Build A Drone A Step by Step Guide To Designing Constructing and Flying Your Very Own Drone

 

Dgpyraeft © ?:;9 oy Okrry Lkvans, ON@  Kmm  K mm raefts raefts rnsnrvnl. rnsnrvngil.tfn Hg Hgpuomasfnr, pkrt pkrt gi tfas tfasnxdnpt oggc oggc `ky ondksn rnprglu rnprgludnl dnlnxdnrpts ah khy `khhnr watfgut watfg ut tfn tfn gr  nxprnss nxprnss wrattnh dghsnht ah tfnon gi orani ah dratadkm rnvanws krtadmns. Kmm ahquarans ahquarans sfguml s fguml on kllrnssnl tg Tcyfgrsn Zuomasfahe, 4:5 Uns Unstt 49tf Ttrnnt, ;;tf Imggr, Hnw Qgrc, HQ ;::;6. Tcyfgrsn Zuomasfahe oggcs `ky on purdfksnl ah oumc kt spndakm lasdguhts igr skmns prg`gtagh, dgrpgrktn eaits, iuhl-rkasahe, gr nludktaghkm purpgsns. Tpndakm nlataghs dkh kmsg on drnktnl tg spndaiadktaghs. Igr lntkams, dghtkdt tfn Tpndakm Tkmns Lnpkrt`nht, Tcyfgrsn Zuomasfahe, 4:5 Unst 49tf Ttrnnt, ;;tf Imggr, Hnw Qgrc, HQ ;::;6 gr  ahigJscyfgrsnpuomasfahe.dg` ahigJscyfgrsnpuomasfahe.dg`.. Tcyfgrsn® khl Tcyfgrsn Zuomasfahe® krn rneastnrnl trkln`krcs gi Tcyfgrsn Zuomasfahe, Tcyfgrsn® Ahd.®, k Lnmkwkrn dgrpgrktagh. Yasat Yasat gur wnosatn w nosatn kt www.scyfgrsnpuomasfahe.dg`. www.scyfgrsnpuomasfahe.dg`. ;: 1 6 5 9 > < 4 ? ; Maorkry gi Dghernss Dktkmgeahe-ah-Zuomadktagh Dktkmgeahe-ah-Zuomadktagh Lktk as kvkamkomn kvkamkomn gh iamn. Dgvnr lnsaeh oy \g` Mku Dgvnr pfgtgs dgurtnsy gi tfn kutfgr  Zraht ATOH2  ATOH2 156-;->;:5:-5:>-< 156-;->;:5:-5:>-< Noggc ATOH2 156-;->;:5:-5:9-; Zrahtnl ah Dfahk

 

\g `y lkueftnr, Erkdn, wfg turhnl gut tg on k ernkt lrghn imynr.

 

LATDMKA@N_ \fn ahigr`ktagh ah tfas oggc as igr nludktaghkm khl nhtnrtkah`nht purpgsns ghmy. Kmtfguef tfn kutfgr khl puomasfnr fkvn `kln nvnry niigrt tg nhsurn tfkt tfn ahigr`ktagh ah tfas oggc wks dgrrndt kt prnss ta`n, tfn kutfgr khl puomasfnr lg hgt kssu`n khl fnrnoy lasdmka` khy makoamaty tg khy pkrty igr khy mgss, lk`ken, gr lasruptagh dkusnl oy nrrgrs gr g`assaghs, wfntfnr sudf nrrgrs gr g`assaghs rnsumt irg` hnemaenhdn, kddalnht, gr khy gtfnr dkusn.

 

\KOMN GI DGH\NH\T Ahtrgludtagh Dfkptnrr ; “ Ufkt As k Lrghn7 Dfkptn Dfkptnrr ? “ _nkly @kln gr Ouaml7 Dfkptn Ouaml7 Dfkptnr 4 “ Tcamms khl ^hlnrstkhlahe tfn Lrghn Ouaml Dfkptnrr  “ Tntup khl Dkmaorktagh Dfkptn Dkmaorktagh Dfkptnr 9 “ Tkinty khl Imyahe Qgur Lrghn Dfkptnr 5 “ LrgalZmkhhnr  Dfkptnr 6 “ Iarst Znrsgh Yanw (IZY) Dfkptnr 1 “ Lnsaehahe Qgur Gwh Lrghn Dfkptnr ;: “ \fn Iuturn gi Lrghns Emgsskry

 

Kdchgwmnle`nhts Ahlnx

 

NLA\G_‑T HG\N Lurahe tfn nlatgrakm prgdnss gi tfas oggc, kutfgr Okrry Lkvans pkssnl kwky. Fn wks snvnhty-ghn ynkrs gml.  Ks sg`ngh sg`nghn n wfg fkl tfn pmnksu pmnksurn rn gi wgrcahe wgrcahe watf @r. Lkvans Lkvans gh snvnrkm prgbndts, A dkh sky tfkt fas chgwmnlen wks ghmy nqukmnl oy fas cahl fnkrt khl snhsn gi fu`gr. A k` fghgrnl tg fkvn onnh komn tg dgmmkogrktn watf sudf kh ahdrnlaomn pnrsgh wfg tkueft `n `grn tfkh A dguml fkvn nvnr  a`keahnl. Un wamm `ass ygu, Okrry.

 

AH\_GL^D\AGH

A

t‑s k s`kmm pmkstad tgy tfkt wn wguml ghdn dkmm k `glnm karpmkhn, out kll tfn `amatkry vnhnnr gi ”lrghn‐ khl tfn tgy ondg`ns k mgt `grn nvgmvnl tfkh bust k `glnm karpmkhn. Tg wfnh tgys ondg`n sgpfastadktnl nhguef tg on dkmmnl lrghns, tfn hk`n lrghn  drnktns sg`ntfahe tfkt as durrnhtmy dghdnavnl ks k makoamaty. A fkvn onnh imyahe igr `grn ynkrs tfkh A dkh rn`n`onr, k scamm tfkt wks rncahlmnl wfnh A orgueft `y iarst @adrglrghn irg` Enr`khy. Ats sa`pmadaty gi lnsaeh khl nksn gi dghtrgm nhdgurkenl `n tg stkrt k hnw lavasagh watfah tfn dg`pkhy ODO _gogtads. Igr tfn pkst hahn ynkrs A fkvn onnh a``nrsnl ah nvnry kspndt gi knrakm rgogtads, wfamn wktdfahe `y pnrsghkm dgmmndtagh gi purdfksnl khl fkhl`kln lrghns ergw lrk`ktadkmmy. Macn sg `khy gtfnrs, A fkvn ikmmnh ah mgvn watf lrghns. Ouaml k Lrghn `nkhs bust tfkt3 A ouamt, dkmaorktnl, tuhnl, khl imnw tfn lrghn ouaml ah tfas oggc ah mnss tfkh tfrnn fgurs. Igr `khy pngpmn, tfn tnr` lrghn  snn`s tg dghburn a`kens gi  `amatkry usn khl wkr wnkpghry. Ks k rnsumt, tfn `nrn tfgueft gi tfnsn iuturastad imyahe lnvadns tnhls tg pgsn snduraty khl pravkdy dghdnrhs. Ufamn hgtfahe dguml on iurtfnr irg` tfn trutf, ynkrs keg ygu dguml fkrlmy fnkr tfn wgrl lrghn  gutsaln gi `amatkry dardmns3 hgw at as spgcnh wgrmlwaln. Hgt ondkusn gi tfn `amatkry out ondkusn gi tfn nxpmgsagh ah tfn skmn gi `glnm lrghns. Lrghn skmns krn hgt bust fgt, tfny krn gh iarn. Igrent tfn `amatkry usn gi lrghns igr k `g`nht3 davamakh lrghn skmns krn snt tg tgp $:,::: bgos ah tfn ^T kmghn. \fn prgmainrktagh gi uh`khhnl kardrkit as kmrnkly gutpkdahe tfn rneumktaghs tfkt egvnrh tfn`3 ogtf tfn ^T IKK khl tfn ^C‑s DKK krn

 

ikmmahe onfahl tfn rkpal lnvnmgp`nht ah lrghn tndfhgmgey tfkt as lravnh oy fuhlrnls gi tfguskhls gi yguhe ahhgvktgrs wgrmlwaln. \fas as lnspatn tfn ikdt tfkt tfn `nlak snn` tg bu`p gh tfn okhlwkegh nvnry ta`n sg`n alagt watf k pravktn lrghn imans dmgsn tg kh karianml khl puts pngpmn‑s mavns ah lkhenr, khl lnspatn tfn drans gi  kttkdcs gh ahlavalukm pravkdy. Qnt tfnar klvkhtkens krn hu`nrgus. K lrghn as kh nyn ah tfn scy tfkt dkh lntndt khl fnmp stgp dra`n. Lrghns wnrn usnl lurahe tfn rndnht nkrtfqukcn ah Hnpkm igr lk`ken kssnss`nht. \fny dkh imy gvnr krnks wfnrn fu`khs lkrn hgt vnhturn, sudf ks `ahnianmls. \fny fkvn rnsdunl dfamlrnh irg` imgglahe khl fkvn onnh usnl igr snkrdf khl rnsdun gpnrktaghs ah snvnrkm dguhtrans. Ufnh usnl watf tfn raeft ahtnhtaghs, lrghns krn eggl. Ai lrghns dguml mnt ygu chgw wfkt tfny krn eggl kt (khl tfkt lky as hgt ikr kwky) tfny wguml sky tfny krn lnsaehnl igr lumm, larty, khl lkhenrgus wgrc. Lumm   `ky nhdg`pkss mggcahe kt drgp ergwtf khl `kcahe tfn ikr`ahe ahlustry `grn niiadanht sg wn dkh innl tfn pmkhnt. Larty   dguml `nkh egahe ahtg pmkdns ahkddnssaomn tg fu`khs, khl lkhenrgus  wgrc `aeft on kssnssahe tfn rklaktagh irg` k mnkcahe hudmnkr pmkht. Lrghns dkh khl wamm on nxtrn`nmy usnium tg sgdanty ks k wfgmn. Igr tfn `g`nht, wn ghmy fnkr gi `amatkry lrghns og`oahe sg`n ikr-gii tkrent, gr fgw sg`n cal imnw fas lrghn gvnr kh karpgrt, gr kogut tfn alagt wfg usnl k sfgteuh tg sfggt lgwh k lrghn. \fas as tglky‑s hnws3 tg`grrgw at wamm on laiinrnht wfnh lrghns stkrt skvahe mavns. Ghn tfahe as igr surn2 lrghns krn fnrn tg stky. Tg ygu krn tfahcahe kogut gwhahe k lrghn7 Unmm, ygu fkvn k dfgadn2 ouy ghn rnkly `kln, gr purdfksn ghn ah cat igr`“gr ygu dkh igmmgw tfn ahstrudtaghs ah tfas oggc khl `kcn ygur gwh. Ufadfnvnr  pktf ygu dfggsn, rn`n`onr tfkt watf k lrghn dg`ns rnspghsaoamaty3 at `ky ghmy on k ”tgy,‐ out at‑s k tgy tfkt imans ah tfn kar. Hg `kttnr wfkt sazn gr typn gi lrghn ygu pgssnss, ygu fkvn tg tkcn ahtg dghsalnrktagh sg`n oksad trutfs. Lrghns dkh ondg`n kh gosnssagh khl tkcn gvnr `udf gi ygur irnn ta`n. Khl gwhahe gr ouamlahe k lrghn lgns hgt erkht ygu kh kutg`ktad pamgt‑s madnhsn“at as nqukmmy ks a`pgrtkht tg mnkrh tg imy skinmy.

 

\fn `kah ka` gi tfas oggc as tg eavn ygu k stnp-oy-stnp eualn gh fgw tg ouaml k lrghn watfgut kmm tfn tndfhadkm bkregh (kmtfguef ygu wamm mnkrh sg`n tndfhadkm tnr`s ks ygu prgernss). Kllataghkmmy, tfn oggc wamm sfgw ygu fgw tfn oksad lrghn dkh on uperklnl sg tfkt ygu dkh imy kutghg`gusmy, usahe wky-pgahts, gr snt tfn lrghn tg Igmmgw @n `gln. Qgu wamm kmsg on komn tg a`prgvn tfn mggc gi ygur lrghn, `kcahe at `grn prginssaghkm. Ouaml k Lrghn dghtkahs k vkst k`guht gi ahigr`ktagh kogut kmm igr`s gi lrghns, irg` tfgsn usnl oy tfn `amatkry khl dg``nrdakm `krcnts tg tfn `glnms kvkamkomn igr fgooyasts. At kmsg nxpmkahs tfnar usn watfah sgdanty khl fgw tfny wamm nhfkhdn `khcahl. @gst gi kmm, at faefmaefts tfn vatkm kspndts gi skinty rnquarnl wfnh imyahe k lrghn, `kahmy tfn IKK khl DKK rneumktaghs tfkt lasdapmahn ats usn. Ai ygu dkh rnkl, tfnh ygu dkh ouaml k lrghn. Qgu lgh‑t hnnl k lnernn ah knrghkutadkm nheahnnrahe. \run, tfnrn as sg`n prgerk``ahe ahvgmvnl, khl iahn klbust`nhts wamm `kcn ygur lrghn imy onttnr, out tfny krn nksy tg uhlnrstkhl. Fgw `udf wamm at dgst7 \g on pnrindtmy fghnst, at as dfnkpnr tg ouy k lrghn tfkh tg ouaml ghn. @gst hnw lrghns dg`n gut gi tfn ogx km`gst rnkly tg imy kitnr sg`n oksad kssn`omy khl dfkreahe tfn okttnry. Fgwnvnr, ai ygu wkht tg uhlnrstkhl tfn lrghn, ygu krn onttnr  gii ouamlahe ygur gwh“kllnl tg wfadf as ernkt iuh. \fn oksad lrghn sfgwh ah tfas oggc wamm dgst ygu krguhl $4::, out ai ygu wkht tg rn`glnm, kllahe `grn sgpfastadktagh sudf ks tnmn`ntry khl MALK_, ygu dkh dguht gh lguomahe tfkt. Ouaml k Lrghn dghtkahs ahsaeft ahtg kmm tfn typns gi lrghns kvkamkomn khl wfkt tfny krn usnl igr. At as kmsg k eualn tg tfn klvkhtkens gi  ouyahe vnrsus ouamlahe. Igr tfgsn tfkt dfggsn tfn mkttnr, tfn oggc nxpmkahs tfn `ndfkhadkm pkrts rnquarnl tg cnnp k lrghn stkomn ah tfn kar khl fgw tfny dghtrgm ats kdtaghs khl iuhdtaghs ah imaeft. Ouaml k Lrghn as `grn tfkh k sa`pmn stnp-oy-stnp eualn. At nxpmkahs fgw tg put tfn pkrts tgentfnr, dkmaorktn, khl klbust snttahes tg ent ygur oarl ahtg tfn kar skinmy. \fn oggc dgvnrs nvnry kspndt gi  gotkahahe ygur gwh lrghn, irg` sa`pmn dghstrudtagh tg tfn wgrcahes gi  k Erguhl Dghtrgm Tystn`, khl usahe sgitwkrn tg dghtrgm at. At kmsg

 

sfgws fgw tg tkcn ygur oksad lrghn khl turh at ahtg k tfahe gi onkuty oy lnsaehahe ygur gwh karirk`n. \g ouaml k lrghn, ygu ghmy hnnl tg chgw fgw tg rnkl3 tfn rnst wamm dg`n hkturkmmy. Ai ygu mnkrh wfkt k dg`pghnht lgns khl erksp ats iuhdtagh watfah tfn lrghn‑s strudturn, smgwmy out surnmy ygu wamm uhlnrstkhl wfkt `kcns k lrghn imy stkomn ah tfn kar. Qgu hnnl ghmy tg ektfnr ygur dg`pghnht pkrts khl kssn`omn tfn`, kllahe tfn iar`wkrn khl sgitwkrn tg `kcn at imy khl dkrry gut ygur dg``khls. Hghn gi tfas rnquarns prgerk``ahe scamms gr klvkhdnl chgwmnlen gi  nmndtrghads. Ufy wguml ygu wkht k pnrsghkm lrghn7 Unmm, tfnrn krn `khy pgssaomn rnksghs igr fkvahe ygur gwh lrghn. @gst gi us mgvn tfahes tfkt imy, khl up uhtam k inw ynkrs keg tfas wguml `nkh egahe tg kh knrg-`glnm dmuo khl mnkrhahe tg imy k iaxnl-wahe kardrkit gr k fnmadgptnr. Hgw wn fkvn lrghns khl tfahes krn `udf sa`pmnr, nspndakmmy wfnh at dg`ns tg imyahe. Kllataghkmmy, ygu `ky wkht tg usn ygur lrghn igr k `grn dg``nrdakm kppmadktagh macn knrakm `kppahe gr  pfgtgerkpfy khl ondg`n k prginssaghkm imynr nkrhahe ygur mavahe irg` imyahe lrghns. Hg `kttnr tfn rnksgh igr wkhtahe k lrghn, Ouaml k Lrghn wamm fnmp ygu lndaln wfkt as onst igr ygu pnrsghkmmy. \g ouaml gr ouy ygur gwh lrghn `nkhs ahvnstahe ah sg`n snragus nquap`nht khl pnrsghkm ta`n, ogtf gi wfadf dkh on nxpnhsavn. Ufnh ygu iahkmmy fkvn ygur lrghn, mnkrhahe tg imy at as tfn cny nmn`nht tg `aha`azahe dgstmy drksfns khl lk`ken. Kmtfguef qukl-dgptnrs dkh matnrkmmy imy tfn`snmvns wfnh ah kutg`ktad `gln, ai tfny‑rn hgt dkmaorktnl dgrrndtmy khl ygu fkvn hgt ahstkmmnl k rkhen gi ikam-skin prgtgdgms, ygu dguml stamm mgsn ygur lrghn. Ugrsn stamm, at dguml dkusn lk`ken tg pngpmn gr prgpnrty. Mnkrhahe tg imy skinmy as pkrk`guht tg prgtndtahe ygur lrghn ahvnst`nht.  Khgtf  Kh gtfnr nr wgrry as wfnrn tg imy ygur ygur lrghn3 lrghn3 ygu `ky wnmm gwh ghn ghn out as at mnekm tg imy7 Nvnh wfnh at as mnekm, tfnrn krn dghsalnrktaghs sudf ks pravkdy khl trnspkss. Kvaktagh mkw gh imyahe k lrghn as laiinrnht krguhl tfn wgrml khl nvnh irg` stktn tg stktn ah K`nradk, sg ygu krn onst klvasnl tg dghsumt tfn mkw ah ygur krnk. Yasat k mgdkm

 

imyahe dmuo khl ksc tfn klvadn gi tfgsn wfg fkvn onnh skinmy imyahe igr  ynkrs.  Ks ygu rnkl tfrguef tfrguef Ouaml k Lrghn, tfn khswnrs tg kmm gi tfn kogvn qunstaghs khl klvadn wamm ondg`n dmnkr, nspndakmmy rnekrlahe dghstrudtagh. \fn ghn tfahe ygu `aeft iahl k mattmn dghiusahe as kmm tfn kdrghy`s tfrguefgut tfn oggc, sudf ks MALK_ (Maeft Lntndtagh khl _kheahe). Lgh‑t wgrry tgg `udf, ks `gst krn nxpmkahnl tfrguefgut tfn oggc khl tfgsn tfkt krn hgt dkh on iguhl ah tfn Emgsskry.  Kllatagh  Klla taghkmm kmmy, y, A wguml wguml klvasn klvasn kmm tfgsn trumy trumy ah ahtnrnstnl tnrnstnl ah khy khy igr` gi  knrakm rgogtads tg snkrdf tfrguef tfn orammakht KrluZamgt wnosatn2 krlupamgt.dg`/ Ah k wgrml tfkt as rkpalmy dfkheahe, A pnrsghkmmy iahl tfkt lnsaehahe khl ouamlahe k lrghn as vnry rnmkxahe khl nxtrn`nmy sktasiyahe. Tg nhbgy ygur lrghn ouaml khl ent at imyahe skinmy. At as k hnw khl nxdatahe fgooy, ghn tfkt rnkdfns gut tg klvkhdnl tndfhgmgey ah k wky tfkt kmm gi us dkh uhlnrstkhl. Qgu `ky fkvn onnh ouamlahe `glnm kardrkit khl imyahe kt ygur mgdkm dmuo igr ynkrs3 ygu `ky on kh nheahnnr watf kh ahtnrnst ah lrghn tndfhgmgey3 gr ygu `ky fkvn purdfksnl k lrghn igr k fgooy. Hg `kttnr wfkt rgmn ygu pmky, ygu krn k pkrthnr ah tfn lrghn rnvgmutagh. \fn lky wfnh lrghns krn dg``gh ah tfn scans gvnrfnkl, ygu dkh sky tg ygur erkhldfamlrnh, ”A ouamt ghn gi tfgsn.‐

 

Dfkptnr ;

UFK\ AT K L_GHN7

 

A

wktdfnl tfn hnws tfas `grhahe ks tfny khhguhdnl tfn lnktf gi  Bafkla Bgfh, onmanvnl cammnl ah kh K`nradkh lrghn stracn. _nkm hk`n @gfk``nl N`wkza, fn ondg`n prg`ahnht kitnr kppnkrahe ah k snrans gi egry prgpkekhlk valngs sfgwahe tfn onfnklahe gi snvnrkm Oratasf, K`nradkh, khl Bkpkhnsn dkptavns. Bafkla Bgfh wks tkrentnl ah k vnfadmn ks fn mnit tfn ATAT strghefgml gi _kqqk ah nkstnrh Tyrak. A`keahn k imyahe `kdfahn, wfadf dguml fkvn imgwh irg` tfn ^hatnl Ttktns, komn tg mgdktn khl camm k `kh tfguskhls gi `amns kwky.  Kdtukmm  Kdtu kmmy, y, A onma onmanv nvn n tfn lrghn `ky fkvn kvn onnh mkuh mkuhdfnl dfnl irg` tfn Kma Km Tkmn` kar oksn ah Cuwkat. \fn iuhhy tfahe as, lrghn stracns krn sudf k rneumkr gddurrnhdn tglky tfkt at‑s hg mghenr dghsalnrnl hnws. Qnt, oy dghtrkst, ah tfn sk`n `ghtf, k Oratasf iam``kcnr wks iahnl $;,4>: (£;,?::) igr imyahe fasmktnr, `glnm;?1 lrghn gvnrwnrn Fylncammnl ZkrcahahkMghlgh. Mnss tfkh k wnnc pngpmn `kssavn kttkdc ah Zkras, Irkhdn. \fn kttkdcs wnrn dkrranl gut oy suadaln euh`nh wfg, kitnr sfggtahe lgwh `khy gi tfnar vadta`s, lntghktnl tfnar  suadaln vnsts cammahe nvnh `grn. Irkhdn wks quadc tg rnspghl, snhlahe iaeftnrs tg og`o sg`n gi tfn ATAT strghefgmls ah Tyrak. Uatfah k wnnc, tfn ^H Tnduraty Dguhdam uhkha`gusmy kpprgvnl kh kdtagh tfkt hktaghs sfguml tkcn kmm hndnsskry `nksurns ah tfn iaeft kekahst ATAT. \fn ^T ahdrnksnl ats lrghn stracns. Turprasahemy, lrghns fkvn onnh krguhl igr sg`n ta`n, out tfn wgrl lrghn  snn`s tg fkvn sullnhmy onnh trkhsigr`nl ahtg tfn Zrahdn gi 

Lkrchnss … wnmm `kyon hgt quatn tfkt okl, out ah tfn fkppy lkys gi  `glnm `kcahe, ouamlahe khl imyahe k `glnm pmkhn wks sg`ntfahe lghn igr pmnksurn. Tg mnt‑s stnp okdc k mattmn ah ta`n onigrn kmm tfn `nlak fypn kogut imyahe gobndts ahvklahe ygur pravkdy khl fgw cammnr lrghns rgk` tfn scans mggcahe igr trguomn. Ah rnkmaty, tfnrn as `grn gi k rasc irg` oarl stracns gh `khhnl kardrkit tfkh khy snragus lkhenr irg` lrghns, out oarl stracns lg hgt `kcn fnklmahn hnws. A fkvn kmwkys dkmmnl `y pnrsghkm lrghns ^h`khhnl Knrakm Ynfadmns (^KYs). Fgwnvnr, ah Tnptn`onr ?:;>, A kttnhlnl tfn dghinrnhdn kt tfn `kah Hkvkm Kar Oksn ah Dgrhwkmm, ^C. Nvnryghn wks tfnrn,

 

ahdmulahe tfn pngpmn wfg lnsaehnl TdkhNkemn ah K`nradk khl tfn Oratasf pgmadn, wfg laspmkynl k LBA Ahsparn. At wks watfgut lguot tfn onst ”kdrgss tfn ogkrl‐ lrghn dghinrnhdn A fkvn nvnr kttnhlnl. A wks a`prnssnl watf tfn gpnh lnoktn out samnhtmy k`usnl tg fnkr tfkt tfn giiadakm wgrl igr khy ^KY wks hgw lrghn. @amatkry gr davamakh, mkren gr s`kmm, ah tfn ^C at‑s k lrghn. Macnwasn, at‑s hgt kutghg`gus imyahe , at‑s hgw dkmmnl kutg`ktad , khl sg A wamm stadc watf tfnsn tnr`s igr tfn `g`nht. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  \frguefgut tfn oggc A `ky rninr tg ”ygur lrghn‐

khl ”ygur qukl-dgptnrs‐ ah tfn sk`n snhtnhdn. Ah ogtf dksns tfny krn ghn khl tfn sk`n. \fn usn gi lrghns dkh on dmkssaianl ahtg tfrnn laiinrnht krnks2 `amatkry, davamakh, khl fgooyast. Kmtfguef tfn usn gi lrghns ah tfn `amatkry fks onnh krguhl igr k mghe ta`n, rndnht ahhgvktaghs ah dg``uhadktagh fkvn rncahlmnl tfn pgssaoamatans khl onhniat gi lrghns upgh tfn okttmnianml. Ks tfn ikdn gi wkr fks dfkhenl, sg fks tfn wnkpghry lnsaehnl tg wken at. Ah tfn ^C, igr nxk`pmn tfn Oratasf `amatkry fks lrghns kt ats laspgskm, tfn mkrenst gi tfnsn onahe tfn  K`nradkh  K` nradkh-`kln -`kln _nkpnr _nkpnr.. Oratkah kmsg fks tfn Uk Uktdfcn tdfcnnpnr npnr,, tfn Lnsnrt Fkwc, khl tfn s`kmm Omkdc Fgrhnt“tfn mkttnr as bust ;6 erk`s (:.94 guhdns). Gh tfnigr` davamakh k vnry eggl iuturn, hgt sfgws ah tfn prnsnht ks saln, `gst lrghns pngpmn fkvn krn mnl tg onmanvn. \fn out `nlak pkrdnm lnmavnry oy lrghn, khl k fgt `nkm onahe pmkdnl gh k tkomn oy tfn imyahe rnstkurkht snrvadn. \rust `n, tfkt as hgt egahe tg fkppnh“ wnmm, hgt igr k mghe ta`n ynt. Khl wfy hgt7 At‑s ondkusn gi tfn ”wfkt ai‐ ikdtgr. Igr nxk`pmn, gur iggl lnmavnry lrghn as wgrcahe pnrindtmy watf tfguskhls gi imaefts k lky tg fkppy dustg`nrs. \fnh ghn lky sg`n alagt gh tfn tkomn lndalns at wguml on iuh tg put k igrc up ahtg tfn prgpnmmnrs bust tg snn wfkt wguml fkppnh3 govagusmy tfn lrghn wguml mgsn okmkhdn khl drksf wamlmy dkusahe snragus lk`ken tg khyghn ah dmgsn prgxa`aty. Gur ahtnhtagh wks tg lnmavnr iggl, out wn

 

lal hgt khtadapktn tfn ”wfkt ai‐ ikdtgr“tfn alagt sattahe kt tfn tkomn. Tg at wamm on k mghe ta`n onigrn lrghn lnmavnry imaefts krn dghsalnrnl tgtkmmy skin.

\fn Omkdc Fgrhnt graea graeahktnl hktnl gut gi Hgrwky khl as tfn wgrml‑s s` s`kmmnst kmmnst `amatkry lrghn. Kt Kt bust ;9 erk`s, at fks k ;.9 camg`ntnr laeatkm lktk-mahc rkhen watf k ?>-`ahutn imaeft ta`n. \fn wfgmn systn`, ahdmulahe twg lrghns khl tfn dghtrgms, ghmy wnaefs ;.4 camgs ( guhdns).

Ufamn tfn enhnrkm puomad `aeft rninr tg kmm lrghns ah tfn sk`n vgadn, tfn kutfgratans snn tfn` quatn laiinrnhtmy, khl ks sudf dmkssaiy tfn`. Ah ogtf tfn fgooyast khl dg``nrdakm wgrmls, sazn  as tfn lntnr`ahahe ikdtgr. K lrghn as dmkssaianl ah (``) watf tfn irk`n sazn onahe rnprnsnhtnl oy tfn ernktnst pgaht—tg-pgaht lastkhdn ontwnnh twg `gtgrs gh k lrghn3 ynt ygu wamm gitnh iahl tfkt `gst prgpnmmnrs krn saznl ah ahdfns. Fgwnvnr, wfnh at dg`ns tg tfn egvnrh`nht, ogtf tfn ^C khl tfn ^T dmkssaiy tfn typn gi lrghn oy wnaeft2 5 guhdns (?:: erk`s) gr mnss as dkmmnl Hkhg 5 guhdns (?:: erk`s) tg : camgerk`s) khl kogvn. @grn rndnhtmy tfnrn fks onnh k rnvanw gi  lrghns, khl tfn `amatkry hgw dmkssaians k lrghn kddgrlahe tg ats pgtnhtakm. Igr nxk`pmn, k ?:: erk` Hkhg qukl-dgptnr wguml hgt on sg fkr`mnss ai at fkl tfn koamaty tg lnmavnr kh nxpmgsavn lnvadn gr  ondg`n wnkpghaznl3 tfnh at wguml on dmkssaianl raeft up tfnrn watf tfn Zrnlktgr.

\fn ahtnrhkm nmndtrghad dg`pghnhts gi k s`krtpfghn krn sa`amkr tg tfgsn iguhl ah tfn kutgpamgt tfkt as usnl us nl igr gur lrghn ouaml ah tfas oggc.

 

Tg wfy fkvn lrghns ondg`n sg hnwswgrtfy7 A pnrsghkmmy tfahc at‑s tfn sullnh khl rkpal lnvnmgp`nht gi uh`khhnl kvaktagh. \fn lravahe igrdn khl dghtraoutahe ikdtgrs dguml on tfn tndfhadkm ahhgvktaghs ah kvaktagh2 tfn kutgpamgt, tfn ahnrtakm hkvaektagh systn`, khl lktk mahcs tg hk`n k inw. Ah tfn pkst, lrghn lnvnmgp`nht wks fahlnrnl oy tndfhgmgeadkm ahsuiiadanhdans tfrguef `gst gi tfn twnhtantf dnhtury3 fgwnvnr, dghdnhtrktnl niigrts ah vkragus `amatkry prgbndts gvnrdk`n tfn oksad prgomn`s gi kutg`ktad stkoamazktagh, rn`gtn dghtrgm, khl kutghg`gus hkvaektagh oy tfn saxtans. @adrgprgdnssgrs fkvn ondg`n nvnr `grn dkpkomn ah tfnar koamaty, khl krn hgw s`kmmnr khl `grn maeftwnaeft. Hkhg snhsgrs khl EZT wnrn usnl tg dghvnrt tfn `goamn pfghn ahlustry ahtg k wgrmlwaln hntwgrc, prgludahe k fkhlfnml dg``uhadktaghs lnvadn tfkt ygur dguml smap ahtg ygur pgdcnt. Ufkt fks tfas egt tg lg watf lrghns7 Unmm k s`krtpfghn khl k lrghn sfkrn `khy sa`amkratans, `ahus tfn `gtgrs khl prgpnmmnrs. \glky‑s kutgpamgts fkvn k `kah prgdnssgr, EZT, `kehntg`ntnr, eyrgsdgpn, khl kddnmnrg`ntnr bust macn tfn pfghn ah ygur pgdcnt.

L_GHN ^TKEN \fn ghn tfahe kogut lrghns as tfkt tfny usn tfn gpnh scy kogvn khl, igr tfn `gst pkrt, krn gut gi rnkdf khl watfgut fahlrkhdn3 tfn `kbgr lrkwokdc as ai tfny ikam, tfny ikmm tg nkrtf. Tg, uhtam wn dkh lnvnmgp lrghns tfkt krn dghsalnrnl tgtkmmy skin, wn `ust rnstradt tfn` tg krnks wfnrn, ai tfny ikam, tfny wamm lg hg lk`ken khl dkusn hg ahbury. Ttrkhenmy nhguef, tfas stamm mnkvns us watf mgts gi  pgssaoamatans2 • Imyahe k lrghn gvnr k wamlnrhnss snkrdfahe igr k `assahe pnrsgh. • Lk`ken kssnss`nht gi k lnvkstktnl krnk kitnr kh nkrtfqukcn. • Tnkrdf khl rnsdun kt snk. • Fnmpahe ikr`nrs dghtrgm tfn ergwtf gi drgps. • Dfndcahe mkhliamm satns igr mnkcahe ekssns.

 

Hghn gi tfgsn kdtavatans pgsns k prgomn` sfguml tfn lrghn drksf khl ikmm tg nkrtf, ynt tfnsn krnks kddguht igr `gst gi tfn pmkhnt‑s surikdn. Ghdn tfn `nlak fypn fks lanl lgwh, lrghns wamm ondg`n `grn walnmy kddnptkomn. Zngpmn `ky dg`pmkah kogut tfn hgasn, out dkrs `kcn `grn hgasn3 at‑s k `kttnr gi kddnptkhdn. \fn gml skyahe ”wfkt tfn nyn lgns hgt snn tfn fnkrt lgns hgt eranvn gvnr‐ as vnry kpt igr  lrghns. Ai gur lrghn as imyahe faef nhguef hgt tg on fnkrl, tfnh km`gst dnrtkahmy hg ghn wamm ogtfnr3 at‑s ghmy wfnh tfn lrghn as mgw nhguef igr  pngpmn tg fnkr tfkt tfny wamm mggc up.

\fas pfgtg gi k Enr`kh Kmoktrgss D.AAA rndghhkasskhdn pmkhn wks tkcnh ah ;1;9 irg` k Onmeakh pmkhn. \fas wks ogtf strktneadkmmy khl tndfhadkmmy laiiadumt, ah kllatagh tg tfn ahfnrnht lkhenr gi pfgtgerkpfahe.

Tkinty khl `nlak fypn onfahl us igr tfn `g`nht, mnt us mggc kt fgw wn krravnl kt prnsnht-lky lrghns. Gh Kueust ??, ;6—45> lnernns D) • T`gcn dg`ahe irg` ygur argh `nkhs tfn tn`pnrkturn as tgg faef. • \ah ygur tap watf sgmlnr onigrn `kcahe nkdf bgaht. • ^sn tfarl-pkrty dmk`ps gr vadns tg kal ygu sgmlnr. • ^sn tfn saln gi tfn tap, hgt tfn vnry nhl.

 

• Fnkt tfn bgaht gr dg`pghnht nvnhmy. • _n`gvn tfn sgmlnr iarst khl tfnh tfn argh. Zrkdtadn, khl tfnh prkdtadn sg`n `grn. Ai ygur bgaht lgns hgt fgml, mggc kt wfkt ygu krn lgahe wrghe. Ttkrt kekah khl cnnp prkdtadahe uhtam ygu dkh `kcn k hadn s`ggtf sgmlnr bgaht khl hgt k ernkt oae okmm. @gst gi tfn sgmlnrahe rnquarnl ah tfas oggc ahvgmvns kttkdfahe sa`pmn warns tg k ZDO tfkt fks inw gr hg gtfnr nmndtrghad dg`pghnhts tfkt wn dkh kddalnhtkmmy fkr`. Hghntfnmnss, tfnrn `ky dg`n k ta`n wfnh ygu wkht tg kll gtfnr dg`pghnhts tg k iummy mgklnl ZDO, sudf ks wfnh `glaiyahe kh kutgpamgt. \fas `ust on lghn watf nxtrn`n dkrn khl ghmy wfnh ygu krn dg`pmntnmy prgiadanht. Ufamn k sgmlnr argh khl sgmlnrahe krn hgt tgg nxpnhsavn, ai ygu pmkh tg `kcn `grn lrghns ah tfn iuturn, ygu `aeft dghsalnr enttahe k fnmpahe fkhls dmk`p. \fas as oksadkmmytfkt k stkhl tfkterap fkstfn k maeft, `kehaiyahe snt gi  dmk`ps wamm fnmp pkrtskygu wkht tg emkss, sgmlnr.khl \fktk mnkvns ygur fkhls irnn tg fgml tfn sgmlnr khl argh. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Tgmlnrahe tfn NTDs khl pgwnr dkomns tg tfn

ogttg` ogkrl as ikarmy strkaeftigrwkrl, nspndakmmy ai ygu fkvn k mattmn chgwmnlen gi tfn suobndt khl fkvn sgmlnrnl onigrn. Ai hgt, A wguml nhdgurken ygu tg kt mnkst try. Ai ygu innm tfkt at as hgt watfah ygur  koamaty, `kyon sg`nghn irg` tfn mgdkm knrg-`glnm dmuo wfg as eggl kt sgmlnrahe Qgu sfguml kmsg kvgal purdfksahe kh nxpnhsavn sgmlnrahedkh cat fnmp. ai sg`nghn nmsn sgmlnrs igr ygu.

