BS 2573 Part 2
July 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Description
GW@Q@RM RQCDACWA
GR 76>2-78 30=; (Wfpr`dtfa, `dblrplrct`dn Cefdaefdts Dl. 3 cda Dl. 7 `dbius`vf.)
Wuifs jlr tmf afs`nd lj brcdfs ‑ [crt 78 Rpfb`j`bct`ld jlr bicss`j`bct`ld, strfss bcibuict`lds cda afs`nd lj efbmcd`ses @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
VAB :73.=>2.;28:73.=>2‒72
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
Bllpfrct`dn lrncd`zct`lds Qmf Efbmcd`bci Fdn`dffr`dn Rtcdacras Blee`ttff, udafr wmlsf a`rfbt`ld tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra wcs prfpcrfa, blds`sts lj rfprfsfdtct`vfs jrle tmf jliilw`dn8
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p
Csslb`ctfa Ljj`bfs Qfbmd`bci Blee`ttff* Csslb`ct`ld lj Bldsuit`dn Fdn`dffrs
Afpcrtefdt lj tmf Fdv`rldefdt ([RC) Afpcrtefdt lj Qrcaf (Ecr`df A`v`s`ld)
Csslb`ct`ld Fqu`pefdt Ecdujcbtulj rfMyarcui`b rs Csslb`ct`ld lj E`d`dn Fifbtr`bci cda Efbmcd`bci Fdn`dffrs Gr`t`sm Bleprfssfa C`r Rlb`fty Gr Gr`t `t`sm `sm Fi Fifbt fbtr` r`bc bcii cda cda Ci Cii` i`fa fa Ecdu Ecdujc jcbt btur urfr frs‐ s‐ Csslb`ct`ld (GFCEC) Gr`t`sm Ncs Blrplrct`ld Gr Gr`t `t`s `sm m Nfcr Nfcr E Ecd cduj ujcb cbtu turf rfrs rs‐‐ Cssl Csslb` b`ct ct`l `ld d Gr`t`sm `sm @dtfrdci Blegust`ld Fdn`df `df Ecdujcbturfrs‐ Csslb`ct`ld Gr Gr`t `t`s `sm m [uep [uep Ec Ecdu dujc jcbt btur urfr frs‐ s‐ Css Csslb lb`c `ct` t`ld ld Gr`t`sm Rtffi Blrplrct`ld Gr`t`sm Rtffi @daustry* Gr`t`s Gr`t`sm m Zcivf Zcivf Ecdujcb Ecdujcbtur turfrs frs‐‐ Csslb`c Csslb`ct`l t`ld d Ita. Bgepf Bm Bmcr crtfr tfrfa fa @dst @dst`t `tut ut`ld `ld lj Gu Gu`ia `ia`dn `dn Rf Rfrv rv`b `bfs fs Brlwd Brl wd Cnfd Cnfdts ts jlr jlr Lv Lvfrs frsfc fc Nlvfr Nlvfrdef defdts dts ccda da Cae`d`strct`lds* Afpcrtefdt lj lj @d @daustry ((E Efbmcd`bci Fdn`dffr`dn)* Afpcrtefdt lj @daustry (Dct`ldci Fdn`dffr`dn Icglrctlry)*
Afpcrtefdt F ifbtr`b`ty RuljppQrcdsplrt iy `daustry `d Fdnicda cda ^cifs Fdn`dffr`dn Fqu`pefdt Vsfrs‐ Csslb`ct`ld Jfafrct`ld lj Ecdujcbturfrs lj Bldstrubt`ld Fq Fqu` u`pe pefd fdtt cda cda Br Brcd cdfs* fs* Mfcitm cda Rcjfty Fxfbut`vf* @dst`tut`ld lj Ncs Fdn`dffrs @dst @dst`t `tut ut`l `ld d lj Efb Efbmc mcd` d`bc bcii Fd Fdn` n`df dffr frs* s* @dst`t `tu ut`ld lj [icdt Fdn`dffrs @dst`tut`ld lj [rlaubt`ld Fdn`dffrs* Il Ilda dald ld Qr Qrcd cdsp splr lrtt Fxf Fxfbu but` t`vf vf Ecbm`df Qlli @daustry Wfsfcrbm Csslb`ct`ld E`d`stry lj Afjfdbf* Dct Dct`ldc `ldcii Blci Glc Glcra ra L`i Blepcd`fs Ectfr`cis Csslb`ct`ld* [r [rlbf lbfss ss [icd [icdtt Cs Csslb slb`c `ct` t`ld ld Rlb`fty Rlb`fty lj Eltlr Eltlr Ecd Ecdujc ujcbtu bturfr rfrss cd cdaa Qrc Qrcafr afrss I`e`tfa Qfif fifbleeud`bct`ld Fdn`dffr`dn `dn ccd da Ecdujcbtur`dn Csslb`ct`ld (QFEC)
Qmf lrncd`zct`lds ecrofa w`tm cd cstfr`so `d tmf cglvf i`st, tlnftmfr t lnftmfr w`tm tmf jliilw`dn, wfrf a`rfbtiy rfprfsfdtfa ld tmf Qfbmd`bci Blee`ttff fdtrustfa w`tm tmf prfpcrct`ld lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra8 Gr`t`sm [lrts Csslb`ct`ld Gr`t`sm Wc`iwcys Glcra Gr`t`sm Qrcdsplrt Albos Glcra Gurfcu lj Fdn`dffr Rurvfylrs Bldtrcbtlrs‐ [icdt Csslb`ct`ld Bl Bldt dtrl rlii ccda da Cu Cutl tlec ect` t`ld ld E Ecd cduj ujcb cbtu turf rfrs rs‐‐ Csslb`ct`ld (GFCEC) Af Afpc pcrt rtef efdt dt lj lj tm tmff Fd Fdv` v`rl rlde defd fdtt (Gu` (Gu`ia ia`d `dnn Wfsfcrbm Fstcgi`smefdt) Afpcrtefdt lj Qrcdsplrt Jfafrct`ld lj B`v`i Fdn`dffr`dn Bldtrcbtlrs Jfafrct`ld lj ^`rf Wlpf Ecdujcbturfrs lj Nrfct Gr`tc`d
Qm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra, mcv`dn gffd prfpcrfa udafr tmf a`rfbt`ld lj tmf Efbmcd`bci Fdn`dffr`dn Rtcdacras Blee`ttff, wcs pugi`smfa udafr tmf cutmlr`ty lj tmf Fxfbut`vf Glcra cda blefs `dtl fjjfbt ld 23 Afbfegfr 30=; © GR@ 37-300= Qmf jliilw`dn GRi rfjfrfdbfs rfictf tl tmf wlro ld tm`s stcdacra8 Blee`ttff rfjfrfdbf EFF/13 Arcjt jlr bleefdt >=/>>:>> AB
l b a f s d @RGD ; 6=; 33>:2 1 f b ` I
M`nm Blee`ss`ld lj @da`c @dafpfdafdt Fdn`dffr`dn @dsurfrs‐ Blee`ttff @dst`tutf lj Ectfr`cis Mcdai`dn @dst`tutf lj Suci`ty Cssurcdbf @dst`tut`ld lj Rtrubturci Fdn`dffrs Dct` Dct`ld ldci ci Jfaf Jfafrc rct` t`ld ld lj Gu`i Gu`ia` a`dn dn Qr Qrca cafs fs Fepilyfrs [l [lrt rt lj I Ild ldal ald d Cu Cutm tmlr lr`t `tyy ^fia`dn @dst`tutf @da`v`auci ecdujcbturfrs
Cefdaefdts `ssufa s`dbf pugi`bct`ld
Cea. Dl.
Actf lj `ssuf
2067
Rfptfegfr 30=7
6;32
Huiy 30=:
Bleefdts
@da`bctfa gy c s`afi`df `d tmf ecrn`d
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
Bldtfdts Bllpfrct`dn lrncd`zct`lds Jlrfwlra 3 Rblpf 7 Wfjfrfdbfs
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
© GR@ 37-300=
[cnf @ds`af jrldt blvfr ``` 3 3
2 Rfrv`bf i`jf lj c efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt 1 Bicss`j`bct`ld lj efbmcd`ses 1.3 Nfdfrci 1.7 Bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld 1.2 Rtctf lj ilca`dn 1.1 Aftfre`dct`ld lj nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld 6 Ilca`dns tl gf blds`afrfa `d tmf afs`nd lj efbmcd`ses 6.3 Nfdfrci 6.7 Ilca`dn blda`t`lds 6.2 Ilca bleg`dct`lds : Zfr`j`bct`ld lj blepldfdts > ^lro`dn strfssfs >.3 B Bm mfbo`dn jlr strfdntm >.7 B Bm mfbo`dn jlr jct`nuf = Rfifbt`ld lj blepldfdts =.3 Nfdfrci =.7 Rmcjts =.2 Gfcr`dns =.1 Nfcr`dn =.6 Wlpfs cda rlpf rffv`dn blepldfdts =.: I`jt`dn mllos =.> Wc`i wmffis =.= Aft Aftfre fre`dc `dct`l t`ld d lj i`e i`e`t` `t`dn dn gfc gfcr`d r`dnn sstrf trfss, ss, [ I =.0 =.0 Af Aftf tfre re`d `dct` ct`ld ld lljj tmf bblf lfjj jj`b `b`f `fdt dt,, b3 =.3; Aftfre Aftfre`dct`l `dct`ld d lljj tm tmff blfjj`b blfjj`b`fdt, `fdt, b7 =.33 Z Zffr`j`bct`ld lj gfcr`dn strfss =.37 Glits 0 ^fia`dn Cppfda`x C Qyp`bci bicss`j`bct`ld lj brcdf efbmcd`se Cppfda`x G Cssfssefdt lj tlrquf ilca`dn lj brcdf efbmcd`ses Cppfda`x B Aftfre`dct`ld lj jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss Cppfda`x A Nfcr`dn Cppfda`x F Afrct`dn lj mllos J`nurf 3 ‑ Jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss jcbtlr, B j, r J`nurf 7 ‑ R`zf jcbtlr, B 7 J`nurf 2 ‑ Rurjcbf j`d`sm jcbtlr, B 2 Qcgif 3 ‑ Bicssfs lj ut`i`zct`ld lj efbmcd`ses Qcgif 7 ‑ Rtctfs lj ilca`dn lj efbmcd`ses Qcgif 2 ‑ Nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj c efbmcd`se Qcgif 1 ‑ [fre`ss`gif strfss, [ b, jlr efbmcd`se blepldfdts Qcgif 6 ‑ Efbmcd`se auty jcbtlr, N
3 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 2 2 1 1 1 1 : : : : : > 0 0 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 33 37 3: 3> 73 73 30 7; 7; 3 7 7 6 6
Qcgif : ‑ E`d`eue blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld, X p Qcgif > ‑ Zciufs lj M jl jlr rlpf rffv`dn blepldfdts Qcgif = ‑ I`e`t`dn gfcr`dn strfss, [ I
= 0 3; `
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
Qcgif 0 ‑ Blfjj`b`fdt, b3, jlr rc`i wmffis Qcgif 3; ‑ Blfjj`b`fdt, b7, jlr rc`i wmffis Qcgif 33 ‑ Rurjcbf j`d`sm jcbtlr, B2 Qcgif 37 ‑ Mlurs pfr acy jlr nfcr afs`nd Qcgif 32 ‑ Afrct`dn lj mllos (Qcgif 7 lj GR 70;2830>;) Qcgif 31 ‑ Afrct`dn lj mllos (Qcgif 3 lj GR 70;2830>;) [ugi`bct`lds rfjfrrfa tl
[cnf 33 33 33 73 73 73 @ds`af gcbo blvfr
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
``
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830= 30=; ;
Jlrfwlra Qmf prfpcrct`ld lj c Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra afci`dn w`tm afs`nd strfss ifvfis `d tmf efbmcd`ses lj brcdfs wcs gfnud `d rfspldsf tl afecda jrle j rle tmf usfr `daustr`fs cda pcrt`buicriy tmf pugi`b sfbtlr. ^m`ist Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras mcvf fx`stfa, jlr ecdy yfcrs, bldbfrdfa w`tm spfb`j`b efbmcd`bci `tfes tmct crf usfa `d brcdfs, subm cs stffi w`rf rlpfs, mllos cda cdt`jr`bt`ld gfcr`dns, tmf prlbfss lj afs`nd lj brcdf efbmcd`ses mcs rfbf`vfa ldiy i`e`tfa cttfdt`ld `d tmf Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras jlr pcrt`buicr typfs lj brcdf. Jliilw`dn tmf subbfssjui `dtrlaubt`ld lj GR 76>2-3 tl rfnuictf cda rct`ldci`zf afs`nd strfss ifvfis `d brcdf strubturfs lj cii typfs, cda `ts rfbfdt rfv`s`ld tl ci`nd elrf bilsfiy w`tm `dtfrdct`ldci pli`by `d tmf @dtfrdct`ldci Lrncd`zct`ld jlr Rtcdacra`zct`ld (@RL), `t gfbcef `dbrfcs`dniy urnfdt tl prlaubf c blrrfsplda`dn stcdacra jlr brcdf efbmcd`ses, cda afvfilpefdts `d @RL Qfbmd`bci Blee`ttff 0:, Brcdfs, I`jt`dn Cppi`cdbfs cda Wfictfa Fxbcvctlr Fqu`pefdt, `da`bctfa tmf slrt lj cpprlcbm tmct e`nmt gf calptfa. ^mfrfcs `d tmf bcsf lj brcdf strubturfs tmfrf wcs blds`afrcgif cjj`d`ty w`tm tmf j`fias lj stffi n`rafr gr`anfs cda tmf usf lj strubturci stffi `d gu`ia`dn wm`bm, tl slef fxtfdt, aftfre`dfa tmf cdciyt`bci trfctefdt, brcdf efbmcd`ses `dvlivf spfb`ci`zfa fep`r`bci afs`nd cda prlgifes bcd cr`sf `d tmf sfifbt`ld lj prlpr`ftcry blepldfdts jlr wm`bm tmfrf `s i`ttif prfbfafdt `d ltmfr Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras. Cs `d tmf bcsf lj GR 76>2-3, tmf ’Wuifs jlr tmf afs`nd lj ml`st`dn cppi`cdbfs Rfbt`ld Rfbt`l d 38 mfcvy i`jt i`jt`dn `dn fqu`pe fqu`pefdt― fdt― lj tmf Jàaàrct Jàaàrct`ld `ld Furlpàfddf Furlpàfddf af ic Ecdutfdt`ld (J.F.E.) wfrf cvc`icgif jlr tmf tfbmd`bci blee`ttff tl blds`afr tlnftmfr w`tm subm wlro lj @RL/QB 0: cs mca rfcbmfa c afj`d`t`vf jlre. C a`jj`buit afb`s`ld mca tl gf tcofd ld tmf eftmla lj bicss`j`bct`ld tl calpt gfbcusf tmf dffas lj spfb`ciiy afs`ndfa brcdfs cda sfr`fs gu`it stcdacra brcdfs wfrf tl slef fxtfdt `d bldji`bt. Cd cpprlcbm, gcsfa ld @RL wlro, wcs j`dciiy calptfa wm`bm fdcgifs fcbm efbmcd`se lj c brcdf tl gf bicss`j`fa `d rfspfbt lj tmf auty `t pfrjlres, `dafpfdafdtiy lj tmf afs`nd bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf wmlif brcdf. ^m`ist, tl slef usfrs, tmf udjce`i`cr`ty lj tm`s bldbfpt ecy `d`t`ciiy rc`sf alugts, `t `s blds`afrfa tl n`vf tmf gfst plss`gif sblpf jlr prfb`sf afj`d`t`ld lj tmf purbmcsfr‐s rfqu`rfefdts ld tmf ldf mcda cda cd a jlr rct`ldci efbmcd`se afs`nd cda fbldle`b prlaubt`ld ld tmf ltmfr. C bldbfpt lj sfrv`bf i`jf mcs gffd afj`dfa w`tm tmf lghfbt lj prlv`a`dn c gcs`s jlr blepct`g`i`ty lj efbmcd`bci blepldfdts `d c efbmcd`se, wmftmfr sfifbtfa prlpr`ftcry `tfes lr purplsf afs`ndfa, `d rfspfbt lj tmf t`ef aur`dn wm`bm fcbm blepldfdt `s `d elt`ld. @d prcbt`bci tfres tm`s smluia fdsurf, jlr fxcepif, tmct tmf blupi`dns, smcjts, nfcrs, gfcr`dns, ftb., `d c pcrt`buicr trc`d cii mcvf c blepcrcgif gcs`s lj aurcg`i`ty. @t wcs fssfdt`ci tl rfblnd`zf `d tmf stcdacra tmct fxpfr`fdbf lj brcdf efbmcd`ses udafr odlwd sfrv`bf blda`t`lds `s tmf elst vciucgif cda rfi`cgif gcs`s jlr afs`nd, cda tmct cgsliutf strfss bleputct`lds crf tmf fxbfpt`ld rctmfr tmcd tmf ruif. Qmf bldtfdt mcs cisl gffd nfdfrciiy bldj`dfa tl tmf pfre`ss`gif strfss cda afs`nd ruif cspfbts, s`dbf cdy cttfept tl t l prlv`af afs`nd nu`acdbf gfylda tm`s ifvfi wluia `dvlivf c vfry fxtfds`vf prcbt`bci afs`nd ecduci, wm`bm `s dlt tmf `dtfdt lj tmf stcdacra. Efdt`ld `s ecaf lj prcbt`bci afs`nd aftc`is ldiy tl tmf fxtfdt tmct tmfy crf `dsfpcrcgiy csslb`ctfa w`tm tmf gcs`s jlr tmf pfre`ss`gif strfssfs. Qmf blee`ttff jluda `ts sblpf i`e`tfa `d bfrtc`d crfcs wmfrf tmf rfv`s`ld lj slef Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras mcs gffd mfia gcbo `d lrafr tl tcof cavcdtcnf lj wlro wm`bm
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
`s gf`dn bcrr`fa lut`t`dsmluia @RL. Mllos cda tmf bcpcb`tytmf lj nfcrs crf pcrt`buicr `dstcdbfs `d wm`bm gf plss`gif tl fdicrnf trfctefdt wmfd @RL prlnrfss pfre`ts.
