Buck, Greek Dialects

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COLLEGE SERIES OF GREEK AUTHORS EDITED DNDEK THE SUPERVISION OF

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE AND CHARLES BUETON GUUCK

INTEODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE

GEEEK DIALECTS GRAMMAR SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS GLOSSARY

BY

CARL DARLING §UCK PBOFESSOK OF SANSKRIT AND INDO-EUROPEAN COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGT IN THE UNIVERSITY OP CHICAGO

GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON

•

NEW YORK

•

CHICAGO

•

LONDON

Entered at Stationebs' Hall Copyright,

1910,

by

John 'Williams White akd Charles Burton Golick ALL rights reserved 910.1

(He attenanm gteg< GINN AND COMPANY PROPRIETORS BOSTON' U.S.A. •

•

TO THE MEMORY OF

THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR

PREFACE The aim of this work is to fnrnish in concise form the essential material for an introductory study of the Greek dialects. Hitherto there has been no single volume intended to fulfill the requirements of college and graduate students who wish to gain a first-hand knowledge of Greek dialects, whether for a better understanding of historical Greek grammar, or for a greater appreciation of the variety of speech in the Greek world, only half suspected from the few dialects employed in literature, or as a substantial foundation for a critical

study of these literary

dialects, or

merely for the ability to

handle intelligently the numerous dialect inscriptions which are important in the investigation of Greek institutions. It is

now more than

ten years since the author formed the plan

of publishing a brief collection of

Greek

dialect inscriptions with

explanatory notes for the use of students, and made a selection for this purpose.

rum (2d

At

that time Cauer's Delectus inscriptionum Graeca^

ed. 1883),

which proved useful for many

years,

had already

ceased to be a representative collection of dialect inscriptions.

In

the case of several dialects the material there given was quite over-

shadowed in importance by the discoveries of recent years. In the meantime this situation has been relieved by the publication of Solmsen's Inscriptiones Graecae ad inlustrandas dialectos selectae. But another need, which it was equally a part of the plan to supply, namely of more explanatory matter for the assistance of beginners in the subject, has remained unfilled up to the present time, though here again in the meantime a book has been announced as in preparation (Thumb's Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte) which presumably aims to serve the same purpose as the present one. With regard to the explanatory matter, the first plan was to accompany the inscriptions not only by exegetical, but also by rather full grammatical notes, with references to the grammars where the

PEEFACE

vi

peculiarity in question -was treated as a whole.

But

tlie

desire to

include all that was most essential to the student in this single volume led to the expansion of the introduction into a concise " Gram-

and the author has come to believe that this prove to be the most useful part of the work. Without it the student would be forced at every turn to consult either the larger

mar

of the Dialects,"

may

Greek Grammars, where, naturally, the dialectic peculiarities are not sifted out from the discussion of the usual literary forms, or else the various grammars of special dialects. For, since Ahrens, the works devoted to the Greek dialects, aside from discussions of special topics, have consisted in separate grammars of a single dialect or, at the most, of a single group of dialects. Some of the advantages which this latter method undoubtedly possesses we have aimed to preserve by means of the Summaries (pp. 129-153).

Highly important as are the dialects for the comparative study Greek language, this Grammar is distinctly not intended as a manual of comparative Greek grammar. It restricts itself to the discussion of matters in which dialectic differences are to be observed, and the comparisons are almost wholly within Greek itself. Furthermore, the desired brevity could be secured only by eliminating almost wholly any detailed discussion of disputed points and citation of the views of others, whether in agreement or in oppoSome notes and references sition to those adopted in the text. are added in the Appendix, but even these are kept within narrow limits. Several of these references are to articles which have appeared since the printing of the Grammar, which began in Septemof the

ber 1908, was completed. Especial pains have been taken to define as precisely as possible

the dialectic distribution of the several peculiarities, and

it is

be-

lieved that, though briefly stated

and without exhaustive lists of examples, fuller information of this kind has been brought together than is to be found in any other general work. Biit, as the most competent critics will also be the first to admit, no one can be safe from the danger of having overlooked some stray occurrence of a given peculiarity in the vast and still much scattered material; and, furthermore, such statements of distribution are subject to the need of continual revision in the light of the constantly appearing

new

material.

PREFACE The

reasons for not attempting in the

of the peculiarities exhibited

forth on

by our

vii

Grammar

a fuller account

literary texts in dialect are set

p. 14.

The Selected

Inscriptions show such a noticeable degree of coinwith the selection made by Solmsen, in the work cited above, cidence it is perhaps well to state expressly that this is not the result simply adopted a large part of his selections with some having of additions, as it might appear, but of an independent selection, made some years before the appearance of his work, and, except for some necessary reduction, adhered to with probably not over half a dozen

that

substitutions.

Eor a brief

collection the choice of the

most repre-

when the dialects are comparar The later inscriptions with their

sentative inscriptions from a time tively

unmixed

is

fairly clear.

various types of dialect mixture are of great interest, and some

few examples

of these

phase adequately

is

have been included.

possible only in a

But

to represent this

much more comprehensive

collection.

The transcription employed is also identical with that used by Solmsen in his second edition, but this again is the result of longsettled conviction that this system, as used for example by Baunack in his Inschriften von Gortyn (1885) and his edition of the Delphian inscriptions (1891), is the one best adapted for a work of this kind.

The

brevity of the notes

other parts of the book.

If,

is

justified

by the assistance given

in

before beginning the inscriptions of a

given dialect, the student familiarizes himself with its main characby the help of the Summaries (180-273), he will not feel

teristics

the need of a comment or reference for a form that, from the point of view of the dialect in question, has nothing abnormal about it.