I_N[^NHDQ YAO_K\AGH

_KLAK\AGH

KHL

KH\A

Bust kogut nvnrytfahe gh k qukl-dgptnr rklaktns k irnqunhdy3 at‑s hgt bust tfn rklag dghtrgm gr tfn tnmn`ntry, out tfn `gtgrs, kutgpamgt, khl EZT krn kmsg kiindtnl. \fnh, ai wn pmkh tg kll k dk`nrk watf kh IZY trkhs`attahe systn`, wn fkvn tg wgrry hgt bust kogut tfn nxtrk irnqunhdy out kmsg tfn vaorktagh. \gg `udf vaorktagh wamm hgt bust kiindt

 

tfn valng qukmaty, out dkh kmsg dkusn tfn kutgpamgt snhsgrs tg ondg`n uhstkomn. \fnrn as kmsg sg`n kmaeh`nht tg dghsalnr. Igr nxk`pmn, tfn dg`pkss ah tfn kutgpamgt hnnls tg on pgahtahe ah tfn sk`n larndtagh ks tfn dg`pkss ah tfn EZT uhat. Zkyahe kttnhtagh tg tfnsn pgahts wamm kmm fnmp tg ent ygur lrghn ah tfn kar khl imyahe wnmm tfn iarst ta`n.

 K  Khtahta-va vaorkta orktagh gh systn`s wamm fnm fnmp p rnlu rnludn dn `khy gi tfn prgo prgomn`s mn`s wfnh at dg`ns tg imy imyahe ahe yg ygur  ur  lrghn.

Ufamn hgt wkhtahe tg ent tgg tndfhadkm watf gur ouaml, A lg wkht tg nxpmkah tfn a`pgrtkhdn gi vaorktagh lk`pahe igr ygur lrghn. \fn Zaxfkwc kutgpamgt fks snhsgrs ouamt ahtg tfn ogkrl tfkt krn vnry snhsatavn tg vaorktaghs. \fn iar`wkrn dg`oahns tfn lktk irg` tfnsn snhsgrs (kddnmnrg`ntnrs watf okrg`ntnr khl EZT lktk) tg dkmdumktn kh nsta`ktn gi ats pgsatagh. \fn ka` gi vaorktagh lk`pahe as tg rnludn faefkhl kdtukm `nlau`-irnqunhdy vaorktaghs wfamn ahstamm kmmgwahe irnqunhdy ogkrl `gvn`nht tg tkcn pmkdn dghdnrt watf mgw tfn karirk`n. Oy lk`pahe lgwh tfn vaorktaghs ah tfn kutgpamgt, wn fnmp kvgal tfas prgomn`. \fn vaorktaghs irg` ygur lrghn dkh kdtukmmy on `nksurnl, out tfkt as hgt watfah tfn sdgpn gi tfas oggc.

T^@@K_Q  Ks watf khy khy `ndfkh `ndfkhadkm adkm gr nmndtradkm ouam ouaml, l, at as kmwkys onst tg chgw khl uhlnrstkhl wfkt dg`pghnht pkrt lgns wfkt. Macnwasn, nvnry ahlustry fksksatsLTTT gwh (Larndt rnmktnlTnqunhdn bkregh, khl at as Tpndtru`) eggl tg uhlnrstkhl tnr`s sudf Tprnkl wfnh ygu

 

dg`n kdrgss tfn`. Ks k hnwoan tg lrghns, tfnrn as hg hnnl tg eg ahtg lnptf kt tfas stken, out kmwkys try tg mnkrh wfkt tfn kdrghy` `nkhs. Ufnh snmndtahe ygur _D trkhs`attnr, tkcn ygur ta`n khl on klvasnl oy gtfnrs. Qgur trkhs`attnr as kh nqukm pkrt gi ygur lrghn imyahe, sg ondg`n ik`amakr watf at khl ats snttahes. Zfysadkm scamms krn kmsg vnry a`pgrtkht, khl tfnsn wamm ghmy dg`n watf pktanhdn pmus k mgt gi trakm khl nrrgr. A fkvn onnh sgmlnrahe igr  ynkrs khl A stamm `kcn k `nss gi at sg`nta`ns. Iahlahe sg`nghn tg tnkdf ygu fgw tg sgmlnr as k rnkm oghus wfnh ouamlahe ygur gwh lrghn. \fn ahstru`nhts usnl ah tfn dghstrudtagh gi kh kutgpamgt krn nxtrn`nmy snhsatavn tg ogtf vaorktagh khl irnqunhdy, khl at as wgrtf uhlnrstkhlahe fgw ygu dkh fnmp khhum tfnsn.

 

Dfkptnr <

L_GHN KTTN@OMQ

 

H

gw tfkt wn fkvn lndalnl tg ouaml gur gwh lrghn irg` sdrktdf khl fkvn k mattmn uhlnrstkhlahe gi tfn rgmn nkdf dg`pghnht pmkys

watfah tfn dghstrudtagh, at‑s ta`n tg ent tg wgrc. Un krn iarst egahe tg ouaml gur lrghn usahe k sa`pmn V dghiaeurktagh irk`n, ks tfas kmmgws ygu tg snn dmnkrmy wfnrn kmm tfn dg`pghnhts eg khl fgw tfny dghhndt tg nkdf gtfnr. Qgu wamm hgtadn ks tfn ouaml prgernssns tfkt ygur lrghn stkrts tg mggc dg`pmadktnl, watf vkragus warns drassdrgssahe tfn strudturn. Lghn wgrry“at wamm stamm imy, khl mktnr ah tfas oggc wn wamm mggc kt prgludahe k purpgsn-`kln ogly khl trkhsinrrahe tfn nmndtrghads sg tfkt wn fkvn k dg``nrdakm mggcahe prgludt. Gur irk`n as k LBA I:, out tfnrn krn `khy sa`amkr irk`ns khl dmghns gh tfn `krcnt, sudf ks tfn [: irg` FgooyCahe. \fn irk`n ygu purdfksn sfguml fkvn igur kr`s gi nqukm mnhetf khl k tgp khl ogttg` ogkrl watf kmm tfn vkragus huts khl ogmts. \fn ogttg` ogkrl gi  tfn LBA I: kmsg dg`ns rnkly igr NTD warahe, khl ai ygu purdfksn k laiinrnht irk`n ygu sfguml dfndc tfkt at, tgg, fks sa`amkr inkturns. Ufamn at as pgssaomn tg ouy k igur-kr` qukl-dgptnr ogly gi laiinrnht igr`, igr tfas ouaml wn wamm stky watf tfn stkhlkrl V dghiaeurktagh. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Qgu wamm iahl snvnrkm laiinrnht wkys gi kssn`omahe

k lrghn ah gtfnr oggcs khl gh tfn Ahtnrhnt. Tg`n pngpmn macn tg kll tfn oksad dg`pghnhts tg tfn kutgpamgt khl dghhndt tg tfn sgitwkrn ah grlnr tg upmgkl tfn iar`wkrn iarst khl sg igrtf. A wguml lasdgurken ygu irg` tfas prkdtadn, ks tfn prgdnlurn gi dkmaorktagh as `udf s`ggtfnr ai kmm tfn pkrts krn iattnl sndurnmy tg tfn irk`n iarst.

DGHT\_^D\AGH Gur iarst tksc as tg sgmlnr tfn NTDs ghtg tfn oksn ogkrl khl tfnh kssn`omn tfn irk`n khl kll tfn `gtgrs. Kitnr tfas, wn wamm pgsatagh

 

gur kutgpamgt gh kh khta-vaorktagh systn` onigrn kllahe kmm tfn pnrapfnrkm dg`pghnhts sudf ks EZT, tnmn`ntry, khl ouzznr.

Mkygutt gi k I: irk`n. ir k`n. Mkygu

Qgur irk`n cat sfguml gi2twg wfatn) < x kr`s (hgr`kmmy twgdghsast rnl khl ; x ogttg` ogkrl (watf ahtnerktnl pgwnr darduat) ; x tgp ogkrl ? x pkdcs gi sdrnws (@4x6 ;9 - @?.>x9 ?< ; x Zgwnrmahn pkar (rnl khl omkdc dkomn) Igr kssn`omy ygu wamm rnquarn tfn igmmgwahe tggms2 ?.: `` fnx wrnhdf Tgmlnrahe argh khl sgmlnr 

\ggms rnquarnl igr kssn`omy.

 Ks prnv prnvagu agusmy smy stktnl, lurah lurahe e k ouam ouaml l wn iahl iahl mgts gi nxtrk nxtrk uhwkhtnl warns, sg onigrn wn sgmlnr gur NTD warns tg tfn oksn ogkrl at as onst

 

tg try khl ekuen tfn rnquarnl mnhetf gi NTD dkomn ygu krn egahe tg hnnl. @gst `gtgrs khl NTDs dg`n watf k mgt gi nxtrk dkomn tfkt ghmy ents ah tfn wky lurahe tfn ouaml. Tg tfn iarst tfahe tg lg as mky gut tfn ogttg` ogkrl khl kttkdf khy ghn gi tfn kr`s. Hnxt, dghhndt tfn tfrnn warns irg` ghn gi tfn `gtgrs tg khy ghn gi tfn igur NTDs. Zmkdn tfn `gtgr ah ats pgsatagh kt tfn nhl gi tfn kr` khl strntdf gut tfn NTD dkomn tg snn fgw `udf spkrn dkomn ygu fkvn wfnh at rnkdfns tfn sgmlnrahe pgaht gh tfn ogttg` ogkrl. _n`n`onr tfkt ygu wamm hnnl tg tfrnkl ygur dkomn tfrguef tfn kr` mktnr, sg lg hgt dut at tgg sfgrt. Onst tg lg k pfysadkm dfndc iarst tg lntnr`ahn fgw `udf tg dut gii. Ghdn ygu fkvn ekuenl tfn rnquarnl mnhetf, rn`gvn tfn kttkdfnl kr` sg tfkt tfn ogttg` ogkrl dkh mky imkt, rnkly igr  sgmlanrahe.

Dut dkomns tg tfn rnquarnl mnhetf, out kmwkys kmmgw k mattmn nxtrk ks at‑s nksy tg sfgrtnh k dkomn out a`pgssaomn tg mnhetfnh kitnr duttahe. Nvnry guhdn ygu skvn wamm ahdrnksn ygur lrghn‑s pnrigr`khdn.

At as kmsg k eggl alnk tg sgmlnr k okttnry dghhndtgr tg tfn nhl gi  tfn twg pgwnr dkomns onigrn kttkdfahe at tg tfn ogkrl. \fnrn krn snvnrkm typns gi dghhndtgrs, out wn wamm on usahe k ikarmy stkhlkrl V\9:. Ai ygu mktnr ahtnhl tg kll kh IZY dk`nrk systn`, ygu `aeft kmsg dghsalnr kt tfas stken kllahe tfn pgwnr suppmy dghhndtgr, ks tfas wamm skvn k mgt gi ta`n khl trguomn mktnr. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Ghn tfahe tfkt fks rnkmmy khhgynl `n gvnr tfn

ynkrs as tfn rkhen gi laiinrnht okttnry dghhndtgrs. Ufamn gtfnrs wamm

 

kreun gvnr wfadf as onst, A iahl at onhniadakm, nspndakmmy ai ygu fkvn snvnrkm typns gi lrghn gr iaxnl-wahe kardrkit, tg stadc tg ghn pkrtadumkr okttnry dghhndtgr“igr `n tfas as tfn V\9:.

@kmn V\9: gh tfn lrghn tg in`kmn okttnry dghhndtgr.

@kcn surn ygur sgmlnrahe argh tap as hgt tgg mkren gr s`kmm, khl kmmgw at tg ondg`n fgt nhguef tg `nmt tfn sgmlnr warn. \gudf tfn dnhtnr gi nkdf sgmlnr pkl gh tfn ogttg` ogkrl watf tfn sgmlnr warn khl kppmy tfn sgmlnrahe argh sg tfkt ygu fkvn k hnkt s`kmm mu`p gi  sgmlnr gh nkdf pkl.  Kppmy  Kppm y k s`kmm s`kmm k`gu k`guht gi sgmlnr sgmlnr tg nkdf nhl nhl gi tfn NTD pgwnr  dkomns. Hnxt, sa`pmy tgudf nkdf NTD dkomn ah turh tg ats rnmnvkht pkl gh tfn ogttg` ogkrl Srnl warns gh (+) khl omkdc warns gh (-)P khl kppmy fnkt watf tfn sgmlnrahe argh. Ghdn kmm warns krn iar`my sgmlnrnl tg tfn ogkrl, A macn tg dgvnr tfn` watf tkpn gr onttnr stamm k mattmn fgt`nmt klfnsavn tg mgwnr tfn rasc gi k sfgrt. \kcn ygur ta`n khl `kcn tfn sgmlnrahe ks hnkt ks pgssaomn wfamn nhsurahe k eggl, sgmal bgaht. Hnxt ygu sfguml lndaln wfadf wky as ”irght‐ gh ygur qukl-dgptnr3 tg lg tfas, wn krn egahe tg pmkdn tfn twg wfatn kr`s igrwkrl khl tfn twg rnl kr`s kt tfn rnkr. Kmtfguef tfas as hgt rnkmmy hndnsskry, ygu wamm iahl at k trn`nhlgus fnmp wfnh at dg`ns tg imyahe ygur lrghn khl vasukmazahe granhtktagh.

 

Hnxt, kssn`omn tfn irk`n oy sdrnwahe tfn kr`s ghtg tfn tgp ogkrl iarst, igmmgwnl oy sdrnwahe lgwh tfn ogttg` ogkrl. A iahl at nksanr tg imap tfn irk`n gvnr gh ats okdc tg sdrnw ah tfn ogttg` ogkrl, wfadf kmsg fnmps `n tfrnkl tfn NTD warns tfrguef tfn kr`s. \g stgp tfn NTDs irg` `gvahe kogut, kttkdf tfn` tg tfn kr`s watf k s`kmm pmkstad dkomn tan. Qgur irk`n as hgw rnkly tg kddnpt tfn `gtgrs.

Tgmlnrahe tfn NTDs khl dgvnrahe tfn bgahts igr prgtndtagh kekahst k sfgrt.

Onigrn wn iat gur `gtgrs tg tfn irk`n, wn hnnl tg dfndc tfn rgtktagh. \fn LBA 4;: \uhnl Zrgpumsagh Tystn` dg`ns watf twg DU (dmgdcwasn) khl twg DDU (dguhtnr-dmgdcwasn) `gtgrs, wfadf fkvn k laiinrnht larndtagh spah-gh tfrnkl. \fn dgrrndt prgpnmmnr wamm ghmy iat gh tfn dgrrndt `gtgr. Qgu hnnl ghmy lg tfas igr ghn `gtgr khl ghn prgpnmmnr. Lnpnhlahe gh wfadf `gtgr ygu dfggsn (DU gr DDU), pmkdn tfkt `gtgr gh tfn rnmkxkht kr`. _n`gvn tfn prgpnmmnrs khl

 

sdrnw ygur `gtgrs ahtg pmkdn usahe tfn igur sdrnws ah tfn igmmgwahe grlnr. @kcn surn ygur sdrnws krn taeft“out lg hgt gvnr-taeftnh2

 Kssn`omnl ssn`omnl irk`n irk`n watf NTDs khl pgwnr pgwnr dkomn. dkomn.  K

DDU `gtgr gh tfn irght raeft kr`. Hu`onr ;. DU `gtgr gh tfn irght mnit kr`. Hu`onr 4. DDU `gtgr gh tfn rnkr mnit kr`. Hu`onr ? DU `gtgr gh tfn rnkr raeft kr`. Hu`onr x ;> x ;: `` sgit samadghn enm tkos, ks A iahl tfnsn rnkmmy wgrc wnmm. Qgu dkh kmsg usn k purpgsn-`kln khta-vaorktagh ogkrl. Iarst pmkdn ygur irk`n gh k imkt, mnvnm surikdn watf tfn twg wfatn kr`s (irght) pgahtahe kwky irg` ygu. \fnh kttkdf ghn saln gi tfn khtavaorktagh tkos tg nkdf dgrhnr gi tfn kutgpamgt. Qgu wamm hgtadn tfkt tfn tgp dksn gi tfn kutgpamgt fks k mkren, wfatn krrgw3 kmaeh tfn kutgpamgt watf tfn tgp ogkrl gi gur irk`n watf tfn krrgw pgahtahe larndtmy igrwkrl khl prnss lgwh iar`my. Qgur kutgpamgt sfguml on pmkdnl ks dmgsn tg tfn dnhtnr gi erkvaty ks pgssaomn, ks tfas wamm prgvaln tfn onst snhsktagh gi `gvn`nht khl nma`ahktn sg`n imaeft prgomn`s mktnr.

 

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Ah tfn iuturn, ygu `ky hnnl tg, granhtktn ygur 

kutgpamgt ah k laiinrnht pgsatagh. @assagh Zmkhhnr giinrs gvnr tfarty pgssaoamatans. \fas wamm ahvgmvn dfkheahe tfn _gmm, Zatdf, khl Qkw vkmuns ah tfn Klvkhdnl Zkrk`ntnrs sdrnnh. Fgwnvnr, igr gur ouaml wn wamm mnkvn at pgahtahe igrwkrl. Hnxt wn wamm pmue ah tfn 4L_ pgwnr `glumn tfkt sfguml fkvn dg`n watf ygur Zaxfkwc. Ta`pmy pmue tfn 9-pah dkomn ahtg tfn Zaxfkwc wfnrn at skys Zgwnr. \fas wamm suppmy k stnkly >v suppmy khl kmmgw tfn uhat tg `nksurn tfn durrnht khl vgmtken gi tfn okttnry. \fn ghn nhl gi tfn pgwnr dkomn dkh hgw on dghhndtnl tg tfn V\9: gh tfn ogttg` ogkrl. \fas wamm hgw mnkvn ygu watf k V\9: `kmn dghhndtgr  rnkly igr tfn okttnry. (Lg hgt dghhndt tfn okttnry kt tfas stken.) \fkt‑skhl at3 ygu krn hgwtgrnkly tg stkrt kttkdfahe tfnstkrt, NTDs, rklag dghtrgm, pnrapfnrkms ygur kutgpamgt. Onigrn wn wn hnnl tg dghsalnr wfnrn wn wamm pmkdn gur dg`pghnhts. Igr nxk`pmn, A macn tg pgsatagh tfn Tkinty swatdf wfnrn A dkh prnss at watfgut tfn inkr gi  tfn `gtgrs sullnhmy stkrtahe. A kmsg macn tg cnnp `y rklag rndnavnr  khl tnmn`ntry uhat wnmm kpkrt tg kvgal khy nmndtradkm ahtnrinrnhdn. Ufnh pmkdahe ygur kttkdf`nht, cnnp ah `ahl mktnr kllataghs sudf ks k valng trkhs`attnr gr MALK_ uhat.

Dghhndt tfn V\9: pgwnr `glumn tfkt dg`ns d g`ns watf ygur Zaxfkwc pkdc.

 

 K  Kmmmm dg`pghnh dg`pghnhts ts pmkdnl, pmkdnl, pmueen pmueenl l ahtg ahtg tfn tfn kutgpa kutgpamgt, mgt, khl sndurnl.

DGHHND GHHND\AHE \AHE \FN \ FN NTDT Hnxt wn wamm dghhndt tfn NTD warns tg tfn kutgpamgt. _ndkmm tfn klvadn gh mkonmahe nkdf dghhndtgr, ks at dkh ent k oat dghiusahe watf tfn tkhemn gi warns. \fn prgdnlurn as nxtrn`nmy sa`pmn.

 

Dghhndtahe tfn NTDs tg tfn kutgpamgt.

@gtgr ; pmues ahtg hu`onr ; gh tfn kutgpamgt3 tfn 4-pah dghhndtgr as Hnektavn / Zgsatavn / Taehkm tgp tg ogttg`. (A `nhtagh tfas ondkusn sg`n NTDs usn laiinrnht dgmgrnl warns.) _npnkt igr `gtgrs ?, 4, khl

TN\^Z KHL DKMAO_K\AGH

 

\

g dkmaorktn khl imy gur lrghn wn hnnl k sgitwkrn kppmadktagh tfkt ruhs gh k mkptgp dg`putnr (@kd gr ZD), lnsctgp @kd gr ZD, tkomnt, gr s`krtpfghn khl dg``uhadktns watf tfn lrghn vak k ^TO dkomn gr warnmnss tnmn`ntry. \fnrn krn snvnrkm laiinrnht kppmadktaghs igr erguhl dghtrgm stktaghs (EDT), kmm gi wfadf sfguml wgrc watf ygur  Zaxfkwc-oksnl lrghn. \fnsn ahdmuln @assagh Zmkhhnr, LrgalZmkhhnr  ?, KZ@ Zmkhhnr ?, khl \gwnr (LrgalZmkhhnr 4). Hgw tfkt gur lrghn as rnkly tg on dkmaorktnl, wn krn egahe tg on usahe tfn gpnh sgurdn EDT sgitwkrn @assagh Zmkhhnr. Ai tfnrn as ghn pandn gi gpnh sgurdn sgitwkrn tfkt fks fnmpnl pusf tfn nvgmutagh gi ogtf dg``nrdakm khl fgooyast lrghns ah tfn pkst iavn ynkrs, at as @assagh Zmkhhnr. Lnvnmgpnl oy @adfknm Gogrhn (watf dghtraoutaghs irg` `khy gtfnr nxtrn`nmy dmnvnr pngpmn), @assagh Zmkhhnr as k Uahlgws-dg`pktaomn prgerk` tfkt as usnl tg dghiaeurn k lrghn (at wamm dghiaeurn bust kogut khy lrghn, fnmadgptnr, iaxnl-wahe kardrkit, gr erguhl oksnl rgogt). Hgt ghmy wamm at upmgkl tfn iar`wkrn khl sgitwkrn tfkt dghtrgms ygur lrghn, out at wamm kmsg prgvaln kh kutghg`gus `gln sg tfkt ygur lrghn wamm tkcn gii khl mkhl kutg`ktadkmmy ks wnmm ks imy tfrguef wky-pgahts. @assagh Zmkhhnr dkh fnmp tuhn ygur lrghn sg tfkt at imans kt gpta`u` pnrigr`khdn, gr kmmgw ygu tg khkmyzn ygur imaefts khl dgrrndt tfn lrghn wfnh tfahes eg wrghe. prgvalns Eggemn vanw @kps(IZY). (pmus `khy `kps) tfn koamaty tgAt usn iarst pnrsgh Ta`pmygtfnr skyahe tfkt khl @assagh Zmkhhnr as a`prnssavn lgns hgt lg at bustadn, khl ygu sfguml dghsalnr  `kcahe k lghktagh ai ygu ahtnhl tg usn at. Tg`n gi tfn gutstkhlahe inkturns gi @assagh Zmkhhnr ahdmuln ats koamaty tg lg tfn igmmgwahe2 • Mgkl tfn iar`wkrn (tfn sgitwkrn) ahtg tfn kutgpamgt tfkt dghtrgms ygur vnfadmn. • Tnt up, dghiaeurn, khl tuhn ygur lrghn igr gpta`u` pnrigr`khdn. • Zmkh, skvn, khl mgkl kutg`ktad `assaghs ahtg ygur kutgpamgt watf sa`pmn pgaht-khl-dmadc wky-pgaht nhtry gh Eggemn gr gtfnr `kps. • Lgwhmgkl khl khkmyzn `assagh mges drnktnl oy ygur kutgpamgt.

 

• Tnt ikam-skin prgdnlurns ah tfn nvnht gi uhnxpndtnl prgomn`s. Uatf kpprgpraktn tnmn`ntry khl valng fkrlwkrn ygu dkh2 • @ghatgr ygur vnfadmn‑s pgsatagh khl stktus wfamn ah gpnrktagh. • Yanw mavn valng lgwhmahc gh-sdrnnh. • Yanw tfn fnkls-up laspmky (F^L). • Yanw khl khkmyzn tfn tnmn`ntry mges. • Gpnrktn ygur vnfadmn ah IZY. \fn lgwhmgkl pken, tgentfnr watf madnhsn khl skinty rnquarn`nhts, dkh on iguhl kt iar`wkrn.krlupamgt.gre/lgwhmgkls iar`wkrn.krlupamgt.gre/lgwhmgkls.. Qgu wamm hnnl tg lgwhmgkl khl ahstkmm tfn @assagh Zmkhhnr sgitwkrn tg natfnr ygur mkptgp gr lnsctgp onigrn wn dkh prgdnnl. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  A gwh k Uahlgws dg`putnr khl tfnrnigrn fkvn

mastnl tfn ahstrudtaghs ks sudf, out tfn sk`n prgerk` as kvkamkomn igr tfgsn usahe @kds. @assagh Zmkhhnr fks onnh lnvnmgpnl gvnr k hu`onr gi ynkrs khl kt iarst emkhdn `aeft mggc k mattmn dg`pmadktnl. Fgwnvnr, ats wnkmtf gi  iuhdtaghs as gutstkhlahe, khl watf k mattmn prkdtadn ygu dkh mnkrh sg `udf kogut lrghn imyahe khl ikumt iahlahe, wfadf kmm fnmps tg ouaml k skinr imyahe gi chgwmnlen oksn. \fas oggc@assagh lgns hgt kmmgw out igr A kfkvn iumm nxpmkhktagh kmm tfn pgssaoamatans watfah Zmkhhnr, faefmaeftnl tfgsn tfkt krn `gst a`pgrtkht. \fn iarst sdrnnh tg kppnkr wfnh @assagh Zmkhhnr mgkls as tfn Imaeft Lktk sdrnnh. \fas sdrnnh as lavalnl ahtg snvnrkm sndtaghs. Kt tfn tgp ygu wamm snn k hkvaektagh okr watf pken dghtrgms. Kt tfn tgp mnit krn adghs igr Imaeft Lktk / Imaeft Zmkh / Ahatakm Tnt-up / Dghiae / \uhahe / Ta`umktagh / \nr`ahkm / Fnmp khl Lghktn. Kt tfn tgp raeft gi tfn sdrnnh krn twg lrgp-lgwh ogxns khl k Dghhndt outtgh. Ahatakmmy wn krn ahtnrnstnl ah tfn iarst tfrnn sdrnnhs, khl tfn rnst wn wamm dgvnr mktnr. \fas hkvaektagh okr rn`kahs gh kmm sdrnnhs sg ygu dkh hkvaektn

 

ontwnnh pkens. _aeft-dmadcahe gh tfn strap wamm kmmgw ygu tg kutg-faln at. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Un wamm ghmy on usahe tfn iarst igur sdrnnhs sahdn

tfn ka` as tg ent gur lrghn ahtg tfn kar khl snn fgw at as pnrigr`ahe. Fgwnvnr, @assagh Zmkhhnr giinrs k dg`pmntn sgmutagh watf iahn tuhahe, khl ygu krn nhdgurkenl tg nxpmgrn at `grn ghdn ygu fkvn mnkrhnl tfn oksads.

\FN IMAEF\ LK\K TD_NNH \fn Imaeft Lktk sdrnnh as usnl igr pra`kry imyahe, sfgwahe mgdktagh, khl lrghn kttatuln. \fn F^L as ah tfn tgp mnit dgrhnr. \fn F^L laspmkys ygur krtaiadakm fgrazgh, fnklahe larndtagh, okhc khemn, khl erguhl gr kar spnnl, k`ghe gtfnr tfahes. \wg gi tfn `gst a`pgrtkht pandns gi ahigr`ktagh sfgwh ah tfn F^L krn ygur EZT stktus khl ygur durrnht imaef i maeftt `gln. • Kar spnnl (erguhl spnnl ai hg karspnnl snhsgr as iattnl) • Drgsstrkdc nrrgr khl khl turh rktn (\) • Fnklahe larndtagh • Okhc khemn • Uarnmnss tnmn`ntry dghhndtagh (% okl pkdcnts) • EZT ta`n • Kmtatuln (omun okr as rktn gi dma`o) • Kar spnnl • Erguhl spnnl • Okttnry stktus • Krtaiadakm Kr taiadakm fgrazgh

 

@assagh Zmkhhnr Imaeft Lktk sd sdrnnh. rnnh.

Qgu dkh kll `grn atn`s tg ygur F^L oy raeft-dmadcahe tfn sdrnnh khl snmndtahe tfn rnquarnl usnr atn`s irg` tfn mast. Qgu dkh kmsg usn ygur  F^L wahlgw ks kh IZY sdrnnh wfnh tfn kpprgpraktn nquap`nht as dghhndtnl. Qgu dkh lg tfas ah tfn Dghiaeurktagh wahlgw khl snmndt khy kttkdfnl valng ahput irg` tfn lrghn lgwh mast. \fnh dmadc stkrt. \fn `kah wahlgw as tfn @kppahe wahlgw, wfadf hgr`kmmy mgkls Eggemn sktnmmatn `kps oy lnikumt. Qgu dkhhgt snn ygur lrghn gh tfn `kp uhtam ygu fkvn dghhndtnl khl fkvn EZT mgdc, kt wfadf stken tfn `kp wamm `gvn ghtg ygur mgdktagh. \fnrn as k smalnr gh tfn raeft tg zgg` ahtg tfn `kp. Ai ygu raeft-dmadc gh tfn @kppahe sdrnnh, ygu wamm snn k mast gi dg``khls, `gst gi wfadf krn imaeft dg``khls. \fn @kppahe sdrnnh fks k mgt gi gtfnr inkturns tfkt dkh on snnh oy prnssahe Dtrm+I, out A wamm dgvnr tfnsn mktnr. \fn tfarl wahlgw as kt tfn ogttg` mnit khl prgvalns k hu`onr gi  laiinrnht laspmkys sudf ks Ekuens, Ttktus, \nmn`ntry Mges, khl `grn. At wamm gpnh ah [uadc `gln, wfadf ahladktns kmtatuln, erguhl spnnl, ykw, vnrtadkm spnnl, khl sg gh.

\FN IMAEF\ ZMKH TD_NNH

 

\fas as wfnrn ygu dkh pmkh ygur imaefts khl sdrapt gtfnr kdtaghs ygu wkht ygur lrghn tg dkrry gut. Hgtn tfkt tfn imaeft pmkh sdrnnh as `kahmy kmm `kppahe watf tfn tgp hkvaektagh okr khl k wky-pgahts okr kt tfn ogttg`. \g tfn raeft gi tfn sdrnnh as tfn Kdtagh wahlgw3 tfas sfgws tfn mgdktagh typns, ah vkragus Qgu dkh snmndt irg``gusn k mkrendursgr rkhenEZT gi `kppahe mgkl,igr`kts. skvn, rnkl, gr wratn k wky-pgaht iamn khl snt tfn fg`n mgdktagh.

s drnnh. @assagh Zmkhhnr Imaeft Zmkh sdrnnh.

_aeft-dmadc tfn @kppahe sdrnnh tg sfgw tfn mast gi iuhdtaghs. \fas mast fnmps ouaml k snt gi wky-pgahts gr ahstrudtagh iuhdtaghs tfkt dkh on skvnl gr upmgklnl tg tfn @assagh Zmkhhnr prgerk` gr lrghn. Ghn gi  tfn `grn a`pgrtkht iuhdtaghs as tfn Zrn-Intdf, wfadf as iguhl uhlnr  @kppahe \ggms. \fas kmmgws ygu tg dkdfn `kps ah @assagh Zmkhhnr  wfnh ygu fkvn Ahtnrhnt kvkamkomn khl usn tfn` gutlggrs wfnh Ahtnrhnt as uhkvkamkomn. Qgu dkh snmndt ygur prninrrnl `kppahe igr`kt irg` tfn lrgp-lgwh `nhu khl snt ygur fg`n mgdktagh.

AHA\AK AKM M TN\^Z TD_NNH \FN AHA\

 

\fn Ahatakm Tntup sdrnnh as wfnrn wn stkrt. At kmmgws us tg ahstkmm tfn mktnst iar`wkrn, dkmaorktn gur lrghn, khl snt up gtfnr fkrlwkrn sudf ks gur tnmn`ntry. Fkvahe ahstkmmnl @assagh Zmkhhnr khl tkcnh tfn ta`n tg mggc gvnr ats inkturns, wn wamm rn`kah gh tfn Ahatakm Tntup pken. At as k eggl alnkastgfaef `kcn surn ygur dg`putnr spnkcnrs krn turhnl gh khl tfn vgmu`n nhguef tg fnkr tfn vnrokm ahstrudtaghs. Gh tfn Ahatakm Tntup sdrnnh ygu wamm snn Uazkrl ah tfn mnit dgmu`h. Dmadc tfas tg orahe up tfn @assagh Zmkhhnr Tntup Uazkrl sdrnnh. Tnmndt ygur vnfadmn, ah gur dksn k @umtargtgr, khl dmadc Hnxt. Faefmaeft ygur irk`n typn, V (tgp mnit), khl dmadc Hnxt.

 

@assagh Zmkhhnr ”Ahatakm ”Ahatakm Tntup‐ sd sdrnnh. rnnh.

Tnmndt tfn Tntup Uazkrl khl igmmgw tfn gh-sdrnnh `nhu.

Qgu wamm hgw on kscnl tg dghhndt ygur lrghn tg tfn dg`putnr vak k ^TO dkomn. \fas wamm nhkomn ygu tg uplktn tfn iar`wkrn gh ygur  kutgpamgt khl dkrry gut tfn iumm dkmaorktagh. A wguml sueenst ygu usn k mghe ^TO dkomn, ks ygu wamm on rnquarnl tg `gvn tfn lrghn krguhl ah vkragus larndtaghs ks pkrt gi tfn dkmaorktagh prgdnss. On dkrnium hgt tg lasdghhndt tfn ^TO dkomn uhtam tfn wfgmn Uazkrl prgdnss as dg`pmntn. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Kmm tfn maefts sfguml stkrt imksfahe, khl at as k eggl

alnk tg dfndc tfkt nkdf khl nvnry pnrapfnrkm as enttahe pgwnr3 hgr`kmmy tfas as lghn watf k rnl maeft, `gst gi wfadf `ky on omahcahe. Alnkmmy, pgsatagh ygursnmi sg tfkt ygu dkh snn tfn dg`putnr  sdrnnh khl ygur lrghn as dmgsn tg tfn wahlgw wfnrn at dkh nvnhtukmmy rndnavn k eggl EZT mgdktagh. A sky ”nvnhtukmmy‐ ondkusn at dkh tkcn sg`n ta`n igr tfn EZT rndnavnr tg ent suiiadanht saehkms tg `kahtkah k 4L EZT mgdc. _n`n`onr tfkt k EZT tfkt as hnw, gr 

 

ghn tfkt fks dfkhenl mgdktagh gvnr k mghe lastkhdn, wamm tkcn sg`n ta`n tg granhtktn atsnmi.  Kt tfa tfas s stken ygu‑m ygu‑mmm snn k dg``s dg``s pgrt kppnkr, kppnkr, kh khl l tfn iar`wkrn uplktn wamm stkrt. Ufnh iahasfnl, ygu wamm snn k snpkrktn sdrnnh kscahe ygu tg wkat uhtam tfn sguhls fkvn stgppnl. @kvmahc wamm hgw dghhndt ygur lrghn tg tfn sgitwkrn. Dmadc Hnxt. Qgu wamm on kscnl tg snmndt ygur irk`n mkygut“ah gur dksn at‑s tfn V irk`n. Faefmaeft khl dmadc Hnxt. \fn igmmgwahe sdrnnh rnquarns ygu tg dkmaorktn ygur kddnmnrg`ntnr. Dmadc Ttkrt khl igmmgw tfn gh-sdrnnh ahstrudtaghs. \fas ahvgmvns pgsataghahe ygur lrghn imkt, gh ats saln khl hgsn, ntd.

 Kddnmnrg`ntnrr Dkmaorkta  Kddnmnrg`ntn Dkmaorktagh gh

Lurahe kddnmnrg`ntnr dkmaorktagh ygu wamm on kscnl tg pmkdn ygur  lrghn ah vkragus pgtaghs sudf ks mky at gh ats saln, hgsn lgwh, khl sg gh. \fnrn krn kh gh-sdrnnh ammustrktnl `nhu khl vnrokm ahstrudtaghs tg igmmgw.

 

Dkmaorktn ygur dg`pkss. Dmadc Mavn Dkmaorktagh khl tfnh rgtktn tfn lrghn ah nvnry kxas, tfkt as, twast at rguhl khl rguhl, gvnr khl gvnr, khl dardmn at ah nvnry larndtagh. Lg tfas uhtam tfn sdrnnh skys ygu‑rn iahasfnl“ygu‑mm fnkr k sahemn onnp, khl ygu‑mm ent k s`kmm sdrnnh watf Hnw GC`ahutns3 khl tfnh Hnxt. tfkt ygu `ky fkvn @ke tg lgGiisnts. tfas igr Dmadc snvnrkm tkcn dkrnOnwkrn hgt tg lasdghhndt tfn ^TO dkomn lurahe tfas dkmaorktagh. Qgu wamm on ahigr`nl wfnh tfn dkmaorktagh as dg`pmntn.

Dg`pkss Dkmaorktagh.

\fn hnxt sdrnnh as tfn Okttnry @ghatgr sdrnnh, khl ygu wamm on kscnl wfadf kutgpamgt vnrsagh khl snhsgrs ygu krn usahe, pmus wfkt okttnry ygu ahtnhl iattahe. Un krn usahe tfn Zaxfkwc khl k 4L_ Zgwnr @glumn watf k 4>::`Kf okttnry. Dmadc Hnxt.  Kt tfn `g`nh `g`nhtt wn w n fkv fkvn n hg hg Gptaghkm Gptaghkm Atn`s, sg dmadc Hnx Hnxt. t.

_KLAG DKMAO_K\AGH Ai ygu tfas lal tfn dgrrndtmy kt tfnlrghn nhl gias tfn mkst dfkptnr, hnxtoahl stnpprgdnlurn sfguml on nksy. Qgur kmrnkly

 

dghhndtnl, khl tfn maeft gh tfn _D rndnavnr sfguml on imksfahe smgwmy. Twatdf gh tfn _D trkhs`attnr, khl tfn maeft gh tfn rndnavnr sfguml eg sgmal. Dmadc Dghtahun. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Qgur lrghn dkh on dghtrgmmnl usahe ghmy kh _D

trkhs`attnr gr tfrguef k dg`oahktagh gi _D khl k mkptgp gr tkomnt erguhl stktagh. Kmwkys dkmaorktn ygur _D usahe tfn @assagh Zmkhhnr  dghiaeurktagh utamaty. \fn EDT bgystadcs krn snt ah @gln ?, wfadf `nkhs tfn mnit bgystadc as tfrgttmn. Ufnh tkcahe gii khl mkhlahe `khukmmy, tfn lrghn as hgr`kmmy ah Ttkoamaznl `gln.

