BS ISO 31000 2009 Risk Management

BS ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management – Principles and Guidelines 3 Principles For RM to be effective, an organisation should at all levels comply with the 11 principles below.

3.1 Risk management creates and protects value Contribute to the demonstrable achievement of objectives and improvement of performance For example, human health and safety, legal and regulatory compliance, public acceptance, project management, efficiency in operations, governance and reputation

3.2 RM is an integral part of all organisation processes Not a stand-alone activity that is separate from the main activities and processes of the organisation A part of the responsibilities of management and an integral part of all organisation processes, including strategic planning and all project and change management processes

3.3 RM is part of decision making Helps decision makers make informed choices, prioritize actions and distinguish among alternative course of action

3.4 RM explicitly addresses uncertainty Explicitly takes account of uncertainty, the nature of the uncertainty and how it can be addressed

3.5 RM is systematic, structured and timely Contributes to efficiency and to consistent, comparable and reliable results

3.6 RM is based on the best available information Inputs to the process of managing risk are based on information source such as historical data, experience, stakeholder feedback, observation, forecasts and expert judgement. Decision makers should inform themselves of, and should take into account, any limitations of the data or modelling used or the possibility of divergence among experts

3.7 RM is tailored Aligned with the organisation’s external and internal context and risk profile

3.8 RM takes human and cultural factors in to account Recognizes the capabilities, perceptions and intentions of external and internal people that can facilitate or hinder achievement of the organisation’s objectives

3.9 RM is transparent and inclusive Appropriate and timely involvement of stakeholders and, in particular, decision makers at all levels of the organisation, ensures that RM remains relevant and up-to-date. Involvement also allows stakeholders to be properly represented and to have their views taken in to account in determining risk criteria

3.10 RM is dynamic, iterative and responsive to change EM continually senses and responds to change. As external and internal events occurs, context and knowledge change, monitoring and review of risks take place, new risks emerge, some change, and other appear

3.11 RM facilitates continual improvement of the organisation Organisation should develop and implement strategies to improve their RM maturity alongside all other aspects of their organisation

4 Framework 4.1 General Success of RM depends on the effectiveness of the management framework providing the foundations and arrangements that will embed it throughout the organisation at all levels. The framework assists in managing risks effectively through the application of the risk management process (Section 3) at varying levels and within specific contexts of the organisation. Framework ensures that information about risk derived from the risk management process is adequately reported and used as a basis for decision making and accountability at all relevant organisational levels. This clause describes the necessary components of the framework for managing risk and the way in which they interrelate in an iterative manner The framework not intended to prescribe any mgt sys, but rather to assist the org to integrate risk mgt into its overall mgt sys. Therefore, the org should adapt the components of the framework to their specific needs.

4.2

Mandate and Commitment

Introduction of RM and ensuring its ongoing effectiveness require strong and sustained commitment by mgt of the org, as well as strategic and rigorous planning to achieve commitment at all levels. Management should: -

Define and endorse the RM policy Ensure that the org’s culture and RM policy are aligned Determine RM performance indicators that align with performance indicator of the org; Align RM objects with the objectives and strategies of the org; Ensure legal and regulatory compliance; Assign accountabilities and responsibilities at appropriate levels Ensure that the necessary resources are allocated to RM Communicate the benefits of RM to all stakeholders Ensure that the framework for managing risk continues to remain appropriate.

4.3 Design of framework for managing risk 4.3.1 Understanding of the organisation and its context Important to evaluate and understand both the external and internal context of the organisation External Context may include: -

Social and cultural, political, legal, regulatory, financial, technological, economic, natural and competitive environment, whether international, national, or local; Key drivers and trends having impact on the objectives of the org; Relationships with, and perceptions and values of external stakeholders.

Internal Context may include: -

Governance, org structure, roles and responsibilities Policies, objectives and the strategies that are in place to achieve them Capabilities, understood in terms of resources and knowledge (e.g. capital, time, people, processes, systems) Information systems, information flows and decision making processes (both formal and informal) Relationships with, and perceptions and values of internal stakeholders. Org’s culture Standards, guidelines, models adopted by the org Form and extent of contractual relationships

4.3.2 Establishing RM Policy Should clearly state the org’s objectives for, and commitment to , RM and typically addresses the following: -

Org’s rationale for managing risk

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Links between the org’s objectives and policies and the RM policy Accountabilities and responsibilities for managing risk The way in which conflicting interests are dealt with Commitment to make necessary resources available to assist those accountabilities and responsible for managing risk The way in which RM performance will be measured and reported Commitment to review and improve the RM policy and framework periodically and in response to an event or change in circumstances