Furthermore, the Glossary makes it unnecessary to comment on many individual words. Detailed discussion of the problems of chronology, constitutional antiquities, etc. which are involved in many of the inscriptions is not called for in a work the principal

aim of which is linguistic. It is sometimes advisable for a student to depart from the order in which the inscriptions are given, and to begin his study of a dialect with one of the later inscriptions, e.g. in Arcadian to read first no. 18, leaving until later the

more

difficult nos. 16, 17.

PEEFACE

viii

The Glossary and Index,

besides serving as an index to the

Gram-

words occurring in the Selected Inmar, is intended to include in Liddell and Scott, or exhibit found be scriptions which are not to all

unusual meanings.

Some time

book was

after this

first

planned, I learned that the

editors of the College Series had already arranged for a volume

dealing with the monuments, inscriptional and literary, which represent the different dialects of Greece,

by Professor H.

W.

Smyth.

But, finding that Professor Smyth, because of other interests, was quite willing to relinquish the task, the editors invited tribute

my

contemplated work to the Series.

Seymour, under

whom more

first dialect inscriptions,

The

late

me

to con-

Professor

than twenty years ago I had read my me valuable counsel on the general

gave

and before his lamented death read over a large part of my am also under obligation to Professor Gulick for the great care with which he has read the proofs and for important sug-

plan,

manuscript. I

gestions.

The proofreading

so notably accurate

appreciation of

in the office of the publishers has been

and scholarly that I cannot omit to express

it.

m

r.

my

r,

C. D. B.

Chicago, Novembek 1909

CONTENTS PAET

GRAMMAR OF THE DIALECTS

I:

INTRODUCTION

Page

Classification and Interrelation of the Dialects

The Dialects

PHONOLOGY

Literature

in

.

.

.

.15 17

... ...

FOR O BEFORE AND AFTER LiQDIDS FOR a IN Other Cases FOR a .

1

12

.

.

.

a

e

.

.

...

Alphabet Vowels O

.

.

.

17

.18 .

.

19

a i;

FROM

d IS Attic-Ion K'

.

.

19

.

c

1

FROM FROM

1

BESIDE

1

a FROM

e e

BEFORE A VoWEL BEFORE V IN AuCAnO-CYPRIAN

Other Cases

IN

e

e

before

West Greek

a

p ix

=

.

... ... ... .... ... .

.

NoRTinvEST Greek:

East Greek

e

.

.

1 *

o £1

from FROM

ij

IN

Elean

17

IN

ThESSALIAN AND BOEOTIAN

Lesbian

ai

=

.

.

.

....

...

-q

FROM 1 AFTER p IN AeOLIC Consonantal from Antevocalic

.

.

i

.

..... i

and

.

v

21

22 23 23 23

i

SALIAX

21

.23

£

Interchange of

19

20

in Lesbian

.

.

and Thes-

...

t

.

.

2-t

.24 24

.

o V

FROM

0,

ESPECIALLY IN ArCADO-CyPRIAN

ov FROM u) IN Thessalian AND V ou IN Boeotian etc. Secondary e AND 0. "Spurious Diphthongs" .

V

.

.

.

.

25

25

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

25 25

.

.

.

.

.26

CONTENTS Page Diphthongs ij

ei

e t

FROM FROM

oi in

FROM ei FROM ei

V

.

.

IN

28

Boeotian Thessalian

at IN

28 28

.

Boeotian

29.

.

FROM 01 IN Boeotian BEFORE Vowels

.

.

.

.

av, CD, ou

....

In General

FROM au, ev IN East Ionic Monophthongization of o« (V BEFORE VoWELS ao, CO,

CM,

In Lesbian Insertion op

.

30

.

30

.

30

...

f.

Loss of

31 81

u

Long Diphthongs In General a, 7;, w, from dtjtjt, qjl FROM 7;t Non-Diphthongal Vowel Combination (Contraction In General .

31

.

......... .

fit

a OR o

+ Vowel

+ Vowel + Vowel o + Vowel e

29 29

ai, ei, ot

32

33

etc.)

33 34 36

.

38

Tl

88

.

Notes to Preceding Assimilation op Vowels Epenthetic Vowels Anaptyctic Vowels Vowel-Gradation Consonants

89 40 41 41

41

.

F

In General jS

FOR f

.

43 44

.

Initial f before a

Vowel

Intervocalic f Postconsonantal f before Consonants

46

,

Consonantal

i

47

48

.

Spiritus Asper. Psilosis

Loss of Intertocalic RlIOTACISM Change of t to o«r.

44 45

49 c

61 62

63

CONTENTS

....

X

>',

Page

...

8,7

P,

XI

54

.

55

Lacoxian •,

+i

.

...

.

P,

.... +

.

Jntervocahc

... ...

.

67

58

.59 60

.

.60

.60

.

61 .

.61

.

Liquid or Nasal

0-

.

.

.

.

61

v

23.

ov from

w

Long 6

in Thessalian.

original or secondary (25),

became a

in Thessalian, •whether

close o, then

it,

and, after the

introduction of the Ionic alphabet, was regularly denoted by

= Tovv = Twv

Xovpa

;^a.p)(/ia,

pa, as in KapTtrs,

=

Boeot. werpa-

This due to metathesis, and clearly so in Cretan, which has

Tos (Horn. T€TpaTos)

SeXXm

=

likewise o-TapTos

=

SapKva

3.

varies

Kpanpoi and KapTcpo^,

KopTos,

oK

or

=

n-pofri.

Xa

apapreiv-

See 70.1.

(crreXXto, utoXo?, icrrdXrjv).

Arc,

(cf. /Se'Xos etc.).

Boeot. 6/3eXo'? (rarely early Attic), Thess. o/3eXXo'? (89.3) (assimilation

?).

West Greek

eVeXoi',

= SeXro?

(but this

Lesb. eraXov, yearling

Lac, Pamphyl. 'ATreXXwi' Thess. "AttXowi' with 4.

Series

is

= ^ovXofiai.

(cf.

Lat. vitulus). (o

75.

