Brown. An Aramaic method; a class book for the study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and Targums. 1884. Volume 1

July 26, 2017 | Author: Patrologia Latina, Graeca et Orientalis | Category: Grammatical Number, Grammatical Gender, Religious Texts, Bible, Language Mechanics
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An Aramaic method; a class book for the study of the elements of Aramaic from Bible and Targums (1884) Author: Brow...

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&L*/

.'

PARADIGMS.

An Aramaic

in

Method.

Paradigm THE PERSONAL Persona] Nominative.

1'ROXOIX.

Personal Genitive or Suffix of Nouns.

A.

An Aramaic Method.

The Pronoun. THE PERSONAL

PRO.VOIX.

11

Ax Aramaic Method.

12

Paradigm Peal.

Ithpeel.

Perf.

Imp.

PI.

^PP

^Ppnx

2f.

^Pp

^ppnN*

2 m.

V?Pp

i^ppnx

2 m.

2f.

Pael.

B,

The

An Aramaic Strong Verb.

Ithpaal.

Method.

13

An Aramaic Method.

14

Paradigm C. Strong Sing.

Suffixes.

1

com.

2

masc.

3 masc.

2 fern.

rtop!

rtop

nri^ppj

nn'pDjp

Pe.Prf.3m. 3f. 2

?*op

in.

p

etc.

Same

as 3

f.

except that

it

does not take suffixes

rrn'ppp

2f. lc.

3 m.

PI.

^Pp

UP

nn'rpp

nrap

rn^Dp

ntep

rqw'ppp

rnin^pp

2 m.

xm^-op

lc.

tjv i^ppp,

Inf.

with epenth.

Tnf. j

T

f

Q

3fem.

I

f

vri

n^ppp

rt?t?pp

Ax Aramaic Method.

15

Verb with Suffixes. Plur.

1

fem.

com.

3

masc.

3

K#ra

pa'poj?

p^Pp

P^Pp

s^n^ppj

p^ppj

prf?Pp

P^PPi

of the second person.

xrn^pp

:

fem.

i^-on

Ax Aramaic Method.

is

Paradigm D. Verbs Pe Nun, Peal.

Perf.

3 m.

Aphel.

Ittaphal.

An Aramaic

Paradigm

E.

Method.

Verbs Ayin Doubled.

1"

A\ Aramaic Method.

18

Paradigm Pe

Guttural Verbs. Ayin Gut.

tint. Peal.

Pet. 3m.

F,

Peal.

15^

Pael.

I.uni'illi Peal.

Out.

An Aramaic Method. Par. C.

Verbs Pe Aleph and Pe Yodh. Peal.

If)

Ax Aramaic

20

Metiiod.

Paradigm H Peal.

Perf. 3

D»pn«

in.

3f. 2

nofj

2f. 1 c.

PI.

3

D-p'«,(n,K) .D'DK

(p)

iipp

or flQj5

Wjis

nppw 10pW

in.

NDp pnep

in.

Wpg

T

Wi?

3f. 2

,Dpw

nr\vp r

in.

Aphel.

Ithpeel.

(p>

np'pN*

i£*p#

N?pW finppriN

2f.

NCTtt

lc. Inf.

Dlpq

,Dp)D

,Dpp

An Aramaic Method.

2i

Verbs Ayin Vav. Ittaphal.

Polel.

Ithpolal.

Dprus*

opip

Dpipw

nppnN

nppip

iiDpipw

rrpoip

npoipnx

nppriN*

tfppip

jippipnK

nppflN

npsip

nppipw

ispip

npiprus*

KDOip prtppip

Nopipw pnpbipw

popip

[nppipw

xppm

Pcil.

3*9

etc.

&oppip

NsnnN

NSSiP

KODiDnN

DpriN*

opip

DDipw

pprus*

ppip

ppipW

^pnN*

iopip

i^pipnN*

etc.

wppip pppnri opriK

DOip! pppipri

opipn*

DQipN

f^^ipnn opipnx

pbbip"'

piDDip/r

DDipP

N*ppnp

opipp KDDipo

opipnp NobiDnb

3*r» etc.

Ax Aramaic Method

9J>,

Paradigm

I.

MlJUj

ouU.

Pael

Ithpeel.

Peal.

Perf. 3 m.

•to

3f.

t^Aru "/***{

,i

«

" f'"*~ /> « «

XUtamjxxA'

'

2

m

1

c.

3

m

3f.

.2m.

prf?i

pJT?iw

1

?)

prfci

ft)

k*&i

i

2f.

lc.

ft*

zzzi+z"V

7 .

Inf. 7,7 'J Jr.»

Imp.

2 m.

PI.

2 m.