_klag dkmaorktagh dg`pmntn.

 

_D imaeft `glns.

\fn _klag Dkmaorktagh sdrnnh ah @assagh Zmkhhnr wamm trkhsigr` irg` kmm erny okrs tg erny khl maeft ernnh okrs, watf rnklahes oy nkdf okr. Dmadc tfn Dkmaorktn _klag outtgh, khl ygu wamm rndnavn k ”wkrhahe‐ tg rn`gvn tfn prgpnmmnrs khl `kcn surn ygur okttnry as hgt  dghhndtnl.   dghhndtnl. Dmadc GC, khl ygu wamm on kscnl tg `gvn tfn bgystadcs tg tfnar ma`at ah kmm larndtaghs (A enhnrkmmy pusf tfn` up tg nkdf dgrhnr). Qgu wamm snn tfn ernnh `krcnrs `gvn ks ygu lg tfas. Dfndc tfkt tfn tfrgttmn `gvns tfn tfrgttmn okr, tfn nmnvktgr tfn nmnvktgr okr ah tfn dgrrnspghlahe larndtagh, khl sg gh. Kmsg dfndc tfkt ygur @gln swatdf as wgrcahe oy imadcahe at okdc khl igrtf gh tfn trkhs`attnr wfamn wktdfahe tfn sdrnnh. At wamm ksc ygu tg dmadc wfnh lghn. @kcn surn kmm ygur stadcs krn dnhtnrnl khl tfn tfrgttmn as ah tfn lgwh pgsatagh khl dmadc GC.

IMAEF\ @G _D IMAEF\ @ GLNT

 

\fn iahkm tfahe wn hnnl tg lg as dkmaorktn tfn imaeft `glns gh gur  _D trkhs`attnr. Gh tfn Imaeft @gln pken, ygu wamm snn k mast gi  `glns, ghn gi wfadf as hgr`kmmy faefmaeftnl. Ai ygu imadc tfn @gln swatdf gh ygur _D trkhs`attnr, ygu wamm snn tfn faefmaeftnl wahlgw `gvn up khl tfn KmtFgml mast3 igr khl nxk`pmn, `aeft ah Ttkoamazn `gln khl `gvnlgwh tfrguef _\M. Aiatygu dmadcstkrt tfn lgwh krrgw gh tfn raeft saln, ygu wamm snn tfn lrgp-lgwh mast irg` wfadf ygu snmndt ygur imaeft `glns. A macn tg snt tfn` ks Ttkoamazn / KmtFgml / Mgatnr. Ghdn ygu krn fkppy, dmadc Tkvn khl `gvn gh tg tfn hnxt pken.

IMAEF\ @ GLNT \fn hnxt wahlgw wamm sfgw imaeft `glns, wfadf krn dghtrgmmnl oy tfn _D trkhs`attnr swatdfns. Qgu wamm snn Imaeft @gln ; as Ttkoamaznl, khl tfas as faefmaeftnl. Ai ygu dmadc tfn s`kmm krrgw ogx tg tfn raeft, at wamm orahe lgwh k mast gi imaeft `glns kvkamkomn. Lg hgt dfkhen  irg` Ttkoamaznl uhtam ygu fkvn mnkrhnl k mgt `grn kogut imyahe. Igr tfn `g`nht, A rndg``nhl ygu mnkvn tfn imaeft `glns ah Ttkoamaznl, KmtFgml, khl Mgatnr ks tfas wamm nhsurn ygu lg hgt kddalnhtkmmy snt ygur lrghn ah k `gln irg` wfadf ygu dkhhgt nksamy rndgvnr. Qgu wamm kmsg snn tfnrn krn ogxns igr Ta`pmn khl Tupnr  Ta`pmn `glns, wfadf krn lnsdraonl mktnr ah tfas oggc. Imaeft `glns krn k cny inkturn gi lrghn imyahe, khl ygu wamm iahl tfn` wfnh usahe ygur _D, k mkptgp, gr tkomnt tg dghtrgm ygur lrghn. K lntkamnl lnsdraptagh gi ygur imaeft `glns dg`ns mktnr ah tfas oggc, out oranimy tfn `gst a`pgrtkht ghns krn ks igmmgws2 Ttkoamaznl2   \fas fgmls tfn lrghn ah k stkoamaznl pgsatagh wfnrn ygu

dkh usn tfn _D dghtrgmmnr tg klbust imaeft watf tfn tra` swatdfns. Ai  ygur lrghn imans wnmm ah Ttkoamaznl `gln, ygu wamm fkvn vnry mattmn trguomn. Qgu lg hgt hnnl k EZT mgdc tg imy ah Ttkoamaznl. KmtFgml2   Kmtatuln `gln usns tfn okrg`ntrad prnssurn tg fgml tfn

lrghn kt k eavnh fnaeft. \fn lrghn wamm stamm lrait k mattmn khl rnspghl tg khy strghe wahl eusts. Qgu lg hgt hnnl k EZT mgdc tg imy ah KmtFgml.

 

Mgatnr2   Mgatnr usns EZT tg mgdc tfn pgsatagh gi tfn lrghn. Qgu wamm

hnnl ygur EZT uhat tg kdquarn kt mnkst sax sktnmmatns (naeft gr `grn as onttnr) onigrn ygu nheken Mgatnr `gln. \fn `grn sktnmmatns, tfn onttnr tfn mgdc khl lrghn stkoamaty. Kutg2 Dfggsahe Kutg `nkhs puttahe ygur lrghn ahtg kutg`ktad `gln.

Qgu hnnl EZT mgdc watf kt mnkst sax sktnmmatns (naeft gr `grn as onttnr) onigrn ygu nheken Kutg `gln. Ufnh ygu nheken Kutg `gln, tfn lrghn wamm snkrdf igr khy imaeft pmkh khl kttn`pt tg dkrry gut tfn `assagh. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 \g tfas lky A k` nxtrn`nmy dkutagus gi Kutg `gln,

ks at dkh mnkl tg k mgt gi prgomn`s khl tfn pgssaoamaty gi k imykwky gr drksf.ahstrudtaghs Ah Kutg `gln, lrghn asgrkdtahe gh k snt ahstrudtaghs3 ai tfgsn krntfn ahdgrrndt ygu fkvn hgt gikssnssnl tfn krnk gvnr wfadf ygur lrghn wamm imy, ygu dguml on puttahe ygur lrghn khl gtfnrs kt rasc. _\M2  _nturh tg Mkuhdf as kmsg k `kbgr `gln, ks tfas wamm orahe ygur 

lrghn okdc tg wfnrn ygu tggc gii irg`. \fas as vnry usnium ai ygu mgsn granhtktagh gr snn ygur lrghn imyahe ahtg trguomn sudf ks tgwkrls k ouamlahe gr trnn. Eualnl2 Ufnh ygu krn kt ygur imyahe ianml gr imaeft mgdktagh khl fkvn k

eggl EZT 4L mgdc khl k strghe tnmn`ntry mahc, tkcn gii ah Ttkoamaznl `gln, khl ghdn ygu fkvn rnkdfnl ygur lnsarnl fnaeft, swatdf tg Mgatnr `gln. Gh tfn Imaeft Lktk sdrnnh, raeft-dmadc khl snmndt Imy tg Fnrn3 ygu wamm on rnqunstnl tg nhtnr kh kmtatuln ah `ntnrs. K Eualnl `gln imke sfguml kppnkr kt tfn pgaht rnqunstnl, khl tfn lrghn wamm imy tg tfas mgdktagh khl kwkat iurtfnr ahstrudtaghs. Qgu dkh hgw swatdf tg khgtfnr `gln gr ahstrudt at tg imy k `assagh ah Kutg `gln.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Eualnl `gln dkh ghmy on usnl wfnh ygu fkvn k

EDT (@assagh Zmkhhnr) watf k @kppahe sdrnnh khl tnmn`ntry, ks

 

ygu dkhhgt usn tfas `gln wfnh imyahe watf bust kh _D trkhs`attnr. (Tg`n gi tfn mktnst _D trkhs`attnrs watf k IZY sdrnnh fkvn egt gh-sdrnnh dg``khls.)

Kdrg @gln \fas as hgt k `gln igr oneahhnrs, khl ygu wamm hnnl k mgt gi pamgt trkahahe onigrn ygu vnhturn ahtg Kdrgoktad `gln. Oksadkmmy, ygu usn tfn bgystadcs tg imy, khl at as lnsaehnl igr knrakm kdrgoktads sudf ks imaps khl lrghn rkdahe. Ondkusn wn krn usahe Zaxfkwc, kh Kdrg \rkahnr pkrk`ntnr dkh on snt natfnr gh/gii tg `kcn mnkrhahe tg imy ah tfas `gln nksanr.

Ynraiy Durrnht Zrgernss

\fas as snt ah DGhiae/\uhahe“KZ@2 Dgptnr Zals usahe Dfkhhnm 5/6 swatdfns dfggsahe Kdrg \rkahnr. Mnkvahe tfn 4-pgsatagh swatdf ah tfn

 

gii pgsatagh wamm laskomn tfn \rkahnr, wfamn tfn `allmn pgsatagh wamm nhkomn kutg`ktad mnvnmahe, khl tfn tfarl pgsatagh ma`ats mnvnmahe khl mnkh khemn. @grn klvkhdnl tuhahe dkh on iguhl kt krlupam gt.gre/dgptnr/lgds/kdrg-`gln.f /lgds/kdrg-`gln.ft`m t`m.. krlupamgt.gre/dgptnr \fn hnxt pken tfn krn Uazkrl as tg kvnraiy tfkt tfn sntup prgdnss as dg`pmntn khl tfktgiygu mnit watf lrghn dkpkomn gi imyahe. \fas ahdmulns tfn Zrn-Kr` \nst ah pkrtadumkr, wfadf, igr k vkranty gi  rnksghs, `aeft prnvnht ygu irg` kr`ahe ygur lrghn pragr tg imyahe. Un krn mggcahe tg ent ernnh kdrgss tfn ogkrl. Ai tfnrn as k ikamurn, at wamm hnnl tg on kllrnssnl onigrn ygu dkh kr` tfn lrghn. K mast gi prnkr` ikamurns wamm on dfndcnl khl lasdussnl onigrn wn lg gur iarst tnst imaeft.

IKAMTKIN \fn Ikamskin wahlgw

ah tfn Uazkrl kmmgws ygu tg snt dnrtkah ikamskin kdtaghs tfkt ygur lrghn wamm kutg`ktadkmmy tkcn wfnh tfnrn krn prgomn`s. Hg `kttnr fgw wnmm ygu ouaml khl dkmaorktn k lrghn, tfnrn krn kmwkys tfahes tfkt dkh eg wrghe. K ikam-skin as k iuhdtagh tfkt as kdtavktnl oy lnikumt wfnh sg`ntfahe uhnxpndtnl fkppnhs, sudf ks mgss gi EZT gr k ornkc ah tfn dg``uhadktaghs ontwnnh tfn _D EDT khl tfn lrghn. ^sahe @assagh Zmkhhnr, at as pgssaomn tg prgvaln ahstrudtagh tg tfn kutgpamgt tfkt ah tfn nvnht gi k prgomn` k snt ikamskin wamm kutg`ktadkmmy kdtavktn. Ufnh ygu iarst mggc kt tfn Ikamskin snttahes ah @assagh Zmkhhnr, tfny dkh mggc k mattmn dghiusahe, out ygu krn nhdgurkenl tg mggc kt kmm tfn gptaghs uhlnr Dghiae/\uhahe, Ttkhlkrl, khl Klvkhdnl Zkrk`ntnrs ks tfny sggh ondg`n dmnkr.

MGTT GI EZT TAEHKM Ah kmm `y ynkrs gi usahe EZT, A fkvn ghmy nxpnranhdnl k inw ahstkhdns wfnrn tfn saehkm fks hgt onnh kvkamkomn. K mgss gi saehkm as enhnrkmmy dkusnl oy pggr pamgt scamms gr tryahe tg imy ah k pmkdn wfnrn tfn EZT saehkm as wnkc gr omgdcnl“ahlggrs, uhlnr tfadc igrnst dkhgpy, khl ah nxtrn`nmy pggr gvnrdkst wnktfnr dghlataghs krn eggl nxk`pmns. @kcn surn tfn EZT gh ygur lrghn fks k eggl EZT mgdc

nxk`pmns. @kcn surn tfn EZT gh ygur lrghn fks k eggl EZT mgdc

 

oy `gvahe tg kh gpnh krnk wfnrn at dkh snn mgts gi scy3 lg hgt imy wfnh tfn scy as nxtrn`nmy gvnrdkst watf `ast khl ige3 kvgal imyahe uhlnr pgwnr pymghs ks tfas dkh tn`pgrkramy camm ygur saehkm. Ai ygur lrghn mgsns EZT mgdc igr `grn tfkh > sndghls ah k `gln tfkt rnquarns EZT (Kutg, Mgatnr, _\M, Dardmn, hkvaektagh), at wamm ahataktn k Mkhl gr KmtFgml, lnpnhlahe gh Uky-pgaht ygur snttahes. Ah @assagh Zmkhhnr, EZT Ikamskin as nhkomnl tg Mkhl oy lnikumt, khl A faefmy rndg``nhl ygu tg mnkvn at nhkomnl.

Ikamskin Gptaghs

MGTT GI DG@@^HADK\AGH  K `grn macnmy macnmy sdnhkrag sdnhkrag as k mgss gi mamah hc ontw ontwnnh nnh ygur ygur _D trkh t rkhs`a s`attnr  ttnr  khl tfn lrghn. Ai ygu fkvn snt ygur ikam-skin dgrrndtmy, ygur lrghn wamm rnturh tg tfn mkuhdf pgaht (_\M) onigrn mkhlahe. Qgu kmsg fkvn tfn

gptagh tg ahstrudt tfn lrghn tg fgml ats pgsatagh (KmtFgml) gr mkhl (Mkhl)

 

Lnpnhlahe gh wfkt ygu krn lgahe kt tfn ta`n gi k dg``uhadktaghs ikamurn wamm, ygur ikam-skin snttahes wamm kdtavktn laiinrnht `glns. Kitnr k mgss gi dg``uhadktagh gi `grn tfkh > sndghls wfamn imyahe ah `khukm `gln, tfn lrghn wamm mkhl ai hg EZT as kvkamkomn3 ai EZT as kvkamkomn, tfnh tfn lrghn wamm _\M3 ai ygu krn imyahe ah Kutg `gln khl ygu fkvn EZT, tfn lrghn wamm dghtahun gh ats `assagh khl fgpniummy rnekah dg``uhadktagh ks at ents dmgsnr tg tfn _D.

MGU OK\\N_Q Mgw okttnry as khgtfnr ikam-skin ygu dkh pmkh igr. Ks ygur okttnry rnkdfns ?> pnrdnht gi dfkren (gr wfktnvnr at as snt kt), tfn lrghn wamm kutg`ktadkmmy mkhl gr rnturh tg tfn mkuhdf pgaht lnpnhlahe gh ygur ikamskin ah ahstr stru udtaghs.

ENGINHDN Ufnh ygu stkrt imyahe, at as kmwkys onst tg dghiahn ygur imaefts tg kh gpnh krnk khl kt k lastkhdn wfnrn ygu dkh gosnrvn tfn lrghn khl ats kmtatuln. K EngInhdn  as kh krnk gh tfn `kp tfkt as inhdnl gii khl prnvnhts ygur lrghn irg` egahe gutsaln ats oguhlkrans. Un usn @assagh Zmkhhnr tg ahstrudt tfn onfkvagr gi gur lrghn wfnh tfn inhdn as rnkdfnl. Igr nxk`pmn, ai tfn lrghn strkys gutsaln tfn snt inhdn oguhlkry, at wamm swatdf tg _\M gr mkhl3 macnwasn ai at imans tgg faef, tfn EngInhdn wamm kdtavktn. \fn `aha`u` rndg``nhlnl inhdn rklaus as ;:: innt (4: `), out ygu sfguml snt ygur fnaeft khl oguhlkrans wnmm watfah tfn mnekm imyahe ma`ats assunl oy tfn mgdkm kvaktagh kutfgraty. Qgur  lrghn `ust fkvn k eggl EZT saehkm ah grlnr tg gpnrktn dgrrndtmy, sg lg hgt laskomn tfn EZT lurahe ygur prn-kr`ahe dfndcs. Iahkmmy, `kcn surn ygu snt tfn _\M suiiadanhtmy faef nhguef tg kvgal khy gostkdmns sfguml tfn EngInhdn kdtavktn.

 

EngInhdn

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Ufamn tfn EngInhdn as k ernkt alnk“nspndakmmy

wfnh mnkrhahe tg imy“A `ust irnnmy kl`at tfkt A fkvn hnvnr tranl at.  Kt tfn nhl nhl gi tfn Uazkrl, Uazkrl, ygu wamm ent k wahlgw wahlgw ah ahladkta ladktah he wfnrn ygu dkh ent nxtrk ahigr`ktagh, ahdmulahe sg`n nxdnmmnht klvadn gh `nksurahe vaorktagh khl ikam-skin `ndfkhads.

GZ\AGHKM FK_LUK_N Ghdn ygu fkvn iahasfnl watf tfn Uazkrl, ygu dkh dfndc gut tfn gptaghkm fkrlwkrn. \fas kmmgws ygu tg dfndc gh ygur okttnry, sghkr, gr kh karspnnl ahladktgr ks wnmm ks atn`s sudf ks khtnhhk trkdcnr gr  tfn rnmnksn gi k pkrkdfutn. At as wgrtfwfamn mggcahe kt nkdf ah turh.  Kt tfn `g`nh `g`nht, t, tfn ghmy ghmy gptaghkm gptaghkm fkrlwkrn wn krn usahe sahe as tfn tnmn`ntry, sg wn hnnl tg dmadc tfn 4L_ _klag. Uatf tfn lrghn dghhndtnl vak k ^TO dkomn tg tfn dg`putnr, snmndt tfn dg`` pgrt

 

khl dmadc Dghhndt. \fnh snmndt 4L_ _klag ah tfn Ahatakm Tntup wahlgw, khl ai tfn twg tnmn`ntry rklags krn dg`pktaomn, ygu sfguml snn tfn rnklahe kppnkr ah tfn sdrnnh. @gst tnmn`ntry rklags dg`n ah pkars, sg ygu sfguml fkvn hg prgomn`.

DGHIAE /\^HAHE UAHLGU \fas as kh a`pgrtkht wahlgw khl k `kbgr pkrt gi tfn @assagh Zmkhhnr sgitwkrn, ondkusn at kmmgws ygu tg dustg`azn tfn ZAL (Zrgpgrtaghkm, Ahtnrvkm, Lnravktavn) khl vkragus dratadkm snttahes tfkt `kcn ygur lrghn imy onttnr. Fnrn ygu dkh klbust ygur imaeft `glns, dghiar` gr dfkhen ygur EngInhdn, khl lg sg`n oksad gr nxtnhlnl tuhahe. @gst a`pgrtkhtmy, ygu dkh nhkomn khl laskomn ygur fkrlwkrn sfguml tfn hnnl krasn. \fn wahlgw kmsg kmmgws ygu tg klbust ogtf oksad khl klvkhdnl pkrk`ntnrs watf k mast nxpmkahahe wfkt nkdf gi  tfn pkrk`ntnrs fkhlmns. Kt tfas stken ygu sfguml hgt kttn`pt tg klbust khy pkrk`ntnrs uhtam ygu iummy uhlnrstkhl tfnar iuhdtaghs khl tfn niindts tfny fkvn gh tfn lrghn‑s imaeft khl stkoamaty.

TA@^MK\AGH \fn Ta`umktagh sdrnnh as kvkamkomn ah Klvkhdnl vanw. \fas sdrnnh as usnl ah dghbuhdtagh watf Vpmkhns khl Imaeftenkr (iaxnl-wahe ghmy) khl  b@KYTa  b@K YTa` ` (`umtadgp (`umtadgptnrs tnrs ghmy) ghmy) igr Fkrlwkrn ah tfn Mggp (FAM) (FAM) sa`umktagh wfnh usnl watf ygur ogkrl. Kmtfguef A k` surn tfas as kh nxdnmmnht sa`umktagh prgerk`, A iahl at nxtrn`nmy laiiadumt tg snt up khl usn3 igr oneahhnrs, tfnrn krn `udf sa`pmnr sa`umktagh prgerk`s ygu dkh usn.

 

Dghiae/\uhahe Uahlgw

\N_@AHKM Ah tfn \nr`ahkm sdrnnh, ygu dkh `khukmmy snt up ygur KZ@ khl ruh tnsts gh snhsgrs, mge rnklahes, khl gtfnr iuhdtaghs. Qgu wamm hnnl tg snmndt tfn kutgpamgt durrnhtmy kttkdfnl tg @assagh Zmkhhnr khl dmadc Dghhndt. Qgu wamm hgw snn k mast gi sdrapts sfgwahe tfn durrnht stktus gi tfn kutgpamgt. Ai tfnrn krn khy mges kvkamkomn igr lgwhmgkl, tfnh ygu dkh vanw tfnsn khl khkmyzn tfn`. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Ks ygu krn k hnwoan tg lrghns, `y klvadn as tg

mnkvn tfn \nr`ahkm sdrnnh uhtgudfnl3 fgwnvnr, at as k ernkt kal tg lasdgvnrahe wfkt fkppnhs ai ygur lrghn as hgt imyahe ks at sfguml gr  tfn rnksgh igr k drksf. Iahkmmy, lasdghhndt tfn lrghn khl rn`gvn tfn ^TO dkomn.

 

^HLN_T\K ^HLN_T\KHLAHE HLAHE QG QG^_ ^_ _D DGH\_GMMN_ Ouamlahe khl dghiaeurahe ygur lrghn as ghmy fkmi gi wfkt ygu hnnl tg mnkrh3 imyahe skinmy as nqukmmy ks a`pgrtkht, khl ygu dkhhgt imy k lrghn watfgut k dghtrgmmnr. Igr gur iarst tnst imaeft, wn wamm on usahe kh _D trkhs`attnr. _D trkhs`attnrs dg`n ah k waln vkranty gi sfkpns khl sazns, out `gst fkvn sg`ntfahe ah dg``gh2 twg bgystadcs. A fkvn `nhtaghnl tfkt wn krn usahe natfnr kh Grkhen _x \-TAV gr k Ukmcnrk Lnvg I;?N igr gur prgbndt, khl sg A wamm nxpmkah tfn mkttnr ondkusn at fks tfn `gst inkturns. Onigrn ygu lg khy imyahe, ygu rnkmmy hnnl tg ent tg chgw ygur _D trkhs`attnr khl fgw at wgrcs. Lnspatn ygur nkenrhnss tg ent ygur  lrghn up ah tfn kar, ygu iarst sfguml rnkl tfn _D trkhs`attnr `khukm. \fn _D trkhs`attnr as k fkhlfnml dghtrgmmnr tfkt mnts ygu pamgt ygur  qukl-dgptnr khltfndghtrgm ats at `gvn`nhts. Ufnh yguqukl-dgptnr  `kcn kh klbust`nht watf bgystadcs, snhls k saehkm tg ygur ahstrudtahe at gh wfkt `gvn`nhts at sfguml `kcn.

\FN MNI\ T\ADC DGH\_GMT \FN \ F_G\\MN KHL QKU \frgttmn as ahdrnksnl oy pusfahe tfn mnit stadc igrwkrl khl lndrnksnl oy pummahe tfn mnit stadc okdcwkrl3 ah lgahe sg ygu dfkhen tfn kmtatuln/fnaeft gi tfn qukl-dgptnr. Kmm igur `gtgrs ahdrnksn gr  lndrnksn ah spnnl, prgvalahe pgsatavn khl hnektavn mait. Ufnh imyahe, ygur tfrgttmn nhekenl dghstkhtmy uhtam ygu mkhl“at as a`pgrtkht tg `kcn surnwamm at ason klbustnl dgrrndtmy. Qkw as klbustnl oy pusfahe tfn mnit stadc tg tfn mnit gr tg tfn raeft. \fas sa`pmy rgtktns tfn qukl-dgptnr mnit gr raeft, kmmgwahe ygu tg pgaht tfn qukl-dgptnr ah tfn lnsarnl/dfkhenl larndtagh. Lnpnhlahe gh larndtagh, twg lakeghkmmy gppgsatn `gtgrs ahdrnksn gr lndrnksn ah spnnl dku d kusah sahe e rgtkt r gtktagh agh..

 

\frgttmn khl Qkw

\FN _AEF\ T\ADC DGH\_GMT _GMM KHL ZA\DF _gmm as klbustnl oy pusfahe tfn raeft stadc tg tfn mnit gr raeft. \fn qukl-dgptnr rgmms mnit gr raeft ah tfn larndtagh gi tfn bgystadc `gvn`nht “watf k qukl-dgptnr, tfas as `grn gi k smalahe kdtagh. Lnpnhlahe gh larndtagh, tfn twg `gtgrs gh ghn saln ahdrnksn gr lndrnksn ah spnnl dkusahe tfn qukl-dgptnr tg `gvn ah tfn larndtagh gi tfn lndrnksn (mnkst rnsastkhdn). rnsastkhdn). Zatdf drnktnl oy pusfahe raeft aistadc igrwkrl gr gr okdcwkrl. \fas tamtsas tfn qukl-dgptnr khl tfn `kcns imy igrwkrl okdcwkrl.

 

Lnpnhlahe gh larndtagh, tfn rnkr gr irght `gtgrs ahdrnksn gr lndrnksn ah spnnl, dkusahe igrwkrl `gvn`nht ah tfn larndtagh gi tfn lndrnksn (mnkst rnsastkhdn). rnsastkhdn). Ufnh ygu stkrt imyahe, tfnrn as k tnhlnhdy tg pusf tfn stadcs tgg fkrl ah kmm larndtaghs“nspndakmmy wfnh ygu innm ygu krn mgsahe dghtrgm gi tfn qukl-dgptnr. _n`n`onr tfkt tfn fkrlnr ygu pusf tfn stadc, tfn ikstnr ygur qukl-dgptnr wamm `gvn. Ent ah tfn fkoat gi usahe enhtmn, s`kmm `gvn`nhts uhtam ygu fkvn ondg`n prgiadanht.

_gmm khl Zatdf

\_A _A@ @ O^\\GHT

 

Ufnh ygu iarst fkhlmn ygur _D trkhs`attnr, ygu sfguml dfndc tfkt kmm tfn tra` snttahes krn dnhtnrnl3 `gst _D trkhs`attnrs n`at k onnp sguhl wfnh ygu dnhtnr tfn tra`. Nkdf gi tfn bgystadc `gvn`nhts fks ats gwh klbust`nht, dkmmnl tra`. Ufnh iarst tnst imyahe ygur lrghn, tfn `g`nht ygu mnkvn tfn erguhl ygu `ky iahl tfkt at stkrts tg lrait ah ghn gr `grn larndtaghs. \g dguhtnr tfas, wn hnnl tg `gvn tfn tra` swatdf ah tfn gppgsatn larndtagh gi tfn lrait. Igr nxk`pmn, ai ygur lrghn as lraitahe igrwkrls ygu hnnl tg rnludn tfn patdf tra`.

d ghtrgm tg dgrrndt ^sahe tfn tra` dghtrgm dgrrnd t stkoama s tkoamaty ty..

AH\NMMAENH\ G_ANH\K\AGH DGH\_GM (AGD) Qgu `ky dg`n kdrgss tfn tnr` AGD, wfadf as k `gln tfkt fnmps wfnh mnkrhahe tg lrghn imy. Ghnasgigranhtktagh, tfn ernkt laiiadumtans watfwfnh qukl-dgptnrs gr  khy `umta-rgtgr nspndakmmy tfn lrghn

 

ondg`ns sg s`kmm tfkt at as laiiadumt tg snn wfadf wky at as imyahe. Ai tfn lrghn fks rnvnrsnl sg tfkt at as pgahtahe tgwkrl ygu, khl ygu try pummahe okdc gh tfn patdf stadc, ygu wamm on snhlahe tfn lrghn iurtfnr  kwky. AGD as lnsaehnl tg dguhtnr tfas oy usahe tfn pamgt‑s mgdktagh ks tfn iaxnl pgaht sg tfkt kmm stadc `gvn`nhts krn rnmnvkht tg tfkt pgsatagh. Ah sfgrt, hg `kttnr tfn fnklahe gi tfn lrghn, ai ygu pumm okdc gh tfn raeft fkhl bgystadc at wamm dg`n okdc tgwkrls ygu. Uatf tfn Zaxfkwc kutgpamgt, tfn sk`n iuhdtagh as giinrnl usahe Tupnr Ta`pmn `gln. Tupnr Ta`pmn `gln kmmgws ygu tg dghtrgm tfn lrghn rnmktavn tg ats larndtagh irg` wfnrn at tggc gii (kr`nl) khl tfnrnigrn rnmans gh k eggl EZT mgdc. \fas `gln dkh on kssaehnl tg Dfkhhnm 5/6 swatdfns gh ygur _D trkhs`attnr.

IA_T\ \NT\ IMAEF\ Oy hgw, wn sfguml fkvn gur lrghn dkmaorktnl khl rnkly igr k tnst imaeft. Ufnh wn dkrranl gut tfn iumm Uazkrl, wn kmsg lal k prn-imaeft dfndc. Zrgvalahe at kmm wnht wnmm, khl ygu krn dghialnht tfkt ygur _D trkhs`attnr khl rndnavnr krn wgrcahe, wn sfguml fkvn hg prgomn`s `gvahe kfnkl. Out ks wn fkvn iattnl k tnmn`ntry uhat, wn wamm dghtahun usahe @assagh Zmkhhnr tg kal us watf gur iarst imaeft. Dfggsn kh gpnh krnk kwky irg` strudturns khl fkoatktagh igr ygur  iarst imaeft3 onst gi kmm, eg watf sg`nghn wfg as k qukmaianl pamgt. Qgur  mgdkm `glnm karianml as k ernkt pmkdn tg stkrt, ks tfny wamm fkvn dfgsnh k skin pmkdn tg imy khl fkvn mgts gi nxpnranhdnl pamgts kvkamkomn. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  \fas as `y mgdkm `glnm karianml ah Tpkah (at as

igroallnh tg imy khywfnrn nmsn), wfadf suppgrts ogtf k iumm dghdrntn ruhwky khl k fnmadgptnr/qukl-dgptnr tkcngii pkl. At fks iumm pgwnr  ikdamatans khl k mgt gi gpnh dguhtry krguhl at watf k mkren rnsnrvgar  tg tfn nkst. Ai ygu fkvn tg trkvnm khy lastkhdn tg ygur imyahe ianml, `kcn surn ogtf ygur lrghn khl _D trkhs`attnr krn skin khl sndurn. Qgu sfguml kmwkys tkcn ygur prgpnmmnrs gii wfnh ah trkhsat

khl `kcn surn tfny wamm hgt on lk`kenl.

 

Mgdkm karianmls krn tfn onst pmkdns tg tnst khl stkrt ygur imyahe dkrnnr.

IA_T\ I^HD\AGH I^HD\AGH \NT\ \NT \  Ksastfa tfas s as k tfn hnwsk`n ouam ouaml, l,prgdnlurn wn‑rn egahe egahks e tg lg kwnrn oksad iuhdtagh iuhdtagh tnst. \fas \fimy as tnst sa`pmy ai ygu egahe tg kdtukmmy “out watf tfn prgpnmmnrs rn`gvnl. Dfndc tfn lrghn khl `kcn surn at‑s kmm gcky watf nvnrytfahe sndurn, ondkusn wn lgh‑t wkht dg`pghnhts ikmmahe gii ah imaeft. • Iarst swatdf gh ygur _D trkhs`attnr, `kcahe surn at fks k suiiadanht pgwnr suppmy. suppmy. • Lguomn-dfndc tfkt tfn tfrgttmn as lgwh tg znrg khl kmm swatdfns krn ah tfn okdc pgsatagh. • Zmkdn iummy dfkhenl okttnrykhl ahtgsndurn tfn ekp tgp@kcn khl ogttg`k pmktns gi tfn irk`n watfontwnnh Ynmdrg tfn strkp.

 

surn at‑s ks dnhtrkm ks pgssaomn. • Zmkdn ygur lrghn sg tfkt at as sattahe gh mnvnm erguhl. • Dghhndt ygur okttnry, mastnh tg tfn sguhl ahladktahe kmm as wnmm, khl hgtn tfn MNL maefts snqunhdn. \fn `gtgrs `ky twatdf k mattmn.

Dfndc igr 4L EZT mgdc“ygu dkh snn tfas gh ogtf tfn kutgpamgt MNL khl @assagh Zmkhhnr/LrgalZmkhhnr Zmkhhnr/LrgalZmk hhnr ai at‑s dghhndtnl.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Kt tfas stken at as k eggl alnk tg mggc kt wfkt tfn

lrghn as lgahe, sudf ks dfndcahe wfkt dgmgr as tfn `kah MNL gh tfn kutgpamgt. As tfn lrghn `kcahe khy uhusukm hgasns7 As tfnrn k imksfahe gr stktad maeft gh kmm tfn dg`pghnhts2 rklag rndnavnr, tnmn`ntry, NTDs, khl Tkinty outtgh7 Ai ygu fkvn @assagh Zmkhhnr  gh k mkptgp kt tfn ianml, dfndc tg `kcn surn ygu fkvn k eggl tnmn`ntry mahc. \fas wamm eavn ygu dghiar`ktagh tfkt tfn prn-kr` as

eggl tg eg khl tfkt ygu fkvn k 4L EZT mgdc.

 

Ai kmm snn`s gcky, prnss tfn imksfahe Tkinty outtgh uhtam at turhs sgmal (kogut ? sndghls as hgr`km). Hnxt, kr` ygur lrghn usahe tfn _D trkhs`attnr oy pusfahe tfn tfrgttmn khl tg tfn raeft. Qgu sfguml fnkr k sguhl ahladktahe tfn lrghn aslgwh kr`nl. Enhtmy pusf tfn tfrgttmn up smgwmy, khl tfn `gtgrs sfguml spah up3 rnludn tfrgttmn khl tfnh ahdrnksn k sndghl ta`n tg `kcn surn tfny krn kmm wgrcahe. Hgtn ai tfn larndtagh gi rgtktagh as dgrrndt.

Dfndc `gtgr rgtktagh3 ai at‑s wrghe, dfkhen khy twg warns ontwnnh tfn NTD khl tfn `gtgr.

Iummy mgwnr tfn tfrgttmn khl pusf khl fgml tg tfn mnit tg laskr`. Zrnss tfn Tkinty swatdf gh tfn lrghn uhtam at as imksfahe. \fnh lasdghhndt tfn okttnry. Iahkmmy, swatdf gii tfn _D trkhs`attnr. Zmkdn tfn prgpnmmnrs gh tfn lrghn khl dkrry gut tfn sk`n prgdnlurn ks onigrn. \fas ta`n, wfnh tfn lrghn as kr`nl, kppmy suiiadanht tfrgttmn tg km`gst   mait tfn lrghn, khl tnst kmm tfn bgystadcs tg snn ai tfn lrghn as rnspghlahe watf tfn dgrrndt `gvn`nht. Tmgwmy pusf tfn tfrgttmn up tg prgvaln suiiadanht tfrust sg tfkt tfn lrghn km`gst tkcns gii (wgoomns k mattmn). \fnh pusf tfn mnit-fkhl stadc (tfrgttmn) tg ogtf mnit khl raeft (ykw) k mattmn khl snn ai tfn lrghn rnspghls oy mnkhahe smaeftmy ah tfn sk`n larndtagh ks ygur bgystadc `gvn`nht. Lg tfn sk`n igr tfn raeft-fkhl bgystadc (rgmm khl patdf) khl `kcn surn tfn lrghn as rnspghlahe ks at sfguml. Ghdn ygu krn

sktasianl, ahdrnksn tfn tfrgttmn stnklamy out ah k pgsatavn `khhnr sg

 

tfkt tfn lrghn ornkcs dghtkdt watf tfn erguhl khl imans ahtg tfn kar  kogut 9° innt (? `) ah fnaeft. Fgml kt tfas pgsatagh. Dgrrndt khl tra` ks ahstrudtnl onigrn3 try tg cnnp tfn lrghn okmkhdnl ks ygu lg tfas. Ai tfn lrait as strghe, tfnh A sueenst ygu mkhl tfn lrghn khl klbust tfn tra` khl tkcn gii kekah. Ghdn tfn lrghn as imyahe stkomy, rnludn tfn tfrgttmn smgwmy sg tfkt tfn lrghn lnsdnhls khl mkhls3 fgml tfn tfrgttmn lgwh khl tg tfn mnit tg laskr` tfn lrghn. Ufnh tfn `gtgrs fkvn stgppnl, kpprgkdf tfn lrghn khl prnss tfn Tkinty outtgh uhtam tfn rnl maeft stkrts imksfahe. Kt tfas stken ygu dkh prkdtadn snvnrkm `grn sfgrt tkcngiis khl mkhlahes onigrn `gvahe ghtg 9.. tfn imyahe mnssghs ah Dfkptnr 9 Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Ufamn ygur lrghn ouaml sfguml wgrc dgrrndtmy ai ygu

fkvn igmmgwnl tfn ahstrudtaghs ah Dfkptnrs < khl >, tfnrn as tfn pgssaoamaty tfkt ghn gr `grn prn-kr` dfndcs prnvnht ygu irg` kdtukmmy imyahe. Ai tfas as tfn dksn, dghsumt tfn prn-kr` ikumts sg ygu dkh rnsgmvn tfn`. Un usnl @assagh Zmkhhnr tg snt up gur lrghn. Hgw wn krn egahe tg mggc kt fgw wn dkh usn at tg rnsgmvn khy assuns khl kmsg kssnss wfkt wnht wrghe sfguml tfn lrghn sullnhmy drksf gr onfkvn a`prgpnrmy. Fkvahe spnht k eggl lnkm gi `ghny gh tfn lrghn, tfn mkst tfahe ygu wkht as tg fkvn k ”imykwky‐ tfn iarst ta`n ygu dghhndt tfn okttnry. \g fnmp prnvnht tfas, Zaxfkwc usns k rkhen gi prn-kr` skinty dfndcs. \fnsn dfndcs dgvnr k waln vkranty gi tfahes sudf k okl snhsgrs khl `assnl dkmaorktagh, pmus k wfgmn fgst gi gtfnr assuns ahdmulahe dg`pkss kmaeh`nht. Ufamn tfnsn dfndcs krn a`pgrtkht khl fnmp prnvnht drksfns khl imykwkys, `gst dkh on laskomnl ai hndnsskry (tfguef tfkt as hgt klvasnl kt tfas nkrmy stken). Ghdn ygur lrghn as kssn`omnl khl dkmaorktnl, ygu wguml nxpndt tg on komn tg imy at. Ufnh wn dg`n tg tfn prn-kr` dfndcs ah Uazkrl khl kmm as ernnh, tfnh ygu sfguml fkvn hg prgomn`. Fgwnvnr, nxpnranhdn fks tfkt Qgu ygu `aeft dg`n kdrgss snvnrkm dfndcs tfkt sfgwh prnvnht`n imaeft. wamm lasdgvnr sg`ntfahe as prn-kr` wrghe wfnh at

 

dg`ns tg kr`ahe ygur lrghn khl tfnrn as hg rnspghsn khl tfn MNL as imksfahe ynmmgw. Mnt‑s tkcn k mggc kt prn-kr` dfndcs khl fgw wn dkh rnsgmvn khy assuns. Qgu wamm hnnl tg dghhndt ygur lrghn tg @assagh Zmkhhnr usahe k ^TO dkomn gr tnmn`ntry. Igr tfas A usn k mkren ;:-iggt (4-`ntnr) ^TO dkomn tfkt kmmgws `n tg pmkdn tfn lrghn ah k pgsatagh wfnrn at dkh ent k eggl EZT saehkm. Zrnss tfn Dghhndt outtgh ah tfn uppnr raeft dgrhnr khl tfnh swatdf gh ygur _D trkhs`attnr onigrn pummahe tfn mnitfkhl stadc iummy lgwh khl tg tfn raeft ah kh kttn`pt tg kr` tfn lrghn. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  \fnrn krn quatn k inw prn-kr` ikumts tfkt dkh

kppnkr, out igr tfn purpgsn gi tfas oggc, tfnsn krn tfn `kah ghns tfkt A fkvn dg`n kdrgss.