Coan

Cret, Corinth.,

due to assimilation

?),

ttX.

o or av

Coan, Heracl. rdp^vm

See

a Semitic loanword).

= ^AiroXXwv

weak grade

ez^ (e/i), o;^ (o/i),

= o/SoXo?

SeiXo/iat, 87jXo/i.at, Boeot. ^eiXofiai,

Thess. ^eXXo/jLai, all from a grade in eX,

Cypr. SaXro?

Arc.

Cret., Delph., Epid. oSeXo'?,

(ap,)

{reivm

= Tep,vvya^

In no. 61

(after

iroirjaaa-ai (irof^a-acrffai), iroirjarai (aor. subj.), beside etc.

In

the earlier inscriptions intervocalic

all

a-

is

unchanged. Cyprian.

4.

(f)pove6i

{^povewen), •iroe'xpfievov

also in sentence combination

vj(epdv

(tw

ixvpoiv).

(cf.

97

a), as

But generally a

is

ku

(Troa-exop-evov),

a(v)Tv («a? avri),

ra

written.

Rhotacism 60.

Ehotacism, or change of

o-

to p, is

found in Elean, late

Laconian, and Eretrian, rarely elsewhere. Elean.

1.

Final

?

appears uniformly as p in the later inscrip-

Most of the by side without any appara is unknown (cf. 59.3).

tions, nos. 60, 61, e.g. rep, aip-arop, oircop, irdXiop. earlier inscriptions

ent system. a.

show

Ehotacism

-?

and

-p side

of intervocalic

In the earlier inscriptions p is relatively most frequent in forms of the and the indefinite or the relative pronoun, e.g. roip, rip, op, and

article

PHONOLOGY

61]

53

possibly the rhotacism began in such enclitic and proclitic forms. here there is great fluctuation in the spelling.

Laconian. Ehotacism of final

2.

s is

tions, e.g. viKoap, Bev^iTTTrop, etc., 3.

Eretrian.

seen only in very late inscrip-

confirmed by numerous glosses.

Eliotacism of intervocalic

tions of Eretria

and Oropus,

But even

e.g. Eretr.

o-

is

frequent in inscrip-

exovpiv, Ovtopiv, iiriSrjfiew-

piv, avveXevOepcopavTi, iraipiv, airrjpiv, 'ApTSfitpia, Crop. Srjfiopicov.

But there are many exceptions, and the use of p is gradually given up under Attic influence. Although Plato, Cratylus 434 c, remarks that the Eretrians say a-KXrjpoTrjp for tional

example

there

v from *Tpaa-pa)i'(Tjoe'(D from *Tjoa7(D). Butthere of Lesb., Thess. pp; and the development was not parallel example is no to that of crX etc., assuming that Lesb. tpos is from Hcrpo- (13.1). a.

GREEK DIALECTS

62 Initial trX etc.

h.

is

became A\

[76

simple A

etc., later

etc.

The

earlier stage

represented by occasional early spellings with \h etc., e.g. Aegin. \ha.-

jSuiv,

Corcyr. phofauri, Mheiiios.

Compounds and augmented or reduplicated forms of such words only rarely show the development proper to intervocalic crX etc., as Att. akt)^ from *(ria-Xa., Cret. BiKaBSw, \jraiBSa), ipydSSofiai, j>povTiSSo),

hmm,

Bvyov, Arjva (Zrjva), Lac. yv/jLvaBBoiiat

B(o6ipov(n(v) after dat. pi. part. 5spav (but possibly -(fxopdv

nom. 2.

-^topa?),

and among

Nom. Pl.

-ev

from

late inscriptions of various dialects.

for usual -e?

originated in pronominal forms.

occurs in late Cretan, having

See 119.2

a.

Dat. Pl. -eaai, as in Horn. TroSeercn, probably an extension of the form of o--stems, is characteristic of the Aeolic dialects, Les3.

bian, Thessalian (Pelasgiotis),

and Boeotian, and

is

also found in

early Delphian, East Locrian, Elean (cjivydSea-a-i no. 60 -ot?),

and in inscriptions

;

elsewhere

of various Corinthian colonies (Corcyra,

mrLECTION

108]

Epidamnus, Syracuse). a-iv

(perhaps originally

with

ei'T- of

•

83

— Heraclean has -aaai =

*aa-(7i.

Skt. satsu,

in pres. part. evTaa-

then

evTei etc.), irpaa-aovTaaai, etc.

evraa-a-i

oi'i,

by fusion

as Travrot?

etc.,

after the analogy of o-stems, is characteristic of Locrian, Elean,

and the Northwest Greek

Koivrj,

whence

finds its

it

way

iato

various dialects in later times. 4.

haps

Ace. Pl. first

-69

in place of -as,

i.e.

the nom. for the ace, per-

used in the numeral rerope? owiug to the influence of

the indeclinable irevTe

seen in Delph. heKareropei (no. 49,

etc., is

early fifth century), reropes, SeX^iSe? (in an inscription of early

fourth century

;

but otherwise in Delphian only TeTopa\e«t) belonging to \eu?.

Some

Zew. Zew uncertain origin, in an 112.

cf.

1.

Att.

AieiTperj, Kario, l^a), etc. To this belong Delph. tvSoi, within, Coan

kKariput, b.

on each side of (ci. iKacrripu)).

Although probably all the West Greek dialects formed the pronominal

adverbs of place whence in -u, forms like odiv being late, the -Oar appears in adverbs derived from place names, as Arg. 'iopaiOoOev, Corinth. TiepaioOev. Cf. also 133.1.

Manner,

co?, tto)?, oTraj?, etc.

8.

-6)9.

a.

Final conjunctions,

of these

oirojs is

by

ws and

far the

oirtos

more

9.

once, ai (above, 5).

ha

is

though &s is not uncommon, Early Cretan uses neither, but rather

rare, except in very late times.