2

f.

>f.

'

D-

N'-N-N^O T

:

T

"

:

'

HN^jriN*

,

An Aramaic

Verbs Lamedh Aleph. Ithpaal.

Method. AJ)K

~

23 l

.

Ax Aramaic

24

Method.

Nouns with Pronominal

Par. J.

Feminine Xoun. {n. j«*|

/

_

(the animal)

(the animals)

xnyn i

WITH SUFFIXES.

nvn

,;j 3 masc.

3

(animals-of)

com.

2 fern.

j

nvrr T

(animal-of)

KJHR

st.

Suff. Sing. 1

(animals)

nvn

(time-of)

Emph.

*•

(animal)

WW

TO*

rprp?

-pyn

WO

•rrirp;

nnvn

nnvn nnvn

rvivri t

fern.

T T

:



-

rlur.

1

com.

WW

T

T

T

*onvn T|TT •

'

rdnvn

2 masc.

:|t

I

2 fern.

3 masc. 3

\tTTyt.

suffixes,

pnvn

pnyn

Jinnyn

rinnvn • :

I

fern.

*The forms with Poesessivi

ITO

my

••

rnnvn

|t

rnnvn |T " I



:

time, thy time, etc., are sometimes called

A\ Aramaic Method.

Par. K.

^

Declension of Masculine Nouns.

Ax Aramaic

26

Par. L.

Method.

Declension of Masculine Nouns.

a.

Ax Aramaic Par.

M.

Method.

27

Declension of Feminine Nouns. 1L

Sing. Abs.

An Auamah

28

Mktiiod.

Paradigm N A. Cardinals from 1 to lO.

No. 1

With the Feminine Absolute. Construct.

With the Masculine Absolute. Construct.

in

-in

nrfrn

nr6n

-

IS

2

3 4 5 6

rtfEHN

Krai

n^ dn v

nnc

v

7

8

JTi6ri

9

n#rn

10

rnpj;

*nn

An Aramaic

Method.

Numerals. C. Masculine.

Cardinals.

29

An Aramaic Method.

30

Paradigm O. Prepositions with

Suffixes.

D3

2)«p

Singular.

Singular.

*7

in

in. f.

thee

ITD

in

him

H*}

in

her

f

|[

m. f.

H?

1

.H ?

to

thee

to

him

to

her

to

US

1

? ft-NJ T

myon

p$l p^s

to y ° u

(

Cm.

[in?]



1

me

Plural.

Cm.

m\

IT ?

in.

f

in us

m. f.

-

1

Plural.

[3.KJ3

-1^

»-j,l,

to

in

them

L^k—u.

/•

to

them

A rcim &S77cc.% Z.et

AN

Aramaic Method A CLASS BOOK FOR THE STUDY OF

THE ELEMENTS OE ARAMAIC FROM BIBLE AND TARGUMS

CHARLES

TART

I.

R.

TEXT, NOTES

BROWN.

AND VOCABULARY

521449 CHICAGO:

AMERICAN>UBLICATION SOCIETY OF HEBREW, MORGAN PARK. 1884.

Copyright,

1884,

by Charles K. Brown.

TO

OAKMAN

S.

STEARNS,

D. D.,

PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT INTERPRETATION IN

NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION; THE TEACHER AND FRIEND,

THE PATERNAL COUNSELLOR AND FRATERNAL COMRADE, THIS LITTLE IS

WORK

INSCRIBED WITH RESPECTFUL AFFECTION

BY HIS PUPIL.

PREFACE TO PART

I.

This volume is intended as a Reading Book for the acquisition of the elements of Aramaic by the so-called Inductive method. For Part I. The term Aramaic is chosen to name "Chaldee," which is not strictly correct. The following pages need a word of explanation: To facilitate Introductory study, the Paradigms thought most1.

this reason, it is issued as

avoid the use of the

suitable to beginners have been inserted before the Title this (first) Part,

though they properly belong

to

Part

II.,

Page of

the

Gram-

mar. 2.

who

The arrangement

of the text will be helpful chiefly to those

are familiar with the

Elements of Hebrew.

Genesis

I.

— X.. of

Baer's edition, have been printed with the corresponding verso of Onkelos on the opposite page, in order that the student may see the elementary laws of Aramaic as they diverge from those of Hebrew. It is thought that,

part of the text a

under the direction of a judicious teacher, this

may

serve as a constant black-board exercise, with Whether this idea is a sufficient excuse, as

great saving of time.

it is

the sole excuse, for the publication of a

must be decided by the

new Chrestomathy,

practical value of the same.

