Brief Swedish Grammar

SWEDISH GRAMMAR EDW.

J.

VICKNER

A

BRIEF

SWEDISH GRAMMAR BY

EDW.

J.

VICKNER, M.

A.,

PH. D.

PROFESSOR OP SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

REVISED EDITION

ROCK ISLAND,

ILL.

AUGUSTAN A BOOK CONCERN 1914

COPYKIGHT, 1912, BY AUGUSTANA BOOK CONCERN.

COPYRIGHT, 1914,

BY

AUGUSTANA BOOK CONCERN.

ROCK ISLAND,

ILL.

AUOU6TAN4 BOOK CONCERN, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

PREFACE. The cause and aim of this book is to present in a clear and concise way the commonplace facts and principles of the Swedish language. It lays no claim to be a compendium of all forms and usages of either the spoken or written language. The introduction of Swedish into numerous high schools and universities in this country has created a demand for

a book which

not only assist the exclusively Englishto attain a fair reading and speaking knowledge of modern Swedish but which may also meet the demand of American born students of Swedish descent

may

speaking students

who

more complete knowledge of the lanThe consideration that the majority of the students who will use his book are already more or less conversant with Swedish has led the author to make the lessons longer and the exercises rather more advanced than is the case in most beginners' books, to make the vocabularies unusually voluminous, and to devote considerdesire to gain a

guage of their fathers.

able attention to idiomatic expressions.

The

exercises have

was found practicable this

form

irksome

been to

made continuous wherever

do so; and

of exercise will prove student than the

to the

tached sentences.

The

it is to

it

be hoped that

more interesting and form that consists of

less

de-

fact that each lesson thus contains

words which are associated with one another in common an acquisition of conuse will undoubtedly encourage This form of nected phrases rather than mere words. exercise, moreover, facilitates

a m-ethod which the author

IV his experience in the class room has found of great value for the attainment of a correct pronunciation and fluency, that of requiring the student to reproduce the The author contents of the exercises in his own words.

from

lends itself to conversaThe vocabulary has been carefully selected from the language of everyday life and the phrases of the Swedish exercises are of a colloquial and idiomatic charfeels confident that his

grammar

tional practice.

acter.

In the method employed the teacher will naturally be guided by his own judgment and the character of his class; the author would, however, suggest that two hours be devoted to each lesson.

During the

first

hour the gram-

matical part should be thoroughly discussed, the teacher

supplementing the examples given as illustrations, and the Swedish portion of the exercise thoroughly practiced; the second hour should be devoted

to

a rapid review, transla-

tion of the English portion, and to conversation. The* conversational exercises are not intended to be exliaustive

but suggestive for further drill. The value of the conversational method cannot be overestimated.

Unusually ample space has been accorded the treatment of the prepositions, which in all languages and especially in Swedish constitute one of the chief difficulties which confront the learner.

The

author's

treatment of pronunciation and accent, which is one of the peculiarities of

especially the musical,

Swedish,

may

brevity.

The

perliaps evoke criticism by reason of its limitations of space in an elementary book

The booJc is chiefly entering into minute details. intended for class use and much is therefore left to the instructor to supplement. Moreover, a correct Swedish pronunciation and especially a mastery of the musical

forbid

accent, or intonation,

imitation

and

can be acquired only by constant

practice.

In conclusion the author

desires

to

acknowledge his

indebtedness to Professor A. A. Stomberg, University of Minnesota, for much valuable advice and encouragement;

and to Professor Jules Mauritzson, Augustana College, Rock Island, for his extremely valuable services in revising the manuscript.

E. J. VlCKNER.

CONTENTS. PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. PAGE

The Alphabet

1

Pronunciation: Quantity; Accentuation

The Vowels; The Consonants; 1

12

Capitalization

Punctuation

13

Syllabication

14

PART II. THE PARTS OP SPEECH. LESSON I.

II.

III.

Genders

Articles

Verbs

15

Definite Articles:

Postpositive, Prepositive... Inflection of Nouns: First and Second Declen-

sion IV.

V.

VI. VII.

25

Third Declension

29

The Verb:

33

First Conjugation

Second Conjugation Inflection of Nouns: Fourth Declension jectives:

VIII.

38

Ad-

Indefinite Declension

X.

XI. XII. XIII.

XIV. XV.

43

Nouns: Fifth Declension Adjectives: Definite Declension Use of Prepositive Definite 49

Article

IX.

20

Nouns:

Irregularities in Declension Declension of Proper Names Genitive Case

55

The

Verb: Third Conjugation Pronouns: Personal The Verb: Future and Future Perfect IndicaPronouns: Reflexive.... tive; Imperative The Verb: Fourth Conjugation The Verb: Subjunctive The Verb: .Irregularities; Unreal Conditions Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives Position of

Adverbs

.

62 67 73 79 86

92

VIII

PAGE

LESSON XVI. XVII. XVIII.

98 The Verb: Passive Voice The Verb: Passive with Auxiliaries: Deponents 105

Pronouns: Demonstrative The Verb: Verb Compounds

XIX.

XX.

Ill

117

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives tive

The The The The

XXI. XXII. XXIII.

123 Pronouns and Adjectives 131 Present and Past Participle Impersonal Verbs; Reflexive Verbs 137 144 Modal Auxiliaries Modal Auxiliaries 150

Verb: Verb: Verb: Verb: Pronouns: Pronouns: The Verb:

XXIV.

XXV. XXVI. XXVII.

Rela-

157

Indefinite

163

Indefinite

Tenses of Indicative; Uses of

In-

168

finitive

XXVIII.

Comparison Adjectives: Comparison

176

Adjectives:

XXIX.

Adverbs:

Compari-

son

XXX.

181

Numerals:

and Ordinals; Expres186 sions of time, measure, and price Numeral Formations; Expressions of date and

XXXI.

Cardinals

time

XXXII. XXXIII.

193

Uses Prepositions: Uses Prepositions: Uses Prepositions: Uses Adverbs: Uses

201

Conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating

233

Interjections

246

Prepositions:

XXXIV.

XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

208 214 220 226 239

Appendix: Use of the Articles Rules of Gender Notes on Inflection of Nouns Irregularities in Conversational Pronunciation Irregularities in Conversational Gram-

mar

248

253

Strong and Irregular Verbs: Principal Parts

254

Vocabulary

258

:

Swedish-English English-Swedish

Condensed Index

of Subjects

Swedish National Songs

280 301 305

BRIEF SWEDISH PART

GRAMMAR

I.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. The Alphabet. 1.

The Swedish alphabet

CHARACTERS

NAMES

A

ah

a

B b

Cc D d E F

e f

Gg

H

h

I

i

J

j

K L

k 1

Mm

1SI

n

o

is

as follows:

CHARACTERS

PRONUNCIATION.

2

chapter shall be studied in advance. The study of the Gram mar proper should begin as soon as possible, and constant reference, supplemented by such help as may be rendered by the teacher, should be made to the discussion of the sounds given below. 2. It must be borne in mind that the sounds of any two languages hardly ever correspond exactly; hence comparisons between Swedish and English are only approximate.

QUANTITY.

The quantity of Swedish sounds is either long or short. For practical purposes the consonants offer no peculiar difficulties as regards length. The 2.

following rules will serve as a guide in determining the quantity of the vowels:

A vowel is long in an accented syllable when (a) followed by a short consonant sound fara, to travel hdla, cave fel, error grdl, quarrel dra, honor. :

;

;

:

;

A vowel is short in an accented syllable when

(b)

followed

by a long consonant sound:

andas,

breathe; folia, to fall; allt, everything; fall, tanda, to kindle; eld, fire; dygd, virtue.

to

hem;

In unaccented syllables both the vowel sound (c) and the consonant sound are short: si rap, sirup; tall'rik, plate; mor'gon, morning. (d) A final accented vowel is always long. 3. The long and the short vowel sounds are indicated in the same manner in writing. The short consonant sound is generally indicated by a single consonant; the long by two or more consonants, '

especially a double consonant. NOTE. Sometimes the long consonant sound in an accented syllable is indicated by a single consonant, notably in the case of and n: dom, sentence; is not doubled kom, come man, man ; van, friend. With a few exceptions at the end of a word or syllable.

m

;

m

PRONUNCIATION.

3

THE VOWELS. REMARK. The vowels must receive full and distinct utterance in all positions. No vowel is silent; only in the case of e in unaccented endings such as -en, -el, -er, -et, and -e is there a tendency towards slurring.

When

long this sound varies between and the sound of o in foreign this o-sound is prolonged fader, father grad,

4. a.

(1)

the sound of a in far

when

:

;

grade; tola, to speak. NOTE.

Avoid a as in

fall.

(2) When short like the first a in aha: ore; salt, salt; tacka, to thank.

malm,

5. e. (1) When long this sound is an approximation to the sound of a in day without the vanish. The exact sound is that of the German long e in mehr: ek, oak; fel, error; leda, to lead; ned, down.

(2)

as

When

when

short

it is

long: hem,

(a)

qualitatively the

home; vecka, week;

(b) like short a (see 11, 2)

eld,

same fire;

den, the, that; mest, most; herr, Mister (avoid e as in her). :

When

long like i in machine (avoid diphthong) mig, me; tid, time; ila, to hurry; fir a, to celebrate; ni, you. (2) When short it is qualitatively the same as 6.

(1)

i.

:

when

long: min, mine; ingen, no one; viska, to silver, silver; stirra, to stare; (avoid i as

whisper; in stir).

When

two sounds: (a) apThe exact sound is formed by the tongue position for the Swedish long 7.

o.

(1)

proximately

long, o has

like oo in

moon.

with the lips so constricted ("rounded") as to be nearly closed: olycka, misfortune; sko, shoe; sopa,

a,

4

PRONUNCIATION.

to sweep; ros, rose; (b) like o in hope (avoid diphthong). This sound is identical with the Swedish long a (see 10, 1) hov, court; Robert; kol, coal. (2) When short it has two sounds: (a) like the first o in oho! or like o in oil: om, if; hopp, hope; kropp, body; (b) like oo in moon shortened: ost, cheese blomma, flower moster, aunt. :

;

;

8. u. (1) The sound of long u is produced by the tongue position for Swedish long e (see 5, 1) with the lips so extremely constricted (rounded) as to be nearly closed: gul, yellow; ut, out; duka, to set the table; mjuk, soft. (2) The sound of short u is more open than that

of long u.

It is

approximately that of u in value

(without the introductory consonantal ^/-sound) under, under; guld, gold; kunna, to be able.

:

9. y. Y is identical in sound with German u and French u in une. Round the lips as if to pronounce u in rude, then pronounce ee in seen. It is either

Ex. (long) long or short. fyra, four; rysa, to shudder; ny, new; yr, dizzy; (short) sylt, jam, :

:

yttra, to utter; fylla, to

10.

a.

diphthong) to

(1) :

fill.

When

ar,

long like o in hope (avoid the year; kal, cabbage; ga, to go; sara,

wound. (2)

When

dllon,

acorn;

short fall,

like

hem;

short

open o (see 7, 2) to holla, hold; atta, eight; :

manga, many. 11. a. (1) When long approximately like a in care (avoid the diphthong) : dra, honor; lasa, to read dta, to eat dven, even, also. ;

;

PRONUNCIATION.

When

(2)

men; 12. eu.

5

short like e in met: an, than, yet; man, put; angel, angel.

stalla, to

6. d is identical with German 6 and French Round the lips as if to sound o in so; then

pronounce the Swedish long e (see 5, 1). It is long or short. Ex. (long) oga, eye; rok, smoke; over, over; (short) foil, fell; oppen, open; backer, books. :

:

This vowel has a tendency to become more open when short and also

NOTE.

especially rr ; sot, sweet, long and close ; in soft (the neuter form of sot) the o is short and slightly open oga, eye, long and close ; hora, to hear,

before

r,

;

long and quite open

dorr, door, still

The vowels

13.

and

;

e, i,

more open.

a, o, u,

a are called hard vowels,

y, d, 6 are called soft vowels.

Vowel modification, which in English is very often referred to under its German name umlaut, is a process of considerable importance in Swedish 14.

Thus a change from a u to y, occurs in the inflecforms of many words and in derivatives.

inflection

and a tional

and derivation.

to d, or o to 6, or

Ex.: and, duck, pi. dnder; lang, long, comparative langre; bok, book, pi. backer; ung, young, comp. yngre; lang, long, langd, length; ga, to go, gdngse, current.

GENERAL OBSERVATION. A vowel is usually pronounced as it is written. There are a few exceptions in words of foreign origin; thus, ou in a few eu French words sounds like u short, journal' (shurnal') sounds like oi in the word Preussen, Prussia, and its deriva;

tives; fair.

u like y in a few French words: juste (shyst), just, These exceptions are neither many nor important.

PRONUNCIATION.

6

THE CONSONANTS. NOTE.

15. e, i,

Consonants not discussed here have the same sound as in English.

(1) Like English s before the soft vowels

c.

and y:

cirkel, cylirider, cigarf'.

(2) Before the hard vowels a, o, u, and before another c or other consonant like English k: Colum-

bus, accent'.

Ch has

(3)

the sound of sj (26) in a

of foreign origin:

few words charmant,

chocolate;

choklad,

charming. 16.

d.

Like English

but

d,

is

silent before /:

djup, deep; djur, animal. NOTE.

Where d according

to the old orthography stands before

t

in the

same

pronounced like t; according to the new orthography (officially adopted in 1906) it is either eliminated or changed to t : ont (new form), neuter gott (new form), neuter of god, good; godt (old form) of ond, evil ; ondt (old form) syllable

it

is

either

or

silent

;

.

17. to

f.

Is identical in

ask kraft, power ;

;

sound with English

folia, to

hem

;

/: frdga,

fotograf, photog-

rapher. NOTE.

In accordance with the old orthography / at the end of a syllable or

word (except foreign words) has the sound of v and is silent before t; in the middle of a word except where v begins the succeeding member of a compound. In the new orthography v has supplanted / everywhere in marking the sound of v: tolv (new), twelve, tolf

(old)

:

silver

(new), silfver (old)

;

lova (new), to

promise, lofva (old).

18.

g.

(1) Like English

g in go before the hard

a, o, u, a, and the consonants; and also before the soft vowels e and i in unaccented endings; and in final positions, except after I and r: gd, to go

vowels

;

gata, street; spegel, mirror; tagit, taken; krig, war. (2)

Like English y in year

(tongue closer to

the palate) before the soft vowels e, i, y, d, 6 in accented syllables of native words and after I and

PRONUNCIATION. r:

genom, through; giva,

to give;

7

gynna, to favor;

korg, basket; svalg, throat.

Like k before

(3)

t

and occasionally before

s:

sagt, said; bragt, brought; krigsman, warrior. NOTE 1. G is not silent before n: gnaga, gnaw. 2. G before t, which occurred frequently in the old orthography, has now generally been replaced by dress,

dragt

k: vikt

(new), weight, vigt

(old)

;

drdkt

(new),

(old).

(4) Like sj (see below, 26) in a

number

of loan

words of French origin: generos', generous; gene'to inconvenience;

ra,

korrige'ra, to correct; gest,

gesture. 19. j:

h.

Is

strongly aspirated, but

holla, to hold; hel,

is silent

before

whole; hjul, wheel; hjdrta,

heart. NOTE. The silent h before v in the old orthography has been dropped new: hvem, who, now vem; hvar, where, now var.

in the

Like g (18, 2) or English consonantal y: jord, earth; jdmn, even; jag, I; jul, Christmas. 20.

j.

NOTE. jalusi'

In a few French loan words like sj: jasmin' window shade.

(shasmin'), jessamine;

(shalusi'),

21. k. (1) Like English k before consonants and hard vowels, also before e and i in unaccented endings, and before soft vowels in words of foreign origin kalla, to call kula, ball rike, realm rynkig, :

;

;

;

wrinkled; arkiv', archives. (2) Like English ch before the soft vowels (e, i, y, a, 6) except as stated above: kedja, chain; kil, wedge; kylig, chilly; kar, dear; kott, meat. (3) Double k is written ck, except in och, and. NOTE. K is not silent before n: kniv, knife; knd, knee. 22.

m.

Has the same sound

as in English.

NOTE. In some words of French origin em is sounded like the Swedish ang: cmballe'ra (angballera.), pack, wrap; emblem' (angblame), emblem.

PRONUNCIATION.

8

23. NOTE

Has

n.

the

same sound as

some words of French origin en

In

1.

ang, and on like the Swedish ang: entusiasm'

is

in English. sounded like the Swedish

(angtusiasm), enthusiasm; pente

(pangsOi pansy; fond (f&ngd), fund, background. 2. If g and n occurring together belong to the same radical syllable, they are pronounced with an n before, except at the beginning of a word gnista, spark; lugn (lungn), calm; vagn (vangn), carriage. 3. Ng sounds like English ng in singer, not like ng in finger: Idng, long :

gang, song

sjunga, to sing.

;

24.

with the tip of the

Is strongly trilled

r.

tongue: arm, arm; bdra,

to carry; dorr, door.

Observe that the vowels are pronounced distinctly not blurred as in English.

before r NOTE

back of the tongue 2.

R

is made with the uvula now regarded as permissible.

The uvular r which

1.

is

in the combinations

rl,

m,

vibrating against the

and especially rd and

rs

rt

is

not pro-

nounced, the /, n, s, d, and t become supradental, that is, pronounced w-ith the tip of the tongue touching the palate sort, murmur drna, to intend :

kors, cross

25.

;

bord, table

Is

s.

;

bort,

;

;

away.

pronounced

like s in so: sol,

sun; sys-

ter, sister; resa, to travel.

Before a vowel these are all pronounced with a sound that resembles English sh but is somewhat rougher. It must be carefully practiced with the teacher schack, chess sjo, lake sju, seven sjdl, soul skjorta, shirt skjuta, to shoot 26. sch,

sj, skj, ssj, stj.

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

hdssja, hayrack; stjarna, star. NOTE.

In the endings -sion and -ssion the

*t

and

ssi are

sounded like

sh.

27. sk. (1) Before the soft vowels (e, i, y, d, 6) sk has the same sound as sch, sj, etc., as described in the preceding section (26) skena, to run away; to to skilja, cover; skdl, reason; separate; skyla, :

skold, shield. (2) Before the hard vowels (a, o, u, a) sk is pronounced like the English sk: skal, shell; sko, shoe;

skuld, guilt; skal, bowl.

PRONUNCIATION.

9

NOTE 1. Exceptions to this rule are the words marskalk, marshal, and mdnniska, human being, in which sk is pronounced like sj. 2. Before e and i of an ending sk is pronounced like English sk: disken (from disk, counter) flasket (from flask, pork). ;

28. NOTE

Like English

t.

In the ending -tion

1.

t

ti

in

most words.

sounded like

is

sj

(26)

:

action,

action

:

evolution, evolution.

When inserted

-tion is preceded

before

the

by

*;'-sound

a, o,

in

and

r in dissyllabic words,

pronunciation:

nation'

a

t

is

(natsjoon')

generally ;

motion'

(motsjoon'); portion' (portsjoon'). 2. Like ts before t'a and ie in foreign words: aktie (aktsie), share; patient' (patsient, also pashent') profeti'a (profetsia), prophecy. ;

29.

Is

tj.

pronounced

English ch: tjock,

like

(chock), thick ;'tjdra (chairah), tar. 30. w. Is always pronounced like English never like English w.

31. NOTE.

Is

x.

pronounced as in English.

In words in -xion

32.

(saybrah)

it

is

1 pronounced like ksj: reflexion (rayflekshoon).

Always pronounced

z.

v,

like s in so: zebra,

.

ACCENTUATION. 33. In Swedish a distinction must be made between the accent-stress and the musical accent. ACCENT-STRESS.

34. Simple words. The accent-stress falls on the root syllable of all simple native words: le'va, to live; ha'ge, pasture; tan'ke, thought; mo'der,

mother. 35. origin,

Compounds. Compound words of native whether formed of noun-\-noun, prefix -\-

noun, noun-\-suffix, adjective+adjective, or prefix-}verb, have the main stress, as a rule, on the first r syllable: skol'hus, schoolhouse; av stand, distance; Swedish Grammar

2

PRONUNCIATION.

10

man'lig, manly; dt'bar, eatable; bla'gul, blue and yellow till'sta, to admit an' fora, to cite har'komst, ;

;

;

descent; prat'sam, talkative. 36. Exceptions, (a) The prefixes be-, e-, ent-, and ge- are always unaccented: beha'ga, to please; entle'diga, to discharge; gemal', consort; ehu'ru, alSo also the prefix for- is unaccented in though. forta'la, to slander; forsta', to underbut stand; fo'r'dom, prejudice (see 211). The following words have the main stress (b) on the penult, or next to the last syllable: egent'lig,

most words:

real; offent'lig, public; manat'lig, lig,

monthly; vasent'-

essential; ordent'lig, orderly; barmhar'tig, char-

itable; fient'lig, hostile.

(c)

All

words ending

in -eri

have the main stress

on the ultima, or office; fiskeri', NOTE.

last syllable: tryckeri', printing fishery; slaveri' slavery. ',

Other exceptions will be indicated as they occur.

Compound words have

in addition to the a accent on the accent strong secondary principal last member of the compound: skol'hus', school-

37.

house; trad'gard', garden. 38. Foreign words. Words of foreign origin tend to retain their original accent. Words from the Greek and the Romance languages, especially those ending in -ant, -ent, -al, -i, -ik, -il, -ist, -ur, -ark, are generally accented on the last syllable. NOTE

1. Nouns having the endings -tnno, -essa, -aker, -cter, -cum, -ikcl, -ifl, adjectives ending in -abel, -ibcl, -isk, and verbs ending- in -era are accented on the penult.

-itel; 2.

stress

Nouns ending in -turn, -to, and -ic have with a few exceptions the main on the antepenult, or third syllable from the end: privilc' gium, privilege;

nola'rie, notary. 3.

Foreign words ending in -or shift the accent when suffixes are added

dok'tor, dokto'rer, doktor'ska, profes'sor, professo'rer.

:

PRONUNCIATION.

11

MUSICAL ACCENT.

from the stress accent is the muThere are two kinds of musical accent in Swedish employed in single words, the acute and the grave, or the monosyllabic and the dissyllabic. The acute, or monosyllabic, accent, which is Different

39.

sical accent.

approximately identical with the musical accent in English and German, is used in words which were originally monosyllables. NOTE.

Many

dissyllabic

and

polysyllabic

words

have

this

accent,

since

they were formerly monosyllabic or have become dissyllabic or polysyllabic by the addition of some ending, especially the definite postpositive article.

40. Foreign loan words often receive the acute accent since this approximately resembles the musical accent employed by the mcfre important of the

European languages. 41. The grave, or dissyllabic, accent belongs in most cases to words which were originally dissyllabic

or polysyllabic. of the Swedish

This accent

is

a peculiar feature

(and Norwegian), and constitutes the perhaps greatest difficulty which confronts the foreigner wishing to acquire a correct pronunciation. Although no rules can teach it, the following remarks may be useful :

We may

call the highest pitch to which the unaffected pronunciation the high tone, and the lowest to which it falls the low tone. The pitch which is usually employed lies midway between these two and may be designated as the

42.

voice rises in

tone. (Signs: I, low tone; n, normal word with acute accent has the normal tone). tone on the first syllable and the loiv tone on the

normal

A

CAPITALIZATION.

12

n

following syllable or syllables. i

n

i

Ex.: get'-ter, get'-

i

ter-na.

The word

intonation

A

43.

is

This is originally monosyllabic. practically the same as the English.

word with grave

gins with a tone a may designate as

accent, if dissyllabic, be-

below the normal, which we the voice then glides down to

little

n,

the low tone within the same syllable, producing a slightly broken intonation, and rises to the normal tone on the second syllable.

A

44.

word

of

Ex.

:

-nl n ta-la, to

more than two

speak.

syllables taking

n tone on the first syllable, the grave accent has the the low tone on the second, and the normal tone on -n

the third.

Ex.:

n

I

ta*la-re, speaker.

In the case of words which do not take the stress accent on the first syllable, regard the stressed syllable as the first in applying these rules. Ex. for:

n ta'la. -nl

REMABK.

The accent mark used

in this book merely indi-

cates the syllable to be stressed.

Capitalization.

45. Capitals are used less frequently in Swedish than in English. Thus Swedish uses a small initial letter in the following cases contrary to English usage In the names of the days of the week and (a) in the names of months: tisdag, Tuesday; april, :

April.

(b)

In the

names

and times of the year advent, Advent.

of certain festivals, holidays, :

jul,

Christmas pask, Easter ;

;

PUNCTUATION.

13

In adjectives and nouns derived from proper (c) names: svensk, Swedish; engelsk, English; svedenborgiansk, Swedenborgian darvinist, Darwinist; ;

stockholmare, inhabitant of Stockholm. 46.

In

only the

books and headings of chapters word, as a rule, is capitalized.

titles of

first

In compound names like Forenta staterna, 47. United States, and Stilla havet, Pacific Ocean, only

word

the first like

is

capitalized; so also in expressions

Karl den store, Charles the Great.

48. Personal titles are generally not capitalized except in direct address: herr Svensson; professor Bjorkman; hans majestdt, His Majesty; but, Bdsta Herr Professor! Dear Professor: Ers Maje-

Your Majesty (capitalization is The pronoun I (second person

stat!

optional).

49. plural) is capitalized; ni (second person singular) and its different cases are often capitalized in letters as a sign of respect. Punctuation.

The

50.

rules

of punctuation are nearly the

and Swedish. But Swedish punctuation is perhaps closer than ours, the comma especially being used more freely. Note examples in

same

in both English

reading.

OBSERVE. The comma is generally used to set off the different clauses of a sentence, whether independent or dependent, provided they contain a sub-

som jag hade pa

ject

and

ret,

har kommit bort, the ring that

,

predicate

:

ringen,

I

fing-

had on

my

SYLLABICATION.

14

finger has been lost; sag mig, tell

kan

me what you syr, the

vad du har

have done; gossen

boy reads and the

laser,

gjort,

och

flic-

girl sews.

Syllabication.

51. A consonant between two vowels, except x in simple words of native origin, goes with the following vowel a-ra, ce-der, Id-ra-re, re-gel, vax-a. :

52. When two or more consonants occur between two vowels, the last consonant usually goes with the following vowel: fal-la, hop-pas, fladd-ra, mycket.

But sch and sk when used as signs for the are not separated but added to the following vowel mar-schera, mar-skalk; ng is added to the preceding vowel unless n and g belong to 53.

s.?-sound (sh)

:

different words: hang-a, sjung-a.

Compound words

54. their torn,

are divided according to trdd-gdrd, garden; kyrkhand-skrift, manuscript; bak-om,

component parts: steeple;

behind.

PART

II.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

LESSON

I.

Genders. 55.

The Swedish language has four genders: common, and neuter.

masculine, feminine,

56. Masculine are generally names of living beings, especially persons, of the male sex. They require as pronoun of reference han.

Feminine are generally names of living 57. beings, especially persons, of the female sex. They require as pronoun of reference hon. 58. Common gender comprises most names of inanimate objects which are not neuter. The pro-

noun of reference 59.

is

den.

Whether the name of an inanimate

object or neuter depends variously on terminafew practical rules for determintion or usage. is

common

A

ing neuter nouns will be given in the Appendix but the best plan for the beginner is to associate the indefinite article with every noun he learns. ;

60.

The neuter gender requires det as pronoun

of reference.

Formerly the distinction between the masculine and feminine genders of inanimate objects 61.

16

ARTICLES.

strictly observed now it is almost entirely discarded except in some dialects. The distinction is avoided by employing den as pronoun of reference for either. The tendency is to extend the province Thus we find that names of the common gender. of animals, even the higher, when no reference is had to sex, are generally regarded as common and referred to with the pronoun den. On the contrary, nouns ending in -a with plural in -or are often feminine even when they denote inanimate objects or living beings of either sex: Var dr klockan? Where Hon hanger pa vdggen i sangkamis the clock? maren. It hangs on the wall in the bedroom. Vad blev det av den lilla vita duvan? What became of the little white dove? Hon flog sin vag. It flew

was more

;

away. NOTE. nouna.

It

Masculine, feminine, and common nouns will be referred to as gender is not deemed necessary to denote whether a noun is masculine,

feminine, or

make such a

commor

rules given in 56, 57, ; distinction whenever necessary.

THE 62.

There

are

and 58 will enable the student to

ARTICLES.

three

articles:

the

indefinite

the postpositive definite article, which is appended to the noun, and the independent or prearticle;

positive definite article, which stands before the noun and is used only when the noun is qualified by an adjective.

THE INDEFINITE

ARTICLE.

63. The indefinite article which is equivalent to the English indefinite article a or an has two forms :

(1)

En, which

is

used before

all

gender nouns:

VERBS.

1?

en man, a man; en drottning, a queen; en dngare, a steamer. (2)

which is used before an eye; ett barn, a child.

Ett,

ett oga,

all

neuter nouns:

RULE OP SYNTAX. 64. The indefinite article corresponds in the main with that of English, with some important deviations. It must be omitted (a) Before a predicate noun denoting profession or occupation when not qualified by an adjective. As: min van dr larare, my friend is a teacher; but min van dr en begavad larare, my friend is a talent:

ed teacher.

Also in a number of phrases; as, jag har have a desire to read; jag fick svar, received an answer. (b)

lust att Idsa, I I

65.

The verb

att

hava (short form,

att ha), to

have.

PRESENT INDICATIVE. PI. vi ha(va), we have Sg. jag har, I have / haven,han, you have du har, thou hast (you ni ha(va), you have have) de ha(va), they have ni har, you have

han

har, he has

The shorter forms of the verb hava have practically supplanted the longer forms, which are limited to the solemn style. NOTE.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. Sg. jag hade,

du hade ni hade han hade

I

had,

etc. PI. vi

hade,

/ haden ni hade

de hade

we

had,

etc.

VEBBS.

18 (

The verb

66.

att vara, to be.

PRESENT INDICATIVE. Sg. jag dr,

du

ar,

I

am

PL

thou art (you

are) ni dr, you are

han

he

dr,

vi dro, / dren, ni dro,

we

are

you are you are

de dro, they are

is

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. Sg. jag var, I was, etc.

du var

PI. vi voro,

ni var

han var

were,

etc.

de voro

REMARKS ON THE

67.

we

I voren ni voro

VERBS.

The singular du is used in very familiar (a) address, to relatives, to intimate friends, and to children. The plural 7 is archaic except in elevated style.

Ni

used instead of du as the conventional In the plural it has supplanted 1 in and both familiar polite address (see 142 and (b)

is

form of address. note)

.

The singular of the verb regularly takes the place of the plural in conversation and has begun to replace the latter in the written language: thus, (c)

vi har, ni har, vi dr, etc., are permissible. NOTE.

In the beginning only the third person singular of the verbs will be this form can be used in all persons and both numbers. ;

given in the vocabulary

EXERCISE

I.

N. B. The student should be required to reproduce the contents of the exercises, wherever this is practicable, in his own words.

A.

1.

stad.

2.

Karl ar en

Han

gar

i

liten gosse,

som

(wlio) bor

skolan och har en snail

liirare.

i

en stor 3.

TTaii

EXERCISE. far ofta en lang laxa, som ar och kan sin (his) laxa. 5.

dag?" fragar

min (my) a

1

Karls larare.

mycket

19 svar.

4.

Karl

iir

flitig

"Kan du

din (your) laxa i Karl svarar: "Ja, jag kan

6.

laxa."

The predicate precedes the subject if the clause is introduced by a modifier which may be either adverb, phrase, clause, or object.

of the verb,

Answer the following questions in Swedish: 1. Vem (who) ar Karl? 2. Var (where) bor han? 3. Vad (what) har han? 4. Ar hans larare snail? 5. Vad ger han Karl ofta? 6. Ar Karls laxa svar? 7. Vad fragar han Karl B.

ofta

?

8.

Vad

svarar Karl sin larare

?

WRITTEN EXERCISE. N. B. The teacher should read the English sentences, give the class a few seconds for mental translation, and then put the question to the individual student. The students should not be allowed to read the translation from their papers or to translate from their books. C. is

1.

Mary

a good girl.

lives in a large

and beautiful

She writes a long (langt)

city.

2.

She

letter to a friend.

She has a mother, who is very good. 4. Her (hennes) mother asks her (lienne), "What are 1 you writing?" 5.

3.

Mary answers her (sin) mother, "I am writing letter to a friend who lives in Stockholm." 1

1

Use the simple progressive nor emphatic verb-forms. are not translated in interrogative and negative expresUse the simple present or imperfect.

Swedish

present. sions.

a long

has

no

Do and did

VOCABULARY. N. B. 1. The indefinite article before nouns shows whether they are gender nouns or neuter nouns. 2. Only the indefinite gender form of the adjective is given in the first few lessons. bor, lives ett brev, t

tror I

han]

Sg. jag

du

ni

1. \

han]

syr

PERSONAL PRONOUNS. vi

PI.

63

ni nro

vi ] ni \sy

de\

de\

1

iron

I

I

syn

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE. Sg. jag

du

ni

jag

1

du

j,

{,

ttrodde

ni

han\ PI.

vi ni

de

I

\sydde

han\ vi ] ni \sydde

]

ttrodde

de

J

trodden

/

}

I

J

sydden

PERFECT INDICATIVE. /tar trott, etc.

yagr Tiar ST/if, etc.

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE. jag hade

jag hade

trott, etc.

sytt, etc.

Personal Pronouns. 139.

DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON Masc. and Fern. Masc. and Fern. Masc. Fern. Neuter

Sg.

Nom. jag Gen. Obj.

PI.

(min)

mig

du

han

hon

(din) dig

hans

hennes dess henne det

honom

det

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

64

REMARKS ON THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

140.

(a) The personal pronouns with the exception of the third person lack genitive forms these forms are supplied by the possessive adjectives. But a ;

form for the second person occurs in a few Ers Majestat, Your Majesty; Ers excellens, Your Excellency. (b) Mig and dig are colloquially pronounced mdj and daj.

genitive

titles; as,

(c) In conversational language 'en or 'n is sometimes appended to the verb or to the pronoun subject in a question and used as a sort of enclitic pronoun for honom or den; likewise also 'et or 't for det and 'no, for henne. Ex. Jag sag 'en i gar. I saw him

yesterday.

Pick du't? Did you get

For the use of du and ni

141.

it?

in address, see

67, a, b.

142. It is considered more polite in the singular to use the title of the person with or without herr or fru. The definite form of the title is generally used

except when it occurs together with the used in independent construction.

Kommer

name

or

is

i kvall? Will you come toBut Kommer doktor Lind i kvall? Are you coming to-night, Doctor Lind ? Ndr flyttar ni ut pa landet, herr doktor? When are you going

Ex.:

doktorn

night, Doctor?

to

move out

into the country, Doctor?

Persons whose titles and names are unknown may be addressed with herrn, frun, or fro'ken (also damen, the lady) it is impolite to omit name or title in speaking to persons we know Vill herrn vara sa ;

:

EXERCISE.

