to talk to my brother at that time because my brother is very familiar with my friend. In fact, we all grew up together, so my brother and I have known my friend for many years. After talking with my brother, I better understood my friend’s point of view during our argument. Because of my brother’s aid, I was no longer angry with my friend.

Q1 --- practice 4 Step 2 Sample response: The worst vacation I ever had to endure was a camping trip with my brother and a friend. First, it rained heavily the whole three days. We couldn’t hike or swim. Then, to compound the problem, the wet weather made me sick. I spent most of the time lying in my sleeping bag trying to stay warm. In addition, my friend and I had an argument, so we stopped speaking to each other. To top it off, when we finally left for home, my brother’s car broke down. We had to walk five kilometers to get help.

Answer Key

695

Q2 --- practice 1 Step 1 B, D, C, A Step 2 Suggested answers: 1. The speaker prefers oral presentations to writing papers. 2. One reason he prefers this kind of assignment is that oral presentations are easier. 3. A second reason he prefers this kind of assignment is that oral presentations are interesting and education for other students 4. A third reason he prefers this kind of assignment is that oral presentations can help students improve their communications skills and confidence. Step 3 Sample response: I think oral presentations are more beneficial for students than writing papers. First of all, oral presentations are easier in that they take less time to prepare and put less emphasis on grammar than papers do. Another reason is oral presentations are interesting and educational for the other students who listen to them. Finally, many jobs require oral presentations, so students can improve their communication skills and develop confidence by speaking publicly as a student.

Step 3 Sample response: I’m glad the government is finally going to address the transportation issue. In my opinion, building a subway is better than increasing the number of buses. First of all, while a subway is clean and efficient, buses run on fuel that pollutes the air. Second, increasing the number of buses also increases traffic on the streets, while the subway, in contrast, reduces traffic. Lastly, a subway train can carry many more people than a bus, so it’s more efficient. Though a subway requires a lot of money to build, it is cheaper over time.

Q2 --- practice 3 Step 2 Sample response: I think that watching too much television has produced several bad effects on society. These bad, or negative effects are damaging families and children. In my opinion, the worst effect has resulted in families not communicating much anymore. Parents and children just watch silently rather than sharing their thoughts and experiences. This means that children are learning behavior from television, not from their parents. In addition, watching too much television has resulted in lower levels of physical health among children. These days, they don’t get enough exercise. Instead of playing sports, children just sit at home and watch them on TV.

Q2 --- practice 2 Step 1 E, C, D, A, B, F Step 2 Suggested answers: 1. The speaker thinks building a subway is better. 2. The first reason she uses is that the subway is cleaner and more efficient than buses. 3. The second reason she uses is that the subway reduces traffic on the streets whereas buses increase traffic. 4. The final reason she uses is that the subway can carry more people on it than a bus, so it is more efficient.

696

Answer Key

Q2 --- practice 4 Step 2 Sample response: If I won some money, I would prefer to buy a sports car rather than an SUV. First of all, SUVs do not get good gas mileage. Secondly, they are too large and cumbersome, which makes them difficult to park. Finally, I think they’re ugly. Sports cars, on the other hand, are fun to drive. You can go fast. They burn less fuel than SUVs, and they’re much easier to park. Also, I think they look more impressive than SUVs.

Skill B Q3 --- practice 2 Step 1 Suggested answers: Man’s choice: Option 2 Reason 1: more variety Reason 2: bad food in cafeteria Reason 3: cafeteria too crowded

Step 3 Sample response: The man’s opinion about the campus food service is that Option 2 is better. The man likes this option because it adds several more places to get food. He will not vote for Option 1 because he doesn’t like the cafeteria. The reason he doesn’t like the cafeteria is that it is too crowded and there is no place to put his bike. He prefers Option 2 because he wants more variety, better food, and a less crowded place to eat.

Q3 --- practice 2 Step 1 Suggested answers: Man’s choice: Pay the new fee reason 1: likes to play basketball, lift weights reason 2: gym is cheaper than YMCA reason 3: gym is convenient Step 3 Sample response: The man decides that he will pay the higher fee to use the gymnasium. The first factor he considers is whether he can afford the new fee. Even though it’s only $3 more, he doesn’t have a job. He considers using the YMCA, but that’s more expensive. The second factor he considers is convenience. The gym is close, and he can play there even if it rains. A nearby high school has basketball courts, but they are outside and he can’t lift weights there. In the end, he decides that even with the new fee, the gym is still the best bargain.

Q4 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested answers: Lecture topic: using chemicals in gardens a. plants have chemicals naturally - to fight diseases and insects b. in past, farmers used natural chemicals - like sulphur c. today, we use man-made chemicals - prof thinks OK to use in gardens if used correctly

Step 3 Sample response: The speaker talks about organic gardening and using chemicals in gardens. She says that using chemicals is okay if they are used correctly. The professor points out that plants have natural chemicals in them. These natural chemicals help the plant fight diseases and insects. As farming developed in the past, farmers used other natural chemicals to help plants fight diseases and insects better. This eventually led to farmers using man-made chemicals today. These man-made chemicals fight plant diseases and insects more effectively than natural chemicals, so farmers can grow plants better today than in the past.

Q4 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested answers: Was building Eiffel Tower a good idea? • At first people opposed to building the Eiffel Tower Reasons for opposing it are now no longer valid • did not destroy Paris’s landscape --- it now represents it • ugly skeletal design --- now finest example of 19th C industrial architecture • once thought useless --- now very useful for broadcasting Teacher agrees having built Eiffel Tower a good idea.

Answer Key

697

Step 3 Sample response: Parisians were opposed to building the Eiffel Tower for several reasons. They thought the tower would destroy Paris’s beautiful landscape. They considered the design to be like an ugly skeleton. They also thought the tower would be useless. In the lecture, we see that all those reason are no longer valid. First, the tower has come to represent, rather than destroy, the landscape of Paris. Second, the skeletal design once considered ugly is now the world’s nicest example of 19th century industrial architecture. Finally, instead of being useless, the tower has been very useful for broadcasting.

Skill C Q5 --- practice 1 Step 1 Suggested answers: Problem: She falls asleep in class. Solution 1: borrow notes from another student --- Possible benefit --- know the information from lectures --- Possible benefit --- make a friend in class Solution 2: sit in the front row of the class --- Possible benefit --- worry about the professor seeing her sleep, so she will stay awake --- Possible benefit --- write everything in order to stay awake, so have good notes from class Step 2 Suggested answers: 1. She falls asleep in class. 2. She should sit in the front row of the class. 3. She will try harder to stay awake and take more notes. Step 3 Sample response: In this listening passage, the woman describes a problem she’s having in her class. The man offers suggestions to 698

Answer Key

solve the problem. The problem the woman has is that she is bored and falls asleep in class. One thing that the man suggests is for the woman to sit in the front of the class and try to take lots of notes. I think this is a good suggestion. This will solve the woman’s problem because she will worry about the professor seeing her sleep and she will keep active by writing a lot.