These chap-

by selections from the Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel and from the later Targums. The Targum of Onkelos, being the purest Aramaic and, at the same time, a nearly literal translation of the Pentateuch, seems best fitted for the acquisition of principles; after this, the Biblical Aramaic may be studied intelligently, and its Hebraisms noted; and, lastly, the later and more

ters are followed

corrupt Targums

may

be read with advantage.

PREFACE. The text followed has been that of Walton's Polyglot* only readings plainly wrong (as the omission of daghesh-lene from the

A -pirates

after a consonant

altered; but the beginner

or disjunctive accent)

having been

must be warned that the

strict laws of

tone and syllabication do not obtain in Aramaic, though the different texts vary tions of text,

ing

is

much

it is,

in

in this particular.

some

Owing

likewise to corrup-

cases, impossible to say

an error, or a Hebraism.

whether

a read-

Critical editions of the varions

versions of the Old Testament are the crying need of the time.

The Notes include textual, grammatical and hermeneutical 3. remarks upon the text printed, including the Biblical Aramaic. Many of them are condensations from other authors. The writer is indebted especially to the late Dr. F. Weber and to Dr. E. Schrader in works to which reference is made. The Commentaries on Daniel and Ezra have also been of assistance to him and some use has been made of the translation of the Targum of Onkelos by Etheridge. 4.

same

The Vocabulary embraces brief definitions of all words in the Buxtorf, Levy and the Manuals have been used

selections.

freely but with occasional modification.

The author wishes to express particular thanks to Prof. William K. Harper, Ph. D., and Mr. R. F. Harper for important suggestions and untiring devotion to his interests, and to Rabbi B. Felsenthal of Chicago for confirmations of his own opinion in the decision of doubtful questions of etymology. With the hope that this book may contribute something to the advancement of Shemitic studies, it is offered to the student of them.

C. R. B.

Newton Centre. May

*

So closely has

this

25, 1884.

been done, that the traditional authorship of the Pales-

Targum to the Pentateuch has been left undisturbed, though this Targum in Its present [form belongs t" a date much later than the author of the Targum on the Prophets. (See pages 15, 46.) tinian

CONTENTS OF PART I.

Genesis I.—X., The Hebrew Text and

II.

III.

IV.

Genesis chap. VIII Targum of Jonathan Ben Joshua chap. Isaiah chap. VI Targum on the Psalms,

XX

V.

Targum

Pages Note of References to the Biblical Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan,

Parallel

Psalm XXIV Psalm CL VI. Targum on the Megilloth, Ruth chap. II VII. Notes on the Text Abbreviations Onkelos, Genesis I.— X Biblical

Aramaic

Other Targums VIII. Vocabulary Note to Vocabulary

I.

of Onkelos on

Page.

9—43 44

45—47 (Jzziel,

47

48—49 49

49—50 50—52 53—70 54

55—61 62—69 69—70 71-112 72

TEXT.

10

LIBER GENESIS.

CAPUT

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i"

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p-»m F

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my-'rm d :|-

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1

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kV -:

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12

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:|-



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I

ny-m rh^ tnp

own nnntD D*fen

v

pam

It

1

|

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11

j-

-ip'n->rn :|-

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^ dv

:

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tyo rP*V? "rlt|t

:|-

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:

narn? d'H ?** D*rt^ *rn niK-rn

dv -iprrm \:\

"thn |t v :

5

9

:

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nrrgo H#*f b?bn pa

mp^

rr

"THaoTm d»dh nim j

I

ST |



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:

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s

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1

t

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torp pa Ft? d»o vr7

«.

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6

arot m?vr\2

oinn firm 'js-ty ^- nir'm iroit tan J" A

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tf

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t

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ia-ijnr ^ * :-

new* irtD ? „•-: •

nj.r^P w$ w% v. 1.

ha -:

:

f

p*?fi

toi o

11

LIBER GENESIS. 6^»'

CAPUT

xnm

"-Dip-p t:

t|t:

I

Noinn At

jt



N

l

N\3pnV t:|-

^stfrhy' "- joitfrn -:J"^t

:

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|t

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r-

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t:

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26

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27 1

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28 jjiTi ;

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Paradisus.

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r:

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rprr-toi t it:

ith-^d t t

ia-nttfN v -:

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1

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at

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bm ygi ^p v. 1.

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1

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(2D) 1

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16

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Paradints.

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13

Dhion Nin



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18;

:

Kjrttta

:

raw

2-.

VII., 12—26.