© GR@ 37-300=
```
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
Qmf sfifbt`ld lj stffi w`rf rlpfs cs spfb`j`fa `d =.6, `s gcsfa ld @RL wlro wm`bm `s odlwd tl mcvf w`af cbbfptcdbf cda, `d slef bcsfs, pfre`ts ilwfr jcbtlrs lj scjfty tmcd mcvf gffd usfa `d tmf pcst. @t smluia gf dltfa tmct tmfrf w`ii ljtfd gf lvfrr`a`dn rfnuict`lds lr ltmfr i`e`tct`lds ld jcbtlrs lj scjfty jlr brcdf rlpfs, cda cisl tmct tmf prlv`s`lds `d tm`s stcdacra prfsupplsf rfnuicr `dspfbt`ld cda a`sbcra br`tfr`c `d cbblracdbf w`tm fstcgi`smfa rfbleefdact`lds. Cd luti`df prlbfaurf jlr jct`nuf vfr`j`bct`lds mcs gffd `dbiuafa, wm`bm afj`dfs rfbleefdafa pr`db`pifs, gut `t `s dlt plss`gif, `d tmf prfsfdt stctf lj tmf crt, tl `dbiuaf c bleprfmfds`vf trfctefdt, cda rfjfrfdbf tl spfb`ci`zfa tfxt gllos ecy gf dfbfsscry. Qmf ruifs `dbiuafa jlr aftfre`d`dn rc`i wmffi s`zfs mcvf gffd gcsfa ld J.F.E. cda Nfrecd wlro wm`bm `s odlwd tl t l mcvf n`vfd sct`sjcbtlry rfsuits `d sfrv`bf lvfr c blds`afrcgif pfr`la. Gfbcusf brcdfs i`jt cda trcdsplrt mfcvy ilcas, tmfrf `s c echlr scjfty cspfbt `d tmf`r afs`nd wm`bm mcs, tl slef fxtfdt, tl gf rfictfa tl t l tmf ifvfi lj afs`nd strfssfs pfre`ttfa. Dfvfrtmfifss, `t mcs gffd tmf nfdfrci fxpfr`fdbf lj usfrs, ecdujcbturfrs cda tmf scjfty cutmlr`t`fs tmct, wmfrf afs`nd wcs jluda tl bldtr`gutf tl cd cbb`afdt, `t wcs dfcriy ciwcys bcusfa gy gca aftc`i afs`nd lr jc`iurf tl cpprfb`ctf tmf ilca`dns `dvlivfa rctmfr tmcd tmf sfifbt`ld lj tll m`nm c pfre`ss`gif strfss. ^m`ist, tmfrfjlrf, tmf prfsfdt stcdacra mcs c s`nd`j`bcdt bldtr`gut`ld tl ecof tl `eprlvfa stcdacras lj `daustr`ci scjfty, `t smluia gf fepmcs`zfa tmct tmf ec`d rfsplds`g`i`ty jlr scjf afs`nd w`ii ciwcys rfec`d w`tm tmf ecdujcbturfr cda afs`ndfr eco`dn prlpfr usf lj tmf`r spfb`ci`st fxpfr`fdbf. @d i`df w`tm burrfdt pli`by, tmf vciufs `d tm`s [crt lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra mcvf gffd fxprfssfa `d R@ ud`ts.
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
C Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra alfs dlt purplrt tl `dbiuaf cii tmf dfbfsscry prlv`s`lds lj c bldtrcbt. Vsfrs lj Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras crf rfsplds`gif jlr tmf`r blrrfbt cppi`bct`ld. Blepi`cdbf w`tm c Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra alfs dlt lj `tsfij bldjfr `eeud`ty jrle ifnci lgi`nct`lds.
Rueecry lj pcnfs
Qm`s albuefdt blepr`sfs c jrldt blvfr, cd `ds`af jrldt blvfr, pcnfs ` tl `v, pcnfssstcdacra pcnf 3 tl 77, cd `ds`af `af upactfa gcbo bblvfr lvfr cda c gcbo blv blvfr. fr. cda ecy mcvf mca Qm`s mcs`ds gffd (sff blpyr`nmt actf) cefdaefdts `dblrplrctfa. Qm`s w`ii gf `da`bctfa `d tmf cefdaefdt tcgif ld tmf `ds`af jrldt bblvfr. lvfr. `v
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
3 Rblpf Qm`s [crt lj GR 76>2 prlv prlv`afs `afs tmf gcs`s jlr bcibuict`dn strfssfs `d blepldfdts lj brcdf efbmcd`ses cda spfb`j`fs tmf wcy `d wm`bm pfre`ss`gif strfssfs smcii gf aftfre`dfa. @t cisl n`vfs ruifs jlr tmf sfifbt`ld lj prlpr`ftcry `tfes wmfrf tmfsf crf usfa cs efbmcd`se blepldfdts. 7 Wfjfrfdbfs Qmf t`tifs lj tmf stcdacras pugi`bct`lds rfjfrrfa tl `d tm`s stcdacra crf i`stfa ld tmf `ds`af gcbo blvfr.
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ;
2 Rfrv`bf i`jf lj c efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt Qmf sfrv`bf i`jf lj c efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt `s afj`dfa cs ’tmf tltci duegfr lj mlurs aur`dn wm`bm tmf efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt `s `d elt`ld―. Efbmcd`ses cda blepldfdts smcii gf afs`ndfa lr sfifbtfa jlr c pcrt`buicr `dtfdafa sfrv`bf i`jf cda ldf lj tmf dle`dci vciufs spfb`j`fa `d Qcgif 3 smcii
gf usfa.
DLQF 3 @d ecdy ecdy bcsfs bcsfs `t `s afs`rc afs`rcgif gif tmct tmct sfpcrctf sfpcrctf blepldfd blepldfdts ts jlre`dn pcrt lj c efbmcd`se (f.n. tmf blupi`dns, smcjts, nfcrs, gfcr`dns, ftb., `d c pcrt`buicr trc`d) smluia gf afs`ndfa lr sfifbtfa jlr tmf scef sfrv`bf i`jf. ^mfrf blepldfdts lj c efbmcd`se crf grlunmt `dtl usf jlr ldiy pcrt lj tmf t`ef tmct tmf efbmcd`se cs c wmlif `s `d elt`ld, tmf blepldfdts bcd gf afs`ndfa jlr c smlrtfr sfrv`bf i`jf tl tcof tm`s `dtl cbbludt. DLQF 7 @d slef slef bcsfs, bcsfs, fbld fbldle`b le`b bblds`af lds`afrct`ld rct`ldss lr tfbmd`b tfbmd`bci ci i`e`tct`lds a`btctf tmct c blepldfdt smluia gf afs`ndfa lr sfifbtfa jlr c smlrtfr i`jf tmcd tmf rfec`dafr lj tmf efbmcd`se, sl tmct rfdfwci lj tmf blepldfdt w`ii gf dfbfsscry aur`dn tmf i`jf lj tmf efbmcd`se8 jlr fxcepif c rlpf w`tm c sfrv`bf i`jf smlrtfr tmcd tmct lj tmf rfec`dafr lj tmf ml`st efbmcd`se bcd gf usfa.
Qmf sfrv`bf i`jf jlr wm`bm c efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt `s afs`ndfa `s c j`nurf usfa ldiy cs c afs`nd pcrceftfr cda smcii dlt gf tcofd cs `epiy`dn c nucrcdtffa i`jf.
/ 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p
1 Bicss`j`bct`ld lj efbmcd`ses 1.3 Nfdfrci. Jlr tmf purplsf lj cppiy`dn tm`s [crt lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra, efbmcd`ses smcii gf bicss`j`fa `dtl nrlups cbblra`dn tl tmf`r afs`rfa sfrv`bf i`jf cda tmf blda`t`lds lj ilca`dn tl wm`bm tmfy crf sughfbtfa. Qmf purplsfs lj subm bicss`j`bct`ld `s tl prlv`af c rct`ldci cda ud`jlre gcs`s jlr tmf afs`nd lj efbmcd`ses cda tmf`r blepldfdts tmct tcofs cbbludt lj tmfsf blds`afrct`lds. @t cisl prlv`afs c jrcefwlro lj rfjfrfdbf gftwffd tmf purbmcsfr cda tmf ecdujcbturfr. Qmf bicss`j`bct`ld systfe calptfa jliilws tmct spfb`j`fa gy @RL `d @RL 12;3. 3) Qmf twl jcbtlrs blds`afrfa `d aftfre`d`dn tmf nrlup tl wm`bm c efbmcd`se gfildns smcii gf `ts bicss lj
l b a f s d f b ` I
ut`i`zct`ld cda `ts stctf lj ilca`dn.
1.7 Bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld. Qmf bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld lj
c efbmcd`se smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle `ts cssuefa sfrv`bf i`jf `d mlurs. Qm`s `s tmf tltci duegfr lj mlurs jlr wm`bm tmf efbmcd`se w`ii gf `d elt`ld. ^mfrf tmf cppi`cdbf lj wm`bm tmf efbmcd`se `s pcrt mcs odlwd aut`fs, cs wluia rfpft`t`vf gf tmf bcsfprlbfss, wmfrf `t pfrjlrefa pcrt ljsubm c bldt`dulus, tmf sfrv`bf i`jf smcii gf bcibuictfa jrle tmf cbtuci ac`iy ut`i`zct`ld t`ef jlr tmf efbmcd`se, tmf duegfr lj wlro`dn acys pfr yfcr cda tmf duegfr du egfr lj yfcrs lj fxpfbtfa sfrv`bf. @d tmf cgsfdbf lj subm `djlrect`ld rfncra`dn tmf auty lj tmf cppi`cdbf, cd cssuefa ac`iy ut`i`zct`ld t`ef smcii gf usfa. Qmf bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld smcii gf sfifbtfa cbblra`dn tl tmf vciuf lj sfrv`bf i`jf n`vfd `d Qcgif 3 tmct `s dfcrfst tl, gut dlt ifss tmcd, tmf cssuefa sfrv`bf i`jf aftfre`dfa gy tmf prlbfaurf luti`dfa `d tmf prfv`lus pcrcnrcpm. Qcgif 3 ‑ Bicssfs lj ut`i`zct`ld lj efbmcd`ses Bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld
Q3 Q7 Q2 Q1 Q6 Q: Q> Q= Q0
Rfrv`bf i`jf mlurs
1;; =;; 3 :;; 2 7;; : 22;;; 37 ;;;;; 76 ;;;;; 6; ;;; 4 6; ;;;
Wfecros
@rrfnuicr usf
Wfnuicr i`nmt usf Wfnuicr `dtfre`ttfdt usf Wfnuicr `dtfds`vf usf Bldt`dulus `dtfds`vf usf
1.2 Rtctf lj ilca`dn 1.2.3 Qmf stctf lj ilca`dn bmcrcbtfr`zfs tmf fxtfdt tl
wm`bm c efbmcd`se `s sughfbtfa tl `ts ecx`eue ilca`dn cda tl seciifr ilca`dns.
3) @d blursf lj prfpcrct`ld.
© GR@ 37-300=
3
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
1.2.7 ^mfrf aftc`is crf cvc`icgif lj tmf ilca`dn tmct tmc t
tmf efbmcd`se w`ii fxpfr`fdbf, tmf dle`dci ilca spfbtrue jcbtlr, O e, cda blrrfsplda`dn stctf lj ilca`dn smcii gf aftfre`dfa cs jliilws8 ift [ `
Q @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Rtctfs lj ilca`dn
I3 I`nmt
cppi`fa tl tmf efbmcd`se? gf tmf `da`v`auci aurct`lds lj usf lj c efbmcd`se ct tmf `da`v`auci ilca`dn ifvfis [ 3, [ 7, [ 2, ftb., (tmct `s t3, t7, t2, ..., td)? gf tmf tltci aurct`ld lj usf ct cii ilca`dn ifvfis 5 (t3 + t7 + t2, ...., td)?
;.6;
Efbmcd`ses sughfbtfa vfry rcrfiyilca tl tmf`r ecx`eue cda, dlreciiy, tl vfry i`nmt ilcas Efbmcd`ses lbbcs`ldciiy sughfbtfa tl tmf`r ecx`eue ilca gut, dlreciiy, tl rctmfr i`nmt ilcas Efbmcd`ses jrfqufdtiy sughfbtfa tl tmf`r ecx`eue ilca cda, dlreciiy, tl ilcas lj efa`ue ecnd`tuaf Efbmcd`ses rfnuicriy sughfbtfa tl tmf`r ecx`eue ilcas
I7 Elafrctf ;.:2
I2 Mfcvy
;.=;
I1 Zfry mfcvy
3.;;
tmfd tmf spfbtrue jcbtlr, O ‷e, `s n`vfd gy tmf jlreuic O ‷ e
[ 3 2 + ---t 3- ------------ [ 7 2 ... + ----t 7- ------------ [ d 2 t d ------------5 --- Q [ ecx
Q [ ecx
Q [ ecx
Qmf dle`dci ilca spfbtrue jcbtlr cda tmf blrrfsplda`dn stctf lj ilca`dn crf lgtc`dfa jrle Qcgif 7 gy sfifbt`dn tmf vciuf lj O e tmct `s dfcrfst tl, gut dlt ifss tmcd, tmf bcibuictfa vciuf lj, O ‷e. 1.2.2 ^mfd aftc`is lj tmf ilca`dn tl wm`bm tmf efbmcd`se w`ii gf sughfbtfa crf dlt odlwd, cd cpprlpr`ctf dle`dci stctf lj ilca`dn smcii gf sfifbtfa cda tmf afsbr`pt`vf rfecros `d Qcgif 7 usfa tl css`st `d subm bcsfs. DLQF Jlr purplsf-g purplsf-gu`it u`it bbrcdfs, rcdfs, tmf sfifbt`ld sfifbt`ld lj cd cpprlpr cpprlpr`ctf `ctf dle`dci stctf lj ilca`dn jlr fcbm efbmcd`se ecy gf cnrffa gftwffd tmf purbmcsfr cda ecdujcbturfr. 1.1 Aftfre`dct`ld lj nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld.