G5

god och saga mig, var Kungsgatan ar? Will you kindly tell me, sir, where King's Street is? To combine convenience with politeness one may judiciously intersperse title. The existing objection to this convenient pronoun

NOTE.

the pronoun ni with the is

gradually disappearing.

EXERCISE X. A.

Supply the endings of the verbs and nouns where

indicated.

Var tillbring (impf.) ni era ferier i somras (133, herr doktor? 2. Vi bo c), pa landet som vanligt, vid en harlig liten insjo. 3. Nar sommar komm , forma 1.

jag inte att stanna i staden langre, jag maste fly ut i naturen for att hamta nya kraft (pi.) till mitt arbete. 4.

Ni

5.

Ja, det bero

ni ej hb'r lamna stad vi kollider

skadad.

henne

ut ganska sent

flytt

7.

att

pa olyckan,

om den?

6.

i

ar,

herr doktor, eller hur? min hustru. Har

som han

Strax innan

vi

amna

(att)

i min , voro (93, a) vi ute och kb'r nya bil; med en sparvagn, och min hustru blev (was)

Nu ma

aka

i

hon ypperligt, men jag kan

automobil mera.

8.

ej

forma

Varfb'r besoker (93, b)

ni oss aldrig, herr professor, medan vi bo pa landet? 9. Vi ha det sa trevligt, var villa ligger vid sjostrand , och fran dess veranda ha vi en harlig utsikt over sjb'n. 10. Vi

ha bade

(both) motorbat och segelbat och naturligtvis om att ro. 11. Vag roddbat, om ni tyck (pi. def.) aro fb'rtrafflig och passande for automobilakning.

B.

Conversation.

1.

Var bodde

ni

i

somras?

Varfor

2.

bor ni pa landet? 3. Flyttade ni ut tidigt i ar? 4. Varfor flyttade ni ut sa sent? 5. 7ad skedde, nar ni voro ute och akte

?

strom 9.

Hur

6.

ej

Vad aka

kolliderade ni i

med ?

automobil mera?

har ni det pa landet? 10.

of) batar har ni?

11.

Vad

7.

8.

Varfor

Var

vill

fru Ed-

ligger er villa?

Hum manga slags

passa vagarna for?

(kindi

VOCABULARY

66 C.

1.

Doctor Edstrom and his family lived at a beau2. Their villa is situated last summer.

tiful little lake

(Hgger) at (vid) the lake shore, and from the porch they have a charming view over the lake and its islands. 3. The doctor does not feel well if he does not spend his (sina) vacation in (pa) the country, 4. Last summer they moved out later than usual, for an accident had occurred to Mrs.

Edstrom.

5.

They were out riding

in their (sin) large

automobile and collided with a street car.

6.

new

Mrs. Edstrom

was seriously injured, and now the doctor cannot make her 7. Haven't you (Ex. X, A, 7) ride in an automobile. heard of that (ddrom) ? I thought you and the doctor were very good friends. 8. I have visited them several times at

(i)

their

pleasant home.

rowing and

9.

home Once

in the country; they have such a I stayed a

fishing (ute och rodde

whole week and was out ocli

metade) on the lake

every (varje) day.

VOCABULARY. aldrig,

never

kollide'ra,

allvarsam, -t, serious en automobil'dkning, automobile riding bero', III, to

en

bil, -ar,

depend

colloquial abbrev.

for automobile

en kraft,

to collide

I,

-er,

strength

kora, lib, to drive Idmna, I, to leave langre, longer,

any longer

medan, while meta,

I,

to fish

ferier (always plur.) vacation en motorMt, -ar, motor boat fly, III, to flee ma, III, to feel (well, ill, etc.) en natur', -er, nature flytta, I, to move

forma', III, to be able; to induce or compel

ganska (adv.), quite Jiamta,

I,

to

fetch

handa, lib, to happen, occur en hustru, -r, wife en insjo, -ar, lake

natur'ligtvis, of course

en o'lycka, -or, accident, misfortune passande, suitable ro, III, to

row

en roddbdt, en segelbut,

-ar,

rowboat

-ar,

sailboat

INDICATIVE. en sjostrand, shore

som

lake

sjiJstriinder,

porch

-or,

villa,

cottage

dka, Ha, to ride en o, -ar, island

over (prep, and adv.) over,

pleasant, agreeable

-t,

vanligt, as usual

en veranda, en villa, -or,

skadad, -at, injured i somras, last summer en spdrvagn, -ar, street car strax, soon trevlig,

07

past

IDIOMS.

vara ute och kora, gd, rida,

1.

att

2. 3.

walking, riding. att gd ut och gd, to take a walk. att ha det trevligt, to have a pleasant

4.

att

md

bra, ilia, to feel well, bad,

LESSON The Verb

be out

to

etc.,

home

driving,

or time.

ill.

XI.

(Continued).

FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE. 143. The future indicative is formed by combining the present of the auxiliary skola, shall, which is

skall (in conversation ska), with the present infin-

and the future perfect by combining the same auxiliary with the perfect infinitive. itive;

FUTURE INDICATIVE

FUTURE PERF.

Sg. jag]

du

ni

\

jag] i

7,

fskall

,

7

x

T

17

(ska) kalla

vi

m

de

~\

\skola (ska) kalla J

I skolen kalla NOTE

Pure future

du

ni

[skall (ska) h akaUat

han]

han] PI.

INDIC.

vi

1

ni

I

de

skola (ska)

ha

j

I skolen

kallat

ha

kallat

generally expressed either by the present or by the infinitive together with the present of the verb komma, to come (296). 2. The double forms of the English future and future perfect, / shall call, 1.

is

be calling, and / shall have called, I shall have been calling, are to be rendered by the single forms, jag skall kalla and jag skall ha kallat. I shall

IMPERATIVE.

68

THE IMPERATIVE. The imperative is formed by attaching to 144. the stem of the verb the following endings: PLURAL

SINGULAR

First Person -om Second Person -en or -n

Second Person -a or NOTE. gular

;

all

145.

Only verbs of the First Conjugation take other verbs use the mere stem.

-a in the second person sin-

Instead of the form in -om, which

is

exceed-

ingly rare, the imperative of the verb Idta, let, latom, generally shortened to lat, is used with the reflexfirst person plural and This form corresponds exactly to the English imperative with let; thus, Idt(om) oss kalla, let us call.

ive

pronoun

oss, us, of the

the infinitive.

Instead of the second person plural in -en or -n the second person singular, with the pronoun ni understood, is used as an imperative for the second person plural. 146.

NOTE.

The pronouns are generally omitted

in the imperative.

147. The conversational language uses a number of expressions which are more polite than the imperative the most common is vill ni vara sa god, will you be so kind; thus, vill ni vara sa god och komma (will you have the kindness to come), also, var sa god och, etc. or the expression, sa dr ni (du) snail (then you are kind), may be used after the imperative; as, kom, sa dr ni snail (please come), or, kan (can) may be used in a question: ;

;

kan du komma mi?

please.

equivalent

to,

come now,

INFINITIVE.

148.

69

Examples of the imperative of the verbs

kalla, to call;

bdja, to bend;

tro,

to believe;

ga,

to go.

kalla (du, ni), kallom, lat(om) oss kalla, kallen(I) (du, ni), bojom, Idt(om) oss bdja, bbjen(I) bd'j tro (du, ni), lat(om) oss tro, iron (I)

ga

lat(om) oss ga,

(du, ni),

gan

Verbs the stem of which ends in a vowel lack the form in

NOTE.

(I)

-07*1,

and

take -n in the second person plural.

149.

REMARKS ON THE The present

INFINITIVE.

active infinitive ends in

-a, but verbs of the Third Conjugation and a few verbs of the Fourth Conjugation the stem of which ends in a vowel take no ending in the infinitive. The sign of the infinitive i? att, to. Ex.: att kalla, att

(a)

tro, att ga.

(b)

The perfect

lish; thus, att

to

ha

formed as

in

Eng-

kallat, to'have called; att

ha

trott,

infinitive is

have believed att ha ;

gdtt, to

have gone.

(c) There is also a future infinitive formed by combining the present infinitive of the auxiliary verb skola, shall, with the infinitive of the verb; as, att

skola kalla.

This

is

rarely used.

(d) The sign of the infinitive is omitted very much as in English. (Further particulars will be given later.)

An

infinitive

phrase expressing purpose is generally introduced by the preposition for, for; as, jag har rest till Tyskland for att studera tyska dar, I have gone to Germany in order to study Ger(e)

man

there.

70

EXERCISE.

The There

Reflexive Pronoun.

only one distinctively reflexive which is used for all genders and numbers of the third person: himself, herself, 150.

is

form, the objective

sig,

itself, themselves; as, han (hon) sdtter sig, seats himself (herself) de sdtta sig, they seat themselves. ;

Elsewhere the objective case of the personal

151.

pronouns is used as reflexive; as, jag sdtter mig, I seat myself sdtta oss, we seat ourselves. ;

NOTE

m

In English the reflexive -self must be distinguished from the em-

1.

This is expressed in Swedish by sjalv; as, jag sjalv, I myself; phatic -self. han har gjort det sjalv, he has done it himself. 2. Sjdlva(e) preceding a noun means even ; as, sjdlva konungen kan inte .gora det, even the king cannot do

it.

EXERCISE XI. A.

Om m

1.

kom med sag

till

pa nu .

.

i

att jag b'nsk

bat

(it).

.

mig.

dem,

onska taga en liten tur pa sjon, barn, sa Ga in till Ostermans pa vagen, Karl, och

2.

,

4.

goss

Vem

,

men

lana

.

.

.

(Iheir) bat.

3.

Hop-

forsiktigt, sa att ni ej stjalp

skall ro?

Jasa, du Erik, nej, lat Karl

ro, jag tror ej, att det skall bli tungt for

honom, ty sjon Sluta att ro, Karl, och slapp ned ankar 6. Se bara, hur Lat oss nu kasta nt rev fisk det ar har! Karl har redan ett napp pa sin mycket krok. 7. Tycker ni inte, att det ar roligt att meta, nar ligger

som en

spegel.

5.

.

man

far

.

napp?

8.

oss under det stor

Var nu trad

snail och ro

i

land, sa satta vi

for att ata var middag.

B. 1. Kara barn, oppna lasebockerna pa sidan tjugu, och lat oss lasa Tegners vackra dikt. 2. Sag mig, Karl, vad den handlar om, ar du snail. 3. Det var alldeles rik-

Borja nu och las den hogt och Yar god och ursakta mig, froken

tigt. 4.

val for oss, Maria. Forsell, jag

kan

ej

EXERCISE.

?'l

lasa hogt; jag ar forkyld och har ont i halscn. 5. Det var 6. Sna.Ha froken, tillat ilia, da skall lilla Klara lasa den. att lasa den Det var bra

jag bar lart hela dikten utantill.

mig

utantill

7.

gjort, Klara.

;

allesammans, medan Klara deklamera den for or. Conversation.

C. 2.

Vem

1.

Hor nu pa uppmarksamt

laser.

Vad

b'nskar ni

ska vi lana baten av?

for Karl att ro?

4.

Sedan

8.

3.

(att)

Varfor

Vad maste man

skall jag sjalv

gora

i

blir det ej

gora, innan

dag? tungt

man kan

5. Vem av er bar napp borja (att) meta? pa sin krok? 6. Nar ar det roligt att meta? 7. Var skola vi ata var

Klara Forsell

Varfor kan Maria

8.

middag?

hon

att

visat,

ej

ar flitig?

9. Hur har Vad amnar froken

lasa hogt? 10.

gora, nar Klara har last dikten?

(att)

D. 1. The children wished to go out fishing (ut och meta) yesterday. 2. Since we do not have any boat, we had to (maste vi) borrow one from Osterman's. 3. The boys

carefully into the boat in order not to upset

jumped

1 Carl rowed the whole way , and difficult, for the lake was like a mirror.

it.

4.

it

was not very

5.

Stop rowing, Carl; and you, Eric, drop the anchor. 6. Let us throw out our lines here, boys, there is (A, 6) plenty of (much) fish

here, I think.

ashore and breakfast.

8.

children.

beautiful

sit

9.

you are tired we shall (invert) row 8) under the big tree to eat our Please (B, 2) open the books on page ten, 7.

Tell me, Carl,

poem

now Clara

If

down (A,

is.

10.

will recite the

who

the author of this (denna) my dear boy. And

Quite right,

poem

for us.

11.

When

she has

myself shall declaim it for you. 12. don't you begin, Clara ? Have you not learned it by Why heart? 13. Please excuse me (var god och ursakta mig},

done (gjort)

Miss Forsell.

this, I

I tried to learn it

by heart yesterday, but

VOCABULARY. could (kunde) not. I had such a sore throat (sa out i lial14. Please open (var snail och ...) the window. sen). Carl, I have a headache (huvudvark, or, out *Hela vagen:

the prepositive article

is

i

huvudet).

omitted.

VOCABULARY. en lasebok, -bocker, reader en middag, -ar, noon; dinner

alldeles, quite, entirely

allesammans,

all

ett ankare,

,

anchor

bara, only bra, well

(often referring to

ett napp, bite ndgon, nagot, any ond, ont, bad, wicked; sore;

angry

health)

deklame'ra,

I,

to declaim

redan, already

erne' dan, because, since

en rev,

en

riktig,

fisk,

fish

-ar,

window

ett fonster,

rolig,

forkyld' -kylt, having caught a cold forsik'tig,

hoppa, hog,

to treat about

jump

to

I,

-t,

I,

high

(as

adv.

also

aloud) i

gdr, yesterday

ilia (adv.),

jasa', so, is

bad(ly), too bad that so

throw en krok, -ar, hook kasta,

lara,

I,

lib, to learn;

lasa upp',

IDIOMS:

Ha, 1.

2. 3.

sluta,

amusing

I,

lake

to cease

pronoun, adv. and who, like, as en spegel, -lar, mirror stjiilpa, Ha, to upset saga, (irr. v.), to say til'lata (st. v.), to permit (rel.

conj.),

tio,

ten

tung,

en

to

right, correct

-t,

sjo, -ar,

som

cautious

-t,

handla om,

en

-ar, line -t,

-t,

heavy

tur, -er, turn;

uppmarksam, to teach

to recite

ur'sakta, utantill,

I,

to

-t,

trip;

luck

attentive (-ly)

excuse

by heart

Det ar roligt, it is fun. Jag ar forkyld, I have caught a cold. Jag har ont i nalsen, I have a sore throat.

Note that long

m

can be written double only when

m

nummer becomes num-ret

in

the def.

form

m

is

This is intervocalic. sometimes a doubling

it

and principle causes sometimes a dropping of one vppmarksam, becomes vppmarlcsamma in the plural

:

m

is

here intervocalic;

no longer intervocalic.

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

LESSON The Verb

73

XII.

(Continued).

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. This conjugation contains

152.

all

verbs that

form their imperfect by means of a change of the vowel of the root without any added tense sign. There is frequently also a change of vowel in the supine and past participle. These verbs are called strong verbs.

The verbs belonging to divided into two classes.

The

153.

first class

this

conjugation

are

contains verbs the root of

which undergoes but one vowel change. In these verbs the vowel of the supine and past participle is the same as that of the infinitive and the vowel of the plural of the imperfect the same as that of the singular.

Examples

:

INFINITIVE hdlla, to hold

IMPERFECT SO.

PL.

holl

hollo

gripa, to seize grep

154.

The second

SUPINE PAST PARTICIPLE hallit

hallen, -et

grepo gripit

gripen, -et

class contains verbs the root of

which undergoes two vowel changes. In these the vowel of the supine and the past participle is always different from that of the infinitive the vowel of the plural of the imperfect is in most cases the same as that of the supine, in the case of a few verbs like that of the singular of the imperfect and different from ;

that of the supine. Swedish Grammar

6

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

Example INFINITIVE

:

SUPINE PAST PARTICIPLE

FOURTH CONJUGATION. classes of the

Fourth Conjugation:

75 att gripa, to

seize; att finna, to find.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. IMPERFECT

INFINITIVE SG. I.

II.

gripa

grep

finna

fann

SUPINE

PAST PARTICIPLE

PL.

grepo gripit funno funnit

grip en,

-et

funnen,

-et

76

EXERCISE.

FUTURE PERFECT. Sg. jag skall ha gripit, funnit, etc. PI. vi skola ha gripit, funnit, etc.

IMPERATIVE. Sg. grip (du, ni)

finn (du, ni)

finnom, lat(om) oss finna finnen (I)

gripom, lat(om)oss gripa

PI.

gripen (I) INFINITIVES.

gripa

Present, Perfect, Future,

finna ha funnit skola finna

ha gripit skola gripa

EXERCISE XII. A. 1.

into imperfect in the following:

Change the present

Min

bror skriver ett brev

min

till

far,

som har

farit

Jag bar brevet pa posten. 3. Han far svar (64, b) pa det. 4. Jag gar till stationen for att mb'ta min bror. 5. Han kommer pa besb'k hos oss. 6. Taget ankommer ej forran klockan sex, det ar forsenat. 7. Nar ban ser mig, stiger ban av taget. 8. Han ger sitt handbagage till en barare 1 och gar med mig. 9. Vi taga en droska och fara till

Amerika.

2.

11. Han 10. Den sjuke gossen ligger till sangs. sover ganska gott. 12. Det ger honom krafter. 13. Karl ater for mycket. 14. Han blir sjuk, och vi maste tillkalla lakaren. 15. Vi ata frukten, som vi fa av Karl. 16. En

hem.

haftig storm ntbryter. 18. J

17.

Det sjunker pa oppna

In

Stockholm

called

stadsbud

Vagorna

sla

over

skeppet.

sjb'n. (neuter).

A

porter

in

a

hotel

is

called

hotellvaktmastare.

B.

1.

Vi kommo

kvallen, ty vi

ej till

den

voro forsenade.

dessutom stannade det vid

lilla

2.

staden forran sent pa ej fort, och

Vart tag gick

alia stationer.

3.

Som

(as) vi

EXERCISE.

77

voro trotta, besago vi

ej staden, utan gingo direkt till vart 4. Vi sovo utmarkt hela lag nara stationen.

som

hotell,

men maste stiga upp klockan sex for att fara vidaVi hade bett dem vacka oss i tid, men vaknade sja'l6. Nar vi hade atit frukost, begarde vi var rakning.

natten, re.

5.

va.

Den var ganska resonabel; vi betalade den samt gavo 8. Nar ni besb'ker staden drickspengar. X, bor (ought] ni ga till detta (this) hotell. Jag kan rekommendera det. 7.

Conversation.

C.

att taget gar fort?

vid Alvesta

Nar

6.

?

skall

5.

vi

till

ar taget forsenat?

3.

Stockholm? Tycker

ni,

Hur manga minuter

stannar taget Var ligger hotellet, dar ni brukar taga in?

man

4.

va'cka oss

kan vakna sjalv?

8.

Ar rakningen

9.

Nar komma

1.

Hur manga minuter

2.

for

Har

morgon?

i

ni sovit gott

Tror

7. i

ni, att ni

natt, herr Arndt?

hog?

I.I did not come to Vexio before ten o'clock in (pa) the evening. 2. The train which I was on did not run

D.

3. A very fast, and I believe it stopped at all stations. friend of mine (en of mina vanner) had recommended a small hotel which lies near the station. 4. I gave my hand

baggage

to a porter

and asked 1 him

to

show me the way

to

In the dining room of the hotel (gen. def.) had 2 a good supper. 6. An hour later (scnare) I went

the hotel. I to

5.

bed and slept well until six o'clock in (pa) the morning, 3 called me. 7. I asked for the bill and

when they (man) found

no

it

tips.

shall

very reasonable. 9.

8.

At

this hotel one gives (invert)

It is not large but very

recommend

it to all

my

good (bra), and I who go (resa,

(mina) friends

fara) to Vexio. 10. Vexio is a pleasant little town. It is situated by (vid) a lake. 11. I did not have time to view the town for I arrived late (sent) and had to leave early in the morning. *To ask a question 'Use vdcka.

is

fraga, to ask a favor is bedja.

2

Uae

iHo,

and

invert.

VOCABULARY.

78

VOCABULARY. N. B. Of the strong verbs the following parts are given: the infinitive, the singular and plural of the imperfect, the supine, and the gender and neuter forms of the past participle, when found.

ankomma, ankom, ankommo, ankommit,

-en, -et, to ar-

ett hotell',

ligga,

bedja, bad, bddo, bett, bedd, bett, to pray, to ask

bega'ra,

pay

besdgo,

besdg,

besedd,

demand

to

lib,

beta'la, I la, to

-sett,

besett,

to look at,

view bliva, blev,

en matsal, -ar, dining room en natt, nutter, night ntira (adv. and prep.), near en post

this

(in

no

sense

pi.), mail, post office

rekommende'ra,

I,

recom-

to

mend

blevo, blivit, -en,

to

<

bdra, -et,

buro,

bar,

burit,

-en,

to carry, to bear

en bdrare, direkt',

,

ett skepp,

direct (ly) pi.), tip,

tips

en droska,

-or,

cab

fdtt, to get, to

receive forrdn (adv.), before forse'nad,

-t,

belated,

late

(train) -et,

to give

gd, gick, gingo, gdtt, gdngen, -et, to go (run)

handbagage (-gash'; hand baggage

pi.),

,

>

ship

sjunka, sjonk, sjonko, sjunkit, -en, -et, to sink strike sld over, to

wash over

sova, sov, sovo, sovit, to sleep en station', -er, station stiga, steg, stego, stigit, -et, to step; to rise

stiga upp', to rise, to get

giva (also ge), gav, gdvo, givit (gett), -en,

>

sld, slog, slogo, slagit, -en, -et,

fara, for, foro, farit, -en, -et, to travel, to drive, to go fa, ftck, fingo,

>

to see

skriva, skrev, skrevo, skrivit, -en, -et, to write

porter

drickspengar (always

ett

legat, to lie, to

become; to remain resona'bel, -t, reasonable bill broder broder, en rdkning, -ar, (bror), se s &9, Sa 9> sett - dd ~ ett brother -et,

en

hotel

be situated

rive

bestf,

,

Mg, logo,

no

-en,

up

en supe, supeer, supper taga, tog, togo, tagit, -en,

take tiU'kalla, ett tag,

I, ,

to call

train

(in)

-et,

to

SUBJUNCTIVE.

79

ut'bryta, utbrot, utbroto, utbru-viicka (tr. v.), tit, -en, -et,

break out

to

Ufa, dt, dto,

Ha,

iitit,

to

wake

-en, -et, to eat

vidare, further

IDIOMS:

1.

att bedja

2.

att

3. 4.

Mra

en

ask for a thing.

to

sale,

Har posten Commit? Has the mail come? Vad (ir Jclockan? What time is it? Klockan sex.

5.

om

(lagga) pd posten, to mail.

It

is

(ir

six o'clock.

att visa vagen, to

show the way.

LESSON

XIII.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE. REMARK.

Note

the

tendency of forms for the simple subjunctive.

substituting

compound

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

The simple present subjunctive of all perexcept the archaic second person plural, is formed by adding -e to the stem. The archaic second person plural ends in -en. Much more common is 158.

sons,

the

compound form with ma.

NOTE.

Verbs the infinitive of which ends in any other vowel than a lack the simple present subjunctive. These include all verbs of the Third Conjugation and a few others as, ga, to go std, to stand le, to smile ; etc. ;

;

;

159. Examples of the present subjunctive: att vara, to be; att alska, to love; att tro, to believe.

SINGULAR. vare, ^}Imd vara, .

?*

Han]

matte vara

r

^

l

(ma

alska,

matte alska, f ^ han han]

tro

PLURAL. vi

ni de

1

vi

}

ni de

vare, \ma vara,

matte vara

] \ }

dlske,

v

ma alska,

ni

matte alska

de

tro [T0

80

SUBJUNCTIVE. f

1

4

[

varen, man vara,

f

1

mdtten vara

160.

1 [

dlsken, man alska,

f

1

mdtten alska

1

m&n

tro

matten {ro

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

In verbs of the Fourth Conjugation the simple imperfect subjunctive is formed by changing the ending -o of the plural of the imperfect indicative to -e (the archaic second person plural having the (1)

additional ending -n) The vowel of both numbers of the imperfect subjunctive is thus the same as that of the plural of the imperfect indicative. .

NOTE. The singular of the imperfect indicative of the Fourth Conjugation often used instead of the impf. subjunctive.

is

(2) In the First, Second, and Third Conjugations the simple imperfect subjunctive is identical with the imperfect indicative.

(3) Compound forms consisting of the imperfect of skall, skulle, are of very common occurrence.

161.

Examples

of the imperfect subjunctive of vara, to be alska, to love.

the verbs binda, to bind INFINITIVE

IMPERFECT SO.

binda vara alska

;

band

;

SUPINE

PAST PARTICIPLE

PL.

bundo

var voro alskade alskade

bundit

bunden,

varit dlskat

dlskad, -at

Sg. jag bunde, skulle binda, etc. vi bunde, skulle binda, etc.

PI.

Sg. jag vore, skulle vara, etc. PI. vi vore, skulle vara, etc. Sg. jag alskade, skulle alska, etc. PI. vi alskade, skulle alska, etc.

-et

SUBJUNCTIVE.

81

PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

162.

(a) The perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the present or the imperfect of the auxiliary md with the perfect infinitive.

(b)

The pluperfect subjunctive

is

either identical

with the indicative or formed by combining the imperfect of skall, skulle, with the perfect infinitive.

Examples of the perfect and pluperfect subjuncand vara.

tives of the verbs skriva

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

ma

Sg. jag

PL

or matte ha

jag

vi

ma

or matte ha

skrivit, etc.

ma

or matte ha varit,

etc.

skrivit, etc.

vi

ma

or matte ha varit,

etc.

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. jag skulle ha skrivit

jag hade varit, or jag skulle ha varit

vi hade skrivit, or vi skulle ha skrivit

vi hade varit, or vi skulle ha varit

Sg. jag hade PI.

skrivit, or

USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. Classification of uses.

163.

The subjunctive

which marks in general the absence of direct or is used regularly in statements positive assertion of doubtful reality; such as wish, request, purpose,

concession, possibility.

SUBJUNCTIVE OF WISH. realizable wish is expressed by the simple (a) present subjunctive, or by the compound form with md and matte, md implying greater and matte less 164.

A

confidence in the realization of the wish.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

82

Ex. Give Gud dig hdlsa; also, ma or matte Gud giva dig hdlsa! May God give you health. Matte han vara hdr! Would he were here! Vi matte vdl komma i tid till tdget! I do wish we might come in time for the train. NOTE. "Varde

The wish may sometimes have the force God said, "Let there be light."

of a

command

:

Gud

sade :

Ijus !"

A

wish which refers to the present and which at least not immediately realizable is expressed by the simple imperfect subjunctive; a similar wish referring to the past, by the pluperfect (b)

not

is

subjunctive.

Ex.

om

Ack,

young again

!

jag vore ung igen! Would I were han vore hdr! Would he were

0, att

Hade jag blott vingar! If I only had wings Hade jag blott haft en enda van! Had I only had

here

!

!

a single friend! NOTE 1. The simple imperfect subjunctive may also express a very vivid wish referring to the future: Ack, om del snart vore vdr I O that spring were here! 2.

Note the use of ack, om...,

o,

aft... with the sense of would (that)

Closely related to the subjunctive of wish are the subjunctives of purpose and concession.

165. SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE. The compound subjunctive with ma and matte

is

used in clauses expressing purpose with the conjunctions att, pa det att, sa att, in order that. After a past tense the subjunctive with skulle may be used.

Bed till Gud, att han ma (matte) beskydda pray to God that he may protect us; han skyndade sig, sa att han skulle vara fdrdig, he hurried in order that he might be ready. Ex.

oss,

83

EXERCISE.

NOTE 1. The compound subjunctive (sometimes the indicative) of fa, may (permission), and kunna, can (ability, possibilty), are often used in a purpose clause if permission or ability is implied: han bad barnen vara tysta, sa att han skulle fa sova, he asked the children to be quiet in order that he might han studerade svenska flitigt, sa att han skulle kunna tala del flytande, sleep he studied Swedish diligently in order that he might speak it fluently. ;

If the subject of the purpose clause clause the infinitive with for att (149, e) 2.

han har at

rest

till

ia is

the same as that of the principal used: herr Vallner or ej hemma.

Stockholm for att besoka sin sjuka bror, Mr. Vallner to Stockholm to visit his sick brother.

is

not

home ; he has gone

SUBJUNCTIVE OF CONCESSION.

166.

expressed by the subjunctive with Ex. Det ma sa vara, that may be fienderna komma, now the enemy may come.

Concession

ma

is

(not matte)

nu ma

.

:

;

NOTE. Note the concessive subjunctive in vare sig du vill eller ej, whether you wish or not vi skola ga, vare sig han kommer eller ej, we shall go whether he comes or not. The expression vare fig (let it be for itself) has practically become a conjunction meaning whether. ;

THE POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE,

or subjuncthe merely possibility that an action may occur, without any reference to kanhdnda vore det sa gott att borja its probability arbetet med detsamma, perhaps it would be well to

167.

tive of possibility, indicates

:

begin the work immediately med din hjalp formadde jag nog go'ra det, with your help, I should be able to do it, no doubt det kunde vara sant, it might be true. ;

;

NOTE. Absolute possibility is denoted by kan (sometimes ma). See Senses Modals (255, b). Ex.: det kan vara sant, it may possibly be true; a very vivid probability is denoted by matte: det matte vara mamma, som kommer ; it must be mother who comes. of

EXERCISE XIII. 1 Nagon knackar pa db'rren; det matte vara brevbararen, ty han kommer alltid vid derma tid. 2. Jag 6nskar, att det vore han och att han hade med sig en postanvis2 ning hemifran, sa att jag kunde betala min inackordering

A.

1.

84

EXERCISE.

min

och

tig studerande!

Vem

rik och ej en fat-

Nej, det ar inte brevbararen, utan ett Matte 4 de ej vara sjuka dar hemma!

4. 5.

telegrambud.

Vore 3 man bara

3.

skolavgift.

ha trott det! Min bror Kobert, som reste Brasilien for att gb'ra 6 sin lycka, bar kommit tillbaka, och nu onska mina foraldrar, att jag matte 4 resa hem pa 6.

skulle 5

till

7 7. Ack, om jag bara kande nagon, som 2 hundra sa. att kunde resa med kroner, mig jag 1 8. det Vore du sande dem ett detsamma. ej battre, att

ett

par dagar.

ville

lana

telegram och bade dem- om pengar ? 9. Jag skulle sa garna 10. Har kommer vilja lana dig, nien jag bar tyvarr inga.

med

brevbararen

ett

rekommenderat

innehalla nog pengar, sa att jag skulder och resa hem. ne?,

!

note.

B.

165,

r

1.

164,

Conversation.

pa dorren? brevbararen? along) if ran ?

4.

?

5.

b,

1.

4

1.

Vem

164,

ma a.

Matte 4 det bara kunna betala mina

brev. 2

B

167.

165,

tror ni det ar,

2.

T

164

b,

2.

som knackar

Varfor formodar (suppose) ni, att det ar 3. Vad b'nskar ni, att ban medforde (brought

2.

Varfor

Vad

ville

1

ni garna ha en postanvisning

vara an en

ville ni hellre

f attig

hem-

studerande ?

7. Varfor 6. Vad nyheter (news) innehb'll telegrammet? hade er bror rest till Brasilien ? 8. Vad ville era foraldrar, att ni skulle gora ? 9. Varfor kunde ni icke resa med detsamma? 10. Vad tjanst hade er kamrat gjort er, om ban

hade haft pengar? 1

Impf. subjunctive (like the indicative)

C.

1.

Somebody must be knocking

you go and open?

man, home.

vilja giirna, to like.

;

for I expect a 3.

Only a

2.

I wish

money order

common

at the door.

were (164,

it

Would

b, 1) the post-

or a registered letter from I wish that it might

letter!

contain 1 money, for I am entirely without (any). 4. If my 2 parents would only send me some money soon so that I

could pay (A, 2)

my

debts.

I

owe both for board and

VOCABULARY.

85

5. Who would (skulle) have believed that he would return so soon. 6. Father (min far) writes that brother Robert has returned from Brazil in order to cele-

tuition.

brate (165, 2) Christmas at home. 7. Mother wishes that I too might come (164, a) home, and they promise that they will send money in a few days (om ndgra dagar).

Let us study diligently so that our teacher may 3 praise (165) us. 2. Let us hope that it may not rain , for we have no umbrellas. 3. The old woman asked me to give D.

1.

her something 4

4. I

.

the good gentleman."

early that they

may

did so and she said, "May God bless 5. The children eat breakfast very be in school on time (i tid). 6. Be

your poor father may sleep (far wish that he might come (164, a) ; sow, 165, 1). but whether (166, note) he comes or not, we shall go. quiet, children, so that 7.

If

8.

We

we had only not gone out!

But who could

believe

9. Their father required that he would (skutte) come. 5 come home (fordrade) that they early. But he may (ma, kan) say what he will, they do not obey. 10. What he says might (167) be true. Would that what he says were

(164, b, 2) true. Use the impf. subjunctive of innehalla (164, b, 1). 2 0m minaforaldrar bara *Pres. indie, may be used, translate two ways: literally and "asked 5 After a verb of command Swedish often uses the modal auxiliary that I", etc. skola with the pres. inf. (not to be confused with skoltt in its use as an 1

ville, etc.

auxiliary of the

future).

VOCABULARY. alldeles, altogether, entirely

bara, only

pi.)

mand (see

praise

lib, 103,-

,

-arna (def.

letter carrier

com- darhemma, at home fattig, -t, poor impf. beromde fira, I, to celebrate note 3), to Jiemifrdn, from home en herre, -ar, gentleman

befal'la, lib, to order, to

beromma,

en brevbdrare,

86

IRREGULAR VERBS.

hoppas,

I,

(deponent

v.),

to

rekommende'rad,

hope en in'ackorde'ring,

-ar,

,

board ,

and room (or board on,

.

ly)

'

.

,

,

boarder

>

tn'neMlla,

-L.31T*.

-holl, -hollo, -halht,

-en, -et, to

,

.

contain

m._t_i Christmas komma, kom, kommo, kom-

en

.

,

mit, -en, I,

regis-

en skolavgift, -er, tuition en skuld, -er, debt; guilt skyldig,

to

-et,

stackers

(indeclinable), poor (in the sense of pitiable)

en studerande.

to come.

ett telegram',

promise

en lycka (no pi.), fortune, happiness lyda, lib, to obey med detsamma, immediately nog, enough; I am sure; cercertainly

ndgon, some (one), pi. nagra, some, any, a few ocksd, also

en postanvisning, money order

in debt; guilty

-t,

vara skyldig, to owe

jul, -ar,

iova,

-rat,

tered

-ar,

postal

,

telegraph

messenger

en

^^

time

ear i y

,f

tjug tyst,

quiet, silent

,

utan (ady prep ^ and CQnj butj without vanlig,

som kommer,

LESSON The Verb

a student

telegram

telegrambud,

ett

-t,

valsigna,

IDIOM: Det ar nog han is coming.