Daniel and Ezra, the student

ia

referred to his

S \M ny

p

k

[ruv Dijnn

GENESIS

wvn

S3 nn

nn

s->

8.

nnyoa

ro rv

«JTi^

^ porri rrn »

wrn

NDinn »#dq njinpxi roan

xin

hnt^ Nnra t:~:

dup"

frnp' ; nip

t

':

t

-n#j*i Nno»jro

npm

nrop qiDD n»d

Nfni»n t

*?#

5

pn»n|

4.5

p^m

rra ~t:

:

*om

» Tp-p

*

iTOF! *??#?

nin^to

n*d

2

njt;n »Y?#d k*b

mm

:

vnv pporn ~ •

I

I

*

:

±

:

np3#| [p»rj wrr m&\ N^T)p "in jqiD

1

Nirv ? ppv

Kyanp |om k^pin in xnro xmno njhk2 nus-ini amp p^ra nn k»oi rom xirf? -irn nan? ml? mj TTfrg rrv -y; pprn :

n

pjehk rpop rnrjvrn :*rviD *g>'n warrrSTB nnai 7 thpI nfam :-oin wn^n info n>

pp'v

n» :

m

kjtjn »Y?*#p

n't)

...

n'tw :Kjrw? '£Jk

mm

pwrf7 ••-!:

Kroarfr ••: t ..

-pw sm :

rv

w']

rfrtm

8 (

nrotpto

,-

rrnto Kn>£1 ftmv



_.

nm

Krtfv t: _

T

yy*o NrDDn

xm:i\n [a Nrg'v rv *03g£> rppiNi pp'v Nj/mc' did

nato «rn ntos wnjf?

nj-uv

rrmS nnNi &ani u

„,-

t *x **

^ny

46

jnjv D^-in

[3

^

j

p rmson

"niD 12

%t

N ?i wpgv rv 13

an^ ? 1

.

,ptoa "hdi Krqrjp p *?# 4

iyn K"?aM »sd rvfrK t t t *^



:

:

:

:

nnp» "Jt:

vr

kitiK ~ t :

*?a t

t

:

-

t

:

,!

:

1

5

!

1

"?i;_

:

8

n^ptri rpTsan* TjKom "pin jhi^i

rjo-i&p

*n^dp

1

ty*. [oi 9

nKairiK ? rfr#K jo n! npsn »h Knp»p ^p n:

^k

np>ni

Kjnp

xfr)

ioki

irrn

p">pnpp

5

ftgnp? fing ??!) ii

r¥?tf>

iw'o piWj pnn Koy ? 1

k*?i

'»Win Tp! niil'iKi

Djjpi?

kik kh nnpgi KSfrK ? 1

j»n;

pn Ksin n^ ? tstep

pyo# prrjfiKgi

1

piwisi

M *no*K ti! ^oki

:

pjrn

ko'p

prrr

"# nnpKi jpn ? pinvi ]w\n ptVH ?aO KTlp ^30 K*fD1 3W KE^K KIHK1 • t ~ tt "t 1

s *\

,l

:

:

t

v:

t - t

:



:|"

I

Di:nn

4o

r\m Nfiinv ^prn ncon >jp n! » prrri jnyni annn jfirrn pavn x;pnv aqpj; [p in np pi£?n#n :Njn*n ptp'pf? ppi *rrj£T)Q inpDi NDftpDl Napttp kxtc ?

12 13

1

p

xnto

N^p ? ppw 1

Njnr finip

1

N^'iipi xjnr n*f pn^iN* ?

pa« |#p "un

pnwi p^pn! ^STPPH :

PSALM •



:t

'•

:

t

*.t

t-

t

t

pi »i xcnpp n»p "no ? pp>

-

:

1

Dip;

>piN tfr\ *oi»jn

inpi nh\\»

1

'pap;

jn

24.

*t :-

:

:

:

i£ipr

n^p: ? DNp

PP4jj"vi£n :

ro*?J?p

"Wi ko^_

01

»^g

»

ipp j;#pi

*i£)N*



:

inNp±

:&w'Tip

topTfeti

p

Dip rr

1

?

t:

:KropiTK3

fg

rw'pj xyrft japt?

tf?l

Nn^vp NnpiVI

2p#:

pnroyj

^

n.-

^(jOMH

NnpIP

&

pj?pni N*n

t

pa'$h K^'IpP

fi'P

>

ajyjdi topT&ti

a-rop!

pa#n

9 *

Npip »pn ran

ro^rrn

PSALM

150.

KKrq rwv inap jw'-rpo rv:n

O\

:

* ,

Nrfw iroir

n^n «

Di:nn

so 2 m;;id tjtf

nvrirar TO"fa$D

ppjtv

Nniici Nnijppro

fw

3 rrjrv iratr'

n jirrnirfpa

WW! D^V? n*nj mac*'

ktopj ^a T

*OM TT-:

:

t

:

:

a

It

I

mn

~

:

3

rw'N

n

mtiai

rfrjri

h 4

-ina

T

jrap 1

*?#

I

:

n^i :

nhs

rnp^i

piatra

N^pn~ ruonx T t

n' ?

lOtto ttfQ

n?