Time when,

-re, -Ta, -ica.

ore, rare, irore in Attic-Ionic

Arcado-Cyprian (Arc. tots, Cypr. bian, oKa etc. in oica, Toica, iroKa,

are the usual final conjunctions, and

frequent,

especially in the earlier inscriptions. OTrai or,

in all dialects.

West Greek (and presumably

Boeotian), e.g. Cret.

Lac. TreTroica, El. toku, Delph. oxa, -voku.

occurriug in Ehodian, Laconian, and literary Doric,

Even

Attic has -ra and -ku in

and

ore, fieiroTe), ora, ttStu in Les-

some words,

is for

(oKKa,

oku

«a.)

as etra, eireiTU (Ion.

also eireiTe), •qvlKa. a.

Temporal conjunctions. Besides

temporal use of Cret.

ai, ^, oire

ore.

etc.

(above, 5, 6).

and liru (above, 2), note the For so long as, until, we find

INELECTION

183] 1)

lojs,

Arc.

as (41.4), 2) loTE,

135.4), 3) Cret.

ei/TE (cf.

Thess. /u.eWo8t, Horn.

ixvtt',

tion, 4) /J-ixph °-XP^>

^th

97

jaaT. vv, identical

5.

Horn, vw,

vv,

=

6. tSe, in form Horn, the, occurs in Cyprian introducing the conclusion of a condition {IMirai then indeed, ISe then no. 19.12,25),

or a

new

sentence (tSe and no. 19.26).

PREPOSITIONS Peculiarities in

Form

1. For apocope of the final vowel, see 95. For assimilation of final consonants, see 96,

135. 2. e/e,

97, 99.

100. 3.

= avd,

For 6v

= Kara.,

—

22.

vTrd

—

4.

iv,

The

ek.

Locr., Phoc.

;

is

e?

Iv = iv, 10. — cnrv = utto, 22. = vtto, formed after the analogy of Kara

see

6.

Elean (viraSvycoK) and Lesbian use of Lat. in)

— = — Karv etc.,

inherited use of iv with the accusative

e? in

an early Delphian

the

(cf.

retained in the -Northwest Greek dialects

but once

in

(gram.).

(El.,

inscription, no. 50)

together with Boeotian and ThessaHan, and in Arcado-Cyprian

Elsewhere this was replaced by an extended form

iv-i,

(Iv).

whence

ets,

See 78.

e?.

Similarly evre

= eare

Northwest Greek

in Locrian, Delphian (hevTe, 58

koivi].

But Boeotian, in

c),

and the

spite of iv, has erre

= etrre. 5.

fJ.€Td, -TreSd.

weSd, unrelated to fierd in origin,

is

used in

its

place in Lesbian, Boeotian (probably in Thessalian too, though not

yet quotable). Arcadian

(ttc,

95), Argolic,

(Most of these dialects show also influence

is

ireSdyayov,

probable.)

= /leTOiKoi,

(or -to?)

= Att.

= neremv,

and proper The name of the IleSa- and Mera-) Hera-

ireSiov

IXeSa'/cptTo?.

HeSaryeiTWO';- or (by fusion of

j€iTWOo'?,

4. El. 5.

This Elean use

in relation dvev^

to,

= dvev, with

Kard, according

Locrian.

Kaff cSv

tSs ffwy/SoXas.

is

only a step removed from that of

with accusative.

to,

= kuB'

ace. instead of gen., as dvev;

^oXdv.

with genitive instead of accusative, in d,

— Ka(T)

rovSe

= Kara

rdSe,

—

Ka(T)

GKEEK DIALECTS

102

eVtwith the dative

6.

[l36

This

of the deceased person, in epitaphs.

occurs in a few early epitaphs in Lesbian, Phocian, and Locrian, but is

common

especially

in Boeotian, e.g. eTrt YheKaSdfioe

In most dialects the

/Sae.

name

efii, iirl

'0«t-

of the deceased appears in

the

nominative. 7.

In most dialects afi^i

afji,^i.

afi^i nva,

which survives

and Ehodian

;

contend about a slave,

avirl

awl

SdXoi fioXidvn, if they

rhv halaiv, about

the division.

Besides the usual meanings instead of, in return for,

avTi.

8.

In Cretan

concerning (as in Homer),

aboul^,

with dative' or accusative, e.g. at Se k

—

Argive

also in Attic prose, it occurs in

in Argive also once in purely local force.

used freely in the meaning

it is

In the phrase ol

is obsolete.

which are found everywhere, the following uses are worthy

of note.

The original local meaning, before, in front of, occurs in an Attic and in a Delphian inscription. So frequently Cret. avn fiai1)

Tvpov, in the presence of witnesses.

From

2)

return for, with verbs of buying, selling,

etc.,

the use of uvtI, in

arose a freer distribu-

tive use, e.g. Arc. rpi? o^eko'i oiiK,

Locr.

ending in a short

of era

from ereX^cr-aa to iKdXe-trcra

Lesb. [KaXejaa-drcoa-av, op.oaeravre'i,

Other dialects

or a dental, as

(Cret. tt), later

Dor. opvti, gen. opvix''' = opvK, Lesb. ij/diyyi = i/fi/], -rji,

century on nearly always fourth century), but Tre/xird (a

=

thematic forms. The mood-sign is But the third singular sometimes ends

r],

15),

Cypr. \vcre, i^opv^e (also 2

but from the

-??,

e.g. i^eXOrji etc.

ififievr] etc.

Epid.

TreTTj,

in no. 21

in no. 22 (324 B.C.).

Coan

sg. feC-

last quarter of the fourth (first

half

Cf. also El. e/e-

Xddrj.

view that these forms are not equivalent to the Attic, but represent the more original formation, in which the endings were added directly to the rj (ixV'^' ^X'I'(j))> without the t, which is due to a.