Q5 --- practice 2 Step 1 Suggested answers: Problem: He has no time to read the books for class. Solution 1: read summaries and key passages in books --- Possible benefit --- faster, save time --- Possible benefit --- will get ideas from summaries that he might not get by reading the books himself Solution 2: join the woman’s study group --- Possible benefit --- hear other people discuss the books --- Possible benefit --- hear ideas of how lectures relate to information in books Step 2 Suggested answers: 1. He has no time to read the books for class. 2. He should join the woman’s study group. 3. In a short time, he can hear and discuss key points. He can also remember them more easily. Step 3 Sample response: The man in the conversation tells the woman he has a problem in philosophy class. His problem is that he has no time to read any of the books being assigned. One thing the woman suggests is joining her study group that meets for an hour or two every week to discuss the readings. This is a good idea. It will solve the man’s problem because in short amounts of time he will hear and discuss key points in the readings with others and remember them more easily.

Q6 --- practice 1

Vocabulary Review

Step 1 Suggested answers: Main topic of lecture: Where invented: When: Who made first telescope: Why important: Other key info:

Review 1 telescopes Italy 1608; early 1600s Galileo learned about things in space saw Jupiter’s moons, saw sunspots, learned planets orbit sun

Step 3 Sample response: In this lecture, the professor talks about telescopes. The first telescope was made about 1608 by the Italian scientist Galileo. He soon made a more powerful telescope, which he used to study the stars. It helped him discover many important things, such as four of Jupiter’s moons, sun spots, and the fact that planets move around the sun. Since then, telescopes have become more and more powerful. Today, a huge telescope, called the Hubble telescope, is in space orbiting the Earth. It helps us learn about the furthest parts of the universe. Q6 --- practice 2 Step 1 Suggested answers: Main topic of lecture: Where: When: Why: Other key info:

Berlin Wall Berlin, Germany after WWII; 1950s and 1960s keep people in West Berlin torn down in late 1980s in one weekend

Step 3 Sample response: In this lecture, the professor describes the Berlin Wall. It was built during the Cold War in the 1960s. The main point the professor makes about the Berlin Wall is that it was built to keep people in West Berlin. It stood in the city for many years, but people finally tore it down at the end of the 1980s. The professor points out that the Berlin Wall was destroyed in one weekend.

1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 34. 37. 40. 43. 46. 49.

(D) (D) (D) (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (B) (B) jacked up transportation beneficial regrettable afford (S) (S)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. 44. 47. 50.

(A) (A) (C) (C) (A) (D) (B) (D) (D) (B) afford convenient fees familiar require (S) (S)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48.

(B) (B) (B) (D) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (D) SUVs selected optional endure impressive (O)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. 44. 47. 50.

(D) (C) (A) (A) (C) (A) (B) (D) (A) (C) lenses appeared argued critical oppose (B) (D)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48.

(A) (A) (C) (A) (D) (A) (C) (C) (D) (A) magnified conclude controversy ancient philosophy (A)

Review 2 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 34. 37. 40. 43. 46. 49.

(B) (D) (C) (D) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (A) craftsmen invented axis control decade (E) (C)

Answer Key

699

Chapter

3 9. a. pre.fer 10. a. ne.go.tiate

Focus A Step 2 Commonly mispronounced sounds: /th/, /d/, /s/ 1. thought taught 3. both boss 5. thank sank 7. thin sin

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

2. thigh sigh 4. scathe skate 6. though dough 8. thorn torn

✔

✔ ✔

✔

Step 3 Commonly mispronounced sounds: /l/ and /r/ sounds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Step 4 Long and short vowel sounds ✔ ✔

✔ ✔

2. leave live 4. full fool 6. peel pill 8. pull pool

✔

✔ ✔ ✔

Focus B Step 1 Stress related to parts of words 1. a. bi.ol.ogy b. bio.lo.gical 2. a. en.vi.ronment b. environ.men.tal . . 3. a. ad van tage b. advan.ta.geous 4. a. be.nefit b. bene.fi.cial . . 5. a. re spon sible b. responsi.bi.lity 6. a. in.vite b. invi.ta.tion . 7. a. flex ible b. flexi.bi.lity 8. a. ad.mire b. admir.a.tion 700

Answer Key

Step 2 Stress related to content words Sentences 1. I ate the last of the pie. 2. He feels better than yesterday. 3. Sam is reading about the history of Canada. 4. The professor gave us a deadline. 5. They waited over two hours to see him. 6. Homework is necessary in school.

Focus C 1. 1. Although we hadn’t finished / we decided to go home.

The pretty flowers are growing. We pray, not play, on Sundays. He lent a car. I like rivers. Look at that big berry.

1. sleep slip 3. wheel will 5. bean bin 7. seek sick

b. pre.ferable b. negoti.a.tion

2. When she stepped off the boat / she immediately ran to her car. 3. It was raining so hard all day / that they didn’t leave the house. 4. If the alarm rings / put down your books / and slowly leave the building. 5. The final test will be two hours long / and will count for 25 percent. 6. When I went to the store / it was closed.

2. 1. Due to illness, / Professor Brown will be absent / all of next week. 2. Beginning next term, / the student fees will increase by 20%. 3. If a person smokes, / it can lead to lung and heart problems / in later life. 4. Much study and hard work / can lead to a good education / and a bright future. 5. If I won some money, / I would prefer to buy a sports car / rather than an SUV. 6. To top it off, / when we finally left for home / my brother’s car wouldn’t start. 7. The government’s attempt to raise taxes / resulted in a loss of popularity. 8. When the wedding was over, / the happy couple walked slowly from the church.

Writing

Chapter

1

Skill A Practice 1 Step 1 Issue: BANNING head scarves in class Pro: Some POLITICIANS in parliament, Most UNIVERSITIES - proposed law - existing RULES at universities Con: Muslim women, Some PROFESSORS - women UNCOMFORTABLE without head scarves Step 2 Problem with head scarves: IMAGE - image of head scarves --- old-fashioned, UNCIVILIZED - modern image --- look like a WESTERN person Another example of OUTLAWED fashion: the fez - TRADITIONAL hat for men - banned in EARLY 20th century Step 3 Reading: - Main idea: The article describes the issue of banning head scarves in class in Turkey. - Supporting idea: Some politicians in parliament and most universities support banning head scarves. - Supporting idea: Muslim women and some professors don’t support banning head scarves. Lecture: - Main idea: The problem with head scarves is that it gives Turkey a bad image. - Supporting idea: The image of head scarves gives an old-fashioned, uncivilized image. - Supporting idea: In the past, Turkey banned another fashion that seemed old-fashioned, the fez. Step 4 According to the reading, some people in TURKEY WANT to ban head scarves IN CLASS. SOME politicians and MOST universities are in favor of RULES or laws BANNING head scarves in class. However, Muslim women and some professors are AGAINST such rules and laws.

Those who are against HEAD SCARVES argue that they give Turkey a bad IMAGE. Women wearing head scarves give Turkey an OLD-FASHIONED or UNCIVILIZED image. This issue is similar to one in the past when the GOVERNMENT in TURKEY outlawed MEN from wearing the FEZ in public.