^1X1 :»! Nfipto? H >l

1

"Pi N»o»Dn "iq*q ty_ ? T||q pstf? pfflin rwoja *?£ lo^nNi Nnriu riprjsn ^riiorj d# n-Djn ntvo'b p£» pnwi PP'pa frfrg

"?£ ">y

*!

"ffj

^

*px

"1^5

rpojr; Tprftrrj jppD?*i

nw

T»?

ftp;

sno^ nwu* ? n ?^ rj»d, as is said, in

of this sole abbreviation in the to

emph.. state, indicated by

X

Heb.

article,

"Ul

blowing

means

idea,

NITm

KHt'N

spirit, as

common

* *•

Sim-

v:

offered.

The

Xl^N-

This ending stands properly for the

.

comes

it

to be used, just as

used, without idea of defmiteness.

and

the icind

from

the presence

of the Lord was

meaning

for (TH- If some maintain, we have here the opening of an

to the

God

i

^"IN- — N^&V

it

The connection points out

etc.

sent forth by

is

:

satisfactory explanation

Targums has been

pronounce

but the state marked by

the absolute state 2-

as

T

No

t

Polyglot as

in the Paris

.

expressions render nlfT ^"TX-

Jews were accustomed

it

'{< **,

some other editions

."

ilar

as

this

Jewish theology, of

a personal, created being,,

to operate in the forces of nature

and upon the

the souls of men.* 4.

C^I^X.

II-

"\X)

Tsere written fully as often in the Targums.

fcOti^ herb whose son-seed

is

sown

i.

e.

such vegetable

products as contain in the plant the seed to be sown. the usual Targum-suffix for *

This

is

J"|

the opininion of Weber.

stinischen Theologie,"

page

184.

v\*XT)t has



See his "System dcr Altsynagogalen Palae-

Leipzig, 1880.

NOTES.

56

r)|T£)X Aph. for ri[5£)N-

12.

of Sh'va.

*nljf?

In the unpointed text

for *iy*?F\-

^KJHvfl

13.

Tsere frequently occurs

in

place

kinds*

to his

M wa s used

distinguish final *__ from . _ and then J< was inserted in place of 14.

prp

21.

iS

28.

N^nil- *_ for ShVa.f ppn usually ppfi in Onkelos.

4

31.

Chap.

to

\

with'them {yn\r$).

C'n"n.

II. 2.

Tsere for Sh'va.

V^*T*

form

Peel, a peculiar Pael

in

which

*

takes

The second Tsere

the place of daghesh in the second radical.

is

used interchangeably with Hireq as occurs very frequently in the several conjugations of Aramaic verbs. L,

See Note on

4.

D'n

5.

clearly erroneous. Read C^N") with the editions cited C'TJO' T

at

I.

n\**n and

'UH

ptD^p^P

8.

it

(breath) lecame in

9-

j?*N1 and{the)

'1JH

good and

evil.

XrT?"0 The

12.

tree the eaters

p.tD^H for

a talking spirit.

of whose fruit know between

p23fT

Punctuators adopted this pointing to avoid

confusing Qamets with Qamets-Hatuph.

The Berlin

not necessary to suppose witt Buxtorf and the

is

edition refer-

The Paris Polyglot has Holem.

red to has the correct reading. It

Adam

probably means here in the early time, formerly.

Onkelos misunderstood the passage.

so,

*

I. 1.

28.

7.

If

Hebraism.

N-

grammarians who have

followed him thai Onkelos has rendered exactly the Heb. (and therefore th it 'Hi

is

used

in

the

Targums

for n_>; for in vs. 21 he has

mistake in a form which makes the fad evident.

words which would be the same

in

scanty proof for irregular usage. t

form for both See note on VII.

So in Buxtorf and the Polyglots.

and Vienna, edition

I

am

1859,

Tsere appears as

made

precisely the

At best, sing,

and

same

on nouns offers

assertion based plur.

14.

In the editions of onkelos, Berlin, 1863

in vs. 21.

indebted to Rabbi Felsenthal.

For certain readings of the Vienna

GENESIS 1

TlDNl KITH!? ?

14.

ward

P^DNT J^NDI, t

')X\



I

its

:

:

**!,

*in

i.

c, to the front-

out

from

the tree

of those who ratine/

'

I

,

The Paris Polyglot has

fruit discern etc.

18.

East of Assyria

to the

of Assyria.

(this side)

17.

III.

so pointed,

means

1).

that lias been; but this introduces

Two

a singular turn of thought.

v3N as in vs.

other explanations are possible

(1) that the words are a corruption from the single word ^liT*!;

(2) that

^nQ ? 1

of the Paris Polyglot and other editions

is

the cor-

rect text.

rD^P.3

23. lical

in

Bib-

This verse seems to refer to the unfitness of intermarriage

24.

among near

relatives,

pp^np

25.

glot

more frequent

Peil, a Passive conjugation,

Aramaic.

and perhaps

chap. in. 5.

3.

p2"^"V

an idea not contained in the original.

probably should be Ithpe. as in the Paris Polyin

Walton.

m±n = nb $fr n. On

account of the sublimity of God, the Jewish

human to Him, much less an aphuman being. Hence the text must

theologians would assign nothing

proach to divine attributes to a

be improved wherever any such likeness 1

6.

{*s'?Dr)DX -

j"P-l

through

t t

it,

:



!'i

is

found.

either to contemplate

it

or to Leome wise

:

probably the latter.—

fQD^

as

though

*

had Sh'va

rather than Pattah.

Hebraistic plural.

7.

prif.

8.

&Ob*Qt

This term

Word.

*)£N and means the God when there is involved

derived from

is

:

It is applied in the Targu'ms to

This personal idea grew

the idea of His active agency in the world.

out of such passages as

Isa.

LV.

11.

At

first, it

appears in these

Paraphrases where the original contains anthropomorphic expressions,

but

mundane

it

soon came to be employed for

activities; thus, creation

God

in

His immediate

and judgment are attributed

to



NOTES.

58

Person,

tlii s

He

Redeemer and Protector of

the

is

Israel,

and her

prophets receive their commission from Him.

This Person

is

carefully to be distinguished from a mere messen-

God and from the Messiah of the Old Test. It must be remembered also that, while the later Jewish theology dropped the term as they did their idea of the immediate activity of God in the

ger of

world, the word

mean

JO^u*

really supplied its place, having

come

to

the personal representative of God, rather than the imper-

^1,

sonal symbol of His presence*

with Pattah as though be-

*1

fore tflgiT'TIl'"! for

10.

as if

iT?rfl

it

were

fully as so often in the Targums.

Such forms throw

with /I assim. ii.

y-n^H-j.

13.

jyjjDK

15.

'1JH

=

is

also written

Ithpa. from "IlDw

light on the so-called Ittaphal.

»XJ and >$$$.

fcOH he shall

at the beginning

Tsere

Peil.

jV"lEpN-

and

be

mindful of thee what thou didst

to

him

thou shalt be watchful of him at the end.

should read frnfitf.

19.

N")2N

21.

Onkelos wrongly interpreted

")^

as the part of

man

to

be

covered instead of the material out of which the covering was made. 22a.

A

circumlocution to avoid the theology of the original pas-

See Note on

sage.

Chap. IV.

1.

bad theology.

** t:

vs. 5.

DHp

D"Tp-?!Dt|t:

I

was

a

word very useful

far

from men

in the

His name could not even be pronounced, much supposed to

act in the help-giving

*"03 which

to avoid

t|t.



Jehovah was

way described

upper regions.

less could

He be

in the original.

4.

**03

7.

Will not, if thou makcst good thy work, there be forgiveness for

Urn *

.

for

mill, if thou tlost not

For

Weber.

a satisfactory

See

p. 174 sq.

is

found

make good

in

some

thy trek,

editions.

to tlu

day of judgment

explanation of this Jewish idea the writer of the volume already mentioned.

is

indebted to

GENESIS

59

VI.

thy sin is reserved, which will be exacted from thee, if thou do not repent,

and,

if thou repent, it will be forgiven to thee.

interpretation of Onkelos might he correct were

The

13.

it

not

for vs. 14 which shows that Cain seeks a mitigation of punishment.

See

*)£>£&*.

14. 16.

"!£•'£) in

Vocabulary.

Onkelos seems

ppip^.P-

to

mean

that this land (of the

HJ) was prepared for Cain in The Hebrew simply asserts that it was East of

wanderer and outcast, as he defines the beginning.

Eden. 20. 23.

man

The

|irQ"V

|JJQ#

for

suffix is pleonastic.

N j;X'-Nn iN t

,

have I killed that on his account

also not a youth have

I destroyed

for

KJ^^.- WN^ not a

I should bear punishment and

that on his account

my

seed should

be finished (Ithpeel). 24.

IN^jlN

26.

ItTT forebore, ceased.

for 'Hltf «>'e suspended.

T

Chap. V.

Compare carefully the Hebrew

of this chapter, note

the different order of the numerals and the plural pJJ*/ for the singular in Hebrew.

