Buenas Practicas Logistica Urbana

 

BFW]D×K MF JVFKHW SZÈG]DGHW ELBÎW]DGHW VZJHKHW

Ghrtdeeh nftlmle÷bdgh phrh fe Wfgtlr Srdvhml

 

Îkmdgf • • • •

Belshrdl Dktrlmuggd÷k Elbîstdgh glehjlrhtdvh Mdstrdjugd÷k glehjlrhtdvh Bfkfrhedmhmfs Fvheuhgd÷k guhedthtdvh mfe dnphgtl fk eh gdumhm Srlgfsl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Zlefs mf ehs fktdmhmfs dkvleugrhmhs Zfglnfkmhgdlkfs phrh eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k y glktdkudmhm mf eh nfmdmh Srlbrhnhgd÷k mf gdths fk puktls mf vfkth Bfkfrhedmhmfs • • • • •

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Fvheuhgd÷k guhedthtdvh mfe dnphgtl fk eh gdumhm Srlgfsl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Zlefs mf ehs fktdmhmfs dkvleugrhmhs Zfglnfkmhgdlkfs phrh eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k y glktdkudmhm mf eh nfmdmh

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Belshrdl y sdbehs •

Hutlvfkth9 Nlmfel mf mdstrdjugd÷k fk fe guhe sf mdstrdjuyfk pfmdmls sdk kfgfsdmhm mf fxdstdr ukh kfblgdhgd÷k prfvdh. Fk fstf nlmfel els pfmdmls sf sufefk edqudmhr nfmdhktf phbls fk fe nlnfktl mf eh fktrfbh (fk fafgtdvl). Els vf`îguels eefkhk su ghphgdmhm y sf vhk rfhedzhkml fktrfbhs fk eh nfmdmh quf sf vhyhk rfhedzhkml kfblgdhgdlkfs fk puktls mf vfkth? fs mfgdr, kl fxdstf ukh ruth mfadkdmh (Slkgf, F., Ghrrhsgl-Bheefbl, Z., Bhrgîh, Z., :330).

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GfMd9 Gfktrl mf Mdstrdjugd÷k, fsphgdl elbîstdgl fk fe quf sf henhgfkh he nhgfkh nfrghkgîh y sf fnjhrghk ÷rmfkfs mf shedmh phrh quf sfhk mdstrdjudmls fk fe glnfrgdl nhylrdsth l ndklrdsth. Fk ästls sf rfhedzhk ehs hgtdvdmhmfs mf grlss mlgodkb (Ylkh Elbîstdgh).

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Grlss Mlgodkb9 Fstrhtfbdh elbîstdgh mlkmf mdafrfktfs mdafrfktfs prlmugtls mf hrrdjl (l mf prlvffmlrfs) h uk GfMd sf glksledmhk l hbruphk mf hgufrml h els pfmdmls fspfgîadgls (tdpls mf prlmugtls y ghktdmhmfs) rfhedzhmls plr ehs tdfkmhs mf glksunl (Bhrtkfr).

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Eîmfr mf prlyfgtl9 Zfsplkshj Zfsplkshjef ef mf fifguthr fe prlyfgtl fk fe tdfnpl fspfrhml, utdedzhkml els rfgursls prfsupufsthmls, prfsupuf sthmls, gunpedfkml ehs fxpfgthtdvhs mf els gedfktfs. (SND)

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Elbîstdgh9 Srlgfsl mf pehkfhr, fifguthr, gllrmdkhr, y glktrlehr tlmhs ehs hgtdvdmhmfs kfgfshrdhs phrh shtdsahgfr ehs kfgfsdmhmfs kfgfsdmhmfs mf uk gedfktf, nfmdhktf kdvfefs mfsfhmls fk ghedmhm y sfrvdgdl, y glstl. Fktrf äsths, sf fkgufktrhk hgtdvdmhmfs thefs glnl9 trhksplrtf, henhgfkhndfktl, hprlvdsdlkhndfktl, mdstrdjugd÷k. (Nfiîh, G., @dmhebl, M., :38=).

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Elbîstdgh glehjlrhtdvh9 Guhkml mls l nès fnprfshs glnphrtfk rfgursls (vf`îguels, dksthehgdlkfs, dkalrnhgd÷k, ftg.) glk fe adk mf lptdndzhr sus lpfrhgdlkfs elbîstdghs. elbîstdghs. (Wtfahksslk B., Zussfee, M., :330).

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Shrtfs dktfrfshmhs9 Sfrslkhs y lrbhkdzhgdlkfs quf phrtdgdphk l sf jfkfadgdhk mf uk prlyfgtl, fk guhequdfrh mf sus ahsfs mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k. (SND).

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Shtrlgdkhmlr mf prlyfgtl9 Fifgutdvl mf hetl kdvfe fkghrbhml mf mfafkmfr mfafkmfr fe prlyfgtl phrh elbrhr su hgfpthgd÷k plr phrtf mf eh heth mdrfggd÷k y mf ehs phrtfs dktfrfshmhs, y glnukdgh y nhktdfkf jufkhs rfehgdlkfs glk els ndsnls. (SND).

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Srfvfkth9 Nlmfel mf mdstrdjugd÷k fk fe guhe els pfmdmls sf kfblgdhk glk hktfrdlrdmhm he nlnfktl mf eh fktrfbh. Fk fstf nlmfel els pfmdmls sf sufefk edqudmhr nfmdhktf phbls phgthmls mf ahgturhs, sdk nhkfil mf fafgtdvl. Els vf`îguels trhksplrthk ehs ghktdmhmfs fxhgths pfmdmhs plr els puktls mf vfkth (Slkgf, F., Ghrrhsgl-Bheefbl, Z., Bhrgîh, Z., :330)

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HN9 Heghemîh Nhylr

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Gln9 Glnukdmhm

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SND9 Dkstdtutl mf Bfrfkgdh mf Srlyfgtls (Srlifgt Nhkhbfnfkt Dkstdtutf)

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ZEV9 Zfm Elbîstdgh Vrjhkh

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WMN9 Wfgrfthrîh Mdstrdthe mf Nlvdedmhm

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WS9 Wfgtlr Srdvhml

 W  M   N   G   h  r   b  u  f  y  M   f  s   g   h  r   b  u  f

 

Dktrlmuggd÷k

Eh prfsfktf ghrtdeeh tdfkf plr ljiftl deustrhr he sf sfgt gtlr lr pr prdv dvhm hml l eh dnpe dn pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh ehss nf nfmd mdmh mhss el elbî bîst stdg dghs hs gl gleh ehjl jlrh rhtd tdvh vhss fs fstu tumd mdhm hmhs hs fk fe prfsfktf prlyfgtl - Srlbrhnhgd÷k mf gdths fk puktls mf vfkth y mdstrdjugd÷k mdstrdjug d÷k glehjlrh glehjlrhtdvh. tdvh. Hmdgdlkhenfktf, fk fsth ghrtdeeh sf mfsgrdjfk mdg`hs nfmdmhs gleh gl ehjl jlrh rhtd tdvh vhss dm dmfk fktd tdad adgh ghkm kml l su suss lj ljif iftd tdvl vls, s, jf jfkf kfad adgd gdls ls,, nf nftl tlml mlelb elbîh îh mf dnpe dn pefn fnfk fktthg hgd÷ d÷k, k, y hk hkhe hedz dzhk hkml ml el elss rle lefs fs mf eh ehss fnprfshs vdk vdkgu guehm ehmhs hs fk eh dn dnpe pefn fnfk fktthg hgd÷ d÷k k mf md mdg` g`hs hs nf nfmd mdmh mhss gle lehj hjlr lrh htd tdv vhs hs,, fk fe nh nhrrgl mf eh Zfm Elbîstdgh Vrjhkh (ZEV), mf eh Wfgrfthrîh Mdstrdthe mf Nlvdedmhm (WMN). =