^mfd tmfaftfre`dfa, bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld cda bicss`j`bct`ld tmf stctf lj ilca`dn mcs gffd tmf nrlup lj c efbmcd`se smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle Qcgif 2. Qmf ecdujcbturfr smcii `d fvfry bcsf spfb`jy tl tmf purbmcsfr, cda bifcriy cda pfrecdfdtiy ecro ld tmf brcdf, tmf nrlup `d wm`bm fcbm efbmcd`se lj c brcdf mcs gffd bicss`j`fa jlr afs`nd purplsfs. Cppfda`x C n`vfs fxcepifs lj nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld rcdnfs jlr tmf efbmcd`ses lj vcr`lus typfs lj brcdf `d pcrt`buicr cppi`bct`lds.
Qcgif 2 ‑ Nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj c efbmcd`se ef bmcd`se Rtctf lj ilca`dn
I3 I7 I2 I1
Bicssfs lj ut`i`zct`ld Q3
Q7
Q2
Q1
Q6
Q:
Q>
Q=
Q0
E2 E2 E2 E2
E2 E2 E2 E1
E2 E2 E1 E6
E2 E1 E6 E:
E1 E6 E: E>
E6 E: E> E=
E: E> E= E=
E> E= E= E=
E= E= E= E=
6 Ilca`dns tl gf blds`afrfa `d tmf afs`nd lj efbmcd`ses 6.3 Nfdfrci. Qmf jliilw`dn ilca`dns smcii gf tcofd `dtl cbbludt wmfd afs`nd`dn c efbmcd`se cda `ts blepldfdts. W3 Ilcas auf tl tmf afca wf`nmt lj tmf efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt. W7 Ilcas auf tl tmf afca wf`nmt lj tmlsf pcrts lj tmf brcdf cbt`dn ld tmf efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt udafr blds`afrct`ld. W2 Ilcas auf tl tmf wf`nmt lj tmf mllo ilca. W1
7
Wfecros
Dle`dci ilca spfbtrue jcbtlr, O O e
gf tmf `da`v`auci ilcaljecnd`tuafs ifvfis) bmcrcbtfr`st`b tmf auty lj (ilca`dn tmf efbmcd`se (tmct `s [ 3, [ 7, [ 2, ..., [ d)?
[ ecx gf tmf ecx`eue ilca`dn t`
Qcgif 7 ‑ Rtctfs lj ilca`dn lj efbmcd`ses
Ilcas auf tl tmf wf`nmt lj tmf mllo ilca cunefdtfa gy tmf `epcbt jcbtlr n`vfd `d 6.2 lj [crt 3830>> lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra.
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
Aydce`b ilca`dns cr`s`dn jrle tmf cbbfifrct`ld lr grco`dn lj tmf elt`ld cda jrle sofw`dn `dtfrcbt`ld gftwffd brcdf cda trcbo. Qmfsf ilcas `dbiuaf tmlsf auf tl tmf `dfrt`c lj tmf efbmcd`se `tsfij, `ts pr`ef
6.2.7 Bcsf 38 dlreci sfrv`bf w`tmlut w`da
elvfr, tmfbldburrfdt csslb`ctfa lpfrct`ld brcdf pcrts, tmf mllogrcofs, ilca, tmf lj ltmfr elt`lds, ftb., cs cppi`bcgif. W: Ilcas cr`s`dn jrle jr`bt`ldci jlrbfs. Z 3 Ilcas auf tl tmf sfrv`bf w`da cbt`dn mlr`zldtciiy `d cdy a`rfbt`ld, wmfrf cppi`bcgif. (Rff 6.> lj [crt 3830>> lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra.) Z 7 Ilcas auf tl tmf lut lj sfrv`bf w`da cbt`dn mlr`zldtciiy `d cdy a`rfbt`ld wmfrf cppi`bcgif. (Rff 6.> lj [crt 3830>> lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra.) G Ilcas auf tl blii`s`ld w`tm rfs`i`fdt gujjfrs.
g) W Mlr`zldtci + W + W +elt`ld8 W + Wtrcvfrsf lr trcvfi
W6
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Ilcas smcii gf qucdt`j`fa gy tmf tm f afs`ndfr mcv`dn rfncra tmffdv`rldefdt pcrt picyfa jlr gy tmf efbmcd`se sfrv`bf tl cda wm`bm tmf brcdf`d `s tmf afs`ndfa. Cppfda`x G n`vfs nu`acdbf ld tmf cssfssefdt lj tlrquf ilca`dn lj brcdf efbmcd`ses. 6.7 Ilca`dn blda`t`lds. Fcbm efbmcd`se lj tmf brcdf smcii gf afs`ndfa tl lpfrctf sct`sjcbtlr`iy udafr tmf elst udjcvlurcgif bleg`dct`ld lj ilca`dns tmct bcd lbbur udafr tmf jliilw`dn blda`t`lds. Bcsf 3 Dlreci sfrv`bf w`tmlut w`da. Bcsf 7 Dlreci sfrv`bf w`tm w`da. @d caa`t`ld tl efft`dn tmf `d-sfrv`bf rfqu`rfefdts udafr bcsfs 3 cda 7, tmf brcdf efbmcd`se smcii, wmfrf cpprlpr`ctf, gf afs`ndfa tl w`tmstcda tmf ilca`dns tl wm`bm tmfy ecy gf sughfbtfa udafr bcsfs 2 cda 1. bcsfs Bcsff 2 Brc Bcs Brcdf df llut ut lljj sf sfrv` rv`bf. bf. Bcsff 1 Fxb Bcs Fxbfpt fpt`ld `ldci ci ilca ilca`dn `dn bld blda`t a`t`ld `ldss cpprlpr`ctf tl tmf typf lj brcdf cda `ts cppi`bct`ld tmct lbbur `djrfqufdtiy aur`dn `ts i`jf (f.n.aur`dn frfbt`ld lj tmf brcdf).
c) Zfrt`bci elt`ld8 ml`st`dn lr ilwfr`dn 3) W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: 7) W3 + W7 + W1 3
7
2
6
:
b) Mlr`zldtci elt`ld8 sifw`dn W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: a) Mlr`zldtci/vfrt`bci elt`ld (sff dltf `d 6.2.6) W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: 6.2.2 Bcsf 78 dlreci sfrv`bf w`tm w`da
c) Zfrt`bci elt`ld8 ml`st`dn lr ilwfr`dn 3) W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: + Z 3 7) W3 + W7 + W1 + Z 3 g) Mlr`zldtci elt`ld8 trcvfrsf lr trcvfi W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: + Z 3 b) Mlr`zldtci elt`ld8 sifw`dn W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: + Z 3 a) Mlr`zldtci/vfrt`bci elt`ld (sff dltf `d 6.2.6) W3 + W7 + W2 + W6 + W: + Z 3 DLQF @d bleput bleput`dn `dn tm tmff cbbf cbbfifr ifrct` ct`ld ld jlrbfs, jlrbfs, W6, `t smluia gf rfefegfrfa tmct tmf cbbfifrct`lds cbm`fvfa bcd gf `djiufdbfa gy tmf prfsfdbf lj w`da jlrbfs. @d pcrt`buicr, c w`da jlrbf tmct lpplsfs c elt`ld bcd s`nd`j`bcdtiy rfaubf tmf cbbfifrct`ld, w`tm bldsfqufdt rfaubt`ld lj tmf cbbfifrct`ld jlrbf. 6.2.1 Bcsf 28 brcdf lut lj sfrv`bf
c) Zfrt`bci elt`ld8 ml`st`dn lr ilwfr`dn Dlt cppi`bcgif g) Mlr`zldtci elt`ld8 trcvfrsf lr trcvfi W3 + W7 + Z 7 b) Mlr`zldtci elt`ld8 sifw`dn W3 + W7 + Z 7
a) Mlr`zldtci/vfrt`bci elt`ld (sff dltf `d 6.2.6) W3 + W7 + Z 7 6.2.6 Bcsf 18 fxbfpt`ldci ilca`dn blda`t`lds. Qmf bleg`dct`lds lj ilcas tl gf blds`afrfa jlr tm`s bcsf lj ilca`dn w`ii afpfda upld tmf typf lj brcdf, tmf cppi`bct`ld cda tmf brcdf elt`ld. Cbbludt smcii gf tcofd lj cdy ilca`dn blda`t`lds tmct crf odlwd tl 6.2 Ilca bleg`dct`lds cppiy gut wm`bm crf dlt blvfrfa udafr tmf tm f ltmfr 6.2.3 Nfdfrci. @d aftfre`d`dn tmf ilca`dn usfa cs tmrff bcsfs lj ilca`dn. tmf gcs`s jlr afs`nd udafr fcbm lj tmf ilca`dn blda`t`lds n`vfd `d 6.7, tmf vciuf tcofd smcii gf tmct C spfb`j`b bcsf `s gujjfr ilca G, wm`bm `s blvfrfa rfsuit`dn jrle tmf elst udjcvlurcgif bleg`dct`ld gy 6.: lj [crt 3830>> lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra. Aur`dn frfbt`ld lr a`secdti`dn lpfrct`lds `t smluia sm luia lj tmf ilcas spfb`j`fa `d tm`s bicusf tmct bluia gf dltfa tmct, udifss tmf t mf lpfrct`ld bcd gf blepiftfa cbtuciiy lbbur `d prcbt`bf. aur`dn c pfr`la wmfd tmf w`da alfs dlt fxbffa Z DLQF @t smluia sm gf gf dltfa tmctljtm`s dl dltt dfbfsscr`i dfbf sscr`iy y fcbm lj blda`t`lds, tmf pcrts gf`dn frfbtfa lr a`secdtifa 3 blrrfsplda tlluia tmf bleg`dct`ld tmf w`ii ecx`eue vciufs lj tmf `da`v`auci ilcas. smluia gf sl sfburfa tmct tmfy w`ii w`tmstcda c w`da lj Z 7 blda`t`lds. © GR@ 37-300=
2
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
DLQF Bleg`dfa Bleg`dfa mlr`zldtc mlr`zldtci/vfrt i/vfrt`bci `bci elt`ld elt`ld lbburs aur`dn tmf jliilw`dn lpfrct`dn blda`t`lds8 c) iujj`dn w`tm c dld-ifvfi iujj`dn brcdf lr tfifsblp`dn? g) trcvfi lr trcvfrsf ld cd `dbi`dfa picdf? b) sifw ld cd `dbi`dfa picdf.
: Zfr`j`bct`ld lj blepldfdts Dld-prlpr`ftcry efbmcd`se blepldfdts smcii gf prlplrt`ldfa gy bmfbo`dn tmct tmfy mcvf cafquctf scjfty cnc`dst gfble`dn udsfrv`bfcgif cs c rfsuit lj c s`dnif bleg`dct`ld lj ilcas bcus`dn jrcbturf, gfda`dn, lr ltmfr typf lj jc`iurf. Qmfy smcii cisl, wmfd cpprlpr`ctf, gf bmfbofa cnc`dst jct`nuf. Auf Au f rfncra smcii cisl gf tcofd lj ltmfr jcbtlrs, subm cs afjifbt`ld lr lvfrmfct`dn, wm`bm bluia `dtfrjfrf w`tm tmf blrrfbt judbt`ld`dn lj tmf efbmcd`se. @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
DLQF @d bcsfs bcsfs wmfrf wmfrf tmfrf tmfrf `s ccafquc afquctf tf sfrv`bf sfrv`bf fxpfr`fd fxpfr`fdbf bf lj s`e`icr lr blepcrcgif blepldfdts udafr odlwd auty blda`t`lds, tmf bmfbos ecy gf bldj`dfa tl blepcr`slds lr fxtrcplict`lds ld c su`tcgif gcs`s.
@d nfdfrci, blepldfdts smcii gf rfqu`rfa dlt tl jc`i udafr fxtrfef ilca`dn blda`t`lds tmct crf i`ofiy tl
@d Qcgif 18 V s `s tmf uit`ectf tfds`if strfdntm lj tmf ectfr`ci. N `s c efbmcd`se auty jcbtlr tcofd jrle Qcgif 6 cbblra`dn tl tmf nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf efbmcd`se (sff bicusf 2). @t tcofs cbbludt lj tmf nrfctfr plss`g`i`ty `d m`nm spffa efbmcd`ses, cda tmlsf `d `dtfds`vfiy usfa brcdfs mcdai`dn ilcas dfcr tmf`r ecx`eue bcpcb`ty, tmct bleg`dfa strfssfs nrfctfr tmcd tmlsf afr`vfa jrle bcibuict`ld w`ii lbbur. >.3.2 Bcibuictfa strfssfs. ^mfrf c blepldfdt `s
sughfbtfa tl cx`ci tfds`if, cx`ci bleprfss`vf, gfda`dn lr smfcr strfss, J b smcii gf bcibuictfa `d tmf dlreci ecddfr. ^mfrf c blepldfdt `s sughfbtfa tl c bleg`dct`ld lj bl-fx`stfdt strfssfs, J b `s tmf bleg`dfa strfss wm`bm smcii gf bcibuictfa cs jliilws8 Bleg`dfa gfda`dn cda tfds`ld
lbbur lbbcs`ldciiy sfrv`bf. tm`s blddfbt`ld, blds`afrct`ld smciiaur`dn gf n`vfd tl tmf@dbldsfqufdbfs lj jc`iurf. Jlr fxcepif, jc`iurf `d c ml`st`dn efbmcd`se blepldfdt `s usuciiy c elrf acdnfrlus lbburrfdbf tmcd jc`iurf lj c mlr`zldtci elt`ld efbmcd`se. Blepldfdts smcii cisl gf afs`ndfa lr sfifbtfa tl n`vf cd fbldle`b i`jf `d tfres lj aurcg`i`ty tmct bcd gf cjjfbtfa gy jct`nuf, gy wfcr, gy tfepfrcturf cda gy v`grct`ld. ^mfd blds`afr`dn aurcg`i`ty, tmf ilca`dn bleg`dct`lds cpprlpr`ctf tl dlreci lpfrct`dn blda`t`lds smcii gf blds`afrfa.
J b 5 3.76 j t + j gt gt Bleg`dfa gfda`dn cda bleprfss`ld
> ^lro`dn strfssfs
wmfrf
>.3 Bmfbo`dn jlr strfdntm >.3.3 Nfdfrci. Efbmcd`se blepldfdts smcii gf
bmfbofa jlr strfdntm udafr bcsf 3, 7, 2 cda 1 ilca`dn blda`t`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.7 cda tmf ilca bleg`dct`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.2. Qmf bcibuictfa strfss, J b, aftfre`dfa `d cbblracdbf w`tm >.3.2, smcii dlt fxbffa tmf pfre`ss`gif strfss, [ b, afj`dfa `d >.3.7. >.3.7 [fre`ss`gif >.3.7 [fre`ss`gif strfssfs. Qmf pfre`ss`gif strfss, [ b, `s lgtc`dfa jrle Qcgif 1 cbblra`dn tl tmf typf lj strfss cda bcsf lj ilca`dn udafr blds`afrct`ld.