RM policy should be communicated appropriately. 4.3.3 Accountability Org should ensure that there is accountability, authority, and appropriate competence for managing risk, including implementing and maintaining the RM process and ensuring the adequacy, effectiveness and efficiency of any controls. This can be facilitated by: -

Identifying risk owners that have accountability and authority to manage risks Identifying who is accountable for the development , implementation and maintenance of the framework for managing risks Identifying other responsibilities of people at all levels for RM process Establishing performance measurement and external and/or internal reporting and escalation processes Ensuring appropriate levels of recognition

4.3.4 Integration into organisational processes RM should be embedded in all org practices and processes in a way that it is relevant, effective and efficient, become part of the processes. In particular, RM should be embedded in to the policy development, business and strategic planning and review, and change management processes. There should be an organisation-wise RM plan to ensure that the RM policy is implemented and that RM is embedded. RM plan can be integrated in org plan, e.g. strategic plan. 4.3.5 Resources Org should allocate appropriate resources for RM Considerations should be given to: -

People, skills, experience and competence Resources needed for each step of the RM processes The org processes, methods and tools to be used for managing risk Documented processes and procedures Information and knowledge mgt systems Training program

4.3.6 Establishing internal communication and reporting mechanisms In order to support and encourage accountability and ownership of risk. These mechanism should ensure that:

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Key components of the RM framework and any subsequent modifications are communicated appropriately There is adequate internal reporting on the framework, its effectiveness and the outcomes Relevant information derived from the application of RM is available at appropriate levels and times There are processes for consolation with internal stakeholders

These mechanisms should include processes to consolidate risk information from a variety of sources and may need to consider the sensitivity of the information 4.3.7 Establishing external communication and reporting mechanisms Develop and implement a plan This involves: -

Engaging appropriate external stakeholders and ensuring an effective exchange of information External reporting to comply with legal, regulatory and governance requirements Providing feedback and reporting on communication and consultation Using communication to build confidence in the org Communicating with stakeholders in the events of a crisis or contingency

These mechanisms should include processes to consolidate risk information from a variety of sources and may need to consider the sensitivity of the information

4.4 Implementing RM 4.4.1 Implementing the framework for managing risk The org should: -

Define appropriate timing and strategy for implementing framework Apply risk management policy and process to the org processes Comply with legal and regulatory requirements Ensure that decision making, including the development and setting of objectives is aligned with the outcomes of RM process Hold information and training sessions Communicate and consult with stakeholders to ensure that its RM framework remains appropriate

4.4.2 Implementing the RM process Ensure Clause 5 is applied through a RM plan at al relevant levels and functions of the org as a part of its practices and processes.

4.5 Monitoring and review of the framework The org should: -

Measure RM performance against indicators, which are periodically reviewed for appropriateness

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Periodically measure progress against and deviation from the RM plan Periodically review whether the RM framework, policy and plan are still appropriate, given the org external and internal context Report on risk, progress with the RM plan AND HOW WELL THE RM POLICY IS BEING FOLLOWED Review the effectiveness of the RM framework

4.6 Continual improvement of the framework Based on the results of monitoring and reviews, decisions should be made on how the risk management framework, policy and plan can be improved. These decisions should lead to improvements in the org mgt of risk and risk mgt culture

5 Implementing RM 5.1 General The process should be -

An integral part of mgt Embedded in the culture and practices Tailored to the business processes of the org

5.2 Communication and consultation With external and internal stakeholders should take place during all stages of RM process Plan for XX should be developed at an early stage. These should address issues relating to the risk itself, causes, consequences and the measures being taken to treat it. Effective XX ensure that those accountable for implementing the RM process and stakeholders understand the basis on which decisions are made, and the reasons why particular actions are required. A consultative team approach may: -

Help establish the context appropriately Ensure that the interests of stakeholders are understood and considered Help ensure that risks are adequately identified Bring different areas of expertise together for analysing risk

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Ensure that different views are appropriately considered when defining risk criteria and in evaluating risks Secure endorsement and support for a treatment plan Enhance appropriate change mgt during the RM process Develop an appropriate external and internal communication and consultation plan

Stakeholders make judgements about risk based on their perceptions of risk. These perceptions can vary due to difference in values, needs, assumptions, concepts and concerns of stakeholders. As their have significant impact on the decisions made, the stakeholders perceptions should be identified, recorded, and taken into account in the decision making process.