Mdg dg` `h ghrt rtde deeh eh `hg hgf f ph phrt rtf f mf el elss mlg lgu unfktls fktr trfb fbhj hjef efss mf mfee dk dkaalr lrn nf mf eh Fth thp ph QDD - Fvheu euh hgd÷ d÷k k - mfe prly lyf fgtl feh ehj jlr lrh hml phrh eh Wfg fgrrfthrî rîh h Mdst Md strd rdth thee mf Nl Nlvd vded edmh mhm, m, mf mfkl klnd ndkh khml ml   ―Fstrugturhr  tägkdgh, fglk÷ndgh, hnjdfkthe y efbhenfktf nfmdmhs phrh eh bfstd÷k y fe glktrle mf eh gdrguehgd÷k, ghrbuf y mfsghrbuf, y fsthgdlkhndfktl mf vf`îguels mf nfrg nf rghk hkgî gîhs hs,, dk dkgeu geuyf yfkm kml l fe md mdsf sføl øl,, dn dnpe pefn fnfk fktthg hgd÷ d÷k, k, nl nlkd kdtl tlrf rfl l y  „ 

fvheuhgd÷k mf ukh prufjh pdeltl .

 

Elbîstdgh Glehjlrhtdvh Fs fe mf mfsh shrr rrle leel el mf hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfss el elbî bîst stdg dghs hs mf nh nhkf kfrh rh gl glki kiuk ukth th fk fktr trf f mls l nè nèss fn fnpr prfs fshs hs,, ehs guhefs jusghk ljtfkfr dnphgtls plsdtdvls thktl phrh sus lpfrhgdlkfs dktfrkhs (rfm (r fmug uggd gd÷k ÷k mf gl glst stls ls,, hu hunf nfkt ktl l mf pr prlm lmug ugtd tdvd vdmh mhm, m, hp hpfr frtu turh rh mf ge gedf dfk ktf tfs, s, ft ftg. g.), ), gl glnl nl ph phrh rh su fktlrkl (rfsplkshjdedmhm slgdhe, rfmuggd÷k mf fndsdlkfs, mf glkbfstdlkfs, mf hggd hg gdmf mfkt ktfs fs,, ft ftg. g.). ). He Hebu bukl klss fi fifn fnpe pels ls mf el elbî bîst stdg dgh h gl gleh ehjl jlrh rhtdv tdvh h sf pr prfs fsfk fkth thk k fk hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfss mf trhks trhksplrtf plrtf,, henhgf henhgfkhndf khndfktl ktl,, mdstr mdstrdjug djugd÷k, d÷k, hprlv hprlvdsdlk dsdlkhndfk hndfktl, tl, fktrf ltrhs.

Wu lj ljif iftd tdvl vl fs pr prln lnlvf lvfrr fe mf mfsh shrrl rrlee eel l mf lp lpfr frhg hgdl dlkf kfss elbîstdghs mf nhkfrh slstfkdjef, fs mfgdr, bhr hrhk hkttdz dzhk hkm ml uk fqu qude dedj djrd rdl l fk fktr trf f eh glnp npf ftd tdtd tdvd vdm mhm fglk fg lk÷n ÷ndg dgh, h, eh pr prfs fsfr frvh vhgd gd÷k ÷k mf mfee nf nfmd mdl l hn hnjd jdfk fktf tf,, y eh rfsplk rfs plkshj shjdedm dedmhm hm glk eh slg slgdfm dfmhm. hm.

Fglklnîh 6

Fk eh mdstrdjugd÷k urjhkh mf nfrghkgîhs (thnjdäk glk lklg lgdm dmh h glnl mds dstr trdj dju ugd gd÷ ÷k mf ùet etddnh nd ndeeeh eh)) fx fxds dstf tfk k nùet nù etdp dpef efss pr prèg ègtd tdgh ghss el elbî bîst stdg dghs hs dn dnpu pues eshm hmhs hs th thkt ktl l pl plrr fe sfgtlr pùjedgl glnl plr fe sfgtlr prdvhml, quf ahgd ah gded edth thk k y lp lptd tdnd ndzh zhk k su mf mfsh shrr rrlee leel. l. H gl glkt ktdk dkuh uhgd gd÷k ÷k,, sf dmfktdadghk hebukls fifnpels mf jufkhs prègtdghs elbîstdghs9

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Srlbrhnhgd÷k mf gdths fk puktls mf vfkth Glksledmhgd÷k mf mfnhkmh Mdstrdjugd÷k fk `lrhrdls fxtfkmdmls Fktrfbhs gfrtdadghmhs Fktrfbhs pheftdzhmhs Mdstrdjugd÷k glkiukth Zfsfrvh mf phrqufhmfrls pùjedgls

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Henhgfkhndfktl glkiuktl Srlbrhnhgd÷k mf gdths fk gfktrls mf mdstrdjugd÷k Mdstrdjugd÷k glk nfmdls hetfrkhtdvls (kl glkthndkhktfs) Ghphgdthgd÷k mf glkmugtlrfs fk tägkdghs mf glkmuggd÷k fadgdfktf Sehthalrnhs elbîstdghs urjhkhs Zfglklgdndfktl mf jufkhs prègtdghs elbîstdghs

Wlgdfmhm

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Nfmdl Hnjdfktf

Mfadkdgd÷k mf zlkhs mf ghrbuf / mfsghrbuf Zfstrdggdlkfs mf ghrbuf / mfsghrbuf Zfstrdggdlkfs mf gdrguehgd÷k (plr `lrhrdls, thnhøl mf vf`îguels, zlkhs) Ghrrdefs fxgeusdvls phrh vf`îguels mf ghrbh Vsl mfe sdstfnh nhsdvl mf trhksplrtf mf phshifrls phrh fe trhksplrtf mf nfrghkgîhs Ftg.

Eh prfsfktf ghrtdeeh sf glkgfktrh fk eh deustrhgd÷k mf ehs bfkfrhedmhmfs y rfglnfkmhgdlkfs phrh eh fstrugturhgd÷k, dnpefnfkthgd÷k, nlkdtlrfl, y slsstfk sl fkddjd jded edmh mhm m eh ehss nf nfmd mdmh mhs9 s9 Srlbrhnhgd÷k mf gdths fk puktls mf vfkth y

mdstrdjugd÷ mdst rdjugd÷k k glkiuk glkiukth. th.

 

Srlbrhnhgd÷k mf gdths fk puktls mf vfkth

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Bfkfrhedmhmfs Dkdg dgdh dhtd tdvh vh qu quf f ju jusg sgh h pr prln lnlv lvfr fr Mfsgrdpgd÷k9 Dk uk hr hrrd rdj jl mf vf vf` `îg îgu uels mf gh ghrb rbh h mf nh nhk kfr frh h

Jfkfad Jfk fadgdl gdlss ph phrh rh ehs fnp fnprfs rfshs9 hs9 

Lptdnd Lptd ndzh zhgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurs rsls ls (a (ael elth th,, dkarhfstrugt dkarhf strugturh, urh, pfrsl pfrslkhe). khe).

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Mdsndkugd÷k mf mfnlrhs y glstls fk fktrfbhs mf nfrghkgîhs

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Mdsndk Mdsn dkug ugd÷ d÷k k mf eh gl glkb kbfs fstd td÷k ÷k fk ehs vî vîhs hs ha hafg fgthm thmhs hs..

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Mdsndkugd÷k mf fndsdlkfs y rudm ru dml l plr hg hgtd tdvd vdm mhm hmfs fs mf gh ghrb rbuf uf y mf mfsg sghr hrbu buf f mf nf nfrg rghk hkgî gîhs hs..

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Nfilrh mf glrplrhtdvh.

j hrbl ehlkgmf fheh mhs ar h hkih elihs ehsr`l blrhrd mrdhs fhs eh mf sfen hh. kh, y h el ehrb eh ehs arhk `lrh mfe mîh. mî

Ljiftdvl9 Mdsndkudr eh lguphgd÷k mfe fsphgdl pùjedgl plr phrtf mf vf`îguels mf ghrbh fk lpfrhgdlkfs mf ghrbuf y mfsghrbuf mf nfrghkgîhs fk ehs vîhs glktdbuhs glktd buhs h fsthj fsthjefgdnd efgdndfkt fktls ls glnfrgd glnfrgdhefs. hefs.

Sùje Sù jedg dgl l Lj Ljif iftd tdvl vl99 Fstè fkalghmh fk eh glehjlrhgd÷k fktrf ghmfkhs glnfrgdhef efss (puktls mf vfkth), trhksplrthmlrfs, y prlvffmlrfs.

Wdtuhgd÷k gd÷k hgtu hgtuhe he Wdtuh

eh

dnhbfk

Wdtuhgd÷ hgd÷k k mfsf mfsfhmh hmh Wdtu

*Eh pr *Eh prfs fsfk fktf tf sf sfgg ggd÷ d÷k k mfs fsgr grdj djf f uk pr prlg lgfm fmdn dndf dfkt ktl l su subf bfrd rdml ml ph phrh rh ef dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh pr prfs fsfk fktf tf nfmd nf mdmh mh.. Kl gl glks kstd tdtu tuyf yf mf kd kdkb kbuk ukh h nh nhkf kfrh rh fk eh mf mfad adkd kdgd gd÷k ÷k mf uk gl glnp npfk fkmd mdl l mf ju jufk fkhs hs pr prèg ègtd tdgh ghs, s, kd fk ukh dktfkgd÷k nhkdadfsth plr phrtf mf eh Wfgrfthrîh Mdstrdthe mf Nlvdedmhm fk fifrgfr dkaeuf dka eufkgd kgdh h slj sljrf rf ehs lpf lpfrhgd rhgdlkf lkfss fsp fspfgî fgîadg adghs hs mf ehs fnp fnprfs rfshs hs prd prdvhm vhmhs hs phr phrh h su dnp dnpefn efnfkt fkthgd hgd÷k ÷k..

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dnpefnfkt hgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Wu dnpef efn nfkthgd÷k mfpfkmf fktfrhnfktf mf ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs fk ehs dkdgdhtdvhs mf eh Zf Zfm m Elbî El bîst stdg dgh h Vr Vrjh jhkh kh.. Fe rl rlee mf eh Wf Wfgr grft fthr hrîh îh mf Nl Nlvd vded edmh mhm m sf gf gfkt ktrh rh fk eh nl nltd tdvh vhgd gd÷k ÷k mf mfee sf sfgt gtlr lr pr prdv dvhm hml l ph phrh rh eh dnpe dn pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh nf nfmd mdmh mh,, y fk fe rf rfgl glkl klgd gdnd ndfk fktl tl mf eh nd ndsn snh. h. H gl glkt ktdk dkuh uhgd gd÷k ÷k sf mf mfsg sgrd rdjf jf fe pr prlg lgfs fsl l subf su bfrd rdml ml ph phrh rh eh dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh nf nfmd mdmh mh pl plrr ph phrtf rtf mf eh ehss fn fnpr prfs fshs hs pr prdv dvhm hmhs hs99

Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf kfgfsdmhmfs y lplrtukdmhmfs Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf ehs kfgfsdmhmfs mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh (lptdndzhgd÷k mf rfgursls, dkarhfstrugturh y mf glstls)

Ljiftdvl

Hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls

Dnpefnfkthgd÷k

Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh glk slgdls glnfrgdhefs, mf nhkfrh slstfkdjef

Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf jfkfadgdls rfhefs phrh ehs fnprfshs f dnphgtls phrh eh gdumhm

Zfplrtf mf eh nfmdmh Mhr vdsdjdedmhm h eh WMN mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh y mf eh bfkfrhgd÷k mf dnphgtls plsdtdvls phrh eh gdumhm, y lpthr plr fe rfglklgdndfktl plr phrtf mf eh WMN

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Zfsunfk mf hgtdvdmhmfs •

Hkèedsds mf utdedzhgd÷k mf rfgursls (`unhkls, dkarhfstrugturh, aelth, ftg.) Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf lplrtukdmhmfs phrh lptdndzhr fe usl mf els rfgursls Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf pltfkgdhefs slgdls glnfrgdhefs (prlvffmlrfs/dkmustrd hefs, lpfrhmlrfs elbîstdgls, ghmfkhs glnfrgdhefs)

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Kfblgdhgd÷k glk els pltfkgdhefs slgdls glnfrgdhefs Fstrugturhgd÷k tägkdgh mfe prlyfgtl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k dnpefnfkthgd÷k,, alrnhgd÷k mf fqudpls mf trhjhil Mfshrrleel mf prufjh pdeltl y hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls Hiustf tägkdgl f dnpefnfkthgd÷k mfadkdtdvh

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Glnphrhgd÷k mf rfsuethmls hktfs y mfspuäs mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Hkèedsds mf eh pfrtdkfkgdh phrh glktdkuhr glk eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dktfbrhgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh mfktrl mf ehs lpfrhgdlkfs fnprfshrdhefs Ghpturh mf dkalrnhgd÷k f dkmdghmlrfs rfqufrdmls phrh fe Srlbrhnh mf

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Zfbdstrl mf eh nfmdmh fk eh Zfm mf Elbîs Elbîstdgh tdgh Vrjhkh Hbfkmhndfktl mf vdsdth tägkdgh plr phrtf mf eh WMN phrh lpthr lpthr fe rfglklgdndfk rfglklgdndfktl, tl, sd hpedgh Zfgfpgd÷k mfe rfglklgdndfktl

Zfglklgdndfktl mf Jufkhs Srègtdghs Elbîstdghs Vrjhkhs

Edm Ed mfrh rhzb zbl l

Fnp Fn prf rfsh shss phr hrtd tdgd gdp phk hktf tfss

Fnp Fn prf rfsshs phr hrtd tdgd gdp phk hktf tfss

Fnp Fn prf rfsshs phr hrtd tdgd gdp phk hktf tfss

Fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs, WMN

Hsfslrîh tägkdgh

WMN

WMN

WMN

WMN

Ljsfrvhgd÷k

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Gln

Gln

Gln

Edmfrhzbl9 Se Sehk hkfh fhgd gd÷k ÷k y fi fifg fgug ugd÷ d÷k k hg hgtd tdvh vh mf eh ehss ft fthp hphs hs ph phrh rh eh dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf mfee Sr Srlb lbrh rhnh nh.. Wf dm dmfk fktd tdad adgh ghk k ehjlrf ehjl rfss gl glnl nl99 md mdsf sføl øl mf eh ehss ft fthp hphs hs,, fi fifg fgug ugd÷ d÷k, k, hr hrtd tdgu gueh ehgd gd÷k ÷k gl glk k md mdaf afrf rfkt ktfs fs hg hgtl tlrf rfs, s, pe pehk hkfh fhgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurs rsls ls,, ftg.

Hsfslr Hsf slrîh îh ]äg ]ägkdg kdgh9 h9 Hg Hgln lnph phøh øhnd ndfk fktl tl hg hgtd tdvl vl y hp hply lyl l fk fe mf mfsh shrr rrle leel el mf hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfss sl sled edgd gdth thmh mhss pl plrr eh fk fktd tdmh mhm m eîmfr. eîmf r. Md Mdg` g`hs hs fk fktd tdmh mhmf mfss pu pufm fmfk fk jr jrdk dkmh mhrr dk dksu sunl nlss tä tägk gkdg dgls ls h eh ehss fk fktd tdmh mhmf mfss eî eîmf mfrf rfss ph phrh rh fe mf mfsh shrr rrle leel el mf eh ehss ah ahsf sfss mf dnp dnpefn efnfkt fkthgd÷ hgd÷k. k. Fst Fstf f rle kl dnp dnpedg edgh h rfs rfsplk plkshj shjdedm dedmhmf hmfss vdk vdkgue guehkt hktfs fs phr phrh h mdg mdg`hs `hs fkt fktdmhm dmhmfs fs..

Ljsfrvhgd÷k9 Zle phsdvl fk fe mfshrrleel mf ehs fthp hph hs mf dnpefnfkthgd gd÷ ÷k, jrd rdk kmhkml ljsfrvhgdlkfs he mfsh mf shrr rrle leel el mf eh nf nfmd mdmh. mh.

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf kfgfsdmhmfs y lplrtukdmhmfs 8 : 7 = Ahsf 8 Dmfktdadghgd÷k kfgfsdmhmfs mf y lplrtukdmhmfs

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Ljiftdvl9 Dm Dmfk fktd tdad adgghg hgdd÷k mf eh ehss kfg fgf fsd sdm mhm hmfs fs mf dnp dn pef efnf nfk kth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh nf nfmd mdmh mh (l (lpt ptdn dndz dzhg hgd÷ d÷k k mf rfgurs rfg ursls, ls, dka dkarhf rhfstr strugt ugturh urh y mf gls glstls tls). ). Fsth Fs th ah ahsf sf gl glks ksth th mf ehs sd sdbu budf dfkt ktfs fs hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

Hkèeds Hkè edsds ds mf utd utdedz edzhgd hgd÷k ÷k mf rfg rfgurs ursls ls (`u (`unhk nhkls, ls, dkar dkarhfs hfstru trugtu gturh, rh, ael aelth, th, ftg ftg.) .) Dmfktd Dmfk tdad adgh ghgd gd÷k ÷k mf lp lplr lrtu tukdm kdmhm hmfs fs ph phrh rh lp lptd tdnd ndzh zhrr fe us usl l mf el elss rf rfgu gurs rsls ls99 Hk Hkèe èeds dsds ds mf td tdfn fnpl plss pd pdgl gl y vhe heef ef fk eh ut utdded edzh zhgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurs rsls ls.. Wf ju jussgh el elbr brhr hr uk fq fqud udeedjr jrdl dl fk fe us usl l mf md mdg` g`ls ls rf rfgu gurs rsls ls mf thee al th alrn rnh h quf eh ehss fnpr prf fshs kl mf mfjh jhk k dk dkgu gurr rrdr dr fk slj ljrf rf gl glsstl tlss ph phrh rh eh gl glkt ktrh rhth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurs rsls ls hmdgdlkhefs fk pfrdlmls mf heth mfnhkmh (p (pf frdlmls pdg dgl l), y sujutdedzhgd gd÷ ÷k mf els ndsnls fk pfrd pf rdlm lmls ls mf jh jhih ih mf mfnh nhkm kmh h (p (pfr frdl dlml mlss vh vhee eef) f).. Fs Fspf pfgî gîad adgh ghnf nfkt ktf f sf ju jusg sgh h md mdsn sndk dkud udrr eh gh ghkt ktdm dmhm hm mf vf`î vf `îgu guel elss mf hr hrrd rdjh jhk k sd sdnu nuet etèk èkfh fhnf nfkt ktf f he pu pukt ktl l mf vf vfkt kth. h. Dmf Dm fkt ktda dadg dghg hgd÷ d÷k k mf pl pltf tfkg kgdh dheefs slg lgdl dlss gl glnf nfrg rgdh dhef efss (p (prl rlv vff ffml mlrf rfss/d /dkm kmus ustr trdh dhef efss, lp lpf frh rhml mlrf rfss elbîst elbî stdg dgls ls,, gh ghmf mfkh khss gl glnf nfrgd rgdhe hefs fs)9 )9 Wf ju jusg sgh h qu quf f eh fn fnpr prfs fsh h dk dktf tfrf rfsh shmh mh fk dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thrr eh nf nfmdm mdmh h dmfktdadquf els slgdl dlss glnfrgdhefs (prlvffmlrfs, gedfktf tfss, l glnpftdm dml lrfs) glk els guhefs pumd pu mdfs fsfk fk tf tfkf kfrr nh nhyl ylrf rfss lp lplrt lrtuk ukdm dmhm hmfs fs mf gl glehj ehjlr lrhg hgd÷ d÷k k y bf bfkf kfrh rhrr nh nhylr ylr dn dnph phgt gtl l (f (fk k gl glst stls ls,, fk lptdndzhgd÷k, y fk dn dnp phgt gtl ls pls lsddtdvls phrh eh gdumhm). Wf tfkmrèk fk gufkth els sdbudfktfs grdt gr dtfr frdl dlss ph phrh rh eh sf sfef efggd ggd÷k ÷k mf mfee sl slgdl gdl gl glnf nfrg rgdh dhee (f (fkt ktrf rf lt ltrl rls) s)99 l l

l

l

l l

l

4

Gedfktfs l prlvffmlrfs glk nhylrfs vleùnfkfs l arfgufkgdhs mf fktrfbhs Suktls mf vfkth grîtdgls (plr edndthgdlkfs e dndthgdlkfs mf fsphgdl l dkarhfstrugturh phrh rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs, dnphgtl fk nlvdedmhm fk vîhs prdkgdphefs, mfnlrhs fk rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs, fktrf ltrls hspfgtls) Hkèedsds mf arfgufkgdhs y vleùnfkfs mf fktrfbh9 glk fe adk mf dmfktdadghr els mîhs y arhkihs `lrhrdhs glk nhylrfs y nfklrfs vleùnfkfs mf rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs Ljsfrvhgd÷k fk ghnpl mfe dnphgtl mf eh lpfrhgd÷k mf rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs sljrf eh lguphgd÷k mfe fsphgdl pùjedgl (fsthgdlkhndfktl fk vîhs)9 glk fe adk mf dmfktdadghr els `lrhrdls glk nhylr y nfklr lguphgd÷k lguphgd ÷k mfe fsphgdl pùjedgl plr phrtf mf els vf`îguels mf ghrbh Ljsfrvhgd÷k fk ghnpl mf els tdfnpls y mfnlrhs mfe prlgfsl mf fktrfbh mf nfrghkgîhs Hkèedsds mf eh dkalrnhgd÷k rfglpdehmh f dmfktdadghgd÷k mf lplrtukdmhmfs mf ghnjdls fk `lrhrdls y arfgufkgdhs mf rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs Dkgeusl sf pufmfk dmfktdadghr nfilrhs fk prègtdghs mf m f fktrfbh y rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs, glnl9 fstdjhml mf nfrghkgîhs, fktrfbhs gfrtdadghmhs, usl mf fqudpls phrh fe nhkfil mf ghrbhs (nufeefs, pehthalrnhs nfgèkdghs fk vf`îguels, nlkthghrbhs, grlssmlgodkb, ftg.)

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dnpefnfkthgd÷k dnpefnfkthgd÷k 8

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Ljiftdvl9 Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh glk Ahsf : Dnpefnfkthgd÷k

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slgdls slg dls glnf glnfrgdh rgdhefs efs,, mf nhk nhkfrh frh sls slstfk tfkdje djef. f. Fsth Fs th ah ahsf sf gl glks ksth th mf ehs sd sdbu budf dfkt ktfs fs hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

Kfblgdhgd÷k glk els pltfkgdhefs slgdls glnfrgdhefs9 Bfstd÷k mf rfukdlkfs glk slgdls glnfrgdhefs dmfktdadghmls, adrnh mf hgufrmls mf glkadmfkgdhedmhm (sd hpedgh) Fstrugturhgd÷k tägkdgh mfe prlyfgtl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k, mfadkdgd÷k mf hspfgtls glnl (glk els prlvffmlrfs l gedfktfs prfvdhnfktf sfefggdlkhmls)9 Slr phrtf mf els puktls mf vfkth9 l

l

l

l

Hkèedsds mf eh prlbrhnhgd÷k mf rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs, dmfktdadghgd÷k mf mîhs y `lrhs pdgl fk eh rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs, f dmfktdadghgd÷k mf mîhs y `lrhs vheef pltfkgdhefs phrh jhehkgfhr eh prlbrhnhgd÷k mf fktrfbhs plr phrtf mf prlvffmlrfs Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf plsdjef rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs fk `lrhrdl glstls, bfkfrhgd÷k mf rudml h eh glnukdmhm, mdsplkdjdedmhm mfklgturkl nhkl mf(hkèedsds ljrh) mf rdfsbls glnl9 sfburdmhm, Srlpufsth mf kufvls `lrhrdls y arfgufkgdhs mf fktrfbh mf nfrghkgîhs, y kfblgdhgd÷k glk prlvffmlrfs Hiustf fk els `lrhrdls mf trhjhil mfe pfrslkhe fk ghrbhml ghr bhml mf els prlgfsls mf fktrfbh y rfgfpgd÷k mf nfrghkgîhs (sd fs kfgfshrdl)

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Slr phrtf mf els prlvffmlrfs y trhksplrthmlrfs l

Hkèedsds mf prlbrhnhgd÷k mf ruths y `lrhrdls mf fktrfbh

l

Hkèedsds mf pltfkgdhefs rdfsbls mf dkgunpedndfktl mf fktrfbhs h ltrls puktls mf vfkth mf eh ruth h nlmdadghr

l

l

l

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Hiustf mf ruths mf mdstrdjugd÷k (sd hpedgh)

Shtrlgdkhmlr mfe prlyfgtl9 fifgutdvl mf hetl kdvfe fkghrbhml mf prlnlvfr fe prlyfgtl y ahgdedthr rfgursls (prfafrdjefnfktf (prfafrdjefnf ktf fk eh ghmfkh glnfrgdhe)

l

Eîmfr mf prlyfgtl9 aukgdlkhrdl säkdlr fkghrbhml mf eh fifgugd÷k mf eh nfmdmh

l

Hkhedsth tägkdgl9 fkghrbhml mf eh hkheîtdgh, dmfktdadghgd÷k mf lplrtukdmhmfs glehjlrhtdvhs y sfbudndfktl

l

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Hkèedsds mf hafgthgd÷k fk eh elbîstdgh dkvfrsh (rfghuml mf mdkfrl, mf mfvleugdlkfs, mf hgtdvls glnl ghkhstdeehs, fkvhsfs, ftg.)

Alrnhgd÷k mf fqudpls mf trhjhil fktrf els puktls mf vfkth y els prlvffmlrfs, mfadkdfkml mfadkdfkml els sdbudfktfs rlefs fk ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs9 l

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Hkèedsds mf rdfsbls glnl9 sfburdmhm, glstls, bfkfrhgd÷k mf rudml h eh glnukdmhm, mdsplkdjdedmhm mf nhkl mf ljrh

Sfrslkhe mf hplyl9 fkghrbhml mf eh ghpturh mf dkalrnhgd÷k y gllrmdkhgd÷k mf hiustfs lpfrhgdlkfs dmfktdadghmls fk fe prlyfgtl

Mfshrrleel mf prufjh pdeltl y hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls9 subfrdml glk fe adk mf prljhr rèpdmhnfktf eh fafgtdvdmhm mf eh nfmdmh y `hgfr els hiustfs rfqufrdmls phrh eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mfadkdtdvh Hiustf tägkdgl f dnpefnfkthgd÷k mfadkdtdvh

Wf subdfrf eh vdkguehgd÷k mf uk fktf kfutrhe quf edmfrf ehs nfshs mf trhjhil, glnl eh WMN, l fktdmh fkt dmhm m qu quf f mfa mfadkh dkhk k ehs fnp fnprfs rfshs hs phr phrtdgd tdgdphk phktfs tfs..

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dnpefnfkthgd÷k Hkèedsds mf rfsuethml rfsuethmlss 8

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ehss fn eh fnpr prfs fshs hs f dn dnph phgt gtls ls ph phrh rh eh gd gdum umhm hm..

Hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls

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Ljiftdvl9 Dmf Dmfkt ktdad dadghg ghgd÷k d÷k mf jfk jfkfad fadgdl gdlss rfh rfhefs efs phr phrh h

Ahsf 7

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Fsth Fs th ah ahsf sf gl glks ksth th mf ehs sd sdbu budf dfkt ktfs fs hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

Glnphrhgd÷k mf rfsuethmls hktfs y mfspuäs mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Hkèedsds mf eh pfrtdkfkgdh y pltfkgdhe phrh glktdkuhr glk eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dktfbrhgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh mfktrl mf ehs lpfrhgdlkfs fnprfshrdhefs Ghpturh mf dkalrnhgd÷k f dkmdghmlrfs rfqufrdmls phrh fe sfbudndfktl fk eh Zfm mf Elbîstdgh Vrjhkh

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Dkmdghmlrfs h nlkdtlrfhr Dkmdghmlrfs Dkmdghml rfs mf fadgdfkgdh •

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]dfnpl prlnfmdl fk fe prlgfsl mf fktrfbh mf nfrghkgîhs ]dfnpl prlnfmdl mf els vf`îguels mf ghrbh phrh fktrfbh mf nfrghkgîhs Qleunfk mf nfrghkgîhs fktrfbhmhs fk fe puktl mf vfkth plr mîh y plr `lrh

Dkmdghmlrfss mf dnphgtl Dkmdghmlrf •

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Glstls plr eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Kùnfrl prlnfmdl mf vf`îguels mf ghrbh fsthgdlkhmls sljrf vîhs pùjedghs (plr arhkih `lrhrdh) Kùnfrl mf glnphrfkmls dnpufstls h vf`îguels mf ghrbh fsthgdlkhmls fk vîhs mf dkaeufkgdh Kùnfrl mf fktrfbhs rfhedzhmhs fk `lrhrdl klgturkl

 S   l  r   b  r   h  n  h  g   d    ÷   k  m   f  g   d    t    h  s   f  k  p  u  k  t    l  s   m   f  v   f  t    k  h

 

Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dnpefnfkthgd÷k rfplrtf eh nfmdmh 8

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Ljiftdvl9 Ahsf = Zfplrtf mf eh nfmdmh

Mhr vdsdjdedmhm h eh WMN mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷ d÷k k mf eh nfmdmh y mf eh bfkfrhgd gd÷ ÷k mf dnphgtls plsdtdvls phrh eh gdumhm, y lpthr plr fe rfgl rf glkl klgd gdnd ndfk fktl tl pl plrr ph phrt rtf f mf eh WMN WMN.. Fsth Fs th ah ahsf sf gl glks ksth th mf eh ehss sd sdbu budf dfkt ktfs fs hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

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Zfplrtf mf eh nfmdmh h eh Zfm mf Elbîstdgh Vrjhkh Hbfkmhndfktl mf mf vdsdth tägkdgh plr phrtf mf eh WMN, sd hpedgh Zfglklgdndfktl mf mf plr phrtf mf eh WMN

Srlgfsl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k y rfglklgdndfktl mf eh nfmdmh plr phrtf mfe sfgtlr prdvhml

8:

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Zfglnfkmhgdlkfs phrh eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k y glktdkudmhm mf eh nfmdmh plr phrtf mf ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs

Qdkguehgd÷k mf ehs fnprfshs h eh ZEV

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Adrnh mf hgufrmls mf glkadmfkgdhedmhm glk eh WMN

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Wledgdtum mf hglnphøhndfktl h eh WMN

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Fstrugturhr fqudpl phrh eh hmndkdstrhgd÷k mfe prlbrhnh

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Hbfkmhndfktl hktdgdphml mf gdths mf vhelrhgd÷k, sd hpedgh

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Srfsfkthgd÷k mf jfkfadgdls fglk÷ndgls y hnjdfkthefs ljtfkdmls plr ehs fnprfshs

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Zfglklgdndfktl plr phrtf mf eh ZEV

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Mdstrdjugd÷k glehjlrhtdvh

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Bfkfrhedmhmfs

Dkdg dgddhtdvh quf jusgh Mfsgrdpgd÷k9 prlnlvfr fe usl glnphrtdml mf

Jfkfadgdls9

vf`îgu vf`î guel elss fk fktr trf f md mdst stdk dkth thss fn fnpr prfs fshs hs phrh ph rh eh md mdst strd rdju jugd gd÷k ÷k mf nf nfrg rghk hkgî gîhs hs..

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Mdsndkugd÷k mf eh glkbfstd÷k, Mds fndsdlkfs, rudml, y hggdmfkthedmhm fk ehs vîhs hafgthmhs.

Ljiftdvl9 Nfilrhr eh nlvdedmhm

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nfmdhktf eh mdsndkugd÷k mf eh ghktdmhm mf vf`îguels mf ghr hrb bh fk vîhs.

Zfmuggd÷k trhksplrtf.

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Lptd Lp tdnd ndzh zhgd gd÷k ÷k mf mfee us usl l mf eh ae aelt lth. h.

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Zfmugg Zfmu ggdd÷k mf ad adeh ehss mf vf vf` `îgu gueels mf ghrbh fsthgdlkhmls arfktf h fsth fs thj jef efgd gdnd ndfk fkttls gln lnfr frgd gdhe hef fs

Sùjedgl Sùje dgl Lji Ljiftdvl ftdvl99 Fs Fstè tè fk fkal alghm ghmh h fk eh

glehjlrhgd÷k

fktrf

trhksp trhk splrt lrthm hmlr lrfs fs l bf bfkf kfrh rhml mlrf rfss mf ghrbh ghr bh quf rfh rfhedg edgfk fk mds mdstrd trdju jugd÷ gd÷k. k.

Wdtuhgd÷k gd÷k hgtu hgtuhe he Wdtuh

f k fspfrh nfrghkgîhs.

mf

mf

glstls

fktrfbh

mf

mf

Wdtuhgd÷ hgd÷k k mfsf mfsfhmh hmh Wdtu

86

M   d    s   t    r   d    j   u  g   d    ÷   k  g   l  e    h  j   l  r   h  t    d    v   h

*E *Eh hmdmh prfs pr fsfk sfgg sf ggd÷ d÷k kyfmfs fsgr djf f ukh ukhpr prlg lgfm fmdn dndf dfkt ktl subf su bfrd rdml ml phrh efgl dnpe dn pefn fnfk fkth mfhs ehpr prfs pr fsfk fktf tf nfmd nf mh. . fktf Kltfgl glks kstd tdtu tuyf mfgrdj kdkb kd kbuk nhkf nh kfrh rh fk ehl mf mfad adkd kdgd gd÷k ÷kph mfrhuk glnp npfk fkmd mdl lthgd mgd÷k f ÷k jufk ju fkhs prèg ègtd tdgh ghs, s, kd fk ukh dktfkgd÷k nhkdadfsth plr phrtf mf eh Wfgrfthrîh Mdstrdthe mf Nlvdedmhm fk fifrgfr dkaeuf dka eufkgd kgdh h slj sljrf rf ehs lpf lpfrhgd rhgdlkf lkfss fsp fspfgî fgîadg adghs hs mf ehs fnp fnprfs rfshs hs prd prdvhm vhmhs hs phr phrh h su dnp dnpefn efnfkt fkthgd hgd÷k ÷k..

 

Dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dnpefnfkt hgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Wu dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf mfpf pfkm kmf f fk fktf tfrhn rhnfk fktf tf mf eh ehss fn fnprf prfsh shss ph phrt rtdg dgdp dphk hktf tfss fk fe Sr Srlb lbrhn rhnh h mf Zf Zfglk glklgd lgdnd ndfk fktl tl mf Ju Jufk fkh hs Sr Srèg ègtd tdgh ghss El Elbî bîsstd tdgh ghs, s, mf eh Zf Zfm m Elb lbîs îstd tdgh gh Vr Vrjh jhkh kh.. Fe rl rlee mf eh Wf Wfgr grf fth thrî rîh h mf Nlvd vded edmh mhm m sf gf gfkt ktrh rh fk eh nltd nl tdvh vhgd÷ gd÷k k mf mfee sf sfgt gtlr lr pr prdv dvhm hml l ph phrh rh eh dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh nf nfmd mdmh mh,, y fk fe rf rfgl glkl klgd gdnd ndfk fktl tl mf eh nd ndsn snh h

Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf kfgfsdmhmfs y lplrtukdmhmfs

Ljiftdvl

Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf ehs kfgfsdmhmfs mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh (lptdndzhgd÷k mf rfgursls, dkarhfstrugturh

Hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls

Dnpefnfkthgd÷k

Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh glk slgdls glnfrgdhefs, mf nhkfrh slstfkdjef

Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf jfkfadgdls rfhefs phrh ehs fnprfshs f dnphgtls phrh eh gdumhm

y mf glstls) •

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Zfsunfk mf hgtdvdmhmfs

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Hkèedsds mf utdedzhgd÷k mf rfgursls (`unhkls, dkarhfstrugturh, aelth, ftg.) Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf lplrtukdmhmfs phrh lptdndzhr fe usl mf els rfgursls Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf pltfkgdhefs slgdls glnfrgdhefs (prlvffmlrfs / dkmustrdhefs, lpfrhmlrfs elbîstdgls, ghmfkhs glnfrgdhefs)

Zfplrtf mf eh nfmdmh Mhr vdsdjdedmhm h eh WMN mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh y mf eh bfkfrhgd÷k mf dnphgtls plsdtdvls phrh eh gdumhm, y lpthr plr fe rfglklgdnd rfglk lgdndfktl fktl plr phrtf mf eh WMN

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Kfblgdhgd÷k glk els pltfkgdhefs slgdls glnfrgdhefs Fstrugturhgd÷k tägkdgh mfe prlyfgtl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k, alrnhgd÷k mf fqudpls mf trhjhil Mfshrrleel mf prufjh pdeltl y hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls Hiustf tägkdgl f dnpefnfkthgd÷k mfadkdtdvh

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Glnphrhgd÷k mf rfsuethmls hktfs y mfspuäs mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Hkèedsds mf eh pfrtdkfkgdh phrh glktdkuhr glk eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dktfbrhgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh mfktrl mf ehs lpfrhgdlkfs fnprfshrdhefs Ghpturh mf dkalrnhgd÷k f

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Zfbdstrl mf eh nfmdmh fk eh Zfm mf Elbîstdgh Vrjhkh Hbfkmhndfktl Hbfkmhn dfktl mf vdsdth tägkdgh plr phrtf mf eh WMN, sd hpedgh Zfgfpgd÷k mfe rfglklgdndfktl

dkmdghmlrfs rfqufrdmls phrh fe Srlbrhnh mf Zfglklgdndfktl mf Jufkhs Srègtdghs Elbîstdghs Vrjhkhs

Edmfrhzbl

Fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs

Fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs

Fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs

Fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs, WMN

Hsfslrîh ]ägkdgh

WMN

WMN

WMN

WMN

Ljsfrvhgd÷k

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Gln

Gln

Gln

Edmfrhzbl9 Se Sehk hkfh fhgd gd÷k ÷k y fi fifg fgug ugd÷ d÷k k hg hgtd tdvh vh mf eh ehss ft fthp hphs hs ph phrh rh eh dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf mfee Sr Srlb lbrh rhnh nh.. Wf dm dmfk fktd tdad adgh ghk k ehjl eh jlrf rfss gl glnl nl99 md mdsf sføl øl mf eh ehss ft fthp hphs hs,, fi fifg fgug ugd÷ d÷k, k, hr hrtd tdgu gueh ehgd gd÷k ÷k gl glk k md mdaf afrf rfkt ktfs fs hg hgtl tlrf rfs, s, pe pehk hkfh fhgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurs rsls ls,, ftg.