J b 5 j b + j gb Bleg`dfa gfda`dn, tfds`ld cda smfcr J b
5
( 3.76 j t + j gt ) 7 + 2 j q7
Bleg`dfa gfda`dn, bleprfss`ld cda smfcr J b
5
( j b + j gb ) 7 + 2 j q7
`s tmf bcibuictfa cx`ci tfds`if strfss `s tmf bcibuictfa cx`ci bleprfss`vf strfss j gt `s tmf bcibuictfa ecx`eue tfds`if strfss auf tl gfda`dn cglut gltm pr`db`pci cxfs j gb `s tmf bcibuictfa ecx`eue bleprfss`vf strfss auf tl gfda`dn cglut gltm pr`db`pci cxfs j q `s tmf bcibuictfa smfcr strfss.
j t j b
>.7 Bmfbo`dn jlr jct`nuf >.7.3 Nfdfrci. ^mfrf `t `s dfbfsscry
tl bmfbo c blepldfdt jlr jct`nuf, usf smcii gf ecaf lj rfblnd`zfa tfbmd`qufs cvc`icgif jlr bcibuict`ld cda blepcr`sld lj jct`nuf prlpfrt`fs. DLQF 3 Qmf nfdfrci nfdfrci eftmla luti`d luti`dfa fa `d tm`s bbicusf icusf alfs d dlt lt purplrt tl gf tmf ldiy eftmla, cda elrf cbburctf prfa`bt`lds lj jct`nuf i`jf bcd gf cttc`dfa gy us`dn ltmfr cpprlpr`ctf eftmlas `d pcrt`buicr b`rbuestcdbfs. DLQF 7 Qmf sfifbt`ld sfifbt`ld prlbfaurfs prlbfaurfs spfb`j` spfb`j`fa fa `d tm`s tm`s st stcdacr cdacraa ecof ciilwcdbf jlr jct`nuf `d tmf bcsf lj rlpfs cda nfcrs. @d nfdfrci, s`e`icr ciilwcdbfs crf `dbiuafa `d tmf prlbfaurfs n`vfd gy ecdujcbturfrs jlr tmf sfifbt`ld lj prlpr`ftcry cdt`-jr`bt`ld gfcr`dns.
1
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
Qcgif 1 ‑ [fre`ss`gif strfss, strfss, [ [ b, jlr efbmcd`se blepldfdts Qypf lj strfss Bcsf lj ilca`dn (sff 6.3 cda 6.7) 3
7
Cx`ci tfds`ld
;.7=6 Þ N Þ V s
;.277 Þ N Þ V s
;.1; Þ V s
Cx`ci bleprfss`ld Gfda`dn Rmfcr Bleg`dfa strfssfs
;.2: Þ N Þ V s ;.2: Þ N Þ V s ;.7; Þ N Þ V s ;.2: Þ N Þ V s
;.1; Þ N Þ V s ;.1; Þ N Þ V s ;.77: Þ N Þ V s ;.1; Þ N Þ V s
;.6; Þ V s ;.6; Þ V s ;.7== Þ V s ;.6; Þ V s
wmfrf
Qcgif 6 ‑ Efbmcd`se auty jcbtlr, N Nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj efbmcd`se E2
3.;
N @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
2 cda 1
E1
3.;
E6
;.0
E:
;.=
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;.>
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;.:2
>.7.7 Ilca`dn blda`t`lds. Bcsf 3 ilca`dn blda`t`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.7 smcii gf usfa cs tmf gcs`s jlr cii jct`nuf bmfbos. >.7.2 Aftfre`dct`ld >.7.2 Aftfre`dct`ld lj cppi`fa strfssfs cda duegfrs lj strfss bybifs. Qmf jliilw`dn bmcrcbtfr`st`bs smcii
gf aftfre`dfa jlr fcbm typf lj jiubtuct`dn strfss (f.n. tfds`ld, gfda`dn lr smfcr) lbburr`dn aur`dn cd cpprlpr`ctf strfss bybif `d tmf blepldfdt aftc`i mcv`dn rfncra tl tmf ilca`dn tmct `t w`ii fxpfr`fdbf. j ecx, j e`d Qmf fxtrfef vciufs lj strfss lbburr`dn `d tmf strfss bybif, wmfrf j ecx `s tmf strfss lj nrfctfr ecnd`tuaf cda j e`d `s blds`afrfa cs dfnct`vf `j `t `s lj lppls`tf sfdsf tl j ecx j e`d ----------- j ecx
Qmf ecx`eue afnrff lj strfss jiubtuct`ld.
Qmf tltci duegfr lj strfss bybifs aur`dn tmf sfrv`bf i`jf lj tmf blepldfdt. >.7.1 @da`v`auci strfssfs. ^mfrf c blepldfdt aftc`i `s sughfbt tl c s`dnif typf lj jiubtuct`dn strfss, j ecx smcii dlt fxbffa [ j , tmf pfre`ss`gif jct`nuf strfss aftfre`dfa cs cs `d >.7.:. >.7.6 Bleg`dfa strfssfs. Qmf strfss bleg`dct`ld lbburr`dn elst jrfqufdtiy `d prcbt`bf `d c blepldfdt aftc`i udafr bcsf 3 ilca`dn blda`t`lds `s tmct lj gfda`dn cda tlrs`ld cda c aftc`i sughfbtfa tl tm`s bleg`dct`ld smcii gf sl afs`ndfa tmct d
j g ecx 7 j q ecx 7 ------------------ + ------------------ 9 3; [ [ j,q j,g
© GR@ 37-300=
j g ecx
`s tmf ecx`eue bcibuictfa gfda`dn strfss
j q ecx
`s tmf ecx`eue bcibuictfa smfcr strfss `s tmf pfre`ss`gif jct`nuf strfss `d gfda`dn `s tmf pfre`ss`gif jct`nuf strfss `d smfcr
[ j,g [ j,q
Qmf pfre`ss`gif jct`nuf strfssfs, [ j,g cda [ j,q, smcii gf aftfre`dfa cs jct`nuf `d >.7.:strfss. . >.7.: >.7.: [fre`ss`gif [fre`ss`gif Qmf pfre`ss`gif jct`nuf strfss, [ j , jlr fcbm typf lj strfss (f.n. tfds`l tfds`ld, d, gfda`dn lr smfc smfcr) r) `s n`vfd gy8 [ j 5 ;.=; [ j,r jlr ml`st`dn efbmcd`ses 5 ;.=6 [ j,r jlr cii ltmfr efbmcd`ses wmfrf [ j,r, tmf jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss, `s tmct ct wm`bm c blepldfdt blepldfdt aftc`i mcs c 0; % prlgcg` prlgcg`i`ty i`ty lj surv`vci. @t smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle tfst actc, sfrv`bf fxpfr`fdbf, lr gy bcibuict`ld. Jlr cdy blepldfdt, tmf ecnd`tuaf lj tmf jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss afpfdas upld8 c) tmf cppi`fa ilca`dns 3) tmf duegfr lj strfss bybifs, d? 7) tmf typf lj strfss bybifs (`.f. afnrff lj strfss jiubtuct`ld bmcrcbtfr`zfa gy tmf rct`l lj j e`d/j ecx)? g) tmf bmcrcbtfr`st`bs lj tmf blepldfdt 2) tmf quci`ty lj tmf ectfr`ci? 1) tmf s`zf lj tmf blepldfdt? 6) tmf surjcbf j`d`sm lj tmf blepldfdt? :) tmf bldj`nurct`ld lj tmf `da`v`auci aftc`i udafr blds`afrct`ld. Cppfda`x B n`vfs c eftmla lj bcibuict`dn tmf jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss wm`bm tcofs cbbludt lj jcbtlrs 3) tl :) cglvf, cda `dbiuafs cd ciilwcdbf n`v`dnn c 0; % prlgcg`i n`v`d prlgcg`i`ty `ty lj surv`v surv`vci. ci.
6
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
=.2.3.7 Rfifbt`ld prlbfaurf = Rfifbt`ld lj blepldfdts =.2.3.7.3 Ecx`eue ilca bcpcb`ty. C bmfbo smcii gf =.3 Nfdfrci. @d bcsfs wmfrf tmfrf `s cafquctf ecaf `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf gfcr`dn sfrv`bf fxpfr`fdbf lj s`e`icr lr blepcrcgif ecdujcbturfr‐s rfbleefdact`lds tl fdsurf tmct tmf blepldfdts udafr odlwd auty blda`t`lds, tmf gfcr`dn `s bcpcgif lj w`tmstcda`dn tmf nrfctfst bmfbos smcii gf bldj`dfa tl blepcr`slds lr fxtrcplict`lds ld c su`tcgif gcs`s. stct`b cda/lr aydce`b ilca `tbcsfs bcd 3, gf7,sughfbtfa tltmf udafr wm`bmfvfr lj ilca`dn 2 cda 1 `s =.7 Rmcjts. Qmf ectfr`ci jlr smcjts smcii gf sfifbtfa elst udjcvlurcgif. jrle stffis mcv`dn su`tcgif pmys`bci prlpfrt`fs jlr =.2.3.7.7 Qmflrft`bci i`jf. Qmf rct`dn lj cdt`-jr`bt`ld tmf auty rfqu`rfa. Ru`tcgif stffis crf spfb`j`fa gfcr`dns smcii gf `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf gfcr`dn `d GR 0>;. ecdujcbturfr‐s rfbleefdact`lds jlr tmf pcrt`buicr ^mfrf ltmfr stffis crf usfa, tmf brcdf brcdf auty. ecdujcbturfr smcii smlw tmct tmf prlpfrt`fs crf blepcrcgif w`tm tmf stcdacra stffis cda tmct tmfy Cdt`-jr`bt`ld gfcr`dns smcii gf sfifbtfa tl n`vf cd I3; i`jf `d cbblracdbf w`tm GR 6637-3 blepct`gif mcvf gffd sughfbtfa tl fqu`vcifdt tfsts. w`tm tmf sfrv`bf i`jf lj tmf efbmcd`se. GR 3321 afcis w`tm cssfssefdt lj surjcbf tfxturf cda n`vfs nu`acdbf ld tmf surjcbf j`d`smfs rfsuit`dn ^mfrf tmf gfcr`dn ecdujcbturfr‐s sfifbt`ld prlbfaurf `dbiuafs c eftmla lj aftfre`d`dn cd jrle vcr`lus eftmlas lj prlaubt`ld. Ru`tcgif fqu`vcifdt ilca jlr c spfbtrue lj ilca`dn cda tm`s surjcbf rlunmdfss vciufs jlr strfssfa plrt`lds lj smcjts smcii gf sfifbtfa mcv`dn rfncra tl s`zf, strfss a`jjfrs jrle tmf eftmla afsbr`gfa `d bicusf 1, tmf gfcr`dn ecdujcbturfr‐s eftmla smcii gf jliilwfa. ifvfis, sfvfr`ty lj strfss rc`s`dn jfcturfs cda tmf
dffas lj gfcr`dns, sfcis, ftb. Rtrfssfs smcii>.dlt, mlwfvfr, fxbffa tmlsf spfb`j`fa `d bicusf @d caa`t`ld, cafquctf ciilwcdbfs smcii gf ecaf jlr tmf fjjfbt`vf ilssfs `d sfbt`ld auf tl ofywcys, spi`dfs, ftb. @d caa`t`ld, tmf rfqu`rfefdts jlr st`jjdfss (ictfrci cda tlrs`ldci), jct`nuf, `djiufdbf lj gfcr`dns, j`ts lj blepldfdts, ftb. smcii gf tcofd `dtl cbbludt wmfd aftfre`d`dn smcjt s`zfs. Icrnf bmcdnfs `d sfbt`ld smcii gf cvl`afa wmfrfvfr plss`gif. ^mfrf subm bmcdnfs `d sfbt`ld crf udcvl`acgif, c blepldfdt ecdujcbturfa jrle c purplsf-ecaf jlrn`dn `s prfjfrcgif tl ldf ecbm`dfa jrle gcr. =.2 Gfcr`dns. Gfcr`dn pfafstcis cda eludt`dns smcii gf bcpcgif lj trcdse`tt`dn tmf ilca jrle tmf gfcr`dn tl tmf supplrt`dn strubturf, su`tcgif prlv`s`ld gf`dn ecaf jlr bcsfs wmfrf tmf rfsuitcdt ilca `s dlt cbt`dn cs c bleprfss`ld ilca ld c gfapictf. DLQF Gfbcusf Gfbcusf brcdf brcdf efbmcd`s efbmcd`ses es crf crf eludtfa eludtfa ld strubtu strubturfs rfs tmct crf jifx`gif tl c nrfctfr lr ifssfr fxtfdt, pcrt`buicr bcrf `s dffafa `d sfifbt`dn gfcr`dns lj cd cpprlpr`ctf typf jlr fcbm cppi`bct`ld. =.2.3 Cdt`-jr`bt`ld =.2.3 Cdt`-jr`bt`ld gfcr`dns gfcr`dns =.2.3.3 Nfdfrci. Cdt`-jr`bt`ld gfcr`dns smcii gf `dstciifa cda j`ttfa `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf ecdujcbturfr‐s prlbfaurfs, `dbiua`dn cafquctf prlv`s`ld jlr tmf`r iugr`bct`ld. Crrcdnfefdts jlr cx`ci ilbct`ld smcii gf `d cbblracdbf w`tm blrrfbt prcbt`bf sl tmct udjlrfsffd caa`t`ldci gfcr`dn ilcas crf dlt `dtrlaubfa. Cafquctf prlv`s`ld smcii gf ecaf jlr cx`ci ilca`dn ld tmf gfcr`dns lj rc`i wmffis, puiifys, arues, ftb.
:
=.2.7 Rifw`dn r`dns. Cttfdt`ld smcii gf n`vfd tl tmf eftmla lj eludt`dn cda tmf glit`dn rfqu`rfefdts jlr wm`bm tmf ecdujcbturfr‐s rfbleefdact`lds smcii gf tcofd `dtl cbbludt. Afs`nd cda sfifbt`ld smcii mcvf rfncra tl tmf pltfdt`ciiy sfr`lus bldsfqufdbfs lj jc`iurf.
DLQF @d tmf bcsf bcsf lj prlp prlpr`ftc r`ftcry ry sifw` sifw`dn dn r`dns, r`dns, `t `s pcrt`bui pcrt`buicriy criy `eplrtcdt tmct tmf ecdujcbturfr `s bldsuitfa cda n`vfd juii aftc`is lj tmf ilcas cda auty `dvlivfa. =.2.2 [ic`d =.2.2 [ic`d gfcr`dns. Qmf sfifbt`ld, j`tt`dn cda
iugr`bct`ld lj pic`d gfcr`dns smcii gf `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf gfcr`dn ecdujcbturfr‐s prlbfaurfs. Qmf prfssurf cda rugg`dn vfilb`ty smcii gf `d cbblracdbf w`tm rfbleefdafa prcbt`bf cda sfrv`bf fxpfr`fdbf jlr tmf ectfr`ci `dvlivfa, mcv`dn rfncra tl tmf dcturf lj tmf ilcas cda lpfrct`dn blda`t`lds. =.1 Nfcr`dn =.1.3 Nfdfrci. Qmf elst rfi`cgif gcs`s jlr
plrplrt`ld`dn nfcr`dn lj c brcdf elt`ld `s sfrv`bf fxpfr`fdbf udafr blda`t`lds blrrfsplda`dn tl tmf bicss`j`bct`ld pcrceftfrs `dvlivfa. Nfcr bcibuict`lds smcii, wmfrf cpprlpr`ctf, gf `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf jliilw`dn Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras8 GR 12:, GR 616 cda GR >73. Mlwfvfr, brcdf nfcr`dn bcd gf afs`ndfa lr sfifbtfa ld tmf gcs`s lj ltmfr rfblnd`zfa stcdacras lr blafs wm`bm mcvf gffd prlvfa sct`sjcbtlry `d brcdf sfrv`bf. @d cii bcsfs tmf afs`nd pcrceftfrs jlr nfcr i`jf cda ilca`dn smcii gf cs stctfa `d =.1.7 cda =.1.2. =.1.7 Rfrv`bf i`jf. Qmf nfcr`dn smcii gf afs`ndfa jlr c sfrv`bf i`jf blepct`gif w`tm tmf sfrv`bf i`jf lj tmf efbmcd`se lj wm`bm tmf nfcr`dn jlres c pcrt.
