Bridge Project

BRIDGES Engineer-It Class Summer 2004

History • Primitive Peoples:

– Logs – Slabs of Rocks – Intertwined Vines or Ropes

• Roman Empire—First Great Bridge Builders – Timber Truss Bridges – Masonry Arch Bridges

• Europeans

– Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use

• Nineteenth Century— – Modern Long Bridges – Moveable Bridges

Rock Bridges

Wadi Rum Rock Bridge

View under Rainbow Bridge, a massive sandstone bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah, includes a dried up streambed. "Rainbow Bridge, Utah."

Rope Bridges

Log Bridges

LOG BRIDGE Members of a Denver and Salt Lake Railroad Company (D&SL) survey crew pose on a log bridge over the Colorado River in Gore Canyon (Grand County), Colorado.

View of a settlement in (probably) Utah; shows a log bridge, a stream, and houses. People sit on a porch; a United States flag waves from a pole.

U.S. Army soldiers from the Ohio Engineers, building a small log bridge over a ditch, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois

LOG BRIDGE

View of hot springs site enclosed by stone and wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, CO

Covered Bridges

COVERED BRIDGE • Bridges. Old

covered bridge, Jackson River, Va.

Structure of covered bridge. Wallingford, Vermont

Covered Bridge, Glen Canyon, