BSA Antenna Theory - Mod

 

Antenna Theory Basic Principles For Daily Applications

Base Station Antenna Systems March 2009

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Base

Station Antenna Technology Evolution

Antenna Core Technology Omni Vertical Directional Polarization

Air  Interfaces

Dominate Ap Application

DualPol® MIMO

Dual Band DualPol® RET Capacity Improvement Interference Reduction with Frequency MIMO MIMO

Significant Ap Application

Digital Beam Former  SDMA Capacity

SmartBeam® Capacity´ Load Balance MIMO

Low Ap Application

 AMPS GSM CDMA W-CDMA WiMAX TD-SCDMA LTE

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Dipole

¼ P

F0

¼ P

F0 (MHz)

P (Meters)

P (Inches)

30

10.0

393.6

80

3.75

147.6

160

1.87

73.8

280

1.07

42.2

460

0.65

25.7

800

0.38

14.8

960

0.31

12.3

1700

0.18

6.95

2000

0.15

5.9

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3D

View Antenna Pattern

Source: COMSEARCH 

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Understanding

The Mysterious ´dBµ

dBd

Signal strength relative to a dipole in empty space

dBi

Signal strength relative to an isotro pi c c  radiator 

dB

Diff erence erence between two signal strengths

dBm

 Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliwatt 1 mWatt = 0 dBm Note: The 1 Watt = 30 dBm Logarithmic Scale 20 Watts = 43 dBm 10 * log10 (Power Ratio)

dBc

Signal strength relat iv  iv e to a signal of known strength, carr er  in this case: the i  signal

Example: ±15 Example: ±150 0 dBc = 150 dB dB below below car carrier rier signal signal If two carriers are 20 Watt W att each = 43 dBm  ±150 dBc = ±107 dBm or ~0.02 pWatt or ~1 microvolt

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Effect Of VSWR Good VSWR is only one component com ponent of an efficient antenna. VSWR

Return Loss (dB)

Transmission Loss (dB)

Power  Power  Reflected (%) Trans. (%)

1.00

g

0.00

0.0

100.0

1.10

26.4

0.01

0.2

99.8

1.20

20.8

0.04

0.8

99.2

1.30

17.7

0.08

1.7

98.3

1.40

15.6

0.12

2.8

97.2

1.50

14.0

0.18

4.0

96.0

2.00

9.5

0.51

11.1

88.9

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Shaping Antenna Patterns

Vertical arrangement of properly phased dipoles allows control of radiation patterns at the horizon as well as above and below the horizon. The more dipoles that are stacked vertically, vertically, the flatter the vertical pattern is and the higher the antenna coverage or µgain¶ is in the general direction of the horizon.

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Shaping Antenna Patterns (Continued)  Aperture

Vertical

Horizontal

of Dipoles

Pattern

Pattern

Single Dipole

 Stacking 4 dipoles vertically in

line changes the pattern shape (squashes the doughnut) and increases the gain over single dipole.

peak of the horizontal or   The vertical pattern measures the gain.  The little lobes, illustrated in the 4 Dipoles Vertically Vertically Stacked

lower section, are secondary minor lobes.

 General Stacking Rule  Collinear elements (in-line vertically).  Optimum spacing (for non-electrical tilt) is approximately 0.9.  Doubling the number of elements increases gain by 3 dB, and reduces vertical beamwidth by half. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Gain

What is it?  Antenna gain is a comparison of the power/field characteristics of o f a device under test (DUT) to a specified gain standard.

Why is it useful? Gain can be associated with coverage distance and/or obstacle penetration (buildings, foliage, etc).

How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. The reference gain standard must always be specified.

What is Andrew standard?  Andrew conforms to the industry standard of +/±1 dB accuracy accuracy..

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Gain

References (dBd And dBi)

  An isotropic antenna is a single point in space radiating in a perfect sphere (not physically possible).

Isotropic Pattern Dipole Pattern

Isotropic (dBi) Dipole (dBd) Gain dBi dB d

  A dipole antenna is one radiating element (physically possible).

  A gain antenna is two or  more radiating elements phased together.

3 (dBd) = 5.14 (dBi) 0 (dBd) = 2.14 (dBi)

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Principles Of Antenna

Gain

Omni Antenna, Side View

Directional

Antennas, Top View

-3 dB

0 dBd 

0 dBd 

60° -3 dB

+3 dBd  +3 dBd 

180°

30°

--3 3 dB -3 dB

+6 dBd 

+6 dBd 

15°

90°

-3 dB --3 3 d  dB B 7.5°

+9 dBd 

+9 dBd 

45°

-3 dB --3 3 dB

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Theoretical Gain Of Antennas (dBd) 3 dB Horizontal Aperture (Influenced by Grounded Back ´Plateµ)

Typical Length of Antenna (ft.) 800/900 MHz

DCS

Vertical

360°

180°

120°

105°

90°

60°

45°

33°

PCS

1800/1900

Beamwidth

   )        P 1    9  .

0

3

4

5

6

8

9

1100.5

1

0.5

60°

2

3

6

7

8

9

11

12

13.6

2

1

30°

3

4 .5

7.5

8 .5

9 .5

15.1

3

1 .5

20°

4

6

9

10

11

16.6

4

2

15°

6

7 .5

10.5

11.5

12.5

18.1

6

3

10°

9

12

13

14

19.6

8

4

7.5°

        0

  s    (   r    d   o    t   e   a  c    i   a    d  p   a    S    R   y    f   l    l   o   a       #   c    i    t   r

      V   e 8

10.5 12.5 13.5 12

14

15

13.5 15.5 16.5 15

17

18

Could be horizontal radiator pairs for narrow horizontal apertures.