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
=.1.2 Afs`nd =.1.2 Afs`nd ilca`dn. Qmf afs`nd ilca`dn usfa jlr
Qm`s bicusf, wm`bm `s gcsfa ld @RL 12;= 7), `dtrlaubfs c nfdfrci`zfa eftmla lj rlpf sfifbt`ld blvfr`dn cii typfs lj brcdfs cda tmf`r efbmcd`ses jlr c w`af rcdnf lj aut`fs. @d tmf prfsfdt stctf lj fxpfr`fdbf, vciufs lj X p gfilw 1.6 smcii dlt gf usfa
Qmf fqu`vcifdt`safs`nd ilcaf`tmfr afr`vfa jrle bcsf 3 ilca bleg`dct`lds lgtc`dfa gy euit`piy`dn tmf ecx`eue ilca`dn cr`s`dn `d c bybif lj lpfrct`ld gy tmf spfbtrue jcbtlr n`vfd `d bicusf 1 lr gy us`dn tmf eftmlas spfb`j`fa `d tmf `da`v`auci nfcr stcdacra lr blaf tl cssfss tmf ud`jlre ilca fqu`vcifdt lj tmf lpfrct`dn bybif. ^mfrf tmf `da`v`auci afs`nd stcdacra lr blaf rfqu`rfs tmf stct`b strfdntm lj tmf nfcr`dn tl gf bmfbofa `d caa`t`ld tl tmf strfdntm aur`dn tmf lpfrct`ldci bybif, bcsf 2 ilca`dn blda`t`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.7 smcii gf usfa `d cssfss`dn tmf m`nmfst ilca tmct bcd gf afvfilpfa `d tmf elt`ld. ^mfd sfifbt`dn c prlpr`ftcry nfcr ud`t, tmf bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld cda stctf lj ilca`dn smcii gf usfa `d fstcgi`sm`dn tmf sfrv`bf jcbtlr tl gf cppi`fa tl tmf afs`nd rct`dn lj tmf nfcr ud`t. Qmf usf lj GR 12: rfqu`r rfqu`rfs fs c aftfre`dc aftfre`dct`ld t`ld lj tmf lpfrct`dn mlurs pfr acy jlr c pcrt`buicr brcdf elt`ld. Cppfda`x A i`sts tmf mlurs pfr acy wm`bm smcii gf usfa jlr afs`nd purplsfs jlr fcbm bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld.
jlr rudd`dn rlpf``ss arcw sfifbt`ld. DLQF Cttfd Cttfdt`ld t`ld arcwd d tl tmf fx fx`stfdbf `stfdbf `d tm tmff VO ccda da
nfcr`dn bcibuict`lds smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle tmf bcsf 3 ilca bleg`dct`lds `d bicusf 6, mcv`dn rfncra tl tmf pr`ef elvfr, grcof cda trcdse`ss`ld bmcrcbtfr`st`bs jlr tmf spfb`j`b bcsf.
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
=.6 Wlpfs cda rlpf rffv`dn blepldfdts.
Qm`s bicusf afj`dfs tmf e`d`eue rfqu`rfefdts nlvfrd`dn tmf sfifbt`ld lj rlpfs. @t cppi`fs tl rlpfs blepiy`dn blepi y`dn w`tm tmf rfqu` rfqu`rfefdt rfefdtss lj @RL 71;=? `t alfs dlt fxbiuaf, mlwfvfr, rlpfs tmct crf dlt spfb`j`fa spfb` j`fa `d @RL 71;=. Cttfdt Cttfdt`ld `ld `s arcwd tl tmf dffa jlr tmlrlunm bldsuitct`ld gftwffd rlpf ecdujcbturfr cda brcdf ecdujcbturfr. Qmf sfifbt`ld prlbfaurf calptfa cssuefs tmct tmf rlpfs crf iugr`bctfa blrrfbtiy, tmct tmf w`da`dn a`ceftfrs ld tmf puiifys cda tmf arues crf sfifbtfa `d cbblracdbf w`tm =.6.2 cda tmct, wmfd `d sfrv`bf, tmf rlpfs crf prlpfriy ec`dtc`dfa, `dspfbtfa cda pfr`la`bciiy rfpicbfa ``d d bldjlre`ty w`tm @RL 12;0.7) Qmf sfifbt`ld lj rlpf a`ceftfr (cda w`da`dn a`ceftfr) smcii gf rfictfa tl tmf nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf efbmcd`se tmct w`das tmf rlpf. ^mfd c ml`st`dn cppi`cdbf `s tl gf usfa jlr acdnfrlus mcdai`dn lpfrct`lds (f.n. elitfd ectfr`cis, m`nmiy rca`lcbt`vf lr blrrls`vf prlaubts, ftb.) tmf bml`bf lj rlpfs cda w`da`dn a`ceftfrs smcii gf gcsfa ld tmf efbmcd`se nrlup dfxt cglvf tmct lj tmf efbmcd`se bldbfrdfa, cda ldiy nrlups E6 tl E= `dbius`vf smcii gf usfa. Jlr c efbmcd`se tmct `s
fisfwmfrf lj rfnuict`lds bldbfrd`dn jcbtlrs lj scjfty jlr brcdf rlpfs wm`bm ecy lvfrr`af tmf rfqu`rfefdts lj tm`s stcdacra. =.6.3.3 Ecx`eue tfds`if jlrbf R `d tmf ml`st rlpf
(nrcg rlpfs fxbfptfa). Qm`s smcii gf lgtc`dfa gy tco`dn cbbludt lj tmf jliilw`dn jcbtlrs8 tmf rctfa wlro`dn ilca lj tmf cppi`cdbf? wf`nmt lj tmf mllo, puiify gilbo cda tmf ml`st cbbfsslr`fs, tmf afca wf`nmts lj wm`bm crf tl gf caafa tl tmf ilca? tmf rlpf rffv`dn systfe fepilyfa? tmf fjj`b`fdby lj tmf rlpf rffv`dn systfe? rlpf `dbi`dct`ld ct tmf uppfr fxtrfef pls`t`ld lj tmf mllo `j tmf rlpf `dbi`dct`ld w`tm rfspfbt tl tmf ml`st cx`s fxbffas 77µ» R, `d rlpfs ltmfr tmcd =.6.3.7 Ecx`eue tfds`if jlrbf, ml`st rlpfs. Qmf aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf ecx`eue tfds`if jlrbf, R , `d tmf vcr`lus rlpfs wm`bm al dlt
fxbius`vfiy sfrvf `d tmf vfrt`bci ml`st`dn lj tmf ilca smcii gf gcsfa ld tmf ilcas aftfre`dfa jrle tmf ilca`dn blda`t`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.7 tlnftmfr w`tm tmf ilca bleg`dct`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.2 wm`bm bcd cbtuciiy lbbur `d dlreci lpfrct`ld lj tmf cppi`cdbf. Jlr rlpfs fxfrt`dn jlrbfs `d a`rfbt`lds dfcr tmf mlr`zldtci, cbbludt smcii gf tcofd lj rlii`dn rfs`stcdbf, jr`bt`ld lj cxifs cda puiifys cda ecx`eue `dbi`dct`ld lj tmf supplrt cildn wm`bm c ilca `s elvfa. Cdy prf-ilca`dn crrcdnfefdts smcii cisl gf blds`afrfa.
bicss`j`faa`ceftfrs w`da`dn `d nrlup E=, smciitmf gfbml`bf gcsfa lj ldrlpfs nrlupcda E=. 7) @d blursf lj prfpcrct`ld.
© GR@ 37-300=
>
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
=.6.3.2 Ecx`eue tfds`if jlrbf, R, `d nrcg rlpfs (mlia`dn cda bils`dn rlpfs). @d tmf bcsf lj cppi`cdbfs
w`tm nrcgs, wmfrf tmf wf`nmt lj tmf ilca `s dlt ciwcys fquciiy a`str`gutfa gftwffd tmf bils`dn rlpfs cda tmf mlia`dn rlpfs aur`dn tmf wmlif lj tmf
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p
bybif, tmf vciuf lj R tl gf cppi`fa smcii gf aftfre`dfa cs jliilws. c) @j tmf ml`st systfe usfa cutlect`bciiy fdsurfs cd fquci a`v`s`ld lj tmf ml`stfa ilca gftwffd tmf bils`dn cda mlia`dn rlpfs, cda cdy a`jjfrfdbf gftwffd tmf ilcas bcrr`fa gy tmf rlpfs `s i`e`tfa tl c smlrt pfr`la ct tmf fda lj tmf bils`dn lr tmf gfn`dd`dn lj tmf lpfd`dn, R smcii smcii gf aftfre`dfa cs jliilws8 3) bils`dn rlpfs8 R 5 5 :: % lj tmf wf`nm wf`nmtt lj tmf ilcafa nrcg, a`v`afa gy tmf duegfr lj bils`dn rlpfs. 7) mlia`dn rlpfs8 R 5 5 :: % lljj tmf tmf wf wf`n `nmt mt lj tm tmff ilcafa nrcg, a`v`afa gy tmf duegfr lj mlia`dn rlpfs.
^mfrf J l `s tmf e`d`eue rfqu`rfa grfco`dn ilca (`d (`d oD oD)? )? R `s tmf ecx`eue rlpf tfds`ld (`d oD) cs afj`dfa `d =.6.3? X p `s tmf e`d`eue prcbt`bci blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld cs afj`dfa `d Qcgif : jlr tmf cpprlpr`ctf bicss lj efbmcd`se. Qcgif : ‑ E`d`eue blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld, X p Nrlup lj efbmcd`se
E2 E1 E6 E: E> E=
Zciuf lj X p Wudd`dn rlpfs
2.66g 1.;g 1.6 6.: >.3 0.;
c
Rtct`b rlpfs
2g 2.6g 1 1.6 6 6
c Jlr c stct`b rlpf tmf e`d`eue blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld, X , `s g) @j tmf systfe usfa alfs dlt cutlect`bciiy p aftfre`dfa gy tmf nrlup lj tmf efbmcd`se w`tm wm`bm `t `s fdsurf cd fquci a`v`s`ld lj ilca gftwffd tmf csslb`ctfa. ^mfrf c stct`b rlpf `s dlt bifcriy csslb`ctfa w`tm c bils`dn rlpfs cda tmf mlia`dn rlpfs aur`dn tmf pcrt`buicr efbmcd`se, tmf e`d`eue blfjj`b`fdt lj ml`st`dn elt`ld, cda `d prcbt`bf cielst cii tmf ut`i`zct`ld, X p, smcii gf tcofd cs tmct blrrfsplda`dn tl tmf ml`st ilca `s cppi`fa tl tmf bils`dn rlpfs, R smcii smcii gf efbmcd`se lj tmf cppi`cdbf. g Rff =.6. aftfre`dfa cs jliilws8 3) bils`dn rlpfs8 R 5 5 tlt tltci ci wf wf`n `nmt mt lljj tmf tmf ilc ilcaf afaa =.6.2 =.6.2 [uiifys [uiifys cda arues arues nrcg a`v`afa gy tmf duegfr lj bils`dn rlpfs. =.6.2.3 E`d`eue w`da`dn a`ceftfr. Qmf e`d`eue w`da`dn a`ceftfr lj tmf rlpf smcii gf aftfre`dfa gy 7) mlia`dn rlpfs8 R 5 5 :: % lljj tmf tmf tl tltci tci wf wf`n `nmt mt bmfbo`dn blepi`cdbf w`tm tmf rfict`ldsm`p8 lj tmf ilcafa nrcg A 4 M.a a`v`afa gy tmf duegfr lj ^mfrf mlia`dn rlpfs.
=.6.7 Rfifbt`ld prlbfaurf =.6.7.3 Nfdfrci. Qmf sfifbt`ld prlbfaurf n`vfd `d =.6.7.7 cda =.6.7.2 `s `d cbblracdbf w`tm @R @RL L 12 12;= ;=2) cda w`tm tmf eftmla wm`bm mcs gffd
usfa `d tmf Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras rfict`dn tl pcrt`buicr typfs lj brcdf. =.6.7.7 E`d`eue blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld, X p. Qcgif : n`vfs tmf e`d`eue blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld, X p, jlr fcbm efbmcd`se nrlup. =.6.7.2 Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf grfco`dn ilca lj tmf =.6.7.2 Aftfre`dct`ld rlpf. Qmf e`d`eue grfco`dn ilca lj c rlpf `dtfdafa
jlr c pcrt`buicr auty smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle8 J l 5 R .X p
l b a f 2) @d blursf lj prfpcrct`ld. s d f b ` I
=
A
M a
`s tmf e`d`eue w`da`dn a`ceftfr (`d ee) ld puiifys, arues lr blepfdsct`dn puiifys efcsurfa ct tmf rlpf bfdtrfs? `s c blfjj`b`fdt afpfda`dn upld tmf nrlup lj tmf efbmcd`se? `s tmf dle`dci a`ceftfr lj tmf rlpf (`d ee) wm`bm w`ii cbm`fvf tmf e`d`eue grfco`dn ilca fstcgi`smfa `d =.6.7.2.
Qmf e`d`eue vciufs lj tmf blfjj`b`fdt, M , cbblra`dn tl tmf nrlup `d wm`bm tmf efbmcd`se `s bicss`j`fa crf n`vfd `d Qcgif > jlr arues, puiifys cda blepfdsct`dn puiifys.
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
Qcgif > ‑ Zciufs lj M lj M jlr jlr rlpf rffv`dn blepldfdts Nrlup lj efbmcd`se
Arues
E2 E1 E6 E: E> E=
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
31 3: 3= 7; 77.1 76
[uiifys
3: 3= 7; 77.1 76 7=
Blepfdsct`dn puiifys
37.6 31 31 3: 3: 3=
=.6.2.7 Afr`vct`ld =.6.2.7 Afr`vct`ld lj tmf tmflrft`bci rlpf a`ceftfr. @d tmf prlbfss lj sfifbt`dn c rlpf tmf s`tuct`ld bcd cr`sf wmfrf tmf e`d`eue grfco`dn ilca cbm`fvfa fxbffas tmf rfqu`rfefdt cda ifcas tl c m`nmfr blfjj`b`fdt lj ut`i`zct`ld tmcd tmf e`d`eue vciuf qultfa `d Qcgif :. Vdafr subm blda`t`lds, tmf afs`ndfr smcii afr`vf c tmflrft`bci rlpf a`ceftfr jrle tmf udafr-efdt`ldfa jlreuic, cda ut`i`zf tm`s
bcibuictfa vciuf tl sfifbt arue cda puiify w`da`dn a`ceftfrs jlr tmftmf pcrt`buicr efbmcd`se, prlv`afa tmf sfifbtfa rlpf alfs dlt fxbffa tmf tmflrft`bci tmflrf t`bci rlp rlpff a`ceftfr gy elrf tmcd 76 %. a l 5 B R
wmfrf al R B
`s tmf tmflrft`bci rlpf a`ceftfr (`d ee) `s afj`dfa `d =.6.7.7 `s c blfjj`b`fdt afr`vfa jrle B 5
7 X p . a ------------------J p
wmfrf J p
`s tmf e`d`eue grfco`dn ilca (`d oD) lj tmf rlpf sfifbtfa jlr usf
Vdafr tmfsf b`rbuestcdbfs tmf jlreuic A 4 M.a `s ela`j`fa tl8 A 4 M.al =.: I`jt`dn mllos. [l`dt mllos cda B mllos smcii sm cii blepiyy w`tm tmf rfqu`rf blepi rfqu`rfefdts efdts lj GR 70;2 wmfd cppi`bcgif. Wcesmlrd mllos smcii blepiy w`tm tmf rfqu`rfefdts rfqu` rfefdts lj GR 2;3> wmfd cppi`b cppi`bcgif. cgif. Rw`vfii`dn mllos usfa ld plwfr ar`vfd cppi`cdbfs smcii gf eludtfa ld rlii`dn gfcr`dns.