It is the prevailing

INFLECTION

161]

111

the analogy of the indicative forms in -«?, -a. But this is far from certain, as it is quite possible to view the --q as coming from ->ji. Even in the case of the Aro.-Cypr. forms there tinctly

more probable that the

is

nothing decisive against

later

spite of the fact that in no. 22 the

150.

The subjunctive

unthematic formations

Lesbian i

is still

-r]

Horn,

and

it is dis-

earlier

-Tjt

(in

written in the datives). See 38.

of the o--aorist.

(of.

this,

comes from the

i'o/xei'

As

in the case of other

to tfj^v), this

was

originally

%, and only later came to follow the long-vowel type in '^. Aside from Hom. ^rjaofiev

a short-vowel subjunctive in

more common etc.,

short-vowel forms are found in East Ionic, Lesbian, Cretan, and

occasionally elsewhere.

East Ion.

ironfjaei,

Kard^ei, eKKoyjrei (no.

Teos), airoKpvip-ei, iirdpei, i^ofioaei (likewise,

from the

KaTeCirei) beside fieOeXriL etc., further KaraKTeivoaiv -too-t),

Cliian irprj^ouTiv (with Lesb.

otcr

from ova,

extension to the thematic aorist) reKoiat.

(i.e.

77.3).

3,

a-aorist,

-ova-i,

not

Lesb. (with

Cret. heUaei, ahucqaei

beside aireXdr]!, etc. (hence the forms of the Law-Code are to be

transcribed

-ei

not

-ei),

beside Xaxcovn, etc.

iKa-avvrjcreTai beside einhiriTai, o/ioaovTi

Cf. also

Coan viroKvfei, Astyp.

So'^et.

151. The subjunctive of unthematic vowel stems. There are two distinct types.

The endings

1.

are added directly to the long vowel of the stem.

With very few exceptions, of

which

this type is

found only in those forms

the correspondiug indicative has the short vowel.

So espe-

vvvavn, beside cially in the middle, e.g. Cret. Swafiai, vvvarai, Searot (cf. t'o-raTow, indie. indie, hvvdnai. Arc. eirurvviaTaTai beside d, Cret. ireirdSearo), but also, when the indicative also has

Hom.

Further, in the active. Mess, rid-nvri beside fiv-rai = v in

are also unthematic forms, as Heracl. eVre? (also quoted

man from

the

160), Arc.

;

cf.

2),

with the substitution or prefixing

from Ale-

fem. Lesb., Epid.

= ova (a

ladOa

But there

(all

of e after

eo-cra

Plato Crat. 401c),

from *aTia

= Skt.

the analogy of the

other forms). a.

in

This unthematic feminine formation in -arta (from

some forms quoted by Hesychius, namely

(ycKaOd) 9.

iKovcra, lacrcra ('EiruMTcra)

Middle forms, as imperf.

jjrat at

10.

=

Delphi, 3

pi. subj.

=

avvreXeaOai

seen also

iovaa.

ijfiriv etc.,

are late.

Cf. 3 sg. subj.

^vrat at Andania.

In a Cretan inscription of Dreros

= ecrofiac,

-ni-ia) is

iKoxraa (d£Kacr(ra), Cret. peKadda

= avvea-eaOai.

(no.

113)

we

find reXo/iai

WORD-FORMATION On the Form and Use

of Certain Suffixes

and Certain Peculiarities

of

Composition 164. (this

1. -Tjto? 1

= Att. -eto9.

again in part from

Att.

-eio': is

-rjfio's, cf.

tained iQ various dialects,

in part derived from

Boeot. KapvKepio),

e.g. Ion. lep-qiov,

Delph.

which

lepijiov,

-r]io)

105.1

10.

(-V).

14. rav-i etc. 122

84

= e^ before cons, (see also

Nom.

-01

(-7)),

121.4

SS, initial S

9.

-ai

104.3, 106.2

81

82

5.

450

sg.

= ovTtov.

163.6

19. AtoKXe'as etc. 166.1

20. Consonant-doubling in hypocoristics. 89.5

21.

Patronymics in -aJi'Sd?. 164,8

Thessalian only.

See 204.

GEEEK DIALECTS

140

Most

220. Special Boeotian.

[220

of the peculiarities of the vowel-

system (221) also belong here

= ef

1.

eV?

2.

eTTTrao-t?

ovTOVT€VKr]fiev. 147.2

248. Koiv^ influenca

koivtj

forms appeal-

now and

Heraclean Tables, especially in the nimierals. rpi]T7]? (4.6). It is not accidental that ev for eo, though occasionally found in contiof the alphabet,

nental Greece,

mainly found, outside of Ionic, in Ehodes, Cos,

In Cos occur such

Thera, etc.

Even

aTToSe^avTco.

show

lalysus

is

.

in.

the

fifth

specific Ionic

forms as TeXea^ and

century the coins of the Ehodian

'leXva-iov beside 'laXvaiov.

Through the medium

of

the Doric koivt] of the other islands (278), some Ionic peculiarities

have even spread to Crete, e.g. at Itanos ev=eo, eo=ev, and y^peco/ieda.

The Attic

277.

acy of Attic century

is to

tcoiv^.

In this

B.C.

important as

it is,

of the ultimate

we

refer to

suprem-

something more than the

that in this period Athens

tual center of Greece prose.

The foundation

be sought in the political conditions of the

became the

and Attic the recognized language

It is within the sphere of influence represented

federacy of Delos and the Athenian empire that Attic

advance as an ordinary

medium

of

Ionic which shows the

first

to lose its identity as a distinct dialect.

first

of literary

made

its first

all dialects

signs of Attic influence

Some

fact,

intellec-

by the con-

communication. Of

it is

fifth

and

is

the

traces of this

influence &ve seen even in the Ionic inscriptions of the fifth century, especially in the islands,

inscriptions

show

and in the fourth century the majority

at least a

mixture

of Attic forms,

of

and some, even

from the early part of the century, are substantially Attic. After this,

Ionic practically ceased to exist as a distinct dialect, though

some Ionic

peculiarities are occasionally

found in

much

later times,

VAEIOUS FORMS OF KOINH

278]

157

mostly in proper names and certain conventional words or phrases. It

this Attic, already well-nigh established in Ionic territory,

and some respects modified by Ionic, that the Macedonians took up and spread, and whicb is henceforth termed the Koivrj, or, more is

in

specifically, the Attic koivij.