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Antenna Gain

 

Gain (dBi) (dBi) = Directivity Directivity (dBi) ± Losses (dB) (dB) Losses:

Conductor   Dielectric Impedance Polarization



Measure using µGain by Comparison¶

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Antenna Polarization Polarization



Vertical polarization  ± Tradi Traditio tional nal land land mobile use use  ± Omni Omni ant anten enna nas s  ± Requires Requires spatial spatial separation separation for for diversity diversity  ± Still recommended recommended in rural, low multipath multipath environment environments s



Polarization diversity  ± Slant Slant 45° (+ and ±) is now popula popular  r   ± Requires Requires only only a single antenna antenna for diversity diversity  ± Lower Lower zoning zoning impac impactt  ± Best performance performance in high and medium medium multipat multipath h environments Measured Measure d d ata ata will be be presente resented d i n the Sy stems stems S ect  ect ion ion PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Various Radiator

Designs Elements

 ® 

Dipole

1800/1900/UMTS Directed Dipole

DualPol (XPol) Directed Dipole

Patch

800/900 MHz Directed Dipole

MAR Microstrip Annular Annular Ring

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Dipoles

Single Dipole

Crossed Dipole

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Feed

Harness Construction

ASP705

ASP705K

513D 3DS LBX-651

Center Feed (Hybrid)

Corporate Feed

(Old Style)

Series Feed

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Feed

Harness Construction (Continued) Center Feed (Hybrid)

Series Feed

Advantages

 Minimum feed losses  Simple feed system

 Frequency independent main lobe direction

 Reasonably simple

Disadvantages



BEAMTILT

+2° +1°

Corporate Feed  Frequency independent main beam direction

feed system

 More beam shaping ability,, sidelobe ability suppression

Not

 Complex feed

as versatile as corporate (less

system

0°

+1°

bandwidth, less beam shaping)

ASP-705

+2° 450

455

460

465

470 M Hz

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Feed



Networks

Coaxial cable  ± Be Best st is isol olat atio ion n  ± Co Cons nsta tant nt impe impeda danc nce e  ± Co Cons nsta tant nt phas phase e



Microstripline, corporate feeds  ± Di Diel elec ectr tric ic subs substr trat ate e  ± Ai Airr sub subst strrate ate

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Microstrip Feed Lines



Dielectric substrate  ± Uses p  pr  r ii  nted  nted c  c i  i rcui  rcui tt technology   technology  ± Po Powe werr li limi mita tati tion ons s  ± Diel Dielect ectric ric substra substrate te causes causes loss ((~1. ~1.0 0 dB/m a att 2 GHz)

  Air substrate  ± Metal Metal stri strip p sp spaced aced above above a gro groundp undplane lane  ± Mi Mini nima mall solde solderr or weld welded ed join joints ts  ± La Lase serr cu cutt or or punc punche hed d  ± Air s subst ubstrat rate e cause cause minim minimal al los loss s (~0.1 (~0.1 d dB/m B/m at 2 GHz) GHz)

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Air Microstrip Network 

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LBX-33 BX-331 16-VTM Using Hybrid Cable/Air Stripline

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LBX-33 BX-3319 19-VTM Using Hybrid Cable/Air Stripline

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DB812 DB 812

Omni Antenna

Vertical Pattern

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932DG65T2E-M

Pattern Simulation

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Key

Antenna Pattern Objectives

For sector antenna, the key pattern objective is to focus as much energy as possible into a desired sector secto r with a desired radius while minimizing unwanted interference to/from all other sectors. This requires:

   

Optimized pattern shaping Pattern consistency over the rated frequency band Pattern consistency for polarization diversity models Downtilt consistency

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Main Lobe What is it? The main lobe is the radiation pattern lobe that contains the majority portion of  radiated energy.

Total Main Lobe 35°

Why is it useful? Shaping of the pattern allows the contained coverage necessary for  interference-limited system designs.

How is it measured? The main lobe is characterized using a number of the measurements which will follow.

What is Andrew standard?  Andrew conforms to the industry standard.

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Half-Power Beamwidth Horizontal And Vertical 1/2 Power  Beamwidth

What is it? The angular span between the half-power  (-3 dB) points measured on the cut of the antenna¶s main lobe radiation pattern.





Why is it useful? It allows system designers to choose the optimum characteristics for coverage vs. interference requirements.

How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

What is Andrew standard?  Andrew conforms to the industry standard.

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Front-To-Back

Ratio

What is in it?dB of the maximum directivity The ratio of an antenna to its directivity in a specified rearward direction. Note that on a dual-polarized antenna, it is the sum of co-pol and cross-pol patterns.

Why is it useful?

It characterizes unwanted interference on the backside of the main lobe. The larger the number, the better!

How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

What is Andrew standard?

F/B Ratio @ 180 degrees 0 dB ± 25 dB = 25 dB dB

Each data sheet shows specific performance. In general, general , traditional dipole and patch elements will yield 23±28 dB while the Directed Di rected Dipole style elements will yield 35±40 dB. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Sidelobe Level What is level it? is a measure of a Sidelobe particular sidelobe or angular  group of sidelobes sidelob es with respect to the main lobe.

Why is it useful?

Sidelobe Level (±20 dB)

Sidelobe level or pattern shaping allows the minor lobe energy to be tailored to the antenna¶s intended use. See Null Fill and Upper Sidelobe Suppression.

How is it measured?

It is always measured with respect to the main lobe in dB.

What is Andrew standard?  Andrew conforms to the industry standard. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Null Filling What is it? Null filling is an array optimization technique that reduces the null between the lower lobes in the elevation plane.

Why is it useful? For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12°), null filling significantly improves signal intensity in all coverage targets below the horizon.

How is it measured? Null fill is easiest explained as the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam and the depth of o f the 1st lower null.

What is Andrew standard? Most Andrew arrays will have null fil filll of 20±30 dB without optimization. To qualify as null fi fill, ll, we expect no less than 15 a and nd typically 10±12 dB! PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Null Filling Important For Antennas With Narrow Elevation Beamwidths

Null Filled to 16 dB Below Peak    )   m 0    B    d    (  -20    l   e   v -40   e    L    d -60   e   v    i -80   e   c   e    R-100

Transmit Power = 1 W Base Station Antenna Antenna Height = 40 m Base Station Antenna Antenna Gain = 16 dBd Elevation Beamwidth = 6.5°

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Distance (km)

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Upper

Sidelobe Suppression

What is it?

First Upper  Sidelobe Suppression

Upper sidelobe suppression (USLS) is an array optimization technique that reduces the undesirable sidelobes above the main lobe.

Why is it useful? For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12°), USLS can significantly reduce interference due to multi-path or when the antenna is mechanically downtilted.

How is it measured? USLS is the relative dB difference between the peak of the main beam peak of the first upper sidelobe.

What is Andrew standard? Most of Andrew¶s arrays arrays will have USLS of >15 dB without optimi optimization. zation. The goal of  all new designs is to suppress the first upper upp er sidelobe to unity gain or lower l ower.. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Orthogonality What is it?

H

The ability of an antenna to discriminate discrimi nate between two waves whose polarization difference is 90 degrees.

Why is it useful? Orthogonal arrays within a single antenna allow for polarization diversity diversity.. (As opposed to spacial diversity diversity.) .)

How is it measured? The difference between the co-polar  pattern and the cross-polar pattern, usually measured inmain the boresite (the direction of the signal).

What is Andrew standard?  Andrew conforms to the industry standard.

Decorrelation between the Green and Blue Lines H = 0°, XPol = ±g dB H = 5°, XPol = ±21 dB H = 10°, XPol = ±15 dB H = 15°, XPol = ±11 dB H = 20°, XPol = ±9 dB H = 45°, XPol = ±3 dB H = 50° 50°, XPol = ±2.3 dB H = 60 60°, XPol = ±1.2 d dB B H =70° =70°,, XP XPol ol = ±0. ±0.54 54 dB H =80° =80°,, XP XPol ol = ±0. ±0.13 13 dB H =90°, XPol = 0 dB XPol = 20 log ( sin (H) PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Cross-Pol Ratio (CPR) What is it? CPR is a comparison of the co-pol vs. cross-pol pattern performance of a dual-polarized antenna generally over the sector of interest (alternatively over the 3 dB beamwidth).

Why is it useful?

120° 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35

Typical

-40

It is a measure of the ability abil ity of a cross-pol array to distinguish between orthogonal waves. The better the CPR, the better the performance of  polarization diversity diversity..

How is it measured?

120°

Co-Polarization Cross-Polarization (Source @ 90°)

0

It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB

-5 -10 -15 -20

over the specified angular range. Note: in the rear hemisphere, cross-pol becomes co-pol and vice versa.

-25 -30 -35 -40

Directed Dipole

What is Andrew standard? For traditional dipoles, the minimum is 10 dB; however, for the Directed Dipole style elements, it increases to 15 dB min. min . PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Horizontal Beam Tracking What is it? It refers to the beam tracking between the two beams of a +/±45° +/±45° polariza polarization tion dive diversity rsity antenna over a specified angular range.

120°

Why is it useful? For optimum diversity performance, the beams should track as closely as possible.

 ±45° Array

+45° Array

How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing and compares the two plots in dB over  the specified angular range.

What is Andrew standard? The Andrew beam tracking standard is +/±1 dB over the 3 dB horizontal beamwidth.

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Beam

Squint Horizontal

What is it?

Boresite

The amount of pointing error of a given beam referenced to mechanical boresite.

Why is it useful?

/2

Squint  ±3  dB

+3 dB

The beam squint can affect the sector  coverage if it is not at mechanical boresite. It can also al so affect the performance of the polarization diversity style antennas if the two arrays do not have similar simila r patterns.

How is it measured? It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing.

What is Andrew standard? For the horizontal beam, squint shall be less than 10% of the 3 dB beamwidth. For the vertical beam, beam , squint shall be less than 15% of the 3 dB beamwidth or  1 degree, whichever is greatest. PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Sector Power Ratio (SPR) 120° What is it? SPR is a ratio expressed in percentage of the power outside the desired sector  to the power inside the desired sector  created by an antenna¶s pattern.

Why is it useful? It is a percentage that allows comparison of various antennas. The better the SPR, the better the interference performance of  the system.

How is it measured? Desired

It is mathematically derived from the measured range data.

Undesired

300

 P

What is Andrew standard?  Andrew Directed Dipole style antennas have SPR¶s typically typically lless ess than 2 percent.

SPR (%) =

Undesired

60

X 100

60

 P

300

Desired

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Antenna² Based System Improvements Key Antenna Parameters To To Examine Closely Cl osely 932LG Directed Dipole

Standard Stand ard 85° Panel A Antenn ntenna a  ±7 dB

74°

-10 dB

 ±6 dB

83°

points

74°

 ±16 dB

 ±35 dB

120° Cone of Great Silence with >40 dB Front-to-Back Ratio

Roll off  at -/+ 60°

Horizontal  Ant/Ant Isolation

83°

 ±12 dB

Next Sector   Ant/Ant Isolation  ±18 dB Cone of Silence

60° Area of Poor Silence with >27 dB Front-to-Back Ratio PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

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Key

Antenna Pattern Objectives

Azimuth Beam



Beam tracking vs. frequency

1

1

1

Squint

1

1

1

Roll-off past the 3 dB points

1

2

3

Front-to-back ratio

1

1

2

Cross-pol beam tracking

1

1

1

Beam tracking vs. frequency f requency

1

2

3

Ratings:

Upper sidelobe suppression

1

2

3

1 = Always important

Lower null fill

3

3

2

2 = Sometimes important

Cross-pol beam tracking

2

2

3

3 = Seldom important

Limited to sub-bands on broadband models

  

Elevation Beam

   

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Key

Antenna Pattern Objectives (Continued)

Downtilt

 Electrical vs. mechanical tilt   Absolute tilt  Electrical tilt vs. frequency 

Effective gain on the horizon Gain



Close to the theoretical value (directivity minus losses)

Note: Pattern shaping reduces gain.

1

1

3

2

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

2

1

1 Ratings: 1 = Always important 2 = Sometimes important 3 = Seldom important

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Advanced Antenna Technology  Adaptive Array (AA)

    

Planar array



4, 6, and 8 column vertical pol designs for WiMAX and TD-SCDMA*



Often calibration ports are used

External digital signal processing (DSP) controls the antenna pattern  A unique beam tracks each mobi mobile le  Adaptive nulling of interfering signals Increased signal to interference ratio performance benefits

* Time Division Spatial Code Division Multiple Access

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Advanced Antenna Technology MIMO Systems

2 x 2 MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

  A DualPol ® RET for 2x2 MIMO,



External DSP extracts signal from interference



Spatial multiplexing works best in a multi-path environment



Capacity gains due to multiple antennas



Space Time Time Block Coding is a diversity MIMO mode



two separated for 4x4 MIMO

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Advanced Antenna Technology SmartBeam® Antenna Family  Most flexible and efficient antenna system in the industry i ndustry  Solution for the traffic peaks instead of raising raisi ng the bar everywhere  Full 3-way remote optimization options - RET ± Rem Remote ote El Electr ectrica icall Tilt (e.g. 0±10°) - RAS ± Remote Azim (+/± /± 30°) 30°) Azimuth uth Steering (+ - RAB ± Remote Azim (from 35 35°° to 1 105°) 05°) Azimuth uth Beamwidth (from

 Redirect and widen the beam based on traffic requirements  Balance the traffic per area with the capacity per sector   Best utilization of radio capacity per sector   Convenient and low-cost optimization from a remote office  Quick and immediate execution  Scheduled and executed several times a day (e.g. business and residential plan)

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Advanced Antenna Technology SmartBeam ®  3-Way Model

35°

 Azimuth patterns measured at 1710±2180 MHz

65°

with no radome.

90°

105°

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Advanced Antenna Technology SmartBeam ®  3-Way Model

35°

Elevation patterns measured at 1710±2180 MHz

65°

with no radome.

90°

105°

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System Issues  Choosing sector antennas  Narrow beam antenna applications  Polarization²vertical vs. slant 45°  Downtilt²electrical vs. mechanical  RET optimization  Passive intermodulation (PIM)  Return loss through coax   Antenna isolation  Pattern distortion

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Choosing Sector Antennas For 3 sector cell sites, what performance differences can be expected from the use of antennas with different horizontal apertures?

Criteria

  Area of service indifference between adjacent sectors ( pi   pi ng  ng -pong  -pong area) area)

 For comparison, use 6 dB differentials   Antenna gain and overall sector coverage comparisons

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3

x 120° Antennas

120° Horizontal Horizontal Overlay Overlay Pattern Pattern 0 -5 -10

Exam ples

-15

VPol

-20 -25

Low Band

-30

DB874H120 DB878H120

-35

49 49°°

-40

3 dB PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

49

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3

x 90° Antennas

90° Horizontal Horizontal Overl Overlay ay Pattern Pattern 0

Exam ples

-5 -1 0 -1 5

Low Band

-2 0 -2 5

DB854DG90 DB856DG90 DB858DG90 LBX-9012 LBX-9013

-3 0

44°

VPol

XPol

-3 5 -4 0

DB842H90 DB844H90 DB848H90 LBV-9012

High Band DB932DG90 DB950G85 HBX-9016 UMWD-09014B UMWD-09016

UMW -9015

5 dB PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

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3

x 65° Antennas Exam ples

65° Horizontal Horizontal Overl Overlay ay Pattern Pattern

VPol

XPol 0

Low Band CTSDG-06513 DB844H65 CTSDG-06515 DB848H65 CTSDG-06516 LBV-6513

-5 -1 0 -1 5 -2 0

DB854DG65 DB856DG65 DB858DG65 LBX-6513 LBX-6516

-2 5 -3 0 -3 5

19°

-4 0

High Band

10 dB

UMWD-06513 UMWD-06516 UMW D D--06517 HBX-6516 HBX-6517

PCS-06509 HBV-6516 HBV-6517

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Special Narrow Beam Applicatio Applications ns

4-Sector Site (45°)

6-Sector Site (33°)

Road

Repeater  Narrow Donor, Wide Coverage  Antennas

Rural Roadway PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

51

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Test Drive Route

35

183

CELL SITE

 N 

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

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53

© CommScope

 

Polarization Diversity Tests

DB854HV90

DB854DD90

1 DRIVE TESTS

Test A .

Test B

+45° /-45° (Slant 45°)

2 0° /90° (H /V)

A

HANDHELD

1A

2A

B

MOBILE

1B

2B

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Slant 45° / Hand-Held In Car  Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/±45° -40

Test Set-Up and Uplink Signal Strength Measurements DB833

DB854DD90

A

E

-50

   S

Red

DB833 B

Green

9dB

   )   m    B    d    ( -60    h    t   g   n -70   e   r    t    S    l   a -80   n   g    i

TEST 1A

9dB

Black

Blue

11dB 7.5 ft.

moving away from tower 

moving towards tower 

-90 moving crossface

-100 Uplink

Signal Strength

Vert Left

Vert Right

Slant Div

Slant Div

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

55

© CommScope

 

Slant 45° / Hand-Held In Car  Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/±45°

TEST 1A

Difference Between Strongest Uplink Signals 16

   ) 12    B    d    ( 8

   h    t   g   n   e   r 4    t    S    l   a 0   n   g    i    S

Slant ±45° Improvement

-4 -8 Difference Between Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity Average Difference

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

56

© CommScope

 

Slant 45° / Mobile With Glass Mount Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/-45° -40

   ) -50   m    B    d    (    h    t -60   g   n   e   r    t    S -70    l   a   n   g    i

TEST 1B

Test Set-Up and Uplink Signal Strength Measurements DB833

DB854DD90

A

E

B

Green

9dB

Black

Red

DB833 9dB Blue

11dB 7.5 ft.

moving away from tower 

moving towards tower 

   S -80

moving crossface -90

Uplink

Signal Strength

Vert Left

Vert Right

Slant Div

Slant Div PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

57

© CommScope

 

Slant 45° / Mobile With Glass Mount Space Diversity vs. Slanted +45°/-45°

TEST 1B

Difference Differenc e Between Strongest Uplink Signals 16

   ) 12    B    d    ( 8    h    t   g   n   e   r 4    t    S    l   a 0   n   g    i    S

-4

Slant 45° Degradation

-8

Difference Between Polarization Diversity and Space Diversity Average Difference PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

© CommScope

 

Rysavy Research

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

58

© CommScope

 

Future

Technology Focus

 Figure 16 shows that

HSDPA,1xEV-DO, and 802.16e are all within 2-3 dB of the Shannon bound, indicating that from a link layer perspective, there is not much room for 

improvement.  This figure demonstrates that the focus of future technology enhancements should be on improving system performance aspects that improve and maximize the experienced SNRs in the system instead of investigating new air interfaces that attempt to improve the link layer performance.

1 Peter

Rysavy of Rysavy Research, ³Data Capabilities: GPRS to HSDPA and Amer ii cas, c   as, September 2005 Beyond´, 3G Amer 

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

59

60

© CommScope

 

The Impact Lower Co-Channel Interference/Better Capacity And Quality In a three sector site, traditional antennas produce a high degree of imperfect power  control or sector overlap.

Tradi t  ti  i onal o   nal Flat Panel s

65°

90°

Imperfect sectorization presents opportunities for:

   

Increased softer hand-offs Interfering signals Dropped calls Reduced capacity  And rew rew Di recte rected  Dipole

The rapid roll-off of the lower lobes of the 

 Andrew Directed Dipole antennas create larger, better defined µcones of sil silence¶ ence¶ behind the array.

  

65°

90°

Much smaller softer hand-off area Dramatic call quality improvement 5%±10% capacity enhancement PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

© CommScope

61

 

120°

Sector Overlay Issues

On the

C a p  pac  ac i  i tt y y an    and  d Outage P rr oba o   babili tt y   of a of a CD CDM  M   A H ei rarchi  rarchi al  l M  M obil  obil e Sy stem stem wi th  th  P er  er ff ect/Im e   ct/Im p  per  er ff ect  e   ct  Pow er Co er  Contr  ntr ol an ol and d S ect  ect or iz  iz at  at iion on By: Jie ZHOU et, al IEICE TRANS FUNDAMENT FUNDAMENTALS, ALS, VOL. VOL.E82-A, E82-A, NO.7 JULY 1999 . . . From the numerical results, the user u ser capacities are dramatically decreased as the imperfect power control increases and the overlap ove rlap between the sectors (imperfect sectorization) increases . . . E ff  ff ect of ect  of Sof tt  an and d Sof ter  ter  H andoff  andoff s on CD CDM  M   A Sy stem  stem  C a pac   pac i  i tt y y     By: Chin-Chun Lee et, al IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 47, NO. 3,  AUGUST 1998

15

   f   o   s   e   s   o10   g   l   a   y    t    t   n   i   e   c 5   a   c   r   p   e   a    P  c

0

15 10 5 0 Overlapping angle in degree

Qualitatively,, excessive overlay also reduces capacity of TDMA Qualitatively TDMA and GSM systems.

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

© CommScope

 

Hard, Soft, and Softer Handoffs  Hard Handoff  -

Used in time division multiplex systems

-

Switches from one frequency to another 

-

Often results in a pi  a pi ng  ng -pong  -pong switching switching effect

 Soft Handoff  -

Used in code division multiplex systems

-

Incorporates a rake receiver to combine signals sig nals from multiple cells

-

Smoother communication without the c li  li cks cks typical in hard handoffs

 Softer Handoff  -

Similar to soft handoff except combines signals si gnals from multiple adjacent sectors

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

62

© CommScope

 

Soft and Softer Handoff Examples Softer Handoff 

Two-Way Soft Handoff 

Three-Way Soft

Handoff 

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

63

© CommScope

 

Beam Downtilt

In urban areas, service and frequency f requency utilization are frequently improved by directing maximum radiation power at an area below the horizon. This technique . . .

 Improves coverage of open areas close to the base station.   Allows more effective penetration of nearby buildings, particular  high-traffic lower levels and garages.



Permits the use of adjacent frequencies in the same general region.

64

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt



Mechanical downtilt lowers main beam, raises back lobe.



Electrical downtilt lowers main beam and lowers back lobe.

m echanical downtilts   A combination of equal electrical and mechanical lowers main beam and brings back lobe onto the horizon!

65

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt (Continued)

Mechanical

Electrical

66

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

DB508 DB 5083 3 Downtilt

Mounting Kit

DB5083 downtilt mounting kit is constructed of heavy duty galvanized steel, designed for pipe mounting 12´ to 20´ wide panel antennas.

 Correct bracket calibration assumes a plumb mounting pipe!

 Check antenna with a digital level.

67

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Mechanical

Downtilt

Pattern Analogy²Rotating A Disk

Mechanical tilt causes . . .  Beam peak to tilt below horizon

 Back lobe to tilt above horizon    At

90°, no tilt

68

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

69

© CommScope

 

Mechanical 100

Downtilt 90

Coverage 100

80

110

70

120 130 140 150

160

170

10

180

0

350

190

340

210

330 320 310 300 290 260

270

280

Elevation Pattern

40 30

160

20

200

50

150

30

220

60

140

40

230

70

130

50

250

80

120

60

240

90

110

20

170

10

180

0

190

350

200

340

210

330 220

320 230

310 240

300 250

290 260

270

280

 Azimuth Pattern

Mechanical Tilt 0° 4° 6° 8° 10°

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

0°

Mechanical

Downtilt

Q 

u iz  iz 

What is the vertical beamwidth bea mwidth of a 4-element array?