© GR@ 37-300=
DLQF 3 Jlr bfr bfrtc`d tc`d stffiwl stffiwlros ros br brcdfs, cdfs, ltmfr ltmfr m mfcvy fcvy auty brcdfs cda brcdfs wm`bm ecy gf usfa `d b`rbuestcdbfs udafr wm`bm pfrslds crf sughfbt tl pcrt`buicriy m`nm r`so subm cs `d e`df smcjt s`do`dn cda wmfd rc`s`dn cda ilwfr`dn pfrslds, `t `s afs`rcgif tl afrctf tmf bcpcb`t`fs lj tmf mllos tl vciufs gfilw tmlsf stctfa `d tmf cpprlpr`ctf stcdacra `d lrafr tl fdsurf blepct`g`i`ty w`tm tmf i`jt`dn cppi`cdbf cda cbbfsslr`fs, tl rfaubf wfcr lr tl prlv`af cd `dbrfcsfa ecrn`d lj scjfty. DLQF 7 Citml Citmlunm unm aaf-rct`d f-rct`dnn `s d dlt lt ecdactl ecdactlry ry jlr rfcslds rfcslds lj pfre`ss`gif strfss rfsuit`dn jrle tmf wlro`dn ilca, `t ecy gf cav`scgif jrle tmf pl`dt lj v`fw lj lgtc`d`dn `dbrfcsfa fdaurcdbf udafr craulus blda`t`lds lj usf. Cs c typ`bci fxcepif jlr nu`acdbf, Cppfda`x F smlws c prlplsfa gcs`s jlr tmf afrct`dn lj mllos `d cbblracdbf w`tm GR 70;2 wm`bm mcs rfncr rfncraa tl tmf`r afs`nd jcbtlr lj scjfty jlr bicss 3 brcdf auty wmfd usfa ld mfcvy `daustr`ci cppi`bct`lds. =.> Wc`i wmffis =.>.3 Nfdfrci. Qm`s bicusf n`vfs c eftmla
lj aftfre`d`dn tmf s`zf lj rc`i wmffi rfqu`rfa tl efft c pcrt`buicr auty. Qmf eftmla n`vfd cssuefs tmct tmf rc`i trcbo `s ec`dtc`dfa `d nlla blda`t`ld cda tmct tmf rc`i wmffi `s blrrfbtiy ci`ndfa. Qmf jcbtlrs tmct dffa tl gf blds`afrfa wmfd aftfre`d`dn tmf rfqu`rfa a`ceftfr jlr c pcrt`buicr rc`i wmffi crf8 tmf ilca ld tmf wmffi? tmf quci`ty lj tmf ectfr`ci `d tmf wmffi r`e? tmf typf lj rc`i ld wm`bm tmf wmffi ruds? tmf spffa lj rltct`ld lj tmf wmffi? tmf nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf efbmcd`se. Qmf bcibuict`ld eftmla n`vfd `d tm`s bicusf `s cppi`bcgif ldiy tl rc`i wmffis tmct al dlt fxbffaa 3.76 e `d a`c fxbff a`ceftfr. eftfr. Qmf usf lj wmff wmffis is lj nrfctfr a`ceftfr `s dlt rfbleefdafa. Qyrfs jlr brcdf wmffis smcii, wmfrf cpprlpr`ctf, blepiyy w`tm tmf rfqu`rf blepi rfqu`rfefdts efdts lj GR 2;2>. @d tmf bcsf lj rc`i wmffis w`tm tyrfs, blds`afrct`ld smcii gf n`vfd tl tmf afs`nd lj tmf tyrf, wm`bm smcii gf sujj`b`fdtiy tm`bo dlt tl rlii `tsfij lut. =.>.7 Ilca`dn blda`t`lds. Wc`i wmffis smcii gf bmfbofa udafr tmf ilca`dn blda`t`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.7. @d cssfss`dn tmf `da`v`auci `d a`v`auci ilca`dns cr`s`dn udafr bcsf 3cda bcsf 7 ilca`dn blda`t`lds, tmf mllo ilca `epcbt jcbtlr `s dlt cppi`fa. =.>.2 [rfssurf =.>.2 [rfssurf gftwffd wmffi cda rc`i. @d bmfbo`dn tmf su`tcg`i`ty lj c rc`i wmffi jlr c pcrt`buicr auty, `t smcii gf bmfbofa tmct tmf prfssurf gftwffd tmf wmffi cda tmf rc`i `s dlt fxbfss`vf udafr tmf ecx`eue ilca`dn blda`t`lds, cda tmct tmf wmffi `s bcpcgif lj ciilw`dn tmf brcdf tl pfrjlre `ts dlreci auty w`tmlut cgdlreci wfcr. Qmf wmffi bcpcb`ty smcii gf cssfssfa gy blepcr`dn tmf efcd gfcr`dn strfss gcsfa ld tmf tm f prlhfbtfa crfc w`tm c pfre`ss`gif gfcr`dn strfss aftfre`dfa jrle c odlwifanf lj tmf rc`i/wmffi ectfr`ci, tmf wmffi rltct`ldci spffa cda tmf nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf efbmcd`se. 0
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
=.>.1 Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf ecx`eue stct`b wmffi =.>.1 Aftfre`dct`ld ilca`dn, [ s. Qm`s smcii gf tmf ecx`eue wmffi ilca
lbburr`dn w`tm tmf wmffi stct`b upld tmf rc`i `d cdy lj tmf jlur bcsfs lj ilca`dn (sff 6.7). =.>.6 Aftfre`dct`ld =.>.6 Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf efcd wmffi wmffi ilca`dn. Jlr 6.7 ilca`dnilca blda`t`lds cda 7 spfb`j`fa wmffi smcii gf3aftfre`dfa jrle`dtmf , c efcd rfict`ldsm`p [ efcd
7 [ ecx + [ e`d 5 ------------------------------------------------------------- 2
wmfrf [ ecx [ e`d @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
`s tmf ecx`eue wmffi ilca `s tmf e`d`eue wmffi ilca
lbburr`dn aur`dn tmf dlreci auty lj tmf cppi`cdbf. =.>.: Aftfre`dct`ld =.>.: Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf gfcr`dn strfss, j G. Qmf gfcr`dn strfss, j G, smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle tmf ecx`eue stct`b wmffi ilca lr tmf efcd wmffi ilca`dn us`dn tmf jliilw`dn rfict`ldsm`p j G
efcd efcd 5 p -----------------------s- l r [ gA gA
b7
`s c jcbtlr afpfdafdt ld tmf nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf efbmcd`se cs afj`dfa `d =.3;
=.= Aftfre`dct`ld lj i`e`t`dn gfcr`dn strfss, [ strfss, [ I
@d tmf bcsf lj wmffis ecaf lj m`nm tfds`if stffi cda trfctfa tl fdsurf c vfry m`nm surjcbf mcradfss, tmf vciuf lj [ I smcii gf i`e`tfa tl tmct jlr tmf t mf quci`ty lj tmf stffi blepr`s`dn tmf wmffi pr`lr tl mfct trfctefdt, s`dbf c m`nmfr vciuf wluia r`so bcus`dn prfecturf wfcr lj tmf rc`i. DLQF 3 Jlr c n`vfd ilca, wmffis lj tm` tm`ss typf typf mcvf c eub eubm m ildnfr usfjui i`jf tmcd wmffis lj ifssfr surjcbf mcradfss, wm`bm ecofs tmf`r usf wlrtmwm`if `d tmf bcsf lj cppi`cdbfs pfrjlre`dn `dtfds`vf auty. DLQF 7 Qmf usf lj su`t su`tcgif cgif bbcst cst `rld `rld w`t w`tm m cafq cafquctf uctf ssurjcb urjcbff mcradfss `s dlt fxbiuafa jlr rc`i wmffis, gut `t smluia gf rfefegfrfa tmct slef subm ectfr`cis crf gr`ttif cda smluia dlt gf usfa wmfrf smlbo ilca`dn ecy lbbur. Qmf ectfr`ci prlpfrt`fs smluia gf bcrfjuiiy ectbmfa tl tmf auty, cda tmf i`e`t`dn gfcr`dn strfss, [ I, smluia dlt fxbffa 6 D/ee7
Qmf ectfr`ci prlpfrt`fs smcii gf bcrfjuiiy ectbmfa 7. gfcr`dn strfss, [ I, tl tmfdlt auty, cda tmf i`e`t`dn smcii fxbffa 6 D/ee Qcgif = ‑ I`e`t`dn gfcr`dn strfss, [ strfss, [ I
wmfrf A `s tmf wmffi a`ceftfr g `s tmf usfjui w`atm lj tmf rc`i aftfre`dfa cs jliilws8 Jlr c rc`i w`tm c tltci w`atm, w, mcv`dn rludafa blrdfrs lj rca`us r ct fcbm s`af cda mcv`dn c) jict gfcr`dn surjcbf g 5 w ‒ 7r g) bldvfx gfcr`dn surjcbf 1r g 5 w ‒ ----- 2
=.>.> Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf pfre`ss`gif gfcr`dn =.>.> Aftfre`dct`ld strfss, [ G.
Jlr bcsf 3 cda bcsf 7 efcd ilca`dn blda`t`lds tmf pfre`ss`gif gfcr`dn strfss, [ G, smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle tmf rfict`ldsm`p [ G 5 [ I ¾ b3 ¾ b7 Jlr tmf ecx`eue stct`b wmffi ilca`dn lbburr`dn `d cdy lj tmf 1 bcsfs lj ilca`dn, tmf tm f pfre`ss`gif gfcr`dn strfss, [ G, smcii gf aftfre`dfa jrle tmf rfict`ldsm`p [ G 5 3.0 [ I wmfrf [ I `s tmf i`e`t`dn gfcr`dn strfss afj`dfa `d =.= cs c judbt`ld lj tmf ectfr`ci lj tmf rc`i wmffi r`e b3 `s c blfjj`b`fdt afpfdafdt ld tmf spffa lj rltct`ld lj tmf wmffi cs afj`dfa `d =.0 3;
[ I
Vit`ectf strfdntm lj eftci usfa jlr rc`i wmffi D/ee7
6;; :;; >;; =;;
D/ee7
6.; 6.: :.6 >.7
DLQF Qmf quci`t`f quci`t`fss lj e eftci ftci rrfjfr fjfr tl tl bcst, bcst, jlrnfa jlrnfa lr rliifa stffis cda spmfrl`aci nrcpm`tf bcst `rld. =.0 Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf blfjj`b`fdt, b3. Qmf vciuf lj tmf blfjj`b`fdt b3 afpfdas ld tmf spffa lj
rltct`ld lj tmf wmffi cda smcii gf cs n`vfd `d
Qcgif 0. =.3; Aftfre`dct`ld lj tmf blfjj`b`fdt, b7. Qmf blfjj`b`fdt, b7, afpfdas ld tmf nrlup bicss`j`bct`ld lj tmf efbmcd`se cda smcii gf cs n`vfd `d Qcgif 3;. =.33 Zfr`j`bct`ld lj gfcr`dn strfss. Jlr fcbm lj tmf ilca`dn blda`t`lds spfb`j`fa `d 6.7 `t smcii gf vfr`j`fa tmct8 [ G 9 3.; j G/ [ wmfrf j G `s aftfre`dfa `d cbblracdbf w`tm =.>.: [ G `s aftfre`dfa `d cbblracdbf w`tm =.>.> =.37 Glits. ^mfrf cpprlpr`ctf, tmf tfre ’glit― cisl
cppi`fs tl c sftsbrfw lr stua. Glits rfqu`rfa tl trcdse`t c ilca jrle ldf pcrt lj c efbmcd`se tl
cdltmfr (citfrdct`vfiy, ilca gftwffd efbmcd`se cda c pcrt tl lj trcdse`t tmf brcdfcstrubturf) smciic blepiy w`tm tmf rfqu`rfefdts lj bicusf 32 lj [crt 3830>> lj tm`s Gr`t Gr`t`sm `sm Rtcdacra. Rtcdacra. © GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
Glits ltmfr tmcd jr`bt`ld nr`p glits smcii blepiy w`tm tmf rfqu`rfefdts rfqu`rfefdts lj GR 2:07, gut tm`s alfs dlt prfbiuaf tmf usf lj spfb`ci`zfa jcstfdfrs wmfrf cpprlpr`ctf, `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf ecdujcbturfr‐s rfbleefdact`lds.
E2
3.37
^mfrf gy bldtrliifa efcds blepiy glits w`tm crf tmf t`nmtfdfa rfqu`rfefdts lj bicusf 32 lj tl [crt 3830>> lj tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra, c eftmla lj t`nmtfd`dn wm`bm ciilws tmf prfilca rfqu`rfefdt tl gf cbburctfiy cda blds`stfdtiy cbm`fvfa smcii gf usfa.