,

,

}>

common, usual I,

it is

to bless

very likely he that

XIV.

(Continued).

IRREGULARITIES OF VERBS. 168. Some verbs of the second class of the Second Conjugation which are derived from other words by means of the suffix -ja drop j in the imperfect,

and past participle in which forms the corresponding hard vowel generally reappears. The most common of these verbs are: supine,

IRREGULAR VERBS. PRESENT IMPERFECT SUPINE

INFINITIVE

gladja, to gladden salja, to sell skilja, to separate smorja, to grease, oil sporja, to ask, learn vdlja, to choose, elect vanja, to accustom ^lur. gladja.

"The neuter

gldder

:

saljer skiljer

salde skilde

said skild

vdljer

valde

valt

vald

vande

vant

vand

salt skilt

vanjer

is

glatt,

ST.lt,

skilt,

etc.

(Ill, 3).

Idgga, to lay 2 saga, to say sdtta, to set, put toras, to dare is

also in the

:

P.

PAET.

bringar bragte bragt bragt gor gjorde gjort gjord

do

The neuter

verbs

PRESENT IMPERFECT SUPINE

bringa, to bring

2

smorjer smorde smort smord sporjer sporde sport spord

INFINITIVE

gb'ra, to

PART.

gladd

very common

following

P.

gladde glatt

Such a change of vowel occurs

169.

1

8?

lagger sdger

lade

lagt

lagd

sade

sagt

sagd

sdtter

satte

satt torts

satt

tor(e)s tordes

bragt, lagt, satt, etc.,

(Ill, 3).

2

Commonly pronounced

]

sdja.

170. There are besides a small number of verbs which are entirely irregular. The most important of these are: INFINITIVE

PRESENT

IMPERFECT su.

bedja, to ask, pray

bcder, ber bad

do, to die

dor

dog

to get, receive far

fick

fd,

gdr

gick

kommer

kom

heter

hette

ler

log

leva, to live

lever

levde

ligga, to lie

ligger ser

sag

sldr

slog

gd, to go

komma,

to

come

heta, to be called le,

smile

se, to sZ

ef terTcom, -Jcom-

-kommit,

kommen, '

comply with icomma efter, to come after to fri'Jcppa, kopa fri', Ha, ransom to

INTEHROGATIVES. fordra'ga (insep., see bedraga), to endure, tolerate. fo'redraga (insep.), to prefer forkld'da (insep.), lib, to dis-

guise

en for'stad, -stdder, suburb

en

123

officers' kappa, -or, officer's

cloak en orsak, -er, reason, cause en pant, -er, security ropa, I, to shout Ryssland (neuter), Russia

forstd' (insep., see std), to un-

ett slott, castle, palace skicka in', ut', I, to send out ut'giva, giva ut', utgav, -gdvo, -givit, -given, -et, to spend; en spatsertur, -er, walk ,

derstand

publish, edit hitta,

ett stycke, -n, piece

to find, find one's

I,

i'akttaga tagit,

in,

(sep.),

-tog,

-tagen,

-et,

way

un'derhdlla

to

ob-

serve

igen'kdnna, kdnna igen', lib, to recognize

(see

to

hdlla),

entertain

-togo,

hdlla un'der, to hold beneath un'derldta (insep.), -Idt, -Idto, -Idtit, -en, -et, to

neglect

var'sebliva, bliva var'se, to become aware of

kvar'lamna, lamna kvar', I, to leave behind en klocka, -or, clock, watch

d'terldmna, lib, to return lamna dter (unusual)

land'sdtta, -satte, -satt, -satt,

a'terstd (sep., see std), to re-

main

to land ett Hi,

en

,

d'tervdnda(sep.) , lib, to return vdnda dter (unusual)

life

officer', -er, officer

IDIOM: att varsebliva en sak, to become aware of a thing.

LESSON XX. The

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives.

The interrogative pronouns are: vem, who; vad, what; vilken, which, who; vilkendera, which one vad for en, what kind of, what. 214.

;

DECLENSION. SINGULAR

r.-rit?: vem

vems

vad

vilken vilkens

?t

=

vilket vilkendera vilketdera vilkets vilkenderas vilketderas

124

INTERROGATIVES. PLURAL

Nom. Gen.

vilka vilkas

Vad for en has a neuter vad for vad for ena, but no genitive.

ett

and a plural

215. The interrogative adjectives are: vad, vilken, vilkendera, vad for en, and hurudan, of what Their declension is identical with nature, how. that of the interrogative pronouns but they lack the genitive case: hurudan has the neuter form hurudant and the plural hurudana.

REMARKS ON THE

216.

INTERROGATIVES.

(a) Vem refers only to persons and is never used as an adjective. Ex.: Med vem talade du? (or vem talade du med?) With whom did you speak? Vems

bok ar detta? Whose book NOTE. vet

When vem

is

is

this?

subject in an indirect question

it

is

followed by som

:

du vem som var hart do you know who was here?

Vad is used both as a pronoun and as an adjective when used pronominally it is always neu(b)

;

ter; adjectively

it

may

be used for

all

genders

like

the English what. This use being rather restricted, the student should use vilken and vad for en:

Vad

han om? What is he talking about? Vad du att gora detta? What right have you

talar

rdtt har

to do this? NOTE. When ichat is subject in an indirect question it is often represented by vad som in Swedish: jag vet ej vad som ar bast, I do not know what is best but jag vet ej, vad (object) han har sagt. ;

(c) Vad for en is used both as a pronoun and as an adjective, the latter use prevailing. As an ena in the Ex.: Vad adjective it drops for plural.

125

RELATIVES..

blommor har du ddr? What kind of flowers have you there ? Sometimes it has the meaning of vilken vad for en konung hade Sverige da? What king did Sweden have then? :

NOTE.

For may be separated from vad: vad ar

kind of (a) flower

is

del for en

blommaf

What

that?

(d) Vilken and vilkendera are used both as adjecand as pronouns; hurudan (hurdan) only as an adjective. Ex.: Vilken har varit hdr? Who has been here? Vilket hus har du hyrt? Which house tives

have you rented? Vilkendera o'nskar du? Which one (of several objects) do you wish? Vilketdera huset ar hans? Which house (of these houses) is How is the weather his? Hurudant ar vddret? (of

what nature)

?

217.

If the interrogative pronoun is governed a by preposition this may as in English either precede or stand at the end of the clause: med vem talade du? or vem talade du med? with whom did

you speak? 218. With prepositions, vad may in certain cases be replaced by prepositional compounds with var, where: varav, varmed, vartill, etc.: varmed har man belonat honom? With what have they rewarded him? Varav lever han? What does he live on? Relative Pronouns and Adjectives.

The relative pronouns are som, and the genitive form vars.

219. den,

vilken, vad,

220. For inflection of vilken and vad see 214, and for inflection of den see 195. 221.

The

relative adjective is vilken.

126

222.

RELATIVES.

REMARKS ON THE

Som

RELATIVES.

by far the most common of the relapronouns; it is indeclinable and is used for all genders and all cases with the exception of the genitive, which is supplied by vars and vilkens (vilEx.: min van, som dr hdr pa besok, kets, vilkas). skall resa i morgon, my friend who is here on a visit will leave to-morrow; mannen, vars barn dro sjuka, dr mycket fattig, the man whose children are sick is very poor. (a)

is

tive

when used as a pronoun often employs form vars instead of vilkens. It is not used very often in conversation except when the antecedent is a clause (when it is indispensable) or when a preposition must stand before the relative. Ex. han har blivit void, vilket forvanar mig, he has been elected, which fact surprises me (here som would be incorrect) fyra gossar, av vilka en var min kusin, drunknade i gar, four boys of whom one was my cousin were drowned yesterday. (b) Vilken the genitive

:

;

(c)

Vad

including

is

its

used as a compound neuter relative

antecedent, also after the indefinite pro-

noun

allt. It has no plural. Ex.: vad han sdger, dr sant, what he says is true; det dr allt, vad jag har sett, that is all I have seen (som may be used) .

NOTE. When vad is the subject of the sentence or clause it is generally combined with som; thus, ft skolu saga vad som iir rdtt, we ought to say what is

right.

(d) Den is used as a definite relative only in the objective case; as* such it is of comparatively rare occurrence. In the nominative together with som it

corresponds to he who, the one

who (which), who-

EXERCISE.

127

ever. In solemn style it is sometimes combined with ddr, den ddr, he who, whoever. Ex. dessa dro de regler, dem (more common som) ni maste folja, :

these are the rules which you must follow; den som sdger detta, dr dum, whoever says this is stupid den ddr vet det rtitta, han gore det rdtt dr, he that knows the right, let him do right. ;

223.

The prepositions which govern the

rela-

end of the clause; when used with som, always. Ex.: damerna, som du talar om, kdnner jag, I know the ladies that you speak about; huset, vilket (i vilket) han bor i, dr gammalt, the house in which he lives is old. tives are generally placed at the

224.

In Swedish as in English the relative is when objective. Ex.: Vem var det,

often omitted

du

mo'tte

225. sition

i

gar?

When

Who was

it

the relative

and refers

you met yesterday?

is

to things, a

governed by a prepo-

compound

of the rela-

adverb var, where, and the preposition may be used; as, bordet, varpa boken ligger, or bordet, som boken ligger pa, dr mitt, the table which the book lies on is mine; huset, som han bor i, or vari han bor, dr hans fars, the house which he lives in tive

his father's.

is

EXERCISE XX. A. 3.

2. Who is he? 1. Who goes there? 1 in your (178) hand? 4. Of whom 6. What 5. Of what are you speaking?

Translate orally.

What do you have

are

you speaking? book do you mean?

7.

What 2 new

house

is

that?

8.

Do

you know at (vid) what time the train leaves (gar) ? 9. What sort of a man is he? 10. Do you understand what 12. he says? 11. I do not know what is best (bast).

128

EXERCISE.

Which drama

of Strindberg do you like best 3 ? 13. In (218) does the difference consist? 14. Do you know kind of teacher he is? 15. How is the weather?

what what

translate in two ways: preposition before and at the end of the clause. what kind of a new house is that? or which is that new house? *To like best, tycka bast om. =

Transl.

:

Translate orally. 1. He is a man who knows every2. That is the lady who has the pretty daughters. That is not the man I mean. 4. He who (222, d) is

B.

thing. 3.

rich

not always happy.

is

5.

That

is all

1

I

know about

the

Whoever (222, d) does such a thing (nagot a good man. is not 7. The man whom (224) I sadant) a is about at spoke professor (vid) the University of Up2 sala 8. The house in which (225) he lives is his father's. 3 9. There is no poet whose life is so interesting. matter.

6.

.

1

Relative

may be

omitted

there are, in a general sense sense by det ar.

C. blev

voro

En

;

see

222,

-Uppsala

c.

must be rendered by det

universitet.

*There

is,

finnes (/inns), in a limited

som 1 hade rakat i tvist med en officer, av denne utmanad till duell. Den sak, om vilken de oense, var en obetydlighet, och apotekaren, som var en apotekare,

forstandig man, onskade att forhindra duellen. Tidigt pa morgonen av den dag, pa vilken duellen skulle utkampas,

gjorde apotekaren ett besok helt lugnt

till

denne

:

i

officerens

"Emedan

bostad

som

jag ar den,

2 utmanad, sa tillkommer det mig

och

sade

liar blivit

att valja vapnen.

Har

aro tva piller, av vilka det ena 3 ar forgiftat, det andra daremot oskadligt. Var sa god och valj det ena och svalj det

;

jag svaljer det, Officeren, slag, vars

som

aterstar, och en

av oss maste do."

som blev mycket overraskad av apotekarens forandamal naturligtvis var att forhindra duellen,

kastade ut pillerna

genom

fonstret och forsonade sig

med

honom. J

2 Note the frequent use of sa to introduce the follows the dependent. *det ena. . . det andra, one.

Note the frequent use of som.

principal clause the other.

when

it

.

.

.

129

EXERCISE. Conversation.

C. i

tvist?

2.

1.

Med vem hade

han ntmanad av

Vartill blev

officeren?

till

gick apotekaren beslutat forhindra duellen? varfor?. 7.

apotekaren rakat officeren?

Vad

5.

3.

Niir

hade apotekaren

4. Varfb'r

honom och

tillkom

Vad

for vapen foreslog (proposed) apotekaren? Visste apotekaren, vilketdera pillret var forgiftat? 8.

Vad

6.

skulle hans motstandare

piller,

han valde?

Vad

10.

slag?

9.

Vad

(opponent) gora

var andamalet

med

gjorde officeren

nadde (attained) apotekaren

sitt

med

med

det

detta for11.

pillerna?

Upp-

andamal?

Do you know what kind

of a man the druggist is the officer got into a quarrel? 2. Yes, I know him well (ml). He is a man whose friendship I esteem 1 very highly. 3. I do not know what the quarrel consisted

D.

with

1.

whom

in 1 , but according to trifling matter.

4.

what

The

have heard

I

druggist,

who was

it

was about

a

a very sensible

5. prevent the duel. By what means did he succeed in preventing it? (transl. through what) 6. He went to the house of the man who had challenged

man, wished

to

:

him and had

a talk with him.

7.

He reminded him

of an

the right of him (C, 5) who has been challenged to choose the weapons. 8. When the officer asked him what kind of weapons he would choose

old custom according to which

he held out a couple of

which was poisoned

2 ;

it is

pills.

9.

Of these there was one 10. The

the other was harmless.

druggist asked the officer which one of the two he would 11. He himself would (skulle) (ville) take and swallow.

swallow the one that (222, d) remained. sition

which the

threw the

pills

druggist made

translate in two ways (218).

it

2

The propo-

The druggist, the was to prevent duel, suc-

out through the window.

whose (222, a) purpose ceeded in this (200, d).

12.

surprised the officer and he 13.

True or apparent passive?

130

VOCABULARY. VOCABULARY.

en apotekare,

druggist

,

lycklig,

bestd' (insep., see std), to con-

mena,

home duell', -er,

o'skadlig,

duel

rdka, to

en sed,

remind fram'rdcka, rdckd frarn', Ha, to

I,

forhind'ra (insep.), vent ett

forslag',

,

to pre-

forso'na,

ut'mana .

to reconcile

I,

forstdn'dig,

kdmpa

ligent

hog,

ut'

(sep.),

lugn,

(i.

high

-t,

kasta

-t,

IDIOMS:

to. chal-

I,

ett

I,

e.

to fight out to

ut',

cease fighting

die)

vapen,

,

weapon

(rarely

en vdnskap, friendship

I,

o'verras'ka (insep.),

utkasta), to throw out

calm(ly) 1.

(insep.),

lenge

ut'kdmpa,

sensible, intel-

-t,

swallow

(insep.,

en tvist, -er, quarrel upp'skatta (insep.), I, to esteem

proposition,

proposal

conversation

see komma), to befit, be the right of somebody

till'komma

to poison I,

,

custom, usage

-er,

svdlja, lib, to

to reach or hold out

forgif'ta (insep.),

come or get (into), meet (with), to meet

ett samtal,

enligt, according to I,

pill

,

to

I,

,

emedan, because

harmless

-t,

ett piller,

ddr'emot, on the contrary to die do, dog, dogo, dott,

er'inra (insep.),

-er, insignifi-

cance, trifle o'ense (indecl.), at variance

en bostad, bostdder, dwelling, en

mean

to

en o'betydlighet,

endure; treat

sist;

happy

-t,

I,

att

rdka

I,

to sur-

prise i

grill,

svdrigneter, to get into a quarrel,

difficulties. 2.

att bliva overrasTcad

av nagot,

to

become astonished

at something. 3.

Det tillkommer mig,

my

privilege.

I

havr a right

to

it,

or

it

is

LESSON XXL The Verb

(Continued).

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 226. The present participle is formed by adding -ande to the stem of the verb if the infinitive ends in -a, otherwise -ende. Ex.: kallande, from kalla, to call; leende, to sew. NOTK takes

le,

to smile; syende,

from

sy,

1. The present participle is indeclinable, but if used as a noun, it in the genitive: en doendes anger, the repentance of a dying person.

-s

Deponent verbs form their present participle either with or without the minnandes, remembering; aldrande, aging, from minnas and aldras,

2.

-3j

from

as,

many

lack a present participle.

The present

227.

(1) as

participle is used:

an adjective:

ett

sovande barn, a sleeping

child; (2) as

ently

an adverb: han

talte flytande,

he spoke

flu-

;

(3) as

an adverbial predicative: hon gick tiggantill hus, she went begging from house

de fran hus to house. NOTE.

The conversational language often

prefers a finite verb to the present

participle used as an adverbial predicative.

Ex.

:

hon yick frdn hus

till

hus

och tiggde, instead of hon gick tiggande, etc.

228. dish to

The present participle is not used in Sweform a progressive tense as in English. When

the idea of continued action

especially prominent, expressed by means of the verb hdlla pa', to keep on, continue, and the infinitive preceded by att han hbll pa att skriva, da jag kom in, he was writis

it is

:

ing

when

I entered.

Sometimes the preposition mea,

PARTICIPLES.

132

with,

med

is

inserted before the infinitive: han holl pa

att lasa.

NOTE.

Sitta,

used with a och skrifver,

ligga, lie, and similar verbs are ga, go ; sla, stand form of some other verb to express progression: jag sitter

to sit

finite

;

;

am

aid writing ligga och lata sig, lounging about, idling och hanga, hanging around (idly). Note the following use of halla pa: jag holl pa att falla, I came near falling. I

1

;

;

229. The English present participle very often must be rendered by a subordinate clause either temporal, causal, or relative, according to the sense the boy, hearing us come, ran away, gossen sprang sin vag, ndr han horde oss komma; being sick he :

had to go home, emedan han var sjuk, mdste han ga hem. 230.

The English verbal

in -ing is often equiva-

running is a useful exerar en springa nyttig o'vning; he went away without seeing me, han gick bort utan att se mig. lent to the

infinitive:

cise, att

NOTE. When the verbal is modified by a possessive adjective, Swedish uses a noun clause with att instead of att with the infinitive: He came without my seeing him, han kom utan att jag sag honom; their having come home was a surprise, att de hade kommit hem var en ofverraskning.

231. Nouns in -ning and -ande (added to the verbal stem) correspond to the English verbals and abstract nouns an -ing. Ex.: allt detta talande ar onodigt,

all

this

talking

skrivning ar trottande,

is

unnecessary; mycken

much writing

is

tiresome.

232. After the verbs hora and se Swedish uses the infinitive, never the present participle, as in

English: jag sag

honom komma,

I

saw him coming.

PAST PARTICIPLE. 233. The past participle is formed in five different ways according to the class or conjugation to which the verb belongs.

133

PARTICIPLES.

234. In the First Conjugation the ending is -ad. In the Second Conjugation, Class I, the ending is -t.

In the Second Conjugation, Class

II,

the ending

is -d.

In the Third Conjugation the ending is -dd. In the Fourth Conjugation the ending is

-en

(-n, -et).

235.

These endings are added to the stem of In the Fourth Conjugation there may not be a change of vowel thus, kallad, bojd,

the verb.

may

or

;

kopt, sydd, shriven, funnen. NOTE

1.

Deponent verbs as a rule lack the past

participle, so do

many

in-

transitive verbs. 2.

of

It

may

be of assistance for the beginner to notice that the past participle

weak verbs may be found by dropping the

e of the imperfect.

236. The past participle is used as an adjective and agrees in number and gender with the noun or pronoun which it modifies or of which it is a complement. It is declined in accordance with the rules

governing the declension of adjectives. 237.

STRONG DECLENSION. PLURAL

SINGULAR NEUTER GENDER FORM I.

II.

II.

Class Class

III.

IV.

238.

i.

ii.

dlskad kopt bojd

kopt

sydd

sytt

skriven

WEAK

ALL GENDERS

dlskade l kopta(e ) bojda(e)

dlskat bo'jt

sydda(e) skrivna(e)

'skrivet

DECLENSION.

dlskade kopta(e^) bojda(e)

dlskade

dlskade

1

kopta (e ) bojda(e) sydda(e) skrivna(e)

kopta bojda sydda(e) sydda skrivna(e) skrivna 'Masculine nouns denoting persons often take the

-e

form of the adjective.

134

EXERCISE.

239. The past participle is used only adjectively as an attributive, an appositive, or a predicate modifier. In the last function it is used with bliva (varda)

form the compound passive and with vara

in the de apparent passive (185) slagna ryssarna flydde, the defeated Russians fled hdren, besegrad och uppriven, drog sig tillbaka, the army, defeated and shattered, withdrew; huset har blivit mdlat, the house has been painted; brevet dr skrivet, the letter is written; rocken dr lagad, the coat is mended. to

:

;

240. The past participle should not be confused with the supine, which is. used only with the auxiliary verb hava to form the perfect tenses and is indeclinable. to hi?

NOTE. With some verbs of motion vara may be used with the past participle form the perfect tenses as, han dr bortrest, he has left ; han dr anldnd, ;

has arrived.

EXERCISE XXI. A. Supply the present participle, the past participle, or the supine of the verbs indicated, according to the context ; 1. Den also the definite and plural endings. (forlora) 1 har blifvit stod (finna) 2. Barn ring (grata) .

.

framfor den tjusa) 5.

Ert

1

.

.

.

.

(stanga) dorr

liten flicka. .

.

...

4.

(vanta lange)

.

.

.

.

2

.

(sova) brev har

hund .

.

Ester ar en ...

3. 1

.

.

.

.

(fb'r-

(pi.) bitas ej.

(komma).

6.

...

om en slant. 7. Jag har mig, bad tiggar ... (hitta) alia de (forlora) brev (def. pi.), edert 2 Express in more idiomatic Swedish by (inbegripa)

(vanda)

1

sig

till

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

expanding the participles into clauses. 8. erfarenhet nog, vet jag ej vad jag bor gora.

mottagna

i

I eke 9.

havande

Nyheterna

gar ha gjort oss alia glada. 10. Havande last Translate: 11. I heard him

brevet, kastade jag bort det.

EXERCISE. singing

3

He came

12.

.

135

Reading and writing

13.

driving.

are taught at school. 1

2

Past part. 'After verbs like se, hora, kanna, Swedish uses the dependent verb, not the pres. part. Note the inverted order in an independent clause following a dependent. Pres. part.

infinitive

the

of

B. 1. Nar jag gick hem fran kyrkan i gar, traffade jag froken Lind, dotter till en gammal skolkamrat. 2. Ernedan det ar lange sedan jag sag henne, kande jag knappast igen henne. 3. Hon var fb'rtjusande vacker i sin nya vin-

hon sade var en julklapp fran hennes

terhatt, vilken

Hon

far.

omtalade for mig, att hennes far ofta hade uten b'nskan att fa traffa mig. 5. Jag svarade, att jag tryckt skulle lamna staden utan att ha besokt dem. 6. Det ej 4.

gladde mig, att han mindes mig. tressant

och

man, som

.ar val belast.

talar 8.

7.

Han

ar en mycket in-

manga frammande sprak

Da

vi hollo

pa

att samtala,

hennes vanner ut ur kyrkan. 9. Nar jag sag sade jag adjo och lamnade henne. C.

1.

kupen.

Emedan 2.

jag

ville

Mannen, som

flytande

kommo

dem komma,

rbka en cigarr, gick jag in i rokstar dar borta, ar konduktb'rn,

fraga honom, nar taget gar. 3. Han kom springande, nar han sag mig, stannade han och halsade.

men

Going home from church last Sunday, I met Miss Wallner. 2. Stopping 2 she wished me a merry Christmas and a happy New Year. 3. She looked 3 charming in her 1

Z>. 1.

new winter

hat.

4.

Seeing

1

me

look at

it,

she told

me

that

was a Christmas gift from her father. 5. Her father is a very learned and cultured man and a celebrated author. 6. He speaks fluently six foreign languages and is very

it

well-read.

my

7.

Not having 4

seen

him

desire of calling (inf.)

for

many

on him.

years, I ex2

Smiling kindly she said that her father would like to see me, havpressed

8.

136 ing 9.

VOCABULARY.

5

often talked about

Thanking

2

me and wondered where

I was.

I asked her to greet her parents

her

from

me.

compartment for smokers? No, smoking 2. How much did you have to (maste for ni) pay overweight? Nothing; they checked my bag1 without gage weighing (230) it. 3. Having asked the conductor if it was the express train for (till) Stockholm, we boarded the train. 4. My stopping and talking (230, note) caused me to (gjorde att jag) come too late to the 1 train. 5. Having bought a time-table, I went into the E.

is

Is this a

1.

prohibited here.

waiting room. translate by a temporal clause. ! Expand into a coordinate clause. *To look 4 Causal clause introduced by en'dr, emedan, or do.

se ut. (appearance) 'Clause introduced by ty.

VOCABULARY. en kupe,

adjo', good-bye belast',

-t,

well-read

compartment

-er,

(railroad)

oildad, -at, p. p. (bilda), cul-

le,

log, logo, lett, to

smile

tured

lange vantad, -at, p. p. (viinta en er'farenhet, -er, experience lange), long expected flytande, pres. p. (flyta), fluent lard, lart, p. p. (Idra), learned frammande, .foreign, strange (e)mot'taga, taga emot' (sep., forbjuden, p. p. (forbjuda), prohibited

see taga), to receive om'tala, tola om' (sep.), to

fortju'sande, pres. p. (for-

polette'ra,

charming

tjusa), foriil'drar,

weep I,

ro'kare,

sju,

en

to find

seven

ett snalltdg,

in'begripa, -grep, -grepo, -gri-

ett sprdk,

pit,

-en,

-et,

to

-er,

include

conductor

,

-er,

slant, -ar, coin

hdlsa pa', to call on

en konduktor',

tell

check (baggage)

to

smoker compartment for smokers rokning, smoking en

en rokkupe,

parents

for sent', too late grata, grdt, grdto, grdtit, to hitta,

I,

,

,

express train

language

I, to stay, stop stiga pa', to board, enter

stanna,

IMPERSONAL VERBS. i

sondags, last Sunday

en

tid'tabell', -er,

en tiggare, tit'ta pA,

,

I,

time table

beggar

to look at

undra, I, to wonder ut'trycka (insep.), Ha, to express IDIOMS:

137

en vinterhatt,

-ar,

winter hat

vaga, lib, to weigh vanda, lib (vande, vant), to

turn en vantsal, -ar, waiting room en overvikt, overweight en onskan (no pi.), wish

1.

att onska ndgon en glad a merry Christmas.

2.

att onska ndgon ett gott nytt dr, to wish somebody a happy New Year. att om'tala, or tala om' ndgot for ndgon, to tell somebody something. Jag sade adjo till honom, I said good-bye to him. att ha frammande, to have company.

3.

4. 5.

LESSON The Verb

jul,

to

wish somebody

XXII.

(Continued).

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

The impersonal verb form, like the reflexused more extensively in Swedish than in ive, The English. impersonal subject is det, which is never omitted except in a few archaic expressions. 241. is

242. (1)

Important impersonals are: Those referring to processes of nature:

det regnar, it rains det snoar, it snows det blixtrar, it lightens

det fryser, it freezes det toar, it thaws det dagas, it dawns

(2) Those expressing merely abstract action; as, det knackar pa dorr en, there is a knock on the door det ror sig i skogen, something moves in the forest ;

;

det gar

i

korridoren, somebody

is

walking in the

hall. Swedish

Grammar

10

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

138

(3) Verbs in many idiomatic phrases, the person or thing referred to often appearing as object:

det det det det det

gdller mitt llv, my life is at stake gdller honom, it concerns him

lonar modan, it is worth the while gar mig vdl, I am doing well gor mig ont om dig, I feel sorry for you hur star det till med dig? How are you?

243.

THE IMPERSONAL

PASSIVE.

Many

verbs,

even intransitives, may form an impersonal passive either with det as the subject or with the subject omitted; as, det skrattades och s Jongs, there was laughing and singing; hdr dies, ser jag, you are det frdgas ofta, the queseating, it seems (I see) ;

tion

is

244.

often asked.

Other uses of det:

Det corresponds in general to the English it, but has some idiomatic uses, as already shown in part. (a) Det stands for the introductory there and serves to bring the verb before the logical subject; as, det,levde en gang en konung, once there lived a king; det sprang ett par gossar over fdltet, literally, there ran a couple of boys across the field. NOTE. The verb does not as in English agree with the logical subject but always in the singular. This form is often resorted to for emphasis.

(b) 1.

ence,

is

Det finns, det gives, and det dr: There is, and there are, expressing mere existare rendered by det finns, det gives, and det

dr. 2. Det finns, more seldom det gives, expresses existence within a space of extended or indefinite limits, whereas det dr expresses existence within

REFLEXIVE VERBb.

139

a definite space of relatively small extent det fanns dnnu drliga man, there were still honest men; det gives intet val, there is no choice det finns, or gives en Gud, there is a God; det dr ett par herrar vid dorren, there are a couple of gentlemen at the door. :

;

Note the singular of the verb, irrespective of the

number of the following noun. (c) Det is used expletively

to represent another word, phrase, or clause already used, and of which the repetition is avoided (it is then rendered by so or not translated) Ex. han var rik, nu dr han det ej Idngre, he was rich, now he is so no longer; vet du vad han sade? Ja, det gor jag; do you know what he said? Yes, I do; dr han hdr? Ja, det tror fag; is he here? Yes, I think so. .

:

REFLEXIVE VERBS. 245.

Reflexive verbs "reflect" the action upon Hence the object is always the pro-

the subject.

noun corresponding 246.

A

to the subject.

reflexive verb has

no peculiarity of conis placed immedi-

The pronoun object jugation. ately after the verb.

The reflexive form is used much more wideSwedish than in English, often giving rise to secondary significations which require their own peculiar translations. Examples erinra sig, to remember erinra, to remind inbilla sig, to imagine inbilla, to make believe uppfora, to perform, erect uppfora sig, to behave tro sig, to presume, dare tro, to believe fatta, to seize fat ta sig, to compose one247.

ly in

:

self

REFLEXIVE VERBS.

140

Some verbs

are used only reflexively

befinna sig, to be (as to health, condition) beflita sig, to apply one-

;

as,

tilldraga sig, to take place

begiva

self

sig, to

betake one-

self

248.

the

of

Conjugation

reflexive

verb:

att

inbilla sig, to imagine.

PRESENT INDICATIVE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE

mig du inbillar dig han inbillar sig

jag inbillade mig,

Sg. jag inbillar

etc.

ni inbillar er (eder) PI.

vi inbilla oss I inbillen er (eder) ni inbilla er (eder) de inbilla sig

vi inbillade oss, etc. '

PLUPERFECT

PERFECT jag har

inbillat mig, etc. jag

hade

inbillat mig, etc.

FUTURE PERFECT ha inbillat mig,

FUTURE

jag skall inbilla mig, etc. jag skall etc.

IMPERATIVE 2nd Sg.

INFINITIVES Present

inbilla dig (familiar) 2nd PI. inbillen er (archaic)

att inbilla sig

2nd Sg. and

:

Perfect

ha(va) inbillat sig Future Perfect:

PI.

att skola

inbilla er 1st PI.

Idt(om) oss inbilla

:

att

ha

inbillat sig

oss, etc.

The reflexives may be intensified by sjiilv: han alskade sina medmanniskor : he loved himself and not his fellow men.

NOTE. icke

should, however, avoid the use being very limited.

of

sjalv

with the

reflexives,

this

sig sjdlv

och

The student construction

EXERCISE.

141

Note such idiomatic reflexive constructions

249.

as: jag skar mig i fingret, I cut my finger; Karl har brutit av sig benet, Carl has broken his leg; satt pa dig hatten, put on your hat. The postpositive definite article is often used instead of the possessive with nouns which denote parts of the body

and

articles

The possessor may be

of clothing.

represented by an object pronoun.

THE RECIPROCAL PRONOUN

250.

which

other, one another,

varandra, each

is

indeclinable

is

vi trdffade

:

varandra, we met each other; vi dlskade varandra, we loved one another. NOTE. The reciprocal idea may, as has been stated before, often be expressed by the -s form of the verb vi traffas, we meet one another hdstarna bitas, the horses bite one another sang och gladje foljas at, song and joy accompany one another. When no agent is mentioned the -s form of the passive must often be avoided since it may give a reciprocal meaning to the verb :

;

;

(186).

EXERCISE XXII. A.

Continue the following:

etc.

2.

Jag du

skall

1.

varmt, sa att jag ej f orkyler mig,

.

.

.

dig

klada .

.

.

,

mig

sa att,

Innan jag mottog frammande, maste jag klada om

mig, innan du

.

.

maste du.

.,

.

.

dig, etc.

3.

Om

jag inte

uppfor mig battre, 4. Jag hade befunnit mig battre,

skammas, om du, etc. pm jag hade skyddat mig

mot kolden,

ej

sa maste jag

regnar, sa

du, etc.

kommer

Translate: soon.

1.

I

Om

5.

jag,

om

think

jag

du,

so.

andrar mig, och det

2.

We

shall see

Hurry, Carl, There are two industrious boys in this room. tell if

there

one another

we are waiting for (pa) you.

3.

is

5.

it is

freezing

and snowing.

4.

Can you

a postoffice in (vid or pa) this street?

Stay at home, boys,

ej

etc.

6.

142

EXERCISE.

Det gar pa verandan, nu knackar det pa dorren; skynda dig, Anna, att oppna. 2. Jag inaste ga och klada om mig; det passar ej att taga emot frarnmande, kladd B.

1.

som jag

nom

ar.

3.

Jag

tror, att det ar

herr Edgren, bed ho-

fb'rmaket och satta sig, det drojer endast ett par minuter, tills jag ar far dig. 4. Jag hoppas ni ursaktar, att jag bar latit er vanta, herr Edgren. 5. Hur star det stiga in

till?

S'a

i

trakigt

ha glatt honom fru Sterner.

1 ,

min man

att

icke ar

att fa traffa er.

Men hur

6.

befinna ni er

hemma, det skulle Jag mar fortraffligt,

nu

for tiden (nowa-

Jag horde for nagon tid sedan, att Karl hade fb'rkylt sig mycket svart. 8. Vi ma alia bra nu, men vadret iindrar sig sa hastigt nu for tiden, att det ar omb'jligt att skydda sig mot forkylning. 9. I gar snoade det, i dag regnar det, nu blixtrade det till och med, tror jag. 10. Sag ?

days)

till

7.

gossarna, att de uppfora sig litet battre, Anna, 11. De kunna ju, som om det gallde livet.

(at)

Erik skriker 2

roa sig utan att vasnas sa; herr Edgren och jag kunna knappast hora varandra. 12. Ad jo, fru Sterner; det var trakigt, att Karl ej var hemma, men vi traffas val val

senare. J

It

too bad that, etc. ; boken ar trakig, the book bores me. I should think, very likely, etc.

is

suppose,

C.

1. I

cloudy,

1 think the weather has changed ;

looks as if

it

it is

would (skulle) rain soon. and we must dress warmly

it

3 Val

I

becoming 2. It is

if we inquite (ganska) chilly tend to go out, otherwise (annars) we shall catch cold. 2 3. Somebody is walking on the porch; now there is a

knock 2 4.

.

Please look and see (se efter) who it is, Anna. How are you, Mr. Lind ? I am it is Mr. Lind.

Father,

very glad nart,

3

it is

to see you.

5.

The pleasure

long since we met.

such a noise (B, 11),

Anna?

mutual, Mr. Lendo the boys make Tell (B, 10) them to behave 6.

is

Why

VOCABULARY.

when

better it is

so badly.

of

1 company. 7. If I am not mistaken 1 yelling ; he ought to be ashamed to behave

there

Carl that 8.

is

143

is

Who

Mr. Brown.

,

that lady you greeted

is

9.

We

It is the wife

?

do not know one another

well, but

we always greet one another when we meet (250). 10. Who is Mr. Brown ? He is a man who always lacks 3 money and who wants to borrow from everybody. 11. He used to be

much

respected, but he is no longer so (244, c.). 12. There are not many (manga) in this town who would lend him 4 money. 13. Has he presumed to ask you to lend him? 3 14. No, he knows that it is not worth while 15. Good-bye, I must hurry; there is much work for me at home. .

1

Use

verb,

reflex,

siime

2

242,

2.

3

Use an impersonal construction, 242,

3.

4

Pre-

tro sig.

VOCABULARY. befin'na

sig,

to

feel,

to

be

(health)

droja (intr.), lib, to take time

delay,

knappast, hardly en kold, cold kylig,

cool

-t,

ett liv,

,

fattas (dep. v., often impers.) I, to lack

Idta,

Idto,

frysa, fros, froso, frusit, -en, et, to freeze

miss'taga

ftirdig,

-t,

forky'la

ready

siff,

lib, to catch cold

Idt,

life Idtit,

to

let,

allow to

(insep., see

taga),

mistake

misstaga

sig, to

be mistaken

mulna (generally

impers.),

I,

en forkyl'ning, -ar, cold (health) to become cloudy ett for'mak, parlor motas (used reciprocally), to en glddje, joy meet one another giilla, lib, to have a value; passa, I, to fit; be proper concern roa sig, I, to amuse oneself to hdl'sa pa,

kldda,

I,

lib,

to

greet dress (some-

skrika,

body) Jcltida sia, to

kldda om' dress

senare, later

dress (oneself) (sig),

to

change

skreko,

skrek,

kit, to yell,

skydda,

skynda

I,

cry

to protect

sig,

I,

to

hurry

skri-

MODAL AUXILIARIES.

144 sfcummas (dep.),

lib,

to

be

ashamed snoa (impers.), std

till',

I,

to

trdkig, -t, boring, sad, bad uppfo'ra, lib, to erect; to per-

snow

form

to be (health)

uppfora

svdr, -t, difficult, serious sd att (conj.), so that

sig, to

fora upp

conduct oneself

1

to bring up ur'sakta, I, to excuse ,

vasnas (dep.), I, to make noise I, to change (something) traffas (used reciprocally), to iindra sig, to change one's mind meet or see one another omsesidig, -t, mutual och med, even

till

tills

(conj.), until

dndra,

IDIOMS. 1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

Why does he stay so long? Myntet galler icke Idngre, the coin is no longer current; han galler icke mycket har, he is of small account here. att skdmmas for ndgot, to be ashamed of something. att ta emot' frdmmande, to receive company. Hur star det till med er Itrorf How is your brother? Varfor drojer han sd lunge?

LESSON

XXIII.

Verbal Auxiliaries.

MODAL AUXILIARIES. 251.

The modal

INFINITIVE

auxiliaries are: PRESENT IMPERFECT SUPINE

SING.

kan kunna, can ma ma, may bora, ought to bor skola, shall vilja, will

maste, must

PLUR.

SG.

AND PL.

kunna

ma

kunde kunnat matte

bora

borde

skall (ska) skola(ska) skulle vill mile vilja

maste

maste

bort stcolat

velat

maste mast

torde tor tora The modals are conjugated regularly; some of them, howThe following remarks will suffice: ever, are defective. (a) The archaic second person has the ending -en: I skolen (md takes only -n in 2nd pers. pi.: I man). (~b) The singular form is practically the only one used in tor, is likely

conversation.

MODAL AUXILIARIES. (c)

skolat,

145

The compound tenses 'are formed regularly: jag har han hade kunnat. Skola, md, tor, mdste, and bora

lack future and future perfect;

md and

tor lack perfect

and

pluperfect.

The subjunctives of the modals except of kunna and are not formed with md, matte, and skulle. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives only are in use (except in the case of vilja and kunna) and they are like the indicafd)

vilja

kunna and vilja may form a present subjunctive with or matte and the present infinitive; an imperfect subjunctive with skulle and the present infinitive; a perfect subtive:

md

junctive with perfect

md

or matte

subjunctive

with

and the perfect infinitive; a pluand the perfect infinitive.

skulle

The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives generally used are with the imperfect and pluperfect indicative: imjag skulle kunna, vilja, or jag kunde, ville; perfect subjunctive, jag md, mdtte ha kunnat, velat; pluperfect subjunctive, jag skulle ha kunnat, velat or jag hade identical

perfect subjunctive,

kunnat, velat.

SOME USES OF THE MODAL AUXILIARIES. The modal auxiliaries have more complete forms in Swedish than in English. The Swedish modal must for that reason sometimes be translated 252.

by a paraphrase; to

as,

jag mdste arbeta

i

work yesterday; jag har kunnat gora

been able to do

gar, det, I

I

had have

it.

253. The modal auxiliaries govern, as in English, the simple infinitive: han sdger, att han ej kan komma, he says that he cannot come; jag maste

ga nu,

I

must go now.

They are generally accompanied by an infinitive, but sometimes a when an adverb of direction is used a complementary verb may be implied NOTE.

;

verb of motion I

may be

must go home

254.

;

omitted after skola,

jag vill in,

I

vilja,

want to come

and mdste: jag maste hem,

in.

In the pluperfect subjunctive of skola and

bora, Swedish prefers a construction

made up

of

SENSES OF MODALS.

146

the imperfect subjunctive of the modal and the perfect infinitive of the verb to one consisting of the pluperfect subjunctive of the modal and the present infinitive, conforming thus with the Eng-

The treatment

lish usage.

of

kunna

is

identical,

except that when we wish especially to emphasize the pluperfect time of the ability or possibility we use the pluperfect subjunctive of kunna. Ex. han skulle ha gjort det, he should have done it ni borde ha kommit, you ought to have come; jag kunde ha skrivit, I could have written; but :

;

jag hade kunnat skriva,

might have been able

I

to write. NOTE. Vilja, on the other hand, would in a similar case always be put in the pluperf. and the depending verb in the present infinitive: jag hade velat skriva brevet, and not jag wile ha skrivit; han hade velat ga, om hans mor ej hade varit sjuk, he would have wished to go,

if

his

mother had not been

sick.

SENSES OF MODAL AUXILIARIES. 255. Kunna. Originally it meant to know how, to be skilled in. This use is still retained in the verb when used independently han kan svenska, sin liixa; he knows Swedish, his lesson. :

(a) Ability :

han kan

Idsa,

read but he does not want

men han

vill ej,

he can

to.

(b) Possibility: det kan nog hdnda, that may happen; jag kunde nog gora det, I could perhaps do it. (c) Permission:

In this sense

it is

ni ga, now you may go. often used as a mild command.

nu kan

(d) Willingness det kan jag giva (ge) er genast, can give you that at once. (e) Habit, custom hon kunde grata i timtal, nar :

I

:

EXERCISE.

147

sitt doda barn, she would cry for hours when she thought of her dead child.

hon tdnkte pa

NOTE. Habit and custom are more often expressed by the verbs bruka, and and the infinitive, or by the present or imperfect of the verb: ndr han sag mig, brukade lian jraga, or, frdgade han, whenever he saw me he would ask.

pliiga

Ma.

256.

Auxiliary: the present and imperfect are used as auxiliaries to form the present subjunctive. (b) Desire: ma Gud valsigna vart arbete, may God bless our work; vi matte vdl komma i tid till taget, may we only come in time to the train (would that we might etc.). (a)

NOTE 1. Matte expresses a more vivid wish than ma. Z. From this sense of ma springs its use in purpose clauses and some other clauses introduced by att: han badj att jag matte stanna (also, bad mig att stanna) he asked

me

to

remain.

(c) Permission, possibility: ma (not matte) may be used with the sense of kan: det ma sd vara, that may be so occasionally in the sense of fa (263, a) det ma du ej gora, you may not do that. :

;

NOTE.

Here belongs the expression mahdnda, perhaps.

(d) Supposition, expressed by the imperfect of the modal matte (not ma) det matte ha varit :

hemskt,

mycket

must have been uncanny; du matte vara

it

trott, I

dare say, you are very tired. EXERCISE XXIII.

A. icke,

om

Continue:

vad du

Jag

1.

jag hade velat, jag maste stanna

men

ha spelat tennis,

visste icke,

vad jag

du

ville,

visste

Jag hade kunnat gora en resa, du hade, etc. 3. Jag skulle vilja ga ut,

ville, etc.

om

2.

hemma, du

skulle, etc.

jag hade kunnat, du,

4.

etc.

Jag 5.

skulle

Om

jag

148

EXERCISE.

hade velat fara

om

med

tiotaget, sa

hade jag mast skynda

mig;,

Jag horde ha fragat min far forst, om han ville lata mig ga med, du horde, etc. 7. Jag ville giirna 8. Matte jag veta, om jag skulle kunna gora det, du, etc. ej ha kommit for sent matte du, etc. etc.

du,

6.

!

Min van Karl fragade mig i gar morse, om jag med honom till staden. 2. Jag sade at honom, jag hade mycket arbete, som jag horde gora, men att onskade, att han matte fraga min far, om jag kunde

B.

1.

ville fara

att

jag

fara med.

3.

Matte pappa bara

tankte jag,

tillata det!

nar Karl avlagsnade sig foi att bedja honom om lov. 4. Vi skulle kunna ha sa roligt tillsammans. 5. Naturligtvis skulle vi bevista det stora fotbollspelet, som skulle pas mellan tva av de basta fotbollagen i staden. 6.

utkamJag bar

han matte lata mig spela fotboll, men kunnat overtyga honom om att det ar en nyttig 7. Jag brukar ofta saga, att om han blott forstodo idrott. 8. "Det ma sa spelet, sa maste han finna det intressant. vara", sade han en gang, "jag bar blott sett ett enda spel och kunde alls inte bli pa det klara darmed. 9. Det syntes

ofta bett pappa, att

jag bar

ej

mig vara

litet for

ett slagsmal."

mycket for ett spel och litet for Karl kom tillbaka och sade,

10.

hade mast lova, att

litet for

att

han

vi skulle vara tillbaka sa tidigt, att jag

kunde vattna blomsterrabatterna och kiippa grasmattan. 11. Det matte ha varit svart for Karl att fa pappas tillatelse.

C. 2.

Conversation.

Varfor trodde ni

onskade

Karl den

?

ni ej

ni,

att

1.

ej,

Vad

fragade Karl er

att ni skulle fa folja

Karl skulle gora?

4.

i

gar morse?

med?

3.

Vad

Varfor avlagsnade

5. Vad skulle ni ga till, om ni finge resa till staMellan vilka skulle spelet utkampas ? 7. Vad bar lyckats overtyga er far om ? 8. Varfor tror ni ej, att

sig. 6.

VOCABULARY.

149

9. Hur manga fotbollspel Har Karl lyckats att fa er fars Vad maste ni gora, nar ni kom-

er far finner spelet intressant?

har er far bevistat?

10.

resan?

11.

tillatelse till

mer hem? D. 2.

A

I should like to go to town with my friend Carl. game will be played between the two best

1.

football

teams in town and I should

like very

much 1

do not know whether (om) I father has given me much work to do 3.

But

I

4.

But

it

home

that he ought to allow me to go this had (perf. of maste) to stay at in order to take care of the garden,

I have

5.

summer 3

all

it.

may go, for my before evening.

me

seems to

time (gang).

to attend 2

water the flower beds and cut the lawn.

wished to play football, but

my

6.

have always

I

father does not think that

a useful sport. 7. If Carl were only here, he would 8. I am so glad be able to get my father's permission. that you came, Carl. Would you go and ask father (pappa) it is

whether I to

work

2

to-day.

9.

I should

What

10.

terday.

You

see, I ought (horde] really have done (254) this work yesDid he give his perdid papa say?

may go?

2

you may go with me; but you will have of to be back early. 12. He must be very maste} (pres. for he much rich, money. 13. I wish he would come spends soon so that we could 4 begin to eat. 14. Now I must say mission?

11. Yes,

5 good-bye to you, but we might meet again to-morrow. 2 l Fdr (263). 'After hela, which is not Skulle mycket garna vilja... preceded by the prepositive article, the noun takes the definite form. 'Imper5 fect subjunctive of kunna. s-form, 186a.

VOCABULARY. atttid,

always

av'ldgsna,

I,

to rerriove

avlagsna sig, to go away bara, only bevista,

I,

to attend

en Worn''sterrabatt' bed

',

blott,

-er,

only

fara, to travel, go fara med, to accompany

flower

SENSES OF MODALS.

150 ett fotbollspel,

ett

fotbollag

football

,

(lag),

game foot-

,

team

ball

much

to cut,

spela,

mow

Tclippa,

Ha,

ett

permission to promise

,

(insep.), to permit

ett tiotdg, ten o'clock train

vattna,

gar morse, yesterday morning

IDIOMS:

fight

I,

tillata

,

mellan, between i

,

game, play play tennis, tennis tidigt, early tillsammans, together en tilldtelse, permission ett spel,

en grasmatta, -or, lawn en gang, once en i'drott, -er, sport igen, again

I,

useful

skota, Ha, take care of

for mycket, too

lova,

-t,

ett slagsmdl,

forst, first

lov,

naturligtvis, of course nyttig,

I,

to

water

verkligen, really

o'vertyga ( insep. )

,

I,

to convince

staden, to go to town.

1.

att fara

2.

Jag vill gdrna fara med, I should like to accompany. Det synes mig, or jag tyclcer, it seems to me. bli pd det Jclara, understand.

3. 4.

till

%

<

LESSON XXIV. Verbal Auxiliaries (Continued). SENSES OF MODAL AUXILIARIES (Continued).

257.

Bora.

(a) Duty: jag bb'r gb'ra to

do what

NOTE

is

vad som ar

rtitt, I

ought

right.

The imperfect borde is generally used with present meaning and hag the same signification as bar (ought) if unaccented du borde skammas. you ought to be ashamed of yourself. If accented it implies that one does not do what one ought to, for instance: jag borde ga hem och arbeta, I ought (that is, if I were to do my duty) to go home and work. 2. In the sense of duty bora is weaker than skola. 1.

:

(b) Calculation taget bor vara har om tio minuter, the train ought to be here in ten minutes. :

(c) Fitness

258. gation.

:

Skola.

sa bor det vara, thus Originally

it

it

ought to

be.

signified duty or obli-

SENSES OF MODALS.

151

(a) Auxiliary: 1. The present (skall) is used as an auxiliary with the infinitive to form the future tense jag skall ga, I shall go jag skall hava gatt, I shall have gone. :

;

2.

The imperfect

finitive as

(skulle) is used with the inone mode of forming the imperfect and

pluperfect subjunctive. (b) Condition or contingency:

om

ni skulle se

honom, sa hdlsa honom frdn mig, give him my greetings, if you should see him han sade, att han skulle komma, he said that he would come. ;

(c)

Duty or du

the speaker

:

necessity, when proceeding from skulle ha gatt, ndr han bad dig, you

should have gone when he asked you; du skall icke stjala, thou shalt not steal; om vi ska gora det, sa lat oss gora det snart, if we are to do it, then let us do it soon. (d) Threat or promise: det ska du inte ha gjort for inte, I will remember you for this (i. e. repay you in kind). (e) Intention: han skulle ha kommit intended to come yesterday. (f)

Report: han skall vara kolossalt

i

gar, he

rik,

he

is

said to be enormously rich.

(g)

Wish: vi skulle allt ha en trddgard, i vilken blommor skulle vdxa, I wish we had a garwhich all kinds of flowers might grow.

alia slags

den in 259.

Vilja.

(a) Will, intention, purpose: han ville visst icke gora dig ond, he did not at a!l intend to make you

SENSES OF MODALS.

152

angry; han vill hem, jag kan ej kvarhdlla honom, he is determined to go home, I cannot keep him. (b) Wish, entreaty or request: han ville garna hjalpa, he was anxious to help v ill ni komma ndrmare or vill ni vara sd god och komma ndrmare, ;

please come a little closer (vill is very often used thus to express a mild command) ; jag ville garna

ha en kopp NOTE

till,

I

should like another cup.

The imperfect subjunctive

of vilja with the adverb garna, willingly, generally used to express a request politely as above, sometimes with vdl and a negative: ni ville vdl inte gora del for migf Would you do that for me' 2. Vilja is often used with an object, especially a pronoun: Vad vill han 1.

is

does he have to say to you ? han vill mig vdl, he wishes me well, Its signification seems to forbid its use with well disposed toward me. any other than animate subjects, but it is often used figuratively with inanimate: min klocka vill ej ga, my watch does not run (won't run) ; blommor

dig t

he

What

is

'vilja ej

vaxa

i

sadan jord, flowers do not grow in such

soil.

Do not translate will and would by vill, ville, they are only a sign of the future or the subjunctive. Will and would denoting habitual action are generally expressed by the simple tenses, present and past, or by the verbs bruka and plaga (255, e). REMARK.

if

260.

Mdste.

(a) Physical necessity: jag

svdlterjag

ihjal, I

mdste ha mat, annars

must have

food, or else I shall

starve to death. (b) Logical necessity: det mdste vara sant, that

must be true. (c) Moral necessity: barn mdste lyda sina dldrar, children must obey their parents. 261.

for-

Tor.

Probability, supposition: the imperfect torde is used with present sense and is of much more frequent occurrence than the present tor: det torde

VERBAL AUXILIARIES.

153

vara ganska svdrt, very likely it is quite difficult; han torde vara sjuk, ty han lovade sdkert att komma, I suppose that he is sick, for he promised surely to come.

OTHER VERBAL AUXILIARIES. 262. The causative auxiliary lata, to let, make, or cause (to do or to be done). It has three main significations

:

(a) to allow, to give permission he allowed the boys to play.

:

han

lat

pojkarna

leka,

(b) to have

somebody do a thing: jag har latit Karl hdmta bro'det, I have had Carl fetch the bread.

When

the verb has this signification the subject of is often omitted: jag har Idtit gora en

the infinitive rock, I XOTE.

have had a coat made. In the latter case

it

is

best to render

lata,

by have and the

infinitive

by the passive participle.

(c)

Lata

is

used to paraphrase the

first

person

plural of the imperative lat oss ga; also occasionally as a substitute for the passive as, det later sig gora, :

;

han har

that can be done;

latit

overtala sig, he has

been persuaded. NOTE. In this reflexive construction the passive infinitive is also permitted : the reflexive always precedes the infinitive: han har latit sig ofvertalas, he has been persuaded.

Fa, to get, to receive, is also used as an auxiliary in a variety of meanings. 263.

(a) Permission Tn this sense it is 255, c) or

ma

nu far du ga, now you may go. more common than either kunna

(256, c).

(b) Necessity: Swedish Grammar

:

som gosse

fick

han ofta gora en 11

154

EXERCISE.

mans

arbete, as a boy he often

had

to do a

man's

work. fa

NOTE when

Very often the word lov, permission, is used euphemistically with denotes necessity: du far lov alt studera nu, you must study now. Mdstc has a more general and absolute meaning than fa; thus, we must

2.

all

1.

it

must be rendered by,

die,

mdste alia do.

vi

(c) With the verbs veta, hora, and se, fa is used in an inchoative sense resembling the English get; as, hon fick veta det i gar, she received news of it yesterday (learned to know) kommer han? du far se, you will see (learn). ;

When

NOTE.

Fa

gel.

used independently fa presents fa igenom en

tag pa, to get hold of

Lar

;

striking analogies with get a thing through, etc.

many sale,

used only in the present indicative based on report. In this han sense it is more common than skola (258, f ) lar vara sjuk, they say he is sick. 264.

is

to denote a supposition

:

The same idea

NOTE. visst,

certainly, surely

;

press the idea conveyed

more commonly expressed by the use of the adverb visst sjuk. The adverbs allt, nog and vdl ex-

is

han ar

by torde (261).

EXERCISE XXIV. A. ty

Continue:

min

1.

Jag bor vara hemma om en timma, honom, du bor

far har sagt, att jag maste hjalpa

vara, etc.

2.

Om jag

det strax, etc.

3.

blott finge lov af

anda

skall gora det, sa borcle jag

gora

skulle garna vilja ha kaffe, om jag lakare att dricka det, du skulle garna,

Jag

min

gosse hade jag nog fatt arbeta tungt, om jag hade kunnat, men jag var sa klen, som gosse hade du, etc. 5. Jag skulle ha latit gora mig en kostym, om min far hade

etc.

4.

Som

den med, etc. 6. Om han kunde jag ha gatt till sangs 7. Jag lat honom vanta pa svar, ty jag var ej tidigt, etc. klara med hvad han ville, du lat honom, etc. det pa velat ge mig pengar hade velat avlagsna

att betala

sig, sa

EXERCISE. B.

En

bonde hade kommit

till

155

en marknad och

ville

kopa nagot. Han stod vid ett av marknadsstanden och Handlanden gav dem en sag, hur folk kopte glasbgon. bok med fin stil i, sedan satte de pa ett par glasogon och sago uppmarksamt i boken. "Kan ni lasa den liar sfilen bra?" fragade handlanden, och nar den andre svarade ja,

Bonden ville ocksa kopa sig ett fram till disken, satte pa sig det steg par glasogon. ena paret efter det andra och sag i boken, man lade ater bort dem. Handlanden ville hjalpa honom och erbjb'd honom olika glasogon, men bonden sade gang efter aiman: "Jag kan inte lasa med dem." Till sist fragade honom en annan bonde, som under tiden hade kommit dit: "Men sag mig, kan du verkligen lasa?" "En sadan dumbom du ar", svarade den forsta bonden, "skulle jag. val kopa mig glasogon, om jag kunde lasa?" sa kopte

han

glasb'gonen.

Han

1. Vem hade kommit till marknahan garna gora? 3. Vad gjorde man vid ett av standen? 4. Vad gjorde handelsmannen for att kunna se, vad for glasogon han maste ge dem? 5. Av vem (7.

den?

bor

Conversation: 2.

man

Vad

lata

ville

undersoka sina ogon, innan

man

koper glas-

Yad for stil de, som ha att han ocksa svaga ogon, bast lasa? 7. Vad tyckte bonden, 9. Vad fick han8. Vad gjorde han alltsa? skulle ha? delsmannen lov att ge honom? (one pair after another). 10. Hade bonden velat kopa glasogon, om han hade kunnat lasa? 11. Vad trodde han, att glasb'gonen skulle satta honom i stand 1 att gbra. ogon? (ogonlakaren).

kunna

6.

*Satta i stand, to enable; roro i stand, to be able.

D. a pair

1.

A

(of)

peasant

who was unable 1

spectacles.

he had to have

2.

He

to read

wished to buy

thought (trodde) that all to read was a

in order to be able (165, 2)

VOCABULARY.

156

He said to himself: "I ought to can get a pair that fits me I shall The peasant would not have wished 3.

pair (of) spectacles.

have spectacles, and

if I

be able to read."

4.

(254, note) to

glasses,

wise

buy

man would

had he been able

to read.

5.

A

(258, b) have had (262, b) his eyes ex-

2 oculist before buying glasses. 6. The dealer 3 one after that he would another, thinking try pair find a pair which would fit him. 7. The young man is not

amined by an let

him

(263, a) to read because his eyes are weak. doctor says that he may read a short while to-mor-

permitted 8.

The

row.

9.

What do

the children wish (to have) for Christ-

mas ? They want many things, but we can't afford to give them much. 10. Then they will have (use pres. of modal) to

be satisfied with

little.

11. Carl asked

my father, "May

we go to town?" and my father answered, "You may go, but you must be back before six o'clock." 12. Your father must have a great deal to do now. Several times I have wished to see him, but I have not been able 1 to. 13. Yes, he is having (262, b) a house built in the country, and must superintend the work. 14. Where have you had your suit made? I should like (259, b) to have the address of

your

tailor.

15.

He

can make clothes that

fit;

he

is

said

(258, g) to have studied his art in London. 3

1 Icke kunna in proper tense. : Expand into a temporal clause with innan. Causal clause with emedan, endr or do.

VOCABULARY. en adress', -er, address flere(a) more, several en bonde, bonder, peasant forstdn'dig, -t, wise, sensible bort'laggd (sep.), to put away genom, through 1

bygga, lib, to build en disk, -ar, counter

glasogon, spectacles

en dumbom*, -mar, fool er'bjuda, dit,

-bjo'd,

-en,

~et,

-bjodo, to offer

efter annan, time and again en handlande, merchant en Jiandelsman, -man, dealer

gdng -bju-

,

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

157

kliider, clothes

en skriiddare,

en konst,

atiga fram', to step forth

kort,

short

,

liten,

art

-er,

smd,

stil

lilla(e),

booth

marknadsstund, mycket, much

now

nijjd,

olik,

,

advice;

means

1.

Jag har

ej rdd,

2.

Vad

,

want

en ogonldkare, oculist overvaka (insep.), I, to super-

unlike, different

ett rdd,

print

while

-er,

vilja ha', to

nojt, satisfied -t,

tailor

wag, -t, weak under tiden, in the meantime un'dersoka tinsep.), to examine upp'marksam, -t, attentive

-er, fair

ett

nu,

en stund,

pi.

little

en marknad,

-ar, style;

t

def.

-et,

,

intend

sex, six

IDIOMS:

for 3.

att

I

cannot afford.

julklappf What do you wish Christmas (.present)? luta sy en rock, to have a coat made. vill

du ha

till

More commonly used separably. 2 Note how final m of a word when the preceding vowel is short its becoming intervocalic by the addition of an ending (3). J

is

doubled on

LESSON XXV. Indefinite Pronouns. I.

USED AS PRONOUNS ONLY.

265. Man (indeclinable) is used only in the nominative as an indefinite personal subject and, lacking an exact equivalent, is variously translated one, they, you, we, people (cf. German man, French Ex. man sager, att han har skrivit en ny bok, on} they say that he has written a new book; man fb'r.

:

talar mig, people slander me.

(a) In the oblique cases the corresponding forms of en are used, ens for the genitive, en for the objective the reflexive is sig. Thus vad man ger, ;

:

bringar en lycka, what one gives brings one luck;

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

158

man

skulle icke

praise oneself.

usedr ens vdnner dro ofta vdrre one's friends are often worse than fiender,

otherwise ens

an ens

beromma sig sjdlv, one should not The reflexive possessive is sin, sitt,

is

one's enemies; man bar vorda sina fordldrar, one ought to honor one's parents.

When man is the subject of a transitive verb usually best to render the sentence by a passive

(b) it is

:

man

har behandlat honom

ilia,

he has been badly

treated.

(gen. -s; no plur.), everything.

266.

Allting

267.

Ndgonting (gen.

-s;

no plur.), something,

anything.

Ingenting (gen. -s; no plur.), nothing, Ingenting as well as ndgonting in a negative sentence are often intensified by a following (sometimes 268.

alls; as, har du sett nagonting? Ingenhave ting alls, you seen anything? Nothing at all; alls jag sag ingenting, I saw nothing whatever.

preceding)

NOTE

1. Ingenting and ndgonting are followed by an adjective in the indefform of the neuter: har ni nagonting gott alt ataf do you have anything good to eat? Likewise nagot and intet.

inite

is usually placed before the supine of a compound tense, ndgonlikewise intet is placed before and nagot after; Jag har ingenting (intet) sett, jag har sett ndgonting (nagot). In a dependent clause ingenting and intet come immediately after the subject: han sager, att han ingenting har sett.

2.

Ingenting

ting, after;

269. Envar (gen. envars; no plur.) ; var och en (neut. vart och ett, gen. vars och ens; no plur.),

sometimes en och var, everybody, every one var och en (envar) har sina fel, everybody has his faults; :

envars (vars och ens) rykte bor respekteras, everybody's reputation should be respected. NOTE.

Var och en

is

sometimes used adjectively.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. II.

151)

USED AS BOTH PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

270. ena, def.

En

(neut. ett, only as adj., gen. ens, plur. ene, ena), one, a, an: man tror ens

form

egna vdnner

bast,

one has most confidence in one's

own

friends; han dr en av mina bdsta vdnner, he is one of my best friends. In less elegant conversation en is used in the nominative with the same sense as man; in the oblique cases it always takes the place of man. It is not used after adjectives like the English one: the red apple and the green one, det roda applet och det grb'na.

Den

ene (-a) (fern, den ena, neut. det ena) often used in correlation with den andre (-a), etc., the other: den ene kommer, den andre gar, one comes, the other goes.

271.

the one,

,

is

272. En och en och annans; here and there: and then says so

annan

(neut. ett och annat, gen.

no plur.), one now and then, one en och annan sdger sd, one now (some say so).

273. Ende (-a) (plur. and def. enda), only, is used as an adjective: han var enda sonen, he was the only son. When used as a pronoun it is always

preceded by the definite or indefinite article and takes an -s in the genitive dessa voro de enda, som voro ddr, these were the only ones who were there; jag har ej sett en enda av dem, I have not seen a single one of them. :

274.

Nagon

(neut. nagot, gen. ndgons, nagots;

some one, any, anyone, a few, something, anything: har du nagra

plur. nagra; gen. ndgras), some,

1

GO

EXERCISE.

pengar? have you any money? nagon har frag at efter dig, some one (has) asked for you; jag har ho'rt ndgot vackert om dig, I have heard something nice about you; nagons hatt ligger har, somebody's hat

lies here.

NOTE

1.

for any and some when used in a partitive sense are har ni tdndstickort do you have any matches?

The words

often omitted:

Some when

2.

275.

it

means a

Ingen

little

is

(neut.

translated

by

litet

inget,

intet,

(lite).

gen.

ingens,

no one, none, nobody, as no: har nothing; adjective, jag inga pengar (also jag har icke nagra pengar), I have no money; ingens karaktdr kan vara renare an hans, nobody's character can be purer than his. intets; plur. inga, gen. ingas),

The paraphrase icke nagon, nagra

NOTE.

more common than ingen, inga; Inget is becoming more

is

at the beginning of a statement ingen is preferred. and more common for intet.

276.

All (neut.

gen. alias, allts; plur. alia,

allt,

gen. alias), all, everything: Gud har skapat allt, God has created everything; alia hans dottrar voro

vackra, all his daughters were pretty; all j or den dr Guds verk, all the earth is the work of God. NOTE 1. When all in English means whole it must be rendered by hela without the prepositive article jag har arbetat hela doyen, I have worked :

hela Paris, day 2. For the use of

all

;

all alls

Paris. see 268,

for the use

of allra see 316.

Observe the following idiomatic uses of hel: som ett hell, as a whole; helt och hallet, wholly, completely pd del hela taget, taken as a whole, on the whole. 3.

;

EXERCISE A.

dar?

Supply the missing indefinites:

Jag

body's) vitt

ju

1

XXV.

jag

ser ...

hatt hanga dar. vet.

vem som

.

.

.

1.

Ar

.

.

.

(anybody}

Men

jag ser ... (some(nobody) har kommit, sa

2.

(nobody}.

(one) horde lasa dorren, annars kan heist komma in, och (one) hb'r det icke. 3.

...

.

.

.

EXERCISE.

161

(somebody) kunde till och med komma ocli stjala 2 5. Brev(one's) saker, utan att man visste det. bararen liar varit bar med ... (a few) brev for dig. 6. ... ...

4.

bort

.

.

.

(one) var ofrankerat, och jag maste betala fyrtio ore, (the other) var rekommenderat. 7. Har du (any) frimarken att lana mig? Jag bar skrivit brev (all) da.

.

gen

till

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

familjen, och jag bar inte

(every one) (a single) frimarke kvar. 8. Hur skall (one) fa ... 2 nar ... ar ute och reser? 9. Lat (one's) post, (one) .

i

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

adressera dina brev poste restante till (some) av de stadu amnar besoka. 10. ... der, (everybody), som ar ute .

12.

.

svarighet med posten. 11. Middagen maste nu. Var god och tag plats bredvid mig. fardig ... (no) ceremonier, som ni ser; vi aro blott ...

och reser, vara

.

liar

(some) vanner. 13. Behagar ni ... (some) soppa? Soppan iir utmarkt. Skulle ni vilja ge mig ... (a little more),

Behagar ni en kopp kaffe

li. l

Sd

vitt

(vitt,

till?

neuter of vid), as far as; note omission of som (as).

*Sin

or ens (265, a).

B.

I

am

home

at

to

no one 1

I

;

wish to rest a

little.

If anyone asks for me, say that I shall be 2 at home again at seven o'clock (klockan sju). 3. One (271) of those two Americans asked for (efter) you; he left no card, and I 2.

4. Have you ever seen anything have waited for (pa) him all week, out (for) a few minutes he comes.

cannot recall his name. so

annoying? and now when 5.

Here

I

I am Do you have anything good

to eat?

Yes, this chicken

Should you like a wing or a leg? 7. If 2 will allow me, I shall take a little of this fruit. 8. Take you what you want without ceremony; here one helps oneself (248, note). 9. Try this wine; it is ten years old and of is excellent.

with

(till)

6.

the fruit.

the best quality.

One

10.

Thank

generally

3

you, not

now;

I shall

takes a glass (of) wine

VOCABULARY.

162

your wine another time; but I shall take another 4 11. One single apple like this is worth more to me apple. than all (the) wine in the world. 12. Now, when we have taste

eaten,

we

shall see the sights of (bese) the city.

I haven't

Where shall we go? who visits Stockholm must of course visit the Everybody famous Skansen and the Northern Museum. 14. Let us all go there. What do you prefer, car, cab, or automo-

seen anything of Stockholm yet.

13.

bile? translated: not... for anybody. 2 Use the present tense. 'Adverbs cannot stand between subject and verb except adverbs of negation and a few others in a dependent clause (179, a). *Translate: one such apple as (som) this.

VOCABULARY. adresse'ra,

to address

I,

en amerikan',

lasa, I la, to lock

American

-er,

mer, more

I (often impers.), to please; to desire bredvid, beside

minnas

en brevbarare,

rekommende'rad,

behaga,

,

letter car-

-at,

regis-

seven

bast, best

sju,

en ceremoni', -er, ceremony en familj', -er, family

smaka,

frimarke,

-n,

postage stamp

fyrtio, forty

furarglig,

-t,

kvalitet', -er, quality kvar, over, left lamna, I, to leave 1. 2. 3.