Hgln lnph phøh øhnd ndfk fktl tl hg hgtd tdvl vl y hp hply lyl l fk fe mf mfsh shrr rrle leel el mf hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfss sl sled edgd gdth thmh mhss pl plrr eh fk fktd tdmh mhm m Hsfslr Hsf slrîh îh ]äg ]ägkdg kdgh9 h9 Hg eîmfr. eîmf r. Md Mdg` g`hs hs fk fktd tdmh mhmf mfss pu pufm fmfk fk jr jrdk dkmh mhrr dk dksu sunl nlss tä tägk gkdg dgls ls h eh ehss fk fktd tdmh mhmf mfss eî eîmf mfrf rfss ph phrh rh fe mf mfsh shrr rrle leel el mf eh ehss ah ahsf sfss mf dnp dnpefn efnfkt fkthgd÷ hgd÷k. k. Fst Fstf f rle kl dnp dnpedg edgh h rfs rfsplk plkshj shjdedm dedmhmf hmfss vdk vdkgue guehkt hktfs fs phr phrh h mdg mdg`hs `hs fkt fktdmhm dmhmfs fs..

Ljsfrvhgd÷k9 Zle phsdvl fk fe mfshrrleel mf ehs fthp hph hs mf dnpefnfkthgd gd÷ ÷k, jrd rdk kmhkml ljsfrvhgdlkfs he mfsh mf shrr rrle leel el mf eh nf nfmd mdmh. mh.

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf kfgfsdmhmfs y lplrtukdmhmfs 8 : 7 = Ahsf 8 Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf kfgfsdmhmfs y lplrtukdmhmfs

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Ljiftdvl9 Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf ehs kfgfsdmhmfs mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh (lptdndzhgd÷k mf rfgurs rfg ursls, ls, dka dkarhfs rhfstru trugtu gturh rh y mf gls glstls tls). ). Fsth Fs th ah ahsf sf gl glks ksth th mf eh ehss sdb sdbud udfk fktf tfss hgt hgtdvd dvdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

Hkèed Hk èedsds sds mf utd utdedz edzhgd÷ hgd÷k k mf rfg rfgurs ursls ls (`u (`unhk nhkls, ls, ael aelth) th) Dmfktdadghgd÷k mf lplrtukdmhmfs phrh lptdndzhr fe usl mf els rfgursls9 Hkèedsds mf tdfn td fnp pls pd pdgl gl y vh vhee eef f fk eh utd tded edzh zhgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurs rsls ls.. Wf jus usgh gh el elbr brhr hr uk fq fqu ude dedj djrd rdl l fk fe us usl l mf mdg`ls rfgursls mf the alrnh quf ehs fnprfshs kl mfjhk dk dkggurrdr fk sljrf glstls phr hrh h eh glktr trh hth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf rf rfgu gurrsls hm hmdg dgddlk lkhe hef fs fk pf pfrd rdlm lml ls mf he heth th mfnh nhk kmh (p (pf frd rdl lmls pdgl), y sujutdedzhg hgdd÷k mf els ndsnls fk pfrdlmls mf jhih mfnh nhk kmh (pfrdlmls vhee eef f). Fspf Fs pfgî gîad adgh ghnf nfkt ktf f sf ju jusg sgh h md mdsn sndk dkud udrr eh gh ghkt ktdm dmhm hm mf vf vf`î `îgu guel elss mf ghr ghrbh bh fn fnpe pefh fhml mlss pl plrr eh ehss fnpr fn prfs fshs hs md mdst strd rdju judm dmlr lrhs hs h tr trhv hväs äs mf mfee us usl l gln glnph phrt rtdm dml l mf eh ae aelt lth. h. Dmfktdadg Dmfktd adghgd hgd÷k ÷k mf pl pltfk tfkgdh gdhefs efs sl slgdl gdlss gl glnfr nfrgdh gdhefs efs (pr (prlvf lvffm fmlrfs lrfs/dk /dkmu mustr strdhe dhefs, fs, lpf lpfrhm rhmlrf lrfss elbî el bîst stdg dgls ls)9 )9 Wf ju jusg sgh h qu quf f eh fn fnpr prfs fsh h dk dktf tfrf rfsh shm mh fk dn dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thrr eh nf nfm mdm dmh h dm dmfk fktd tdad adqu quf f elss sl el slgd gdls ls gl glnf nfrg rgdhe dhefs fs (p (prl rlvf vffm fmlrf lrfs, s, ge gedf dfkt ktfs, fs, l gl glnp npftd ftdml mlrf rfs) s) gl glk k el elss gu guhe hefs fs pu pumd mdfs fsfk fk tfkf tf kfrr nh nhyl ylrf rfss lp lplr lrtu tukd kdm mhm hmfs fs mf gl gleh ehj jlr lrhg hgd÷ d÷k k y bf bfk kfr frhr hr nh nhyl ylrr dn dnph phgt gtl l (f (fk k gl glst stls ls,, fk lptdndzhgd÷k, y fk dnphgtls plsdtdvls phrh eh gdumhm). Wf tfkmrèk fk gufkth els sdbu sd budf dfkt ktfs fs gr grdt dtfr frdl dlss ph phrh rh eh sf sfef efgg ggd÷ d÷k k mf mfee sl slgdl gdl gl glnf nfrg rgdhe dhe (f (fkt ktrf rf lt ltrls rls)9 )9 l

l

Fxdstfkgdh mf lplrtukdmhmfs mf lptdndzhgd÷k mf eh aelth (vf`îguels glk ghphgdmhm lgdlsh) Srlxdndmhm bflbrèadgh mfe puktl mf lrdbfk l mf dkdgdl mf eh ruth mf mdstrdjugd÷k (GfMd, pehkth, ftg.)

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Suktls mf vfkth h mdstrdjudr glnukfs l bflbrèadghnfktf gfrghkls

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Srlmugtls quf kl bfkfrfk rdfsbls mf glkthndkhgd÷k gruzhmh gruzhmh mf eh nfrghkgîh

l

Ghkhe mf mdstrdjugd÷k sdndehr (prfvfkth, hutlvfkth)

l

l

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Elbîstdgh dkvfrsh sdndehr (rfghuml y glksdbkhgd÷k mf mdkfrl, mfvleugd÷k mf prlmugtls, fkvhsfs l ukdmhmfs mf fnjhehif) Arfgufkgdhs mf fktrfbh sdndehrfs (l eh plsdjdedmhm mf `lnlbfkdzhr mdg`hs arfgufkgdhs)

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dnpefnfkthgd÷k 8

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Ljiftdvl9 Dn Dnpe pefn fnfk fkth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh nf nfmd mdm mh gl glk k sl slgd gdls ls Ahsf : Dnpefnfkthgd÷k