Zrgvalnl hgtfahe fks eghn wrghe, ygur lrghn sfguml hgw on rnkly tg tkcn tg tfn scy.

DG@@GH Z_N-K_@ IKAM^_N @NTTKENT

 

Ai tfnrn as k ikamurn ah tfn prn-kr`, at wamm sfgw ah tfn F^L. On kwkrn tfnrn `ky on `grn tfkh ghn ikumt. Qgu `ust rnsgmvn khy ikumts ghn kt k ta`n uhtam ygur lrghn wamm suddnssiummy kr`. Iarst gii, ygur lrghn wamm hgt kr` uhtam ygu fkvn k 4L sktnmmatn iax, sg ygur lrghn hnnls tg on ah k pgsatagh wfnrn at dkh ent kt mnkst sax gr  `grn sktnmmatns.

_D HG\  DKMAO_K\NL Tgmutagh2 @kcn surn ygur _D trkhs`attnr khl rndnavnr krn dkmaorktnl ks lnsdraonl ah prnvagus dfkptnrs.

DG@ZKTT HG\  FNKM\FQ Tgmutagh2 Ondkusn tfas as as k hgt saehrnsgmvnl, gi fkrlwkrn ikamurn, EZT uhat iarst3 ai tfn prgomn` ygu `ky hnnltry tg khgtfnr  dfkhen tfn Zaxfkwc kutgpamgt.

DG@ZKTT HG\  DKMAO_K\NL Tgmutagh2 Tgmu tagh2 _ndkmaorktn ygur dg`pkss.

DG@ZKTTNT AHDGHTAT\NH\ Tgmutagh2as \fas sa`pmy `nkhs tfn ahtnrhkm khl(krrgw nxtnrhkm dg`pkss kmaeh`nht gii3 `kcn surn tfn nxtnrhkm dg`pkss gh tfn EZT) as ikdahe tfn sk`n larndtagh ks tfn krrgw gh tfn Zaxfkwc.

EZT FLGZ Tgmutagh2 \fas `nkhs tfnrn as k prgomn` watf tfn `nksurn`nht gi  pgsatagh kddurkdy. Uatfgut enttahe tgg dg`pmadktnl, sa`pmy `gvn ygur  lrghn tg k onttnr mgdktagh tg rndnavn EZT.

KDNMMT HG\  DKMAO_K\NL

 

Tgmutagh2 \fas as lun tg pggr dkmaorktagh, sg bust rndkmaorktn ygur  lrghn. Ghdn ygu fkvn rnsgmvnl kmm ygur prn-kr` ikumts, rndghhndt tg @assagh Zmkhhnr khl try kr`ahe ygur lrghn ghdn `grn.

T^@@K_Q Oy hgw ygu sfguml fkvn k eggl uhlnrstkhlahe gi fgw tg dghiaeurn khl klbust ygur qukl-dgptnr usahe @assagh Zmkhhnr. \fas sgitwkrn as kh ahvkmukomn kssnt ah sg `khy laiinrnht wkys, khl A nhdgurken ygu tg nxk`ahn kmm tfn kspndts khl iuhdtaghs kvkamkomn. Fgwnvnr, A wguml dkutagh ygu hgt tg imy ah Kutg`ktad `gln uhtam ygu fkvn `kstnrnl oksad `khukm imyahe usahe ygur _D trkhs`attnr. Hg `kttnr wfkt typn gi  trkhs`attnr ygu usn, kmwkys rnkl tfn `khukm khl ik`amakrazn ygursnmi  watf tfn bgystadc `gvn`nhts khl swatdfns tfkt pnrigr` tfn `gln swatdfahe irg` Ttkoamazn, KmtFgml, Mgatnr, khl _\M ah pkrtadumkr. Tnnc klvadn onigrn ygu tnst imy ygur lrghn khl, ai pgssaomn, fkvn k trkahnl qukl-dgptnr pamgt gh satn tg kssast ygu. Hnvnr tkcn ygur hnw ouaml gut ahtg tfn okdc ekrlnh khl fgpn tfkt at imans pnrindtmy iarst ta`n3 usn k lnladktnl karianml gr k pmkdn kwky irg` pngpmn khl gostrudtaghs. Dfndc tfn wnktfnr dghlataghs igr ygur iarst imaeft khl lg hgt kttn`pt tg imy wfnh tfnrn as strghe wahl. Dfggsn k pmkdn igr ygur  iarst imaeft wfnrn tfnrn as erkss ks gppgsnl tg k fkrl surikdn, wfadf wamm fnmp skvn ygur lrghn sfguml ygu kddalnhtkmmy mkhl at fkrl. Ufnh ygu tkcn gii igr tfn iarst ta`n, kmwkys usn Ttkoamazn `gln khl try tg fgvnr sg tfkt tfn lrghn rn`kahs ah tfn sk`n pmkdn. _gdc tfn lrghn iarst tg dghiar` tfkt tfn bgystadcs krn ah syhd watf tfn lrghn‑s `gvn`nhts. Imy skinmy khl prgernss watf tfn imyahe mnssghs.

 

Dfkptnr 9

TKIN\Q KHL IMQAHE QG^_ L_GHN

 

famn tfnrn as stamm quatn k mgt tg mnkrh, hgw tfkt ygu fkvn ouamt ygur  lrghn ygu wamm wkht tg imy at. Ks watf gur ouaml prgdnss A sueenst wn tkcn tfn imyahe pkrt smgwmy, wgrcahe gur wky irg` oksad imyahe tg ondg`ahe prgiadanht. Mudcamy, k qukl-dgptnr as bust kogut tfn nksanst typn gi kardrkit tg imy, out tfas dkh prgludn gvnrdghialnhdn, `kcahe tfn pgssaoamaty gi k drksf faefmy macnmy. A chgw tfkt `khy rnklnrs `ky on tn`ptnl tg scap gvnr tfn skinty oraniahe, out at dguml fnmp skvn ygur lrghn (khl k mgt gi `ghny sfguml at fat sg`nghn kddalnhtkmmy)3 kllataghkmmy, imyahe at watfgut dkrn dkh kmsg ent ygu ah snragus trguomn watf tfn kutfgratans. Hg `kttnr wfkt fkppnhs, wfnh wn tkcn tg tfn kar watf kmm gur ikam-skins ah pmkdn khl

U

watf tfn lrghn tgtkmmy fkppnhs lrghn sg`ntfahe wn lal hgt gpnrkomn, prnladt7 wfkt Un krn igrdnl ai tggurlnkm watflgns tfn dghsnqunhdns nvnh ai wn lal hgt ahtnhl igr tfn ahdalnht tg fkppnh. Ufamn fgooyasts fkvn onnh imyahe skinmy igr ynkrs, tfny usukmmy dghiahn tfn`snmvns tg k lnladktnl `glnm karianml wfnrn stradt rumns fkvn kmwkys onnh ah pmkdn. Out tfn krravkm gi Y\GM kardrkits fkvn dfkhenl tfn wky ah wfadf wn mggc kt imyahe. \run, `glnm fnmadgptnrs fkvn onnh krguhl igr sg`n ta`n khl fkvn iattnl ah hadnmy watf tfn `glnm kardrkit sgdanty. At‑s tfn hnw ornnl gi lrghns tfkt fkvn imgglnl tfn `krcnt wfadf snn` tg pgsn k `kbgr prgomn`. Matnrkmmy, khyghn dkh imy k qukl-dgptnr, khl wfamn tfn pkdckeahe `aeft sky ”igr twnmvn ynkrs pmus,‐ A fkvn snnh dfamlrnh ks yguhe ks sax imyahe s`kmm lrghns. \fn tn`ptktagh tg dghhndt tfn okttnry khl imy at ah tfn okdc ekrlnh snn`s tg on tfn hgr`“wfadf A iahl vnry wgrrasg`n.

GONQ \FN MKU A rnkmmy dkhhgt strnss tfas pgaht nhguef2 sg `khy pngpmn purdfksn khl imy lrghns watfgut khy tfgueft gi tfn pgtnhtakm dghsnqunhdns. At as tfas rndcmnsshnss tfkt eavns lrghn imyahe k okl hk`n khl ahdurs nvnh `grn stradturns gh tfgsn tfkt imy skinmy. Qgu wamm iahl k `glnm kardrkit

grekhazktagh ah `gst dguhtrans3 ah tfn ^C at s tfn O@IK (o`ik.gre ( o`ik.gre), ),

 

khl ah tfn ^T at‑s tfn K@K (`glnmkardrkit.gre (`glnmkardrkit.gre). ). Qgu wamm iahl tfn` ghmahn, sg `kcn surn tg rnvanw tfnar skinty dglns. Ugrcahe watf tfn IKK khl gtfnr egvnrh`nht grekhazktaghs, tfn K@K fks nstkomasfnl (khl dghtahuns tg uplktn) rumns igr ^KYs khl igr IZY imaeft. Ent ahvgmvnl khl suppgrt ygur dguhtry‑s `glnm kardrkit grekhazktaghs“khl fnmp prgtndt gur raeft tg imy. Dguhtrans kmm gvnr tfn wgrml krn okttmahe igr k sgmutagh tg tfn rasn gi  dg``nrdakm khl fgooyast lrghns, ks hg ghn rnkmmy chgws fgw tg kllrnss tfn satuktagh. Ah Tpkah, wfnrn A sat khl wratn tfas oggc, tfn egvnrh`nht fks put k tgtkm omkhcnt okh gh imyahe lrghns oy khyghn, khywfnrn, uhmnss kt k skhdtaghnl rklag-dghtrgmmnl karianml. Ghn gi tfn prnvkamahe ikdtgrs as tfn spnnl kt wfadf tfn lrghn ahlustry as klvkhdahe. \ndfhgmgey ah kmm krnks as prgernssahe quadcmy, wfadf as pusfahe lrghn `khuikdturnrs tg prgludn `grn khl onttnr prgludts. Imaeft pmktigr`s krn hgw stkomn, hkvaektagh nvnr `grn dg`pmnx, dk`nrk systn`s fkvn rnkdfnl trkiiad `amns (6:: `) khl gi khtfny karpgrt uhmnss ygu hgt fkvn pnr`assagh dghtrgm, wamm hgr`kmmy ghmy prgvaln tfas tg dg``nrdakm gpnrktgrs watf kh kpprgvnl madnhsn. Ufnrn ygu krn imyahe khl tfn dardu`stkhdns wamm rnquarn tfkt ygu igr`umktn ygur gwh strktney gi wfkt as k ”skin lastkhdn‐ irg` pngpmn khl prgpnrty. Ufnh mnkrhahe tg imy, A rndg``nhl tfkt ygu lg hgt imy `grn tfkh ;:: innt (4: `) irg` ygur tkcngii pgsatagh. Dghstkhtmy dfndc tfkt hg ghn ents ontwnnh ygu khl ygur qukldgptnr. Ai khyghn lgns nhtnr tfn imy zghn, at as ygur rnspghsaoamaty tg kdt2 mkhl khl wkat uhtam tfn krnk as dmnkr onigrn rnsu`ahe imyahe.

 

lrghn n dksn fnm fnmps ps prgtn prgtndt dt ygu ygurr ahv ahvnst`nht nst`nht khl `kcns surn hgtf hgtfahe ahe ents kddalnht kddalnhtkmm kmmy y  K lrgh lk`kenl gr orgcnh.

 Kmwkys rn`n`onr rn`n`onr tfkt ygur ygur qukl-dgptnr qukl-dgptnr as k iahnmy iahnmy okmkh okmkhdnl dnl rgogtad knrakm `kdfahn3 tfnkmwkys smaeftnst dkh dkusn snragus prgomn`s, sg `kcn surn tg trnkt lk`ken at watf rnspndt. Qgu wamm fkvn tg stgrn ygur qukl-dgptnr khl EDT nquap`nht ks wnmm ks trkhspgrt tfn` tg kh karianml. \g fnmp ygu cnnp ygur lrghn skin khl ah eggl wgrcahe grlnr, ygu sfguml purdfksn gr `kcn k stgrken/trkhsat dghtkahnr. Kmtfguef tfas wamm on kh kllnl dgst, at wamm sndurn ygur  lrghn khl nxtnhl ats wgrcahe main.

TG@N LG‑T KHL LGH‑\T A k` prgokomy onahe k oat rnpntatavn fnrn, out wfnh ygu krn dghtrgmmahe k lrghn ah tfn kar igr tfn iarst ta`n, ygu rnkmmy hnnl tg fnnl tfnsn a`pgrtkht pgahts“khl A wamm fk``nr tfn` fg`n tfrguefgut tfas oggc2 • Ghdn kt tfn imyahe ianml lg hgt rusf tg ent ygur lrghn ah tfn kar. • @kcn surn kmm ygur okttnrans krn iummy dfkrenl onigrn ygu mnkvn fg`n gr fkvn tfn koamaty tg rndfkren kt tfn karianml. • Dfndc tfkt tfnrn krn hg mggsn pkrts gh tfn qukl-dgptnr. • Iat tfn prgpnmmnrs sndurnmy `kcahe surn tfny fkvn hg dfaps gr  lk`ken. • Dfndc tfn krnk khl wnktfnr wfnrn ygu ahtnhl tg imy.

 

• Dfndc tfkt tfn okttnry khl kllataghkm dg`pghnhts krn sndurn. (At as hgt uhdg``gh tg snn tfn okttnry ikmm irg` tfn lrghn oy tfn dghhndtgr.) • Dfndc ai ygur qukl-dgptnr hnnls tg on dkmaorktnl. • Ufnh tfn okttnry as dghhndtnl tg tfn lrghn, dfndc igr sktnmmatn mgdc. LG HG\ tkcn gii onigrn tfkt gr ygu wamm hgt fkvn k _\M kvkamkomn. • @kcn surn tfn tfrgttmn (mnit stadc) as kmm tfn wky lgwh khl kmm swatdfns krn ah tfn ”okdc‐ pgsatagh. • Cnnp k skin lastkhdn ontwnnh ygu khl ygur lrghn, ;: innt (4 `) `aha`u`. • Kmwkys try tg ikdn tfn rnkr gi tfn qukl-dgptnr wfnh mnkrhahe tg imy ks at fnmps watf granhtktagh. • Ufnh imyahe, `kcn surn ygu dkh kmwkys snn ygur qukl-dgptnr. • Chgw tfn imaeft dg``uhadktaghs rkhen gi ygur systn`3 hnvnr imy onyghl tfn dkpkoamatans gi tfn systn`. • Kmwkys kssu`n tfn `gtgrs krn kr`nl wfnh k okttnry as dghhndtnl. • Kitnr mkhlahe, tfn iarst tfahe ygu sfguml lg as pusf tfn skinty swatdf ai iattnl khl lasdghhndt ygur okttnry. • Lg hgt  turh   turh gii tfn trkhs`attnr uhtam kitnr ygu fkvn lasdghhndtnl tfn okttnry. • Lg hgt kttn`pt tg imy mghenr tfkh ygur okttnrans‑ skin dkpkdaty3 at as vnry okl igr tfn okttnrans khl dkh dkusn k drksf. • Ufnh mnkrhahe, kmwkys usn Ttkoamaznl `gln igr tkcngii khl mkhlahe. At‑s GC kitnr snvnrkm tnst imaefts tg prkdtadn swatdfahe ontwnnh  KmtFgml  KmtF gml khl khl Mgatnr, Mgatnr, out out igr skin `khu `khukm dghtrgm dghtrgm Ttkoamaz Ttkoamaznl nl `gln `gln as tfn onst `gln igr rndgvnry.

IA_T\ IMAEF\ (KTT^@AHE \_KHT@A\\N_ AT AH @GLN ?)

_D

Ufnh imyahe k hnw `glnm gr tkcahe ygur iarst imyahe mnssgh, kmwkys lg sg gh k dkm` lky wfnh tfnrn as mattmn tg hg wahl. Onigrn ygu tkcn ygur iarst imaeft, tfnrn krn snvnrkm tfahes ygu wamm wkht tg ik`amakrazn ygursnmi watf. A`keahn ygur lrghn as pmkdnl ah irght gi ygu kt k

rnspndtkomn skin lastkhdn khl ygu krn fgmlahe tfn _D ah ygur fkhls.

 

Lg hgtfahe uhtam ygu krn surn ygu fkvn kt mnkst sax sktnmmatns, tfguef naeft krn onttnr. At as hgr`km tg innm k oat kpprnfnhsavn, out tfn cny as tg rnmkx. \fas as hgt k tgy“at as k imyahe rgogt. Ufamn at rnquarns rnspndt, ygu sfguml hgt inkr at. Dkrry gut tfn igmmgwahe stnps2 • \urh gh ygur _D trkhs`attnr. • Dghhndt ygur okttnry tg tfn qukl-dgptnr. (\fn maefts wamm imksf rnl khl omun ks tfn eyrgs krn dkmaorktnl.) • \fn kutgpamgt wamm lg prn-kr` dfndcs“ai tfnrn as kh nrrgr, tfn mkren MNL maeft wamm imksf ynmmgw (snn Dfkptnr sndghls igr tfn okrg`ntnr khl

eyrgs tg rn-ahatakmazn. Lg hgt fgml mghenr tfkh > sndghls ks ygu `ky traeenr tfn Kutg \ra` iuhdtagh (snn onmgw).

BGQT\ADC _NTZGHTN \ NT\

Tmgwmy pusf tfn mnit-fkhl stadc (tfrgttmn) up tg prgvaln suiiadanht tfrust sg tfkt tfn lrghn km`gst tkcns gii (wgoomns k mattmn). \fnh pusf tfn tfrgttmn tg ogtf mnit khl raeft k mattmn khl snn ai tfn lrghn rnspghls oy mnkhahe smaeftmy ah tfn sk`n larndtagh ks ygur bgystadc `gvn`nht. Lg tfn sk`n igr tfn raeft-fkhl bgystadc khl `kcn surn tfn lrghn as rnspghlahe ks at sfguml. Ghdn ygu krn sktasianl, ahdrnksn tfn tfrgttmn stnklamy out ah k pgsatavn `khhnr sg tfkt tfn lrghn ornkcs dghtkdt watf tfn erguhl khl imans ahtg tfn kar kogut 9° tg ;: innt (? tg 4 `) ah fnaeft. Fgml khl fgvnr kt tfas pgsatagh.

 

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Zmnksn rn`n`onr tfn sgitwkrn wn krn ruhhahe

watf gur Zaxfkwc as wrattnh watf gpnh sgurdn dg``uhaty-drnktnl dgln“wfamn at as nxdnmmnht, uhnxpndtnl rnsumts `ky fkppnh. Tfguml ygur lrghn ikam tg kr` gr tkcns gii kt k wnarl khemn (gr imaps), tfnh ygu fkvn k prgomn`. Laskr` oy pummahe tfn tfrgttmn dg`pmntnmy lgwh khl pusf tg tfn mnit. Ukat igr tfn prgpnmmnrs tg stgp turhahe onigrn kpprgkdfahe tfn lrghn. Zrnss tfn Tkinty outtgh gh tfn lrghn uhtam at omahcs khl lasdghhndt tfn okttnry onigrn swatdfahe gii tfn _D trkhs`attnr.

@ KH^KM MKHLAHE Z_GDNL^_N • Ufnh mnkrhahe at as onst tg mkhl ah Ttkoamaznl `gln. • Imy tfn lrghn okdc smgwmy tgwkrls ygur snmndtnl mkhlahe satn khl fgvnr kt krguhl ;: innt (4 `). • Tmgwmy rnludn tfn tfrgttmn khl orahe tfn lrghn lgwh tg tfn erguhl. • Ghdn tfn lrghn as gh tfn erguhl, fgml tfn tfrgttmn lgwh khl pusf at tg tfn mnit (laskr`) igr ;: sndghls, khl tfn lrghn wamm kutg`ktadkmmy laskr`. • Ukat uhtam tfn prgpnmmnrs fkvn stgppnl onigrn kpprgkdfahe. • Zrnss tfn Tkinty outtgh gh tfn lrghn. • Lasdghhndt tfn okttnry irg` tfn lrghn. • Twatdf gii tfn _D.

L_AI\  Kssu`ah  Kssu`a he ygur ygur lrghn lrghn tggc gii khl khl as fgvnrah gvnrahe e hadnmy, adnmy, ygu sfgu sfguml ml fgml tfn tfrgttmn kt ats prnsnht pgsatagh, rnmnksn tfn gtfnr bgystadc, khl dfndc stkoamaty. Kmtfguef ygur lrghn fks tfn koamaty tg snmi-stkoamazn ah tfn kar, at as faefmy uhmacnmy tfkt at wamm imy pnrindtmy tfn iarst ta`n khl `ky tnhl tg lrait ah ghn gr `grn larndtaghs. \fn pnrindt sdnhkrag wguml on igr tfn lrghn tg tkcn gii khl stky nxkdtmy wfnrn ygu wkht at watf fkhls gii tfn bgystadcs, sg tfkt at ghmy `gvns wfnh dg``khlnl tg lg sg. Eavnh tfkt wn fkvn dkmaorktnl gur lrghn ks ahstrudtnl, at

sfguml lg ats onst tg imy mnvnm. Khgtfnr ikdtgr tfkt `kcns tfn lrghn

 

lrait as okmkhdn. Qgur lrghn `ky on fnkvanr gh ghn saln tfkh tfn gtfnr, gitnh tfn rnsumt gi pggr okttnry pmkdn`nht. Kmtfguef ygu dkh dgrrndt tfas lrait watf tfn bgystadcs, at as onst tg tra` tfn lrghn usahe tfn tra` smalnrs gh ygur _D trkhs`attnr. Dgrrndt ghn larndtagh kt k ta`n. Igr nxk`pmn, ai ygur lrghn as lraitahe tg tfn mnit, dguhtnr tfas oy pusfahe tfn rullnr tra` smalnr ah tfn gppgsatn larndtagh tg tfn lrait. Ai  tfn lrait as quatn saehaiadkht, tfnh ygu sfguml klbust tfn kpprgpraktn tra` smalnr tg dg`pnhsktn. Ai tfn lrait as mnss, tfnh mnss tra` sfguml on kppmanl, uhtam tfn lrghn as stkomn ah ghn spgt. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  \fn dfkhdns gi ygur lrghn stkyahe nxkdtmy ah ghn

pmkdn krn faefmy uhmacnmy. Qgur lrghn as imgktahe, khl kmtfguef tfn ahstru`nhts wamm lg tfnar onst, tfnrn as kmwkys k mattmn `gvn`nht.

TKYN \ _A@ KHL K^\G\ _A _A@ @ Ufamn at as km`gst a`pgssaomn tg ent ygur lrghn tg stky kosgmutnmy stamm ah tfn kar“nvnh gh k pnrindtmy dkm` lky“tfnrn krn twg `ntfgls gi tra``ahe ygur lrghn sg tfkt lgns hgt wkhlnr gii kmm tfn ta`n. Qgur  lrghn wamm on tra``nl tg k dnrtkah lnernn wfnh ygu eg tfrguef tfn Uazkrl khl dkrry gut tfn kddnmnrktagh dkmaorktagh“ygu dkh kmsg tg tfas kt khy ta`n usahe @assagh Zmkhhnr (Ahatakm Tntup / @khlktgry Fkrlwkrn / Kddnm Dkmaorktagh). Ghdn ygu fkvn tra``nl ygur lrghn, at as pgssaomn tg skvn ygur _D trkhs`attnr tra`s tg tfn kutgpamgt. ^sahe @assagh Zmkhhnr, ygu wamm hnnl tg dfndc tfkt ygur Dfkhhnm 5 swatdf egns kogvn ;6:: (Ahatakm Tntup / @khlktgry Fkrlwkrn / _klag Dkmaorktagh). Hnxt swatdf tg (Dghiae/\uhahe / Nxtnhlnl \uhahe) khl snt Dfkhhnm 5 tg ”Tkvn tra`‐ irg` tfn lrgp-lgwh `nhu“dmadc Uratn Zkrk`s. • Uatf ygur Dfkhhnm 5 swatdf ah tfn gii pgsatagh, imy ygur lrghn ah Ttkoamaznl `gln usahe ygur rgmm khl patdf tra`s tg ent tfn lrghn imyahe mnvnm.

Mkhl, put ygur tfrgttmn tg znrg, khl rnmnksn tfn raeft stadc (rgmm khl patdf) tg dnhtnr.

 

• Twatdf Dfkhhnm 5 tg faef igr kt mnkst ; sndghl. • _nsnt ygur rgmm khl patdf tra` tg dnhtnr khl tnst imy kekah. Ai tfn lrghn as stamm hgt mnvnm, eg tfrguef tfn prgdnss kekah.

Kutg \ra`  K `udf sa`pm sa`pmnr nr wky tg tra` as tg lg sg kutg`ktadkm kutg`ktadkmmy my wf w famn ah imaef imaeft. t. Qgu wamm hnnl tg lg tfas gh k wahlmnss lky tg ent kddurktn rnsumts.  Ks watf k hgr`km kr`, ygu pusf pusf tfn tfrgttmn lgwh khl tg tfn raeft3 raeft3 tg Kutg \ra`, ygu lg tfn sk`n, out ah tfas dksn fgml at tg tfn raeft igr  kt mnkst ;> sndghls uhtam ygu snn tfn maeft imksf rnl/omun/ynmmgw ah dydmad pkttnrh. • \kcn gii khl imy ygur lrghn ah Ttkoamaznl `gln igr krguhl ?> sndghls, cnnpahe at ah tfn fgvnr. • Mkhl, put tfn tfrgttmn tg znrg, khl wkat igr kogut > sndghls igr tfn tra`s tg on skvnl. • \kcn gii kekah ah Ttkoamaznl `gln khl dfndc fgw tfn lrghn as fgvnrahe“ai ygu stamm fkvn lrait, rnpnkt tfn prgdnss.

TA@^MK\G_T \fn ergwtf ah qukl-dgptnr sa`umktgrs fks hgt cnpt pkdn watf tfn `khuikdturahe gi fgooyast lrghns, out tfnrn fks onnh sg`n prgernss. Ai A k` tg on fghnst, onigrn wratahe tfas oggc A fkl mattmn ta`n igr  sa`umktgrs gtfnr tfkh @adrgsgit Imaeft Ta`umktgr V, wfadf as kh gml dgpy A padcnl up kt k Tuhlky `krcnt stkmm. Kt iarst A tfgueft at wks hgt snragus nhguef tg on gi khy usn3 tfnh ghn lky A skt lgwh, snt at up prgpnrmy, khl wnht tfrguef kmm tfn prgdnlurns irg` tkcahe gii tg mkhlahe. \kcngii as hg prgomn`, out mkhlahe khl mahahe k iaxnl-wahe kardrkit up watf tfn ruhwky, kt tfn dgrrndt fnaeft, kpprgkdf spnnl, khl pktf tkueft `n k mgt. At wks ghmy kt tfas stken tfkt A onekh tg rnkmazn tfkt tfnrn wks quatn k mgt gi `nrat ah imaeft sa`umktgrs. \fn trguomn wks tfkt qukl-dgptnrs krn hnw, khl `gst gi tfn eggl sa`umktgrs lgh‑t rnkmmy prgvaln tfn gpnrktgr watf tfn raeft ”innm‐ gi k

qukl-dgptnr ah imaeft. \fn sa`umktnl lrghn snn`s tg rgmm khl lg tfahes k rnkm lrghn wguml hgt, khl tfny lg hgt rnspghl tg tfn dghtrgms ks

 

tfny wguml ai tfny wnrn rnkm. \fny mkdc tfn lrait niindt iguhl ah `khy rgtkry lrghns. Kllataghkmmy, tfn erkpfads gh `gst sa`umktgrs krn quatn pggr, wfadf dkh mnkl tg sg`n lnernn gi ogrnlg`. \fkt skal, igr tfn dg`pmntn oneahhnr tg mnkrh tfn oksads sudf ks kmtatuln fgml `khnuvnr, kvgalahe gobndts, mnkrhahe fgw tg cnnp granhtktagh, khl fkhl-nyn dggrlahktagh, k sa`umktgr as lniahatnmy k eggl alnk.  Kmtfgu  Kmtf guef ef k qukl-dgptnr qukl-dgptnr as tfn nksanst lrghn lrghn tg imy, imy, `gst onea oneah hhnrs lg hgt fkvn tfn scamms khl rnimnxns tg cnnp k lrghn ah tfn kar khl imy at tfn wky tfny wguml macn. ^hlnrstkhlahe tfn lrghn khl ats lnvaktaghs (faef wahl gr tgg `udf spnnl) ah imaeft enhnrkmmy dkusns hnwoans tg gvnrrnkdt. \fas as hgr`km, ks tfny lg hgt ynt pgssnss tfn imyahe scamms, khl tfny gitnh nhl up drksfahe tfn lrghn. Ai at‑s k dfnkp tgy tfnh hg `kttnr, out `gst gi tfn onttnr fgooyast lrghns dgst upwkrls gi k $;,:::, nspndakmmy watf k dk`nrk kttkdfnl3 tfkt‑s k mgt gi `ghny tg mgsn. \rust `n, ats fnkrt-rnhlahe tg snn at drksf, khl ygu dkh cadc ygursnmi igr onahe sg stupal. \fn ghmy dghsgmktagh as tfkt at fkppnhs tg tfn onst gi us, ahdmulahe `n. Un kmm hnnl ta`n tg lnvnmgp gur rnimnxns khl scamms sg tfkt wfnh wn imy wn innm dghialnht khl dg`igrtkomn watf tfn lrghn. Hg `kttnr fgw `udf ygur lrghn dgsts gr fgw klvkhdnl ygur `glnm `ky on, tfn scamm watf wfadf ygu gpnrktn at as tfn sahemn ernktnst ikdtgr ah lntnr`ahahe ygur suddnss khl skinty. Ufnh tfahes eg wrghe, koamaty khl scamm krn tfn ghmy fnmp ygu dkh rnmy gh. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  @y iranhl Znlrg irg` Zgrtuekm as k lrghn

ahstrudtgr. Fn imans rnkm kardrkit ks wnmm ks lrghns khl fks k mgt gi  scamm. Qnt nvnh fn wamm tnmm ygu tfkt tfnrn as hg suostatutn igr imyahe ks gitnh ks ygu dkh“igr Znlrg at‑s nvnry lky. Ks watf \a` Ufatdg`on ah tfn ^C, wfg as k snhagr nxk`ahnr igr tfn O@K, tfny ogtf pgssnss k lnnp uhlnrstkhlahe gi imaeft khl fkvn kdfanvnl k mnvnm gi dghialnhdn hg `kttnr tfn typn gi kardrkit tfny krn imyahe. \fny fkvn rnkdfnl tfas mnvnm ghmy tfrguef ynkrs gi prkdtadn.

 

Qgu wamm wkht tg chgw nxkdtmy wfkt tg mggc igr ah k sa`umktgr onigrn ygu ouy ghn, sg dfggsn at watf dkrn khl lnmaonrktagh. Igr wfkt at‑s wgrtf, A purdfksnl snvnrkm sa`umktgrs khl tnstnl tfn` khl iguhl tfn igmmgwahe `glnms onhniadakm. Fgwnvnr, tfas as `y pnrsghkm dfgadn khl hgt hndnsskramy k rndg``nhlktagh.

A@@N_TAGH_D MAI\GII IZY IMAEF\ TA@ Lnsaehnl pra`kramy igr IZY rkdahe, tfas orammakht hnw sa`umktgr  kmmgws ygu tg usn egeemns tfkt trkhsmktn tfn rusf gi IZY lrghn rkdahe tg tfn laeatkm wgrml. Maitgii wks lnvnmgpnl oy tfn ek`n lnvnmgpnr  MuEus Ttulags khl lrghn `khuikdturnrs A``nrsagh_D khl IktTfkrc. \fn sa`umktgr kmmgws ygu tg dfkhen `gtgrs, prgpnmmnrs, khl okttnrans tg fnmp drnktn ygur gwh lrghn. \fn erkpfads krn suouro“nspndakmmy tfn imaeft tfrguef tfn igrnst. Ufamn onahe lnsaehnl purnmy igr IZY rkdahe, at `kcns k ernkt sa`umktagh igr oneahhnrs, kmtfguef at as k mattmn klvkhdnl.

_NK NKM M IMAEF\ _I 5.> _nkmImaeft fks fastgradkmmy onnh k tggm igr pamgts gi _D fnmadgptnrs khl iaxnl-wahe karpmkhns. @umta-rgtgr `glnms wnrn ahtrgludnl ghmy ah tfn `gst rndnht vnrsaghs gi tfn prgerk`. At‑s quatn nxpnhsavn kt $;4: khl rnquarns ygu tg purdfksn tfn DL tgentfnr watf kh AhtnrMahc Nmatn dghtrgmmnr, out ygu dkh kmsg usn kh _D trkhs`attnr ygu kmrnkly gwh khl krn ik`amakr watf. A fkvn hgt tnstnl tfas sa`umktgr, ks wfnh A tranl tg dghhndt tg tfn wnosatn A egt hgtfahe. Fgwnvnr, tfn erkpfads mggc eggl khl tfnrn krn hgw sg`n igurtnnh `glnm lrghns tg dfggsn irg`. Ks wnmm ks imaeft trkahahe, at kmsg fks k mgt gi ahstrudtagh gh knrakm dk`nrk gpnrktaghs sg ygu dkh kmsg `kstnr tfn oksads ah ea`okm dghtrgm. Qgu dkh kmsg prkdtadn tkcahe padturns uhlnr k vkranty gi  dghlataghs sudf ks lky/haeft gr ah dfkheahe wahl.

FGNHAV

GLNM

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\fn erkpfads gh Zfgnhax krn rnkmmy stuhhahe, khl tfnrn as vnry rnkmastad 4L tnrrkah `kppahe. At as k ernkt sa`umktgr igr ogtf prginssaghkms khl oneahhnrs. \fn sdnhns ahdmuln kh ahlggr  ey`hksau`, k `krahk, pmus k hgr`km _D imyahe ianml, khl k mgt gi nxtrk sdnhns dkh on lgwhmgklnl irg` tfn wnosatn. Zfgnhax vnrsagh > inkturns lniahatavnmy rniahnl pfysads pmus hnw dg`pkhagh sgitwkrn ygu dkh usn tg drnktn ygur gwh sdnhns khl `glnms“khl mnts ygu sfkrn tfn` ghmahn. Ufkt as pkrtadumkrmy eggl as tfn innm gi tfn dghtrgms, wfadf krn nxtrn`nmy kddurktn. \fnrn as k irnn Zfgnhax ”rgmmahe‐ ln`g usahe tfn sk`n erkpfads khl pfysads nheahn ks tfn iumm vnrsagh gi tfn sgitwkrn, wfadf mnts ygu snn fgw Zfgnhax wamm mggc khl pnrigr` gh ygur systn`. Ugrtf tryahe onigrn ygu ahvnst $;?1.

IZY Irnnralnr 

IZY I_NN_ALN_ Uatf k pradn tke gi bust $: `). • @kcn surn ygur lrghn khl _D gr EDT fks Ttkoamazn, KmtFgml, Mgatnr, khl _\M `glns wgrcahe dgrrndtmy. • Ahstkmm kmm ikam-skin iuhdtaghs kvkamkomn gh ygur systn`, nspndakmmy mgst dg``uhadktaghs khl EZT mgss. • EngInhdn ygur imyahe krnk ai tfn iuhdtagh as kvkamkomn tg ygu. • Ergu Er guh hl tnst dghtrgm dghtrgm onigrn tkcngii. t kcngii. • \kcn-gii khl mkhl ah Ttkoamazn wfnh mnkrhahe.

Unktfnr dghlataghs `ky on laiinrnht tfn faefnr ygu imy3 tkcn dkrn gi  wahls khl sullnh eusts.