Practice 2 Step 1 Issue: Vikings:

Who DISCOVERED the Americas? - had VILLAGE in Newfoundland - arrived five HUNDRED years before Columbus Columbus: - HISTORIANS say his voyage in 1492 was more important - opened the door for European SETTLEMENT Step 2 Question: Did Columbus learn about North America in ICELAND? Pro: - he wrote in his DIARY about visiting a land similar to Iceland in 1477 - he might have learned about North America from the VIKINGS in Iceland Con: - details about Iceland in his diary were WRONG - no other EVIDENCE that Columbus went to Iceland Step 3 Reading: - Main idea: Who discovered the Americas? - Supporting idea: The Vikings had the first village in North America. - Supporting idea: Columbus’s voyage in 1492 was more important because it led to European settlement of North America. Lecture: - Main idea: Did Columbus learn about North America in Iceland? - Supporting idea: In his diary, Columbus describes a 1477 voyage to a place like Iceland. - Supporting idea: Many of the diary details were wrong, and it is the only evidence that Columbus visited Iceland. 701

Step 4 Did Christopher COLUMBUS really DISCOVER the New World? We know that the VIKINGS reached NORTH AMERICA 500 years before Columbus arrived in 1492. Some HISTORIANS believe that Columbus visited ICELAND before he went to America. They think he learned about North America from the people there. However, there is not enough EVIDENCE to prove that this happened. Even though the VIKINGS got there first, many HISTORIANS say that Columbus’s VOYAGE to North America was more important. The Vikings had only one VILLAGE in Newfoundland. Columbus opened the door to European SETTLEMENT.

Practice 3 Step 1 Issue: The PROS and CONS of the Internet Pro: Can: - RESEARCH information - COMMUNICATE with people all over the world - SHOP from home Con: Children can access INAPPROPRIATE information Someone could steal PERSONAL INFORMATION Can be bad for your EYES and BACK Step 2 CONVENIENCE of Net comes at a PRICE - physical problems and SOCIAL problems Main problem of Net - ISOLATES people from SOCIETY - don’t have FACE-TO-FACE contact - forget EMOTIONS of others online Step 3 Reading: - Main idea: There are both pros and cons to the Internet. - Supporting idea: Good points are that people can research, communicate, and shop online. - Supporting idea: Bad points are that children can get inappropriate information, someone could steal personal information, and using a computer too much is bad for health. Lecture: - Main idea: Although the Internet is an amazing invention, it has some bad effects. 702

Answer Key

- Supporting idea: Internet users can become isolated. - Supporting idea: People forget the emotions of people they communicate with online. Step 4 The INTERNET is an amazing INVENTION, but you should be careful how you use it. You can do lots of things on the Internet, such as RESEARCHING information, watching movies, CHATTING/COMMUNICATING with people all over the world, and SHOPPING. However, as the reading points out, you may find bad things online, too. There are some websites that CHILDREN should not see. Also, dishonest people may use the Internet to steal money or even steal your personal INFORMATION. The reading also says that using the internet too often can cause HEALTH problems. On top of all this, the professor says in her lecture that the Internet also causes SOCIAL problems. She says people may become ISOLATED from society. They may also forget about other people’s EMOTIONS online because they don’t see those people FACE-TO-FACE.

Practice 4 Step 1 Issue: Is Pluto a PLANET? - some SCIENTISTS are changing their minds Pro: - shaped like a SPHERE - has a MOON - has a thin ATMOSPHERE - been called a planet since 1930 Step 2 Problem with Pluto’s CLASSIFICATION Evidence that it is “not a PLANET” - SIMILAR to objects from KUIPER BELT - is tiny - fits definition of COMET - has a TILTED orbit Step 3 Reading: - Main idea: Is Pluto a planet? - Supporting idea: Yes, because Pluto had enough gravity to form a sphere like a planet, and it has its own moon. - Supporting idea: Pluto has a thin atmosphere.

Lecture: - Main idea: Scientists want to change the classification of Pluto. - Supporting idea: Pluto doesn’t seem like a planet because it is similar to other objects in the Kuiper Belt, and it looks like a comet. - Supporting idea: Pluto has a tilted orbit, which is different than other planets. Step 4 Some scientists are thinking about changing the CLASSIFICATION of Pluto. Should it be called a PLANET? On one hand, the reading passage says Pluto has several characteristics SIMILAR to a planet. It orbits a star, has enough GRAVITY to form a SPHERE, has an ATMOSPHERE, and has a MOON. On the other hand, the lecture explains that Pluto looks more like a COMET than a planet. Pluto is similar in size to other objects in the KUIPER BELT. It also has a TILTED orbit, which is different than all of the other planets. Although Pluto has been called a planet since its DISCOVERY in 1930, maybe it is time to change Pluto’s CLASSIFICATION.

Skill B Practice 1 Step 1 Main idea: Americans have been the driving force behind the spread of English in the 20th century. Step 2 A. 2 B. 1 C. Sample answer: In the 1900s, America did more to increase the use of English as an international language than any other country. Step 3 Factors driving spread of English: • Business • Hollywood • INTERNET - MAJORITY of online content in English - fewer HITS for searches not in English

- MILLIONS of hits for SEARCHES in English most ENGLISH content available in American English Step 4 A. majority of online content in English synonyms: majority --- most online content --- websites, information on the Web paraphrase: Most of the information on the Web is in English. B. fewer hits for searches not in English synonyms: fewer --- a lower number of not in English --- in other languages paraphrase: People get a lower number of hits for searches in other languages. Step 5 A. 1. Two IMPORTANT factors DRIVING the spread of English both THEN and NOW are business and Hollywood. 2. THE LARGEST AMOUNT of the INFORMATION ON THE WEB in English is PRESENTED in American English. B. 1. American businesses and Hollywood are two key factors that ARE DRIVING THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH BOTH IN THE PAST AND TODAY. 2. Typically, American English is what is used TO PRESENT INFORMATION ON MOST WEBSITES. Step 6 1. One reason that American English is so widespread today is because Americans were the driving force behind the spread of English in the 20th Century. 2. In addition to American movies, music, and books that can be found almost everywhere, English on the Internet is also driving the spread of English today.