E1 E6 E: E> E=
3.37 3.;; ;.0; ;.=; ;.=;
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33
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
Cppfda`x C Qyp`bci Qyp`bci bicss`j`bc bicss`j`bct`ld t`ld lj brcdf efbmcd`se C.3 Nfdfrci. Qm`s cppfda`x smlws tmf rcdnf lj brcdf efbmcd`se bicss`j`bct`lds dlreciiy csslb`ctfa w`tm pcrt`buicr typfs lj brcdf? `t smluia dlt gf blds`afrfa cs c sugst`tutf jlr tmf prlbfss lj aftfre`d`dn bicss`j`bct`ld spfb`j`fa `d 1.3, 1.7 cda 1.2. C.7 Lvfrmfca trcvfii`dn `daustr`ci typf brcdfs (L.Q.B.) Qypf lj brcdf
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@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Ml`st cda cux. ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. jlr cssfegiy cda a`secdti`dn Ml`st cda cux. ml`st ecbm`dfry Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. stlrfs Ml`st cda cux. ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. wlrosmlp Ml`st cda cux. ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. nrcgg`dn Ml`st Bils`dn elt`ld Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. sbrcpycra lr ecndft Ml`st cda cux. ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. w`tm ecndft jlr trcdsplrt`dn Ml`st pictfs cda i`of Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. jlr bldtc`dfrs Ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi Ml`st L.Q.B. jludary icaif. (Jlr tmf sfifbt`ld lj ml`st rlpf jlr acdnfrlus Brlss trcvfrsf mcdai`dn lpfrct`ld, sff =.6.) Ildn trcvfi L.Q.B. prlbfss brcdfs Ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi
37
Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q: Q6 Q:
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GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
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Elt`ld
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@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Icaif brcdf (Jlr tmf sfifbt`ld lj ml`st Ml`st cda cux. ml`st rlpf jlr acdnfrlus mcdai`dn Brlss trcvfrsf lpfrct`ld, sff =.6.) Cux. trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi [`n/sbrcp grfco`dn brcdf Ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi Rtr`ppfr, vfrt`bci `dnlt bmcrnfr cda Ml`st slco`dn p`t eluia mcdai`dn brcdf Cux.ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi
Q: Q6 Q6 Q: Q6 Q6 Q6 Q> Q6 Q: Q:
Rifw`dn Bils`dn tldn elt`ld Ml`st cda cux. ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Cux. trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi Ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi Ml`st Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi
Q: Q: Q> Q> Q6 Q> Q: Q6 Q: Q> Q6 Q:
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Q: Q6 Q: Q6 Q1 Q6 Q6 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q6 Q6 Q6 Q1
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© GR@ 37-300=
Q> Q: Q: Q> Q: Q:
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I7 I7 I7 I7 I7 I7 I7 I3 ‒ I7 I3 ‒ I7 I7 ‒ I2 I7 ‒ I2 I7 ‒ I2 I7 ‒ I2 I3
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32
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
C.2 Lvfrmfca trcvfii`dn stffi wlros brcdfs cda trcdsplrtfrs trcdsplrtf rs Qypf lj brcdf
Elt`ld
Efbmcd`se bicss`j`bct`ld Bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld
Qrcdsplrtfr8 mfcvy auty `dtfre`ttfdt Ml`st (mlia cda bilsf) nrcgg`dn cda ecndft wlro Brlss trcvfrsf Ildn trcvfi Glle ml`st Qrcdsplrtfr8 fxtrc mfcvy auty Ml`st (mlia cda bilsf) bldt`dulus nrcgg`dn cda ecndft Brlss trcvfrsf wlro Ildn trcvfi Glle ml`st @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
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(g) (7) Brcdfs ld juii t`ef jrf`nmt bldtc`dfr auty
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(a) Rm`pycra brcdfs
R i fw Iujj Qrcvfi Ml`st Cux. ml`st R i fw Iujj Qrcvfi
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GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
C.6 Qlwfr brcdfs Qypf lj brcdf
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@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
(c) Brcdfs jlr dlreci auty jlr usf ld Ml`st gu`ia`dn s`tfs Qrcvfrsf lr Iujj Rifw Qrcvfi Ml`st (g) Efa`ue auty brcdfs jlr nfdfrci usf (`dbiuafa `d tm`s bctfnlry crf Qrcvfrsf tlwfr brcdfs tmct ecy gf usfa ld c lr Iujj pfrecdfdt s`tf) Rifw Qrcvfi
Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q6 Q1 Q1 Q6 Q2
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Ml`st Qrcvfrsf Qrcvfi Glle ml`st Ml`st Qrcvfrsf Qrcvfi
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(c) Brcdfs jlr nfdfrci usf Ml`st Rifw Afrr`bo/Glle tfifsblpf (g) Brcdfs jlr mfcvy auty `dbiua`dn `dtfre`ttfdt nrcgg`dn cda ecndft wlro Ml`st Rifw Afrr`bo
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36
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Cppfda`x G Cssfssefdt Cssfssefdt lj ttlrquf lrquf ilca`dn lj brcdf efbmcd`ses G.3 Nfdfrci. Qlrqufs cppi`fa tl tmf blepldfdts lj brcdf efbmcd`ses cr`sf jrle tmf `dtfrcbt`ld lj pr`ef elvfrs lr grcofs w`tm nrcv`tct`ldci ilcas, tmf `dfrt`cs lj vcr`lus ecssfs cda rltct`dn pcrts, cda w`tm bleg`dct`lds lj gltm. Qmf cssfssefdt lj cpprlpr`ctf tlrquf vciufs jlr `dput tl efbmcd`se bcibuict`lds rfqu`rfs c bifcr udafrstcda`dn gltm lj tmf bmcrcbtfr`st`bs lj tmf pr`ef elvfr cda lj tmf wcy `d wm`bm tmf efbmcd`se w`ii gf rfqu`rfa tl pfrjlre `d sfrv`bf. @t `s cd `eplrtcdt rfsplds`g`i`ty lj tmf afs`ndfr cda ecdujcbturfr tl fdsurf tmct tlrquf vciufs crf blrrfbtiy cda cpprlpr`ctfiy qucdt`j`fa sl tmct efbmcd`se w`ii pfrjlre cs rfqu`rfa `d tmf sfrv`bf fdv`rldefdt jlr tmf `dtfdafa i`jf. Jc`iurf lj efbmcd`se blepldfdts rfprfsfdts c mczcra lj vcry`dn `eplrtcdbf cda bcd ifca tl bldsfqufdt`ci acecnf cda blst wm`bm ecy gf blds`afrcgif. Qmf qufst`ld lj rfi`cg`i`ty `s br`t`bci `d tmf bcsf lj brcdfs usfa `d c prlbfss, lr jlr `dtfds`vf guio lr ud`t mcdai`dn. Jlr tm`s purplsf, tmf efbmcd`se afs`nd mcs tl gf bcrr`fa lut w`tm pcrt`buicr cttfdt`ld tl `dtfnr`ty, tco`dn `dtl cbbludt tmf t`ef rfqu`rfa tl fjjfbt rfpc`rs cr`s`dn jrle cbb`afdtci lr ltmfr udjlrfsffd b`rbuestcdbfs luts`af dlreci sfrv`bf blda`t`lds. @d G.7 tl G.6 cttfdt`ld `s arcwd tl slef lj tmf jcbtlrs tmct mcvf tl gf glrdf `d e`da wmfd cssfss`dn tlrqufs jlr efbmcd`se afs`nd `d nfdfrci brcdf cppi`bct`lds. Elrf spfb`j`b rfqu`rfefdts ecy gf ic`a alwd `d stcdacras rfict`dn tl tmf `da`v`auci typfs lj brcdf cs `d tmf bcsf lj G GR R 26>0. G.7 Cii efbmcd`ses. @d bcibuict`dn tmf tlrquf cppi`fa tl c efbmcd`se lr blepldfdt aur`dn cd cbbfifrct`dn lr afbfifrct`dn elt`ld, `t ecy gf dfbfsscry tl tcof `dtl cbbludt tmf tlrqufs rfqu`rfa tl cbbfifrctf lr afbfifrctf tmf elv`dn pcrts lj tmf efbmcd`se cda ar`vf ud`t tmfesfivfs. @d slef bcsfs, jlr fxcepif, tmf tlrquf rfqu`rfa tl cbbfifrctf lr rftcra c eltlr crecturf lr rltlr blepiftf w`tm blupi`dn, grcof arue cda p`d`ld cssfegiy ecy gf prlplrt`ldctfiy m`nm `d rfict`ld tl tmf tlrqufs rfqu`rfa tl pfrjlre tmf efbmcd`se judbt`ld.
3:
Grco`dn ljtfd prlaubfs m`nmfr tlrqufs tmcd blda`t`lds lj cbbfifrct`ld. @d f`tmfr bcsf, cbbludt smluia gf tcofd lj tmf stcrt`dn bmcrcbtfr`st`bs lj tmf ar`vf ud`t lr tmf rftcra`dn prlpfrt`fs lj tmf grcof systfe, cs cpprlpr`ctf. Qmf cssuefa rctfs lj cbbfifrct`ld cda afbfifrct`ld smluia gf blds`stfdt w`tm tmf brcdf typf, cppi`bct`ld cda auty, cda smluia cisl gf blepct`gif w`tm tmf rct`dn lj tmf ar`vf ud`t. ^`tm bfrtc`d nfcr crrcdnfefdts, tmf lvfrmcui`dn lj tmf pr`ef elvfr gy tmf `dfrt`c lj c brcdf lr trliify ecy n`vf r`sf tl ecx`eue ilca`dns cda, w`tm slef grco`dn systfes, tmf cbt`ld lj grcofs udafr fefrnfdby stlp lr upld suppiy jc`iurf ecy n`vf r`sf tl ilca`dns tmct rfqu`rf blds`afrct`ld `d rfspfbt lj blepldfdt strfdntm. Rubm bcsfs crf dlt, mlwfvfr, rfifvcdt jlr jct`nuf vfr`j`bct`lds. ^mfrf busm`ld`dn afv`bfs crf `dsfrtfa `d tmf ar`vf, subm cs myarcui`b blupi`dns lr fifbtr`bci bldtrli jfcturfs tmct i`e`t tmf cppi`fa tlrquf, tmf gfdfj`t lj tmfsf afv`bfs ecy gf usfa `d cssfss`dn tmf tlrqufs trcdse`ttfa tl tmf efbmcd`se. ^mfd blds`afr`dn mlr`zldtci elt`lds, `.f. trcvfii`dn, trcvfrs`dn, sifw`dn cda ifvfi iujj`dn, `t eust gf rfefegfrfa tmct tmfrf `s nfdfrciiy c juii ju ii rfvfrsci lj tlrquf jrle ecx`eue `d ldf a`rfbt`ld tl ecx`eue `d tmf lppls`tf a`rfbt`ld. Jurtmfr jcbtlrs rfict`dn tl spfb`j`b efbmcd`ses lj c brcdf crf a`sbussfa `d G.2 tl G.6. G.2 Ml`st`dn efbmcd`ses. ^mfd jlrbfs cda tlrqufs `d ml`st`dn efbmcd`ses crf bcibuictfa, prlpfr blds`afrct`ld smluia gf n`vfd tl tmf aydce`b gfmcv`lur lj tmf systfe mcv`dn rfncra tl tmf stcrt`dn cda grco`dn bmcrcbtfr`st`bs lj tmf ar`vf ud`t, tl tmf cbbfifrct`ld lr afbfifrct`ld lj tmf mllo ilca cda tmf efbmcd`se (wm`bm ecy, mlwfvfr, gf dfni`n`gif `d slef bcsfs), tl jr`bt`ldci fjjfbts, cda tl tmf fjjfbts lj jifx`g`i`ty `d tmf systfe syst fe cs c wmlif. Jlr slef purplsfs, `t `s cpprlpr`ctf tl ciilw jlr aydce`b fjjfbts gy blds`afr`dn c stfcay blda`t`ld ela`j`fa gy tmf usf lj cd `epcbt jcbtlr. Qmfsf cpprlcbmfs crf `epi`b`t `d tmf ilca`dn blda`t`lds n`vfd `d bicusf 6. G.1 Mlr`zldtci elt`ld efbmcd`ses. ^mfd tmf ar`v`dn ud`t lj c trcvfi lr trcvfrsf t rcvfrsf efbmcd`se mcs gffd sfifbtfa tl n`vf m`nm cbbfifrct`lds, tmf tlrquf trcdse`ttfa gy tmf efbmcd`se ecy gf i`e`tfa gy so`aa`dn lj tmf wmffis ld tmf rc`is. R`e`icr fjjfbts ecy lbbur aur`dn grco`dn lr blii`s`ld. @d eco`dn ciilwcdbf jlr ruddfr gfcr`dn jr`bt`ld, tmf rct`l gftwffd trfca a`ceftfr cda gfcr`dn a`ceftfr mcs tl gf tcofd `dtl cbbludt, fspfb`ciiy wmfd pic`d gfcr`dns crf usfa.
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
G.6 Afrr`bo`dn cda sifw`dn efbmcd`se.
Ecx`eue tlrqufs `d afrr`bo`dn cda sifw`dn efbmcd`ses dlreciiy lbbur aur`dn blda`t`lds lj grco`dn, udifss c m`nm rctf lj cbbfifrct`ld `s bciifa jlr.
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Cppfda`x B Aftfre`dct`ld Aftfre`dct`ld lj jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss B.3 Nfdfrci. Bicusf >.7 sfts lut tmf prlbfaurf jlr bmfbo`dn tmf jct`nuf strfdntm lj c efbmcd`bci blepldfdt cda luti`dfs tmf jcbtlrs wm`bm cjjfbt `ts jct`nuf i`jf. C jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss `s usfa `d tmf prlbfss lj fvciuct`dn tmf jct`nuf strfdntm. Qm`s cppfda`x luti`dfs c eftmla lj aftfre`d`dn tmf jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss jlr c blepldfdt aftc`i. B.7 Jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss, [ [ j,r [ j,r 5 B j,rV s wmfrf V s `s tmf e`d`eue uit`ectf tfds`if strfss lj tmf ectfr`ci B j,r `s c jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss jcbtlr tmct afpfdas ld8 c) tmf duegfr cda bmcrcbtfr`st`bs lj tmf strfss bybifs tl wm`bm c blepldfdt `s sughfbtfa? cda g) tmf vciuf lj tmf jct`nuf i`e`t jcbtlr B i`e. B.2 Aftfre`dct`ld lj jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss jcbtlr B j,r. Jlr stffis mcv`dn c e`d`eue uit`ectf tfds`iff strfss dlt nr tfds`i nrfctfr fctfr tmcd 3 3;; D/ee7, tmf
vciuf lj B j,r `s n`vfd `d J`nurf 3(c) jlr bcsfs lj gfda`dn strfss cda `d J`nurf 3(g) jlr bcsfs lj tlrs`ldci smfcr strfss. Qmf vciuf lj B j,r `s aftfre`dfa `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf cpprlpr`ctf duegfr lj strfss bybifs cda w`tm tmf cpprlpr`ctf
B i`e i`e. vciuf lj tmf jct`nuf i`e`tB jcbtlr Citfrdct`vfiy tmf jcbtlr j,r bcd gf aftfre`dfa jrle tmf jliilw`dn jlreuicf, `d wm`bm D `s `s tmf tltci duegfr lj bybifs. B j,r 5 B i`e Jlr D ū ū 3;:
Jlr 3;2 9 D 9 9 3;: wmfrf jlr gfda`dn strfssfs cda jlr tlrs`ldci smfcr strfssfs
( 3/2 iln. D ‒ 3) B j,r 5 CB i`e
C 5 3
C 5
2
( 3/ : iln D ‒ 3)
B.1 Jct`nuf i`e`t jcbtlr B i`e. Qmf jct`nuf i`e`t jcbtlr B i`e `s tmf vciuf lj B j,r blrrfsplda`dn tl tmf
jct`nuf fdaurcdbf i`e`t. B i`e
wmfrf B 3
`s c strfss stctf jcbtlr
`s c s`zf jcbtlr B 2 `s c surjcbf j`d`sm jcbtlr O j `s c jct`nuf dltbm jcbtlr fquci tl O gj jlr gfda`dn strfssfs cda O qj jlr tlrs`ldci smfcr strfssfs B 7
B.6 Aftfre`dct`ld lj B 3, B 7, B 2 cda cda O O jcbtlrs jcbtlrs B.6.3 Rtrfss jcbtlr B 3. Qmf vciuf lj B 3 `s n`vfd `d
cbblracdbf w`tm tmf dcturf lj tmf strfss bybifs cs jliilws8 /j ecx. 9 3 B3 5 ; ;.=6 .=6 Vd`a`rfbt`ldci ; 9 j e`d. j gfda`dn Wfvfrs Wfv frs`dn `dn gfda` gfda`dn dn ‒ 3 9 j j e`d. j /j ecx. 9 ; B3 5 ;.6; ;.6; Vd`a`rfbt`ldci tlrs`ld (smfcr)
/j ecx. ; 9 j e`d. j
3 B3 5 ;;.6; .6;
9
9
ecx. 9 ; B3 5 ;.2; e`d. j ;.2; / ecx. Wfvfrs`dn tlrs`ld ‒ 3 j e`d. (smfcr) B.6.7 R`zf jcbtlr B 7. Qmf s`zf jcbtlr `s afr`vfa jrle
J`nurf 7.
B.6.2 Rurjcbf j`d`sm jcbtlr B 2. Qmf surjcbf j`d`sm
jcbtlr `s afpfdafdt ld tmf uit`ectf tfds`if strfss lj tmf ectfr`ci cda tmf ecbm`d`dn prlbfss usfa `d ecdujcbturf. Qmf vciuf lj B 2 `s n`vfd `d J`nurf 2 `d wm`bm Wt `s tmf pfco-tl-vciify mf`nmt lj surjcbf rlunmdfss (`d ¶e). B.6.1 Jct`nuf dltbm jcbtlr O gj , O qj B.6.1.3 Afr`vct`ld B.6.1.3 Afr`vct`ld lj jct`nuf dltbm jcbtlr. Qmf
prfsfdbf lj subm aftc`is cs smluiafrs, sm luiafrs, nrllvfs, mlifs, ofywcys, tmrfcas, ftb. rfsuits `d c ela`j`bct`ld lj tmf s`epif strfss a`str`gut`ld tmct wluia lbbur `d efegfrs wm`bm mcvf c bldstcdt brlss sfbt`ld w`tm nrcauci bmcdnfs lj bldtlur. Qmf rfsuit`dn ilbci`zct`ld lj m`nm strfssfs `s odlwd cs tmf strfss bldbfdtrct`ld lr dltbm fjjfbt cda `s efcsurfa gy tmf t mf strfss bldbfdtrct`ld jcbtlr. Qmf strfss bldbfdtrct`ld jcbtlr `s afj`dfa cs j g ecx O ------------------------- g 5 j g dle j q ecx O q 5 ----------------- j q dle
jlr gfda`dn strfss jlr tlrs`ldci smfcr strfss
wmfrf j g ecx cda j q ecx crf tmf ecx`eue strfssfs `d c blepldfdt aftc`i cda j g dle cda j q dle crf tmf dle`dci strfssfs ct tmf blrrfsplda`dn ilbct`ld.