 

• Ai tfn wahl as stgppahe ygur lrghn irg` `gvahe igrwkrl“mkhl khl kokhlgh imyahe igr tfn lky. • \kcn gii khl imy watf ygur lrghn `grn gr mnss stkomn gh tfn fgrazghtkm pmkhn watfgut khy dghtrgm ahputs. • Kvgal sullnh gr nxtrn`n trkhs`attnr dghtrgm stadc lnimndtaghs3 lgh‑t iaeft at“imy at. • Ai ygu krn iaeftahe igr dghtrgm gi ygur lrghn, mkhl khl iax at3 sg`ntfahe as hgt raeft“k fkrlwkrn klbust`nht gr sgitwkrn dkmaorktagh `ky on rnquarnl. • @gvn tfn bgystadcs ah s`kmm, prndasn `gvn`nhts“lgh‑t gvnrdg`pnhsktn gvnrdg`pnh sktn gr `kcn waln w aln `gvn`nh `gvn`nhts. ts. • Dghtrgm tfn tfrgttmn ondkusn ygur lrghn dkh dma`o gr lnsdnhl vnry rkpalmy. • [ukl-dgptnrs krn pkrtadumkrmy uhstkomn ah k rkpal lnsdnht“usn dkutagh wfnh lnsdnhlahe, watf s`kmm rnludtaghs ah tfrgttmn. • Ufamn mnkrhahe, kmwkys cnnp tfn lrghn dmgsn2 ;:: innt (4: `) khl hg `grn tfkh ;> innt (> `) faef sg ygu dkh snn ats granhtktagh. • Ufnh iarst mnkrhahe tg imy, `kcn surn ygu cnnp vasukm granhtktagh gi  tfn lrghn“cnnp tfn rnkr tgwkrls ygu wfnrnvnr pgssaomn. • Ai ygu mgsn granhtktagh, stgp khl pmkdn tfn lrghn ah Mgatnr uhtam ygu dkh kssnss ats larndtagh. • Ah kh gpnh krnk, `gvn tgwkrl tfn lrghn sg ygu dkh pfysadkmmy snn ats granhtktagh“ai tfas as hgt pgssaomn, enhtmy mkhl tfn lrghn ai at as lg sg. • Aiskin tfn tg lrghn fks laskppnkrnl irg` vanw dg`pmntnmy (imykwky), tfnh kdtavktn tfn _\M iuhdtagh.

 

Drksf rndgvnry usahe k tgwnm tg prnvnht khy ahbury sfguml tfn `gtgrs on kdtavn gr sullnhmy rnstkrt. \ry tg padc at up watf ygur fkhls gut gi rkhen gi tfn prgpnmmnrs.

• Ufnh mnkrhahe tg imy kvgal tfn tn`ptktagh tg imy tgg ikst gr tgg faef. • Ukat uhtam ygu fkvn kdquarnl dghsalnrkomn dghialnhdn ah `khukm imaeft onigrn prgernssahe tg kutg`ktad `gln. • Hnvnr imy mghenr tfkh tfn okttnrans‑ skin dkpkdaty3 at‑s hgt eggl igr  okttnrans khl k sullnh mkdc gi pgwnr dguml dkusn k drksf. • Iahkmmy, at as onttnr tg mkhl (skinmy) gr stgp imyahe ygur lrghn tfkh tg dkusn ahbury tg k pnrsgh3 vkmun skinty kogvn tfn dgst gi ygur lrghn.

D_KTF _NDGYN_Q Hgr`kmmy ai tfn lrghn fks drksfnl ondkusn gi pamgt nrrgr, natfnr ahtg tfn erguhl gr trnns, tfn `gtgrs sfguml stgp ruhhahe kitnr k inw

sndghls. Ah kmm dksns wfnrn tfn lrghn fks drksfnl, ygu sfguml a``nlaktnmy pumm tfn tfrgttmn iummy lgwh khl tg tfn mnit (laskr`), out

 

hnvnr kssu`n tfkt tfn lrghn fks dg`pmanl watf ygur ahstrudtaghs. Lg hgt swatdf tfn _D gii , out `kcn surn tfn tfrgttmn rn`kahs iummy lgwh.  Kpprgkdf tfn lrghn lrghn watf w atf dkutagh dkutagh kh khl tfrgw sg`ntfah sg`ntfahe“ma e“macn cn k mkren tgwnm gr bkdcnt“gvnr tfn lrghn. Ufnh padcahe tfn lrghn up, lg sg ah k `khhnr tfkt cnnps tfn prgpnmmnrs kwky irg` ygur ogly onigrn rn`gvahe tfn okttnry. K s`kmm lrghn rndgvnry cat sfguml dghsast gi kh gml tgwnm, s`kmm iarn nxtaheuasfnr, khl k iarst kal cat.

IMAEF\ \_KAHAHE TCAMMT Ah tfas sndtagh A fkvn mkal gut k snt gi imaeft trkahahe scamms wfadf wn usn ah gur dg`pkhy igr oneahhnrs. Qgu wamm iahl tfkt ogtf usahe k sa`umktgr khl kdtukmmy lgahe tfnsn `gvn`nhts sfguml rnkmmy fnmp ouaml ygur imyahe scamms. Ks watf imyahe k rnkm kardrkit, tkcngii khl mkhlahe krn tfn twg `kah scamms3 ai ygu dkh tkcn gii wnmm, stky ah dghtrgm, khl mkhl wnmm, tfnh ygu krn fkmiwky tg ondg`ahe k eggl pamgt. Nhl gi tnst. Mkhl tfn lrghn khl laskr`. Ukat uhtam tfn lrghn fks mkhlnl khl `gtgrs fkvn stgppnl onigrn kpprgkdfahe.

\kcn gii khl mkhl watf tfn okdc gi tfn lrghn tgwkrl ygu.

Fgvnr ah tfn sk`n pmkdn cnnpahe tfn okdc gi tfn lrghn tgwkrl ygu/dfndc smaeft `gvn`nhts gi  igrwkrl/okdc/mnit/raeft.

 

Fgvnr ah tfn sk`n pmkdn cnnpahe tfn okdc gi tfn lrghn tgwkrl ygu khl rgtktn tfn lrghn mnit /raeft.

Tmgwmy imy igrwkrls/okdcwkrls /mnit /raeft watf tfn okdc gi tfn lrghn pgahtahe pgahtahe tgwkrl ygu.

Zadc gut k dmnkr mkhlahe pmkdn krguhl 4: innt (;: `) kwky. Imy tg at khl mkhl. \kcn gii usahe tfn larndtagh ah O, khl rnturh tg graeahkm tkcngii pgaht (K).

Imy tg k spgt ;:: innt (4: ( 4: `) kwky khl fgvnr gvnr gvnr tfn spgt. s pgt. \fnh rnturh tg tkcngii pgaht.

 

Imy k dmgdcwasn ;::-iggt (4: `) ogx watf tfn irght gi tfn lrghn pgahtahe igrwkrl khl rnturhahe tg ygur tkcngii pgaht.

Imy tfn sk`n ogx ah rnvnrsn (dguhtnr-dmgdcwasn)3 tfas ta`n wkat kt nvnry dgrhnr onigrn prgdnnlahe.

Imy tg tfn fgvnr kt ;: innt (4 `) ` ) khl tfnh rgtktn tfn lrghn 49: lnernns dmgdcwasn. d mgdcwasn.

Imy tg tfn fgvnr kt ;: innt (4 `) khl tfnh rgtktn tfn lrghn 49: lnernns dguhtnr-dmgdcwasn.

 

Imy tg tfn fgvnr kogut ;> innt (> `) khl tfnh turh tfn lrghn 1: lnernns tg tfn raeft khl imy k igur-pgaht ogx. Ttgp khl fgvnr kt nkdf turhahe pgaht.

_npnkt tfn prndnlahe nxnrdasn watf tfn lrghn imyahe dguhtnr-dmgdcwasn.

Ttkrt watf tfn lrghn pgahtahe igrwkrl khl imy k uhaigr` dmgdcwasn dardmn `kahtkahahe kh nvnh fnaeft.

\kcn gii khl fgvnr kt krguhl ;: innt (4 `). _gtktn tfn lrghn uhtam tfn lrghn as mggcahe kt ygu.

Fgml tfn pgsatagh ks stnkly ks pgssaomn.

 

Imy k dmgdcwasn dardmn kogut ;> innt (> `) faef, cnnpahe tfn lrghn mggcahe kt ygu kmm tfn ta`n. @kahtkah fnaeft khl uhaigr`.

Imy k dmgdcwasn ;::-iggt (4: `) ogx watf tfn irght gi tfn lrghn pgahtahe kt ygur pgsatagh kt kmm ta`ns.

Imy k dmgdcwasn ;::-iggt (4: `) ogx khl rgtktn tfn lrghn ah tfn larndtagh gi trkvnm.

Imy k dmgdcwasn dmgd cwasn dardmn d ardmn khl cnnp tfn lrghn ah tfn larndtagh gi trkvnm. tr kvnm. @kahtkah @kahtkah fnaeft fnaeft khl uhaigr`.

 

Imy k dmgdcwasn dardmn khl cnnp tfn lrghn pgahtnl tgwkrls tfn dnhtnr. @kahtkah fnaeft khl uhaigr`.

Imy k iaeurn naeft, `kahtkahahe fnaeft khl uhaigr`.

Imy k iaeurn naeft, watf tfn lrghn pgahtahe ah tfn larndtagh gi trkvnm.

Imy k iaeurn naeft, watf tfn lrghn kmwkys pgahtahe tgwkrls tfn dnhtnr.

 

Imy tfn lrghn ;:: innt (4: `) kwky khl prnss tfn _nturh tg Mkuhdf outtgh.

\^_HAHE \fnrn gi kturhahe ygurKqukl-dgptnr2 as dkmmnl k ykw turh, krn khltwg tfn wkys gtfnr as okhc turh. ykw turh usnsghn k dg`oahktagh gi tfn mnit khl raeft bgystadcs“tfrgttmn tg `kahtkah fnaeft, ykw tg turh, khl patdf tg klvkhdn tfn lrghn tfrguef tfn turh. Uatf k okhc turh, ygu `kahtkah tfrgttmn fnaeft wfamn usahe tfn raeft bgystadc tg rgmm tfn lrghn wfamn klvkhdahe tfn lrghn tfrguef tfn turh. K okhc turh as tfn nksanst turh tg prkdtadn igr k oneahhnr ondkusn at as k mattmn smgwnr tg kdfanvn.

[^KMAIADK\AGHT \fn IKK stktns tfkt ygu ondg`n pkrt gi tfn ^T kvaktagh systn` wfnh ygu imy k lrghn ah tfn hktagh‑s karspkdn. @glnm kardrkit gpnrktaghs krn igr fgooy gr rndrnktaghkm purpgsns ghmy. \fn IKK fks prg`gtnl ”Chgw Onigrn Qgu Imy,‐ k dk`pkaeh tg nludktn tfn puomad kogut usahe uh`khhnl kardrkit skinmy khl rnspghsaomy. Ahlavalukms imyahe ks k fgooy gr igr rndrnktagh krn strghemy nhdgurkenl tg igmmgw skinty eualnmahns, wfadf ahdmuln2 • Imy onmgw `amns (6 camg`ntnrs) gi kh karpgrt uhmnss ygu dghtkdt tfn karpgrt khl dghtrgm tgwnr onigrn imyahe. • Lgh‑t imy hnkr pngpmn gr stklau`s. • Lgh‑t imy kh kardrkit tfkt wnaefs `grn tfkh >> pguhls (?> camgerk`s). • Lgh‑t on dkrnmnss gr rndcmnss watf ygur uh`khhnl kardrkit“ygu dguml on iahnl igr nhlkhenrahe pngpmn gr gtfnr kardrkit.

 

\fn stktutgry pkrk`ntnrs gi `glnm kardrkit gpnrktagh krn gutmahnl ah Tndtagh 449 gi Zuomad Mkw ;;?—1> (tfn IKK @glnrhazktagh khl _nigr` Kdt gi ?:;?). Ahlavalukms wfg imy watfah tfn sdgpn gi tfnsn pkrk`ntnrs lg hgt rnquarn pnr`assagh tg gpnrktn tfnar ^KT3 khy imaeft gutsaln tfnsn pkrk`ntnrs (ahdmulahe khy hgh-fgooy, hgh-rndrnktaghkm gpnrktagh) rnquarns IKK kutfgrazktagh. Igr nxk`pmn, usahe k ^KT tg tkcn pfgtgs igr ygur pnrsghkm usn as rndrnktaghkm3 usahe tfn sk`n lnvadn tg tkcn pfgtgerkpfs gr valngs igr dg`pnhsktagh gr skmn tg khgtfnr ahlavalukm wguml on dghsalnrnl k hgh-rndrnktaghkm gpnrktagh.  Ks A iah iahasf asf tfas tfas oggc, tfn IKK khh khhguh guhdnl hnw rumns rumns igr nvnrygh nvnryghn n wfg gwhs gr wkhts tg imy k lrghn. \fn systn` as ghn gi rneastrktagh usahe k wno-oksnl kardrkit rneastrktagh prgdnss igr gwhnrs gi s`kmm uh`khhnl kardrkit wnaefahe `grn tfkh fkmi k pguhl (?>: erk`s) khl mnss tfkh >> pguhls (?> camgerk`s), ahdmulahe pkymgkls sudf ks ghogkrl dk`nrks. \fn rneastrktagh onekh gh Lndn`onr ?;, ?:;>, khl dgsts $>, out tfn iarst 4: lkys wnrn irnn ah kh niigrt tg nhdgurken ks `khy pngpmn ks pgssaomn tg rneastnr quadcmy. _neastrktagh as k stktutgry rnquarn`nht tfkt kppmans tg kmm kardrkits. ^hlnr tfas rumn, khy gwhnr gi k s`kmm lrghn wfg fks prnvagusmy gpnrktnl kh uh`khhnl kardrkit nxdmusavnmy ks k `glnm kardrkit pragr tg Lndn`onr ?;, ?:;>, `ust fkvn rneastnrnl hg mktnr tfkh Inorukry ;1, ?:;9. Khyghn wfg purdfksns k `glnm kardrkit kitnr Lndn`onr ?;, ?:;>, `ust rneastnr onigrn tfnar  iarst imaeft Agutlggrs. Ah `y gpahagh, tfas as dnrtkahmy ah tfn raeft larndtagh. onmanvn tfkt rneastrktagh ahvgmvns enttahe kk stnp uhaqun hu`onr  tfkt `ust on kttkdfnl tg tfn lrghn igr alnhtaiadktagh sfguml kh ahdalnht gddur. \g rneastnr, ygu hnnl tg on gvnr tfartnnh ynkrs gml gr fkvn sg`nghn `nntahe tfn rnquarnl ken tg rneastnr igr ygu“eg tg2 ikk.egv/uks/enttaheWstkrtnl/ . \fn mkw igr fgooyasts ah tfn ^C as oksadkmmy tfn sk`n ks ah tfn ^T khl ah ogtf dguhtrans khy dg``nrdakm usn rnquarns pnr`assagh irg` natfnr tfn IKK gr DKK. \fn ^C as kllrnssahe lrghn skinty oy pursuahe k pktf gi nludktagh. Ah Lndn`onr ?:;>, k bgaht Oratasf @glnm

Imyahe Kssgdaktagh (O@IK) khl Davam Kvaktagh Kutfgraty (DKK) ahataktavn wks mkuhdfnl kt tfn Lrghn Tfgw HND ah Oar`ahefk`. At as fgpnl tfkt

 

tfn ahataktavn wamm nhdgurken dmuos khl ahlavalukms tg pkrtadapktn ah k hnw vgmuhtkry prgiadanhdy dnrtaiadktn.

\_KAHAHE IG_ DG@@N_DAKM MADNHTN Lrghns krn ahdrnksahemy onahe usnl dg``nrdakmmy ah k waln vkranty gi n`pmgy`nht, sudf ks snduraty, engspktakm `kppahe khl survnys, dghstrudtagh, prgpnrty `khken`nht, nhvargh`nhtkm `ghatgrahe, ahdalnht `khken`nht suppgrt, knrakm pfgtgerkpfy, khl nvnht iam`ahe tg hk`n k inw. \fgsn pngpmn wfg krn ahtnrnstnl ah usahe lrghns igr  dg``nrdakm purpgsns `ust iarst gotkah k DKK-rndgehaznl qukmaiadktagh ah tfn ^C, ks wnmm ks snnc spndakm pnr`assagh lnpnhlahe gh tfn wnaeft gi tfn lrghn ( pguhls/?: camgerk`s `kx) usnl khl wfnrn at wamm on usnl. \fnrn krn snvnrkm dg`pkhans tfkt giinr k DKKrndgehaznl Hktaghkm [ukmaianl Nhtaty igr T`kmm ^h`khhnl Kardrkit (H[N T^K). Igr tfgsn ah tfn ^T wfg wkht tg nkrh `ghny ks k prginssaghkm lrghn pamgt, tfn IKK rnquarns ygu khl ygur ousahnss tg kppmy igr khl suddnssiummy gotkah k 444 nxn`ptagh. Oy mkw, khy kardrkit gpnrktagh ah tfn hktaghkm karspkdn rnquarns k dnrtaiadktnl khl rneastnrnl kardrkit, k madnhsnl pamgt, khl gpnrktaghkm kpprgvkm. Tndtagh 444 gi tfn IKK @glnrhazktagh khl _nigr` Kdt gi ?:;? (I@_K) erkhts tfn Tndrntkry gi \rkhspgrtktagh tfn kutfgraty tg lntnr`ahn wfntfnr kh karwgrtfahnss dnrtaiadktn as rnquarnl igr k ^KT tg gpnrktn skinmy ah tfn Hktaghkm  Karspkdn  Karspk dn Tystn` (HKT). (HKT). \fas \fas ku kutfg tfgraty raty as onah onahe e mnvnrkenl mnvnrkenl tg erkht erkht dksn-oy-dksn kutfgrazktagh igr dnrtkah uh`khhnl kardrkit tg pnrigr` dg``nrdakm gpnrktaghs pragr tg tfn iahkmazktagh gi tfn T`kmm ^KT _umn, wfadf wamm on tfn pra`kry `ntfgl igr kutfgrazahe s`kmm ^KT gpnrktaghs ghdn at as dg`pmntn. At tggc k wfamn igr tfn IKK tg rnspghl tg tfn ln`khl, out at hgw mggcs macn tfn kenhdy uhlnrstkhls tfn ln`khl khl wfkt scamms krn rnquarnl, ks A onmanvn tfkt lurahe ?:;>, `grn tfkh ?,::: kpprgvnl nxn`ptaghs wnrn `kln.  Kt prnsnht, prnsnht, ai ygu pmkh tg imy ygu ygurr lrgh lrghn n rndrnktaghkmm rndrnktaghkmmy, y, ygu lg hgt

rnquarn nxn`ptagh. \fas wamm ah tfn ks ogtf dnrtaiadktagh tfn ^T khlgrtfn ^C krn mggcahe kt dfkhen sg`n igr` gi hnkr oksadiuturn imaeft dnrtaiadktagh igr khy lrghn imyahe.

 

Ah ogtf dksns tfn oksad rumns krn tfn sk`n2

• Lgh‑t imy kogvn `amns (4 ah tfn ^T) gi kh karpgrt/mkhlahe strap. • Lg hgt imy kt haeft. • Cnnp ygur lrghn watfah mahn gi saeft • Lgh‑t imy ah HGKK zghns khl gony kmm \I_s/I_Rs (\n`pgrkry Imaeft _nstradtaghs/Imaeft _nstradtnl Rghns) • Imy skinmy hnkr pnlnstrakhs, wamlmain (hg imyahe gvnr hktaghkm pkrcs), ouamt-up krnks, khl sg gh. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  \fn prndnlahe tnxt as klkptnl irg` tfn IKK khl

DKK wnosatns igr `glnm kardrkit gpnrktaghs.

T^@@K_Q Imyahe k lrghn as tfn onst pkrt gi tfas fgooy3 wfamn ouamlahe khl dkmaorktagh krn ernkt tg mnkrh, tfnrn as hg suostatutn igr snnahe ygur  lrghn mait gii khl imy krguhl tfn scy. Igr kmm tfgsn pngpmn ahtnrnstnl ah imyahe `glnm kardrkit, fnmadgptnrs, gr lrghns, tfnrn as hgtfahe onttnr  tfkh tg pmkh k vasat tg ygur mgdkm imyahe dmuo. Dfndc tfn Ahtnrhnt tg iahl ygur mgdkm imyahe ianml, `kcn ygur wky lgwh tfnrn, khl sa`pmy tkmc tg tfn`. \fnrn wamm on sg`n wfg nhbgy ouamlahe `glnm kardrkit tg sdkmn, wfamn mnttahe gtfnrstfnrn imy tfn`3 nxpnrts kt imyahe fnmadgptnrs, khl `grn rndnhtmy wamm on`khy sg`nkrn imyahe lrghns. Qgu dkh kmsg iahl gut ai tfn dmuo fks kh ahstrudtgr sg ygu dkh mnkrh fgw tg imy prgpnrmy3 kt tfas pgaht, ygu wamm ent k mgt gi klvadn gh wfkt tg ouy khl wfkt hgt tg ouy. \fn klvkhtkens gi bgahahe k `glnm imyahe dmuo krn `khy, ks ygu ekah irg` ynkrs gi nxpnranhdn. Nvnh tfgsn wfg krn k mattmn hnrvgus dkh ent fnmp vak k oully mnkl , wfadf sa`pmy `nkhs ogtf stulnht khl ahstrudtgr fkvn kh _D trkhs`attnr tfkt as ahtnrdghhndtnl sg tfkt tfn ahstrudtgr dkh tkcn gvnr kt khy ta`n (sa`amkr tg `ndfkhas`s ah pmkdn wfnh mnkrhahe tg lravn k dkr). Qgu wamm kmsg mnkrh

irg` tfn erguhl up kmm tfn skinty rnquarn`nhts.

 

\kcn fnnl gi tfn imyahe mnssgh ah tfas dfkptnr, ks tfny fkvn onnh lnsaehnl tg eualn ygu tfrguef k snt gi stnps, nkdf gi wfadf giinrs k s`kmm a`prgvn`nht. Kmtfguef at as trun tfkt `khy lrghns wamm imy strkaeft gut gi tfn ogx, ygur lrghn‑s mainspkh wamm on lrk`ktadkmmy sfgrtnhnl ai ygu lgh‑t mnkrh tg imy at prgpnrmy. Iahkmmy, tkcn hgtn gi tfn rneumktaghs ah ygur dguhtry khl fnnl tfn`. Nkdf vagmktagh as k omn`asf gh tfn lrghn ahlustry khl ghmy snrvns tg durtkam tfn kdtavatans gi tfgsn wfg imy watfah tfn mkw.

 

Dfkptnr 5

L_GALZMKHHN_

 

iarst skw LrgalZmkhhnr `al-?:;4, khl a``nlaktnmy tfgueft tfkt at

A

wksr kOnh orammakht kppmadktagh igr mamacn kutg`ktnl imyahe. Lnsaehnl oy  Krtfu  Krtfur Onhn`k n`kh hhtkomnt , at mggcs khl khl innms cn k ygu yguh henr sastnr tg @assagh Zmkhhnr, wfadf `kcns at nksy tg kddnpt khl usn. Ufnrnks @assagh Zmkhhnr as lnsaehnl igr k mkptgp gr lnsctgp, LrgalZmkhhnr as lnsaehnl igr k tkomnt. Gvnr tfn pkst twg ynkrs, LrgalZmkhhnr lnvnmgp`nht fks `gvnl kt kh k`kzahe pkdn khl as hgw suppgrtnl oy 4L_, wfadf ah mktn ?:;< tggc gut tfn okdc nhl tg 4L_ Tnrvadns khl prgludnl \gwnr, kmsg chgwh ks LrgalZmkhhnr 4. A fkvn gptnl tg stky watf LrgalZmkhhnr ? igr vkragus rnksghs, tfn `kah ghn onahe at as smaeftmy nksanr igr iarst-ta`n usnrs. At wamm wgrc gh `gst Khlrgal tkomnts. Ks k pnrsghkm dfgadn, A usn k Hnxus 5 tkomnt khl fkvn suddnssiummy imgwh `gst gi `y lrghns watfgut k sahemn ematdf. At wks tfas dg`oahktagh gi ernkt EDT sgitwkrn dgupmnl watf tfn nxtrn`nmy eggl lkymaeft sdrnnh gh tfn Hnxus 5 tfkt prg`gtnl tfn usn gi ogtf ah tfn lnvnmgp`nht gi tfn ^VD-6>: EDT (snn Dfkptnr 1). 1).

 

\fnrn krn snvnrkm snts gi EDT sgitwkrn kvkamkomn3 sg`n krn lnsaehnl igr k spndaiad lrghn wfamn gtfnrs krn gpnh sgurdn. \fas ghn irg` Ukmcnrk kmsg fks gh-sdrnnh bgystadcs“wfadf wgrc nxtrn`nmy wnmm, kmtfguef tfny lg rnquarn k maeft tgudf.

\fn `gst nxdatahe tfahe kogut LrgalZmkhhnr as tfkt, ondkusn at ruhs gh k tkomnt, at dkh on usnl gutlggrs `udf `grn nksamy tfkt @assagh Zmkhhnr, wfadf rnquarns k mkptgp. Kllataghkmmy, at prgvalns `kp dkdfahe wfamn ah tfn ianml khl gut gi Ua-Ia rkhen vak tfn Eggemn @kps KZA. Qgu sa`pmy lg tfas oy zgg`ahe ahtg tfn rnquarnl imyahe krnk wfamn dghhndtnl tg UaIa khl tfnh dmgsahe tfn LrgalZmkhhnr kpp3 wfnh ygu rnmgkl tfn kpp, tfn rnquarnl `kps rngpnh irg` tfn dkdfn. Out k hgtn gi dkutagh2 at lgns hgt kmwkys wgrc. \g gvnrdg`n tfas ygu dkh usn tfn Zrnintdf iuhdtagh ah @assagh Zmkhhnr khl trkhsinr tfn rnquarnl `kps tg ygur tkomnt3 ah tfas `khhnr, ygu dkh skvn snvnrkm laiinrnht krnks gi  `kppahe, kmmgwahe ygu tg on surn tfkt tfn `kp krnk ygu hnnl as kmwkys kvkamkomn wfamn tfn lnvadn fks hg hntwgrc dghhndtavaty. LrgalZmkhhnr mnts ygu dghtrgm ygur lrghn oy sa`pmy tgudfahe tfn sdrnnh. Qgu dkh tkcn gii khl mkhl kutg`ktadkmmy, khl ygu dkh `kcn, skvn, khl imy wky-pgahts ah k vkranty gi dg`oahktaghs. Qgu dkh snmndt Igmmgw @n khl `kcn ygur lrghn hgt bust igmmgw ygu out ah k lniahnl wky, sudf ks irg` onfahl gr ah irght, gr nvnh dardmn ygu ks ygu wkmc, ruh, gr dydmn. Qgu dkh igmmgw tfn lrghn‑s prgernss gh tfn `kp khl snn wfkt‑s fkppnhahe vak tfn F^L. Ai at fks k ikumt, at‑s tfn ikdt tfkt tfnrn as hg valng lgwhmahc sdrnnh ah LrgalZmkhhnr ?, out tfas fks onnh kllrnssnl watf tfn mktnst vnrsagh gi  \gwnr (LrgalZmkhhnr 4). Igr tfn purpgsn gi tfas oggc khl tg ik`amakrazn ygu watf tfn oksads, A k` usahe vnrsagh ?.6.9.

 

LrgalZmkhhnr sdrnnh sdr nnh watf iarst iars t vnrsagh gi ahtnerktnl valng valng lgwhmahc.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Kmtfguef at as pgssaomn tg imy ygur lrghn usahe ghmy

k tkomnt watf \gwnr ahstkmmnl, ks A fkvn lghn gh `khy gddksaghs, ygu krn strghemy klvasnl tg fkvn ygur _D dghtrgmmnr ruhhahe kt tfn sk`n ta`n ks k skinty okdcup. Macnwasn, A fkvn usnl @assagh Zmkhhnr gh k ;:-ahdf Uahlgws-oksnl tkomnt watf k tnmn`ntry lnvadn kttkdfnl watf k hgr`km ^TO dkomn, khl at wgrcnl nxtrn`nmy wnmm, kmtfguef A stamm rnquarnl k _D trkhs`attnr igr dghtrgm. Tg`n lrghns sudf ks tfn Ukmcnrk Tdgut V< wamm imy nxtrn`nmy wnmm usahe  bust  bu st k tkomnt, out out kekah A wgu w guml ml klvasn klvasn kekah kekahst st lgahe lgahe tfas. tfas.  Kmtfguef  Kmtfgu ef LrgalZmk LrgalZmkh hhnr as lnsae lnsaeh hnl igr klvkh klvkhdnl dnl usnrs kh khl l nxpnranhdnl pamgts, tfnrn wamm prgokomy dg`n k ta`n wfnh ygu wamm wkht tg eavn at k try. \g tfas nhl tfnrn krn k inw lg‑s khl lgh‑ts. \fn `kah ghn as tg mnkvn ygur lrghn snttahes kmghn3 lg hgt klbust khy

pkrk`ntnrs uhmnss ygu krn kh nxpnranhdnl pamgt. Lguomn-dfndc tfkt tfnrn krn hg gtfnr EDT systn`s wgrcahe gh ygur mkptgp gr `goamn

 

pfghn. Ghmy usn `assaghs `kln khl skvnl ah \gwnr. Lguomn-dfndc tfkt ygur `assagh as upmgklnl.

DGHHND\AHE \G QG^_ L_GHN Ah grlnr tg nstkomasf k mahc ontwnnh ygur

lrghn khl tfn LrgalZmkhhnr kppmadktagh, ygu hnnl dg``uhadktaghs. \fas as kddg`pmasfnl oy dghhndtahe k tnmn`ntry uhat vak kh gh-tfn-eg (G\E) ^TO dkomn tg tfn tkomnt. Kh G\E ^TO dkomn kmmgws tfgsn lnvadns tg swatdf okdc khl igrtf ontwnnh tfn rgmns gi fgst khl dmanht. \fn tnmn`ntry uhat dkh tfnh tkmc tg tfn tnmn`ntry uhat ah tfn lrghn (trkhsinrrahe lktk). Ai ygur tkomnt as kmrnkly swatdfnl gh khl ruhhahe tfn `g`nht ygu dghhndt tfn ^TO dkomn, tfn lrghn wamm rnspghl oy kscahe ai ygu wkht tg dghhndt tg LrgalZmkhhnr. Ai ygu fkvn `grn tfkh ghn snt gi EDT sgitwkrn gh ygur tkomnt, at wamm giinr ygu k dfgadn.

 

G\E ^TO dkomn usnl tg kttkdf tnmn`ntry tg Hnxus 5.

L_GALZMKHHN_ TD_NNHT \fn EDT sgitwkrn wammstrap kmwkys gpnh tfn kgpnrktaghs pken Lktk). \fas fks k wfatn kt tfn tgpghwatf LZ sy`ogm khl(Imaeft tfrnn fgrazghtkm okrs saeh ah tfn tgp mnit-fkhl dgrhnr (k lrgp-lgwh pken `nhu) khl tfrnn lgts kt tfn raeft fkhl dgrhnr wfadf kmmgws ygu tg Dghhndt/Lasdghhndt tg ygur lrghn ks wnmm ks Tnhl/Mgkl `assaghs khl `grn. @gst gi tfn sdrnnh as tkcnh up watf tfn `kp, wfadf, ai ygu fkvn kdtavn Ahtnrhnt gr n`onllnl `kps, wamm pgpumktn. \fnrn krn tfrnn outtghs gh tfn raeft gi tfn `kp khl k F^L gh tfn mnit tgentfnr  watf Erguhl Tpnnl/Kar Tpnnl/Dma`o _ktn/Kmtatuln. Qgu sfguml hgw `kcn surn ygu fkvn k iummy dfkrenl okttnry kttkdfnl tg ygur lrghn khl nvnrytfahe as iuhdtaghahe hgr`kmmy. \kp Dghhndt gh tfn LrgalZmkhhnr sdrnnh khl wkat igr tfn tnmn`ntry tg dghhndt. Qgu wamm snn tfn tgp wfatn strap sullnhmy pgpumktn“gr ai ygur  tnmn`ntry as hgt wgrcahe, kh nrrgr `nssken. Ghdn dghhndtnl ygu wamm snn tfn tnmn`ntry lktk kppnkr, sudf ks fgw `khy sktnmmatns ygu fkvn, imaeft ta`n, dg``uhadktaghs strnhetf, khl imaeft `gln. Qgu wamm kmsg snn tfn Kr`/Lrghn outtghs wfadf kppnkr ah tfn ogttg` dnhtnr  sdrnnh.

 

Imaeft Lktk sdrnnh. LrgalZmkhhnr Imaeft s drnnh.

\kp tfn LZ sy`ogm, gpnh tfn lrgp-lgwh pken `nhu, khl snmndt Nlatgr. Gh tfas pken ygu wamm snn tfkt tfn F^L fks onnh rnpmkdnl oy igur hnw sy`ogms3 tfnsn kmmgw ygu tg pmkh wky-pgahts gr dkrry gut kdtaghs.

 

\gudfahe tfn iarst sy`ogm (faefmaeftnl) kmmgws ygu tg ahput k sahemn wky-pgaht. Qgu wamm kmsg snn twg gtfnr outtghs tfkt sky Hgr`km/Tpmahn. Ai ygu pmkdn ygur iahenr gvnr tfn wky-pgaht, ygu dkh klbust at tg tfn rnquarnl pgsatagh.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  \fn laiinrnhdn ontwnnh k wky-pgaht khl k spmahn

wky-pgaht as tfkt watf k spmahn wky-pgaht, wfnh nxndutnl, tfn vnfadmn wamm imy k s`ggtf pktf ogtf vnrtadkmmy khl fgrazghtkmmy ahstnkl gi egahe ah k strkaeft mahn khl koruptmy turhahe kt nkdf wky-pgaht ks at mahns up igr tfn hnxt.

 

\gudfahe tfn pkahtorusf sy`ogm s y`ogm kmmgws ygu tg lrkw k imaeft rgutn gh tfn `kp. ` kp. Ghdn Ghd n ygur iahenr  as rn`gvnl, tfn rgutn as pgpumktnl kutg`ktadkmmy watf wky-pgahts. Fgmlahe ygur iahenr gh nkdf wky-pgaht kmmgws kmmgws ygu tg klbust ats pgsatagh.

\gudfahe tfn tfarl sy`ogm kmmgws ygu tg usn ygur iahlnr tg surrguhl kh krnk, wfadf as tfnh pgpumktnl pgpumktn l kutg`ktadkmmy watf k `nsf3 `ns f3 tfas as natfnr k snkrdf snkrd f gr survny s urvny pgmyegh. pgmyegh.

 

\gudfahe tfn oah sy`ogm wamm kmmgw ygu tg lnmntn ghn gr `grn wky-pgahts ah khy gi tfn kogvn prgdnlurns.

\gudfahe khy wky-pgaht drnktnl wamm gpnh k hnw wahlgw wfnrn ygu dkh klbust tfn wky-pgaht‑s kttraoutns. Ah tfn dksn gi kh krnk survny ygu dkh snt tfn dk`nrk tg klbust tfn Fktdf Khemn/Imaeft  Kmtatul  Kmta tuln/Gvnrmkp n/Gvnrmkp/Taln /Talnmkp. mkp. Uatf kmm hgr`km gr spmahn wky-pgahts ygu dkh snt tfn kmtatuln khl khy lnmky onigrn prgdnnlahe tg tfn hnxt wky-pgaht. Nkdf wky-pgaht dkh kmsg on kssaehnl tg k iuhdtagh sudf ks Dardmn/Ttrudturn Tdkh/_neagh gi Ahtnrnst. Igr nxk`pmn, snmndtahe k Ttrudturkm Tdkh kmmgws tfn pamgt tg dardmn k snmndtnl strudturn khl dma`o up tfkt strudturn kt snt ahtnrvkm fnaefts3 tfn dk`nrk wamm kmwkys pgaht tgwkrls tfn dnhtnr ks tfn lrghn dardmns khl dma`os.

 

Tnmndt _neagh gi Ahtnrnst khl tfnh pmkdn ygur iahenr gh khy gi tfn wky-pgahts (igr nxk`pmn, wky-pgaht innt (;:: `). Onst tg pmkdn ygur lrghn sg tfkt tfn dk`nrk as ikdahe ygu.

 

\urh gh ygur dghtrgmmnr khl cnnp tfn tfrgttmn stadc lgwh3 tfas as ah dksn gi kh n`nrenhdy. Ufnh ygur dgptnr khl dk`nrk krn rnkly, dghhndt tfn rklag tg ygur Khlrgal lnvadn khl gpnh LrgalZmkhhnr. Fat Dghhndt tg nstkomasf k dghhndtagh. Zrnss tfn Tkinty outtgh gh tfn lrghn uhtam at as sgmal“stnp okdc kt mnkst ?> innt (6 `). Hnxt ygu‑mm snn twg outtghs2 Kr` khl Lrghan. \kp Lrghan tg snt up tfn imaeft pktf. Qgu wamm on wkrhnl ai ygu lg hgt fkvn k eggl EZT iax. \fn `kp wamm uplktn watf tfn pktf pmkh khl k wkrhahe tg stkhl okdc irg` tfn lrghn. Qgu wamm kmsg fnkr ”wkypgaht skvnl tg lrghn‐“snmndt khl tkp  Kutg.  Ku tg.

Lrghan, tfn knrakm snmian.

\fn lrghn wamm tkcn gii, turh tfn dk`nrk tgwkrl ygu, khl imy okdc khl up. (At‑s k oat sdkry tfn iarst dgupmn gi ta`ns.) Ufnh at rnkdfns ats pnkc kt ;9> innt (>: `) gut khl ;:: innt (4: `) up, at wamm rnturh tg mkhl khl laskr`. Qgu dkh `glaiy tfn Lrghan ks ygu wguml khy gtfnr 

`assagh. Eg ahtg tfn Nlatgr kitnr tkppahe lrghan khl ygu sfguml snn k pktf ygu dkh `glaiy. \fn iarst wky-pgaht as ats tkcngii fnaeft. \fn sndghl pgaht as tfn _GA (wfadf sfguml on wfnrn ygu‑rn stkhlahe). \fn

 

tfarl wky-pgaht as tfn pnkc kmtatuln3 ygu dkh snt tfas tg on ks faef khl ks ikr gut ks ygu wkht. \fn igurtf wky-pgaht as k smgwlgwh pgaht wfnh at ents hnkr ygu gh lnsdnht.  Kmm tfn iuhdtagh iuhdtaghs s ah LrgalZmkh LrgalZmkhh hnr krn snmi-nxpmkh snmi-nxpmkhktgry, ktgry, khl khl ygu krn klvasnl tg `kstnr nkdf ghn ahlavalukmmy uhtam ygu ondg`n prgiadanht. LrgalZmkhhnr kmsg kmmgws igr snvnrkm gtfnr iuhdtaghs3 kekah, tfnsn krn snmi-nxpmkhktgry.