Practice 2 Step 1 Main idea: It’s a fairly new idea that sunlight is actually harmful. Step 2 A. 2

Answer Key

703

B. 1 C. Sample answer: The belief that sunlight is dangerous is a change in our way of thinking. Step 3 How sunlight helps us: A) Prevents illness B) Kills BACTERIA - hospitals without much SUNLIGHT have MORE germs - HOSPITALS with more sunlight have FEWER germs - more sunlight ➝ people recover FASTER Step 4 A. Sunlight kills germs that cause sickness. synonyms: germs --- bacteria sickness --- illness/disease paraphrase:Sunlight kills bacteria that cause illness/disease. B. recover faster synonyms: recover --- get well faster --- more quickly paraphrase:People get well more quickly in hospitals where there is more sunlight. Step 5 A. 1. LIGHT FROM THE SUN can actually STOP or cure a lot of ILLNESSES that can be LIFE THREATENING. 2. Even though RAYS from the sun can sometimes HARM people by GIVING THEM skin cancer, it isn’t usually FATAL. B. 1. A lot of illness that can be life threatening CAN ACTUALLY BE STOPPED WITH LIGHT FROM THE SUN. 2. It’s true that sunlight can cause CANCER, BUT SKIN CANCER ISN’T USUALLY FATAL. Step 6 1. Perhaps animals are wiser about sunlight than we are because they are active only at special times. 2. Sunlight kills germs and bacteria, so it can keep people from getting sick.

Practice 3 Step 1 Main idea: When atoms are split, large amounts of heat and energy are created. Step 2 A. 1 B. 2 C. Sample answer: Splitting an atom produces a vast quantity of heat and energy. Step 3 Reasons for not using NUCLEAR power: A) waste is deadly POISON B) ACCIDENTS can happen C) high cost for SAFETY - DURABLE boxes needed to bury waste - takes LONG time to break down Step 4 A. accidents can happen synonyms: accident --- mistake/mishap happen --- occur/take place paraphrase: Mishaps sometimes take place. B. durable boxes needed to bury waste synonyms: durable --- strong/reliable needed --- required/necessary buy --- dispose of underground/put in the earth paraphrase: To dispose of the waste underground, strong and reliable boxes are required. Step 5 A. 1. HARM has already been DONE to MANY people, TREES, and animals. 2. Making the ATOMIC ENERGY PLANTS safe IS COSTLY. B. 1. Already, many people, plants, and animals have been HARMED BY NUCLEAR POWER. 2. The cost is very high TO MAKE NUCLEAR REACTORS SAFE. Step 6 1. Scientists can use nuclear power to generate electricity. 2. The main reason for not using nuclear power is that the waste is poisonous.

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Practice 4 Step 1 Main idea: One theory argues that gradual changes on Earth made the dinosaurs die out. Step 2 A. 1 B. 1 C. Sample answer: Gradual changes on Earth is one possible cause of the dinosaurs’ disappearance. Step 3 Dinosaur extinction: • suddenly killed when OBJECT from space HIT the Earth • Clue = CRATER in ocean near Mexico • After Earth was hit: - STEAM and dust flew into ATMOSPHERE - some dinosaurs killed by FLOODS or explosion - some dinosaurs died because of COLD WEATHER or no food Step 4 A. Suddenly killed when object from space hit the Earth synonyms: suddenly - all at once killed - wiped out, extinguished object from space - comet, rock from outer space hit - slammed into, smashed into paraphrase:extinguished all at once when a rock from outer space slammed into the Earth B. some dinosaurs killed by floods or explosion synonyms: floods - rising water, tidal waves explosion - blast, extreme heat paraphrase:some dinosaurs wiped out by tidal waves or blast Step 5 A. 1. That the Earth CHANGED very slowly, causing dinosaurs to die out OVER TIME, is one IDEA. 2. One THEORY that SOME RESEARCHERS believe is that a change caused the dinosaurs to die SUDDENLY. B. 1. Very gradual changes on Earth cause dinosaurs TO DIE OUT LITTLE BY LITTLE.

2. Others argue that dinosaurs disappeared AT ONCE BECAUSE SOMETHING CHANGED SUDDENLY. Step 6 1. While one idea claims that gradual changes on Earth caused dinosaurs to die out, another idea is that something hit the Earth and killed them all. 2. From bones found in rocks, scientists can see that many animals from the past have disappeared.

Skill C Practice 1 Step 2 We learn new things all the time. When we are children, we learn information from our parents, from our friends, or from teachers in school. When we are adults, we learn things from older people, from colleagues, or even from younger people. Although we are all learning all the time, people learn in different ways. Some people learn by reading. Others learn by doing. Personally, I learn better by doing than by reading. One thing I learned by doing was how to install programs on my computer. This is a simple thing if you know how to do it. If you do not already know, it can be confusing. The first time I got a new program for my computer, I read the instructions for how to install it. I did not really understand the instructions. It seemed like they were written in a foreign language. Then I put the CD in my computer. I pushed buttons and clicked with my mouse. I installed the program without the instructions at all. Now, I know how to install any program on my computer. Some people disagree with my point of view. They say they have to read the instructions to learn how to do things. They do not want to make any mistakes. I think it is OK to make mistakes. When I make a mistake, I learn not to do it that way again. I also learn what happens when I make that mistake. These are both important things to know when you learn to do something new. Step 3 1. The thesis statement of this essay is “Personally, I learn better by doing than by reading.” 2. The topic sentence of the body paragraph is “One

Answer Key

705

thing I learned by doing was how to install programs on my computer.” Step 4 1. This essay takes the side of learning by doing is better than learning by reading. 2. The sample the writer gives to support the thesis statement is how the writer learned to install computer programs. 3. The writer does present an idea from the other side in the conclusion. The writer states that some people read to learn so that they don’t make mistakes. 4. The main idea of the conclusion is that even though learning by doing leads to mistakes, making mistakes is useful for learning too.

Practice 2 Step 2 It’s important to have good neighbors. I am lucky to have very good neighbors where we live. I think our neighbors are good because they have been friendly since the first day we moved in. Also, whenever a neighborly thing should be done, they always cooperate, or help out. People sometimes complain that their neighbors are difficult, but we have never had any problems with our neighbors. On the contrary, we like our neighbors a lot and we think that our neighbors like us. Two qualities that make a good neighbor, then, are friendliness and helpfulness. Our neighbors are good neighbors because they are friendly and helpful. I remember the first summer we moved in. One of our neighbors saw that we were new, so she introduced us to her family and told us to ask her if we ever needed anything. In the weeks that followed, the weather was hot and she invited our kids to swim with her children at the pool. Since then, our children and hers have become good friends. Before leaving for summer vacation, we were worried about leaving our house empty for two weeks. Our neighbor offered to collect the letters from our mailbox every day and to make sure our house was OK. Now, whenever she and her family go away, we help them in the same way and keep an eye on their house. Most people realize that having good neighbors is very 706

Answer Key

important. Indeed, I was lucky to have kind and helpful neighbors with whom we quickly became friends. But I also learned a valuable lesson from these neighbors. I learned the one thing as important as having a good neighbor is being a good neighbor yourself. Step 3 1. The thesis statement of this essay is “Two qualities that make a good neighbor, then, are friendliness and helpfulness.” 2. The topic sentence of the body paragraph is “Our neighbors are good neighbors because they are friendly and helpful.” Step 4 1. This personal experience is about the qualities of good neighbors. 2. The examples the writer gives to support the thesis statement are how her neighbor invited them to swim at the pool and how her neighbor took care of her house while her family was away. 3. Two sentences in the conclusion restate ideas previously mentioned in the essay. 4. The main idea of the conclusion is that to have good neighbors, you also need to be a good neighbor.