5.3 Establishing the context 5.3.1 General The org articulates its objectives, defines the external and internal parameters to be taken in to account when managing risk, and set the scope and risk criteria for the remaining process. The objectives need to be considered in greater detail and particularly how they relate to the scope of the particular RM process. 5.3.2 Establishing the external context External context is the external environment in which the org seeks to achieve its objectives. Understanding the external context is important in order to ensure the objectives and concerns of external stakeholders are considered when developing risk criteria. It is based on organisation-wise context, but with specific details of legal and regulatory requirements, stakeholder perceptions and other aspects of risks specific to the scope of the RM process. The external context can include: -

Social and cultural, political, legal, regulatory, financial, technological, economic, natural and competitive environment, whether international, national, or local; Key drivers and trends having impact on the objectives of the org; Relationships with, and perceptions and values of external stakeholders.

5.3.3 Establishing the internal context Internal context is the internal environment in which the org seeks to achieve its objectives. RM process should be aligned with the org culture processes, structure and strategy. It should be established because: o o o

RM takes place I the context of the objectives of the org Objectives and criteria of a particular project, process or activity should be considered I the light of objectives of the org as a whole Some org fail to recognize opportunities to achieve their strategic, project or business objectives, and this affects ongoing org commitment, credibility, trust and value.

Internal context include:

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Governance, org structure, roles and responsibilities Policies, objectives and the strategies that are in place to achieve them Capabilities, understood in terms of resources and knowledge (e.g. capital, time, people, processes, systems) Information systems, information flows and decision making processes (both formal and informal) Relationships with, and perceptions and values of internal stakeholders. Org’s culture Standards, guidelines, models adopted by the org Form and extent of contractual relationships

5.3.4 Establishing the context of the RM process Establish the objectives, strategies, scope and parameters of the activities of the org Mgt of risk should be undertaken with full consideration of the need to justify the resources used in carrying out RM. The resources required, responsibilities and authorities, and the records to be kept should be specified. The context of the RM process will vary according to the needs of an org. it can involve: -

Defining the goals and objectives of the RM activities Defining responsibilities for and within the RM process Defining the scope, as well as the depth and breadth of the RM activities to be carried out, including specific inclusions and exclusions Defining the activity, process, function, project, product, service or asset I terms of time and location Defining the relationships between a particular project, process or activities and other projects, processes or activities of the org Defining the risk assessment methodologies Defining the way performance and effectiveness is evaluated in the mgt of risk Identifying and specifying the decisions that have to be made Identifying, scoping or framing studies needed, their extent and objectives , and the resources required for such studies

These ensure that the RM approach adopted is appropriate to the circumstances, to the org and to the risks affecting and achievement of its objectives. 5.3.5 Defining risk criteria Used to evaluate the significant of risk, the criteria should reflect the org value, objectives and resources. Risk criteria should be consistent with the org RM policy, be defined at the beginning of any RM process and be continually reviewed. When defining risk criteria, factors to be considered should include t e following: -

Nature and types of causes and consequences that can occur and how they will be measured How likelihood will be defined The timeframe of the likelihood and/or consequences

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Hoe the level of risk is to be determined The views of stakeholders The level at which risk becomes acceptable or tolerable Whether combinations of multiple risks should be taken into account and, if so, how and which combinations should be considered

5.4 Risk Assessment 5.4.1 General Risk assessment is the overall process of risk identification risk analysis and risk evaluation. 5.4.2 Risk identification Identify sources of risk, areas of impacts, events (including changes in circumstances) and their causes and their potential consequences Aim to generate a comprehensive list of risks based on those events that might create, enhance, prevent, degrade, accelerate or delay the achievement of objectives. A risk is not identified at this stage will not be included in further analysis. Include risks whether or not their source is under the control of the organisation. Risk identification should include examination of the knock-on effects of particular consequences, including cascade and cumulative effects. It should also consider a wide range of consequences even if the risk source or cause may not be evident. As well as identifying what might happen, it is necessary to consider possible causes and scenarios that show what consequences can occur. All significant causes and consequences should be considered. Apply risk identification tools and techniques that are suited to its objectives and capabilities. Relevant and updated information is important, including appropriate background information. People with appropriate knowledge should be involved in identifying risks. 5.4.3 Risk Analysis Involves developing an understanding of the risk, provide an input to risk evaluation and to decisions on whether risks need to be treated, and on the most appropriate risk treatment strategies and methods, provide an input into making decisions where choices must be made and the options involve different types and levels of risks Involves consideration of the causes and sources of risk, their consequences, and the likelihood that those consequences can occur. Factors affect consequences and likelihood should be identified. Risk is analysed by determining consequences and their likelihood, and other attributes of the risks. Existing controls and their effectiveness and efficiency should also be taken into account. The way in which consequences and likelihood are expressed and the way in which they are combined to determine a level of risk should reflect the type of risk, the information available and the purpose for which the risk assessment output is to be used. These should all be consistent with the risk criteria