The Macedonian

period, indeed, forms the principal

For

the evolution of a standard language in Greece.

landmark in

in

it

the Attic

Kocvq was spread over a vast territory and permanently established in places

which were

to become leading centers of Greek life. Yet marking neither the beginning, as we have seen, the end. Excepting Ionic, and Cyprian, of which we record, the other dialects, though showing more or

this is only a stage,

nor, still less,

have no later

common

remained in

less Koivi^ influence,

use in inscriptions from

But eventually the koivij attained complete supremacy both as the written and the spoken language, and from it is descended Modern Greek. The only .imone to upwards of three centuries

portant exception

is

later.

the present Tsakonian" dialect, spoken in a

small portion of Laconia, which

is

in part the offspring of the

ancient Laconian.

The Doric KOLvq. In most of the Doric dialects Attic influence shows itself, to some extent, even in the fourth century B.C., and there was gradually evolved a type of modified Doric which 278.

prevails in the inscriptions of the last three centuries

conveniently

known

as the Doric koiv^. This

retaining a majority of the general

with a tendency to eliminate local

admixture

of

forms from the Attic

West Greek peculiarities, koivi].

and the retention

ties, e.g. the infinitive in

-fj-eiv

amply

and

is

characteristics,

but

and with a strong

In spite of some variety

in the degree of mixture,

siderable unity,

B.C.,

substantially Doric,

is

some

of

at Rhodes, there

sufficient to justify

is

local peculiari-

yet a very con-

us in speaking of a

distinct type of kolvti.

That the mixture

is

not a haphazard one

the fact that the substitution of

is

shown, for example, in

el for al, side

tention of Ka, resulting in the hybrid e? «a,

is

by

side with the re-

very general, while the

GREEK DIALECTS

158 opposite, al av,

is

unknown.

show the forms

als

Iap6/Sa(X)\eTXev

to

—

ttXo? afiepav koI vvkt6 MvTiX'^vai [Kepvav\ri] rah dpxaK jraiaai'; rah i/j, MlvnX\')j]vai irXea^ rav ai/jLiaeav, ip. Kai Se [TJllat? apxaK Trato-'ai? rah ep, ^cokm 7rX[e']|a9 r&v alpia-€(o[v]- rav Se I

SiKav ep,p^vai, |

eVet' xe (oviavTOti] in correctly supplied here

is xp^aiav.

Any one debasing the

OeXav ap^p\p^T'qv,

a\vT(o)v irddrjV

these that the inscription refers, though

the term used of

/i[^]

convicted of intentional adul-

11.

7-8.

The arrangements for trial im-

mediately following show that the meaning required here is debase, not

teration, he is to be punished with death.

make the alloy,

But

Moreover the electrum coinage of this time and place was based upon a natural, not an artificial, alloy.

he is acquitted of intentional wrong-doing, the court shall decide the penalty or fine. The city is not liable. if

taken.

i.e.

simply coin, as often

15

GREEK DIALECTS

184

eXaxov MvTi\i]\vaoi

Se rroXi's avai\noKa(. Se 6 ||

Ap la^rWap^ov.

22. Mytilene. Soonafter324B.c. IG.XII.ii.6. SGDI.214. Ditt.Orient.2.

Solm-

Michel 356.

Inscr.Jurid.II,pp.344ff.

Plofemann 11.83.

Hicks 164. sen6.

[/cal ol /3]ao-t'[\7;e9

0ov\n

(U9

re^vav

Te;)^i'a]/u,eV[(B]

rm

Tcav KaTe\r]\v06v'\T(ov

Se Ke Tt9

TrpoaTi]dr)a-[6ov rait KareXTjXv-

e\v rdi] iroKi irpoade [eovroi. /Mr)

ai,

efifievq iv rat? Sta\i'^a(/)io-|[/LiaTO? inro

Sdfico, avfj.TravTa]

tov

[TreSa rav Ovaiav ev^acrdai] toI^

nfjvvoTr]piav Kal

Karea-raKOVTCov, evador)

[Se

070-

KajrecrKevaaae,

criT(o

I

.

iXdcr- 20

p(;/3j;]/iaTeo-(7t /cai

|

ek

TOi? TToXiTaicTt,

Kal TloXvTrep'x^ovTOdrjV Sid tcS

twv

ra?

Kal

Xdp,Trpa).'Apx.l900,107.

'

Aefi.o0e{p)pe^ hiapov A-tto (X)Xdvocv\axa,vTo (or reO- ?

Boeotian and a Corinthian inscription, and is formed, like iyei, 7r(«, by the

daughter of EuTprrri^dn-os. The first part of the name is identical with that of the Boeotian town which ap-

addition of a particle (cf oiroal etc.).

pears in

Homer as Eurpijo-is.

For the whole verse ending, compare h. Hom. 16 and 20, and Callim. 1. 96.

riSeies in

a later Boeotian

.

36. Cf. Paus.9.20.3 Io-tiv

.

.

.

iv

Ta-

vdypf, Kai tpos KtipiKtov, tv8a "EpiuTjv re-

xS^TOi

\iyov(ri.

But here the

epithet

Kapixeiot is applied to Apollo. $i{p)pet is the

same

as

Aaiju>64p(rris

Ae/to-

found

rat

Ei)-,

See 6 1

.

3.

— 6s

41. List of

sacred

was

:

ws.