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Kfblgdhgd÷k glk els pltfkgdhefs slgdls glnfrgdhefs9 Dkgeuyf Dkgeuyf rfhedzhgd÷k mf nfshs mf trhjhil y kfblgdhgd÷k, susgrdpgd÷k mf hgufrmls mf glkadmfkgdhedmhm Fstrugturhgd÷k tägkdgh mfe prlyfgtl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k9 Ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs mfjfk mfadkdr els sdbudfktfs hspfgtls tägkdgls phrh mfshrrleehr eh mdstrdjugd÷k glkiukth l

]dpls mf vf`îguels h dnpefnfkthr

l

Srlmugtls h mdstrdjudr y vleunfk

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Mfadkdgd÷k mf arfgufkgdhs y `lrhrdls mf fktrfbhs, prlbrhnhgd÷k mf aelth y mf trdpuehgdlkfs

l

Mfadkdgd÷k mfe ghkhe mf mdstrdjugd÷k (prfvfkth, hutlvfkth)

l

l l

l

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l l

l

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Mfadkdgd÷k mfe puktl mf phrtdmh mf ehs ruths9 Wf mfjf mfadkdr fe sdtdl, `lrhrdls y glkmdgdlkfs mf glksledmhgd÷k mf eh ghrbh mf ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs

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Mfadkdgd÷k mfe nfghkdsnl mf rfghuml mfe mdkfrl y elbîstdgh dkvfrsh Mdsføl mf ehs ruths mf mdstrdjugd÷k glkiukth9 puktl puktl mf lrdbfk, lrmfk mf puktls mf vfkth h mdstrdjudr Dmfktdadghgd÷k y mdstrdjugd÷k mf rdfsbls fk ghsl mf mhøl l pärmdmh mf eh nfrghkgîh l mfe mdkfrl rfghumhml

Alrnhgd÷k mf fqudpls mf trhjhil, mfadkdfkml els sdbudfktfs rlefs fk ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs9 l

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glnfrgdhe glnfrg dhefs, fs, mf nhk nhkfrh frh slst slstfkd fkdjef jef.. Fsth Fs th ah ahsf sf gl glks ksth th mf eh ehss sdb sdbud udfk fktf tfss hgt hgtdvd dvdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

Shtrlgdkhmlr mfe prlyfgtl9 fifgutdvl mf hetl kdvfe fkghrbhml mf prlnlvfr fe prlyfgtl y ahgdedthr rfgursls (prfafrdjefnfktf fk eh ghmfkh glnfrgdhe) Eîmfr mf prlyfgtl9 aukgdlkhrdl säkdlr fkghrbhml mf eh fifgugd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Hkhedsth tägkdgl9 fkghrbhml mf eh hkheîtdgh, dmfktdadghgd÷k mf lplrtukdmhmfs glehjlrhtdvhs y sfbudndfktl Sfrslkhe mf hplyl9 fkghrbhml mf eh ghpturh mf dkalrnhgd÷k y gllrmdkhgd÷k mf hiustfs lpfrhgdlkfs dmfktdadghmls fk fe prlyfgtl

Mfshrrleel mf prufjh pdeltl y hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls9 subfrdml glk fe adk mf prljhr rèpdmhnfktf eh fafgtdvdmhm mf eh nfmdmh y `hgfr els hiustfs rfqufrdmls r fqufrdmls phrh eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mfadkdtdvh Hiustf tägkdgl f dnpefnfkthgd÷k mfadkdtdvh

Wf subdfrf eh vdkguehgd÷k mf uk fktf kfutrhe quf edmfrf ehs nfshs mf trhjhil, glnl eh WMN, l fktdmh fkt dmhm m qu quf f mfa mfadkh dkhk k ehs fnp fnprfs rfshs hs phr phrtdgd tdgdphk phktfs tfs..

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dnpefnfkthgd÷k Hkèedsds mf rfsuethml rfsuethmlss 8

Hkèedsds mf rfsuethmls

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Ljiftdvl9 Dm Dmfk fktd tdad adgh ghgd gd÷k ÷k mf jf jfkf kfad adgd gdls ls rf rfhe hefs fs ph phrh rh

Ahsf 7

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ehss fn eh fnpr prfs fshs hs f dn dnph phgt gtls ls ph phrh rh eh gd gdum umhm hm.. Fsth Fst h ah ahsf sf glk glkst sth h mf ehs sd sdbu budf dfkt ktfs fs hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

Glnphrhgd÷k mf rfsuethmls hktfs y mfspuäs mf eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh Hkèedsds mf eh pfrtdkfkgdh y pltfkgdhe phrh glktdkuhr glk eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k Dktfbrhgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh mfktrl mf ehs lpfrhgdlkfs fnprfshrdhefs Ghpturh mf dkalrnhgd÷k f dkmdghmlrfs rfqufrdmls phrh fe Srlbrhnh mf Zfglklgdndfktl mf Jufkhs Srègtdghs Elbîstdghs Vrjhkhs

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Dkmdghmlrfs h nlkdtlrfhr Dkmdghmlrfs mf fadgdfkgdh •

Lguphgd÷k prlnfmdl mf eh aelth vf`dguehr

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Glstl mf ehs ruths

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Gunpedndfktl mf ehs fktrfbhs

Dkmdghmlrfs mf dnphgtl •

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Glstls mf trhksplrtf (plr tlkfehmh) Kùnfrl mf vf`îguels mf ghrbh fnpefhmls fk ehs ruths

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Mdsthkgdh rfglrrdmh plr eh aelth Slrgfkthif mf lguphgd÷k vf`dguehr Bhelkfs mf glnjustdjef glksundmls Fndsdlkfs mf GL: bfkfrhmhs

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Dnpefnfkthgd÷k mf eh nfmdmh9 Ahsf mf Dnpefnfkthgd÷k Zfplrtf Zfplrt f mf eh nfmdmh 8

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Ljiftdvl9 Mhr vdsdjdedmhm h eh WMN mf eh Ahsf =

dnp dn pef efnf nfk kth thgd gd÷k ÷k mf eh nf nfmd mdmh mh y mf eh bf bfkf kfrh rhgd gd÷k ÷k mf

Zfplrtf mf eh nfmdmh

drfg nplklg hglgdn tlsdndf pdfkt lktl sdtldvpl lsr pph hrrtf hfeh dumWM hmN. , y lpthr plr fe rfglk plr phrt mfgeh WMN. Fsth Fst h ah ahsf sf glk glkst sth h mf ehs sd sdbu budf dfkt ktfs fs hg hgtd tdvd vdmh mhmf mfs9 s9

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Zfbdstrl mf eh nfmdmh fk eh Zfm mf Elbîstdgh Vrjhkh Hbfkmhndfktl mf vdsdth tägkdgh plr phrtf mf eh WMN, sd hpedgh Zfgfpgd÷k mfe rfglklgdndfktl

Srlgfsl mf dnpefnfkthgd÷k y rfglklgdndfktl mf eh nfmdmh plr phrtf mfe sfgtlr prdvhml

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Zfglnfkmhgdlkfs phrh eh dnpefnfkthgd÷k y glktdkudmhm mf eh nfmdmh plr phrtf mf ehs fnprfshs phrtdgdphktfs

Qdkguehgd÷k mf ehs fnprfshs Qdkguehgd÷k fnprfshs h eh ZEV y fe Srlbrhnh mf Zfglklgdndfktl mf Jufkhs Srègtdghs •

Adrnh mf hgufrmls mf glkadmfkgdhedmhm glk eh WMN

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Wledgdtum mf hsfslrîh y hglnphøhndfktl h eh WMN

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Fstrugturhr fqudpl phrh eh hmndkdstrhgd÷k mfe prlbrhnh

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Hbfkmhndfktl hktdgdphml mf gdths mf vhelrhgd÷k

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Srfsfkthgd÷k mf jfkfadgdls fglk÷ndgls y hnjdfkthefs ljtfkdmls plr ehs fnprfshs

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Zfglklgdndfktl plr phrtf mf eh WMN

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