Skill D Thesis Statements Step 1 Question 1: Some people prefer to spend their free time outdoors. Other people prefer to spend their free time indoors. Do you prefer to spend your free time outside or inside? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice. Question 2: The automobile has done a lot to improve modern life. It has also caused many problems for modern society. Do you think automobiles have more benefits or disadvantages? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Question 3: When was the last time you had to interact with someone much older or much younger than you? Was this a good or bad experience for you? Describe the situation and your interaction using specific details.

Question 4: When was the last time you received a gift of money? What did you do with the money, save it or spend it? Explain what you did and why. Include specific details and reasons in your essay. Step 2 Question 1: experience Sample thesis statement: I learned how to play tennis by playing with my friend rather than by reading about tennis. Question 2: opinion Sample thesis statement: If I could study a subject that I have never studied before, I would study music because I love listening to the piano. Question 3: opinion Sample thesis statement: The best way to travel is by yourself rather than with a tour guide.

Question 3 ( 1 ) A special gift I received is a book of poems from my friend. ( 3 ) One of the poems was about the first time we met. ( 2 ) The book of poems from my friend was special because she wrote the poems herself. Question 4 ( 1 ) I think the company should use the money to protect the environment. ( 2) It is more important for the company to protect the environment because we need the environment to live. ( 3 ) If the water is polluted or not taken care of well, people can get sick from it.

Vocabulary Review Review 1

Question 4: experience Sample thesis statement: One time in my life when I went through a stressful change was the time that I started my first job.

Topic Sentences Step 1 Question 1 ( 2 ) One film, The Funeral, showed me several interesting things about Japan. ( 1 ) I have learned a lot about Japanese culture by watching Japanese movies. ( 3 ) In The Funeral, I could see the various parts of a traditional Japanese funeral service. Question 2 ( 3 ) After a day or two, I can read my letter again and change things that are too emotional or are not clear. ( 1 ) If I have to complain about a product or poor service, I prefer to complain in writing. ( 2 ) When I complain about a product or service in writing, I can plan the things I want to say.

1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

(B) (B) (B) (A) (D) cultural readily (B) (C)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(A) (D) (D) (A) (C) cuisine rewarding (A)

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(D) (D) (B) (B) (A) campus (D) (E)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23.

(A) (D) (D) (B) (B) encyclopedia contact gradual

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24.

(A) (A) (B) (A) (A) convenient couple sudden

Review 2 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

(D) (C) (C) (A) (C) inventions isolated nuclear remain

Answer Key

707

Chapter

2

Skill A Practice 1 Step 1 Research has shown that just 30 minutes of exercise a day is enough to keep most people healthy. This does not necessarily mean 30 minutes of hard exercise at the gym. It could be 10 minutes of brisk walking during a lunch break or any other short break during your day that you can think of. You simply need enough of these short breaks to add up to 30 minutes over your day. Whatever the activity is, it is vital that it make you breathe vigorously and produce sweat. You have to get your heart working significantly harder than when you are resting. Step 2 • light exercise can lead to physical changes in the body - study of women who walked - slow walkers lost more weight why? they exercised longer because talked with friends • weight trainers say focus on taking your time when exercising Step 3 Lecture • Light exercise more effective • People walking slowly saw better results than those who exercised intensely Reading • Need vigorous exercise • A person needs to increase their heart rate significantly Step 4 The speaker says that even light exercise can lead to physical changes in the body. (1) This contradicts the statement in the reading that people have to breathe hard and sweat when they exercise. (2) As an example, the speaker describes a study of women who walk. In the study, women who walked slowly lost more weight than women who walked fast for exercise. (3) 708

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This indicates that the length of time exercising is important, not how hard the exercise is. (4) In other words, it is better to exercise slowly for a longer period of time than to exercise quickly just to sweat more.

Practice 2 Step 1 Genetically modified (GM) food has many advantages. In agriculture, for example, GM crops can better resist various insects, diseases, and weeds without so much use of chemicals. This allows safer use of the land and the chance to feed more people because farms can produce more than before. Furthermore, GM crops grow bigger, always look perfect, and have high nutritional value. Other advantages include easier shipping and longer shelf life in stores. All these advantages are so important that most industries agree GM foods are now necessary. Step 2 • environmentalists believe GM foods cause problems in farming - make farming too technological - better way to make crops resistant is bio-natural farming • higher quantities and better quality of crops not necessary - make more for rich, less for poor Step 3 Lecture • GM foods cause unnecessary problems in farming • Farming too technological with GM farming • GM farming will only provide more food for already rich countries Reading • Many advantages to GM foods • Resists insects and diseases better • Can help feed more people • Has higher nutritional value

Step 4 The lecture tells us that environmental groups do not think GM foods are needed. (1) On the other hand, the written passage lists advantages to using GM foods. For example, it says that GM plants resist well against insects, diseases, and weeds. In contrast, the lecture claims that bio-natural farming can do the same thing (2) and in ways that are better for the environment. The reading also says GM foods look better and that more can be grown. Environmental groups, though, argue that more foods are not needed in rich countries and, (3) moreover, that natural foods look good enough and taste better. (4) In short, the lecture shows that GM foods have no real advantages and that more natural foods should be grown instead. Practice 3 Step 1 Space exploration is a necessary investment for our future. Our planet will soon run out of resources. Populations are growing rapidly. This will soon become a major problem. If we look seriously at this problem, we can see it is foolish not to consider the possibilities that space can offer. Natural resources, like minerals, can be found elsewhere on other planets, moons, or even asteroids. Other planets can be colonized, too. The real danger is that if we fail to invest in these possibilities now, then we will pay a high cost in the future. Step 2 • Government should deal with problems on Earth before thinking about space - population problem ➝ better way to deal with issues in agriculture, clean-water management, and birth control - resource problem ➝ spend money better way to develop Earth’s resources or on programs to increase recycling and reusing, and decrease consumption Step 3 Lecture • Space exploration not necessary • Global problems should be tackled first • Money should be spent on problems here on Earth, not on space

Reading • Space exploration necessary • Natural resources available on other planets. If we don’t explore other planets we may run out of resources Step 4 The lecture presents arguments opposed to space travel. The reading, (1) in contrast, presents reasons why space exploration is urgently needed and even necessary to ensure our future survival. In the lecture, it is clearly stated that opponents doubt these claims. They contend, (2) in brief, that our problems do not make space travel necessary and insist that governments should focus on better managing our problems here instead. The reading explains that we can colonize other planets and find resources on asteroids, (3) but opponents say we could find ways to develop resources here or even recycle more. They seem to believe that the Earth has enough resources to sustain us, as long as we use them wisely. (4) In summary, opponents of space exploration argue that we should solve our problems in the here and now and not in space.