Include the confidence in determination of the level of risk and its sensitivity to preconditions and assumptions, and communicate effectively to decision makers. Factors such as divergence of opinion among experts, uncertainty, availability, quality, quantity and ongoing relevance of information, or limitations on modelling should be stated and can be highlighted. 5.4.4 Risk Evaluation Purposes are to assist in making decisions, based on the outcomes of risk analysis, about which risks need treatment and the priority for treatment implementation Involves comparing the level of risk found during the analysis process with risk criteria established when the context was considered. Based on this comparison, the need for treatment can be considered Decisions made by taking account of the wide context of the risk and include consideration of the tolerance of the risks borne by parties other than the organisation that benefit from the risk. In some circumstances, the risk evaluation can lead to a decision to undertake further analysis. The risk evaluation can also lead to a decision not to treat the risk in any way other than maintaining existing controls. This decision will be influenced by the org risk attitude and the risk criteria that have been established.

5.5 Risk Treatment 5.5.1 General Involves selecting one or more options for modifying risks, and implement those options. Once implemented, treatments provide or modify or modify the controls. Risk treatment involves a cyclic process of -

Assessing a risk treatment Deciding whether residual risk levels are tolerable If not tolerable, generating a new risk treatment Assessment the effectiveness of that treatment

The options for risk treatment can include: -

Avoiding the risk by deciding not to start or continue with the activity that gives risk to the risk Taking or increasing the risk in order to pursue an opportunity Removing the risk source Changing the likelihood Changing the consequences Sharing the risk with another parties Retaining the risk by informed decision

Options not necessarily mutually exclusive or appropriate in all circumstances

5.5.2 Selection of risk treatment options Involve balancing the costs and efforts of implementation against the benefits derived, with regard to legal, regulatory and other requirements such as social responsibility and the protection of the natural environment. Decision should also take into account risks which can warrant risk treatment that is not justifiable on economic grounds, e.g. severe but rare risks. Treatment can be applied either individually or in combination. Org should consider the values and perceptions of stakeholders and the most appropriate ways to communicate with them. Where risk treatment options can impact on risks elsewhere in org or in stakeholders. Though equally effective, some risk treatments can be more acceptable to some stakeholders than to others. The treatment plan should clearly identify the priority order in which individual risk treatments should be implemented. Risk treatment itself can introduce risks. A significant risk can be the failure or ineffectiveness of the risk treatment measures. Monitoring needs to be an integral part of the risk treatment plan to give assurance that the measures remain effective. May introduce secondary risks that need to be assessed, treated, monitored and reviewed. These secondary risks should be incorporated into the same treatment plan as the original risk and not treated as a new risk. The link between the two risks should be identified and maintained. 5.5.3 Preparing and implementing risk treatment plans Purpose is to document how the chosen treatment options will be implemented. Information provided in the plans includes: -

Reasons for selection of treatment options, including expected benefits to be gained Those who are accountable for approving the plan and those responsible for implementing the plan Proposed actions Resource requirements including contingencies Performance measures and constraints Reporting and monitoring requirements Timing and schedule

Treatment plans should be integrated with the management processes to the org and discussed with appropriate stakeholders Decision makers and other stakeholders should be aware of the nature and extent of the residual risk after risk treatment. Residual risk should be documented and subjected to monitoring, review and, where appropriate, further treatment.

5.6 Monitoring and review Should be a planned part of RM process and involve regular checking or surveillance, can be periodic or ad hoc Responsibilities for that should be clearly defined. Should encompass all aspects of the RM process for the purpose of: -

Ensuring that controls are effective and efficient in bot design and operation Obtaining further information to improve risk assessment Analysing and learning lessons from events (including near-misses), changes, trends, successes and failures Detecting changes in the external and internal context, including changes to risk criteria and the risk itself which can require revision of risk treatments and priorities Identifying emerging risks

Progress in implementing risk treatment plans provides a performance measure. The results can be incorporated into the org overall performance mgt, measurement and external and internal reporting activities. Results should be recorded an externally and internally reported as appropriated, and should also be used as an input to the review of the RM framework

5.7 Recording the RM process RM activities should be traceable. Records provide the foundation for improvement in methods and tools, as well as in the overall process Decisions concerning the creation of records should take into account: -

Org needs for continuous learning Benefits of re-using information for management purpose Costs and efforts involved in creating and maintaining records Legal, regulatory and operational needs for records Method of access, ease of irretrievability and storage media Retention period Sensitivity of information

6 Annex A: Attributes of enhanced RM