-stal,

bortstjula (sep.), -stulit,

-stulo,

-en,

to steal

ito.-teo ,

(visiting card)

en

to taste

en svdrignet, -er, difficulty en soppa, -or, soup

annoying

Jiiinga, lib, to hang ett kort (visit'kort) ,

I,

stjiila bort',

-et,

forsoka, Ila, to try

IDIOMS:

remember

tered

rier

ett

(dep.), lib, to

ofrankerad, -at, without stamp poste restante, general delivery

card

Vila sig (refl.),

I,

to rest

wine en vinge, -ar, wing ett vin, -er,

ett ore,

-n,

ore (coin worth

14 cent).

Vad behagar nif What would you like? Var god och tag plats, please sit down. Skulle ni vilja ha en kopp kaffe tillf Would you like another cup of coffee?

LESSON XXVI. Indefinite

Pronouns (Continued).

277. Mdngen (neut. mdnget, gen. mangens; pi. and def manga, gen. mangas) many a in the singular and many in the plural. Ex.: manga vackra blommor vdxa i trddgarden, many beautiful flowers grow in the garden; mdngen rik dr olycklig, many a rich person is unhappy. .

,

Mycket (indeclinable), much: hur mycket pengar har du pa dig ? how much money do you have about you? icke alls mycket, not very much. 278.

Annan

279.

(neut. annat, gen. annans; pi.

def. andra, gen. andras), other.

other

and

Like the English

preceded either by the definite or inhar ni en annan Have you another book? Vad go'ra de andra?

it

is

definite article in the singular:

bok?

What NOTE 2.

are the others doing? 1.

ffagon annan, ndgot annat means somebody else, something else. another, a different one; en till means one more: var

En annan means

god och giv mig en annan bok, please give me another book jag ville garna ha en kopp till, I should like another cup. 3. Varannan signifies every other varannan dag, every other day. ;

:

280.

Somlig (neut. somligt; pi. somliga, gen. is used as a pronoun or an adjective generally only in the neut. sing, and plur. of all genders: somliga mdnniskor, some people; somliga o'nska det har, andra det ddr, some want this and some that. somligas), some,

NOTE

others. 1. Note the correlatives somliga. andra, some. The English some is generally to be rendered by ndgon, nagra, in speaking of individuals or individual things; by litet (lite), in speaking of quantity. .

.

.

.

.

.

2.

281.

Flera(e) (gen. fleras), more, several.

164

INDEFINITES.

282.

Flesta(e) (gen. flestas)

Flera and

,

most, the majority.

used as comparative and superlative of manga. When flera does not express comparison it signifies several, quite a few; fiesta is always preceded by the article, but the noun it modifies does not take the postpositive article: flera voro hiir i dag an i gar, more were here to-day than yesterday; pd fieras begaran sjong han sdngen, at the fiesta are

request of several he sang the song; de fiesta rosta nog honom, the majority will doubtless vote for him.

fur

283. Fa (gen. fas), few. It is very often preceded by nagra: ndgra fa voro hdr, a few were here. 284. Varannan (neut. vartannat; no plur.), every other: varannan dag ha vi tyska, we have German every other day. NOTE. Om vartannat, topsy-turvy; var (vart) tredje, var (vart) fjdrde; every third

;

285.

every fourth.

Endera

(neut. ettdera)

,

one of two, either;

ndgondera (neut. nagotdera), either; ingendera (intetdera), neither; vardera (vartdera), each.

when used proadjectives. Ex. ingendera av oss fick ndgot, neither of us got anyThese take an

nominally.-

s in the genitive

They are rarely used as

:

thing; han kan komma endera dagen, he may come one of these days ; hdr ha ni ett apple vardera, here

you have an apple each. 286.

1 Var (neuter vart; no plur.) Veach, every varje (indeclinable) varenda (neut. vartenda, no pl.)J

only used adjectively. Varenda used as followed by en, ett. Ex. varje larjunge mdste go'ra sin plikt. every pupil must do his duty;

Varje

is

a pronoun

is

:

165

INDEFINITES.

jag har givit bort vartenda every one.

ett, I

have given away

NOTE. Varje may sometimes be used with the sense of any: varje penna dr god nog, any pen will do.

287.

Vilken (neut. vilket, plur. vilka)

som

heist

and vad som heist (neuter) are used pronominally and adjectively with the sense of whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever, anyone at all, anything at all, any at all; vem som heist, whosoever, anyone (at used only pronominally. When these words are used as adjectives, som heist generally follows the noun when used as pronouns, som may be dropped before a relative clause. Ex. vilken penna som heist dr god nog, any pen is

all), is

;

:

good enough; vem som heist kan komma, anyone at all may come; Ids vad bok som heist, read any book you please; vid vilken tid som heist, at any time; vdlj hvad heist, som passar, chose anything that suits you. adverbs hurudan, and conjunctive ingen, hur, sd, likewise form compounds with som heist to become especially indefinite; as, dr det ndgon som heist 1.

Ndgon,

like nar,

or sale, varfor du icke kan din Idxa? is there any reason whatsoever why

Nej, ingen

som

heist,

you do not know your lesson? No, no reason whatever; kom nar som heist, come at any time; kor sd fort som heist, drive as fast as you please. 2. The particle an is also used with the relatives and certain conjunctive adverbs to impart an indefinite force: vem det an dr, whoever it may be; vad du an gor, gor det veil,

whatever you do, do it well; vad svar han an gav, whatever answer he gave; hur fort det an gar, sd, hinna vi ej from i tid, no matter how fast we go, we won't be there in time. 3. Note the difference in meaning between han gjorde vad som heist, and vad han an gjorde.

166

EXERCISE.

288. Bdda, bdgge (gen. bddas, bdgges), both, are plural forms. When bada is preceded by the prepositive article it means two; as, de bdda flickorna tiro systrar, the two girls are sisters; but bada systrarna kommo, both sisters came. OBSERVE.

Vi bdda, ni bada, de bdda, both of

us,

both of you, both of them.

EXERCISE XXVI. A.

pa

sitt

En

grosshandlare behovde en gang en springpojke kontor och satte fordenskull en annons i tidningen.

gossar infunno sig pa kontoret nasta dag. Somliga av dessa hade medfort goda rekommendationsbrev, men

Manga

grosshandlaren skickade bort dem alia utan att se pa deras rekommendationer och beholl en enda liten gosse, som icke hade nagot som heist skriftligt intyg. En av hans vanner,

som var narvarande, fragade varfor han ej hade nagon rekommendation, da de

just valde en, fiesta

som

andra hade

"Jo", svarade grosshandlaren, "han hade sa fa rekommendationer, ehuru de ej voro skriftliga.

medfort sadana. ej

Han

torkade av fotterna vid db'rren och tog upp en knappnal fran golvet, foljaktligen maste han vara bade renlig

och noggrann. Dessutom tog han av sig niossan och svarade raskt och riktigt, darfor maste han vara bade forstanHan vantade stilla och tyst, medan flig och uppmarksam. var och en av de andra trangde sig fram, och ar foljaktEn manniskas uppforande betyder ligen ocksa bl}'gsam. mycket mer an vilken rekommendation som heist."

B.

Conversation.

1.

Vad behovde

grosshandlaren?

2.

Vad

gjorde han for att fa en springpojke? 3. Medforde hans annons nagot resultat? 4. Vad hade de fiesta medfort? 5. Brydde sig grosshandlaren om deras rekommendationsbrev? (bry sig

han for platsen?

7.

oni=o Vad

core for).

var

det.

6.

Vem

valde

som forvanade en

VOCABULARY.

167

av bans vanner, vilken var narvarande?

8.

Vilka fern

goda egenskaper (qualities) agde gossen? 9. Varigenom (through what) visade gossen, att han var renlig? Artig? Forstandig och uppmarksam? 10. Vad brydde sig gross-

om an

handlaren mer

(than)

om

rekommendationsbrev ?

1

Are tbere many advertisements in the paper toNo, only a few (283). 2. I should like to know there is anyone who wants an errand boy. 3. It seems

C.

1.

day? if

as if every other 4.

boys.

(279, 3) advertisement is about errand there were many boys in (pa)

The next morning

it was full of boys who wanted the place. 5. The recommendation of most were very good. 6. Some 7. But the of the boys had many recommendations each. merchant dismissed every one of them and kept a small 2 boy who did not have any recommendation whatsoever.

the

office

;

letters of

Which one of you got the place? Neither. 9. Every boy who did not have any letter of recommendation was dis10. I believe that he missed, and neither of us had any. 8.

3

soon need another (279, 2) boy in his office; the one 4 4 11. The is neither polite nor tidy. conduct of both boys was good, but it seemed as if the

will

that (den som) he has

12. Do you have any reason boy behaved better. whatsoever 2 for not having 5 done this yet? 13. I did not

little

that it should be ready so soon; when I asked you, said that I could do it at any time. 14. How fast shall you 2 I drive ? You may drive as fast as you please 2 3 kommer att and or 1. Use ijfr del or finns det (244, b). 287, present

know

.

infinitive.

4

VarTcen.

.

.

.eller.

translate varfor du icke har,

etc.

VOCABULARY. (pronounced an- behdl'la (insep., see hdlla), to retain nongs') -er, advertisement lieho'va (insep.), lib, to need artig, -t, polite

en annons'

av'torka (sep., torka av'), to

wipe

bety'da( insep.), lib, to signify

llygsam,

-t,

modest

USE OF TENSES.

168

bort'skicka, skicka bor'(sep.) to dismiss

bdde. och (conj.), both. ehu'ru (conj.), although .

.

consequently

-er, place,

rask,

quick

,

whole-

testimonial

just, just

ett kontor,

-ar, ,

-er,

re-

ett

rekommendations'brev,

,

skriftlig,

-t,

written

en springpojke. -ar, errand boy synas (dep.), Ha, to seem torka av', I, wipe off trdnga sig from', lib, to crowd to the front, to press forward

sent oneself

en knappndl,

cleanly

-t,

a letter of recommendation

in'finna sig, to appear, to pre-

,

position

commendation

merchant

ett intyg,

-t,

en rekommendation',

floor

,

en grosshandlare, sale

en plats, renlig,

forderi'skull, on that account ett golv,

present

,

,

and ocksd, also

fort, fast

foljaktligen,

narvarande, next

nnsta,

pin

office

medan, while

tyst,

med'fora (sep.), to bring along noggrann, -grant, careful

upp'taga, taga upp', to take up ett

,

quiet,

silent

uppforande (no

pi.),

conduct

LESSON XXVII. Use of the Tenses. 289. In general the tenses are used as in Engbut the following points should be noticed.

lish,

PRESENT. 290. The Present for the Future. In both languages the present is used with the meaning of the future but this use is much more extensive in Swedish, and a Swedish present must often be rendered by the future. In fact Swedish employs the present instead of the future almost always when some adverbial expression of time accompanies the verb and prevents a misunderstanding jag gar till posten och ar tillbaka om tio minuter, I am going to the post office and shall be back in ten minutes. :

NOTE.

For the progressive present see 228 and note.

USE OF TENSES.

169

IMPERFECT.

The Imperfect for the Present.

The imused in a present sense, especially in exclamatory expressions, to denote intensity of feeling, such as pleasure, enthusiasm, disgust, etc. It is usually combined with the impersonal det. Ex.: Det var fortjusande vackert! How Det var forfdrligt, hvad det charmingly beautiful bldser! How fearfully it storms! Det var roligt, att du kommer, I am glad that you are coming. Det var da lojligt! Isn't that ludicrous? 291.

perfect of the verb v ara

is

!

NOTE.

For the progressive imperfect see 228 and note.

292. The imperfect is used in certain expressions with a present or imperative meaning to give a tinge of modesty or politeness: herrarna behagade komma in, please come in, gentlemen; jag on-

X

skade veta om herr dr tillbaka, I should like to know if Mr. X. is back. This might perhaps be

regarded as a subjunctive (167). PERFECT. 293. The Perfect for the Future Perfect. As in English the perfect is often employed with the meaning of the future perfect when no misunderstanding can arise: ndr han har varit i Sverige ett dr, sd talar han svenska flytande, when he has been in Sweden a year, he will speak Swedish fluently.

FUTURE. 294. For the present taking the place of the future see 290. .295.

and the

The future expressed by the auxiliary skola infinitive often

Swedish Grammar

conveys the idea of a reso12

170

USE OF TENSES.

lution, decision, or even command: jag skall betala, I will pay, is equivalent to a promise ; du skall betala is

equivalent to an exhortation or

command.

Pure futurity is often expressed by the of the verb fcowwa-f-the infinitive of the verb present 296.

preceded by att: jag kommer att betala, I am going to pay. In this case the present could not be used since there is no adverbial expression of time to obviate the misunderstanding. We may say, jag betalar i morgon. If we wish to translate, for instance, you will laugh when you read the book,

we must say

ni kommer att skratta, nar ni laser boken and not ni skall skratta, nar ni laser boken, since the latter has almost the force of a command. The present of skratta may also be used but is not quite as good in this case as kommer, etc.

297.

Sta

i

begrepp

is

occasionally used with the

infinitive to express immediate futurity; it is equivalent to the English to be about to, or on the point of,

but

is

begrepp

used

att resa

much till

jag star i on the point of

less extensively:

Europa,

I

am

leaving for Europe.

FUTURE PERFECT. 298.

Swedish,

The future perfect its

is used very little in taken by the perfect (293). place being

299. Omission of the Auxiliary in the Perfect and Pluperfect. In a dependent clause the auxiliary hava is frequently omitted: nar du gdtt (har gatt), skall jag borja att arbeta, when you have gone, I shall begin to

work.

USE OF TENSES.

171

THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE. 300. The simple infinitive (without att) is used much more frequently in Swedish than in English. Thus, att (a)

and

omitted

is

:

With the future auxiliary

skall,

the modals,

lata, fa, Idr.

When

(b)

the infinitive has a subject in the ob-

very common in Swedish; as, jag bad honom komma, I asked him to come; jag horde honom sjunga, I heard him sing; jag sag hojective, a construction

nom komma,

I

saw him coming.

(c) Very often when the infinitive is used predicatively after a verb in the passive: han hordes

saga, he was heard to say; han sages ha dott, he is said to have died de syna-s trivas, they seem to get ;

along well. (d) After many verbs which in English require to before the infinitive which they govern, like, dmna, to intend; hoppas, to hope; bruka, to use; plaga, to use,

301

.

The

As

(a)

etc.,

especially

infinitive

when euphony demands.

with att

is

used

:

subject or object of a sentence: att fela In this case the is human.

dr mdnskligt, to err

infinitive is often translated

gerund

by a verbal noun or a

in English.

As a

modifier of nouns and adjectives konsthe art of growing rich detta dr latt att forstd, this is easy to understand. (b) ten att

:

bli rik,

Note expressions like

;

:

rum

be sawed, where the noun

(c) etc.

As

att hyra,

is really

rooms

for rent

;

ved att saga, wood to

the object.

predicate after vara, bliva, finnas, std,

Swedish uses here the active

infinitive

where

172

EXERCISE.

either the active or the passive is used in English: Vad dr hdr'att gora? What is here to be done?

Han

star ej att overtala, he

att

Prepositions with

302.

is

not to be persuaded. Infinitive.

When

it

refers to the subject of the leading verb the att

may be preceded by almost any prepowhich case the English generally requires a verbal noun; as, han lekte i stdllet for att gora sitt arbete, he played instead of doing his work; genom att hjalpa andra hjdlper man ofta sig sjalv, by helping others, we often help ourselves; jag dr glad over att kunna hjdlpa dig, I am glad that I infinitive

sition, in

can help you. NOTE. When the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the leading verb, Swedish uses an att clause preceded by the preposition: genom att han Idnade mig pengar, kunde jag kopa huset, by his lending me money, I was able to buy the house ; han gick, utan att jag fick tala med honom, he went

my

without

getting a chance to speak to him.

EXERCISE XXVII. Ett skepp, som seglade fran Smyrna till Marseille last, forfoljdes av sjb'rovare och ansags vara

A.

med dyrbar

Kaptenen kom da pa den tanken att lata besattningen ga ned under dack. Pa dacket lamnade han blott en enda matros, som han noga foreskrev, vad han skulle gora. forlorat.

Nar

sjorovarnas skepp narmade sig och dess kapten be-

fallde, att

man

skulle stryka flagg, ropade matrosen

med

jamrande rb'st: "Jag bar ej sa mycket styrka kvar; ni fa bemaktiga er skeppet; vi komma fran Smyrna, och kaptenen samt halften av besattningen ha dott i pesten pa b'verresan. Sex man aro annu kvar, men komma sakert att do,

om

ni ej hjalper oss.

1 ty ni allena

bom

!''

kan radda

ropade sjorovaren

Skynda er att stiga ombord. "Far din vag, din 2 dumsvar, "tror du verkligen, att

oss." till

EXERCISE.

173

jag skulle vilja narma

nade ban

mig ditt fartyg!" ban kunde.

3 sig sa fort

Darpa

avliigs-

Note the weak form of the adjective after a personal pronoun. 2 Note the use of the personal pronoun of the second person in expressions denoting contempt ; transl. you big fool. Other expressions of the same kind din skurk, J

1

:

3

din asna, etc.

B.

,

Note omission of som,

Conversation.

seglade det?

?

angfartyg (steamer)

Kunde

6.

skeppet?

for slags last hade det?

ett segelfartyg eller ett

forfoljdes det?

kom

Varifran

1.

Vad

3.

as.

det

undkomma

2.

Vart

4.

Var

5.

Av vem

(escape)

det

sjo-

Vart skickade kaptenen hela besatt1 med ningen undantag av en enda matros ? 8. Vad befallde kaptenen pa det andra fartyget honom 'att gora? 9. Vad hade blivit av kaptenen? 10. Hur manga av besattrovaref artyget ?

7.

niiigen voro kvar?

detta 1

11.

Vad

niir

gjorde sjorovarna,

de horde

?

With the exception

of.

Supply the proper Swedish equivalent for the Engnamely, the present, future with sTcall, or ham-

0.

lish future,

mer

att, in

1. I

the

first six sentences.

morgon

en vecka

.

.

.

1st plur.) dig.

olyckas.

.

.

(resa, 1st plur.) till

(vara, 1st plur.) tillbaka,

.

4. I

3.

Stockholm.

Det dar gamla fartyget

morgon

.

.

.

(fara)

till

.

.

.

Om

sakert for-

Chicago, och da ...

en ring at dig. 5. Du ditt arbete, Erik, innan du far ga ut och spela (kb'pa, 1st sing.)

2.

och da ... (besb'ka,

.

.

.

(gora) allt

6. Nar 2nd min daliga svenska, sa sing., (skratta, 7. Hela besattningen ... (do, polite) at mina manga fel. 8. I gar nar min kusin kom for att progressive present).

ni laser

besoka mig,

min 9.

.

.

.

.

.

boll.

.

(packa, progressive imperfect,

first

person)

koffert.

Change the following three sentences according to 299. Om jag hade vetat, att ban var sjuk, sa hade jag besokt

VOCABULARY.

174

honom.

min

ar till

10.

Den gamle

New

herrn, som nyss bar stigit i vagnen, Vi sakna vara vanner, som nyss ha rest

11.

larare.

York.

In the following supply the proper

infinitive, the att

infinitive or the simple, of the verbs indicated.

Genom

12.

(narra) sjorovarna raddade kaptenen sitt fartyg. Han bad matroserna ... (ga) ned under dack. 14. .

.

.

ansags till

.

15.

(vara) rik.

.

.

Sjorovaren hordes

.

.

13.

Han

(ropa)

.

matrosen pa dacket.

D.

1.

know

But

say, this is (291) a beautiful ship!

board?

I

know

Do you

1

going to sail ? 2. Shall we go on the captain, and shall 1 introduce you to

what port

to

it is

you wish. 3. He is a fine man and I am sure (saker 2 that you will like him. 4. He has just returned from pa) America and the passage was very difficult. 5. It was only him,

if

3 by maneuvering the ship skillfully that (som) he saved it. 2 6. He does not believe that his trip will be stormy. 7. He

asked us to come on board, for (ty) he did not wish to 3 8. When the leave the city without having spoken to us.

had (299) told the pirate that half of the crew had died of the plague, the pirate sailed away without taking 3 9. He was on the point (297) of possession of the ship. going out when I entered. 10. Did he do all this work? sailor

Well, I call that working (301, a).

11.

We

must walk

(Tcomma) home before night (def. 12. Mr. Lind was kind enough to lend me a book.

fast in order to get

form).

He

much

interested in playing3 tennis. 14. The water is warm enough for bathing 3 (till att bada i). *Here the future implies a decision: skola or komma attf 2 Here pure futuri13.

is

very

ty.

VOCABULARY. (only predicative, no neut.), alone

alle'na

befal'la,

lib,

to

command

bemak'tiga

sig,

to

take pos-

session of

en besatt'ning,

-ar,

crew

VOCABULARY. dyrbar,

precious, costly

-t,

ett ddck,

dilrpd,

deck

,

thereupon

ett far'tyg,

en

vessel

,

flag g a (flagg), -or, flag

fort, quickly, rapidly fo'reskriva (insep. v.), to prescribe

fvrfol'ja (insep.), lib, to pur-

sue en hamn, -ar, port, harbor en hedersman, -man, man of

honor en

intresse'rad, -at, interested

jiimrande,

,

en kapten',

komma en

1.

2. 3.

plaintive

-er,

captain

to enter

in',

last, -er,

IDIOMS:

en matros', maniivre'ra,

sailor

-er, I,

to

maneuver

down

ned,

nog, enough; certainly, to be sure

noga

(adj.

ndrma

sig,

and adv.), exact I, to approach

omoord, on board en pest, -er, pest, plague presente'ra,

ropa,

I,

I,

to introduce

to cry, call

en rost, -er, voice en sjorovare, pirate ,

half

-er,

hiilft,

175

cargo; burden

skicklig,

stryka, kit,

-t,

skillful

strok, -en,

-et,

stroko, struto lower

en styrka, strength, power en tanke, -ar, thought iinnu, yet

Var sd god och Idna mig, be so kind as to (please) lend me; han var sd god och kom, he was kind enough to come. att do i en sjukdom, to die of a disease. att komma pd en ide, en tanke, to hit upon an idea, a thought.

4.

5.

en person for ndgon, to introduce a person to somebody. att omtala ndgot for ndgon, to tell somebody someatt presentera

thing.

LESSON XXVIII. Comparison of Adjectives 303. Most adjectives form their comparative by adding -are to the stem of the positive, and the superlative by the addition of -ast. 304.

Examples

trogen vacker ringa NOTE.

:

rikare ddlare trognare

rik ddel

vackrare ringare Positive stems in unaccented

in the comparative

and superlative.

rikast ddlast

rich

trognast vackrast ringast

faithful beautiful

noble

humble, small

drop the e of these syllables Positive stems in -a drop the a. -el, -en, -er,

305. The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative by the addition of -re and -st and modify the stem vowel if it is strong:

grov hog

grovre hogre

lag

stor

lagre Idngre storre

trang tung

trdngre tyngre

ung

yngre

Idng

NOTE. Grov, trdng and lag are also compared regularly moral signification.

306.

The following are compared

;

lag then has a

irregularly:

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

177

Some

adjectives derived from adverbs, such as designate place, have no posiespecially tive. These have a comparative in -re, generally

307.

inverted in the superlative -erst.

bakre

bakerst

bortre

bofrterst

frdmre

frdmst

farther back, rear farther farther in front

ftfrre(a)

forst innerst

inner

inre

former

nedre undre

nederst

under st

under

yttre

ytterst

outer

o'vre

overst

upper

nether, lower

308. Adjectives which do not easily take the endings of comparison may be compared by using mera and mest together with the positive (such are adjectives in -e, -ad, -s, isk and all participles) Ex. ode, desolate, mera ode, mest ode; dlskad, mera .

:

dlskad,

mest dlskad.

NOTE. This is also the case when two qualities of the same object are compared with one another: han or mera trott an somnig, he is more tired than sleep}'.

DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 309. The comparative is invariable except that takes an -s in the genitive when used as a noun den dldre brodern, the older brother; det dldre barnet, the older child; den dldres rdttigheter, the rights of the older. it

:

The superlative is not declined in the predicate when not preceded by the definite prepositive article; when preceded by this article it is declined Ex. han like an adjective in the weak declension. 310.

:

178

EXERCISE.

var den flitigaste i klassen, he was the most diligent one in the class han var didst, he was the oldest. ;

NOTE.

Superlatives in -ast take only the ending -e: del vackraste barnet, but det yngsta barnet, den yngste gossen.

Than

311. jag, he

is

rendered by an: han ar aldre an

older than

is

I.

EXERCISE XXVIII. Insert comparative and superlative forms respective-

A.

ly in the blanks.

Jag ar trogen, du ar

1.

ni aro

.

.

de aro ...

.,

.

.

.

,

han ar

.

.

2.

.

Detta huset ar

3.

Vi aro

adla,

dar

stort, det

och det grona dar borta ar 4. Detta ar en fortjusande utsikt, men utsikten fran berget pa andra sidan floden ar och utsikten fran den hoga bergstoppen ., ar

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

5. Karl ar liten, Erik ar (peak) dar borta ar ., 6. I dag ar det manga i kyrkan, men forra Ernst ar .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Han ar en lag manniska, jag Vilken av de tva bergstopparna ar den (lowest) ? 9. Hur gammal ar Erik? Det vet jag ej sakert, men han ar (older) an Karl, och Alfred sondagen var det ... bar sallan sett en ... .

.

.

.

.

.

7.

8.

.

ar den

Anna

eller

an Klara.

12.

musical}, tive)

.

.

(oldest) av gossarna.

Klara? H'ar du

10.

Vem

11.

Anna

sett

en ...

ar

ar .

.

.

.

.

.

(most

(compara-

(more desolate,

ode) trakt an denna?

E. 1. Ar icke katedralen i Koln en av de aldsta, storsta och hogsta kyrkor i varlden? 2. Jo, det finns endast fa, som aro aldre, storre och hogre. 3. Nar tycker ni, att det ar intressantast (310) att resa?

dagarna namare.

Pa sommaren,

ty da aro

langre, man kan se mer, och det ar mycket ange4. Hur lang tid tar det att komma fran New

De snabbaste angarna gora overtill Liverpool? resan pa mindre an sex dagar. 5. Det ar ett misstag, att York

179

EXERCISE.

de europeiska tagen skulle vara langsammare an de amerikanska. 6. I flere lander i Europa aro snalltagen bland de

som det over huvud taget finns. 7. Har man ej klasser darborta an har? Jo, det ar vanligen tre

snabbaste, flere

klasser;

Tyskland har

i

man

till

rige resa endast de allra rikaste

de

fara

fiesta

i

tredje.

andra klass dar an borta?

i

9.

Man

var forsta.

och

med

(316)

i

fyra.

8.

I Sve-

forsta klass, och

bekvamare (318) i Vena bor i huset dar-

reser 10.

Tva av vara narmaste slaktingar, en farbror och 11. Den forre bor i framre del en av den ovre va-

en kusin.

ningen, den senare i den bakersta delen av den undre vaningen; resten av huset star tomt. 12. Jag skulle garna

hyra huset,

vilja

om

emot behagar mig. tur

min

i

bil

dess yttre vore vackrare, dess inre dar13.

1 Skulle du vilja gb'ra en langre

eftermiddag?

i

1

Translate: extended; form of the noun.

Ja,

med

langre means here rather

2

stb'rsta nb'je . 2 Note the indefinite long.

1. There are large and high churches in most cities, C. but there are business buildings in New York which are larger and higher than the largest and highest churches in

oldest brother is the most diligent boy In point of 1 studies he is at the head (framst, 310), but in sports he is poorer than most of them. 4. We had the most beautiful weather on our

the world.

My

2.

in the class.

3.

was

trip to-day; it 5.

less

warm

than on our former

trip.

Have you no nearer and

he?

No, he

is

know whether

my

better friend in this city than 6. I do not nearest and best friend.

I shall travel first or second class.

Would

2 you advise me? 7. If I were you (i ert stdlle) I should is than rather travel second; that class more comfortable

our 8.

first

The

and only the wealthiest

travel first class here.

fastest steamers are not always to be preferred

a slower and larger steamer rocks

less.

9.

3 ;

Don't you think

VOCABULARY.

180

that the interior of this house

is

much more

beautiful than

Yes, but it is more beautiful than modern The house next to ours is for rent (301, b, note).

the exterior?

(308). don't you rather rent that

Why

?

It has

many more modern

improvements (nutida bekvamligheter). *Use impersonal form of gdlla. etc.

Translate

so,

(171, B, 2) skulle jag hellre,

*att foredraga (301, c).

VOCABULARY. en affiirsbyggnad, -er, business building angendm, -t, agreeable (en) bekvamlighet, -er, comfort bekviim', comfortable bredvid', next to, at the side of ddrborta, over there endast, only

en klass, Idngsam,

-er, class

slow '(not lone-t, some; to be lonesome att ha trdkigt) ett miss'tag, mistake modern' -t, modern ,

ett noje, -n,

amusement,

pleas-

ure

en rest, -er, remainder -t, European en slakting, -ar, relative en farbror, -broder, uncle snabb, -t, quick, rapid fattig, -t, poor fo'redraga (insep., see draga), ett studium, -er, study till och med, even prefer torn, -t, empty, vacant gunga, I, to rock, to swing en tur, -er, trip gdlla, lib, to have a value; to be a question of vanligen, usually en dngare, steamboat Jiellre, rather 1 i'drott over huvud taget, on the whole -er, sport en overresa, -or, trip across en katedral', -er, cathedral europeisk,

,

,

*ldrott

is

generally used collectively in the singular.

LESSON XXIX. Comparison of Adjectives (Continued).

A

312.

comparison of equality

is expressed by or lika(sa) .som, (just) .as; by sa. .sow, so (as) ... as, the latter generally after negatives lika or sa is occasionally omitted: han dr lika gammal som jag, he is just as old as I; hon dr ej sa lycklig, som hon brukade vara, she is not as happy as she used to be; han dr tapper som ett lejon, he is as brave as a lion. .

as.

.

.

.

;

NOTE. A comparison of equality with adverbs is expressed in the same way where there is no equality the correlative as as must be rendered by d som only han skriver lika bra som du, he writes as well as you ; kom id fort ;

.

.

.

.

:

som

mojligt,

come as soon

as possible.

313. The comparison below the positive is formed by using the adverbs mindre, minst (less, least) han dr den minst framstdende av de tre brb'derna, he is the least prominent of the three brothers. :

314. The adverb the with a comparative is expressed by dess, desto (sometimes ju) ; the correlatives the. .the by ju (normal order) .dess, desto or ju (inverted order) as, jasa, han kommer, desto bdttre,so, he is coming, so much the better ju Idngre han stannade hdr, dess (ju) fattigare blev han, the longer he remained here, the poorer he became. .

.

.

;

;

315. The comparative and the superlative are sometimes used absolutely; the comparative then denotes a rather high degree and the superlative a very high degree; as, en sto'rre penningsumma, a rather large sum of money jag gor det med storsta noje, I shall do that with the greatest pleasure min ;

;

baste van,

my

dear friend (in speaking or writing

182

ADVERBS.

some one)

to

common)

,

;

kdraste du (kdra du

perhaps more

is

in speaking to very intimate friends.

316. Distributive Superlative. The superlative often strengthened by the adverb allra (old gen. plural of all) den allra storsta, den aUra vackraste, the greatest, prettiest of all (the very greatest, pretis

:

tiest)

.

Adverbs.

The indefinite forms of the neuter singular most descriptive adjectives can be used as ad-

317. of

Ex.: adj., god, good; adv., gott;

verbs.

friendly; adv., vdnligt;

adj.,

hastig,

adj., vdnlig,

rapid; adv.,

hastigt. NOTE.

Some adverbs

are

formed from adjectives in -Kg by means of the

ending -en; trolig-en, probably; mojlig-en, possibly.

318.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

Adverbs form Very

their degrees of comparison like the adjectives. few except those ending in -t can be compared.

Examples hovligt ddelt troget

tungt 319.

The

bra, vdl

gdrna ilia

ndra Idnge fore fort ofta sakta

fram

:

183

EXERCISE.

320. The comparative and the superlative of adverbs are invariable. Apparent exceptions are a few idiomatic absolute superlatives; as, de voro det narmaste ett hundra, they were very nearly one hundred; han kdmpade i det Idngsta, he fought as long as possible; han hdlsade mig pa det hovligaste, he greeted me most politely; han kom med det snaraste, he came as soon as possible. i

321. So also the Swedish equivalent for the Enghon gick det tystaste hon as ... can, could kunde, she walked as quietly as she could; han Idste det tydligaste han kunde, he read as plainly as he could (also sa tydligt han kunde; note omission of lish,

:

som, as).

As.

322. mojligt

;

.as possible is expressed

.

sa snart

som

by

sa.

.

.som

mojligt, as soon as possible.

323. The English more and more=aUt+the repeated comparative as in English (a single comstormen rasade allt hdftiparative may be used) the storm och raged more and more hdftigare, gare :

violently.

EXERCISE XXIX. A.

1.

Gar du ofta pa 1

teatern,

Karl?

Hogst

(at the

ganger om aret (338, note). Jag gar pa forelasningar och konserter. 2. Konserten i gar var troligen den mest lyckade (308) sedan sa2 songens bb'rjan, salongen var i det narmaste fullsatt. 3. most) fern

mycket

De

olika

varmaste

numren pa programmet mottogos med bifall.

som

fm

(308).

5.

lika bra

talad

eller sex

hellre

4.

Jag

det allra

tyckte, att frb'ken Forsell sjb'ng

Jungstedt, fast den senare ar mera omVad skall ni gora under de stundande

184

EXERCISE.

Jag skall avlagga ett kortare (315) besok Halsa honom pa det hjartligaste 2 och sag

helgdagarna ? hos min bror.

6.

att jag skall skriva

honom, 2

honom med

till

det allra sna-

Kara du, maste du verkligen resa? Jag ar sa men kom igen sa fort du kan (321). 8. Ju oftare ledsen; du kommer, och ju langre du gb'r ditt besok, desto battre, ty du ar alltid en mycket valkommen gast hos oss. 9. Hur gar det for Erik i skolan? Icke sa bra som det gjorde i bb'rjan; han var visserligen icke den allra basta i sin klass, men han var flitigare an nu och gjorde sitt basta. 10. Nu synes han mera lat an dum (308, note), han arbetar utan raste

7.

.

det ringaste intresse och ar alls icke uppmarksam i klassen. 11. Karl daremot studerar det flitigaste han kan och ar

framst

sin klass.

i

Erik skulle

han far 1

Pa

is

bli

12.

2 i det langsta , att det troligaste ar, att

Jag har hoppats

uppflyttad

i

ar,

men

sitta kvar.

used in the sense of to in a number of phrases: att 2 320. go to the theater, to market.

go,

fa

tealern,

pa

target, to

Conversation.

B.

pa en forelasning? talrikt?

3.

Fann

1.

2.