85°

70

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

7°

Mechanical

Downtilt

93°

71

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

15°

Mechanical

Downtilt

123°

72

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

20°

Mechanical

Downtilt

Horizontal 3 dB Bandwidth Undefined

73

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Managing Beam Tilt 

For the radiation pattern to show maximum gain in the direction of the horizon, each stacked dipole must be fed from the signal source i n phase hase..



Feeding vertically arranged dipoles out  ut of of phase phase will generate patterns that look  loo k  u p or  or loo look  k dow  dow n.



The degree of beam tilt is a function of the phase shift of one dipole relative to the adjacent dipole.

Generating Beam Tilt Dipoles Fed I n Phase

Dipoles Fed Out of  Phase

Energy in

Phase Exciter

Exciter

74

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Electrical Downtilt Pattern Analogy²Forming A Cone Out Of A Disk

Electrical tilt causes . . .

 Beam peak to tilt below horizon  Back lobe to tilt below horizon    At 90°, tilt below horizon   All the pattern tilts Cone of the Beam Peak Pattern

75

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

76

© CommScope

 

Electrical Downtilt Coverage 90

90 110

100

80

110

70

120

80

70

120

60

130

100

50

140

60

130

50

140

40

150

150

30

160

40 30

160

20

20

170

10

170

10

180

0

180

0

190

350

190

350

200

340

210

330

220

320 230

310

340

200 210

330 320

220 310

230 240

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

Elevation Pattern Electrical Tilt

300 250

260

270

280

290

 Azimuth Pattern 0° 4° 6° 8° 10°

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Mechanical Vs. Electrical  

 

 

 

 

Downtilt

 

 

   

 

 

   

   

 

 

   

   

   

   

   

   

 

   

 

 

 

Mechanical

Electrical

77

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Remote Electrical

Downtilt

(RET)

Optimization  ATM200-002 RET Device (Actuator)

Local PC

 ATC200-LITE-USB Portable Controller 

Local PC

 ANMS Remote Locations

 ATC300-1000 Rack Mount Controller  Network Server 

78

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Ericsson Interoperability Interoperability

79

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

80

© CommScope

 

Intermod Interference Where?

F3

F1

Tx F1

Rx F3

F2

Receiver-Produced

Tx F2

Tx F1

F2

Transmitter-Produced

Tx F2

F1 F2

F1 F3

Tx1 F2 Tx2

Rx F3

Elsewhere

F3

Rx F3 Tx1 Tx2

C O M B

DUP Rx3 RF Path-Produced

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

High Band ProductFFrequencies, Two-Signal IM IM = nF  ± mF 1

2

Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz

n

m

Product Order 

1

1

Second

2

1

Third

1

2

Third

2

2

Fourth

3

2

Fifth

2

3

Fifth

*Odd-order difference products fall in-band.

Product Formula

Product Frequencies (MHz)

1F1 + 1F2

3875

1F1 ± 1F2 2F1 + 1F2 *2F1 ± 1F2

15 5820 1960

2F2 + 1F1 *2F2 ± 1F1

5805 1915

2F1 + 2F2

7750

2F1 ± 2F2 3F1 + 2F2 *3F1 ± 2F2

30 9695 1975

3F2 + 2F1 *3F2 ± 2F1

9680 1900

81

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Two-Signal IM Odd-Order Example: F1Difference = 1945 MHz; FProducts 2 = 1930 MHz  F = F1 - F2 = 15 F2

F1

1930

1945  F dBc

3F2 ± 2F1

2F2 ± F1

2F1 ± F2

1915

1960

1900  F

2F 5th

3rd

F F2

F1

Third Order: F1 + F; F2 - F Fifth Order: F1 + 2F; F2 - 2F Seventh Order: F1 + 3F; F2 - 3F Hi gher  gher  than the hi ghest  ghest  ± low er  than the low est  est  ± none i n-bet w w een e   en

dBm

3F1 ± 2F2 1975

2F 3rd

5th

82

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

PCS A Band Intermodulation 11th

9th

7th

5th

3rd

1855

1870

1885

1900

1915

Channell Bandwidth Channe Bandwidth Block (MHz) C 30 C1 15 C2 15 C3 10 C4 10 C5 10

Frequencies 1895±1910, 1975±1990 1902.5±1910, 1982.5±1990 1895±1902.5, 1975±1982.5 1895±1900, 1975±1980 1900 ±1905, 1980 ±1985 1905±1910, 1985±1990

1930

1945

FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10 MHz).

83

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

PCS A & F Band Intermodulation 3rd 1895

Channe Bandwidth Channell Bandwidth Block (MHz) C 30 C1 15 C2 15 C3 10 C4 10 C5 10

Frequencies 1895±1910, 1975±1990 1902.5±1910, 1982.5±1990 1895±1902.5, 1975±-1982.5 1895±1900, 1975±1980 1900 ±1905, 1980 ±1985 1905±1910, 1985±1990

1935

1975

FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan Note: Some of the original C block licenses (originally 30 MHz each) were split into multiple licenses (C-1 and C-2: 15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10 MHz).

84

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Causes Of IMD  Ferromagnetic materials in the current path: -

Steel

-

Nickel plating or underplating

 Current disruption: -

Loosely contacting surfaces Non-conductive oxide layers between contact surfaces

85

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

86

© CommScope

 

700, 750, 850A&B,

PCS & AWS polarization diversity DBXNH-6565A-VTM

| | | | |

| | | | |

850

LNX-6512DS-VTM

850

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

850

PCS 700

 AWS 750

850

850 B+B¶

TMA

TMA

Triplex

Triplex

Triplex

Triplex

Lo/Mid/Hi

Lo/Mid/Hi

Lo/Mid/Hi

Lo/Mid/Hi

Triplex Lo/Mid/Hi

700 Lower   A & B

LNX-6512DS-VTM

X

TMA

850

DBXNH-6565A-VTM

PCS A WS

Triplex Lo/Mid/Hi

Triplex Lo/Mid/Hi

850  A+A¶+A¶¶

4 antennas and 4 transmission lines

Triplex Lo/Mid/Hi

750 Upper C

 AWS

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Upper 700

C / 850 A expanded

Product Frequencies, Three-Signal IM FIM = F1 + F2 ±F3

F1 MHz

F2 MHz

F3 MHz

Product Order 

Product Formula

Product MHz

755

890

869

Third

1F1+1F2+1F3

776

757

890

871

Third

1F1+1F2+1F3

776

869

869

891.5

Third

1F1+1F2+1F3

846.5

757

891.5

872.5

Third

1F1+1F2+1F3

776

757

891.5

869.5

Third

1F1+1F2+1F3

779

*Odd-order difference products fall in-band.