B
3 5 --------------------------
B 7 B 2 O j
© GR@ 37-300=
3>
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
Qmf fjjfbt lj c dltbm ld tmf jct`nuf jct `nuf strfdntm lj c pcrt vcr`fs blds`afrcgiy w`tm ectfr`ci cda dltbm nfleftry cda `s dlreciiy ifss tmcd wluia gf prfa`btfa gy tmf usf lj tmf strfss bldbfdtrct`ld jcbtlr. Qmf nfdfrci pmfdlefdld `s afdltfa ’dltbm sfds`t`v`ty―. Jlr afs`nd purplsfs tmf jliilw`dn rfict`lds cppiy8 O g ‒ 3) + 3 O gj 5 q ( O O q ‒ 3) + 3 O qj 5 q ( O wmfrf q `s tmf dltbm sfds`t`v`ty jcbtlr O gj `s tmf jct`nuf dltbm jcbtlr (gfda`dn strfss) O qj @ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
`s tmf jct`nuf dltbm jcbtlr (tlrs`ldci smfcr strfss).
B.6.1.7 Rtrfss bldbfdtrct`ld jcbtlr. Qmf strfss bldbfdtrct`ld jcbtlrs O g cda O q crf tl gf tcofd jrle fstcgi`smfa rfjfrfdbf wlros. Qwl subm wlros crf8 c) Rtrfss Bldbfdtrct`ld Jcbtlrs gy W.F. [ftfrsld, pugi`smfa gy Hlmd ^`ify cda Rlds (30>1). g) Actc smffts pugi`smfa gy Fdn`dffr`dn Rb`fdbfs Actc Vd`t, 763-760 Wfnfdt Rtrfft, Ildald ^3W ^3 W >C >CA. A. B.6.1.2 Dltbm sfds`t`v`ty jcbtlr. Jlr aubt`if ectfr`cis tmf vciuf lj q ecy gf lgtc`dfa jrle pugi`smfa rfjfrfdbf wlros lr jrle fxpfr`efdtci actc. ^mfrf dl actc fx`st, tmfd c vciuf lj q 5 3.; smluia gf usfa `d afr`v`dn O gj cda O qj . Jlr gr`ttif ectfr`cis q 5 3.; smcii gf usfa `d cii bcsfs. B.6.1.1 Rtrfss bldbfdtrct`lds wm`bm crf supfr`eplsfa `d bilsf prlx`e`ty. Qrfctefdt lj `s euit`pif strfsslrbldbfdtrct`lds `d bilsf prlx`e`ty
luts`af lj tmf sblpf lj tm`s cppfda`x cda wmfrf tm`s s`tuct`ld cr`sfs rfjfrfdbf smluia gf ecaf tl fstcgi`smfa rfjfrfdbf wlros. Nu`acdbf ld bfrtc`d typfs lj euit`pif strfss bldbfdtrct`ld `s n`vfd `d FRAV Actc Rmfft Dl.. >6 Dl >6;77 ;77..
3=
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
J`nurf 3 ‑ Jct`nuf rfjfrfdbf strfss jcbtlr, B j,r
© GR@ 37-300=
30
GR 76 76>2 >2-78 -7830 30=; =;
@ R G © ,
J`nurf 7 ‑ R`zf jcbtlr, B 7
y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
J`nurf 2 ‑ Rurjcbf j`d`sm jcbtlr, B 2
7;
© GR@ 37-300=
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
Cppfda`x A Nfcr`dn Nfcr`dn ^mfd afs`nd`dn spur nfcr`dn `d cbblracdbf w`tm tmf rfqu`rfefdts lj GR GR 12:, `t `s dfbfsscry tl aftfre`df tmf mlurs pfr acy lj lpfrct`ld jlr tmf nfcr`dn udafr blds`afrct`ld. Qmf mlurs pfr acy tl gf usfa jlr nfcr afs`nd purplsfs `s afr`vfa jrle tmf bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld jlr tmf pcrt`buicr efbmcd`se. Qcgif 37 n`vfs tmf mlurs pfr acy tl gf usfa jlr afs`nd purplsfs jlr fcbm bicss lj ut`i`zct`ld wmfd afs`nd`dn nfcr`dn nfcr` dn `d cbblrac cbblracdbf dbf w`tm GR 12:. Qcgif 37 ‑ Mlurs pfr acy jlr nfcr afs`nd Bicss lj lj ut`i`zct`ld
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ;
Q3 Q7 Q2 Q1 Q6
;.7 ;.1 ;.= 3.: 2.7
Q: Q> Q= Q0
:.2 37.2 71.; 71.;
Cppfda`x F Afrct`dn Afrct`dn lj ml mllos los Qcgif 32 cda Qcgif 31 n`vf c rct`ldci gcs`s jlr afrct`dn tmf bcpcb`t`fs lj m`nmfr tfds`if stffi st ffi mllos, cs stctfa `d GR 70;2, wmfd tmf tmfyy crf usfa w`tm mfcv`fr i`jt`dn nfcr ld stffiwlros brcdfs lr `d s`e`icr mfcvy auty cppi`bct`lds cda wmfd wfcr bcd gf c prlgife. Qmf gcs`s jlr afrct`dn sunnfstfa jlr tmfsf bcsfs `s tmf lvfrcii brcdf bicss`j`bct`ld (sfff bic (sf bicusf usf 2 cda Qcgif 3 lj GR 76>2-3830=;).
/ 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
Mlurs pf pfr acy jjl lr nfcr afs`nd
Qcgif 32 ‑ Afrct`dn lj mllos
Qcgif smlw`dn s`zfs lj pl`dt mllos cs i`stfa `d Qcgif 7 lj GR 70;2830>; (mllos w`tm `dbrfcsfa `dtfrdci a`ceftfr) wmfd afrctfa. Rfct [rllj Bcpcb`ty jlr Bcpcb`ty jlr Bcpcb`ty jlr a`c., E2-E1 E6 E: ilca bicss`j`bct`ld B bicss`j`bct`ld bicss`j`bct`ld brcdf brcdf brcdf
ee
76 7= 27 2: 1; 16 63 6> :1 >7
t
t
3.; 3.76 3.: 7.; 7.6 2.7 1.; 6.; :.2 =.;
=; 0;
; .6 ;.:2 ; .= 3 .; 3.76 3 .: 7 .; 7 .6 2 .7 1 .;
3;.; 6.; 37.6 :.2
t
t
;.1; ;.6; ;.:2 ;.=; 3.;; 3.76 3.:; 7.;; 7.6; 2.7;
;.6 ;.:2 ;.=; 3.;; 3.76 3.:; 7.; 7.6
1.; 6.;
2.7 1.;
DLQF Bcpcb Bcpcb`t`fs `t`fs crf rludafa rludafa ljj `d i`df w`tm w`tm W3 W3;; sfr` sfr`fs. fs. Qcgif 31 ‑ Afrct`dn lj mllos
Qcgif smlw`dn sfifbtfa s`zfs lj pl`dt mllos, cs i`stfa `d Qcgif 3 lj GR 70;2830>;, cda ecx`eue i`jt`dn bcpcb`t`fs wmfd afrctfa. Rfct a`c., B
[rllj ilca
ee
t
7: 2> 1: 6= :6 >2 =2 07 3;2 33> 323 31: 360 3>2 303 7;6
3.: 2.7 6.; =.; 3;.; 37.: 3:.; 77;;.; 7766.; 2277.; 1;.; 6;.; 60.; :0.; =3.; 0>.;
Bcpcb`ty jlr Bcpcb`ty jlr Bcpcb`ty jlr Bcpcb`ty jlr E2-E1 E6 E: E>-E= bicss`j`bct`ld bicss`j`bct`ld bicss`j`bct`ld bicss`j`bct`ld brcdf brcdf brcdf brcdf
t
; .= 3 .: 7 .6 1 .; 6 .; : .2 = .; 3;.; 37.6 3:.; 7;.; 76.; 27.; 1;.; 6;.; :2.;
t
;.:2 3.76 7.; 2.7 1.; 6.; :.2 =.; 3;.; 37.6 3:.; 7;.; 76.; 27.; 1;.; 6;.;
t
7.6 2.7 1.; 6.; :.2 =.; 3;.; 37.6 3:.; 7;.; 76.; 27.; 1;.;
t
7.6 2.7 1.; 6.; :.2 =.; 3;.; 37.6 3:.; 7;.; 76.; 27.;
DLQF Bcpcb Bcpcb`t`fs `t`fs crf rludafa rludafa ljj `d i`df w`tm w`tm W3 W3;; sfr` sfr`fs. fs.
© GR@ 37-300=
73
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
77
gicdo
GR 76> 76>22-783 7830= 0=; ;
[ugi`bct`lds rfjfrrfa tl
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
GR 12:, Rpur cda mfi`bci nfcrs. GR 616, Gfvfi nfcrs (ecbm`df but). GR >73, ^lre nfcr`dn. GR 0>;, ^rlunmt stffis `d tmf jlre lj gilles, g`iifts, gcrs cda jlrn`dns. GR 3321, Eftmla jlr tmf cssfssefdt lj surjcbf tfxturf. GR 76>2, Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra Wuifs jlr tmf afs`nd lj brcdfs. GR 76>2-3, Rpfb`j`bct`ld jlr bicss`j`bct`ld, strfss bcibuict`lds cda afs`nd br`tfr`c jlr strubturfs. GR 70;2, M`nmfr tfds`if stffi mllos. GR 2;3>, E`ia stffi jlrnfa rcesmlrd mllos. GR 2;2>, Qyrfs jlr brcdf rc`i wmffis. GR 26>0, Mfcvy auty fifbtr`b lvfrmfca trcvfii`dn cda spfb`ci brcdfs jlr usf `d stffi wlros. GR 2:07, @RL eftr`b prfb`s`ld mfxcnld glits, sbrfws cda duts. GR 6637, Rpfb`j`bct`ld jlr rlii`dn gfcr`dns ‑ Aydce`b ilca rct`dn cda rct`dn i`jf. GR 6637-3, Bcibuict`ld eftmlas. @RL 71;=, Rtffi w`rf rlpfs jlr nfdfrci purplsfs ‑ Bmcrcbtfr`st`bs. @RL 12;3, I`jt`dn cppi`cdbfs ‑ Bicss`j`bct`ld1). @RL 12;=, Brcdfs ‑ Rfifbt`ld lj w`rf rlpfs1). 1) @RL 12;0, ^`rf rlpf jlr i`jt`dn cppi`cdbfs ‑ Blaf lj prcbt`bf jlr fxce`dct`ld cda a`sbcra .
1) @d blursf lj prfpcrct`ld.
© GR@ 37-300=
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
@ R G © , y p l B a f i i l r t d l b d V , 1 ; ; 7 / 7 ; / 2 ; , A Q I R P C ^ I @ C W D L @ D V 8 y p l b a f s d f b ` I
GR@ 2=0 Bm`sw`bo M`nm Wlca Ildald ^1 1CI
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | |
GR@ Û Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras @dst`tut`ld GR@ `s tmf `dafpfdafdt dct`ldci glay rfsplds`gif jlr prfpcr`dn Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras. @t prfsfd prf sfdts ts tmf VO v`fw ld stcdac stcdacras ras `d Furlp Furlpf f cda ct tmf `dtf `dtfrdc rdct`ld t`ldci ci ifvfi. @t `s `dblrplrctfa `dblrp lrctfa gy Wlyci Bmcrtfr Bmcrtfr.. Wfv`s`lds
Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras crf upactfa gy cefdaefdt lr rfv`s`ld. Vsfrs lj Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras smluia ecof surf tmct tmfy plssfss tmf ictfst cefdaefdts lr fa`t`lds. @t `s tmf bldstcdt c`e lj GR@ tl `eprlvf tmf quci`ty lj lur prlaubts cda sfrv`bfs. ^f wluia gf nrctfjui `j cdyldf j`da`dn cd `dcbburcby lr ceg`nu`ty wm`if us`dn tm`s Gr`t`sm Rtcdacra wluia `djlre tmf Rfbrftcry lj tmf tfbmd`bci blee`ttff rfsplds`gif, tmf `afdt`ty lj wm`bm bcd gf jluda ld tmf `ds`af jrldt blvfr. Qfi8 ;7; =00: 0;;;. Jcx8 ;7; =00: >1;;. GR@ ljjfrs efegfrs cd `da`v`auci upact`dn sfrv`bf bciifa [IVR wm`bm fdsurfs tmct sugsbr`gfrs cutlect`bciiy rfbf`vf tmf ictfst fa`t`lds lj stcdacras. Guy`dn stcdacras
Lrafrs jlr cii GR@, `dtfrdct`ldci cda jlrf`nd stcdacras pugi`bct`lds smluia gf caarfssfa tl Bustlefr Rfrv`bfs. Qfi8 ;7; =00: 0;;3. Jcx8 ;7; =00: >;;3. @d rfspldsf tl lrafrs jlr `dtfrdct`ldci stcdacras, `t `s GR@ pli`by tl suppiy tmf GR@ `epifefdtct`ld lj tmlsf tmct mcvf gffd pugi`smfa cs Gr`t`sm Rtcdacras, udifss ltmfrw`sf rfqufstfa. @djlrect`ld ld stcdacras GR@ prlv`afs c w`af rcdnf lj `djlrect`ld ld dct`ldci, Furlpfcd cda `dtfrdct`ldci stcdacras tmrlunm `ts I`grcry cda `ts Qfbmd`bci Mfip tl Fxplrtfrs Rfrv`bf. Zcr`lus GR@ fifbtrld`b `djlrect`ld sfrv`bfs crf cisl cvc`icgif wm`bm n`vf aftc`is ld cii `ts prlaub prl aubts ts cda sfrv`bfs. sfrv`bfs. Bldtc Bldtcbt bt tmf @djlrect @djlrect`ld `ld Bfdtrf. Bfdtrf. Qfi Qfi88 ;7; =00: >33 >333. 3. Jcx8 ;7; =00: >;1=. Rugsbr`g`dn efegfrs lj GR@ crf ofpt up tl actf w`tm stcdacras afvfilpefdts cda rfbf`vf sugstcdt`ci a`sbludts ld tmf purbmcsf pr`bf lj stcdacras. Jlr aftc`is lj tmfsf cda ltmfr gfdfj`ts bldtcbt Efegfrsm`p Cae`d`strct`ld. Qfi8 ;7; =00: >;;7. Jcx8 ;7; =00: >;;3. Blpyr`nmt
Blpyr`nmt sugs`sts `d cii GR@ pugi`bct`lds. GR@ cisl mlias tmf blpyr`nmt, `d tmf VO, lj tmf pugi`bct`lds lj tmf `dtfrdct`ldci stcdacra`zct`ld gla`fs. Fxbfpt cs pfre`ttfa udafr Afs`nds [ctfdts Cbt 30== dl fxtrcbt ecy gf rfprlaubfa, stlrfatmf `d cBlpyr`nmt, rftr`fvci systfe lrcda trcdse`ttfa `d cdy jlre lr gy cdy efcds ³ fifbtrld`b, pmltlbl pml tlblpy`d py`dn, n, rfblra`d rfblra`dn n lr ltmfrw` ltmfrw`sf sf ³ w`tm w`tmlut lut pr`l pr`lrr wr`t wr`ttfd tfd pfre pfre`ss` `ss`ld ld jrle GR@. Qm`s alfs dlt prfbiuaf tmf jrff usf, `d tmf blursf lj `epifefdt`dn tmf stcdacra, lj dfbfsscry aftc`is subm cs syeglis, cda s`zf, typf lr nrcaf afs`ndct`lds. @j tmfsf aftc`is crf tl gf usfa jlr cdy ltmfr purplsf tmcd `epifefdtct`ld tmfd tmf pr`lr wr`ttfd pfre`ss`ld lj GR@ eust gf lgtc`dfa. @j pfre`ss`ld `s nrcdtfa, tmf tfres ecy `dbiuaf rlycity pcyefdts lr c i`bfds`dn cnrffefdt. Aftc`is cda cav`bf bcd gf lgtc`dfa jrle tmf Blpyr`nmt Ecdcnfr. Qfi8 ;7; =00: >;>;.
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