Vart gar ni

Var

heist,

ni konserten lyckad?

ahorarna de olika numren 1 Forsell eller fru Jungstedt? (ett) besok hos er bror? 7.

pa teatern

auditoriet vid konserten

?

6.

5.

Vem

Na'r

Har

4.

eller i

gar

Appladerade

sjong bast, froken

amnar

ni (att) avlagga

till honom an? Gor en jamforelse (comparison) mellan Eriks och Karls

8.

arbete 1

Indef.

sound

G.

is

i

skolan.

form nummer ; one m no longer intervocalic. 1.

ni skrifvit

Do you

is

dropped in the

def.

form since the long m-

attend the theater oftener

now than you

1 used to (do), Carl? 2. No, extremely seldom, and when I 2 the I attend do attend, opera. 3. I have never bemostly

fore been as occupied as I am now; the more (314) I do, the more there is to do, it seems. 4. Aren't you working a

VOCABULARY.

185

2

(274, ) harder than you used to? 5. Perhaps. I wish have a certain work ready as soon as possible in order 6. Where do you intend to spend it? to get my vacation. At a watering place? 7. No, I have been at watering little

to

summer

places several (flera) times before. This 8. to take a trip to northern Sweden.

A

I prefer

mine most (hogst) interesting account of the 9. Are you going alone? beautiful sceneries of Lapland. we shall 10. Would be more No, four, perhaps (flera}.

me

has given

friend of

a

you permit me to go with you if I could be ready you? 11. With the greatest (315) pleasure, the we are, the merrier it will be. more (314) (skutte)

as soon as

D.

1.

No,

2.

Is Eric as diligent as he

do not know what

I

is

was in the beginning?

the matter with him,

he were growing lazier and lazier (323). he not here yet ? Perhaps he will come a little later.

seems as

if

me most politely that he would time. 5. He sent the most cordial

he wrote other

to all his friends.

come as

me

to see

My

6.

dear

(315)

a little ofterier than you

you please (287,

rather

it

3. Is

4. No, come an-

(316) greetings

friend, can't

do?

Come

you

as often

1).

hogst, in the highest degree, very, and ytterst, extremely, exceedingly, are often used to form an absolute superlative. *For del mesta (320). l

Ytterst

VOCABULARY. ett

auditorium,

-cr,

avlagga, insep., to visit)

en badort,

make

sep. lay,

;

audience take

(a off

watering place applause en torjan, beginning -er,

ett bifall, approval,

dum,

-t,

stupid

although friimst, foremost fast,

full'satt, Sivedish

,

crowded

Grammar

for det mesta, for the most

part

en forelasning, -ar, lecture en gdst, -er, guest hjartlig,

hard,

cordial

-t,

hard

h&rt,

intressant',

interesting

eft intres'se, -n, interest

karihan'da, perhaps

en Mass,

-er,

class 13

NUMERALS.

186 kvar (adv. and predicate) lat

adj. left,

in the

over

sjunga, sjong, sjongo, sjungit, sjungen, -et, to sing

en skildring,

(no neut.), lazy

ledsen, sorry

snar,

-ar,

account quick;

rapid,

-t,

snart,

soon norra (indeclinable), northern stundande (indecl.), coming ett nummer, number synas (dep. v.), I la, to seem, om'talad, -at, mentioned; appear celebrated en sdsong', -er*, season en opera, -or, opera; opera tilldta (insep.), to permit house troligen, probably lyckad,

successful

-at,

,

ett program', program ringa (indeclinable) insig-

uppflyttad,

,

nificant sceneri',

upptagen,

-er,

en semes' ter 1

,

scenery -rar, semester;

vacation ^Semester

is a

-at,

moved

up,

promoted -et,

occupied

verkligen, really visserligen,

to

be

sure,

cer-

tainly vacation from work, ferier a vacation from school.

*Sasong

is

a social season, arstid, a natural season.

IDIOMS:

not to be promoted.

1.

att sitta kvar,

2.

att tli uppflyttad, to be promoted.

3.

Hvad

fattas

honomf What

is

the matter with him?

LESSON XXX. The Numerals. CARDINAL 1. en [neut.

ORDINAL ett;

def. ene(a)'\

(den) forste(a), 1st

andre(a), 2nd

2.

tvd

3.

tre

tredje, 3rd, etc.

4.

fyra

fjarde

5.

fern

femte

6.

sex sju dtta nio

sjatte

7. 8. 9.

10. tio 11. elva

sjunde dttonde nionde tionde elvte

NUMERALS. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

tolv

tolvte

tretton

fjorton

trettonde fjortonde

femton

femtonde

sexton sjutton aderton

nitton

20. tjugu

(tjugo, tjuge) 21. tjuguett

22. 30. 31. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 101.

187

sextonde sjuttonde adertonde nittonde tjugonde tjuguforsta

tjugutva

tjuguandra

trettio (tretti)

trettionde tretti(o)forsta

tretti(o)ett fyrtio (fyrti)

fyrtionde

femtio (femti)

femtionde

sextio (sexti) sjuttio (sjutti)

sextionde sjuttionde attionde nittionde

attio (dtti) nittio (nitti) (ett) hundra hundra ett

200. tva 250. tva

hundra hundra

hundrade hundra forsta tva hundrade tva hundra femtionde

femtio 1,000. (ett) tusen 1,150. ett tusen ett

hundra femtio

tusende ett tusen ett hundra femtionde

1,000,000. en million

REMARKS ON THE CARDINALS. 325.

The cardinals are

indeclinable

when used

as adjectives with the exception of en, which has the neuter ett: det ar tjuguett barn i rummet; but

tjuguen gossar. 326.

When

used as nouns they take an s in the de fyras

genitive but are otherwise indeclinable:

NUMERALS.

188

adertons sammankomst, the meeting of the eighteen (the Swedish dsikt, the opinion of the four; de

Academy)

.

NOTE. The numbers, million, milliard, billion, etc., are declined as nouns of the Third Declension: tre millioner manniskor. Hundra and tusen may also be used substantively and then take the form hundrade and tusende with plural in -n: det tjvgonde arhundradet, the twentieth century thousand.

;

del forsta tusendet, the

first

The form

tu is used for tva in certain set such as, pa tu man hand, in confidence phrases; between two de unga tu, the engaged or newly married couple ett, tu, tre (in counting time, also in the sense of suddenly) ; cf. adv. itu: riva itu, tear in two.

327.

;

;

328. Tvenne and trenne are sometimes used for two and three but never in connection with other numerals. Bada and bagge are occasionally used with tva for the* sake of emphasis: bada tva, both; in such expressions as vi bada, de bagge, etc., we two, they two, bada and bagge have the force of numerals.

329.

Hundra and tusen are always preceded by

may be left out) ett hundra femtioatta; ett tusen ett hundra sextiofem; och, and, is not used between the hundreds and the tens. ett

(in counting ett

:

330. The forms tretti, fyrti, femti, etc. are used mostly in compounds: femtiatta, sextitre. NOTE. Fyrtio is pronounced generally pronounced arton.

as

if

it

was

written

fortio.

Aderton

is

REMARKS ON THE ORDINALS. The ordinals are used as indeclinable adjectives, except forste(a) and andre(a) which follow the weak declension. They are usually preceded by 331.

the prepositive definite article, but

may sometimes

NUMERALS.

130

be used without it den forsta, den andra, den tredje; but forsta dagen (also den forsta dagen) i veckan ar sondagen, the first day of the week is Sunday; det ar andra gdngen han ar har, it is the second time he is here. :

332. In compound ordinals only the last number takes the ordinal ending, den ett tusen tvd hundra sextiofjarde.

The ordinals take the genitive

333.

-s:

Karl den

tolvtes dod, the death of Charles XII.

The

334.

on page 335.

used instead

cardirrals are occasionally

of the ordinals

;

these follow the noun

pa sidan

:

tio,

ten.

The ordinals are often abbreviated, the last being used with the numbers to inthe ordinal. Ex.: den 5:e, den 8:e; the num-

letter or letters

dicate

ber

may

be used alone after the article: den 5

februari.

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME (O'CLOCK)

.

336. The following phrases illustrate the manner of telling the time of day Hur mycket ar klockan? what time is it? Klockan ar tio, it is ten o'clock. Klockan ar halv tio, it is half past nine. Klockan ar en kvart over fyra, it is a quarter past :

four.

Klockan ar en kvart fore

(till, i)

fyra,

it is

a quar-

ter of four.

Klockan ar

tre

kvart pa fyra,

it is

a quarter of

four.

Klockan ar tjugu minuter fore minutes of three.

tre, it is

twenty

190

EXERCISE.

Klockan dr tjugu -minuter over ire, it is twenty minutes past three. Klockan har jiLst slagit fyra, it has just struck four.

Pa

slaget ire, at three o'clock sharp. tre, at three o'clock sharp.

Precis

Vid niotiden, about nine

o'clock.

Fram at tiotiden, towards ten Han kom klockan tio, he came

o'clock.

at ten o'clock.

EXPRESSIONS OF MEASURE AND PRICE. 337. After nouns of measure t*he thing measured used without preposition: hon kopte fyra meter svart tyg, she bought four meters of black cloth; giv mig ett glas friskt vatten, give me a glass of fresh water. is

338. After an expression of price a noun measure requires the def. postpositive article

of in-

stead of the indef. article in English: detta tyget kostar tre kronor metern, this cloth costs three

crowns a meter;

tio

kronor stycket, ten crowns

a-

piece. NOTE.

This distributive use of the def. article is found after other expresnoun is then preceded by a preposition (generally han fortjanar trettio om, pa, or

(Jc) The plural ending -or of the First Declension is often pronounced ~er: vecka(or), vecker. (I) For enclitic pronouns 'en, 'et ('t), and -na, see 140, c.

Irregularities in Conversational

The most common grammatical

11.

irregularities

met with

spoken language are here noted:

in the (a)

Grammar.

The singular

of a verb regularly takes the place of the

plural in conversation. (~b)

Neuters of the Fifth Declension take -ena in the

def.

form of the plural instead of -en, thus becoming like nouns of the Fourth Declension: hus-ena, the houses; namn-ena, the names. (c) Gender nouns ending in -n preceded by a vowel often have the definite form the same as the indefinite: han stfir pa grdsplanen (pronounced grasplan), he stands on the lawn; fageln sitter pd grenen (pronounced gren), the bird sits on

the branch.

STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. INFINITIVE

Al'I'KNDIX. beta, be

named

255

25G sjunka, sink

APPENDIX. tvi,

wash

257

VOCABULARY. SWEDISH-ENGLISH. In the vocabulary, only the gender of neuter nouns is designated ; all nouns not marked (n.) are gender nouns. For the principal parts of irregular and Parts of speech are strong verbs the list on page 254 should be consulted. designated only in cases of ambiguity.

anliigga, irr. lish

abborre, -ar, perch adde'ra, adjo',

anliinda, lib, arrive

add

I,

anse,

good-bye address addressee

I,

adressat', -er,

regard, consider,

irr. v.,

think ansikte (n.), anslag (n.),

adress', -er, address

adresse'ra,

found, estab-

v.,

face

-n,

plot, design;

,

placard, notice

business; store affdrsbyggnad, -er, business affur', -er,

anvdnda, ana,

use

lib,

suspect;

aga, I, punish akt (invar.), notice

anticipate annars, otherwise annons' (annongs'), -er, advertisement

alldeles, entirely, quite

apote'kare,

building

(gen. def.), alone

alle'na

allmdnhet, public; general alls,

i

,

,

druggist

apt it', appetite in

at all

alltid,

I,

arbeta,

arm,

always

work workingman arm

I,

arbetare,

,

-ar,

arreste'ra,

consequently, thus, so allvarlig, sober, grave, serious alltsd,

allvarligt, adv., seriously

I,

arrest

artig, polite att, conj., that;

to

(infinitive

sign)

amerikan', -er, American an-, accented var. prefix

auditorium

(n.),-ier,

automobil',

-er,

anblick, -ar, sight, spectacle anfortro, III, intrust

automobilforbindelse, -r, connection by automobile

angendm, agreeable, pleasant

av,

anhd.Ua,

st. v.,

ankare (n-*

ankomma,

st.

request

-^, v.,

anchor arrive

audience automobile

prep, and accented variable prefix, of, by, from, etc.

avbryta,

st.

v.,

insep.,

rupt; sep., break off

inter-

VOCABULARY. avgd,

irr.

sep.,

v.,

avlfigsna (sig),

I,

belopp

depart

remove;

250

refl.,

(n.),

amount

,

beldten, -et, def. -lutna, satisfied

go away. turn out avsiinda, lib, sep., send away, dispatch avundsjuk, envious

avliJpa, lib,

well-read

beliist,

beldpa sig

amount

(till), I la,

to

bemdktiga

sig,

take posses-

I,

sion of

backa,

bad

(n.),

baka,

bemota, Ha, treat; receive ben (n.), bone, leg

bath

berg

back

I,

badort,

B

,

,

watering place bake baker

-er,

I,

bagare,

,

bakgrund,

background backwards

-er,

bakllinges,

bakom, behind bank, -er, bank

,

unaccented insep. prefix irr., pray, ask for

bedja (om), bedraga,

cheat, deceive

command

lib,

befalla,

beftnna sig,

st.

v.,

be (health

beromd,

n. -romt,

beromma,

lib,

bestd, irr.

v.,

famous

praise

exist;

stand (a

av, consist

treat;

test); of

besok

-ar,

(n.),

,

crew visit

besoka, Ha, visit betala,

I,

Ha, pay

betjaning, no

pi.,

servants,

attendance betraktande (n.), considera take into tion taga i ;

,

betyda, lib, mean, signify

and place) befolkning,

I,

besdttning,

barmhar'tig, merciful child barn (n.),

st. v.,

mountain

,

relate

beratta,

bestdlla, lib, order

bara, only

be-,

(n.),

-ar,

population

begara, lib, demand, request

begaran, no pi., demand behaga, I, please behandling, -ar, treatment behdlla, st. v., keep, retain

behova, lib, need bekant, known, acquainted;

en an acquaintance bekvam, comfortable, conven-

betunka, Ha, consider, delibsig, reflect

erate; bevista,

I,

attend

applause "auto" bildad, n. -at, cultured bildning, culture, education bifall bil,

(n.),

-ar,

biljett'kontor'

(n.), ticket of-

fice

,

ient

bekvdmlighet, convenience

-er,

comfort,

bit,

-ar,

piece

bita, st. v., bite

bjudning,- ar, invitation, party blank, smooth, shiny, glossy

3GO

VOCABULARY.

bliva, st.

become; remain,

v.,

be (aux. of passive) olixtra,

v., ,

carry porter

bust, best

-or,

blom'sterrabatt',

st.

biirare,

lighten flower

I,

Momma,

bdra,

-er,

flower

borja, I, begin borjan (no. pi.), beginning

bed only blygsam, def. -samma, modest

C

blott,

bldsa,

blow

Ila,

bo, III, dwell, live

,

D

bonde, bonder, peasant, farmer (n.),

borsta,

I,

,

table

aagngen

away borta, away from home;

dar-

over there

heal, cure

brevbarare, brodd, sprout

,

letter carrier

deltaga,

part participate

st. v., sep.,

den(pron.), that, it; (art.) the dessutom, besides, in addition det (pron.), dikt, -er,

dit,

off

brdk (n.), trouble; fractions (math.) bras pd, take after, favor be in -a brdtt, brdttom, ha ,

,

hurry ,

bread

by, -ar, village

bygga, lib, build bdde. .och, both. .

data, date

(n.),

it;

(art.) the

poem

disk, -ar, counter;

use

bryta av', st. v., break brddska, hurry

brod (n.),

lady date

direkt', direct

broder, bro'der, brother I,

I,

del, -ar,

bra (adj. and adv.), good, fine; well, quite bredvid', by, at the side of brev (n.), letter

bruka,

-er,

date'ra,

datum

residence I,

(adv.), daily dagsljus (n.), daylight dal, -ar, valley

dam,

bostad, -stdder, dwelling, bota,

dag, -ar, day

daglig (adj.), daily

brush

bort,

,

ceremony

cigar

-er,

book

bo'cker,

bord

cigarr',

cigarrhandel, cigar store cigarr Jiandlare, cigar dealer

black (n.), ink boJc,

ceremoni',

-er,

dish

thither

diver''se

(pi.

divide'ra,

I,

only), diverse divide

doktor, dokto'rer, doctor dotter, dottrar,

dram,

-er,

no plur.), drama drink

drama

(n.,

dricka,

st. v.,

drickspengar droska,

daughter

drama

-or,

(pi.

only), tip(s)

cab

droja, lib, delay, take (time) .

.and

drojsmdl (n.),

,

delay

VOCABULARY. duel

duell', -er,

duka,

dum,

episk, epic

set the table

I,

def.

dumma,

stupid,

foolish fool

dozen dussin (n.), dyrbar, expensive, precious ,

dalig, poor, bad,

wicked

ddr, there 1

ta,

over there

darhem'ma, at home darpd,

on

experience receive, get

st. v.,

erhdlla,

erinra,

offer

v.,

-er,

remind;

I,

sig,

remember ersatta, irr.

v.,

to replace,

compensate europe'isk, European exporte'ra,

I,

export

(them)

it

die

v.,

dod, dott

doda,

st.

thereupon,

thereafter,

do, irr.

dod,

erbjuda,

erfarenhet,

dumbom, -bommar,

durbar

accented insep. prefix

er-,

(-or), I,

fabrik', -er, factory

dead

(adj.),

death

kill

fader (far), fader, father familjefest, -er, family festival

family

familj', -er,

dorr, -ar, door

fara,

st. v.,

fara

med',

travel, drive, go

go along

(drive,

travel ) cfter, prep., adv.,

and accented

variable prefix, after

efterkomma, with, after

komma

,

comply come efter, v.,

,

fast, n. fast, firm, solid, fast

fast (conj.), although fattas,

afternoon; this afternoon

eftermiddag, i

st.

farbror, -bro'der, uncle ship, vessel fartyg,

-ar,

fattig,

ekono'misk, financial

felas,

conflagration

fel

ferier finna,

error,

mistake

(pi.),

v.,

lack

vacation

st.

there I,

v.,

find;

det ftnns,

is

(are) celebrate

firande (n.), celebration

opposite

one

endast, only en rat; everybody enligt,

is

nice, fine, delicate

fin.

fira,

,

dep. impers.

I,

elektrisk, electrical

en, ett, a, an,

lack,

poor

(n.),

elegans' (elegangs'), elegance

emedan, because emot (prep, and adv.), against,

v.,

vad digf What ailing you?

ehuru, although ej, not eld, -ar, fire,

dep. impers.

I,

ail;

according to

fisk,

-ar,

fish

flagga, -or, flag; hissa flaggan,

hoist the flag Here, several,

more

VOCABULARY.

262 flicka, -or, girl

/riser'

flitig,

diligent flod, -er, river

frisk, fresh,

fly, III, flee

frukost

st.

flyta,

I,

move

folk (n), people, nation; also collectively, people ,

folkskola, forsla,

public school

-or,

haul

fort (adv.), fast, quickly fortsatta, irr. fot, fotter,

fotbollag

v.,

,

frukt, -er, also collective frukt, fruit st.

frysa,

freeze

v.,

and accented

football

variable prefix, from strange, frammande, n., ,

ha

foreign,

framst, foremost,

fram, adv. and accented var.

fullpackad, n.

,

forward

hand

at

framstfiende,

indecl.,

promi-

I,

stamp (put on

(modal),

,

field

and

Ila, fasten

folja,

ransom,

re-

deem

museum

frimarke (n.),

accompany

foljande, n.

fonster (n.), (n.), -er,

open

stamp

consequently following ,

,

window

for (prep.), for, before for.

-n,

be born

lib, follow

folja med',

foljaktligen, v.,

v.,

fodelsedag, -ar, birthday; till fddelsedagen, for a birthday

free

friluftsmuseum

re-

fdglar, bird

(n.),

fdsta, I

France

(n.),

sep.,

get,

may

fodas, lib, dep.

French language

air

fdgel,

;

fdrdig, ready

Frans, Francis, Frank fransk, French; franska,

frikopa,

fill;

v.

irr.

ceive

framtid, future

fritt,

crowded crowded Ar, have a

,

birthday

fait

stamp) Frankrike

lib,

fylla,

fa,

nent franke'ra,

n.

first

-at,

fyrtio, forty

framracka, or rdcka fram', reach forth, hold out

fri,

pany

fullsatt,

framdeles, in the future, later framme (adv.), at destination,

have com-

,

or -match, fotbollspel (n.), -er, football game forth,

pi.,

frysa bort', perish by frost fryspunkt, -er, freezing point frdga (efter), I, ask a quesjran, prep., adv.

foot (n.),

fruc'-

breakfast

-ar,

tion, inquire

continue

team

prefix,

Mrs.

(pronounced

kost),

flytande, indecl., flowing, fluent flytta,

barber shop

-er,

healthy

fru, -ar, lady, wife,

flow

v.,

salong,

.

.sedan, ago

VOCABULARY. for (adv.), too; too much

mycket,

accented insep. prefix, before for-, unaccented insep. prefix forarglig, annoying, vexatious for-,

forbindelse,

-r,

connection; ob-

ligation n.

fiirbjuden,

def.

-bjudet,

bjudna, prohibited fordraga,

st.

tolerate;

v.,

varandra, bear with one another fore, prep., adv., and accented var. prefix, usually insep.,

before,

foredrag (n.),

,

lecture

foredraga, st. v., prefer forelasning, -ar, lecture forening,

union, society

-ar,

foreskriva, scribe

st. v.,

I,

(n.),

parlor

noon formoda, I, suppose formd, III, intr., be able; induce forolyckas,

I,

for'orsaka,

I,

forr

dep.

forran

v.,

dictate, pre-

propose

perish

cause, occasion

former until

before,

(conj.),

forsena,

cause to be

I,

late,

cautious

forsiktig,

forskotte'ra,

,

,

I,

advance

(money) forslag (n.), forsona, forsova,

performance foretaga (sig) st. v undertake author forfattare, forestallning, -ar,

,

proposition

reconcile; reconciled

I,

st. v.,

refl.

oversleep

forstad,

suburb understand

-stader,

forstd, irr.

v.,

forstdndig, wise, sensible

pursue furgifta, I, poison forhindra I, prevent

fiirstora,

-n,

(train,

relation,

relative

to

forklada

(sig),

lib,

disguise

forkyla sig, lib, catch cold forkyld, n. -kylt, having a cold ness)

-ar,

cold

(sick-

I,

neglect,

miss

meal, etc.)

Ha, try charming fortjusande, n. fortjdna, I, also Ila, earn forsoka,

,

fortrdfflig,

forvandla,

(oneself)

forkylning,

lib, destroy

forsumma,

till,

v.,

forst, first

forfiirlig, terrible

forfolja, lib,

forhdllande (n.), condition; i

tr.,

before

(adv.),

forre(a),

become

fore-Sid-, st. v.,

,

formiddag, -ar, forenoon; pd formiddagen, in the fore-

delay

ahead

first,

lose

forlora,

formak

excellent I,

change,

trans-

form forvdnas, I, dep. tonished fordldrar,

pi.

v.,

to be as-

only, parents

VOCABULARY.

264

gammal,

gamla, old

def.

ganska, quite, entirely garante'ra, I, guarantee street

gata, -or,

gen

(adj.),

near (of a road)

genast, immediately genom or ige'nom (prep, and

as adverb

through;

adv.),

has the form igenom

it

giva,

st.

akt' pd,

give;

v.,

gang, en

-er, ,

time (in counting) once walk, path

gang,

-ar,

gdr,

gdr, yesterday

i

;

gdrdag, yesterday gds, gdss, goose

have lib, concern; value; be a question of

a

galla,

gdst, -er, guest

gora

(irr. v.), do,

make

Gotha Canal Goteborg (n.), Gothenburg Goto, kanal,

notice, observe

glad, n. glatt, glad,

glas (n.),

glasogon,

happy

spectacles

pi.,

glida, st. v., glide

glddja, irr. gladje, no

v.,

gladden

pi.,

grade, in

,

degree; i the highest

degree gren,

-ar,

branch ,

wholesale

st.

v.,

weep, cry

grds (n.), grass grasmatta, -or, lawn gron, green gronsaker, pi. only, vegetables gul, yellow

gunga,

I,

rock,

swing

go, run; det gar won't work klockan gdr, the watch is running

gd,

irr.

v.,

icke, it

gd upp', rise

-ar,

harbor, port

han, he

hand, hander, hand

handbagage, hand baggage om, handla, I, act, trade;

;

merchant harrow quick, rapid, sudden

handlande, harv,

merchant grata,

half-sole

I,

treat about

gro, III, sprout

grosshandlare,

half hour

-ar,

halvsula,

hamn,

gosse, gossar, boy -er,

half

halvtimme,

halvvags (adv.), halfway

,

ho'gsta

hals, -ar, neck, throat Jialv,

joy glomma, lib, forget floor golv (n.), grad,

H

glass

,

,

-ar,

hastig,

hatt, -ar, hat havre (n.), oats hedersman, -man, honor hcl, n. -t, whole; en

man ,

of

a unit

helgdag, -ar, holiday hellre, rather

hem (n.), home hem (adv.), home; gd home

,

go

VOCABULARY.

home home

265

hemifrdn, from

haftig, violent,

hemma,

hiilft,

-er

hemtrevlig, cozy, homelike Jiennes, her, gen. case

halsa,

I,

herr, Mister, in address

Ml'sa pd, greet

herre, -ar, master, gentleman heta, irr. v., to be called; jag

halsa pd' (hos),

at

Jieter Karl,

hinna,

my name

attain;

st. v.,

is

Carl

have time

do or get to

to

historia, -ier, history, story hitta,

to find

I,

Ha, help

hjarta (n.),

heart

-n,

hjartforlamning,

-ar,

hearty, cordial

(n.),

hope

,

hoppa, I, jump hoppas, I, dep.

v.,

to

hos, with, by, in, in of

honorar' (n.), hotelV (n.),

,

,

hope the house

how

hus

(n.),

hustru,

halsning, -ar, greeting

hamnas, I, dep. v., take venge hamta, I, fetch Mnda, lib, happen

hanseende Mr, here

re-

hang (n.), -n,

respect

glorious, magnificent

harlig.

,

-r,

hog, high hoger, def. hogra, right; to the right

hotel

hojd, -er, height, hill (n.),

chicken,

,

col-

chickens hora, lib, hear hora pd, listen to ho'r pd mig, lective,

;

listen to

house

horn

(n.),

host,

-ar,

wife

me corner

,

hostas, last

i

fall;

fall

huvudvark, headache hygglig, nice, "kind,

till

,

hons

fee

hund, -ar, dog hungrig, hungry hur,

a call

home)

hast, -ar, horse

hon, she

hopp

make

(at somebody's

htinga, lib,

heart

failure hjartlig,

greet

handelse, -r, event hdndelsevis (adv.), by chance

hjalp, help Jijalpa,

vehement

(noun), half halsa, health

accommo-

dating

hostdag,

-ar,

autumn day

hovlig, polite

hovlighet,

politeness

hyra, lib, rent, hire

Mlla,

Mil

st.

dt alia

Mr

hold, keep

v.,

(n.),

(n.),

hard,,

n.

Sicedish

,

,

,

hold; direction; in all directions

hair

Mrt, hard

Grammar

I

i

(prep.), in, into

i'akttaga, ibland',

st.

v.,

observe

sometimes IS

266

VOCABULARY.

-er, sport idrottspark, -er, athletic field igen', adv. and accented var.

i'drott,

back

prefix, again,

igenMnna,

intyg (n.), is,

testimonial

,

invdnare,

inhabitant

,

Ice

-ar,

Ita'lien

(n.), Italy

lib, sep. v., recog-

nize i'hdliff,

hollow

(adv.), bad; det var that was too bad

ilia

illumine'rad, in,

prep.,

ilia,

illuminated

-at,

and accented

adv.,

also

boarder,

-ar,

board;

Jiel

room

,

and board inbegripa,

st.

infinna sig, arrive

include

v.,

st.

to

v.,

come,

ingen, intet, or inget, no, no one, nothing inledp (n.), inlosa, *

,

Ila,

purchase to

sep.,

redeem,

cash (adv.),

jo,

yes the

(with

inside

innehdlla,

st.

,

v.,

contents contain

innestd, irr. v., remain (money in a bank)

-ar,

,

at

,

just, just

juste'ra,

adjust

I,

jdmrande,

n.,

jdrnvdgsolycJca,

deposit under-

see,

stand not

inte,

intet, n. of ingen, no,

nothing

I, I,

interesting interest

grow

cold

call I,

comb

kanhdn'da, perhaps kan'ske, perhaps kappa, -or, cloak karaktdr', -er, character kasta,

-n,

railway

cold

kallna,

kapten',

(n.),

-er,

kaj, -er, quay, pier kail,

intrcssant', n.

intres'se

railway

coffee

(n.),

intresse'rad, n. -at, interested ,

-or,

K kaffe

kamma,

to

railway

accident

insiitta, irr. sep. v., v.,

-er,

ticket

kalla,

irr.

plaintive

,

jdrnvdgs'biljett,

inom (prep.), within inomhus (adv.), indoors inse,

comparato be sure

Christmas; vid for Christmas; till Christmas

jul,

inne-, accented var. prefix

innehdll (n.),

the

you "know,

tive),

jdrnvdgsstation, station

innan (conj.), before inne

jasd (pronounced jas'sd), so; you don't say! Is that so? ju,

var. prefix, in, into

inackordering,

yes

ja,

-er,

captain

throw kasta ut', throw out I,

VOCABULARY.

,

kilogram

kilo,

(n.),

kilo

,

gram kilometer

,

klandra,

krok,

klassisk, classic

ren,

suit

power letter of

,

-or,

hook crown

kroppskonstitution,

climate klippa, Ha, cut, shear kldda, lib, dress kldda sig, dress (oneself) kldda om' sig, change dress ,

only, clothes

pi.

knacka,

-er,

-ar,

Arena,

weak

klimat' (n.),

kldder,

cost

krets, -ar, circle, society

class

klass, -er,

klen,

I,

kredit'brev (n.), credit

criticise

I,

clear

Jclar,

kosta,

kraft, -er, strength, krage, -ar, collar

klack, -ar, heel (of shoe) klaga (over), I, complain

n.

short

kostym',

kilome'ter,

and open),

(o short

kort

katedral', -er, cathedral katt, -er, cat

knock at the door

(of

con-

-er,

body)

kulle, -ar, hill

kunna, know; (modal) can, be able Kungsgatan, King's Street kupe,

dor-

pd

knock;

I,

stitution

-er,

compartment

(rail-

way) cousin

Tcusin' -er,

cabman

knappast, hardly knappndl, -ar, pin

kvalitet', -er,

knota (over), I, grumble koffert, -ar, trunk

kvar, adv. and accented var. prefix, left over, behind, re-

koka,

I,

komma

in',

konsert',

konst,

come come in

st. v.,

konduktor',

r er,

concert

art;

-er,

konstndr',

kvarn,

conductor

-er,

pi.

tricks

cash kontor (n.), office kopp, -ar, cup korg, -ar, basket ,

,

korrespondent'

',

-er,

spondent kort (o long and close) ,

card

quality

I,

sep.,

leave be-

-ar, flour mill

quarter; en kvarts timme, a quarter of an hour kvdll, -ar, evening; i gar last night; pd kvdllen, in the evening kyckling, -ar, young chicken Kvart,

-er,

,

-er, artist

kontant, n.

driver,

kvarlamna, hind

collide

I,

-ar,

maining

cook, boil

kollide'ra,

komma,

kusk,

kylig, chilly

corre-

church

kyrka,

-or,

kdmpa

ut', I, fight to

a finish

;

die (n.),

kdnna, lib, with)

know

(acquainted

VOCABULARY.

268 klinna

be

till',

acquainted

with

londondngare, steamer

lov (n.), permission; vacation

kdrlek, love kold (n.), cold

(from school); have to

kopa, I la, buy kora, lib, drive

n.

lyckad, I,

land, lander, country; det, in the

pd

country;

i

lan-

land,

ashore

landskap

(n.),

lantstalle

landscape land ,

v.,

(n.),

country

-n,

house

le,

-or,

ledsna,

game

play,

Ha, play

leva, irr. v., live st.

suffer

v.,

n.

(just)

litet,

little,

ljus I

(n.),

def.

(n.),

,

lilla,

pi.

small

light;

cause

opportunity put away

-er,

bort',

allow;

done

irr. v.,

lakare, physician Idmna, I, leave lange (adv.), long Idngre, comp. of Idng, lange, longer ,

lib, ,

teach; learn teacher

learned

Idsa,

Ila,

read

Idsa upp', also upp'ldsa, recite

candle

jus (adj.), light

loge, logar,

let,

Idrjunge, -ar, pupil

life

,

v.,

lard,' n. Idrt,

as

litteratur, -er. literature ttv

st.

Idrare,

(adj.), like, alike

lika (adv.), sra4,

via

Idng, long

Idra,

ligga, irr. v., lie

liten,

humor;

good humor Idda, -or, box, drawer Una, I, lend; borrow

Idgga

sad, sorry

/ifc

-n,

in

,

lagenhet,

ledsen, n. ledset, def.

lida,

(n.),

to do or be

smile

irr. v.,

Zefca,

succeed

obey

lyda. lib,

Idta,

leda, lib, lead

lek,

v.,

happy

lycklig,

lynne

successful

-at,

dep.

I,

Idsa, I la, lock

vice

load;

-er,

farmer

,

no neuter, lazy

lot,

may

Idngsam, def. -samma, slow

lantbrukare, last,

lyckas,

gott

landsatta, irr.

fd lov,

lova, I, promise; praise lugn (adj.), calm, quiet lycka, happiness, fortune

mend; bring to pass lammstek, -or, lamb steak laga,

London

,

threshing floor

Idsebok, -bocker, reader Idxa, -or, lesson Idsa (biljett), losen,

no

pi.,

buy (ticket) ransom

VOCABULARY.

M

modern', modern

maj, May majs, Indian corn

mogen,

-ar, match, mate mala, lib, grind

maneuver

I,

-er,

fair

marknadsstdnd

(n.),

,

I,

ripen

booth

mat, food -ar, dining room matsedel, -sedlar, bill of fare med, prep., adv., and accented

matsal,

var. prefix, with, along, etc. medfora, lib, bring, entail

medan

(conj.), while mejeri'smor (n.), creamery

morgnar, morning; tidigt pd morgonen, early

in the

morning

morgon, to-morrow morgontidning, -ar, morning paper i

morse, this morning mot, prep, and accented var. prefix, also emot, against motgdng, -ar, adversity mottaga, receive mottagare, ception mo'torbdt, I,

mena, I, mean mer(a), more

munter,

I, angle middag, -ar, noon; dinner; i middags, this (past) noon

meta,

remem-

-er,

mitten, in the middle

mjol

(n.), flour

mjolnare,

,

miller

moder, modrar, mother

muntra, merry museer, museum

musik', music

musikalisk, musical

musikkdr, na,

-er,

band

mycket,

n.

def.

myck-

much (of river,

;

md

(modal),

ma,

,

mitt, indecl. noun, middle;

multiply

I,

mycket (adv.), very mynning, -ar, mouth cannon) nozzle

minute miss'taga, st. v., mistake misstaga sig, be mistaken mistake misstag (n.), minut',

def.

mycken, v.,

re-

mun, munnar, mouth

museum (n.),

dep.