58

Cf. Eirpeiinscription,

a.

contributions for the

war (365-346

B.C.).

Byzantium

at this time allied with the Boeo-

tians

(cf.

Dem.9.34). Note the reten-

tion of the older spelling

e

beside

ei,

GREEK DIALECTS

198 5

'Apia-TO |

^6pp,w, "Apico'; Te/>eo?.

AafiyjraKava) crT[aTetjOa?]

KepKivot;

Elporiixco,

'Ay

\

to xP^^'^o^

[e'ivi^av] \

AtjXo-tttlx'^,

'A6av6Ba)pov ||

I

kut to

jroXeixapxiov Kt) tco rafiiao. a7roS6v\Topa)

\

o/ioXo-

to

aTTO ||

I

tS)V TToXlTlKCOV. Ill

Aa/iaTpio) viovfi^ivii] w\vova-ta),

fiev

avTV

'

|

ireTpaTr), iTre'\jrd^pTji

;

is

recti-

jirei^nts ^<

BOEOTIAN INSCEIPTIONS

No. 43]

NtKapeVa ra?

vdrco

a? ext kut ra?

ov7rep\afxepLai ||

iKapenj Sid TpaTreSSa's Ta? Ilta-TOKXeto? iv @et- r™

'ETTtTe'Xto? dpxovTO(^pevoi

||

TcnreXXala

BeKea6\a)v dppovia, dXX'

dy-qi, p.r]KeTi

40

BovKdria, ai k dp^iXXe\ya)VTi.

dyev Se TcnreXXala

/iocttk Be

(fiepev.

pcoi /re'lret

al Se

'ATreXXaiy, a7roTe|to-aTa) Fmaaro'; SeKa Spa\xfid': Karajoplelv tS>v Be^ap.ev(ov eVt r&lv hvarepwv raya)v

rj

roKiop ^epera

55

•

— .60

dTroTeicr\\[dTa>

I

B [1—4 fragmentarj'. TOLV eTri^KpivovTOiv

peovre;

p-ij

/ieto[? Af||i»]o?

ai'S[e|-]|a/iei'ot irol

rpiov Kal TOV AeXo!>v

•

T]||ot

Aal3vdBa[t EuKXeibt]]?

Kal ['A7re\\a]|i?

ro

Kal heKarov

'A7ro'X\a)[i']|o9

23 ff. nierayolareto receive neither, tji

the

case of the cakes

direXXata, unless the

gens

to

prerequisite to the introduction into

h,

which was the larger body

as also

A 38,

monst.) B53, Ao5e

—

^d(fiov (l>ep6vTa)v 10

kuI tov TloTeiBdvo'; tov eol

'v

^aiiraKTOV poiKeovTa,

Aopp^\v TOV iivTroKvapiSiov pexdaTov v6pou7a8EvavTi It is

:

aor. subj. 151.1.

uncertain whether this

is

of

by

relatives, or

one directed against

them, preventing the relatives from selling tlie property for them or sending it to them. In the former case dirodiira-ai

estate,

may

and

refer to the sale of real

iKiriii-^ai,

to the sending off

rjv

at S^ rip

S4 Tis [riiv ari)-

ri, 7pdj[ijnaTo]

,

iracrx^w

Up6op, orrtop

^liXrjrov arroa-reXXofielvoLp

ifi

aywva

rav Se iirifieXeiav rap dvaOe-

rov irrifieXrjrav rdv Xirrrmv.

A.la'y^ivav

cnroaraXdiiev rolp TeveSiotp

•iroi-qarai

\

Thermum. About 275 B.C.

koivtj

"Ec^.'Apx-lSOS.SSfi.

2YN0HKA KAI 2YMMAXIA AITOAOI2 KAI AKAPNAN0I2 'Ayaddi elprjvav

|

rv'^^ai.

'S.vvOiJKa

fidj^ov^ d/j,a\ra rojM 68.

aXXdXov;,

irdvra x^povov, opia

Treaty of alliance between the

Aetolians and Acarnanians. This

6p.6Xoyopeopo'

e

avvapTvovTav

Toil's

etrj,

TavTa irvvOavofievov avTOv,

viv oidev, Kal

I

toO iapov ^s,

SaKTvXovi aKpaTei'i

iSoKei eirepcoTrjv vlv tov

•

Se\oiT[o], \eyeiv, oo? •jroirjaovVTOi;

vvv virep tovtov

^dfjLev i'TriTeXelv.

oi|r[(]y etSe

rov Oeov tKeni iirep tov

Travr^a] otraa alrijcraiTO Kal eyxvo';

I

|

eyKVoi Se yevofieva ey

•

7r(x||/3ey3oXe ttoI

ecjjopei

err],

a\lT]olTO, ical tovto oi iirireK.elv,

|

wot|S[et](7-^at

yaa-rpl

[No. 84

tovto aTrovSai eK tov a^drov e^eX.eTe|Ke

TrXav

I

—

K6[p\av.

'Avfjp rous ra? XVP^'^

eyo? a\^'\lKeTO Trot tov 6ebv iKe-

iv tmi lapSn,

\Tr\ivaKat; inrlaTei rot? Idfia|

25 triv

Kal vTToSieavpe

eyKadevSav Se

to, i'7nypdjji,fia\\[T^a.

Xeiv tSu auTpaydXcai e-jn'

viv, e-n-el

[ku e^m] 50

rav] raiviav av6e/j,[ev ek t]6v

e^aveaTo] kuI ai^jjXeTO Ta[v rai]-

[eKEKadapTO t&Jv an'yfidT[(ov, rjav S[e |

TJaiviav avedrjKe ets tov va\[6v exovcrav fieTdyn-ov.

— 'E^eSmpo?