Practice 4 Step 1 The fall of Rome was due to a decline in morals and values. The discipline of Romans did not continue near the end of the Empire and the armies were difficult to control. Both citizens and soldiers lost their traditional beliefs. In Rome, for example, there lived approximately 32,000 prostitutes. Roman cities were also dangerous due to a high rate of violent crime. Roman leaders showed moral decay too; emperors like Nero and Caligula were well known for holding parties at which everyone drank and ate so much they became sick. Step 2 • Main reasons for fall of Roman Empire - terrible living conditions - most Romans were poor - lived in small crowded apartments - too much military spending - government hired foreign soldiers

Answer Key

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Step 3 Lecture • Claims poor living conditions and military spending caused the fall of the empire • Romans had no money and so became angry and refused to defend the empire

Practice 2

Reading • Moral decay caused the fall of the empire • The army became undisciplined • The cities became violent with high crime rates

Introduction: E, B, D, A, C Body: E, A, C, F, B, D Conclusion: A, C, B, D

Step 4 The lecturer says moral decay did not cause the fall of Rome. This contradicts the text, which states moral decay was the main reason. (1) For example, the text says 32,000 prostitutes lived in Rome. However, the lecture explains many Romans could not even pay rent. The text (2) also suggests soldiers lost their values, but the lecture makes it clear that no improvements to living conditions in cities made Romans refuse to fight. (3) In addition, the lecture explains how hiring foreign soldiers made armies expensive to maintain, resulting in higher taxes and even more problems in cities. In short, the lecture shows that problems in cities and more spending on armies were bigger crises than moral decay. (4) Therefore, we can conclude that moral decay did not actually lead to the fall of Rome.

Practice 3

Skill B Practice 1 Step 2 Transitions: Transitions: Transitions:

For example, and, In this, I think Therefore, One place, On the other hand, In the past, and In fact, so, In conclusion, However

Introduction: C, A, D, B Body: B, D, E, C, A Conclusion: B, D, A, C

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Step 2 Transitions: Transitions: Transitions:

Step 3 Transitions: Transitions: Transitions:

In this way, though First of all, Finally, Secondly, For example, and For the above reasons, and, however, so

However, because, Of course Furthermore, while, What's more, whereas, and, also, though In my opinion, however, In addition, and, As well as

Introduction: E, C, A, D, B Body: D, C, F, E, A, B Conclusion: E, D, B, C, A

Vocabulary Review Review 1 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 33. 35. 37. 39. 41.

(C) 2. (A) 5. (B) 8. (D) 11. (B) 14. (C) 17. (D) 20. (C) 23. (C) 26. (C) 29. environmental performed damaged feelings encouraged resistant

(D) (D) (C) (D) (B) (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42.

3. (B) 6. (A) 9. (A) 12. (A) 15. (C) 18. (B) 21. (A) 24. (A) 27. (B) 30. (D) intelligence consistently responded measured possibilities relieve

43. 45. 46. 49.

restful nearby (O) (S)

44. pace 47. (O) 50. (S)

48. (S)

Review 2 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31. 33. 35. 37. 39. 41. 43. 45. 46. 49.

(A) (D) (B) (B) (B) (C) (A) (A) (D) (A) economy rent refused hiring government guidance regular genetically (C) (B)

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29.

(B) (C) (A) (D) (A) (A) (C) (D) (C) (D) 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44.

47. (E) 50. (D)

3. (B) 6. (A) 9. (D) 12. (C) 15. (C) 18. (D) 21. (C) 24. (B) 27. (C) 30. (B) crowded improve response foolish troops hire operation 48. (A)

Answer Key

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Chapter

2

Focus A Exercise 1 1. John has lived in Spain for over six months. He moved here shortly after finishing university. John speaks Spanish very well, having studied it for many years. He likes Spanish culture, and he loves the food also. His plan is to live in Spain for a few years in order to improve his Spanish, then he plans to return to England to teach in a university. John will/is going to move back to England in May because he misses his family. Because his girlfriend is Spanish, he believes that one day he might return to Spain and start a family there. 2. Stephen and Sarah got married in May of last year. They have been married just over a year. They have been looking for a house for over nine months now. Yesterday, they finally found a house that they really liked. They have decided to move in next month, after all of the furniture has been bought. They both work in the same hospital. Stephen is a doctor and Sarah is a doctor, too. Both of them work very hard, and have little time for organizing their new house. As a result, they hired a decorator to buy all the furniture and decorate the house. In a few weeks, they hope everything will have been/will be organized and they are looking/look forward to living in their new home.

Exercise 2 1. When I traveled around Europe, it was one of the best times of my life. I had just finished university and I decided/had decided I wanted to see some more of the world. It was amazing to see so many different cultures in such a small area. While I was traveling through Germany, I met some people who, like me, were from America. We had a great time, so we decided to travel together for the rest of the holiday. It was so much fun. We made a promise that sometime in the future we would return and do it again, together.

712

Answer Key

2. Dublin City is home to the world’s tallest sculpture. The Dublin Spire is over 120 meters in height and was completed in January 2003. When the structure was first being built in 2002, there were delays because of bad weather. However, when the strong winds had passed, the spire was eventually able to be finished, and Dublin’s tallest structure was finally completed.

Focus B Exercise 1 1. 4. 7. 10.

(B) (B) (B) (A)

2. (B) 5. (B) 8. (B)

3. (A) 6. (A) 9. (B)

Exercise 2 1. One of the best ways to reduce stress is to take up a hobby. At home, sometimes work-related issues can remain in a person’s mind. To prevent this, thinking about something different or doing something active can help your mind to focus on something else. Some people have a collection of certain objects or items. Other people prefer physical exercise or sports. This can improve your circulation, which is also good for your health. Either way, it is important to have an activity or hobby to help reduce the stress in your life. 2. Some people enjoy bringing some action and adventure into their lives. Many people enjoy sports like baseball and soccer, but some also enjoy high-risk activities such as sky diving and paragliding. Of course, with sports like these it is important that you are educated properly about them. The risks involved are far greater than in regular sports. But with higher risk, there comes greater excitement. The pleasure is far greater than with normal, everyday sports. Of course, you have to pay more with these activities, but they are usually worth the extra cost. If you want your life to have more entertainment, then these fun pastimes are a great idea.

Focus C

Focus D

Exercise 1

Exercise 1

IC 1. A lot of information are on the Internet. C 2. We decided to leave the restaurant, as the menu was not impressive. IC 3. All of this food are healthy for you. IC 4. A number of students has failed the exam. C 5. The nurses waited over an hour for the doctor, who never arrived. IC 6. The Philippines have a population of over eighty-six million people. IC 7. After the day in the park, they was all very relaxed. IC 8. Brian and I am deciding where to go on vacation. IC 9. Each nation have donated food and supplies to help with the problem. IC 10. Watching certain television programs are a good way to educate children. C 11. Some of the builders are going to return to work tomorrow. IC 12. One thousand dollars are a lot of money to earn each week. C 13. Each evening, the couple take a walk along the beach. IC 14. The children was curious about many of the animals in the zoo. C 15. The janitor had finished cleaning by the time we arrived. IC 16. He have the answer to the question.