,

-ar, motor boat become cloudy

multiplice'ra,

lib,

(n.),

room

mellan (emellan), between men, but

minnas, ber

recipient

,

mottagningsrum

mulna,

butter

my

mogna,

i

at a fair

min, n. mitt,

def.

morgon,

(indef. pron.), one, they -er, cuff

marJcnad,

moget,

mogna,

man, man, man manschett', manovre'ra,

n.

ripe

make,

man

269

i

III,

How

may

feel;

hur mar nif

are you?

mdl (n.), goal; meal mdnad, -er, month mdndag, -ar, Monday mdtt

(n.),

,

measure

270

VOCABULARY.

mdnniska, -or, human being, person mdsterskap (n.), champ,

ionship mo'bel, mobler, piece of furniture mojligen, possibly morJc,

dark

mossa,

-or, cap Ha, meet

m.ota,

,

to

say;

denominator

,

when

ndr (adj.), near ndra (adv. and prep.), near ntirma

name -ar,

natt, natter, night;

signature i

,

last

night nattsndlltdg

is

ntirhet, nearness, vicinity

,

namnteckning

now

nag on, n. -ot, pi. ndgra (adj. and pron.), any, some

ndr,

N (n.),

novelty;

nyligen, recently nyss, just

namely namnare,

motas, reciprocal; meet (one another)

namn

newness,

-er,

news

ndgonsin, ever namligen, that

possible

mojlig,

nyhet,

(n.),

,

night

express nappa, I, bite natur', nature

approach

I,

ndrvarande, indecl., present ndsta, indecl., next, following ndstan, almost nod, distress nojd, n.

naturligtvis (adv.), of course

sig,

ndrsluten, n. -slutet, def. -slutna, inclosed

contented

no'jt,

noje (ik), pleasure

-n,

amusement,

down

ned,

nej (adv.), no ni,

you

(polite address)

o-,

nog, enough nog, certainly;

I

suppose

noga (adv. and predicate

adj.,

indecl.), careful (ly)

nu

now

,

insignificant -er,

insignifi-

cance, trifle och, and ocksd, also

oense (indecl. predicate adj.), at variance officer', -er

or -are, officer

officerskappa, -or, officer's

for tiden, now-a-days

nummer

-t,

obetydlighet,

noggrann, n. -grant, careful, accurate norr (noun and adj., def. form only), north, northern nu,

accented prefix of negation

obetydlig,

(n.),

number new

ny, n. nytt,

def.

numret,

cloak

ofrankerad, n. -at, not stamped, not prepaid ofta, often

VOCABULARY. -samma,

def.

ogynnsam,

un-

favorable oliJc,

paraply (n.), passa,

unlike, different

olycka,

271 umbrella

-n,

suit; be proper

passagerare, traveler

misfortune

-or,

I, fit,

,

passenger,

olyckligtvis, unfortunately

passande,

olympisk, Olympic

patient', -er, patient

om,

conj.,

prep,

if;

and

ac-

cented var. prefix, around, about; concerning

ombord, aboard

om'komma

(see

pengar, penna,

n.

money

pi.,

pen person', -er, person -or,

pest, -er, pestilence,

piller (n.),

(adv. and prep.), about, around omlopp (n.), circulation

plane' ra,

omtala.

plante'ring,

omkring

sep., relate, tell

I,

omtalad, n. celebrated

-at,

mentioned;

pjas, -er,

plan,

-er,

ond, n. ont, bad, evil;

sore;

Wednesday

ordforande, ordine'ra,

prescribe

orolig,

uneasy

orsak,

-er,

otdlig,

impatient

park;

plant

tag

,

sit

pick

pain, torment, trouble I,

check (trunk)

polis'konstapel,

-staplar,

po-

liceman post,

,

I,

I,

I,

polette'ra,

opera, -or, opera

word chairman

-ar,

place;

-er,

plocka, plaga,

,

play (theatrical) plan I, plan

down

angry

ord (n.),

plague

pill

,

ing plats,

omojlig, impossible

-ar,

proper

pessimistisk pessimistic

komma),

perish

onsdag,

,

mail;

post

skic-

office;

ka pa posten, mail poste

restante, livery

reason

oskadlig, harmless

postanvisning, der

ovanlig, unusual

pota'tis,

de-

general

-ar,

money

or-

(colloquially often

-ar), potato

precis

kloc-

fern, five o'clock

sharp

exactly;

precis',

kan I, pack packa upp', unpack

I, preach predikan, no. pi., sermon presente'ra (for), introduce

packa, pallet'

pant,

parcel security; forfeit

(n.),

-er,

predi'ka,

,

par (n.), pair, couple; par, a couple of ,

princip', -er, principle ett

pris (n.),

-er,

price

VOCABULARY.

272 program'

def. -gram(n.), met, program promene'ra, I, take a walk proteste'ra, I, protest

prov,

-er,

,

sample; test

(pi.

)

pryda, lib, decorate, adorn praktig, fine, magnificent, splendid punJct, -er, point, dot

upon pdminna, lib, remind

quite

ringa, indecl., humble, nificant

insig-

already regna, I, rain

(adv.) ring, -ar, ring

sig,

row I, amuse oneself

-ar, rowboat amusing; ha roligt, have

roddbdt, rolig,

fun

rekommendationsbrev (n.), letter of recommendation rekommende'ra, I, recommend; register rekommenderad, n. -at, regis,

reda (-0 in compounds), order; ha pd, know about; ta pA, find out regna, I, rain clean

part (theatrical) shout; pd, call

roll, -er,

ropa,

call,

I,

(somebody) ruin', -er, ruin

rullning, -ar, rolling

rum

tered

irr. v.,

right,

rock, -ar, coat

prescription

,

redan,

rengora,

correct,

riktig,

roa

(n.),

aim, direct

I,

ro, III,

shave

rask, quick, brisk recept'

rikta,

ringa pd' (hos), ring up riva, st. v., tear, scratch

R I,

abundant

riklig,

ringa, lib, ring

pa, on,

raka,

revolver, -rar, revolver rik, rich

(n.),

rykte

Ryssland (n.), Russia rdd (n.), advice; ha rdd, have the means to ,

rdgbrod

resona'bel, def. -abla, reason-

rddfrdga,

able

raka,

remainder -er,

resultat (n.),

resvdska,

-or,

-ar,

I,

dining

result

valise

rev, -ar, fish-line

I,

,

rye bread

consult

meet; get (into)

culties;

get

into

;

i

diffi-

rdkas, to meet one

another

Ha, reach,

rlicka, ,

(n.),

svdrigheter,

restaurant

restaurangvagn, car

reputation;

rdda, lib, advise

resa, I la, travel, go

restaurang',

room -n,

rumor

resa, -or, journey, trip

rest, -er,

,

(n.),

last,

be suf-

ficient

rddd,

no.

radd

n.,

timid,

for, afraid of

afraid;

VOCABULARY. rddda, rdkna,

save count

I, I,

rdkning, -ar, counting rdtt

rod, n.

calculating,

bill;

right;

,

ha

be right rdtt, red

I,

rokare,

,

smokers rokning, smoking for

rorelse,

-r,

sen, late

senare, later sex, six him-, selves

movement, motion,

exercise

sju,

irr.

sakta (sig), slow down; lose time (watch) sakta (adv.), slowly

-ar,

sjunga,

st.

sjunka,

st.

sjo,

sing sink

v.,

sea, lake

-ar,

pirate , sjosjuk, seasick sjorofvare,

skada,

salt (n.), salt

sam-, accented, insep. prefix,

together

-or,

skadad aged

n.

ske, III,

samma, (the) same sammansvdrja (sig),

skepp irr.

v.,

conspire

conversation converse, chat

I,

sickness

v.,

shore

drawing room, auditorium

salong', -er,

(n.),

sit

sjostrand, -strdnder, lake

sal, -ar, hall

sceneri'

3d pers.

at last

seven

sjukdom,

lack, miss, feel loss

samtala,

v.,

them-

sjuk, sick

sak, -er, thing, matter

samtal (n.),

till sist,

sist, last;

S

,

-er,

scenery look at;

se, irr. v., see; se' pd,

se ut', look (appearance) sed, -er.

itself,

sin, reflex, possessive,

sitta,

I,

page

her-,

sig,

rust, -er, voice

sakna, of

sail

I,

semes' ter, -rar, semester; vacation

sida, -or, side;

concerning

riirande,

segelbat, -ar, sailboat segla,

smoke smoker rokkupe, -er, compartment ro'ka,

when;

after,

(adv.), then, thereupon, after; (prep.), since, after sedel, sedlar, bill

(adj.), n.

rdtt,

(conj.),

sedan,

custom

injury,

damage

injured,

-at,

happen

(n.),

,

ship

send skicka ~bort', send away; miss skicka in', send in skicka ut', send out

skicka,

dam-

I,

dis-

skicklig, skillful

skildring,

portrayal

-ar,

description,

VOCABULARY.

274 skillnad, difference; difference between

skina,

pd,

skinka, -or, ham skiva, -or, slice skjorta, -or, shirt skjuta, sko,

st.

slakting, -ar, relative slarv (n), carelessness ,

sla,

skola, -or, school; gd to school (attend)

skolavgift,

skog,

,

go

shoemaker

,

skorsten,

I,

st. st.

skridsko,

skate;

dka

skrid-

sko, skate.

skridskobana, skraddare,

snart, soon snitt (n.),

-or, ,

skating rink

tailor

cut

,

good,

snail,

skydda,

I, protect skyldig, guilty; vara skyldig,

owe

(fashion;

kind;

var

,

please snulltdg (n.), sno, snow

skuld, -er, guilt; debt

,

express train

socfcer(n.), def. sockret, sugar so/fa, -or, sofa, seat

solsken (n.), sunlight

hurry skynda sig, hurry skynda,

(n.), butter

snar, quick, speedy

v.,

-r,

trifle

sna6&, quick, rapid, fast

shout, cry

v.,

write skriva om', rewrite skriva,

-er,

Ha, melt

smiilta,

smorgds, -ar, bread and butter, sandwich.

laugh skriftlig, written skrika,

in,

out

plain

-er,

smor

stack skratta,

in,

smaka, I, taste smeka, Ha, caress smdsak,

chimney, smoke-

-ar,

let

smutsig, dirty

spare

I,

strike

slappa, Ha, let go; sltippa slatt,

forest

-ar,

(irr. v.),

ut,

school-mate

-er,

skomakare, skona,

i

tuition

-er,

skolkamrat,

close; end;

sld, st. v., strike

shoe

-r,

st. v.,

slutligen, finally, at last

shoot

v.,

and

shut

shine

st. v.,

end

slut (n.), close, sluta, I

solstrdle,

I,

skammas

(for),

som

lib,

be ashamed (of) skota, Ha, take care

dep. of;

man-

,

blow, stroke

slagsmdl (n.),

,

fight

sunbeam

pron.), who, which, that; (conj.) as

sommar somrar, summer; somras, last summer somna,

age slag (n.),

v.,

-ar,

(rel.

I,

fall

asleep

son, soner, son

soppa,

-or,

soup

slant, -ar, coin

sorg, -er, sorrow, grief

slott (n.), castle

sorglig, sad, sorry

i

VOCABULARY. sova,

st.

spare,

sleep

v.,

stryka,

a

save

I,

spatser'tur, -er, walk; gora en

take a walk

,

spegel, speglar, mirror; ne sig i spegeln, look in the mirror

spel (n.), spela, ett

st.

-ar,

(n.),

spdrvagn,

run errand boy language

v.,

springpojke,

sprdk

spela

trick;

,

-ar,

street car

tle field)

stycke (n.),

-n, piece styrka, strength, force std till', irr. v., be (with ref-

erence to health), hur star det till? How are you? stdlle (n.), -n, place;

stad, stdder, city

remain

(washing) supe, -er, supper svag,

svar (n.),

stiga, st. v., step

svara,

answer answer svensk (adj.), Swedish;

stiga pd', enter

-ar,

v.,

steal

-ar,

stolt. n.

svar, difficult;

serious

svdrighet,

difficulty

synas, Ila, dep. v., seem synnerligen, especially

proud

stor, great, large

storartad,

n.

-er,

swallow

chair ,

(n.),

Swede

svalja, lib, also svalde, svalt.

stjdlpa, Ila, upset stol,

,

I,

Sverige (n.), Sweden

stiga upp', get up, rise stil, -ar, style; print st.

pi.

weak

stek, -ar, steak

sten, -ar, stone

stiga from', step forth

,

only, laundry

stdrk'saker,

stat, -er, state

stjdla bort',

ert

stdnga, lib, close, shut

stark, strong station', -er, station

i

in your place

stampning, pitching (ship) stop, stay,

study

while; om en kort in a short while -er,

stundande, indecl., coming stupa, I, fall; die (on the bat-

ed

I,

study

I,

(n.), studier,

stackars, indecl., poor, wretch-

stanna,

iron; lower (of

stroke

studium stund,

play a trick on

,

springa,

,

v.,

;

stude'ra,

,

(n.),

st.

flag)

strykning, ironing strykinrdttning, -ar, laundry

play

I,

spratt

game

play;

,

275

-artat,

grand,

sysselsdtta, irr. v., busy;

ploy

magnificent stormig, stormy

syster, -trar, sister

strand, strdnder, shore

sd, III,

strax, soon

sd, so

stria, -er, strife, struggle, fight

sd

att,

sow so that

em-

VOCABULARY.

276

sdlunda, thus, consequently sdng,

-er,

saga, irr. tell

teatern, go to the theatre telegraf, telegraph

telegram telegram (n.), mestelegram'bud (n.), senger boy telefone'ra, I, telephone ,

def.

saker, tain

sdkra, sure, pd, sure of

;

cer-

seldom

sallan.

siillskap, -er, society,

sullsynt, n.

sang,

gd pd

teater, teatrar, theater;

singing, song dt (till), v., say;

bed;

-ar,

club

tennis, tennis

rare

,

,

termome'ter,

gd

till

stings,

go to bed

time;

tid, -er,

tidig,

sasong', -er, season sate (n). -n, seat; bench

tidtdbell', -er,

,

manner, way

down

newspaper

tiggare,

beggar

,

back and

tillbringa, I

sion; first

sweet

,

v., take taga upp', take up tal (n.), speaking, speech;

faga, ta, st.

,

number vestibule

ha ont

i

tdnderna, have a toothache tandvark, toothache

thought lose, drop

-ar,

tappa,

I,

'tavla, -or, picture,

tavelgalleri'

gallery

tilldta, st. v.,

tilldtelse, -r,

painting

(n.), -er, picture

be the

allow, permit permission

tillsammans, together tills

numerous

st. v., befit,

of

tillverka,

tanke,

belong to

tillhora, lib,

tand, tander, tooth;

pass,

(n.), -n, chance, occaat the vid forsta occasion

right

talrik,

v.,

tillfdlle

mourn, grieve

-er, hall,

irr.

spend

tillkomma,

tambur',

time table

tidning, -ar,

tillbaka,

som, sommar, seam somnig, sleepy sondag, -ar, Sunday sot, n. sott,

on time

till,

sodra, def. only, southern soka, Ha, seek, look for

sorja, lib,

,

prep., adv., and accented var. prefix, to, until.

satta, irr. v., set, put, place

sutta sig, sit

i

early

sarskilt, separate

satt (n.),

ther-

-metrar,

mometer

I,

manufacture

(conj.), until

hour

timme,

-ar,

titta, I,

look;

tjog

(n.),

pd, look at score

,

tjugu, twenty torn,

def.

tomma, empty,

va-

cant torg (n.),

,

market place

dry torka av', wipe

torka,

I,

off,

dry

VOCABULARY. torr,

dry

277

tysk,

trevlig, pleasant, nice; trevligt, have a fine

ha det home,

tyska,

German German language

n.

tyst,

,

silent

time, etc. tro, III, believe

tyvdrr',

trogen, n. troget, def. trogna, faithful

tacka, Ila, cover

tag

troligen, probably

boring,

tedious,

tr&kig,

un-

pleasant

crowded

trdng, narrow,

trad (n.),

,

trddgdrd,

-ar,

tree

see

thresh

I,

trott, n.

accented

etc.

underhdlla,

st.

v.,

in twain,

itu,

entertain;

undra,

tvenne, two

wonder var.

up ,

tvdrgata, -or, cross street tvdrs (over), across

wound up

wash (ing) wash

iippflyttad, n.

-at,

moved up;

promoted uppfora, lib, erect, build

because

om', like;

in-

waiter uppassare, uppbrand, n. -brant, burnt up uppdragen, n. -et, def. dragna,

quarrel

Ila,

I,

prefix,

two

I,

information

examine,

union', -er, union upp, adv. and accented

luck

tveka, hesitate

tvaft, -ar,

Ila,

underbar, wonderful

tongue

tur, -er, trip, turn;

tvist, -er,

undersoka,

neglect

-r,

vestigate

tung, heavy -or,

st. v.,

underrdttelse,

apart, asunder

for,

and

prep,

underldta,

tired

,

tu (tvd), two;

tycka,

under,

support

troska,

ty,

numerator

,

tdmligen (adv.), quite, fairly tdnka (pa), Ila, think (of) tat, frequent tdvla (om), compete (for) to'ras (modal), dare; may

var. prefix, under, beneath,

self

tvdtta,

taljare,

U

meet,

reciprocal,

trdnga sig from, lib, crowd up, make a way for one-

tvd,

train

,

garden

one another

tunga,

(n.),

meet, see

traffa, I,

trdffas,

unfortunately

think,

fancy;

ilia

like

tyg (n.), -er, cloth tyngd, -er, weight

om,

dis-

uppfora sig, conduct oneself, behave

uppforande (n.), performance

,

conduct,

uppldsa, Ila, sep., recite

VOCABULARY.

278 uppluckra,

loosen

sep.,

I,

uppmarksam,

def.

-samma,

at-

tentive

uppsats,

composition

-er,

uppsTcatta,

uppsta,

sep., to arise;

v.,

upptaga, st. v., up; to adopt

sep.,

upptagen, n. -et, busy; adopted

urmakare,

,

I,

derail

ursakta,

I,

excuse

and

adv.

take

to

accented

and

adv.,

out; att vara

,

by heart

utbryta,

st. v., sep.,

var.

with-

break out

picnic, excursion

utforande (n.), execution utgift, -er,

utgiva, edit;

st.

expense sep.,

v.,

publish;

spend

utkdmpa, I, bring a contest to a close; play (a game) utmana, I, challenge utmarkt, n. utom, outside

,

excellent of,

beside;

ex-

cept utrikes, adv.

and

abroad, foreign

(about leaves and

lib,

draw

exhibit;

(draft) uttaga,

st. v., sep.,

take out

uttrycka, Ha, express

utvdg,

-ar,

utova,

I,

expedient

practice;

exercise

vakna, I, awaken vaktmdstare, janitor, waiter ,

vandra,

wander,

I,

vanlig, usual,

lack

out -er,

n. -et, def. -spruck-

stroll

common

vanligen, usually

utantill,

utflykt,

utsprucken,

vacker, def. vackra, pretty vagn, -ar, wagon, carriage

out (motion)

prep,

-slitna,

occupied;

watchmaker

urspdra,

def.

-et,

worn out

utstdlla,

esteem

I,

irr.

prefix,

n.

flowers)

originate

ute,

carry out, ac-

view

utsikt, -er,

na, open

uppsikt, supervision

utan,

to

I,

utsliten,

upprndrksamhet, attention upprdtta, I, establish, found

ut,

utrdtta,

complish

(soil)

indecl. adj.,

vapen

(n.),

def.

vapnet,

,

weapon var, indecl. adj., each, every

var och en, everyone vara, -or, ware, merchandise vara, I, to last, endure vara (v.), to be varaktig, lasting, durable varje, indecl. adj., each, every

varm,

warm

varsebliva, aware of vart,

st. v., sep.,

become

whither

Vasagatan, Vasa Street vatten (n.), water vattna,

I,

water

VOCABULARY. veranda,

vdlgorenhet, charity, oenevolence valja, lib, choose, elect

porch

-or,

verk (n.),

work

,

verkligen, really vete (n.), wheat

vetebrod (n.),

,

vdlsigna,

white bread,

loaf of

and accented by vid, n. vitt, wide withvidare, further; utan var. prefix, at,

,

out further ado, directly vikt, -er, weight; importance viktig, important vilja

rest

I,

want

ha,

etc.;

(n.),

vin (n.),

,

turn around

sig,

-er,

wine

kind to vdnskap, friendship vdnster, def. vdnstra, left; vanster, to the left

vdnta (pa),

vdrld vdxa,

i

vint-

winter vinterhatt, -ar, winter hat

show

I,

viss,

(n.), vdrt,

mute),

(I

dep.

I,

I la,

sure, certain

sojourn souvenir pos-

var, -ar, spring;

i

apartment vdras, last

draft;

,

I,

change, exchange

Y ypperlig, excellent

A d, prep, and accented insep. prefix, on ddraga sig, st. v., contract,

dka, Ila, ride dker, dkrar, field

vdrfcst, -er, spring festival

dngare,

I,

vdt, n. vdtt, I la,

utstdlla

,

nurse, take care of vdrdslos, careless vdrdsloshet, carelessness

vdcka,

noise

incur

spring vdrda,

make

draw a draft en exchange vdxelkontor (n.)

,

story,

-ar,

worth -ar, world

v.,

vdxel, vdxlar,

vdxla,

visserligen, to be sure -r,

room

grow

visst, adv., surely, certainly

vdning,

wait (for)

I,

office

visa,

vykort (n.), tal card

till

vardefull, valuable

vasnas,

ras, last

mot,

vdnlig, friendly, kind;

vdrd

condition

vinge, -ar, wing vinter, -rar, winter;

vistelse,

bless

vdntsal, -ar, waiting

(v.), will, wish, intend,

villkor

I,

van, vanner, friend vdnda, lib, turn, turn back;

vid, prep., adv.,

vila,

279

wet

wake up weather

viider (n.),

,

valbargad, n.

-at,

well to do

Alder, dldrar, age

,

steamer

dngbdtsforbindelse, tion by steamer

dngbdtstur,

-er,

dngmaskin,

-er,

-r,

connec

steamboat trip steam engine

280

VOCABULARY.

dr (n.),

year anniversary dsikt, -er, opinion dtaga sig, st. v., undertake dter, adv. and accented var. prefix, again; back dterldmna, I, sep., return drsdag,

,

-or,

dterstd, irr.

v.,

remain

eighty

ddel,

def.

agare,

dgg

,

owner egg

(n.),

arnna,

I,

an, yet;

intend

than

(after

a com-

parative)

dndamdl

dndra, change; dng,

purpose

,

moment ogonblick (n.), oculist ogonldkare, omsesidig, mutual onska, I, wish ,

,

overldgga,

irr. v.,

dverraska,

I,

sig,

overresa,

deliberate

surprise -ar,

surprise

-or, trip across,

voy-

age

change

mind

-ar,

island

(n.), 60on, eye

overruskning,

(n.),

tindd, yet, nevertheless

one's

o, -ar,

onskan, indecl., wish oppna, I, open ore (n.), -n, Swedish coin over, prep., adv., and accented var. prefix, over

ddla, noble

own

iiga, lib,

d'venledes, likewise tita, st. v., eat

60a

itervdnda, lib, sep., return dtmins'tone, at least ditto,

dnnu, still, yet apple (n.), -n, apple urende (n.), -n, errand

meadow

overtyga, overvaka,

I,

convince

I,

supervise

overvikt, overweight

ENGLISH-SWEDISH. For particulars of declension and conjugation, the Swedish-English vocabulary must be consulted.

according a,

an, en, ett

able, be

,

kunna

about, om, omkring abroad, utrikes

abundant, riklig accident, olycka, olycksfall

accompany,

folja

to,

enligt

accordingly, foljaktligen

med

accomplish, utratta

account,

skildring,

rakning;

on account of, med anledning av, till foljd av acquainted, bekant accustom, vanja across, tvars

add, addera

(over)

VOCABULARY. address, adress address, adressera addressee, adressat

281

amusement, noje amusing, roande, rolig and, och

meta

adopt, upptaga, antaga

angle,

adorn, pryda

another, en annan

advance (money), forskottera

motgang

adversity,

advertisement, annons advice, rad advise, rada

eftermiddag; this eftermiddag; in the pa eftermiddagen afraid (of), radd (for) afternoon, ,

i

,

after, efter

appetite, aptit

applause, bifall apple, apple

approach, narma sig approval, bifall

arm, arm around, omkring,

again, igen against, emot, age, alder

anniversary, arsdag

annoying, forarglig answer, svara any, nagon; any longer, langre anything, nagonting, nagot

mot

ankomma, anlanda

ago, for. ..sedan

arrive,

agreeable, angenam, behaglig ail (impers.), fattas

art,

article, artikel;

aim, rikta

artist,

air,

om

arrest, arrestera

luft

as,

alike, lika

konst

vara

konstnar

som

ashamed, skamsen;

skammas

allow, tillata

to be

,

(for)

almost, nastan

ashore,

alone, generally def., allena along (as in come ), med

ask, fraga (efter), bedja

already, redan

forvanas at the at, vid (time, place) house of, hos attain, uppna, hinna attend (visit), besoka, bevis-

also,

ocksa

altogether, alldeles

always, alltid

astonished,

(n.),

amerikan,

attention,

among, bland, ibland amount, belopp

attentive,

amount

to,

amuse, roa;

ha

belopa sig to

roligt

Swedish

(om)

be

forvanad;

church, ga

ta;

amerikansk

(adj.),

land

,

;

although, ehuru, fastan

American

i

Grammar

amuse

till

oneself,

i

kyrkan

uppmarksamhet uppmarksam

audience, auditorium author, forfattare

automobile, automobil

autumn

day, hostdag 19

VOCABULARY.

282 aware, varse; bliva varse

to

become

of,

away, bort, borta; to go away, ga bort; to be away (out), vara borta

B back, tillbaka; back fram och tillbaka

and

forth,

back (v.), backa background, bakgrund, fond backwards, baklanges

belated, forsenad, sen belief, tro believe, tro;

utom bredvid, vid; (except) besides (prep.) utom; (adv.) beside,

dessutom, dartill best, bast

between, (e)mellan

badly, ilia

big, stor

bake, baka baker, bagare

bill,

bill

sedel; rakning of fare, matsedel

band, band, musikkar bank, bank barber shop, frisersalong

bird, fagel

basket, korg

bite,

vara;

how

birthday, fodelsedag

star det till?

bara

bear,

games)

beautiful, skon, vacker

because, emedan, ty

what became himf Hvad blev det av honom? cloudy, mulna

become, bliva; of

sang; sangs

befit,

go to

,

ga

till

(prep.)

forr, forut;

beg, tigga;

fore;

(adv.)

innan bedja om

for,

koka

bone, ben book, bok

bakom vasen human

,

fo'das

borrow from,

bada, bagge; and, bade. .och .

,

behind,

;

stand

boring, trakig born, fodd; be

both,

beginning, borjan; in the i borjan

niska

boarder, inackordering boil,

borrow, lana; lana av

(conj.)

beggar, tiggare begin, borja, begynna

being,

board (fare), kost board and room, inackordering board (a train), stiga pa'

booth,

passa; tillkomma

before

valsigna blow, blasa bless,

blonde, ljus, blond

beat, sla; besegra (in

bed,

nappa (of fish) napp (of fish), bit.

bite, bita;

Hur

are youf

pa

belong (to), tillhora bench, bank, sate

bad, dalig, ond, elak

be,

tro

in,

klocka

bell,

,

man-

boy, gosse

branch, gren bread, brod break, bryta

both...

VOCABULARY. break off, bryta av, avbryta break out, bryta ut breakfast, frukost bring, bringa,

carelessness, slarv

vardslb'shet,

cargo, last

hamta

bring along, medfora, fora brother, broder

283

med

carriage, vagn carry, bara

cash (noun), kontant cash (v.), inlosa

brunette, brunett, mb'rk

brush, borsta

castle, slott

bygga building, byggnad burn, branna burnt up, uppbrand

cat,

build,

katt

cathedral, katedral

cause (noun), orsak cause (v.), fororsaka

business, affar; do a good gora goda affarer

,

cautious, forsiktig cease, sluta, avsluta,

business building, affarsbygg-

nad men, (after a negative,

but,

utan)

smor kopa

celebrate, fira

celebrated, firad, omtalad celebration, firande

butter,

certain, saker, viss

buy,

chair, stol

by, vid,

chairman, ordforande

bredvid

challenge,

droska cabman, kusk calculation, rakning kalla

call

on,

change, andra; vaxla( money) character, karaktar

balsa p,

(hos),

be

soka called, be

calm can,

,

rande

beta

charity, barmhartighet, valgo-

(adj.), lugn

kunna

renhet

charming, fortjusande chat (noun), samtal chat (v.), samtala

vagn, sparvagn

card, kort

care

charge, begara charitable, barmhartig, valgo-

captain, kapten car,

utmana

championship, masterskap chance, tillfalle; by chance. handelsevis

cab,

call,

upphora

med

(noun),

yard,

skotsel,

omsorg care (v.), varda, skota careful, aktsam,

cheat,

bedraga

check, polettera

noggrann

careless, vardslos, slarvig

chicken, hons, kyckling child, chilly,

barn kylig

VOCABULARY.

284

compartment, kupe" compensate, belona, ersatta

choose, valja

Christmas, jul church, kyrka cigar,

ci-

dealer,

cigarr;

garrhandlare circle, cirkel

circulation, city,

omlopp

stad

compete, tavla complain, klaga (over) comply, efterkomma composition, uppsats concern, anga, galla concert, konsert tillf orhallande condition, stand conduct (noun), uppforande conduct (oneself), uppfora sig ;

class, klass classic, klassisk

clean, ren

cleanly, renlig clear, klar

conductor, konduktor confidence, fortroende

olimate, klimat

conflagration, brand, eldsvada

clock, klocka

connection, forbindelse consequently, foljaktligen

close (noun), slut

consideration, betraktande consist, besta (av)

close (v.), sluta, stanga

tyg clothes, klader cloth,

cloudy, mulen;

conspire,

become

,

mulna coat,

sammansvarja

constitution,

rock

(sig)

consult, radfraga

kroppskonstitu-

tion

coffee, kaffe

coin,

mynt, slant

cold

(adj.)

kail,

contain, innehalla contents, innehall

(noun)

for-

kylning collar, krage collide, kollidera

kamm

continue, fortsatta contract,

adraga

komma

cook,

koka

come

(to a place), infinna sig

cool,

kylig

coming, kommande, stundande

command, befalla common, allman, vanlig company, sallskap, frammande (guests)

(as

a

conversation, samtal

comb, come,

comfort, trost comfortable, bekvam

sig

sickness) converse, samtala

correspondent, korrespondent cordial, hjartlig

corner, horn cost,

kosta

dyrbar, kostbar costume, kostym costly,

count,

rakna

counter, disk

VOCABULARY. in the

country, land; landet

,

pa

285

degree, grad

delay (noun), drojsmal

country house, lantstalle couple, par; a couple of, ett par course, gang, kurs; of course, naturligtvis cousin, kusin

deliberate,

betanka, overvaga

demand (noun),

anhallan, be-

garan

demand

(v.), anhalla denominator, namnare

deposit, insatta

cozy, hemtrevlig

derail,

creamery butter, mejerismb'r

description, beskrivning

crew, besattning cross street, tvargata

deserve, fortjana

crowd, folkmassa crowded, fullsatt, fullpackad cuff,

manschett

urspara

design, anslag; monster desire (noun), onskan, lust destroy, forstora die,

do

annorlunda

culture r kultur

different, olik,

cultured, bildad

difference, skillnad

cup,

kopp

svar

difficult,

cure (v.), bota custom, sed

difficulty,

cut (noun), snitt cut(v.), klippa, skara,

svarighet

diligent, flitig

avmeja

D

dining car, restaurangvagn dining room, matsal dinner,

middag

daily, daglig

direct, direkt

damage (v.), skada dark, mork date, datum

direction, hall, riktning

date (v.), datera daughter, dotter

dirty smutsig disguise, forklada -dismiss, skicka bort

day, dag

dispatch, avsanda diverse, diverse

daylight, dagsljus

divide, dividera

dead, dod

do,

deal, del;

ket,

a great deal, myc-

en hel del

handlande dear, kar, dyr (price) death, dod dealer,

gora

doctor, doktor

doctor's

office,

dog,

hund

door, dorr

debt, skuld

dot, prick,

deceive, bedraga

down

deck, dack

mottagningsrum

doctor's fee, honorar

for

punkt

(adv.) ned; (prep.) ned-

VOCABULARY.

286

entertain, underhalla, roa

.dozen, dussin draft,

vaxel

entertaining,

roande,

drama, dram, drama draw, draga; rita drawing room, salong dress, klada (sig)

entirely, belt och ballet entrust, anfortro

drink, aricka

erect,

drive,

under-

hallande

envious, avundsjuk

uppfora, uppratta errand, arende

kora

drop, slappa ned, tappa (lose)

druggist, apotekare dry, torr duel, duell

durable, varaktig dwelling, bostad

errand boy, springpojke error, fel, misstag especially, isynnerhet establish, anlagga, uppratta esteem, uppskatta European, europS, europeisk even, till och med; afven evening, afton, kvall every, varje, var

everybody, envar, var och en

each, var, varje

early

(adj.)

tidig;

(adv.)

ti--

digt

noggrann

exactly, precis

examine, examinera, undersoka

earn, fortjana eat,

exact, noga,

ata

excellent, fortramig, ypperlig

economical,

sparsam,

ekono-

except,

utom

misk egg, agg

exchange, byta, utbyta

eighty, attio either (conj.), antingen

excuse (v.), ursakta execution, utforande

elect, valja

exercise

electric,

excursion, utflykt

elektrisk

(noun), ovning,

exercise (v.), utova, ova, rora

elegans emperor, kejsare employees, betjaning

expect, vanta expedient, medel; rad

empty, torn

expense, utgift

elegance,

end (noun),

slut,

ande

endure, fordraga; besta; vara enjoyment, noje enough, nog entail,

medfora

enter, intrada,

ro-

relse

komma

in

expensive, dyr experience, erfarenhet

export (v.), exportera express (v.), uttrycka express train, snalltag eye,

oga

VOCABULARY. fool,

face, ansikte

football team, fotbollag

marknad

for (prep.) for; (conj.)

faithful, trogen falla,

fall,

stupa

(fall

on the

festival, fa-

famous, beromd, ryktbar farmer, lantbrukare fast

(speed),

fast

(immovable), fast

fort,

hastigt

father, fader fel

honorar

aker

finna, hitta

vacker eldsvada

forst

glomma

fortune, lycka; formogenhet

brak (arithmetic) France, Frankrike Francis, Frans

fraction,

French, fransk

van

friendly, vanlig

frightened, forskrackt front, front; in front, frost, frost fruit,

framme

frukt

full, full

further, langre, vidare

passa

flag,

skog

from, (i)fran

fish, fisk fit.

the

friendship, vanskap

antligen

fine, fin, trevlig,

first,

forest,

forget,

friend,

fylla

fire, eld,

in

formiddag;

freezing point, fryspunkt

a few, nagra (fa)

finally, slutligen, find,

forenoon,

freeze, frysa

fight (noun), slagsmal, strid fill,

frammande; utrikes

free, fri

kanna fetch, hamta feel,

field,

foreign,

forenoon, pa formiddagen

miljefest

feiv, fa;

ty

foremost, framst

family, familj;

fee,

f or,

force, kraft, styrka

battlefield)

fault,

narr

football game, fotbollspel

factory, fabrik fair (noun),

287

future, framtid

flagga

flee, fly

floor,

golv

flour,

mjol

game,

flow, flyta floiver,

blomma:

sterrabatt fluent, flytande folloio, folja

following, foljande food,

mat

bed, blom-

spel, lek

garden, tradgard general, allman, vanlig general delivery, poste stante generality, allmanhet

generally, vanligen

re-

VOCABULARY.