VTrdp)/ov(7tv. /lev Tcai

ovTO'; Xa/3o)v Trap

dean

iyKaOevStov 8e el

e^oi TLVa

oyjriv elSe

jj^/s^/uara

HavSdpov

irap

iapov, avTOv 65

ypd(^fi)fiaTa ovk exovcrav,

to avTOv irpocrcoTrov irol I

Toh

tStot?

—

Eivd-

ovto? Xidimv eve\Kd'^6evhe- eSo^e

Sr]

avT&i

6 6eo6pov: Demeter.

Cf. Paus.1.44.3 Upbv Aii^n^T-pos J/la\oi\o,

t5 EiipvKtSa.

95. 1

ff.

The names of

—

6.

lirintXnOtio-eiivTi.:

'Krie-Zjirofmi

the

(croivot

or

see 160.

to the

/ct-X.

^Tri^ie-

used by late writers, but

is

not in classical Attic. e\peiv

tov avveSpiov

100. Rhegium. Michel 555.

to ^ovXevrijpiov, to 8e

elf

|

ofio-

irdvTe'i.

IG.XIV.612.

I cent. b.c.

SGDI.4258. Ditt.SyU.323.

tov ^iKoSdf*ov, ySowXa? irpoaTaTeov-

'Etti trpvTdvLO'i 'NiKdvBpov

T05 2(BO-t7ro'\to? TOV Aajjuarpiov, x^coi 'iTnriov SvoBeKdrai, eSofe 24), it appears that he was resident Rome, and his services probably consisted in some dealings vrith the Roman (1.

after the analogy of ef\i7^o etc. (76

in

occur in several koiu^ inscriptions.

senate in behalf of Agrigentum. 8.

ci,\(a(r|i.a

ktX.

:

in the sixth period of two months, at the

very end of the o-u(v)KX.'v'Vwp.ai

re'-

|

Xewi [6vjovrai Kara

vX\[dv IXewv ovtodv Xd^a)\fj.ev

tS)V TToXep-cwv, \ay)(ap6vra)v Karci to

Ka

on

277

airol

lo

(rv/nroXefiovre';.

tSioiop^o> Thess., see Saix""^ dpxiTToXiapx^u Thess., be the first ptoliarek. See TToKlapxot 'ApxeKpdrijs. 167 'ApxoKpdTt)s Rhod. fipdpxos Boeot., Cret., Ion., Locr.

=

=

magistrate Ss = ?ai!. 41.4, 46.4, 132.9a a(ravT6s reflex, pron. 121.4 'AirKa\airi6s Thess. = A.(TKKT)vtb's. 48 dirKi)6^s Arc. used of animals without blemish a(ir)o'urTa El. Lac. tfyx"'"''''- 113.3. Lac. Toi 's S,((r)irurTa TriffiKcs, El. rolp 4ir' S,(eSptdras or official dedicator. No. 42, note d4>^p$ovTi Heracl., shut off (water by .damming). Heraol.Tab.I.l30ff.,note d(|>cSpiaTcva> Boeot.,

Arc, from

d()>EiSo-6u

146.4

d(plriiu.

=

'A(|>opS(Ta Cret. 'A^poS/ri;. 70.1 d4idvci> Cret. dp.(pdvu. 69.3 aiJKDvos Heracl., intestate

=

a.\\. Dor., where. dxvpios building

132.5a to hold chaff.

sych. &xvpos-

dxvpdv.

Tuv dx^pwv Dor. etc. = Jois.

Cf He.

dxvpoSbKif

diroff'^Krj

d(F)vpa

Boeot. = yitpv/m. 68.2 Lac. title of ofBcials.

P(8coi, pcSvoi

,

= jSioros. 167 PoaOo^u, ^oaO^u = /3oi)$^u. PoitiSlu = /Soijd^w. 31 a PoiKCap £1. = oiKlas. 51 P6\i,)io$ Delph., Epid. = P6X\a Lesb. = jSouXi). 75 PoXXciia) Lesb. = /3au\ei/u

44.2 with a

7po(|>€voi

88

,

PvPXivos Heracl., see /uairx'iXa P«pXCov = /SijSXioi'. 20 ^6iu Ion. = poriSiu. 44.2 Pu\d Boeot., Cret., Arg., etc. =

/SouXi}.

*7/)a0eiSw.

5

84

69.4

7a W.Grk., Boeot.

=

7^.

SoKKiXios Boeot. = SoitTi5\ios. 87 BdXros Cypr. = Si?Xtos. 49.3 Sa|ji4Tas Carpath. 167 5i;/i4t7js. Sa)iiEp76s Astyp. , Nisyr. = S7ip,iovpy6s. 44.4 Sa|tiop7ds = Srip.tovpyis. 44.4 8a|jLiu^|jLEv, 8a^ic&ovTcs Boeot. = t^TjfitoOv

=

169 with App.

etc.

18 157 & Sa)jLoa-iu|icv El. =1 driiioaiovv. 157 b Sa|i.oT^7)v Lesb. = -tcKt). 108.2 Sapdra Delph., a ceremonial cake. No. Aa)ioKp^Tci> Lesb. =: Ari/iOKplTov. Sa|jLOo-i.oCa El. Sripjaaioli). 15,

=

51

A 5, note

Sopxnd = 5pox/"i. Arc, Cypr., El., Corey r. 49.2a Sapxvd Cret. (SapKvd) = Spaxp4- 49.2 13.3

a,

=

7011)0x05. 53 'yaiuv Hei-acl., heap of earth, mound.

raidpoxos Lac.

Sato-is Cret., division

SapKvd Cret., see Sapxfd Sdpiia Delph. = S4ppa. 12

85 with a, 78 BupO^a Lac. = 'OpBia. 61 BupiHa Lac. = 'OpBla. 64 Pus Dor. = (Sous. 37.1

165.4 -yd^eXa Delph.=7a/iiiXia, wedding cakes.

69o

8dTTa66ai, 8dTT0VTai Cret. ddffuvTaL. 82 Saixva Tliess.,

'Y€7pd