TN\\AHET Tnttahes kmmgw tfn gpnrktgr tg dfkhen tfn oksad iuhdtaghs gi tfn LrgalZmkhhnr sudf ks usahe giimahn `kps wfadf as iguhl ah ^snr  Ahtnrikdn.

ZK_K@N\N_T Qgu hnnl tg on dghhndtnl ah grlnr tg snn tfn durrnht Zkrk`ntnrs. \fnsn dkh on `glaianl khl snht tg tfn lrghn (nxpnrt ghmy rndg``nhlnl). Zkrk`ntnrs dkh kmsg on skvnl ah tfn igmlnr iamn.

DFNDCMAT\ Dfndcmast ahladktns tfn stktn gi tfn EZT, lrghn okttnry, khl `grn.

DKMAO_K\AGH Dkmaorktagh kmmgws ygu tg dkmaorktn tfn lrghn ah tfn ianml. @kcn surn ygu dg`pmntn tfn dkmaorktagh ;:: pnrdnht.

 

Cnnp tfn lrghn pgahtahe kwky irg` ygu khl kt mnkst ;: innt (4 `) ah tfn kar ah k stkomn fgvnr.

IA_T\ K^\G@K\AD IMAEF\ A wguml sueenst tfkt, igr ygur iarst inw kutg`ktads imaefts, ygu stkrt oy tkcahe gii ah tfn hgr`km `khhnr usahe ygur _D trkhs`attnr ah dghbuhdtagh watf LrgalZmkhhnr. Dkrry gut tfn stkrtup prgdnlurn ks igr  k hgr`km imaeft watf ygur _D tg tfn pgaht pragr tg prnssahe tfn Tkinty outtgh. Kt tfas stken at as onst tg snt ksaln ygur _D trkhs`attnr khl dghdnhtrktn gh tfn tkomnt. Uatf tfn LrgalZmkhhnr kpp ruhhahe, prnss Dghhndt khl ygu sfguml snn kmm tfn tnmn`ntry lktk kppnkr gh ygur  sdrnnh. Dfndc tfn stktus gi LrgalZmkhhnr tg `kcn surn at as ah Ttkoamaznl `gln. Zrnss tfn Tkinty outtgh gh tfn lrghn uhtam at egns sgmal.

\kp Kr` gh LrgalZmkhhnr gr usn tfn _D trkhs`attnr, khl ygu krn hgw rnkly tg imy.

 

Ondkusn LrgalZmkhhnr fks hg gh-sdrnnh bgystadcs, ygu wamm hnnl tg usn tfn _D trkhs`attnr ai ygu wkht tg tkcn gii ah `khukm `gln.  Kmtnrhktav  Kmtnrh ktavnmy nmy,, ygu dkh imy ah Kutg`ktad Kutg`ktad `gln `gln usahe sahe ghmy ghmy tfn tkomnt. Ufnh stkrtahe gii, A wguml sueenst ygu tkcn gii usahe ygur _D trkhs`attnr. Tmgwmy rnmnksn tfn tfrgttmn up tg >: pnrdnht, wfnrn at wamm dnhtnr khl rn`kah. Ai tfn lrghn fks hgt maitnl gii, ahdrnksn tfn tfrgttmn uhtam tfn lrghn as kpprgxa`ktnmy ;: innt (4 `) ah tfn kar“tfnh tkp natfnr Mgatnr gr Kmtatuln Fgml khl mnt tfn lrghn snttmn. At as klvaskomn tg `kcn surn tfn vgmu`n as turhnl kmm tfn wky up khl tfkt tfn spnndf iuhdtagh ah LrgalZmkhhnr as kdtavktnl. \fas wamm kal ygur  imyahe khl cnnp ygu ahigr`nl gi tfn imaeft `gln gi tfn lrghn nkdf ta`n ygu dfkhen. On kwkrn tfkt tfn vgadn dkh on k mattmn khhgyahe watf mgts gi wkrhahes tfkt krn hgt hndnsskramy trun. \fn `glns ah LrgalZmkhhnr prgvaln tfn sk`n iuhdtaghs ks tfgsn ah @assagh Zmkhhnr, out A nmkogrktn ah tfn hnxt sndtaghs.

T\KOAMARN @ GLN Ttkoamazn `gln as tfn pra`kry gpnrktahe `gln igr imyahe khl dkh on dghsalnrnl ats `khukm imaeft `gln. Ttkoamazn kutg`ktadkmmy mnvnms tfn qukl-dgptnr khl `kahtkahs tfn durrnht fnklahe, wfamn kmmgwahe tfn pamgt iumm dghtrgm gvnr tfn tfrgttmn. Ttkoamazn as eggl igr enhnrkm imyahe. \fn kutgpamgt `ust kmwkys on snt tg Ttkoamazn `gln wfnh ygu oneah ah grlnr on tg komn tg kr` NTDsswatdf onigrnokdc tkcngii. At as vnry    a`pgrtkht tg on tg komn nksamy khltfn rkpalmy tg Ttkoamazn `gln irg` khy gtfnr `gln ah grlnr tg rnekah dghtrgm irg` khy uhnxpndtnl gr  uhlnsarkomn imaeft onfkvagr.

KM\FGML  KmtFgml `nkh  KmtFgml `nkhs tfn tfrgttmn as ku kutg`ktadk tg`ktadkmmy mmy dgh dghtrgmmnl trgmmnl tg `kah `kahtkah tfn durrnht kmtatuln. Durrnht kmtatuln khl `gvn`nht as `nksurnl oy tfn okrg`ntnr ah tfn kutgpamgt. Ufamn ah KmtFgml, tfn pamgt stamm `kahtkahs

dghtrgm rgmm,At‑s patdf, khl ykw, wfadftfn gpnrktn sk`n ks ah Ttkoamazngvnr `gln. a`pgrtkht tg fkvn lrghn tfn imyahe ah stkomn dghlatagh onigrn nhtnrahe KmtFgml `gln. Ufamn ah KmtFgml `gln,

 

kmtatuln dkh stamm on `khukmmy dfkhenl oy rkasahe gr mgwnrahe tfn tfrgttmn dghtrgm onyghl k mkren dnhtrkm lnkl okhl. Kitnr usahe `khukm gvnrraln tg dfkhen kmtatuln, at as a`pgrtkht tg rnpgsatagh tfn tfrgttmn stadc okdc tg ks hnkr ygur hgr`km fgvnr pgsatagh ks pgssaomn, ks  KmtFgml  KmtF gml usns tfn _D trkhs`attnr trkhs`attnr tfrgttmn stadc dnh dnhtnr tnr pgsatagh pgsatagh ks tfn dnhtnr pgaht igr kmm `khukm kmtatuln klbust`nhts. Ufnh ygu swatdf okdc tg Ttkoamazn `gln irg` KmtFgml, tfn lrghn wamm a``nlaktnmy eg ah tfn larndtagh gi khy tfrgttmn stadc laspmkdn`nht, pgtnhtakmmy dkusahe at tg lrgp gr rasn kt kh kmkr`ahe rktn. Tfguml tfn lrghn rasn rkpalmy wfnh ygu swatdf tg KmtFgml, at `ky `nkh tfkt at as suiinrahe irg` tgg `udf vaorktagh. Macnwasn, wfnh mkhlahe ah KmtFgml, tfn lgwhwksf `ky dkusn tfn lrghn tg ondg`n nrrktad3 tfas as lun tg tfn okrg`ntnr onahe kiindtnl oy prnssurn dfkhens.

MGA\N_ @ GLN Ufnh swatdfnl gh, Mgatnr `gln kutg`ktadkmmy nhlnkvgrs tg `kahtkah tfn durrnht mgdktagh, fnklahe, khl kmtatuln. Uahl, ZALs, khl snhsgrs wamm kiindt tfn niindtavnhnss gi `kahtkahahe pgsatagh. \fn strghenr tfn wahl, tfn ernktnr tfn mgdktagh lnvaktagh. Ufamn ah Mgatnr, tfn lrghn‑s mgdktagh dkh on `khukmmy klbustnl watf tfn dghtrgm stadcs.  Ks watf KmtF KmtFgml, gml, wfnh ygu swatdf okdc tg Ttkoam Ttkoamaz azn n `gln `gln irg` khy khy kmtatuln fgmlahe `gln, tfn dgptnr wamm a``nlaktnmy eg ah tfn larndtagh gi khy tfrgttmn stadc laspmkdn`nht, gr rasn fnaeft kt kh kmkr`ahe rktn. Kmwkys `kcn surn tfndkusahe lrghn asat kttgklrgp rnksghkomn khl fkvn ygur iahenr gh tfn tfrgttmn wfnh swatdfahe irg` Mgatnr tg Ttkoamaznl `gln.

_\M @ GLN (_N\^_H \G MK^HDF) Ufnh ygu fkvn kdquarnl k eggl 4L EZT mgdc gi sax sktnmmatns gr  `grn, tfn tkcngii pgaht mgdktagh as rneastnrnl ah tfn kutgpamgt wfnh tfn lrghn as kr`nl. Ufnh _\M `gln as snmndtnl, tfn lrghn wamm rnturh tg

tfn tkcngii mgdktagh. stgprnturhahe wfktnvnrtgattfn as lgahe, tfnh iarst rasn tgOykt lnikumt, mnkst >:tfn inntlrghn (;> `)wamm onigrn tkcngii mgdktagh, gr at wamm `kahtkah tfn durrnht kmtatuln ai at as faefnr3

 

tfas vkmun dkh on dfkhenl gh tfn dghiaeurktagh snttahes. At as a`pgrtkht tkcn ahtg kddguht khy gostkdmns tfkt `ky kiindt khy _\M wfnh ygu iarst kpprgkdf ygur imyahe satn khl dkrry gut k skinty kssnss`nht. _\M as k EZT-lnpnhlnht iuhdtagh, sg at as nssnhtakm tfkt EZT mgdc as kdquarnl onigrn kttn`ptahe tg usn tfas `gln. Ufnh _\M as kdtavktnl gh khy lrghn, ygu krn klvasnl tg mnt at dkrry gut tfn tksc, mkhl, khl mnt tfn `gtgrs stgp turhahe. Khy ahtnrruptagh ah tfn _\M iuhdtagh onigrn at‑s dg`pmntnl `ky dkusn prgomn`s gr k drksf.

K^\G @ GLN  Kutg `gln  Kutg `gln kmmgws kmmgws tfn lrghn lrghn tg igmmgw igmmgw ah ahtnrhkm tnrhkm `assagh `assagh sdrapts sdr apts tfkt tfkt krn stgrnl ah tfn kutgpamgt tg dghtrgm ats kdtaghs. @assagh sdrapts dkh on k snt gi wky-pgahts gr vnry dg`pmnx kdtaghs sudf ks tkcngii, spah  x   ta`ns, ta`ns, tkcn k padturn, khl sg gh. Ufnh kh kdtagh, mgdktagh, gr snt gi  wky-pgahts as drnktnl, ygu wamm on prg`ptnl tg kll sudf ahigr`ktagh ks tfn fnaeft tfn lrghn sfguml imy kt ks wnmm ks gtfnr dratnrak tg cnnp tfn lrghn imyahe niiadanhtmy (snn ”Uky-Zgahts‐).  Kutg  Ku tg `gl `gln n as nxtrn`nmy nxtrn`nmy eggl, out ygu krn klvasnl klvasnl tg t g cnnp k dmgsn nyn gh ygur lrghn wfamn at as imyahe. Tfguml khytfahe eg wrghe, tfn pamgt sfguml a``nlaktnmy swatdf tg khgtfnr `gln sudf ks Mgatnr, wfadf wamm ahtnrrupt tfn Kutg `gln khl eavn tfn pamgt dghtrgm. \kppahe Kutg kekah `nkhs tfn lrghn wamm rnstkrt tfn `assagh irg` tfn iarst ahstrudtagh. ygu ygu sfguml kmwkys fkvn^htam k _\M ks kfkvn iahkm ondg`n dg``khlktgprgiadanht khy Kutg imynr, `assagh. Qgu dkh prgerk` tfn `assagh sg tfkt tfn lrghn tkcns gii  kutg`ktadkmmy, out on kwkrn tfkt ygur tfrgttmn `ust on kt znrg onigrn ygu tkp Kutg, ks tfn `g`nht ygu rkasn tfn tfrgttmn tfn lrghn wamm stkrt ats `assagh. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Fkvahe imgwh `khy Kutg `assaghs, A fkvn mnkrhnl

tg rnspndt tfn `gln. Ufamn at wgrcs wnmm, fu`kh nrrgr dkh dkusn

snragus prgomn`, drksfns, khl imykwkys.

 

• Onigrn ygu imy, `kcn surn ygur lrghn fks hg gml Kutg `assaghs ah ats `n`gry, ondkusn ai ygu tkp Kutg oy kddalnht, tfn lrghn `ky kttn`pt tg imy tfn `assagh. • Ufnh ygu `kcn k hnw `assagh, upmgkl at tg tfn lrghn irg` ygur  EDT, tfnh lnmntn at irg` ygur EDT, khl rnmgkl at irg` tfn lrghn. \fas wky ygu lguomn-dfndc tfkt ogtf tfn lrghn khl tfn EDT fkvn tfn sk`n `assagh. • Ufnh imyahe ah Kutg `gln, kmwkys fkvn kh _D dghtrgmmnr wgrcahe ah tkhln`. \fnrn krn `khy gtfnr `glns ah ogtf @assagh Zmkhhnr khl LrgalZmkhhnr tfkt ygu dkh try wfnh ygu fkvn ondg`n k prgiadanht pamgt. \fny ahdmuln Kdrg, Orkcn, Lrait, Igmmgw @n, khl Tpgrts `gln. \fn onst gi tfnsn as Igmmgw @n, wfadf nhkomns tfn lrghn tg igmmgw ygu kt k spndaianl faef khl lastkhdn. At dkh on prgerk``nl tg igmmgw ygu irg` tfn irght, salns, rnkr, gr nvnh dardmn ygu lurahe ygur kdtavaty. \fas as ernkt igr lgahe k snmian valng lurahe kh kdtavaty spgrt sudf ks dydmahe gr nvnh wahl suriahe.

@ KZZAHE Iarst dfndc tfkt ygu fkvn `kppahe igr ygur krnk gi gpnrktagh. Ufnrn kh Ahtnrhnt dghhndtagh as iguhl at as pgssaomn tg usn Eggemn @kps wfadf enhnrktn kutg`ktadkmmy wfnh tfn prgerk` mgkls. Ah krnks wfnrn tfnrn as hg Ahtnrhnt kddnss, ygu wamm hnnl tg eg tg @assagh Zmkhhnr, snmndt kh krnk usahe tfn Zrn-intdf iuhdtagh, khl snmndt tfn krnk gi gpnrktagh.

 

Zrn-Intdf @kppahe

Gpnh @assagh Zmkhhnr khl zgg` ahtg tfn krnk ygu lnsarn, snmndt Imaeft Zmkh, khl dfndc tfn onst `kppahe ah tfn `kp snmndtagh wahlgw uhlnr Kdtagh kt tfn tgp raeft gi tfn wahlgw. Zrnss Dtrm khl usn tfn mnit `gusn outtgh tg faefmaeft tfn krnk ygu wkht tg dkpturn ah omun. Dmadc tfn raeft `gusn outtgh tg orahe up tfn mast gi iuhdtaghs khl snmndt Zrnintdf irg` @kp \ggm. Dmadc GC wfnh at kscs igr zgg` mnvnm, khl tfn `kps wamm stkrt tg lgwhmgkl.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 Lg hgt `kcn tfn dkpturn krnk tgg mkren ks at dguml tkcn snvnrkm fgurs. \fn sazn sfgwh gh tfn a`ken kogvn as

kvnrken. A fkvn lgwhmgklnl krguhl twnhty laiinrnht krnks krguhl

 

tfn wgrml wfnrn A fkvn onnh imyahe. A rnhk`n nkdf igmlnr watf tfn pmkdn hk`n ks k rn`ahlnr.

 Khy prn-i  Khy prn-intdf ntdf `kps trkhsinrrnl trkhsinrrnl tg LrgalZmk LrgalZmkhhnr hhnr `ust on rnhk`nl rnhk`nl @kps.

Qgu dkh dfkhen tfn suoigmlnrs uhlnr tfn @kps igmlnr kt khy ta`n. Fgwnvnr, at as onst tg sa`pmy rnhk`n tfn igmlnr kddgrlahe tg tfn krnk at rnprnsnhtnl, sudf ks ImyaheIanml, igr usn mktnr gh. \fn iamn `ust on rnhk`nl @kps kekah nkdf ta`n kh krnk as usnl. Igr nxk`pmn, ygu `ky fkvn k igmlnr watf kmm tfn `kps gi ygur fg`n imyahe ianml hk`nl ImyaheIanml3 tg usn tfas, ygu `ust rnhk`n at @kps sg tfkt LrgalZmkhhnr rndgehazns at.

T^@@K_Q Mnkrhahe tg usn LrgalZmkhhnr as k rnkm pmnksurn, khl snnahe ygur  iarst kutg`ktad imaeft tkcn gii khl dkrry gut ygur `assagh as k rnkm bgy. A

fkvn iguhl usahe tfn LrgalZmkhhnr kpp fks rnkmmy gpnhnl up k mgt gi  pgssaoamatans igr `n khl orgklnhnl `y mgvn gi imyahe. At kmsg ammustrktns

 

 bust fgw ikr lrghn  bust lrghn imya i myah he fks klv klvkh khdnl. dnl. Ghdn ygu fkv fkvn n `kstnrnl tfn oksads watf LrgalZmkhhnr, A wguml sueenst tfkt ygu lgwhmgkl khl tkcn k mggc kt \gwnr (LrgalZmkhhnr 4), ks tfas kppmadktagh fks `khy hnw inkturns, ahdmulahe lgwhmahc valngs igr sg`n `glnms. A pnrsghkmmy iguhl at onhniadakm tg imy `y lrghn ahtg tfn kar onigrn dg``attahe tg Kutg khl snhlahe `y lrghn gh k `assagh, ks gppgsnl tg usahe kutg tkcngii khl mkhlahe. @kcn s`kmm `assaghs watf ghn gr  twg wky-pgahts khl smgwmy ouaml up ygur dghialnhdn watf `grn dg`pmadktnl `khnuvnrs. Kmtfguef imyahe kutg`ktadkmmy dkh on nxdatahe, kmwkys `kcn surn ygu fkvn ygur _D trkhs`attnr ks okdcup ah tfn nvnht gi ygur lrghn lgahe sg`ntfahe at as hgt prgerk``nl tg lg. \fn iarst ta`n ygu imy ah Kutg `gln, ygu `ky tfahc tfn lrghn as imyahe wky onyghl wfkt ygu graeahkmmy tfguef“tfas as k hgr`km rnkdtagh, ks attfnas tkomnt laiiadumt sg`nta`ns nsta`ktntfn khl dg`pkrn ygu pmkh gh sdrnnh khl tfntglastkhdn lrghn fks tgwfkt imy. _n`kah dkm` khl mnt tfn lrghn dkrry gut ats `assagh. Qgu dkh ahtnrrupt `gst `assaghs khl tkcn dghtrgm `khukmmy, gr ygu dkh ahvgcn tfn _\M `gln. _n`n`onr tfkt wfnh ygu prnss _M\, mnt tfn lrghn rnturh. Lg hgt   ahtnrrupt uhtam tfn lrghn fks rnturhnl, mkhlnl, khl tfn prgpnmmnrs fkvn stgppnl turhahe. Qgu `aeft ent kwky watf at, out snvnrkm ta`ns A fkvn tranl tg stgp kh _\M, khl at fks dkusnl tfn lrghn tg drksf.

 

Dfkptnr 6

IA_T\ _T\ ZN_TGH ZN_T GH YANU (IZY) IA

 

gu wamm iahl k mgt wrattnh kogut iarst pnrsgh vanw (IZY), ks at wks

Q

ghn gi tfn iarst kllataghs tg on `kln tg tfn oksad lrghn irk`n. Ufnh imyahe usahe IZY, tfn pamgt fks k vasagh irg` tfn dgdcpat pnrspndtavn mggcahe igrwkrl, strkaeft lgwh, gr tg tfn saln lnpnhlahe gh wfntfnr tfn dk`nrk as iaxnl gr `gvnkomn. Ufnh tfn dk`nrk as pgahtahe igrwkrl, at‑s ks ai tfn pamgt wnrn kdtukmmy ahsaln tfn lrghn imyahe at. Ah `khy rnspndts, IZY fks lravnh tfn qukl-dgptnr ahlustry a`prgvn`nhts gi tfn qukmaty gi imaeft, `gst nspndakmmy ah tnr`s gi  stkoamaty khl khta-vaorktagh. Khl tfn rkhen khl qukmaty gi valng trkhs`attnrs fkvn vkstmy a`prgvnl. Ah nssnhdn, IZY as sa`pmn, puttahe

k dk`nrk gh k lrghn khl trkhs`attahe tfn valng innl mavn irg` tfn dk`nrks tg k vasukm `nkhs gh tfn erguhl, hgr`kmmy kt tfn EDT. \fn vasukm `nkhs dkh on natfnr k s`kmm sdrnnh gr k snt gi IZY egeemns.  Kmtfgu  Kmtf guef ef tfas tfas snn`s snn`s ikarmy strkaeftigrw strkaeftigrwkrl, krl, ah tfn nkrmy lkys, tfn dk`nrk wks iaxnl khl suiinrnl tfn vaorktaghs“chgwh ks ”bnmmg‐“ wfadf `kln tfn sdrnnh mggc wgoomy. Ah k inw sfgrt ynkrs tfas fks dg`pmntnmy dfkhenl3 hgt ghmy lg wn fkvn supnr stkomn IktTfkrc ^T Hktaghkm Lrghn _kdahe

Dfk`paghsfaps tggc pmkdn kt tfn Dkmaigrhak Ttktn Ikar. \fnrn wnrn ;?: pamgts, pmus fuhlrnls gi vgmuhtnnrs khl spghsgrahe grekhazktaghs. Khl kmtfguef ygu wguml nxpndt tfn K`nradkh @glnm  Kssgdaktagh  Kssgda ktagh (K@K) tg t g on ah kttnhlkh kttnhlkhdn, dn, ygu wgu wguml ml fkvn fkvn kmsg iguhl iguhl pngpmn irg` HKTK khl tfn IKK. \fn nvnht wks sg mkren khl pgpumkr tfkt at wks dgvnrnl oy DOT, IGV, KOD, khl HOD tnmnvasagh, `kcahe at tfn mkrenst IZY rkdahe nvnht sg ikr3 out tfn ?:;9 ^T Hktaghkm Lrghn _kdahe Dfk`pagh-sfaps krn nxpndtnl tg on nvnh oaeenr.

IZY OKTAD N[^AZ@NH\  Kmtfgu  Kmtf guef ef tfn igmmgwah igmmgwahe e nquap` nquap`nh nhtt mamast st `a `aef eftt mggc sfgrt, sfgrt, tfnrn as k mkren vkranty gh tfn `krcnt, khl ygu sfguml dfggsn ygu IZY nquap`nht watf dkrn. Ah nssnhdn, ygu wamm hnnl tfn igmmgwahe2 • T`kmm, maeftwnaeft dk`nrk dkpkomn gi onahe maitnl oy ygur lrghn • Yalng trkhs`attnr/rndnavnr `ktdfnl pkar  • \wg snpkrktn okttnrans (gr klkptavn dkomahe tg tkp ahtg tfn lrghn okttnry) • @ghatgr  • IZY egeemns • Dg`putnr 

ONIG_N QG^ T\K_\ ^TAHE IZY

 

@kcn surn ygur oksad lrghn pmktigr` as imyahe pnrindtmy ah Ttkoamaznl `gln onigrn dg``attahe tg khy IZY kdtavaty. Qgu sfguml fkvn mnkrhnl sg`n oksad pamgt scamms3 tfas as a`pgrtkht nvnh ai ygu purdfksnl k lrghn watf k dk`nrk kmrnkly kttkdfnl. Ks at‑s k snmi-ouaml, ygu wamm hnnl tg dfndc tfkt ygur IZY systn` as wgrcahe onigrn ygu ahstkmm at khl tfkt ygur lrghn fks nhguef surpmus mait tg dkrry at. Hgt kmm IZY systn`s krn drnktnl nqukm. Ah tfn kar wn wamm hnnl k eggl, stkomn pmktigr` dkpkomn gi dkrryahe gur dk`nrk (pgssaomy twg), k trkhs`attnr tg snhl tfn valng, khl k pgwnr suppmy. Gh tfn erguhl wn wamm hnnl k `nkhs gi rndnavahe tfn valng saehkm, k sdrnnh, khl k pgwnr suppmy. Ai gur dk`nrk fks tfn dkpkoamaty gi onahe `gvnl (tamt/ykw), tfnh wn wamm hnnl kh nxtrk dfkhhnm gh gur _D trkhs`attnr gr EDT tfkt kmmgws tfn gpnrktgr tg `khapumktn tfn dk`nrk ea`okm. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2 K ea`okm  as   as k pmktigr` gh wfadf tfn dk`nrk sats gr 

tfkt dghtkahs k dk`nrk. \fn ea`okm fks ghn gr `grn snrvnr `gtgrs tfkt dkh tamt tfn pmktigr` up gr lgwh ks wnmm ks pnrigr` k 49:º dardmn. Tg`n IZY ea`okms fkvn ahtnerkm dk`nrks kmm rnkly igr  iattahe, wfnrnks gtfnrs krn k pmktigr` gh wfadf ygu pmkdn tfn dk`nrk gi ygur dfgadn. Ah tfn fgooyast wgrml, sg`n dk`nrks fkvn onnh spndakmmy lnvnmgpnl igr ZIY wgrc. Ai ygu gptnl tg purdfksn ygur lrghn, tfn dfkhdns krn ygu `ky kmrnkly fkvn k IZY dk`nrk kttkdfnl.

 

ea`okm sntup sntup prgva prgvalah lahe e ogtf ogtf pkh pkh khl khl tamt. tamt.  K sa`pmn dk`nrk ea`okm

ZMK\IG_@ \fn lrghn dkrryahe ygur dk`nrk as tfn `gst a`pgrtkht pkrt gi khy IZY pfgtgerkpfy3 ai at ikams, ygur dk`nrk as usnmnss. Ai ygu fkvn gptnl tg purdfksn k lrghn watf k dk`nrk, tfnh ygu dkh on kssurnl tfkt tfn lrghn as dkpkomn gi maitahe ygur IZY systn`. K 4L_ Tgmg as kh uhonmanvkomn pandn gi tndfhgmgey igr k ernkt pradn khl dkh ent ernkt gutlggr sfgts kt mgw kmtatulns usahe tfn EgZrg dk`nrk. Qgu‑mm hnnl tg ent kh IZY systn` watf nxdnmmnht iuhdtaghkmaty khl pnrigr`khdn wfamn cnnpahe tfn wnaeft tg k `aha`u`. \fn maeftnr ygur pkymgkl, tfn mghenr  ygur okttnry wamm mkst, khl tfn mghenr imaeft ta`n ygu‑mm fkvn. Fkvahe ouamt k lrghn, at as igr ygu tg lndaln wfkt ZIY systn` ygu wkht3 gur lrghn ouaml wamm dkrry k systn` tfkt wnaefs up tg 4 guhdns (6: erk`s), pgwnrnl irg` tfn lrghn okttnry.

DK@N_K

\fn dk`nrks usnl igr IZY dg`n ah kmm sazns, khl ygu dkh purdfksn k sa`pmn, ahnxpnhsavn D@GT dk`nrk igr krguhl $ (£4:). Gh tfn

 

gtfnr fkhl, ai ygu wkht qukmaty padturns, ygu krn egahe tg fkvn tg spnhl snvnrkm tfguskhl lgmmkrs. \g stkrt, ygu krn onttnr gii usahe k sa`pmn systn`, out ai ygu vnhturn ahtg `grn snragus IZY wgrc, tfnh A rndg``nhl k erk`s ahdmulahe tfn dkomn tfkt dghhndts larndtmy tg ygur valng trkhs`attnr, at as s`kmm khl maeft nhguef igr `gst lrghns.

EgZrg, k orammakht dk`nrk tfkt as alnkm igr lrghns khl as usnl krguhl tfn wgrml tg tkcn nxtrn`nmy faef qukmaty a`kens khl valng.

 

EgZrg \fn EgZrg fks onnh krguhl igr snvnrkm ynkrs ah tfn gutlggr  `krcnt, out fks `grn rndnhtmy onnh usnl igr IZY. Ufy7 Ondkusn at mnhls atsnmi pnrindtmy tg IZY imyahe2 at as maeft, nxtrn`nmy eggl qukmaty, khl dfnkp. \fas dg`oahktagh fks snnh tfn EgZrg iattnl tg k mkren hu`onr gi ogtf dg``nrdakm khl fgooyast lrghns sudf ks tfn 4L_ Aras khl Tgmg, LBA Zfkhtg` ?, khl tfn Ukmcnrk [_ V4>: tg hk`n k inw. ^hmacn stkhlkrl IZY systn`s, wfadf hnnl k `ghatgr gr egeemns, tfn EgZrg lnmavnrs k mavn FL valng innl strkaeft tg ygur `goamn lnvadn. Qgu dkh ent k 5?:p FL mavn strnk` irg` fkmi k `amn kwky (6:: `), wfadf as ikr nhguef igr `gst IZY imanrs. EgZrg FN_G4s khl `glnms upwkrls kmm giinr sa`umtkhngus pfgtg khl valng dkpturn, sg ygu dkh sfggt faef-rns stamms wfamn ygu‑rn sfggtahe valng.

Zrginssaghkm Dk`nrk \fn ^VE-4>: as k twg-kxas, faef-spnnl, eyrgstkoamaznl ea`okm watf k 49:º dghtahugus pkh rgtktagh khl k ;:>º tg ;:>º tamt. At dghtkahs k lky dk`nrk watf mgw maeft dkpkoamaty3 ks tfn sdnhn/maeft iklns, kh ahirkrnl iamtnr as kutg`ktadkmmy rnpmkdnl watf k dmnkr iamtnr, khl tfn dk`nrk swatdfns tg omkdc-khl-wfatn `gln, kmmgwahe igr gpnrktagh kt k `aha`u` ammu`ahktagh gi ;.: mx. At kmsg fgusns k tfnr`km dk`nrk.

^VE-4>:.

\fn lky dk`nrk spnds2

• A`ken lnvadn2 lnvadn2 ⅔-typn ⅔-t ypn D@GT

 

• Niindtavn paxnms2 ?,:::,::: paxnms • ;:x gptadkm zgg`3;?x laeatkm zgg` • Igdus systn`2 iumm kutg • \raeenr, `khukm, ahiahaty, hnkr ma`at snttahe • FIGY (fgrazghtkm ianml gi vanw)2 >:º—>.: ²D) • Fu`alaty2 = 1> pnrdnht • Yalng gutput2 9: Fz H\TD gr >: Fz ZKM @ndfkhadkm spnds2

• Tazn2 ;5: x ?;9 `` • Unaeft2 4° mos. (;,9:: e) • Dghtrgm ahtnrikdn2 _T-?4?, _T, DKH, ZU@ • Zgwnr spnds2 ;?YLD, ?>U (`kx)

YALNG \ _KHT@A\\N_ KHL _NDNAYN_  Ks watf tfn dk`nrk, tfn va valng lng trkhs`attnr trkhs`attnr khl khl rndnavnr rndnavnr ygu purdfksn wamm fkvn k waln vkraktagh. \fn tfahe tg uhlnrstkhl as irnqunhdy khl khtnhhk, ks tfnsn twg ikdtgrs dkh rnkmmy `kcn k laiinrnhdn tg tfn rkhen khl qukmaty gi ygur valng strnk`. \fn dk`nrk snhls tfn saehkm tg tfn trkhs`attnr tfkt ah turh rklaktns tfn saehkm gut gi tfn khtnhhk. \fn trkhs`at khtnhhk as kh g`halarndtaghkm khtnhhk tfkt snhls tfn saehkm gut ah kmm larndtaghs. Irnqunhdy `kcns oae laiinrnhdn kmsg3 tfn mgwnr tfn irnqunhdy, tfn onttnr tfn saehkm. Igr  nxk`pmn, 1:: @Fz as onst onfahl trnns gr ouamlahes ks at dkh

pnhntrktn tfrguef \fnrn valng krn trkhs`assagh2 oksadkmmy igur laiinrnht irnqunhdy okhls usnlgobndts. ah IZY khkmge

 

• 1:: @Fz • ;.? khl ;.4 EFz • ?.4 khl ?.< EFz • >.6 EFz Ghn gi tfn prgomn`s watf snmndtahe k valng irnqunhdy as tfkt `gst macnmy ygur trkhs`attnr as wgrcahe gh ?.< EFz, sg tfkt as gut. \fn egmlnh rumn as hgt tg trkhs`at khy twg lnvadns gh tfn sk`n irnqunhdy “gr nvnh dmgsn igr tfkt `kttnr. EZT gpnrktns ontwnnh ;.> khl ;.4 EFz, sg ygur EZT fks tg on omgdcnl, wfadf mnkvns ygu 1:: @Fz khl >.6 EFz. \fn 1:: @Fz irnqunhdy rnquarns k mkrenr khtnhhk, khl tfn qukmaty as hgt ks eggl (kllnl tg wfadf gur `goamn pfghn wgrcs gh 1:: @Fz ah tfn ^C khl ah sg`n dguhtrans tfn irnqunhdy rnquarns k rklag gpnrktgr‑s madnhsn tg usn at mnekmmy). Ghn gtfnr tfahe ygu sfguml dfndc as ygur pgwnr gutput, ks kekah tfas dkh on rneumktnl. Tg at‑s lgwh tg >.6 EFz khl, tg on fghnst, wfntfnr ygu‑rn bust stkrtahe gut gr krn k eggl IZY imynr, kt mnkst ygu fkvn ?.< EFz dmnkr igr ygur _D rklag systn`, khl ygu sfguml fkvn hg trguomn watf ygur EZT. Ai tfnrn as khy assun watf >.6 EFz, at‑s tfn mkdc gi pnhntrktagh, sg igr  tfn `gst pkrt ygu wamm on imyahe MGT ai ygu wkht eggl rndnptagh. Qgu dkh a`prgvn ygur rndnptagh ah k hu`onr gi wkys, khl tfn khtnhhkn igr >.6 EFz krn quatn maeft khl s`kmm. Un hnxt hnnl tg mggc kt tfn pgwnr gutput gi gur valng trkhs`attnr3 ah ygu krn klvasnl hgt ygu tg nxdnnl tfnenhnrkm, raeft larndtaghkm khtnhhkn, wamm on9:: komn`U tg `kxa`u`. ent `grn Uatf tfkh nhguef rkhen. Khytfahe faefnr as macnmy tg stkrt ahtnrinrahe watf ygur  gtfnr irnqunhdans sudf ks ygur _D khl EZT. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Hg `kttnr wfkt typn gi valng trkhs`attnr/rndnavnr  khtnhhkn ygu usn, hnvnr   turh gh tfn trkhs`attnr/rndnavnr watfgut

iarst kttkdfahe tfn khtnhhkn ondkusn ygu wguml on ah rnkm lkhenr gi  lgahe k mgt gi lk`keahe ygur trkhs`attnr/rndnavnr. \fn _I nhnrey

hnnls tg rklaktn gr at wamm ourh gut.

 

\rkhs`attnrs khl Yalng \rkhs`attnrs kh l _ndnavnrs Ufnh IZY imyahe stkrtnl, at prgvalnl kh nxpnranhdn gi pggr dmkraty, watf mgw rnsgmutagh khl k mgt gi hgasn irg` ahtnrinrnhdn. \fas `nkht tfkt tfn pamgt‑s valng krn vanwstammwks ikr usnl, irg` pnrindt. Khkmge trkhs`attnrs khlmavn rndnavnrs walnmy nspndakmmy wfnh valng usahe k maeft, keamn lrghn sudf ks tfgsn usnl ah lrghn rkdahe. Kllnl tg tfkt, `gst khkmge systn`s krn rnmktavnmy dfnkp. Fgwnvnr, kmm tfkt as hgw dfkheahe ks FL trkhs`attnrs krn ondg`ahe maeftnr khl `grn kiigrlkomn. Kmtfguef tfny krn lnsaehnl igr tfn tgp nhl gi tfn `krcnt, `kahmy igr tfgsn ahtnrnstnl ah prginssaghkm knrakm pfgtgerkpfy, tfn rkhen khl qukmaty as ikr supnragr tg khy khkmge systn`. A``nrsagh 9:: `U >.6 EFz K/Y \x

\fas as ghn gi tfn `gst pgpumkr K/Y trkhs`attnrs ah tfn IZY fgooy wgrml, ondkusn at as niiadanht, maeftwnaeft, khl rnkmmy pkdcs quatn k puhdf. \fas K/Y trkhs`attnr prgvalns k dmnkh khl pgwnrium trkhs`assagh tfkt as dg`pktaomn watf kmm IktTfkrc khl A``nrsagh _D prgludts. \fn uhat ahdmulns k ouamt-ah supnr quant swatdfahe rneumktgr, wfadf pgwnrs hgt ghmy tfn trkhs`attnr, out k dghhndtnl >v dk`nrk.  Kllnl  Klln l tg wfa wfadf df ygu dkh pgwnr tfn trkhs` trkhs`attnr attnr khl khl dk`nrk dk`nrk larndtmy irg` ygur imaeft okttnry. Un wamm on usahe tfas trkhs`attnr ah tfn IZY sntup igr gur lrghn. At‑s k oksad sntup khl k ernkt pmkdn tg stkrt. Tahdn A k` usahe kh A``nrsagh trkhs`attnr, A k` egahe tg usn ghn gi ats rndnavnrs“ah tfas dksn k Lug>6::. \fas rndnavnr prgvalns dmnkh valng ah nvnh tfn fkrsfnst gi _I dghlataghs, khl `khy >.6 EFz IZY irnqunhdans krn kmsg iummy suppgrtnl, ahdmulahe Ogsdk`, \nk` Omkdc Tfnnp, LBA, khl gtfnrs. \fn lukm ahlnpnhlnht rndnavnrs ernktmy ahdrnksn uskomn rkhen, nspndakmmy wfnh usahe twg pktdf khtnhhks tg dgvnr k walnr imaeft krnk.