288 German, tysk Germany, Tyskland get, fa, erhalla,

bekomma

am

,

till

glad, det gla-

der mig glass, glas

happen, ske happiness, lycka happy, lycklig, glad

make

;

glorious, harlig go, ga, resa, fara

goal,

mal

harmless, oskadlig

God,

Gud

hat, hatt

good, god, snail

haul, forsla, kora

good-bye, farval, adjo

he,

goose, gas

headache, huvudvark health, halsa

Gotha Canal, Gota kanal Gothenburg, Goteborg granary, lada gras

han

healthy, frisk, halsosam hear, hora heart, hjarta;

,

greet, halsa

greeting, halsning

mala

grow, vaxa, blifva grumble, knota guest, gast 0ttiZ, skuld

(become)

guilty, skyldig

vana bar halv (adj.), halft (noun)

habit,

w, halvtimme half-sole,

utantill

help (noun), hjalp help (v.), hjalpa

her (gen. and obj.), hennes,

henne herself, sig

here, bar hesitate,

H

f,

,

height, hojd

0nef, sorg

Twiir,

by

heart failure, hjartforlamning heavy, tung heed, lyda, giva akt pa heel, hal; klack (of shoe)

stor

green, gron

grind,

,

gladja harbor, hamn hard, hard, svar

glide, glida

,

hands,

hand baggage, handbagage hang, hanga

flicka

give, giva

glad, glad; I

at

framme

get up, stiga upp girl,

tambur ham, skinka hand, hand;

hall,

halvsula

halfway, halvvags

high,

tveka

hog

highly, hogt, hogligen, hill, hojd, kulle

him,

honom

himself, sig

hyra 7m. bans hire,

mycket

VOCABULARY.

289

history, historia

indicate,

hold (noun), hall hold (v.), halla;

induce, forma. industrious, flitig information, underrattelse

out, rac-

ka fram

inhabitant, invanare

holiday, helgdag

injured, sarad, skadad

hollow, ihalig

home (noun), hem;

at

ink, black

,

hemma home

obetydlighet

insignificance,

hem

(adv.),

intend, amna, vilja interest (noun), intresse

hook, krok hour,

timme

hope hope

(noun),

interested, intresserad

hopp hoppas

interesting,

intressant

interrupt, avbryta

hotel, hotell

house, bus;

obetydlig

insignificant,

honest, arlig

(v.),

visa

introduce, presentera (for) at the

house

of,

hos

inbjuda inbjuaning iron (v.), stryka ironing, strykning

invite, bjuda,

invitation,

human, mansklig; manniska

being,

humanity, mansklighet, humor, lynne hungry, hungrig hurry (noun), bradska; be in ha brattom a

island, 6 it,

det

Italy,

Italien

,

hurry

(v.),

skynda,

skynda

sig

journey, joy,

hurry up, skynda pa

jump just,

resa

gladje (v.),

hoppa

just

I

ice,

K

is

if,

om

ill,

sjuk

illuminated,

keep, behalla, halla

illuminerad

immediately, genast impatient, otalig important, viktig inclose, innesluta, narsluta inclosed, narsluten

inbegripa inconvenient, obekvamt

include,

kilogram, kilogram, kilo kilometer, kilometer kind (adj.), snail, vanlig

kind

(n.), slag

kung Kungsgatan knock (v.), knacka know, veta, kanna, kunna know about, kanna till

king, konung, King's Street,

VOCABULARY.

290

sakna;

lack,

dam

lake,

sjo,

recommendarekommendationsbrev

ditbrev; impers.,

fattas,

felas

lady,

of credit, kre-

brev;

letter,

insjo

tion, lie,

ligga

lie,

ljuga

life,

lake shore, sjostrand

of

liv

like

(adj.) lik; (adv.) likewise, afvenledes

lamb steak lammstek land (noun), land land (v.), landa (intr.), landsatta (tr.)

om

like,

tycka

line

(fishing), rev

listen, lyssna;

to,

landscape, landskap

literature, litteratur

language, sprak Lapland, Lappland

live,

stor

large,

(v.), vara,

last

(adj.), sist;

Monday,

late, sen,

i

loaf,

last night,

gar kvall; last year, last

i

i

fjol;

mandags

forsenad

lat

love,

soka

luck,

vanster

at, se

;

pa; look

efter, leta efter

tappa

lycka, tur

M

magnificent, harlig, storartad mail (noun), post

mail (v), bara, lagga pa pos,

till

ten

make, gora;

kvarlamnad

(att), fa

(induce)

forma

(att)

man, man, manniska maneuver (v.), manovrera

ben

lend, lana

mindre lata

lange

karlek

,

lesson, laxa;

(adv.)

lower, taga ned; stryka (flag)

leave behind, kvarlamna lecture, forelasning to the left, vanster;

let,

lang;

long,

lose, forlora,

atminstone minst; at leave (v.), lamna, avresa, ga

less,

lock, lasa

pearance)

learned, lard

leg,

kaka

for,

lead (v.), fora learn, lara least,

lite(t)

little,

bo borda

long (v.), langta long expected, lange vantad look, titta, blicka; se ut (ap-

lawn, grasmatta

left,

last,

hora p&

longer, langre

laundry, strykinrattning (place) laundry, stryksaker lazy,

leva,

load,

racka

last

a

liten;

little,

as

lektion

manner, satt, vis manufacture, tillverka many, manga

VOCABULARY. market mate,

place, torg

most, rnest;

make

may, ma, fa, kunna meadow, ang meal, mal

mean

most people, de

fiesta

mother, moder motor boat, motorbat

mena, betyda means, medel by means medelst measure, matt meet, mota, traffa melt, smalta (v.),

;

of,

non, river)

move,

flytta

movement, rorelse verk much, mycken, mycket ;

mend, laga mention, namna, omtala merchant, handlande

multiply, multiplicera

museum, museum music, musik, spel mutual, omsesidig

merciful, barmhartig

merry, glad, munter miraculous, underbar messenger boy, telegrambud middle, mitt (i mitten)

kvarn mjolnare minute, minut mill,

miller,

mirror, spegel

misfortune, olycka miss, sakna, forsumma

mistake (noun), misstag mistake (v.), misstaga (sig) Mister (Mr.), herr

modern, modern modest, blygsam moment, ogonblick

Monday, mandag money, pengar; make tjana pengar

mountain, berg mourn, sb'rja mouth, mun; mynning (can-

,

money

for-

order, postanvisning month, manad more, mer, flere morning, morgon; to-morrow, i morse: i morgon; this ,

paper, morgontidning

my,

rriin

N namely, namligen, that is to say nature, natur near (adj.) nar, (adv. and prep.) nara nearness, narhet need, behova neglect, forsumma, underlata nest, bo never, aldrig

new, ny newness, nyhet news, nyheter newspaper, tidning next, nast next to, bredvid nice, hygglig, snail, trevlig

night, natt; to-night,

i

kvall

night express, nattsnalltag no (adv.), nej; (adj.) ingen noble, adel noise, vasen,

larm

VOCABULARY.

292

pa middagen north (noun) norr, (adj.) norra (def. only) northern, norra (def. only),

noon, middag; at

,

nordlig

Northern Museum, museet

Nordiska

opera, opera

opinion, mening, tanke

opportunity, or, eller,

tillfalle,

order (noun), ordning, reda order (v.), befalla, bestalla originate, uppsta

otherwise, annars

not, inte, icke, ej

out, ut, ute

nothing, ingenting, intet notice (v.j, varsebliva

over,

now, nu number, nummer, tal numerator, namnare numerous, talrik

over;

kvar;

darborta;

sleep,

there,

forsova

(sig)

overweight, overvikt owe, vara skyldig

own, aga owner, agare

O

P

havre

oats,

lagenhet

annars

observe, iakttaga

pack, packa page, sida

occasion, tillfalle

pain

obey, lyda

occupied, sysselsatt, upptagen

(v.), plaga; gora ont painting, malning, tavla

occupy, sysselsatta, upptaga

pair,

oculist,

paper, papper, newspaper, tid-

ning

erbjuda kontor

(v.),

office,

parcel, paket

affarsbyggnad

building,

office

par

palace, palats

om

of, av,

offer

ogonlakare

pardon, ursakta

officer, officer

parents, foraldrar

often, ofta

parlor,

gammal

old,

Olympic, olympisk on,

part, del;

pa

roll

(theater)

participate, deltaga

on board, ombord one,

formak

park, park

en,

(indef.

ett;

pass, tillbringa

pron.)

man

passage, overresa

passenger, passagerare

once, en

gang

only, bara, endast, blott

oppen; utspruc-

open kep

(adj.),

open

(v.), 6'ppna

(flowers)

past (prep, and adv.), forbi patience, talamod patient pay, betala patient, talig;

peasant, bonde

VOCABULARY.

293

pen, penna people, folk

polite, hovlig, aitig

perch, abborre

poor, fattig, stackars, dalig

performance, forestalling perhaps, kanske, kanhanda

population, befolkning porch, veranda

permission, tillatelse, lov permit, tillata person, person, manniska

port,

pessimistic, pessimistisk

position, plats; stallning

pest, pest

possible, mojlig

physician, lakare picture gallery, tavelgalleri

post

pick, plocka

potato, potatis

politeness, hovlighet, artighet

hamn

porter, barare

portrayal, skildring

postage stamp, frimarke office, postkontor

pick upp, taga upp

power, kraft; makt

piece, stycke, bit

practice (v.), praktisera, ova,

piece of furniture, mobel

utova

beromma

pill,

piller

praise,

pin,

knappnal

pray, bedja

pitching,

placard, place,

preach, predika

sjorovare

pirate,

stampning plakat in the

preacher, predikant precious, dyrbar

anslag,

plats;

stallet for;

of,

take the

i

of,

ersatta plaintive,

jamrande

plan (noun), plan plan (v.), planera plant, plantera,

sit

play (v.), leka; spela play (noun), lek; spel; pjis

(heist)

+verb

prescribe, ordinera, foreskriva prescription, foreskrift, recept

present (adj.), narvarande presentiment, aning; have a ,

ana

presume, formoda, tro sig pretty, vacker;

(adv.)

gen, ganska

(theater) pleasant,

prefer, foredraga, hellre

angenam, behaglig,

trevlig

prevent, forhindra price,

pris

.

behaga

print, tryck, stil

pleasure, behag, noje poem, dikt

principle, princip

please,

poet,, diktare,

skald

probable, trolig probably, troligen

point, punkt, dot

program, program

poison, forgifta

prohibit, torbjuda

policeman, poliskonstapel

prohibited, forbjuden

tamli-

VOCABULARY

294 prominent, framstaende promise (v.), lova promoted, befordrad

reach, racka;

propose, fbresla

reader, lasebok ready, fardig realize, inse

read, lasa

proposal, forslag proposition, forslag protect,

skydda

really,

protest,

protestera

reason, orsak;

proud, stolt public (noun), allmanhet, publik public (adj.), allman, offentlig public school, folkskola

till

verkligen foljd

by reason

of,

av

reasonable, resonabel

minnas,

recall,

komma

receive, erhalla, fa,

ihag

mottaga

recently, nyligen

reception room, mottagnings-

publish, utgiva

rum

pupil, larjunge

(noun), inkop

purchase

reach out, rac-

ka fram

recipient, mottagare

purpose, avsikt

recite,

pursue,

forfolja put, lagga, satta

reconcile,

put away, lagga bort

recommend, rekommendera recommendation, letter of, rekommendationsbrev

recognize, igenkanna

Q quality,

kvalitet

quarrel (v.), trata quay, kaj quick, kvick,

hastig,

snabb,

snar, rask

quickly, fort quite, ganska, riktigt, alldeles

R accident,

jarnvagsolycka

.

rain (noun), regn rain (v.), regna ransom (noun), losen (v.), frikopa

rare, sallsynt

snabb

rekommenderad

regulate, justera relate,

beratta, omtala

relation,

railway, jarnvag;

rapid, hastig, rather, hellre

red, rod redeem, inlosa reduce, reducera reflect, betanka (sig) regard, anse, betrakta

registered,

quiet, tyst

ransom

upplasa torsona

forhallande

relative, slakting

remain, bliva, forbliva; innesta

(money

in

bank)

;

stan-

na; Mersta

remainder, rest remember, minnas, erinra sig remind, erinra (om), paminna rent,

hyra

reputation, rykte

VOCABULARY request (noun), begaran request

salt, salt

anhalla, begara

(v.)

salute, halsa

(pa)

respected, respekterad rest (noun), vila

sample, prov sandwich, smorgas

rest

satisfied, belaten, nojd save, spara; radda (rescue)

(v.), vila sig

restaurant, restaurang result, resultat

say, saga

retain, behalla

aterlamna

return,

komma revenge,

v.)

(tr.

;

atervanda

tillbaka,

hamnas

seam, som

om

sea, sjo,

be

ha

,

to

hoger; hoger

right,

hav

seasick, sjosjuk

ride (noun), aktur ride (v.), rida (horse); right, ratt;

score, tjog

scratch, riva

revolver, revolver

rewrite, skriva rich, rik

scenery, sceneri school, skola

seat, sate, soffa, plats

aka

ratt

the

till

,

security, sakerhet; see, se, traffa

pant

seek, sb'ka

ring up, ringa pa hos

seem, synas; it seems to me, det synes mig seldom, sallan

rink, skridskobana

sell,

ring, ring

rise, stiga

bank,

flod-

strand road,

vag

rock

(v.),

rolling,

room,

gunga

rullning

rum

row, ro; ruin, ruin

run, springa;

ga (watch)

Russia, Ryssland

S sad, sorgsen, sorglig, trakig

segla;

sailor,

sensible,

forstandig

serious,

allvarlig,

sjoman

boat, segelbat

allvarsam,

svar

sermon, predikan servant,

boat, roddbat

rumor, rykte

sail,

skicka send for, skicka efter send away, skicka bort send,

upp

flod;

river,

salja

semester, semester; termin

mogen ripen, mogna

ripe,

tjanare;

servants

betjaning service, tjanst; betjaning tendance) (coll.),

settle,

avgora, uppgora

seven, sju several, flera, atskilliga share (noun), del she,

hon

shine, skina

(at-

VOCABULARY

296 shiny, skinande, blank

shoot, skjuta

smokestack, skorsten smoking, rokning smooth, jamn, blank snow (noun), sno snow (v.), snoa

shore, strand

so, sa,

short, kort

so that, sa att

shout, ropa, skrika show, visa

sofa, soffa

ship, skepp, fartyg shirt, skjorta

shoe, sko

society,

shut, stangd

sjuk

sick,

sjukdom at sidan

side, sida; to the

,

sight, syn; anblick,

asyn

signature,

namnteckning

signify, betyda, since,

sedan

sink,

(time),

emedan

sex sitta

be

,

lig-

ga, befinna sig

(noun), skridsko skate (v.), aka skridsko skating rink, skridskobana skate

sleep

skicklig

(noun), somn

sleep (v.), sova sleepy, somnig slice (noun), skiva

slow,

6m; ond

souvenir postal, vy^ort sow, sa

situated, belagen;

skillful,

sore,

soup, soppa southern, sodra, sydlig

sister, syster

sit,

(-stans) son, son

sorrow, sorg sorry, ledsen

sjunga sjunka

six,

forening

song, sang soon, snart, strax

mean

(cause) sing,

societet;

sometimes, ibland some, nagon somewhat, nagot somewhere, nagonstades

shut, stanga

sickness,

jasa

langsam

slowly, sakta

slow up, sakta small, liten

smile (v.), le smoker, rokare

spare,

skona

speak, tala spectacles, glasogon

speech, tal

spend (money), giva

ut;

time, tillbringa

splendid, praktig sport, idrott spring, var

spring chicken, kyckling spring festival, varfest sprout (noun), brodd sprout (v.), gro stamp, frimarke; without ofrankerad start (v.), starta, borja, avresa ,

VOCABULARY summer, sommar; somras summon, kalla

state, stat

station, station

stanna

stay,

steak,

steamboat, angare, angbat steam engine, angmaskin step (v.), stiga;

up, forth,

stiga fram still, annu

sunbeam, solstrale Sunday, sondag;

last

,

i

son dags superintend, b'vervaka supervision, uppsikt supper, kvallsmat, sup6 sure, saker; to be nog, vissurely, sakert, sakerligen

stormy, stormig

surprise (noun), overraskning

vaning (of

a house) street,

i

serligen

store, bod, butik

strange,

,

,

stanna

story, berattelse;

last

sun, sol

stek

steal, stjala, stjala bort

stop,

29'

frammande

gata

street car, sparvagn

surprise (v.), overraska swallow, svalja Sweden, Sverige sweet, sot, alsklig

swing

(v.),

gunga

strength, styrka, kralt strife, strid, gral

strike, sla stroll,

vandra

strong, stark

student, student

study (noun), studium study (v.), studera stupid,

dum

table, bord;

set the

taste,

suburb, forstad succeed, lyckas

teach, lara teacher, larare

successful, framgangsrik, lyc-

tear, riva

sudden, hastig, haftig, snabb suddenly, plotsligt sugar, socker suffer,

lida

suit

(noun), kostym suit (v.), passa suitable, passande Swedish Grammar.

duka

smaka

style, stil

kad

,

skraddare a walk, ga ut take, taga; och ga, promenera; time, droja; after, bras pa talk (noun), samtal talk (v.), tala, samtala tailor,

tedious, trakig telegram, telegram telegraph, telegrafera tell, beratta, omtala, tala om,

saga

at, till

telephone, telefonera ten, tio

tennis, tennis 20

VOCABULARY

298

torment

terrible, forfarlig

test

(noun), prov

an

than,

thank, tacka

som; (dem.) denden dar; (conj.) att

that, (rel.)

ne,

theater, teater

transform, forvandla travel, resa, fara travel (noun), resa treat, ta;

sedan

plaga

(v.),

tag

train,

behandla; besta; bemoabout, handla om

there, dar

treatment, behandling t'iee, trad

therefore, darfor

trick, spratt

thereupon, darpa, sedan

trifle,

then,

da,

smasak, obetydlighet

thermometer, termometer think, tanka, tycka this, denna, detta thought, tanke

trip, resa,

thresh, troska

true,

threshing

floor,

trouble

tur

(noun), svarighet,

brak trouble (v.), besvara, plaga

loge

try,

sann

forsoka

throat, hals

tuition, skolavgift

through, genom throw, kasta thus, sa, salunda

turn (v.) vanda (om) turn (noun), tur twenty, tjugu twice, tva ganger two, tva

ticket,

-

biljett;

-

office,

jettkontor

bil-

tidy, renlig, ordentlig

have

time, tid;

,

U

hinna

time (counting), gang time table, tidtabell

umbrella, paraply uncle, farbror

timid, radd

under, under understand, forsta undertake, foretaga, ataga sig

tip,

drickspengar

tired, trott

to-day,

i

dag

uneasy, orolig

together, tillsammans tolerate, tala,

to-morrow,

i

fordraga

morgon

tongue, tunga to-night, i kvall

unfavorable, ogynnsam unfortunate, olycklig unfortunately, olyckligtvis,

too, for,

tyvarr union, union unit, (en) hel

tooth,

unpack, packa upp

ocksa tand toothache, tandvark town, stad

unpleasant, trakig until,

till,

tills

(conj.)

VOCABULARY

299

W

unusual, ovanlig

vagn wait, vanta (pa)

upon, pa

ic agon,

upset, stjalpa

usage,

waiter, uppassare, vaktmastare

set!

(noun), bruk

use

use (v.), bruka, anvanda useful, nytcig usual, vanlig; as-

,

som van-

ligt

usually, vanligen

vacant, ledig, torn

valley,

resvaska

have a

galla valuable, vardefull ,

variance, be at, oense various, olika

Vasa Street, \asagatan vegetables, gronsaker vehement, haftig very, mycket; with negative vidare, varst vessel,

fartyg

tambur

vestibule, vicinity,

washing,

narhet

vie iv, utsikt

way, vag; weak, svag

satt,

weapon, vapen weather, vader

Wednesday, onsdag week, vecka iveigh,

vaga

weight, vikt, tyngd weighty, viktig well,

val,

frisk,

by

violent,

haftig, valdsam, sud-

when, nar

den (noun), besok (v.), besoka, halsa pa

(hos) voice, rost

voyage, overresa

vis

wealthy, rik

village,

villa, villa

visit

tvatt-

watchmaker, urmakare water (noun), vatten water (v.), vattna

valbargad; wet, vat wheat, vete

visit

tvatt,

ning watch, fickur, klocka

dal

value (noun), varde;

up, vakna walk (noun), spatsertur wander, vandra want (v.), onska, vilja ha; sakna warm, varm wash (v.), tvatta u-ash,

vacation, ferier; semester valise,

ivaitlng room, vantsal

wake

off, bra; read, belast

where, var which, (interrog.) (rel.)

som medan

vilken,

ivhile (conj.),

while (noun), stund whither, vart

vilkeu;

300

VOCABULARY

who, (interrog.) vem;

(rel.)

som, vilken whole, hel wholesale grossmerchant, handlare wholly, belt och ballet wife, hustru

wonder (noun), under wonder (v.), undra wonderful, underbar word, ord

work (noun), arbete; verk work (v.), arbeta ivorkingman, arbetare

wind up, draga upp window, fonster

world, varld

wine, vin

worried, orolig

worn worth

wing, vinge winter, vinter; vintras

wipe, torka;

out,

last winter,

off,

i

torka av

utsliten

(adj.),

write, skriva

vard

Y

year, ar

wise, klok

yell (v.), skrika

wish (noun), onskan wish (v.), 6'nska

yes, ja, jo

with, hos, meet

yesterday,

inom, without, utan within,

innanfor

yellow, gul

yet, an,

you,

i gar annu; anda

du,

ni

CONDENSED INDEX OF SUBJECTS. The reference

In general only the

to sections.

is

on the same topic 33.

Accentuation,

Accent-stress, simple words, 34 pounds, 35 ; foreign, 38.

com-

;

;

113

124

pronominal,

see

interrogative,

etc.

;

tive,

122

definite,

;

use

;

of,

demonstra-

303.

Adverbs: form, 317, 364; 179 compared, 318.

position,

1.

62;

tax,

126

74

app. ;

;

;

63

;

syntax, 64 and

hava,

143

65,

bliva,

;

;

;

of,

299.

remarks on

;

lata,

262.

Comparison, adjective, 303 by auxilof equality, 312 absoiary, 308 lute, 315 ; adverbs, 318. ;

;

;

Compound

200

;

195

remarks

;

on,

uses of, 201.

104, 2 ; in, 299.

omission

of

after,

the auxiliary

Foreign words, pronunciation of, 18, 4, note 21, 1 22, note, 23, note accentuation of, 38 ; nouns, 127, g. Future tenses: form, 143 use of 294 present used for future, 290 ;

;

;

;

;

;

Gender, 55.

132 uses nouns of measure,

Genitive,

133

of,

;

134

;

with

objective,

;

116

adjectives,

;

144

;

substitutes,

147.

Impersonal passive, 187, 243. Impersonal verbs, 241. Indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 265 pronouns only, 265 pronouns and adjectives, 270. ;

;

300; to express purpose, 165, 2 ; att omitted, 300 ; prepositions with infinitive, 302.

Infinitive,

verbs, 204.

Concord, gender, 56

Imperative,

Imperfect, 291.

formations from, 339. Cases, 129 ; syntax of, 131. ;

Causative,

pronouns, see pronouns.

Demonstratives,

135.

Capital letters, 45. Cardinal numbers, 324

325

;

of

;

expresison of pure futurity, 296.

96; tiara, 66, 188 varda, modal, see modal auxiliaries

190 omission ;

79

;

indefinite,

skola,

;

postposi-

generic and abdistributive, 338 ; synuse of, prepositive, 73

;

app. Auxiliaries:

96

68;

definite,

tive, 69, 70, 71,

stract,

;

adjectives

a.

Apostrophe, 130, Articles,

;

and proper, 128

Deponent verbs, 194. Double forms, in nouns, app.

;

Alphabet,

g

;

127

irregularities,

app. ; foreign, 127, v* adjectives, see

77

first,

fourth, 105

;

Dependent clauses, word order

compared,

;

third, 83

;

118;

fifth,

of letter, 344. Address, see Pronouns 109; indefiAdjectives: declension, nite, 110 ; use of indefinite declension,

Date, expressions of, 341. Declension, of nouns, 76 ; second, 80

39.

musical,

Accent,

of successive sections

first

indicated.

is

sing, for plur. in verbs, 67,

Conjugation: 87, 97, 136,

;

c.

143,

152,

158, 180, 188.

Conjunctions, coordinating, 371 general connectives, 372 ; adverbial

Inseparable prefixes, 205. Interjections, 381, Interrogatives,

214

;

remarks, 216.

;

conjunctions, 377.

374

;

subordinating,

Measure, nouns

Modal 252

verbs, ;

of,

134, 338.

forms,

senses of, 255.

251

;

uses

of,

INDEX.

302 Negatives, position, 179. Nominative case, 131, 130,

reflexive, 150, intensified, 248, note;

134.

c,

secfirst, 77 Nouns, declension, 76 fourth, 105 ond, 80 ; third, 83 118 irregularities, 127 and fifth, foreign, 127, g gender, 55 app. compound, 35; of measure, 134,

338

Quantity, 2

of verbs for English

Number, singular c.

67,

plural,

;

;

265.

indefinite,

;

m

long

;

and

n,

note.

3,

lieciprocal, pronoun, 250 ; reciprocal sense of the passive, 186, a.

Numerals, cardinal, 324 325 ordinal, formations from, 339. 324, 331 ;

219

Relatives,

auxiliary in dependent of prepositive definite clauses, 299 of

Omission,

;

230.

verbal,

;

;

;

;

219

relative,

;

Proper nouns, 128. 42. Pronunciation, 2 Punctuation, 50.

;

;

demonstrative, 195

214

250

reciprocal,

;

;

;

interrogative,

;

:

172

'possessive,

sion

remarks

;

222

omis-

;

224.

of,

;

126,

article,

Separable prefixes, 207.

2.

Order of words, of verb (normal, inverted), 104, 1, 2; questions, 104, 2 object with variadverbs, 179 nagonable verb-compounds, 210 ;

;

;

ting,

Paradigms, see nouns, adjectives, etc. Participle, present, 226; past, 233: past participle and supine, 240. with auxiliin -s, 181 Passive, 180 aries fbliva,

of

varda, vara) ; compar-s and with in

passives

agent with passive, 183 substitute for, 184 apparent or idiomatic meanfalse passive, 185

192

bliva,

;

;

;

;

impersonal, 187. Past tense, 291. use, 293. Perfect tense, form, 94, 6 ings,

186

128,

names,

130,

a

pro-

;

139.

nouns,

172

;

;

position

;

cent,

of

object,

210

211; for and fore, 211, 345 uses, 348

Prepositions, 357, 360.

;

;

ac-

1. ;

;

parts,

of

indefinite,

strong

and

ir-

;

etc.

139 ; in address, use of title instead, 142 ;

Pronouns, personal,

b

Comparison

distrib-

;

absolute, 315.

;

51

Syllabication, 54.

Tenses

compound

;

291

sec

(forms),

words,

293

perfect,

;

Paradigms;

290;

present,

(uses),

imperfect,

future,

;

294

;

in

unreal conditions, 171 progressive-. 93 ; 290, note ; 292, note ; emphat;

93.

ic,

Time

336; date, 335, 341.

of day,

Umlaut, 14. 88

weak,

241

;

reflexive,

number,

152

passive, 180

;

c

67,

strong

first

conjugaconjugation, 136 ;

conjugation,

verbs, 168

;

second

;

;

fourth

89

strong,

;

conjugation, 90 third tion, 97

parts,

Pronominal adjectives, see demonstra-

67, a,

316

utive,

245 list

;

and

;

;

irregular

impersonmodal, 251 ;

:

of

principal

irregular

verbs,

app.

regular verbs, app. tives,

see

Superlative,

al,

351

Present tense, 290. Principal

;

unreal,

(condition)

;

171.

Verbs, reflexive

possessive sin, 174; substitute for, 178. variable, inseparable, 204 Prefixes,

Possessives,

207

167

potential,

wish.

;

concession, 166

;

;

;

Personal,

uses of, 163

;

purpose, 165

;

;

;

ison

164

Supine, 91.

2.

268,

ingenting,

Subjunctive, 158

Verbal nouns, 230. Vowels, quantity, 2 ; hard 13 modification, 14. ;

Weak

verbs,

88.

Weight, nouns

of,

134, 338.

and

soft,

SWEDISH NATIONAL SONGS

Dane liksom askan, broder. Marcia.

J.

f Zgl.-J-

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H. STUNZ.

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Mitt hemlands

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tar en blom - ma nes en him - mel

var sjung - er var stra - lar

^

fc4 y

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fa so

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gel len

sa

sa sa

skon

nojd

varm

(sa (sa

skon), bla),

nojd),

varm),

wm

rit.

-j&f

ft

1

Du

gaxnla,

Andante maestoso.

du

fria. Folkmelodi fran Norrland.

mf

3E* 1. 2.

1

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Du gam la, du fri a, du fjiill-ho-ga Nord,du Du tro -nar pa min-nenf ran forn-sto ra-dar, da -

-

i^t^fefe! x

f*

*

31

n_a

NL

fr-ft f=

3

tys ta, du a - ratditt -

Fjariln vingad syns pa Haga. C. M. BELLMAN.

>

F. PACIDS.

Maestoso.

i>

p-

&

'

:

1.

Vartland,vartland,vartfos-ter-land,ljudhogt,ody-raord! Ej

2.

Vi al-ska va-ra strom-mars brusoch va-ra backarssprang,den Din blom-ning,sluten an knopp,skall mognaur sitttvang;ae,

3.

i

/z

dim.

dim.

'

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P

lyftsenh(3jdmothimlensrand,ejsauksendal,ejskolJ8eustrand,mer mor-ka sko-gens dyst ra sus, varstjarDenatt,vart8ommarljus, allt, urvar karlek skall gaopp ditt ljns,din glans,din frojd,ditthopp,och

3& rt

mer alskad an var bygd, an va-ra fii-ders jord. vad bar som syn, vart hjarta rort en gang.

allt, allt,

och hogre klinga skall var fosterlandska sang. J.

L. Rl'XEBERG.

Mandom, mod och morska man. Allegretto. Ill r\

Folkmarsch fran Orsa

i

Dalarne.

Dalmarscti. Hurtigt. M. M.

yrty/tr

J = 100.

IVAR WlD^BN. AIT. af toQsattaren.

Lifligore.

PM-^^ Hur

latt

mf

f

f^f^

=f=

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det ar att vand-ra, I bro-der,

L. at ff >r

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a tempo.

Lifligore.

m=f

mf

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latt

del &r att vand-ra, I bro-der,

H

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med var-and-ra, niir

*

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kan

fie-

i

J 5 *

sla takt

fP^

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|j. L r

H*/^ ^s^

mot byx-ans skinn! Hur

^ ^^

H

:

* it kla

la

-

j. -*-

ri-net-ten la

-

-

la

la,

-

ter,

la

tra-la-la,

dim.

^^

:i2:

brudgumsskank

at flickan

I

da spel-man vSn-der a

-

la

-

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termed

tra-la-la,

la,

-== n==

e rit.

^^ och brollopslust

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i

^&r

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sinn!

>--

la

-

la

Dalmarsch

-

4.

la,

tra-la-la,

la

-

la

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la,

tra-la-la,tra-la-la, E. A.

KARLFELDT.

Svenska kungssangen. OTTO LINDKLAD. Maestoso,

mf

Ur svens-ka h jar-tans djup en gang en samfalld och en

1 /K

r

^

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m

Varmiands-visan.

Langtan Tempo

f

di marcia.

>

till

landet.

a - zur dans till

-

skif

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tan

klar

-

nad

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de,

lig

S

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ga ang

ar

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sjo,

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33

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gens la gor, och i lun den dan-sa kiil-lor-ne. gens lun-der, vat-teo-fa-gelnslekkringfjardocho.

da

-

sko

-

"

T.^T

Langtan

till

landet

"t

i_:i_fJ~

:

tih"'>-p-

jL

f-f-

H. SATHERBERG.

2.

Nackens polska. Folkmelodi.

^4ndan '

ha -vet pa de-man-te-hal-len nac-ken vi - lar i ho-nom sak-te-li - ga gung-a fram pa den

girs dott-rar

-

ra

&

sal,

sjo.

nat-tens tar - nor Har-pansljud, de --.

span-na mor-ka pal-len

ga

sa sor

-

ge

-

11 -

ga,

PP

dt

i

EE*E

6 - ver skog, 6 - ver berg och dal. Kval-len har-lig star i so - ka fjar - ran en vag att do. Fast bans 6 - ga star at

>

P

ft

9id?=F=F-S K i.

:P=3=

tt=4t

rfl.

=

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: t P svartan hog-tids-skrud, nar och fjarran.ej en sus-ning, ii

P

dunk-la him-me-len, ing-en stjar-na ba-dar nattens drottning an.

f

5^5

*^*=

^

-

tnnnT-

stor det

rar, nar havets kung ur gyllne gyll-ne bar, ocb nac-ken sa sin sorg pa

lugn 6 - ver nejden

Fre-ja smyckar

sitt

*

f

y

P

fcdt

3=

*c.

P

^m

a tempo.

t^t

v

35

^fe=|b=ig ___Jjw_J5

L_i.

p

1 bor-gen gar, nar havets kung ur gyll-ne bor-gen gar. bar-pan slar, och nac-ken sa sin sorg pa bar-pan slar.

b

ft

% Nackens polska

2.

.

-r**-

mr

J>

ft

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i

vA. A. AFZELIUS.

A

000 666 352