87

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

System VSWR Calculator System VSWR Calculator  Version 9.0 Frequency (MHz):

Component Used?

No No No No No No No No No No No No  Yes

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

850.00

18-Mar-09

System Component

Max. VSWR

Return Loss (dB)

Antenna or Load Jumper  Tower Mounted Amp Jumper Top Diplexer or Bias Tee Jumper Main Feed Line Jumper  Bias Tee Jumper Surge Suppressor  Jumper Bottom Diplexer or Duplexer Jumper 

1.50 1.05 1.20 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.20 1.08

13.98 32.26 20.83 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42 27.32 23.13 27.32 29.42 27.32 20.83 28.30

An d drre w

C om omm S Sc co pe pe

Cable Type /  Component Loss (dB)  VXL7-50 LDF4-50A 2

     

 

0.20 2 0.20 2.00 8 4 0.10 2.00 0.10 3.00 0.10 FSJ4-50B 1.00

Cable Length (m)

Cable Length (ft)

1.83

6.00

1.83

6.00

1.83 200.00 30.48 11.00 1.83

6.00 656.17 100.00 36.09 6.00

1.83

6.00

27.30

89.57

Ins Loss w /2 Conn (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00

% of Est. System Reflection 87.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 12.8%

Reflections at input 0.1003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0385

100.0%

Legacy Jumper  / TL Cables 1 /2 inch Superflexible Copper  1 /2 inch Foam Copper 

FSJ4-50B LDF4-50A

1 /2 inch Superflexible Aluminum 1 /2 inch Foam Aluminum

Legacy Transmission Lines 7 /8 inch Copper  1 1 /4 inch Copper  1 5 /8 inch Copper  7 /8 inch Very Flexible Copper  1 1 /4 inch Very Flexible Copper  1 5 /8 inch Very Flexible Copper  7 /8 inch Virtual Air Copper   Yes

1 5 /8 inch Virtual Air Copper  7 /8 inch Aluminum 1 1 /4 inch Aluminum 1 5 /8 inch Aluminum

No

An d drr ew ew

LDF5-50A LDF6-50 LDF7-50A VXL5-50 VXL6-50 VXL7-50 AVA5-50 AVA7-50 AL5-50 AL7-50

Estimated Conn Loss ( 2per cable) CR 540 SFX 500 FXL 540 C om om m mS S co co pe pe

CR 1070 CR 1480 CR 1873

Typical System Reflection: Typical System VSWR: Typical System Return Loss (dB):

Worst System Reflection: Worst System VSWR: Worst System Return Loss (dB): Total Insertion Loss (dB): Return Loss to VSWR converter 

FXL 780 FXL 1480 FXL 1873

Return Loss (dB) 17.00

0.028 0.1074 1.24 19.4 0.1387 1.32 17.2 3.00 Feet to meters converter 

VSWR

Feet

meters

1.33

100.00

30.48

88

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Possible Cascaded VSWR Results Possible results (at a given frequency) when Antenna and TMA are interconnected with different electr i i cal  cal  length jumpers. If: L = 1.5:1 (14 dB RL RL Antenna) S = 1.2:1 (20.8 dB RL TMA) Then: X (max) = 1.8:1 (10.9 dB RL)

S (min) = 1.25:1 (19.1 dB RL)

W or  or st case sel d  dom o   m

ha ppens i n real l if  if e, e, but  be aware that i t  t is   possi ble!  ble! 

From http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/editorial.jspx?cc=US&lc=eng&ckey=895674&nid=-35131.0.00&id=895674

89

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Recommended Antenna/TMA Qualification Test 50 ohm load

 Antenna

6 foot LDF4-50A  Adapter or jumper to bypass TMA

6 foot LDF4-50A

TMA

TMA

12 foot LDF4-50A 12 foot LDF4-50A

Transmission Line

20 foot FSJ4-50

 Antenna Return Loss Diagram

Transmission Line

20 foot FSJ4-50

TMA Return Return Loss Diagram

90

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Attenuation Provided By Vertical Separation Of Dipole Antennas

   B    d   n    i    i   n   o    t   a    l   o   s    I



 

 

 

 

 

 





 Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters) The values indicated by these curves are approximate because of coupling which exists between the antenna and transmission line. Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas. If values (1) the spacing is measured between the physical center of  the tower antennas and it (2) one antenna is mounted directly above the other, with no horizontal offset collinear). No correction factor is required for the antenna gains.

91

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Attenuation Provided By Horizontal Separation Of Dipole Antennas

 

   B    d   n    i    i   n   o    t   a    l   o   s    I



 

 

 

 

 

 





 Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters) Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas if (1) the indicated isolation is reduced by the sum of the antenna gains and (2) the spacing between the gain antennas is at least 50 ft. (15.24 m) (approximately the far field).

92

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Pattern Distortions

Conductive (metallic) obstruction in the path of transmit and /or receive antennas may distort antenna radiation patterns in a way that causes systems coverage problems and degradation of communications services. A few basic precautions will prevent pattern distortions.