Chap. VI.

1.

IXHtf/.

We

must suppose

either, (1) that this is

a very irregular Peal form used like such forms as lit*'

Us

brew) or Vli*/ (after the analogy of the other conjugations); that

The 3.

it

is

He-

or, (2)

Pael, initial Sh'va having been substituted for Qamets.

editions, as far as consulted, unite in the reading of the text.

For ideas

mann on 4.

in

in the original

which Onkelos has missed see Dill-

Genesis.*

pHj^

for

' or '.— [iHilD |1^1 and

they (the daughters)

were bearing on account of them (the giants). *

In Kurzgefasstes ezegetisches Handbuch zum Alt.

Leipzig, 1882.

Test.

Die Genesis,

4.

Aufl.,

NOTES.

60

6.

nn0*03-

7.

jTDri-

11-

See Note to

III. 8.

Seghol incorrectly with \

|*2iOn

Some

robberies.

editions have the reading j'^lOfl

robbers. 20.

VfoW

Chap. VII.

for

' or

1.

*JDin. t: t

Other editions have the

'.

Dip

*

.



Hebrew

The Heb.

P*!?"?.

nouns and pron. of the 3d person r<

noun and takes suf-

originally a

t|t:

t|

fixes in the plural after the

the ending

is

latter.

Most

analogy.

article is

editions give

used with dem. pro-

in the sense of just this or this

ry.

14.

may

T\yfr

Dan. VIL'20 and 1(3.

be taken as plural noun with

Gen.

cf.

pJN protected

change of

a

I.

suff.

3d

f.

See

|*JJj{.

The

sing.

12, 20.

or sheltered

pj Aph.

from

J^tf or

lung into the corresponding short vowel with dag. forte,

or the reverse, and the consequent appearance of alternative forms,

which

is

of both

frequent

n¥ %

strictly that

and

j\JX

in

Aramaic,

is

illustrated in

Perhaps

fT^ from PlM is

from pj and that better perhaps, CO.} in Hebrew.

Aph. from

suggests an original ftrO-

or,

Hebrew by the use may be said more

it

JJJ

and

pjjtf

this

Cf.

the Aramaic synonyms C"l3 an d C*3^-

Chap. VIII.

3.

PDW

*

for tf according to the regular usage of

For Qamets read Pattah

See the Paradigm.— IIDfl-

the Targums.

with Paris Polyglot.

"Q1J3 which

13.

131.33 for

16.

p13 from pflj.

17.

WSy)

Inipf.

is

found

in

some

editions.

Peal from '£**£} with dag. forte incorrectly

omitted.

Chap. IX. 6.

11.

.").

tuTV'i'TUT-

fl3»jT#|)l Hebraism for JOiX'sDl Ithpe. Impf. from -]#K qi.

Ithpeel from

»V't!'-

rf

GENESIS TfiX1#5- Pael Inf witn

14.

-

X.

61

suff of lst Person. -

Mty becomes

before suffixes.

JT1J.1J7 T

pD"l- Paris Polyglot 'y\ (see Note to II. 12). noun some editions read "0*10 which seems preferable. lo'

For

.

24.

-|J/flN from ")1^.

27.

N^pp'-

this

In the Targums, the relation of the Shechinah to

God is such, that the former is simply men as the sign of the Divine presence

the Glory (Kip*, *1p*N) of the latter

made

visible to

and activity and personal communion with them. Glory

itself, for

den from

all

that dwells upon the throne in

but God, but

it is

It is not that

Heaven and

is

hid-

glory of the glory, splendor from the

At the same time, personal interGod and His people is maintained, and the Shechmade to dwell with them through the efficient action

splendor of His countenance. course between inah itself of the

is

Word.

In the later literature, there was grafted on this notion the personal idea contained in N"")Q*Q, this being necessitated by the exclusion of the latter from the theology.

only the splendor of

God made

The Shechinah

visible in cloud,

the mediator of the Divine operations.

is

now not

but also becomes

Its personal qualities in-

crease and at last there appears full-grown the idea of a Shechinah,

not merely active in Israel, but present in every place, and, through

God

it,

enters into any desired earthly activity, without vacating

His proper abode

in the

heavenly sphere*

8 and below Note on Isa. VI.

Cf above Note on .

III.

1.

Chap. X. 11. ^Dirn. A name given to a suburb of Nineveh from the broad squares of which it was composed. 25.

*

ru^snN

See Weber,

i.

p. 179 sq.

q.

nfrsriN.







NOTES.

€2

NOTES ON THE BIBLICAL ARAMAIC.

JEREMIAH Hebraism for

DiPl-

sound, as is

frequent in the Targums.