Exercise 2 1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16.

look have rescue catch is think

2. 5. 8. 11. 14.

has need prays escape arrives

3. 6. 9. 12. 15.

appears is have disagree worry

One of the two sentences below is a fragment. Underline the fragment and change it into a complete sentence. 1. I really like steak. Chicken, too. ➠ I really like steak. I like chicken, too. 2. Simon jogged to the park. And stayed there for an hour. ➠ Simon jogged to the park, and he stayed there for an hour. 3. It is usually warm in summer. Sometimes stormy as well. ➠ It is usually warm in summer. Sometimes, it is stormy as well. 4. I saw Ann last week. While walking to class. ➠ I saw Ann last week while I was walking to class. 5. The question easy. I didn’t know the answer. ➠ The question was easy but I didn’t know the answer. 6. Nancy works quite hard. But doesn’t work as hard as Cindy. ➠ Nancy works quite hard, but she doesn’t work as hard as Cindy. 7. Tara has a young daughter. Her name Jessica. ➠ Tara has a young daughter. Her name is Jessica. 8. Now that I in Spain. I really want to go back to America. ➠ Now that I am in Spain, I really want to go back to America. 9. You can’t enter the competition. It too late. ➠ You can’t enter the competition. It is too late. 10. After the marathon, they were all thirsty. Hungry, too. ➠ After the marathon, they were all thirsty. They were hungry, too. 11. Saw the soccer match on television. I wasn’t impressed. ➠ I saw the soccer match on television. I wasn’t impressed.

Answer Key

713

12. The meal in the restaurant excellent. It was a pity the service wasn’t. ➠ The meal in the restaurant was excellent. It was a pity the service wasn’t. 13. He sometimes quiet and moody. He is often depressed, too. ➠ He is sometimes quiet and moody. He is often depressed, too. 14. Walking to the subway station time consuming. I usually take the bus. ➠ Walking to the subway station is time consuming. I usually take the bus. 15. John works so hard. Often doesn’t sleep until three in the morning. ➠ John works so hard. Often, he doesn’t sleep until three in the morning. 16. So much suffering in the world. There is also so much unhappiness. ➠ There is so much suffering in the world. There is also so much unhappiness.

Exercise 2 CS 1. When the rain stopped, the sun finally came out. F 2. Switzerland is a beautiful country. So too, Ireland. F 3. Many countries in South America have excellent soccer teams. Such as Brazil. RO 4. The tour was not very successful we didn’t enjoy it. CS 5. When the opera was over, the audience stood and clapped in approval. CS 6. Though I waited over an hour for my friend, she never arrived. F 7. I asked my friend to help me with my resumé. Didn’t help me. RO 8. The builder did a bad job on my house I didn’t pay him. CS 9. When we went to London, we took a lot of photographs. CS 10. After the movie ended, everybody left. F 11. Was very unhappy with the results. I decided to study harder. F 12. The town had never looked so clean. Worked so hard to tidy it.

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Answer Key

CS 13. When the crowds started arriving, the theater director started to relax. F 14. Of all the days of the vacation, Saturday the best. RO 15. Patrick had worked hard for years he deserved a raise. CS 16. The horse that won the race was not necessarily the best.

Focus E Exercise 1 IC 1. We asked the government develop the school facilities. IC 2. My grandfather liked study new things. C 3. The woman also suggested applying for the loan. C 4. We decided to do some extra work over the weekend. IC 5. As it was Saturday, we didn’t want work hard. IC 6. I saw him to selling tickets for the raffle. C 7. One theory is the universe exploded billions of years ago. C 8. He decided working there was a bad idea. C 9. His final solution was to sell the house. C 10. They agreed that hiring a detective might solve the problem. IC 11. It is impossible to finding an answer for that question. IC 12. They didn’t want spend more time there than was necessary. C 13. To review the project again was suggested by the director of sales. IC 14. I knew that finishing the job would be more difficult than to starting it. IC 15. The easiest solution was that replace the broken part with a new one. C 16. They realized that waiting another day would put them behind schedule.

Exercise 2 1. Dave and Casey agreed to share the prize money. ➠ (that) Dave and Casey agreed that they would share the prize money. 2. They decided that they would sell the house. ➠ (to) They decided to sell the house. 3. He expected that she would not flunk the course. ➠ (to) He expected her not to flunk the course. 4. Andrea realized to paint the wall would take too long. ➠ (that) Andrea realized that painting the wall would take too long. 5. Everyone expected that the company would change ownership. ➠ (to) Everyone expected the company to change ownership. 6. In order to meet the deadline, they had to work on Saturday. ➠ (that) In order that they meet the deadline, they had to work on Saturday. 7. Kim asked that the manager give her an extra day to finish the project. ➠ (to) Kim asked the manager to give her an extra day to finish the project. 8. They knew it was unacceptable completing the project three weeks late. ➠ (that) They knew it was unacceptable that they complete the project three weeks late. 9. We agreed to spend a week in Greece. ➠ (that) We agreed that we would spend a week in Greece. 10. In order that the repairs for the computer be done properly, you should call Tim. ➠ (to) In order to properly repair the computer, you should call Tim.

Focus F Exercise 1 1. The heavy storm kept us from going out, so we sat watching TV all day. 2. It was raining heavily, but I had no umbrella. 3. We can go to the theater or go to the beach. 4. He enjoys neither the theater nor the opera. 5. These days, I take cooking lessons, and I also started a yoga class. 6. I was very hungry; however, I had no money to buy food. 7. We began our vacation in Paris. Then, we traveled around the rest of Europe. 8. He won the cooking competition; therefore, he is the best chef. 9. He is a fantastic lecturer; however, he often arrives late for class. 10. We lost that particular game, but we won the whole competition. 11. They won an expensive meal for two, so they are going to a restaurant this weekend. 12. I encourage my students to read first; then, they can practice speaking. 13. They are big soccer fans; however, they have never been to a game. 14. I spend a lot of time studying French, but I don’t seem to be improving. 15. I have the most experience with cameras; therefore, I should take the photographs. 16. They had two choices. They could quit, or they could work twice as hard.

Answer Key

715

Exercise 2 1. Some cities are a lot more expensive to live in than others. For example, a cup of coffee in Dublin, Ireland can cost you around three euros. However, the same cup of coffee in Buenos Aires might set you back only seventy cents. Quite a difference! These days, the most expensive cities to live in are Tokyo, London, and Moscow. Paris is also very expensive. A two-bedroom apartment there can cost around 2000 euros per month, but it may cost only 600 euros in Buenos Aires. Additionally, a music CD in Buenos Aires sells for around seven euros, whereas the same CD may sell for up to 20 euros in Dublin and London. We can see, therefore, as much as we complain about prices, that some cities have it worse than we do.

716

Answer Key

2. Skydiving is a very exciting sport. Imagine climbing into an airplane with a bag on your back, flying into the sky, and then jumping out of the airplane. Although it sounds dangerous, each year, thousands of people pay money to do this. What is it that makes people want to do this? Is it the excitement or the fear and danger? Some people, for example, enjoy the “rush” from roller coasters. On the other hand, others may want to test how brave they are; therefore, they put on a parachute and jump out of a plane. Either way, there must be something special that makes people want to jump.