 Additional information information on metal obstructions can also be found online at: www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html

93

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Pattern Distortions Side Of Building Mounting

Building

94

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

Obstruction @ ±10 dB Point 0 340

10

350

20

0

330 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

300

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290

70

-2 5 -3 0

280

80

-3 5 270

90

-4 0

260

0°

100

250

 ±10 dB Point

110

240

12 0 230

130 220

140 210

150 200

190

180

170

160

Antenna

Building Corner 

95

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

Obstruction @ ±6 dB0 Point 340

10

350

20

0

330 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

300

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290 280

-2 5

0

-3 0

80

-3 5 270

90

-4 0

260

0°

±6 dB Point

100

250

11 0

240

120 230

130 220

140 210

150 200

190

180

170

160

Antenna

Building Corner 

96

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

Obstruction @ ±3 dB0 Point 340

10

350

20

0

330 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

300

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290

0

-2 5 -3 0

280

80

-3 5 270

 ±3 dB Point

90

-4 0

0°

Building Corner 

100

260

110

250

120

240

130

230 220

140 210

150 200

190

180

170

16 0

Antenna

97

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

0.51 Diameter Obstacle Obsta cle @ 0° 0 340

10

350

20

0

330 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

300

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290

0

-2 5 -3 0

280

80

-3 5 270

90

-4 0

260

100

0° 12P

11 0

250 240

120 230

130 220

140 210

150 200

190

180

170

160

Antenna

98

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

0.51 Diameter Obstacle Obstacle @ 45° 45° 340

350

0

10

20

0

330 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

300

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290

0

-2 5 -3 0

280

80

-3 5 270

90

-4 0

260

45°

100

250

P

110

240

120 230

1 30 220

140 210

150 200

190

180

170

160

Antenna

99

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

100

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

0.51 Diameter Obstacle Obsta cle @ 60° 60° 0 340

10

350

20

0

3 30 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

30 0

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290

0

-2 5 -3 0

280

80

-3 5 27 0

90

-4 0

60°

26 0

100

250

P

110

240

120 230

Antenna

130 2 20

140 210

150 200

190 180

170

160

 Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html .

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

101

 

90°

Horizontal Pattern

0.51 Diameter Obstacle Obsta cle @ 80° 80° 0 340

10

350

20

0

3 30 320

30 40

-5 -1 0

310

50

-1 5

30 0

880 MHz

60

-2 0 290

0

-2 5 -3 0

280

80

-3 5 27 0

90

-4 0

26 0

100

250

80°

P

110

240

120 230

Antenna

130 2 20

140 210

150 200

190 180

170

160

 Additional information on metal obstructions can also be found online at www.akpce.com/page2/page2.html .

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

General

Rule

 Area That Needs To To Be Free Of Obstructions (> 0.51) Maximum Gain > 12 WL

3 dB Point (45°) 6 dB Point (60°)

WL

> 3 WL

10 dB Point (80± (8 0± 90 90°) °)

 Antenna 90° horizo horizontal ntal (3 (3 dB) bea beamwidth mwidth

102

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Pattern Distortions

D



tan  d tan 1° for 0° < < 10°

= = = :

d

d D D x tan  0.01745 tan  =  x tan 1°

Note: tan 10° = 0.1763

10 x 0.01745 = 0.1745

103

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Gain

Points Of A Typical Main Lobe

º ° Relative to Maximum Gain

Vertical Beam Width= 2 x ° (±3 dB point)

 ±3 dB poin pointt ° belo below w bore boresite. site.  ±6 dB point 1.35 x ° bel below ow b bore oresit site. e.  ±10 dB poin pointt 1.7x ° below bore boresite. site.

104

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Changes In Antenna Performance In The Presence Of: Non-Conductive Obstructions

 9   0   °   P   C   S  A n  t    e n n  a

Fiberglass

Panel

Dim ³A´

105

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

106

© CommScope

 

Performance Of 90° PCS Antenna Behind Camouflage (¼" Fiberglass) 120°

FIBERGLASS

PAN PA NEL

110°   e   r   u    t   r

DIM ³A´

100°   e   p    A    l    a    t   n 90°   o   z    i   r   o    H 80° 1/2  P

1/4 P

3 /4 P

1-1/2  1-  - 1/2  P

1 P

2  P

70° 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Distance of Camouflage Camouf lage (Inches) (Dim. A)

11

12

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL © CommScope

 

Performance Of 90° PCS Antenna Behind Camouflage (¼" Fiberglass) 1.7

   ) 1.6   e   s   a    C    t   s   r 1.5   o    W    ( 1.4    R    W    S 1.3    V

FIBERGLASS

PAN PA NEL

DIM ³A´

1/4 P

1/2  P

1-1/2  1-  - 1/2  P

1 P

2  P

1.2 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Distance of Camouflage Cam ouflage (Inches) (Dim. A) W/Plain Façade

W/Ribbed Façade

Without Facade

107

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

108

© CommScope

 

Distance From Fiberglass 0° 330°

30°

90°

300°

0° 330°

60°

270°

90°

90°

-55

- 55

- 50

- 50

- 45

- 45 -40

- 40

240°

120°

-35 -3 5

240°

-30

-25 -2 5 -20

120°

-35 -3 5

-30

210°

102° 2°

300°

60°

270°

30°

210°

150°

-25 -2 5 -20

150°

180°

180° 0°

No Fiberglass

330°

30°

300°

68°° 68 60°

270°

90° -50 -45 -40 -35 -3 5

240°

120°

-30 -25 -25

210°

-20 -15 -1 5

150°

180°

1.5" to Fiberglass

3" to Fiberglass

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

109

© CommScope

 

Distance From Fiberglass 0° 330

0° 30°

°

300°

77 77°°

330°

30°

112°° 112

300

60°

60°

°

270°

270

90°

90°

°

-50

- 50

-45

- 45

-40

-40

2 40

-35 -3 5

°

-30

-35 -3 5

2 40

120°

120 -30

°

210°

-20 -15 -1 5

°

-25 -2 5

-25 -2 5

210

150°

°

180°

-20 -15 -1 5

180

1 50 °

° 0°

4" to Fiberglass

330°

30°

8° 108°

300°

60°

270

90°

°

-50 -45 -40 -35 -3 5

240°

120° -30 -25 -2 5

210 °

-20 -15 -1 5

1 80

1 50 °

°

9" to Fiberglass

6" to Fiberglass