This verse

Chap.

V

NjTjtt

hanl

its

probably an interpolation made during or after the

is

The MS. 526

of Kennicott omits

II.

N

»1 f° r

il^-

II. 5.

for

in

The exchange

— }-DN* for p"lDN ,— il'pN- Hebraism.

DANIEL NHb'")

11.

for

appears in Arabic, passes easily into p.

it

captivity.

X.

fin— JO"IX

\NHC*> The

4b— VII.

it.

28.

as often in Biblical Aramaic.

Chaldeans of the Book of Daniel formed

the priest class of the Babylonian wise-men, later writers sometimes extending the term to the entire college of wise-men, and also gave

much

attention to astronomy and astrology.

meaning of the term appears ably

first

class, for

This limited

The name was

applied by outlying peoples to travelling

whole sec Note on V. 30.

quently in Biblical Aramaic.

changed to

X

of the

men

repre-

is

use to designate the people as

\lTw^2-

— Nlft?

as usually in the

reading of Baer, K"tfN

its

PI

for

as occurs fre-

for {<

jl^N

(1

i-

Talmud with the 3d

Part. act.

prob-

members

Babylonia (Chaldea) gave the sciences these

sented to the entire Orient* For a

Daniel.

first in

Q- *? f.

and jl

sing.)f

is

The

Various other explanations

f.

t: |t

have been offered for which consult the Commentaries and especially

Note by Fried. Delitzsch

OJIJHlnfl (0_ |U*"Tinn). preference

is

pf

in

tense characteristic. *

in the preface to Baer's Edition.

The

sign of the Aph.,

Biblical Aramaic, ,l

T0-

is

See 2 Kings X. 27

See Riehm Handivoerterbuch dcs Biblischcyi AUcrthums.

Schrader. t See

Grammar of Luzzatto

which by

often retained after the

p. 88.

Art. Chalducr by

— —

>

DANIEL Probably

n*tf*0-

6.

office

tiDHI your law, —^13N- In some verbs 9.

e.,

i.

'

I

See

or position.

the purpose of

all

v. 17.

of you

is

the same.

It

:

appears as

G3

II.

*

is

assimilated as J and then, conversely,

accordance with later usage, which occasionally

J, in

lowed the insertion to avoid doubling the following consonant.

al-

Cf.

vs. 25.

10.

Dblfl

Hebraism.

*?2V-

(0*111) sacred scribe.

See Gren.

XLI. 24.— flj^^ conjurer from v"|CO to breathe, the breath being employed in their incantations (This reading is to be preferred to that given in Vocabulary.) 12.

A

*p**)!l.

general term including the priests and other

learned classes in the realm. jinp..? for

13.

^pll

14. 19.

It

is

,l

'^.

1

?tDprip were being

7

Ace. with

?-

^J, according

*j

most

to

authorities,

better with Luzzatto to call

22.

$yn$.

25.

'"J^il-

Read

As

J

is

i

slain.

as direct object.

it

a passive participle.

is

Peil Perfect.

for

inserted, in

impure Aramaic,

to avoid doub-

whether dag. forte has arisen from J or not, so it sometimes employed to form a mixed syllable, where a simple

ling a consonant, is

•syllable

with heightened vowel would be expected.

See Note to Gen. IX.

26.

jflJfTlrfa

27.

pirj diviners or astrologers who pretended

destinies of

men from

9.

to

determine the

the place of the stars at their birth.

See Note to

30.

>Sj.

34.

nirjnn, np*jn

39.

iroi. q.in*o. JHfl from jftfH.

40.

See vs.

14.

vs. 19.

for

niunn, np*in.

Daniel became governor of the province of ")J0 np^t^flBabylon and president of the college of wise-men. The Chaldean 48.

kingdom was divided

into provinces (III.

2).

pJJD administrators



N

NOTES.

64

or vice-gerents (

In

4 .\

— hero,

the leaders of the wise-men.

gate of the king,

tht

commands

while his friends executed his

Chap. III.

2* The names The

certain etymology.

he resided

e.,

i.

See III.

the roya] court

at

for the

\

2.

rovincc.

of some of these officials are of un-

however, seem to be classed

first three,

together and to include executive functions while the others refer to judicial •

and financial matters.

N^jDTlu'n^

thi

governor-gen-

These were the chief representatives of the king

rods.

in the pro-

vinces and were set over them as administrators of their

The

derivation

is

affairs.

from old Persian and Zend [province-guardians),

Greek, Zarfxi-r/r— £$\3JD the superintendents, lieutenant-satraps. At first

the

for the

included spiritual and

office

most part

functions but finally was

civil

a military position.

— }
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