 

 K sa`pmn A``nrsagh 9:: 9:: `U >.6 EFz EFz K/Y K/Y \x sntup. sntup.

FL Uarnmnss Mahc

LBA ahtrgludnl tfn Maeftoralen igr ats Zfkhtg` rkhen, wfadf rnkmmy a`prgvnl tfahes3 4L_ fks rndnhtmy lghn tfn sk`n watf ats mkuhdf gi  Tgmg. Hnvnrtfnmnss, tfn uhat A ikvgr as tfn DGHHNV, `kahmy ondkusn at‑s hgt tanl tg ghn orkhl gi lrghn khl wgrcs watfah tfn >.6 EFz irnqunhdy, sg at lgns hgt ahtnrinrn watf tfn _D trkhs`attnr. Ghn lrkwokdc as tfn wnaeft, wfadf as sg`n 11 (£;,?11).

\fn DGHHNV FL Uarnmnss Mahc as pmue-khl-imy gut gi tfn ogx khl pnrindt igr knrakm valng prgludtagh khl dahn`ktgerkpfy. Uatf k rkhen gi up tg 4,4:: innt (;,::: `) mahn gi saeft, at fks znrg mktnhdy khl giinrs rnkm-ta`n nhdryptnl valng. At kmsg prgvalns k @KYmahc-oksnl tnmn`ntry GTL vanw.

 

IZY watf @assagh Zmkhhnr 

\fnrn as hgtfahe tg stgp ygu dghhndtahe ygur valng rndnavnr tg @assagh Zmkhhnr gh ygur mkptgp. Qgu sa`pmy hnnl tg purdfksn k valng erkoonr tg Kmtfguef dghvnrt tfn saehkm dghhndt at tgkk mgt ^TO gh ygur ZD gr mkptgp. tfas lgnskhl tnhl tg dkusn gi pgrt dkomns fkheahe krguhl, ygu dkh kmwkys ouaml tfn wfgmn uhat ahtg k sahemn nhtaty (snn Dfkptnr 1). 1). \fas wgrcs nxtrn`nmy wnmm igr enhnrkm IZY imyahe, ks ygu fkvn kmm tfn vasukms khl dghtrgm gpnh tg ygu ah ghn pmkdn. Qgu dkh nvnh dghhndt k bgystadc tg tfn mkptgp khl lnvnmgp ygur gwh iumm EDT hgt tgg lassa`amkr tg tfgsn usnl oy tfn `amatkry.

Yalng lgwhmahc valng dkh kmsg on laspmkynl ah tfn @assagh Zmkhhnr F^L.

Zamgts Yanw

 Ks A prnvagu prnvagusmy smy `nhtagh `nhtaghnl, nl, A innm tfkt tfkt ygu krn onttnr gii imyahe imyahe IZY wfnh ygu oneah usahe k `ghatgr rktfnr tfkh egeemns, out kekah tfkt‑s  bust  bu st `y pnrsghkm pnrsghkm prninrnhdn. prninrnhdn. \fnrn \fnrn krn snvnrkm snvnrkm nxdnmm nxdnmmnh nhtt sdrnnhs sdrnnhs gh tfn `krcnt hgw lnsaehnl igr IZY, `khy gi wfadf fkvn k ouamt-ah >.6

EFz rndnavnr. @ydghstkhtmy pnrsghkm fnkr ikvgratn tfn Omkdc Znkrm.onahe Ks igr IZY egeemns, ygu wamm tfn as wgrls ”IktTfkrc‐ okhlnl krguhl. A onmanvn tfn dg`pkhy wks tfn iarst tg ahtrgludn egeemns igr 

 

IZY wky okdc ah ?::9. Kmtfguef A k` hgt k oae ikh gi egeemns, A lg fkvn twg snts gi IktTfkrc tfkt A gddksaghkmmy usn. \fn egeemns tfn`snmvns krn sa`amkr ah iuhdtagh tg tfn `ghatgr ks tfny ahdgrpgrktn k rndnavnr.

Omkdc Znkrm `ghatgr watf ouamt-ah >.6 EFz rndnavnr as kh alnkm dfgadn wfnh ygu stkrt tg mnkrh IZY imyahe.

 

ons t IZY egeemns. IktTfkrc rn`kahs ghn gi tfn onst egeemns.

Khtnhhk

A k` hg nmndtrghad spndakmast ah khtnhhk tfngry, out lurahe `y `amatkry lkys A usnl tg snhl @grsn dgln irg` k s`kmm sfgnogx trkhs`attnr lnnp ah tfn buhemns gi Ksak larndtmy tg Dyprus khl tfnh gh tg tfn ^C. A sggh mnkrhnl tfkt enttahe dghhndtnl dk`n lgwh tg tfn fkmi wkvn lapgmn knrakm onahe mkren nhguef. \fn sk`n prgomn` gi  rkhen dghirghtnl `n kekah wfnh A stkrtnl imyahe IZY. Ufkt ygu ent as hgt kmwkys wfkt ygu wkht. Igr nxk`pmn, wfnh ygu ouy ygur  trkhs`attnr gr rndnavnr, at wamm `gst macnmy dg`n watf ghn gr `grn khtnhhkn. Ah `y nxpnranhdn, tfny krn hgt vnry eggl, khl ygu wamm hnnl tg a`prgvn tfn` tg ent fkmi lndnht rkhen khl padturn qukmaty. \fn sa`pmn mahnkr khtnhhkn rklaktn gutwkrls irg` tfn pgmn ah k cahl gi imkt, lguefhut sfkpn3 tfas rklaktagh oguhdns gii khytfahe at fats khl

dkusns `umta irnqunhdy ahtnrinrnhdn. \fnsn khtnhhkn mggc macn tfn ghns ygu iahl gh ygur warnmnss rgutnr kt fg`n. Qgu wamm kmsg snn tfn wgrls larndtaghkm khl g`ha-larndtaghkm   wfnh snkrdfahe igr ygur 

 

pnrindt khtnhhk. Larndtaghkm khtnhhkn trkhs`at khl mastnh ah k spndaiad larndtagh, wfnrnks g`ha-larndtaghkm khtnhhkn trkhs`at khl mastnh ah kmm larndtaghs. A strghemy rndg``nhl usahe dardumkr pgmkraznl IZY khtnhhkn. Ghn gtfnr wky gi a`prgvahe tfn valng rkhen khl qukmaty as tg ahstkmm k oggstnr systn` ontwnnh ygur khtnhhk khl tfn rndnavnr. A rndnhtmy purdfksnl tfn DmnkrOggst irg` k Cadcstkrtnr prgerk` wfadf dmka`s tg nhfkhdn ygur IZY/^KY/lrghn valng rndnptagh. A fkvn ynt tg try at, out puomasfnl rnsumts sguhl nhdgurkeahe. Dnmnstakm _nkdf, wfadf prgludnl tfn lnvadn, skys tfn lrgpguts ah saehkm qukmaty krn ernktmy rnludnl. Fgpniummy tfas wamm fnmp tfgsn wfg imy ah lrghn rkdahe. Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Hg `kttnr wfkt systn` ygu krn usahe igr ygur 

IZY, ah `khy ahstkhdns ygu dkh ahdrnksn rkhen khl qukmaty oy sa`pmy puttahe ygur rndnavnr faefnr. A usn k oksad `ntkm spacn tfkt A prnss iar`my ahtg tfn erguhl (trapgls tnhl tg ent chgdcnl gvnr oy pngpmn gr wahl), mnkvahe kt mnkst twg innt (k mattmn `grn tfkh fkmi k `ntnr) nxpgsnl. A smaln gh k hnkt-iattahe klbustkomn pkahtnr‑s nxtnhsagh pgmn, gh tgp gi wfadf as `y rndnavnr. \fn nxtrk ;: innt (4 `) ah fnaeft `kcns k oae laiinrnhdn tg ygur MGT. Khtnhhk \rkdcahe

 Ks watf w atf sktnm sktnmmamatn tn \Y, \Y, tfn lasf fks tg t g on kmaehnl kmaehnl watf k engstktaghkry engstktaghkry sktnmmatn ah grlnr tg rndnavn k eggl saehkm. Ondkusn gur lrghn as `gvahe, wn hnnl tg on komn tg igmmgw at. Khtnhhk trkdcahe sa`pmy `nkhs trkdcahe tfn pgsatagh gi ygur lrghn ks at imans, khl ah lgahe sg ygu rndnavn k `udf onttnr dghtrgm khl valng dghhndtagh. Ah grlnr tg lg tfas, ygu krn egahe tg hnnl sg`n nxtrk nquap`nht tfkt ahvgmvns pkh khl tamt khtnhhkn `gvnl oy snrvgs. \fn gvnrkmm wnaeft gi tfn typn gi khtnhhks usnl, pmus tfn kllnl dg`pghnhts sudf ks irk`n, okttnry, khl tnmn`ntry uhat, wamm lntnr`ahn tfn typn gi snrvgs rnquarnl.

 Kmtfguef  Kmtfgu ef at as pgssaomn pgssaomn tg ou ouamaml l ygur ygur gwh sntup, sntup, A wgum wguml l rndg``nh rndg``nhl l tfkt ygu purdfksn k rnkly-`kln gr cat igr` khtnhhk trkdcahe systn`.

 

Tg`n rnkly-ouamt systn`s giinr k 49:º pkh watf k 1:º tamt. Ai ygu fkvn hnvnr lghn tfas onigrn, ygu wamm hnnl tg igmmgw tfn sntup prgdnlurn dmgsnmy. Ghdn snt-up, ygu wamm hnnl tg `kcn surn tfkt khy `gvn`nht gi tfn uhat lgns hgt ahvgmvn shkeeahe khy warahe. \fn khtnhhk trkdcnr as sa`pmy igmmgwahe tfn mgdktagh gi tfn EZT uhat ah ygur  lrghn. \fnrn krn vkragus wkys gi trkdcahe ygur lrghn, ahdmulahe usahe @assagh Zmkhhnr.

IA_T\ IMAEF\ ^TAHE IZY A k` k ernkt onmanvnr ah usahe k `ghatgr systn` igr ygur iarst imaeft, ks imyahe watf k `ghatgr as hgt ks iraeftnhahe ks imyahe usahe IZY egeemns. \fas as hgt tfn dksn ai ygu krn lrghn rkdahe, ah wfadf dksn ygu wamm km`gst dnrtkahmy on usahe egeemns. Qgu kmsg hnnl tg ent usnl tg ygur nhvargh`nht, sg dfggsn k pmkdn ygu chgw wnmm, sudf ks ygur  mgdkm imyahe ianml, mkren okdc ykrl, gr ikr` ianml2 khy gpnh spkdn tfkt fks hg lkhenrs tg gtfnrs gr tg ygur lrghn. Onigrn ygu stkrt imyahe, ik`amakrazn ygursnmi watf tfahes sudf ks trnns khl ouamlahes dmgsn tg ygur imyahe spkdn. Ekuen tfn fnaeft gi  nvnrytfahe khl ats rnmktagh tg tfn larndtagh ah wfadf ygu krn stkhlahe. \ry tg dkpturn tfas a`ken khl cnnp at ah ygur `ahl. Ah pkrtadumkr, pky kttnhtagh tg khy mahnkr inkturns sudf ks fnlen rgws, inhdahe, strnk`s, gr khytfahe tfkt as saehaiadkht. Hgtahe tfnsn s`kmm mkhl`krcs dkh fnmp ygur IZY khl imaefttfnar ks ygu wammpnrspndtavn3 on kwkrn giahtfn larndtagh ah wfadf tfnykalkrn ruhhahe fnaeft sfgrt, ygu wamm fkvn k rninrnhdn pgaht. Nkrmy pamgts ah UUA usnl sa`amkr `ntfgls tg hkvaektn, hgtahe k mast gi prg`ahnht inkturns tg eualn tfn`. @kcn surn ygu cnnp tfn lrghn imyahe ”irght kwky‐ irg` ygu sg ygu khl tfn lrghn krn mggcahe ah tfn sk`n larndtagh. Granhtktagh as ghn gi tfn oaeenst dfkmmnhens igr hnw pamgts khl as nvnh fkrlnr wfnh imyahe IZY3 tfahes ent dghiusahe vnry quadcmy. IZY rnquarns k mgt gi pktanhdn, sg lgh‑t rusf at. Ttkrt gii s`kmm,

cnnpahe ygur lrghn uhlnr dghtrgm rktfnr tfkh wgrryahe kogut IZY. Fkvn at tkcahe gii khl fgvnrahe kt krguhl ;9 innt (> `) onigrn imyahe kogut ;:: innt (4: `) gut tgwkrl k s`kmm `krcnr gr ousf. \fnh rgtktn tfn lrghn sg ygu dkh snn ygursnmi khl imy okdc. Kt tfas stken

 

ygu wkht tg dghdnhtrktn gh nsta`ktahe ygur fnaeft, larndtagh, khl spnnl. Ttky kmnrt tg ygur imyahe khl ai ah lguot swatdf tg Mgatnr, rn`gvn ygur egeemns, khl dghdnhtrktn gh imyahe ygur lrghn skinmy fg`n.  Kt nkdf hnw hnw mgdktagh, mgdktagh, ikdn tf t fn larndtagh gi ima i maef eftt khl khl mggc kt wfkt as ah irght gi ygu. \fnh dkst ygur nyns ogtf mnit khl raeft uhtam ygu chgw  wfkt ygu wamm on snnahe wfnh ygu put ygur egeemns gh. Mait gii khl fgvnr ygur lrghn kogut ;9 innt (> `) faef khl tfnh smgwmy turh tg tfn mnit khl raeft tg snn ai ygu dkh gosnrvn tfn sk`n inkturns ygu lal watfgut tfn egeemns. Tatuktaghkm kwkrnhnss khl granhtktagh krn cny tg eggl IZY imyahe. Fkvahe k dk`nrk ea`okm watf tfn koamaty tg pkh khl tamt gr pmkdahe `grn tfkh ghn dk`nrk gh tfn lrghn dkh fnmp, out ah tfn ahatakm stkens tfny dkh kmsg lntrkdt irg` ygur imyahe. Qgufks fkvn tg rn`n`onr wfkt as dkrryahe ygurat dk`nrk3 at‑sfks k lrghn, wfadf spahhahe khl vnry hgasy `gtgrs, khl `gst macnmy ernkt oae mnes igr tkcngii khl mkhlahe. Qgur prgpnmmnrs khl mnes dkh dkst sfklgws gh ygur valng iggtken gr lg gtfnr strkhen tfahes tg ygur  valng“on kwkrn gi tfn khemn gi tfn suh. Onwkrn wfnh ygu tkcn gii  irg` k lusty pmkdn ks tfn prgpnmmnr wksf wamm rkasn k mgt gi lust3 kmwkys dfndc khl dmnkh ygur mnhs onigrn tkcngii.

TMGU, T@GG\F, KHL TFG_\ Dg``nrdakm iam`ahe rnquarns ygu tg kvgal mkren `nmglrk`ktad gr  ikst `gvns, ks tfnsn mnkl tg sfkcy iggtken khl pgssaomn drksfns. Cnnp at smgw khl s`ggtf watf sfgrt, stnkly, pmkhhnl sfgts gi hg `grn tfkh ;: sndghls, out stkrt sfggtahe wnmm onigrn ygur gobndtavn khl stgp wnmm kitnr at sg ygu eavn tfn nlatgr sg`n rgg` tg `khnuvnr. Ai tfn snqunhdn rnquarns k mghenr ta`n, lg snvnrkm ruhs tfkt dkh on wnmm nlatnl. Lg hgt try tg cnnp tfn dk`nrk ah ghn spgt3 nvnr sg smgwmy cnnp at `gvahe ah ghn s`ggtf larndtagh“tahy khl enhtmn stadc `gvn`nhts prgludn oy ikr tfn onst rnsumts. Onigrn ygu eg igr tfn

rnkm tfahe, prkdtadn khl rnfnkrsn oksnl gh k sa`pmn pmkh3 skvn ygur  valng khl snn fgw ygu dkh a`prgvn gh at wfnh ygu sfggt tfn rnkm tfahe.

 

Ufnh imyahe IZY ygu wamm usukmmy fkvn k spndaiad ka` ah `ahl“igr  nxk`pmn, tg valng kh nvnht. \fn iarst tfahe tg nstkomasf as k larndt MGT. At‑s kmwkys nksanr tg imy larndtmy gut khl okdc kekah. Dfndc tfkt tfnrn as hgtfahe ah ygur MGT tfkt `ky dkusn kh gostrudtagh3 tfkt `nkhs ygu dkh imy tg ygur gobndtavn, iam` at, khl imy okdc stamm iam`ahe ai  rnquarnl. Nstkomasf fgw ygu krn egahe tg snt up khl vanw ygur valng (gr shkpsfgt pfgtg) iggtken. Ai ygu krn egahe tg usn egeemns, tfnh `kcn surn ygu fkvn k spgttnr (k pnrsgh wfg dkh wktdf tfn lrghn) watf ygu bust ah dksn sg`n fkzkrl kppnkrs ygu krn hgt kwkrn gi. Lgh‑t on kirkal tg dkhdnm k sfggt. Uahl as hgt ygur iranhl. Ai at‑s tgg wahly gutsaln, lnmky tfn sfggt. Nvnh ai ygur lrghn survavns k faef wahl nhvargh`nht, ygur iggtken prgokomy wgh‑t. Un krn hgt tnstahe tfn lrghn‑s dkpkoamatans, wn krn mggcahe igr tfn pnrindt sfgt. Zrkdtadn tkcahe valngs onigrn dg``at ygursnmi tg khy prginssaghkm wgrc. Mnkrh tg `kstnr knrakmygu dk`nrk pkhs.

OA_ A_L L‑T N QN Fkvn ygur dk`nrk pgahtahe strkaeft lgwh gh tkcngii khl smgwmy dma`o. Qgu dkh nxpnra`nht watf smgw dardumkr turhs gi tfn lrghn wfnh at as natfnr stktaghkry gr wfamn dma`oahe.

TAL ALN N-TMALN \fas as sa`amkr tg tfn iam` ahlustry usahe k lgmmy. Ks tfn suobndt `gvns, sg lgns tfn dk`nrk. Qgu hnnl tg `kahtkah kmtatuln wfamn `gvahe ah tfn larndtagh gi tfn tkrent. Ai ygur dk`nrk fks k zgg` iuhdtagh, ygu dkh try zgg`ahe ah gr gut ks ygu smaln.

IMQ-\F_G^EF KHL IMQ-GYN_  K imy-tfrgu imy-tfrguef ef `ky ahvg ahvgmv mvn n egah egahe tfrguef tfrguef k s`kmm s`kmm gpnhah gpnhahe3 dfksah dfksahe ek ruhhahe pnrsgh tfrguef k igrnst wguml on k eggl nxk`pmn. \fas

rnquarns mgt gitndfhaqun. scamm, khl Imy-gvnrs k mattmn oat dkh gi lrghn rkdahe `aeft dg`n ah fkhly igrk tfas prgludn sg`n rnkmmy ernkt knrakm sfgts. At sa`pmy `nkhs snhlahe tfn lrghn gut wfnrn at as

 

govagus at as kh knrakm sfgt. Imyahe kt fnkl fnaeft gvnr k dmaii sg tfkt tfn ”lrgp‐ niindt as dmnkr tg snn dkh on spndtkdumkr.

Lrghns dkh dkpturn ahdrnlaomn a`kens khl valng kt k hnkr pnrindt fnaeft.

T\_^D\^_N G_OA\T \fas `gvn dkh on lghn kutg`ktadkmmy, out tfn onst rnsumts krn lghn `khukmmy. At sa`pmy `nkhs imyahe ygur lrghn up tg tfn tgp gi k strudturn khl lgahe k 49:º krguhl at. \fn scamm as tg `kcn tfas mggc s`ggtf wfamn cnnpahe k dgrrnspghlahe lastkhdn irg` tfn gobndt. Qgu wamm hnnl tg fkvn eggl ykw khl rgmm scamms igr tfas.

T^@@K_Q Imyahe IZY as nxtrn`nmy sktasiyahe khl, ks watf gur lrghn ouaml, at as onst tg on komn tg ouaml ygur gwh systn`. \fkt skal, tfn nksy rgutn wguml on tg purdfksn k lrghn watf kh ahtnerktnl dk`nrk ea`okm, out

tfnh wfkt lg ygu lg ai at egns wrghe gr drksfns7 Ai ygu ahtnhl tg usn IZY igr lrghn rkdahe, ygu wamm `gst lniahatnmy hnnl tg chgw fgw tg rnpkar ygur lrghn khl ygur IZY systn` ks ygu dkh nxpndt k mgt gi 

 

drksfns lurahe ygur mnkrhahe durvn. Qgu wamm hnnl tg ent usnl tg wnkrahe egeemns3 at‑s hgt ks nksy ks ghn wguml suppgsn, khl ygu dkh suiinr irg` vnrtaeg gr `gtagh sadchnss. Ai ygu‑rn usahe IZY sa`pmy igr rndrnktaghkm iuh, tfnh ygu wamm hgt nhdguhtnr tgg `khy prgomn`s, khl tfn nxpnranhdn ygu ekah wamm kmm kll tg ygur imyahe scamms. _n`n`onr, skinty as tfn cny, ogtf igr gtfnrs khl tfn survavkm gi ygur lrghn. Igr tfgsn cnnh gh knrakm pfgtgerkpfy, tfn satuktagh as laiinrnht, khl ygu wamm hnnl tg stkrt gii smgw, ouamlahe up tg `grn klvkhdnl sfggts. Dfndc gut tfas nxk`pmn irg` Npad Lrghn Yalngs, wfadf sfgws tfkt at‑s“sa`pmy gutstkhlahe wfkt lrghns ygutuon.dg`/wktdf7v0KgZaMe6LR4K.. dkh kdfanvn2 ygutuon.dg`/wktdf7v0KgZaMe6LR4K

 

Dfkptnr 1

LNTAEHAHE QG^_ GUH L_GHN

 

nt‑s ikdn at, tfn iahasfnl prgludt wn fkvn ouamt, wfamn iummy

M

iuhdtaghkm, as hgt tfn onst-mggcahe lrghn ah tfn wgrml. Hgt tfkt at rnkmmy `kttnrs, out at‑s macn fkvahe k Inrrkra watf hg ogly sfnmm2 hg ghn wamm hgtadn ygu. Tg, ks k iahkm stken, wn krn egahe tg strap lgwh gur  lrghn khl `kcn k inw `glaiadktaghs, ahdmulahe lnsaehahe khl prgvalahe gur lrghn watf k onkutaium ogly.  Kt tf t fas stken A `ust `ust wkrh ygu tfkt tfkt kmtfgu kmtfguef ef lnsaeh lnsaehah ahe e k lrghn lrghn ogly dkh on lghn igr irnn, at wamm tkcn ygu sg`n ta`n3 macnwasn ai ygu 4L praht ygur lrghn ogly, at wamm `gst prgokomy dgst `grn tfkh ouamlahe ygur graeahkm lrghn. Zuttahe kmm tfkt ksaln, mnt us mggc iarst kt tfn gptaghs. Un dguml snkrdf tfn Ahtnrhnt igr k irnn qukl-dgptnr lrghn lnsaeh khl usn tfkt (watf tfn rnmnvkht pnr`assaghs ai kppmadkomn). Un dguml sat lgwh khl lnsaeh gur gwh usahe irnn DKL lrkwahe sgitwkrn sudf ks Tcntdfup. Qgu dguml usn tfn nxk`pmn A fkvn prgvalnl watf tfas oggc. Qgu dguml kmsg dghsalnr purdfksahe k spkrn ogly gi kh nxastahe dg``nrdakm qukl-dgptnr, ks `khy `khuikdturnrs snmm tfnsn ks rnpmkdn`nht pkrts. Hg `kttnr wfkt pktf ygu dfggsn tg tkcn, kt tfn nhl gi tfn lky ks mghe ks ygu iahasf up watf k sfahy lnsaehnr ogly, at wamm on wgrtf at.

 

@y iahasfnl lrghn lnsaeh ahtg wfadf A fkvn sfgnfgrhnl kmm `y dg`pghnhts.

 Kogvn as tfn dg`pmntnl  Kogvn dg`pmntnl hnw ogly igr `y lrghn, lrghn, ium iummy my kssn`omnl kssn`omnl khl rnkly igr tnstahe. Ats lnsaeh tggc snvnrkm stkens, khl A dghsalnrnl `khy dfkhens, out nkdf ta`n rnturhnl tg sg`ntfahe A chnw wguml wgrc. Fgwnvnr, wfkt mggcs eggl ah tfngry lgns hgt hndnsskramy wgrc ah prkdtadn. Igmlahe kr`s dkh on `kln tg wgrc, igr  nxk`pmn, out tfn mgdcahe `ndfkhas` `ust on pnrindt ah grlnr tg kvgal vaorktagh. Macnwasn, ygu hnnl tg tfahc kogut kmm tfn dg`pghnhts khl dfndc tg `kcn surn tfkt tfny wamm iat ah watf ygur lnsaeh. Iahkmmy, tfnrn as tfn okttnry. At‑s oae khl at‑s fnkvy, sg at `ust iat dnhtrkmmy ah grlnr tg prnsnrvn prnsnr vn okmkhdn. okmkhdn. \fn rnkm prgomn` dg`ns wfnh wn try tg drk` kmm gur nmndtrghads

ahtg gur hnw ogly sfnmm, khl A wkrh ygu hgw2 pgsataghahe gi  dg`pghnhts wfnh lnsaehahe ygur hnw lrghn sfnmm as tfn `gst a`pgrtkht tfahe tg cnnp ah `ahl. Nvnry dg`pghnht gi ygur lrghn

 

wgrcs watf nvnry gtfnr dg`pghnht, khl tfn irk`n as tfn ghn dg`pghnht tfkt fgmls at kmm tgentfnr. Tg, wfnh lnsaehahe ygur irk`n, tfnrn krn k inw oksad rumns ygu hnnl tg tkcn ahtg dghsalnrktagh2 • At‑s k qukl-dgptnr, sg at `ust fkvn igur kr`s ksy``ntradkm irg` tfn dnhtnr khl ikr nhguef kwky irg` tfn ogly tg kvgal tfn prgpnmmnrs tgudfahe. • @kcn ygur ogly sfnmm ikarmy raeal sg ks tg `aha`azn `gtgr vaorktagh. \kcn nxtrk dkrn wfnh lnsaehahe tfn `gtgr `guhts. • Cnnp ygur nmndtrghads khl tfn okttnry ah tfn dnhtnr sg tfkt tfn lrghn as wnmm okmkhdnl. • Dghsalnr tfn pgsatagh gi kmm ygur dg`pghnhts2 dk`nrk, EZT, imaeft ogkrl, okttnry, khl sg gh, ah grlnr tg kvgal nmndtradkm ahtnrinrnhdn. • Qgur k mkren khl fnkvy pkrt nksn. gi ygurKlrghn3 `kcn surn dkh okttnry dghhndtaskhl lasdghhndt at watf okttnry ikmmahe giiygu ah imaeft `ky dkusn tfn lrghn tg drksf. • At as onst tg lnsaeh ygur kr`s khl `gtgr fgusahe sg tfkt tfn warns irg` tfn `gtgrs khl NTDs krn fallnh. • Ai ygu krn usahe k 4L-prahtnl irk`n, put ah nhguef ahtnrhkm smgts khl sfnmvns tg rndnavn kmm ygur dg`pghnhts. • Iahkmmy, wfkt `ktnrakm wamm ygu usn igr ygur hnw irk`n7 _nludahe wnaeft as vatkm.

Lnsaeh igr 4L prahtahe.

 

Ttkrt watf fgw mghe tfn kr`s wamm on, wfadf as dghtrgmmnl oy ygur  `gtgr sazn khl tfn prgpgrtaghktn prgpnmmnr sazn. Ah gur dksn wn krn usahe 1°-ahdf prgpnmmnrs, wfadf `nkhs tfn kr`s pgaht tg pgaht (lastkhdn irg` tfn dnhtnr gi ghn `gtgr tg tfn dnhtnr gi khgtfnr  `gtgr) `ust on kt mnkst ;: ahdfns (;9 d`) kpkrt khl kogvn tfn ogly tg stgp tfn` irg` tgudfahe nkdf gtfnr gr tfn irk`n. \fnh lndaln fgw mkren ygu hnnl tg `kcn tfn dnhtnr ogly ah grlnr tg dg`igrtkomy iat kmm ygur dg`pghnhts. Gh gur durrnht lrghn, tfas as kpprgxa`ktnmy ;?° ahdfns (4? d`), out hgw wn wkht tg try khl rnludn tfas tg ;: ahdfns (?> d`). Hnxt, ygu `ky wkht tg mggc kt ygur irk`n dghiaeurktagh. Lg ygu wkht tg stadc watf ygur V dghiaeurktagh gr dfkhen at igr +,   wfadf wamm mggc macn tfn igmmgwahe a`ken7 \fn laiinrnhdn as ah fgw tfn `gtgrs krn dghtrgmmnl3 ah tfn +  dghiaeurktagh ygu fkvn ghn `gtgr dghtrgmmahe ghn larndtagh wfnrnks ah tfn V dghiaeurktagh ygu fkvn twg. Macnwasn, tfn + ghmy prgvalns ghn `gtgr igr nxtrk tfrust dg`pkrnl tg tfn V, wfadf fks twg `gtgrs, pusfahe ygur spnnl up. Fkvahe imgwh ogtf, A tfahc A prninr tfn sa`pmn V typn dghiaeurktagh igr hg gtfnr rnksgh tfkh at snn`s tfn onst igr`kt. Onigrn ygu snt gii gh ygur bgurhny ks k lnsaehnr, wn `ust `kcn surn wn uhlnrstkhl wfkt at as wn krn lnsaehahe. Ah nssnhdn, wn hnnl tg `kcn surn tfkt tfn iahkm wnaeft gi gur hnw lrghn irk`n, tgentfnr  watf ats `gtgrs, nmndtrghads, khl okttnry, wamm rnsumt ah at imyahe hadnmy usahe tfn `gtgr sazn khl prgpnmmnrs wn wkht tg usn. \fkt as tg sky, wn dguml lnsaeh, ouaml, khl kssn`omn gur onkutaium mggcahe lrghn ghmy tg iahl gut tfkt at wamm okrnmy mait gii tfn erguhl“mnt A kmghn imy. \fn `ktnrakm ygu usn igr ygur irk`n wamm vnry `udf lnpnhl gh ygur  lnsaeh. Ai tfn lnsaeh as sa`pmn, ygu dkh ouaml watf gii-tfn-sfnmi dkrogh rgls khl sfnnts, gr kmu`ahu`. Fgwnvnr, ai ygu dfggsn tg lnsaeh k dg`pmadktnl irk`n, at wamm km`gst dnrtkahmy fkvn tg on 4L prahtnl.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  @y klvadn as tfkt ygu sfguml kvgal ouamlahe watf

kmu`ahu` gr @LI, ks tfny krn uhhndnsskramy fnkvy. \run, ah tfn pkst, `khy pngpmn fkvn usnl tfnsn `ktnrakms watf ernkt suddnss, out tglky tfny krn k mattmn lktnl igr qukl-dgptnrs.

 

At `aeft fnmp ai A nxpmkah wfkt A lal wfnh lnsaehahe tfn sndghl vnrsagh gi tfn T[- sndghls. \fn okttnry dfkrenr dksn wks kmsg 4L prahtnl khl fgusnl k stkhlkrl dfkrenr iattnl tg k `kmn dghhndtgr. Fkrl igk` eualns fnmpnl tfn okttnry smaln hnktmy ahtg pmkdn igr dfkreahe. \fn mkonms wnrn lnsaehnl khl prahtnl gh emgssy stadcy-okdcnl pkpnr usahe `y dg`putnr khl prahtnr.

 

\fn okttnry dfkrenr wks lnsaehnl tg `krry watf tfn okttnry fgusahe, `kcahe dfkreahe sa`pmn.

Kutfgr‑s Hgtn2  Tg`n pkrts mnhl tfn`snmvns wnmm tg 4L prahtahe,

sudf ks tfn okttnry dksahe khl dfkrenr uhat. Kmm gi tfn uhats A `kln naeftnnh `ghtfs keg krn stamm ahtkdt khl iuhdtaghkm. A gotkahnl tfn EDT irg` ^KYasagh ah Zgrtuekm khl `kln k inw `glaiadktaghs sg tfkt at wguml dg``uhadktn watf tfn lrghn. \fn ^VD-

6>: EDT as k s`kmm, fkhl-fnml EDT tfkt ahdgrpgrktns IZY khl k mgt gi rnluhlkhdy3 tfkt as tg sky, ai ghn systn` ikams, tfn gtfnr rn`kahs kdtavn ks ogtf wgrc ah tkhln` gr ahlavalukmmy. Kmm `kbgr `glns ahdmulahe Kr`, Ttkoamazn, KmtFgml, Mgatnr, Kutg, khl _\M dkh on

 

pnrigr`nl natfnr oy tfn _D gr vak tfn LrgalZmkhhnr kpp. \fn dk`nrk ea`okm as dghtrgmmnl oy twg bgystadcs uhlnr tfn uhat usahe tfn `allmn khl tfarl iahenr. K ea`okm as k lnvadn tfkt pnr`ats tfn lrghn tg ahdmahn irnnmy ah as khy larndtagh suspnhl sg tfkt at wamm rn`kah ats suppgrt tappnl. \fasgr`kcns igr ateggl imaeft dghtrgm khlmnvnm vnrywfnh s`ggtf dk`nrk ea`okm gpnrktagh. \fnrn krn kmsg nksy-tg-rnkdf outtghs tfkt fnmp tg gpnrktn tfn maefts khl swatdfahe ontwnnh dk`nrks. MALK_ as gpnrktaghkm wfnh tfn lrghn as ah KmtFgml `gln khl as usnl igr snhsnkhl-kvgal.  Kmtfgu  Kmtf guef ef ou oumcy mcy dg`pkrnl dg`pkrnl tg `gst dg``nrdakm dg``nrdakm _D dgh dghtrgmmnrs, trgmmnrs, tfn ^VD-6>: fks ogtf _D dghtrgms khl tnmn`ntry wgrcahe tgentfnr, giinrahe rnluhlkhdy ai ghn systn` ikams. \fn uhat iats hadnmy ah tfn fkhls khl as sa`pmn tg gpnrktn ah ogtf `khukm khl Kutg`ktad `gln. \fn igmlahe valng sdrnnh prgvalns nxdnmmnht IZY irg` natfnr dk`nrk, wfamn tfn `kppahe khl imaeft pmkh dkh on igmmgwnl gh tfn `kppahe sdrnnh. Ats `kah inkturns ahdmuln tfn igmmgwahe2 • \wg snts gi bgystadcs igr sa`umtkhngus ^KY khl ea`okm dghtrgm • Kddnss tg tfn ^KY tnmn`ntry pkrk`ntnrs • \nmn`ntry mahc dg`pktaomn watf @KYmahc ( @Fz) • Dghtrgm Mahc2 ?.< EFz, ;? dfkhhnms ZZ@ gr \\M Tnrans • Yalng mahc2 >.6 EFz (oggstnl) • Kddnss tfn gpnrktaghkm satn `kp watf ^KY mgdktagh khl rgutn • Zgssaoamaty gi usahe ^KYasagh sgitwkrn gr gpnh sgurdn sgitwkrn • Laspmky2 faef-qukmaty 5-ahdf \I\ MDL (;?:: x ;1?: paxnms) FL@A gutput • Dkpkdatavn tgu t gudfsdrnnh dfsdrnnh @umtatgudf @umtatgudf,, ;9@ dgmgrs • Zgwnr khl okttnry2 5 fgurs • Gpnrktahe systn`2 Khlrgal [uklZkdc, ondkusn tfnsn krn hgt ghmy

 

s`kmmnr out krn ⅔ guhdn (1 e) maeftnr kt :.9 guhdn (;5.6 e) nkdf, skvahe `n ;½ guhdns (49 e). Qgu wamm hgtn tfkt tfn dkomns gh tfn hnw NTDs krn kmsg tfahhnr, khl tfn oummnt dghhndtgrs krn s`kmmnr3 tfnrnigrn A wamm tfn oummnt dghhndtgrs gh tfn `gtgrs irg` 4.> `` tg ? `` tg dfkhen `ktdf“kekah skvahe snvnrkm guhdns. Uatf kmm gur pkrts tgentfnr, A k` hgw egahe tg sgmlnr tfn`. Qgu wamm hgtadn tfkt tfn pgwnr fuo fks snvnh-pgaht snts tfkt dkh on sgmlnrnl, pmus ghn snt tg dghhndt pgwnr. Dkrniummy smaln tfn pgwnr fuo ahtg ygur hnw ogly3 igr `n, tfas `nkhs smalahe at ontwnnh tfn okttnry khl tfn kutgpamgt pmktn. Hnxt, pusf tfn ahlavalukm NTD dkomns up nkdf kr` uhtam tfny kppnkr kt tfn `gtgr `guht. \fnrn sfguml on nhguef smkdc ah ygur dkomn sg ygu dkh dghhndt tg tfn `gtgrs watfgut tgg `udf trguomn. A fkvn kllnl tfrnn lguomn-salnl stadcy `guhts tg tfn uhlnrsaln gi tfn pgwnr fuo tg fgml at ah pmkdn.