Practice Test

Reading Businesses 1. 4. 7. 10. 12.

(A) 2. (C) (D) 5. (C) (B) 8. (D) (D) 11. (A) Proprietorship --- (C); Partnership --Corporation --- (B), (F)

3. (A) 6. (B) 9. (C) (E);

Crystals 13. (C) 16. (A) 19. (C) 22. (A) 24. (B), (C), (E)

14. 17. 20. 23.

(D) (B) (B) (C)

15. (A) 18. (C) 21. (D)

Listening Campus Life 1. (C) 4. (C) 6. (D)

Health 2. (C) 3. (C) 5. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (C), 4 (B)

13. (D) 16. (C) 18. (C)

14. (B) 15. (A), (B) 17. 1 (D), 2 (B), 3 (C), 4 (A)

Art

Biology

7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (D) 10. Bayeux --- (C), (D); Bradford --- (A), (B) 11. (B) 12. (D)

19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. Norway rat --- (B), (D); House mouse --- (A), (C) 23. (A) 24. (D)

Speaking Question 1 The best vacation I ever had was a trip to Hawaii. The first reason I enjoyed this trip was the beautiful weather. Every day it was sunny and clear, so I could do many outdoor activities. Another reason I enjoyed my trip was all the beautiful scenery. Hawaii has many lovely parks and beaches. Finally, I really liked Hawaiian food. I enjoy eating seafood. Because Hawaii is an island, there is a wide variety of seafood available. Question 2 Sample response 1: In my opinion, allowing men to choose to serve in the military is the better policy. First of all, I believe in freedom of choice. By forcing someone to serve, the government takes away that freedom. In addition, when a man serves in the army, he loses time that he can never get back. With this time, he could be studying or working or preparing for his future. Second, I believe forcing only men to serve is discrimination. It is not fair to men. They should be treated equally with women. Sample response 2: In my opinion, forcing men to serve in the military is the better policy. First of all, it is very important for a country to have a strong military. If men weren’t forced to serve, the army would be too small to protect the country from attack. Second, I think men can learn a lot from serving in the military. For instance, they learn discipline and how to work in a group. They can also improve their health by exercising all the time. Finally, men often make business contacts in the military that help them in the future. Answer Key

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Question 3 The Ministry of Education announced a new scholarship to help students who don’t have a lot of money. The woman disagrees with this scholarship. First, she believes that the scholarship discriminates against students whose parents are wealthy. In fact, her mother earns a lot of money, so the woman will not be able to get the scholarship. Second, she believes that because the scholarships are not given based on academic performance, they reward lazy students who don’t work as hard to earn high grades. In sum, she would like the scholarships to be awarded based on grades, so she would be able to get one. Question 4 The reading talks about Vikings and their ships, called drakkars. These ships were very long and strong. They were used to transport up to 150 warriors on raids all across Europe. The speaker mentions that the drakkars were actually often used for travel on small rivers rather than just on the sea. This way, the Vikings could raid smaller villages. She also explains that noblemen usually owned these ships. In addition, she details how drakkars were usually about 30 meters long with about 25 oarsmen. Last, she mentions that the largest drakkar ever found was about 70 meters long and was probably owned by a king! Question 5 Sample response 1: In this conversation, the woman describes a problem she has with work and school. She is worried about having enough time to study for exams while working at a restaurant four nights a week. The man suggests two ways for her to deal with the problem. First, he suggests that she only work on weekends. I think this is the best idea. The woman says that she likes to relax and hang out with her friends on the weekend, but I think her job and education are more important. After she finishes university, she will get a better job and have a lot of time for her friends. Sample response 2: In this conversation, the woman describes a problem she has with work and school. She is worried about having enough time to study for exams while working at a restaurant four nights a week. The man suggests two ways for her to deal with the problem. In my opinion, his second suggestion, that she ask to only work two nights per week, is better. This way, she will have more time to study and earn high grades, but she will still have time to relax and see her friends on the weekend. If she didn’t have time to relax, she might get too stressed to perform well in class. Question 6 The lecture provides information about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. In particular, the professor talks about why the gardens were probably built. One reason the king in ancient Babylon probably built the Hanging Gardens was to please his wife. The gardens were probably meant to improve relations with her homeland and thereby maintain the queen’s home country as an ally. A second reason may have been to impress people with Babylon’s power and to convey its wealth and might. By showing how powerful and prosperous Babylon was, it was showing that its way of life was the right one. 718

Answer Key

Writing Sample Responses Task 1 The topic of both the lecture and the reading is acupuncture. Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical procedure in which metal needles are put into important points on a patient’s body. The acupuncturist then vibrates the needles by hand or with electricity. This helps the patient’s body. The reading suggests that acupuncture may change some chemicals in the brain, which helps the patient feel better. It states that we do not know exactly why acupuncture works. Some studies in England and the US, though, have found that acupuncture can help treat certain medical problems, such as high blood pressure, pain, and knee problems. Finally, it concludes that acupuncture can work well in conjunction with normal health care. Importantly, there are no side effects associated with acupuncture. The lecture, in contrast, focuses on the dangers of acupuncture. The speaker casts doubts on the effectiveness of acupuncture to treat medical problems. He states that it is safe if it is done by a well-trained doctor. However, he cites statistics that show it is not always safe. For example, he states that some patients fainted, got their lungs punctured, and even had their pain get worse after treatment. In addition, more serious negative health effects such as infections and hepatitis B have been documented. For these reasons, the National Health Council does not recommend acupuncture. Task 2 Moving to another country can be a difficult process. Each country has its own food, language, and customs. New residents to a country have a choice. They can try to follow the customs of the new country or keep the customs of their former country. While I think it is important for everyone to be proud of his or her heritage, I also believe it is important to adapt to a new country. First, people usually leave one country for another country because of the opportunity for a better life. In order to fully take advantage of this opportunity, the new resident must follow the customs of the new country. For example, in school or business, the new resident must speak the language of the new country. If they do not, they will not be able to communicate. If they cannot communicate with others, they will not have the opportunity to succeed. Their social life will be poor, which will limit their chances of enjoying their time in a new place. Similarly, to lead an enjoyable life, it is important to be socially active and have good friends. A new resident must adapt to the customs of that country in order to feel comfortable around other residents. If he or she is uncomfortable around other people, it will be difficult to make friends. Without friends, a new resident will not enjoy an active social life. Finally, I think that part of the joy of life is learning about new cultures. New residents to a country should take advantage of their chance to do this. Though adapting to new languages and customs can be difficult, it is also very rewarding. Learning new customs can teach a person new ways of thinking about life. They can be exposed to new music and art, too. Such new ideas can help people solve problems in new and different ways that they might not have thought of without trying to adapt to the new culture. In conclusion, then, I believe that all the benefits of following the customs of a new country certainly outweigh the difficulties involved. Answer Key

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