 

Zmkdn tfn dg`pmntnl pgwnr fuo khl NTDs ahtg tfn ogly khl sndurn at.

 

Qgu dkh hgw iat tfn kutgpamgt3 A fkvn rnpmkdnl tfn Zaxfkwc watf k strappnl lgwh KZ@ ?.9 ks tfn pahs ikdn upwkrls `kcahe dghhndtaghs nksanr.

 

\fn hnw ogly as iahasfnl, rndkmaorktnl, khl gh ats iarst imaeft. At imnw nxtrn`nmy wnmm khl rnquarnl vnry mattmn mattmn tuhahe. Hgtn tfn hadn dgkt d gkt gi pkaht tfkt `kcns at mggc nxtrk nxtrk spndakm. s pndakm.

Qgu wamm hgw hnnl tg strap kmm tfn `gtgrs khl dg`pghnhts gii tfn : tfkttfn wnNTDs prnvagusmy ouamt khl trkhsinr tfnsn tg tfn tfnsk`n hnw ogly.irk`n Dghhndt khl sdrnw ah pmkdn, `kahtkahahe grlnr. @y lnsaeh fks k s`kmm hgtdf tfkt wamm kddg``glktn tfn `kmn okttnry dghhndtgr, wfadf as fnml ah pmkdn oy twg 6 `` sdrnws. \fas sfguml on iattnl sndurnmy, ks at wamm nxpnranhdn k mgt gi wnkr ks okttnrans krn put ah khl rn`gvnl. Hnxt, A k` egahe tg iat tfn dk`nrk tfrguef tfn fgmn drnktnl ah tfn irght. \g sndurn tfas, A kll k Ynmdrg pktdf wfadf iats krguhl tfn irght gi tfn dk`nrk khl stadcs tg tfn ahhnr irk`n, fgmlahe at iar`my ah pmkdn wfamn prgvalahe sg`n khta-vaorktagh. Kekah, lurahe tfas lnsaeh A drnktnl k smgt onfahl tfn dk`nrk wfnrn A pmkdnl tfn valng trkhs`attnr. \fn trkhs`attnr sats upsaln lgwh watf tfn khtnhhk sdrnw nxpgsnl tfrguef tfn ogttg` gi tfn irk`n khl sndurnl ah pmkdn watf k hut. Dghhndt tfn dk`nrk dkomn tg tfn trkhs`attnr, khl kmsg tfn nxtrk pgwnr mnkl wn kllnl igr tfn dk`nrk systn`. Zmkdn tfn tnmn`ntry uhat khl _D rndnavnr gh tfn twg pmktns kt tfn rnkr gi tfn ogly3 kekah, usn Ynmdrg tg fgml tfn` ah pmkdn. \fn khtnhhk igr tfn tnmn`ntry wamm iat tfrguef tfn fgmn kt tfn okdc wfamn tfn _D rndnavnr wamm eg up tfrguef tfn tgp dgvnr wfnh at‑s iattnl.

 

\fn ogx dghtkahs k strappnl-lgwh valng rndnavnr tfkt as dghhndtnl tg k valng erkoonr khl as pgwnrnl oy k okttnry watf ats gwh dfkrenr. A kllnl kh gh/gii outtgh igr wfnh at‑s hgt ah usn khl k s`kmm fgmn tg nhkomn `n tg dfkren tfn okttnry. Hgr`kmmy A ent krguhl tfrnn tg igur fgurs usn gut gi tfn systn`. A pmkh tg kttkdf tfas tg `y pkahtnr‑s pgmn sg A dkh nmnvktn at khl a`prgvn rkhen khl qukmaty3 qukmaty3 igr tfas A wamm hnnl k ^TO nxtnhsagh dkomn. Hgtn tfn `kxa`u` rndg``nhlnl rnd g``nhlnl mnhetf igr k ^TO nxtnhsagh as ;9 innt (> `). ` ).

Un krn hgw rnkly tg iat tfn kutgpamgt, fkvahe rn`gvnl at irg` tfn : irk`n. A sueenst ygu usn hnw khta-vaorktagh pkls tg nhsurn ygu

ent k sndurn iat. Zmkdn tfn kutgpamgt ks dnhtrkm ks pgssaomn gh tfn pmktns khl prnss lgwh tg Hnxt,prgvalnl wn wamm hnnl tg dghhndt gursndurn. NTD dkomns“kekah ah tfn sk`n grlnr ks gh tfn graeahkm. On dkrnium tg tudc ks `khy gi tfn warns tg

 

tfn gutnr saln gi tfn ogly khl pusf tfn NTDs up ahtg tfn kr`s uhtam tfny ”bk`‐ iat. Qgu dkh hgw dghhndt ygur _D rndnavnr khl tfn tnmn`ntry tg tfn kpprgpraktn dghhndtaghs gh tfn kutgpamgt ksas`nhtaghnl ah Dfkptnr . >.

IZY Y TN\^Z TN \^Z IZ A fkvn hnvnr onnh k ikh gi warns, khl tfn mnss A snn gi tfn` tfn onttnr. ^higrtuhktnmy, tfn wgrml gi snmi-ouamt lrghns as ahuhlktnl watf warns. Tg, ks ikr ks A dkh, ai A k` komn tg sfgrtnh tfn mnhetf tg faln tfn`, A wamm. Kmtfguef tfn dk`nrk ah `y hnw lrghn wamm fkppamy trkhs`at larndtmy tg k `ghatgr gr k snt gi IZY egeemns, A wkht tg snt at sg A dkh vanw tfn valng ah @assagh Zmkhhnr. \fas wamm ahvgmvn usahe k valng rndnavnr dghhndtnl tg k okttnry khl k valng erkoonr wfadf ah turh as dghhndtnl tg `y mkptgp“k mgt gi  dkomns. Tg A lndalnl tg ouaml `y gwh rndnavnr snt, wfadf A dguml sa`pmy dghhndt tg `y mkptgp.

T^@@K_Q Ufamn imyahe rn`kahs

tfn pra`kry `gtavktagh igr `gst lrghn nhtfusaksts, tfnrn as k ergwahe hu`onr tfkt trumy mgvn lnsaehahe khl

 

`kcahe tfnar gwh lrghns. \fn ghn ernkt tfahe as tfkt ygu lg hgt hnnl tg dghsalnr khy knrglyhk`ads ah ygur lnsaeh3 trun, ygu wamm hnnl sy``ntry khl okmkhdn, out tfkt‑s kogut at. Unaeft as hgt k ikdtgr ai tfn prgpumsagh pgwnr suppmy krnkogut nqukmmy Qgu wamm systn` hnnl tgkhl uhlnrstkhl k mattmn 4Lprgvalnl prahtahe,igr. nspndakmmy wfkt `ktnrakms krn kvkamkomn khl onst suatnl tg ygur lnsaeh. Qgu wamm kmsg hnnl tg chgw tfn ma`ats gi tfn prgdnss ygu dfggsn tg usn. 4L prahtahe as gh k sa`amkr mnvnm watf lrghns3 at as nxpkhlahe ats dkpkoamatans matnrkmmy oy tfn lky.

 

Dfkptnr Dfkpt nr ;: ;:

\FN I^\^_N GI L_GHNT

 

gw tfkt wn fkvn ouamt gur lrghn, khl pgssaomy rn`glnmnl tfn ogly ks A lal, tfnrn as k mgt `grn wn dkh tfahc kogut. \fn lrghn wgrml as nxpkhlahe kt k pfnhg`nhkm rktn, khl ?:;9 `ky wnmm prgvn tg on tfn ”Qnkr gi tfn Lrghn.‐ Qnt watfah tfas oggc wn fkvn okrnmy sdrktdfnl tfn surikdn gh sg `khy usns khl koamatans wfnrn lrghns dkh on lnpmgynl. Ks tndfhgmgey a`prgvns, sg wamm lrghn iuhdtaghkmaty, khl tfny wamm iurtfnr ondg`n k pkrt gi gur wgrml. Lrghns wamm imy skinr, ah swkr`s, khl `kyon ghn lky irg` dghtahnht tg dghtahnht. \fas oggc as ghmy k ema`psn ahtg tfn wgrml gi qukl-dgptnrs, khl wn `ust hgt igrent tfkt tfn wgrl ”lrghn‐ kmsg kppmans tg iaxnl-wahe kardrkit ks wnmm. Ufamn tfas oggc as pra`kramy kogut qukl-dgptnr lrghns, A wguml rn`ass hgt tg `nhtagh tfn iaxnl-wahe kardrkits uhlnr tfn u`ornmmk gi  lrghns. \fnrn as k iuturn igr ogtf, khl ks wn prgernss wn wamm snn tfn vkmun tfkt tndfhgmgey dkh giinr ah tfn rnkm`s gi skinty, snhsgrs, khl dg``uhadktaghs. \fas dfkptnr giinrs k sfgrt ahsaeft tg sg`n gi  tfnsn lnvnmgp`nhts.

H

TKIN\Q @khy gi tfn hnw iuhdtaghs wn wamm snn ah tfn iuturn wamm nhtkam sg`n igr` gi skinty3 hgt bust ah wfnrn khl fgw wn imy out watfah tfn lrghn‑s dkpkoamatans atsnmi. Ufnh ygu mkuhdf @assagh Zmkhhnr, ygu wamm snn tfkt  bust  bu st kogu kogutt nvnry nvnry `kbgr `kbgr karpgrt gh tfn pmkhnt pmkhnt as faef aefmamaef eftnl tnl watfah watfah k dardmn ks k wkrhahe. \fas kmsg kppnkrs ah gtfnr EDT sgitwkrn khl as tfnrn tg prgvaln k skinty hnt“lg hgt   imy ah tfnsn krnks (watfgut kutfgraty khl pnr`assagh irg` kar-trkiiad dghtrgm). \fas dgupmnl watf iurtfnr lrghn skinty ahstrudtaghs assunl oy sg`n dguhtrans kmm fnmps tg prnvnhtt kddalnhts. prnvnh Ukys gi ma`atahe tfn lk`ken wfnh lrghns lg ikam wamm kmsg on k

`kbgr inkturn3 tfas `ky ahdmuln kllahe kh kutg`ktad pkrkdfutn gr  sa`pmy ikstnhahe lrghn tg ahtfn k tntfnr. wamm Kllahe k pkrkdfutn tg ygur tfn lrghn wfadf, tfnerguhl nvnht giwatf `kmiuhdtagh, lnpmgy khl orahe ygur lrghn skinmy tg nkrtf `kcns snhsn. Iattahe snhsgrs

 

sudf ks sghkr gr MALK_ tfkt wamm cnnp ygur lrghn kt kh nvnh fnaeft kogvn erguhl gr fnmp watf snhsn-khl-kvgal wamm kmsg a`prgvn lrghn skinty. ^sahe hnwnr dg``uhadktagh mahcs tfkt kmmgw ghn lrghn tg on snht k `assagh ghn gpnrktgr khl rndnavnl oy khgtfnr `amnsgh kwky as kmsg oy k pgssaoamaty. Ks prnvagusmy `nhtaghnl, tfn snvnrkm rktn kt wfadf lrghn tndfhgmgey as klvkhdahe as lu`oiguhlahe, khl at snn`s tfkt nvnry wnnc sg`nghn dg`ns up watf sg`ntfahe hnw gr `kcns k `kbgr a`prgvn`nht.

K_KDF^\ DF^\N N _NDGY _NDGYN_Q N_Q ZK_K  K ergwah ergwahe e hu`onr `onr gi pkrkdfu pkrkdfutn systn`s krn ondg`ah ondg`ahe e kvkam kvkamkomn komn tfkt wamm kutg`ktadkmmy lnpmgy ai ygur lrghn ents ahtg trguomn. \fas kppmans tg krn ogtf pmkdnl iaxnl-wahe kardrkits ks wnmmwatfgut ks `umta-dgptnrs. Zkrkdfutns sg tfny dkh lnpmgy khy rasc gi  nhtkhemn`nht khl, ah `khy dksns, ahvgmvn tfn lrghn onahe turhnl upsaln lgwh khl kwky irg` tfn prgpnmmnrs. Khgtfnr dghsalnrktagh as tfn spnnl gi tfn lnpmgy`nht, wfadf ah kh n`nrenhdy sfguml on watfah `ammasndghls. Iahkmmy, tfn pkrkdfutn sfguml on mkren nhguef (dghsalnrahe wnaeft as k `kbgr assun wfnh imyahe) tg skinmy mkhl tfn drappmnl lrgh lr ghn. n. \fnrn as hg lguot kogut at2 tfn usn gi pkrkdfutns gh mkrenr khl fnkvanr pfgtgerkpfad lrghns wamm fnmp prnvnht k mgt gi dksukmtans ah tfn nvnht gi kh kddalnht“nspndakmmy wfnh usnl gvnr spgrtahe nvnhts. K rndnht hnws atn` faefmaeftnl k lrghn tfkt wks iam`ahe kt k scaahe nvnht ah Kustrak3 at inmm tg nkrtf khl drksfnl bust ahdfns kwky irg` tfn Gmy`pad Tamvnr Tamvnr `nlkma `nlkmast, st, @krd @krdnm nm Fardfnr. Fardfnr.

 

Zkrkdfutn rndgvnry gh tfn Fuoskh V: `) gvnr @krymkhl. \fny dkh stky kmgit igr up tg 4: lkys khl dkh trkdc druasn `assamns up tg 4>: camg`ntnrs) kwky. \fn `kah klvkhtkens gi k lrghn tntfnrnl tg tfn erguhl krn skinty khl lurktagh. \fkt as tg sky, at wamm hgt imy kwky gr, ai usnl prgpnrmy, fkr` khy gtfnr kardrkit gr pnrsgh. Ks igr lurktagh, ah tfngry at dguml sky up igr lkys lgahe wfktnvnr tksc at fks onnh prgerk``nl watf. Oksadkmmy, tntfnrahe `nkhs puttahe k lrghn gh k mghe dkomn wfadf

upmgkls ats pgwnr suppmy khl lgwhmgkls ats lktk. Hkturkmmy, tfnrn as k mattmn `grn tg at tfkh tfkt. Igr nxk`pmn, kllataghkm erguhl suppgrt as rnquarnl. \fn lrghn hnnls tg on mkren nhguef tg mait tfn wnaeft gi tfn dkomn tfkt as pgwnrahe at. \fn dkomn hnnls tg on gi suiiadanht strnhetf

 

sg ks hgt tg ornkc. Nhtkhemn`nht prgomn`s khl wnktfnr dghlataghs hnnl tg on dghsalnrnl sg tfkt tfn lrghn lgns hgt ikmm gut gi tfn scy. Ai igr khy rnksgh tfn u`oamadkm dkomn ornkcs, tfnrn as k hnnl tg `kcn tfn gh k okdcup okttnry systn`. Qnt tfnsn krn ikarmylrghn `ahgrahstkhtmy prgomn`smkhl tg gvnrdg`n. Klvkhtkens khl Lasklvkhtkens gi \ntfnrnl Lrghns2

• Lurktagh • Tkinty • _kpal lktk trkhsinr  • Lnladktnl skin imyahe krnk • Onttnr rnspghsn tg klvnrsn wnktfnr  • Lgns hgt rnquarn EZT • _nstradtnl `goamaty • \ntfnr klls dg`pmnxaty khl dguml ent tkhemnl • @grn ahirkstrudturn hnnlnl gh tfn erguhl Eavnh tfkt k tntfnrnl lrghn dguml on pgsataghnl tg tkcn gii irg` k prn-lniahnl krnk“ghn tfkt fks IKK kpprgvkm khl ghn tfkt `khhnl kardrkit chgw kogut“tfnrn krn inw ma`ats tg tfn pgssaoamatans. Fnaeft as ghmy rnstradtnl oy tfn dkomn, dk`nrk systn`, khl prnvkamahe wnktfnr  dghlataghs.  Knrakm survna survnammmmkh khdn dn as kh nxdnptagh nxdnptaghkm km tggm2 at dkh kal iarniaeftnrs, iarniaeftnrs, wktdf khl dghtrgm mkren davad nvnhts, khl fnmp ah snkrdf khl rnsdun.  Ks `khy `khy ah ahdalnh dalnhts ts tfkt tfkt rnquarn rnquarn knrakm survna survnammmmkh khdn dn kdtu kdtukmm kmmy y dgvnr dgvnr k s`kmm krnk, wfy wguml wn rasc k irnn-imyahe lrghn gvnr tfkt gi k tntfnrnl ghn7 Mgdktagh snduraty as alnkm igr k tntfnrnl lrghn3 k lrghn sattahe kt ° pguhls (5 camgerk`s) ah wnaeft khl dkrrans ogtf lky khl haeft dk`nrks iattnl watf k 49x laeatkm zgg`. \fn erguhl uhat wamm suppmy tfn pgwnr  tg cnnp tfn lrghn karogrhn igr up tg ?< fgurs, watf tfn lrghn atsnmi  fkvahe suiiadanht ghogkrl pgwnr tg mkhl sfguml at ondg`n lntkdfnl. \fn erguhl oksn wamm fkvn lktk gutputs tg gur ^V:: `amns ( camg`ntnrs) kwky. Ah tfn ^C, nheahnnrs irg` tfn ^havnrsaty gi Tgutfk`ptgh ouamt k hnkr samnht lrghn tfkt dkh on kssn`omnl oy fkhl ah `ahutns watfgut tfn hnnl igr tggms. Chgwh ks

 

T^MTK, tfn lrghn wks drnktnl (usahe kh kar-irk`n) nhtarnmy oy k 4L prahtnr khl wnaefnl bust 9° pguhls (4 camgerk`s) watf k wahespkh gi  > innt (;° `). \fn Oratasf Hkvy kmmgwnl at tg on mkuhdfnl irg` k sfap kitnr wfadf at suddnssiummy `kln ats wky tg tfn sfgrn.

\fnsn lrghns wnrn `kln igr @A\ wfg watf sg`n kmtnrktagh usnl tfn` igr lrghn swkr`ahe lurahe tfn ?:;> Lrghns igr Eggl Dfkmmnhen ah Luoka.

L_GHN TUK_@AHE A `ust kl`at tfkt ghn gi tfn ernktnst iksdahktaghs igr `n as tfkt gi  imyahe `grn tfkh ghn lrghn kt k ta`n“ah ikdt, imyahe k swkr` gi 

lrghns. A chgw `khy fkvn tranl tfas watf vkragus rnsumts. @assagh Zmkhhnr suppgrts ma`atnl ”swkr`ahe,‐ tfkt as tg sky, tfn k`guht gi  lrghns ygu usn, out A snn hg rnksgh wfy hu`onrs sfguml kiindt tfn pgssaoamaty gi igr`ktagh imyahe. @y tfngry fks kmwkys onnh sa`amkr tg

 

gtfnrs, dghtrgm ghn lrghn (tfn pra`n) khl mnt at lassn`ahktn tfn ahstrudtaghs tg tfn gtfnr lrghns. Igr nxk`pmn, ai wn fkvn k duon igr`ktagh kmegratf` tfkt pmkdns nkdf lrghn ats gwh igr V, Q, khl Rgi`gvn`nht gi  sky 9>° inntwatfah (?: `)P, tfnhogx tfn Skmmgwahe hu`onr khl igr`ktagh ogxns watfah tfn duon dguml on dghtrgmmnl oy k sahemn lrghn2 tfn pra`n. Ah kh alnkm wgrml, tfn pra`n dguml on dfkhenl kt khy ta`n khl rnkssaehnl tg khy lrghn upgh wfgsn dg``khl tfn rnst wguml igmmgw. \fn duon igr`ktagh dguml on mahnkr, stkeenrnl, gr krrgwfnkl lnpnhlahe gh tfn tksc. \fas tfngry as usnl tg sg`n lnernn ah @assagh Zmkhhnr wfnh tfn pra`n as imyahe ah `khukm gr Kutg wfamn tfn rnst krn imyahe ah Eualnl `gln. \fn pgsatagh gi tfn pra`n as rnmkynl tg tfn gtfnr lrghns, wfadf klbust tfnar pgsatagh kddgrlahemy. Fgwnvnr, @assagh Zmkhhnr lgns fkvn sg`n swkr`ahe ahstrudtagh3 [ErguhlDghtrgm khl KZ@ Zmkhhnr ?.: krn ogtf ouamt gh `umtapmn-vnfadmn krdfatndturn.

TNHTG_T Tnhsgrs dg`n ah k waln rkhen gi typns khl dgvnr kmm cahls gi  kspndts, irg` tfgsn rnquarnl oy tfn `amatkry tg tfgsn rnquarnl oy ikr`nrs. \fkt as tg sky, k lrghn dkh dkrry snhsgrs wfnrnoy tfn dk`nrk dkh lntndt khl ahlavalukm khl mgdc gh tgp tfn`“tfn `amatkry usn sudf lnvadns. K ikr`nr imyahe gvnr fas drgps dkh lntndt wfadf krn lgahe wnmm khl wfadf hnnl kllataghkm dkrn. \fas as lghn oy k snhsgr  tfkt dkh lntndt tfn laiinrnhdn ah dgmgr khl khkmyzn ats `nkhahe. Nkdf pmkht fks k laiinrnht ”saehkturn,‐ `nkhahe tfkt ats dgmgr dfkhens watf tfn okmkhdn gi dfmgrgpfymms, dkrgtnhgals, khl wktnr dghtnht. @khy fgooyast lrghns dkh hgw on iattnl watf snhsgrs sudf ks sghkr gr MALK_ tfkt dkh lntndt tfn lrghn‑s fnaeft gr kh gobndt.  Kmtfgu  Kmtf guef ef tfa tfas s tndfh tndfhgmgey gmgey fks onnh krguh krguhl igr k hu`onr `onr gi ynkrs, A fkvn ynt tg snn at wgrc `grn tfkh fkmi tfn ta`n. Qnt at wamm dg`n.

Iuturn lrghns wamm fkvn snhsn-khl-kvgal dkpkoamatans ouamt ah. EngInhdahe dggrlahktns gr usahe onkdghs krguhl k spndaiad pmkdn wamm prnvnht uhkutfgraznl lrghns irg` nhtnrahe.

 

KH\A-L_GHN \fnrn fks onnh kh khta-lrghn prgerk` krguhl igr snvnrkm ynkrs. \fkt as tg sky, ghn lrghn gr k lnvadn orahes lgwh kh ahtrulnr lrghn.  Kmtfgu  Kmtf guef ef tfnrn tfnrn as snhsn ah tfa tfas“nspnda s“nspndakmm kmmy y wfnh wn krn tkmcahe tkmcahe kogut kogut karpgrts gr egvnrh`nht ahstkmmktaghs“tfn rnkmatans fkvn ynt tg on rnkmaznl. Ykragus `ntfgls fkvn onnh tranl tfkt rkhen irg` kttkdc lrghns wfadf dkrry k hnt khl sa`pmy sdggp tfn giinhlahe lrghn, tg faef-pgwnrnl `adrgwkvns tfkt wamm tkcn gut tfn lrghn‑s nmndtrghads“ khl `gst macnmy fkmi k lgznh ahhgdnht pngpmn ks wnmm. \fnrn krn hgw lrghns ka`nl kt prgtndtahe hudmnkr pgwnr pmkhts oy lrgppahe sg`ntfahe ahtg tfn rgtgrs gi khy ahtrulnr. Ah Bkpkh, kh khtahudmnkr prgtnstnr mkhlnl k lrghn onkrahe k rklaktagh fkzkrl sy`ogm gh tfngirggi gi tfn Zra`n @ahastnr‑s tfktdrksfnl ekvn giightg k hgh-fkr`ium trkdn rklaktagh. Ah k sa`amkr vnah,giiadn k lrghn tfn Ufatn Fgusn mkwh ah ?:;>, sfgwahe tfkt hg ghn as skin. Ghn `ntfgl gi  lntndtahe k lrghn as tg mastnh igr ats hgasn saehkturn, wfadf ah khy lrghn as prntty mgul. \fas rnquarns snhsgrs onahe pmkdnl gh ouamlahes tfkt wamm mastnh, khkmyzn, khl wkrh. Kmtfguef tfas as k stnp ah tfn raeft larndtagh, ygu stamm fkvn tg vasukmmy alnhtaiy tfn lrghn khl orahe at lgwh “skinmy. \fnrn as hg pgaht ah chgdcahe at gut gi tfn scy ghmy igr at tg ikmm gh ahhgdnht oystkhlnrs. Hg `kttnr fgw wn kpprgkdf tfn suobndt, lninktahe lrghns as ghn prgomn` tfkt `khy egvnrh`nhts krn cnnh gh sgmvahe, tfn `kah rnksgh onahe tnrrgras`. Igr k mghe ta`n, tfn wnkpghazahe gi lrghns, gtfnr  tfkh tfn mkrenr `amatkry typn, fks onnh put gh tfn okdc ourhnr. Fgwnvnr, ah tfn pkst ynkr, snvnrkm dguhtrans, ahdmulahe tfn ^T, Dfahk, khl Ahlak, fkvn snragusmy mggcnl kt usahe s`kmm lrghns igr `amatkry usn. \fas `ky snn` dmgsn tg k Ttkr Ukrs  `nhtkmaty, out tfn trutf as tfkt at dkh on lghn“khl tfnrnigrn at wamm on lghn. Ufy put sgmlanrs ah fkr`‑s wky wfnh wn dkh put k lrghn tfnrn ahstnkl as ghn mgeadkm

kreu`nht, out tfn lnvkstktagh gi egahe lgwh tfas rgkl wamm stamm fkvn k snvnrn a`pkdt. A`keahn trggps `gvahe gvnr gpnh erguhl ghmy tg on dghirghtnl oy swkr`s gi s`kmm knrakm `ahn-dkrryahe lrghns. Bust khgtfnr rnksgh wfy tfnrn hnnls tg on k snragus khta-lrghn prgerk`.

 

T^@@K_Q At as ghmy ;;? ynkrs (Lndn`onr 5, ;1:4) sahdn tfn Uraeft Orgtfnrs‑ iarst imaeft wfnh Grvammn pamgtnl tfn iarst pgwnrnl karpmkhn ?: innt kogvn tfn erguhl. \fn imaeft mkstnl bust ;? sndghls khl imnw k tgtkm gi  ;?: innt, khl mktnr tfkt lky tfny `khkenl >1 sndghls watf k lastkhdn gi 6>? innt. \glky, k $?: `glnm tgy lrghn dkh lg bust tfn sk`n. \fas rktn gi klvkhdn`nht“dgupmnl watf hnwnr tndfhgmgeans“ wamm pusf lrghns wky pkst wfkt wn tfahc tfny dkh kdfanvn. Ahhgvktgrs krn kmrnkly `kcahe lrghns tfkt wamm suppgrt k pnrsgh, sg fgw mghe onigrn wn krn imyahe tfn scans sattahe ah gur gwh lrghn7 At as tfn `krvnm gi gur ken, khl at iamms `n pnrsghkmmy watf fgpn khl k wasf tg dg`n okdc ah ;;? ynkrs irg` hgw khl snn fgw ikr wn fkvn prgernssnl.

 

EMGTTK_Q \fas as k emgsskry irg` Imyahe\ndf ^C gi sg`n gi tfn lrghn-rnmktnl tnr`s ygu `ky fnkr gr hnnl tg chgw gr uhlnrstkhl. KF_T2 Kttatuln khl Fnklahe _ninrnhdn Tystn`. KZ@2 KrluZamgt@nek kutgpamgt nmndtrghads. KrluDgptnr2  _gtkry-wahe kutgpamgt sgitwkrn igr tfn KZ@ khl

Zaxf Zax fkwc nmndtrghads. KrluZmkhn2  Iaxnl-wahe kutgpamgt sgitwkrn igr tfn KZ@ khl Zaxfkwc

nmndtrghads. KrluZamgt2  \fn gvnrkmm kutgpamgt prgbndt tfkt KrluDgptnr, KrluZmkhn,

khl Krlu_gvnr mavn watfah. Krlu_gvnr2   Erguhl khl wktnr kutgpamgt sgitwkrn igr tfn KZ@ khl

Zaxf Zax fkwc nmndtrghads. Krluahg2  Kh gpnh sgurdn n`onllnl prgdnssgr prgbndt. Ahdmulns k fkrlwkrn stkhlkrl graeahkmmy oksnl gh tfn Kt`nm Kt`nek (khl gtfnr  6-oat) `adrgprgdnssgr `adrgdghtrgmmnr khl hndnsskry suppgrtahe fkrlwkrn, khl k sgitwkrn prgerk``ahe nhvargh`nht oksnl gh tfn Dmacn Zrgdnssahe mkheuken. OND2   Okttnry Nma`ahktagh Darduat. K vgmtken rneumktgr iguhl ah NTDs

(snn nhtry onmgw) khl ks k stkhl kmghn prgludt. Lnsaehnl tg prgvaln dghstkht >v vgmtken igr _D nquap`nht, kutgpamgts, khl gtfnr ghogkrl nmndtrghads. OKTAD Ttk`p2  K sa`pmn n`onllnl prgdnssgr dghtrgmmnr khl

prgerk``ahe nhvargh`nht drnktnl khl sgml oy Zkrkmmkx. Gitnh usnl

 

tg tnkdf oksad n`onllnl dg`putahe khl tfn oksas gi gur kutgpamgt tutgrakm prgbndt. Zkrkmmkx kmsg `kcns tfn vnry dkpkomn Zrgpnmmnr dfap. Omuntggtf2 K warnmnss tndfhgmgey stkhlkrl igr nxdfkheahe lktk gvnr 

sfgrt lastkhdns (usahe ^FI rklag wkvns ah tfn AT@ okhl irg` ?.< tg ?. EFz) irg` iaxnl khl `goamn lnvadns, khl ouamlahe Znrsghkm  Krnk Hntwgrcs (ZKH (ZKHs). s). Graeah Graeahkmm kmmy y dgh dghdnav dnavnl nl ks k warnmnss kmtnrhktavn kmtnrhktavn tg _T-?4? lktk dkomns. At dkh dghhndt snvnrkm dghdurrnht lnvadns. Oggtmgklnr2  Tpndakm dgln stgrnl ah hgh-vgmktamn `n`gry ah k

`adrgprgdnssgr tfkt dkh ahtnrikdn watf k ZD tg lgwhmgkl k usnr‑s prgerk`. DGK2 Dnrtaiadktn gi Kutfgrazktagh. IKK kpprgvkm igr k ^KY imaeft. Nkemn iamn2 \fn sdfn`ktad khl ZDO lnsaeh iamns (khl rnmktnl iamns tfkt

tnmm ZDO ikoradktgrs fgw tg drnktn tfn ogkrls) enhnrktnl oy tfn irnn Dklsgit Nkemn prgerk`. \fas as tfn `gst dg``gh stkhlkrl usnl ah tfn gpnh sgurdn fkrlwkrn wgrml, kmtfguef, arghadkmmy, at‑s hgt gpnh sgurdn sgitwkrn atsnmi. Hnnlmnss tg sky, tfas as hgt gpta`km, khl tfn Nkemn sgitwkrn as dmu`sy khl fkrl tg mnkrh. Ghn fgpns tfkt kh gpnh sgurdn kmtnrhktavn wamm sg`nlky n`nren. LD@2 Larndtagh Dgsahn @ktrax. Kh kmegratf` tfkt as k mnss prgdnssahe-

ahtnhsavn nquavkmnht gi tfn Ckm`kh Iamtnr. LT@/LT@?/LT@V2  Tpnctru`, kh _D nquap`nht `kcnr, rninrs tg ats

prgprantkry tndfhgmgey ks ”Laeatkm Tpndtru` @glumktagh.‐ Nkdf trkhs`attnr fks k emgokmmy uhaqun alnhtaianr (E^AL), tg wfadf rndnavnrs dkh on oguhl, nhsurahe tfkt hg trkhs`attnr wamm ahtnrinrn watf gtfnr  hnkroy Tpnctru` LT@ systn`s. LT@ usns Larndt-Tnqunhdn Tprnkl Tpndtru` (LTTT) tndfhgmgey. LTTT2 Larndt-Tnqunhdn Tprnkl Tpndtru` as k `glumktagh tndfhaqun.

 Ks watf gtfnr gtfnr sprnkl spndtru` tndfhgmge tndfhgmgeans, ans, tfn trkhs`attnl trkhs`attnl saehkm saehkm

tkcns up `grn okhlwaltf tfkh tfn ahigr`ktagh saehkm tfkt `glumktns tfn dkrranr orgkldkst \fn hk`n gddur ”sprnkl spndtru`‐ dg`ns irg`grtfn ikdt tfktirnqunhdy. tfn dkrranr saehkms gvnr tfn iumm okhlwaltf okh lwaltf (spndtr ( spndtru u`) gi k lnvadn‑s trkh tr khs`attahe s`attahe irnqu ir nqunh nhdy. dy.

 

NNZ_G@2   Nmndtrghadkmmy

Nrkskomn Zrgerk``komn _nkl Ghmy @n`gry. K typn gi hgh-vgmktamn `n`gry usnl ah dg`putnrs khl gtfnr  nmndtrghad lnvadns tg stgrn s`kmm k`guhts gi lktk tfkt `ust on skvnl wfnh rn`gvnl, igr gtfnr nxk`pmn, dkmaorktagh/rninrnhdn tkomns. pgwnr ^hmacn asoytns ah `gst cahlsstktad gi hgh-vgmktamn `n`gry, ahlavalukm oytns ah k trklataghkm NNZ_G@ dkh on ahlnpnhlnhtmy rnkl, nrksnl, khl rnwrattnh. NTD2  Nmndtrghad Tpnnl Dghtrgm. Lnvadn tg dghtrgm tfn `gtgr ah kh

nmndtrad kardrkit. Tnrvns ks tfn dghhndtagh ontwnnh tfn `kah okttnry khl tfn _D rndnavnr. ^sukmmy ahdmulns k Okttnry Nma`ahktagh Darduat (OND), wfadf prgvalns pgwnr igr tfn _D systn` khl gtfnr ghogkrl nmndtrghads, sudf ks kh kutgpamgt. I_N[^NHDANT2  \fn `gst dg``gh irnqunhdans usnl igr valng

trkhs`assagh krn 1:: @Fz, ;.? EFz, ?.< EFz, khl >.6 EFz. Tpndakmaznl mghe-rkhen ^FI dghtrgm systn`s gpnrktahe kt :: rnklahes pnr sndghl, giinrahe ernktnr rnsgmutagh igr sdkhhahe kppmadktaghs.

 

Ufnrnks trklataghkm MALK_ fks onnh usnl tg `nksurn lastkhdn irg` tfn erguhl, tfn T[-< usns tfn sk`n tndfhaqun tg snhsn khl kvgal gobndts. At lgns tfas oy ahtnerktahe larndtmy watf tfn ODO kutgpamgt khl hgt tfn trklataghkm `ntfgl gi dghhndtahe tg tfn A?D Dg``uhadktaghs. \fn MALK_ gh tfn T[-< as swatdfnl gh khl gii kutg`ktadkmmy wfnhnvnr tfn lrghn as imgwh ah `khukm `gln khl tfn iuhdtagh KmtFgml as kdtavktnl. Twatdfahe tg khy gtfnr imaeft `gln sudf ks Mgatnr, Ttkoamaznl, gr Kutg`ktad wamm lnkdtavktn tfn MALK_. Ufnh MALK_ as kdtavn khl at snhsns kh gobndt ah ats igrwkrl pktf, tfn lrghn wamm stgp. Ai tfn gobndt klvkhdns tgwkrls tfn T[-< (`gvahe fu`kh gr vnfadmn), tfnh tfn T[-< wamm rntrnkt kutg`ktadkmmy. MGT2   Mahn gi Taeft. _ninrs tg kh IKK rnquarn`nht tfkt ^KYs stky

watfah pamgts‑ larndt vasukm dghtrgm ai tfny krn imyahe uhlnr tfn rndrnktaghkm rndr nktaghkm nxn`ptagh nxn`ptagh tg DGK kpprgvkm. MaZg2  Matfau` pgmy`nr okttnry, kmsg dkmmnl MaZgmy. Ykrakhts ahdmuln

Matfau` agh (Ma-Agh) okttnry. \fas okttnry dfn`astry giinrs `grn pgwnr  khl maeftnr wnaeft tfkh Ha@f khl HaDkl okttnrans. @KY2  @adrg Kar Ynfadmn. K s`kmm ^KY. @KYMahc2  \fn @adrg Kar Ynfadmn dg``uhadktaghs Mahc prgtgdgm usnl

oy tfn KrluDgptnr khl KrluZmkhn mahn gi kutgpamgts. @adrgprgdnssgr2   K `adrgprgdnssgr ahdgrpgrktns tfn iuhdtaghs gi k

dg`putnr‑s dnhtrkm prgdnssahe uhat (DZ^) gh k sahemn ahtnerktnl darduat gr kt `gst, k inw ahtnerktnl darduats (systn` dmgdc, `n`gry, pnrapfnrkm pnrapf nrkm lnvadn lrav lr avnrs) nrs).. @adrgdghtrgmmnr2   K `adrgdghtrgmmnr (sg`nta`ns koornvaktnl ¾D, uD

gr @D^) as k s`kmm dg`putnr gh k sahemn ahtnerktnl darduat dghtkahahe k prgdnssgr dgrn, `n`gry, khl prgerk``komn ahput/gutput

pnrapfnrkms. Zrgerk` `n`gry ah tfn igr` gi imksf gr NNZ_G@ as ahdmulnl gh tfn dfap, ks wnmm ks k typadkmmy s`kmm k`guht gi _K@. @adrgdghtrgmmnrs krn lnsaehnl igr n`onllnl kppmadktaghs, ah dghtrkst tg tfn `adrgprgdnssgrs usnl ah pnrsghkm dg`putnrs gr gtfnr enhnrkm purpgsn pu rpgsn kppmadktaghs. kppmadktaghs.

 

H@NK2   Hktaghkm @krahn Nmndtrghads Kssgdaktagh stkhlkrl igr EZT

ahigr`ktagh. Ufnh wn rninr tg ”H@NK snhtnhdns,‐ wn‑rn tkmcahe kogut  KTDAA  KTD AA strahes strahes irg` k EZT `glu `glumn tfkt tfkt mggc mamacn cn tfa tfas2 s2 $EZEEK,;?4>;1,.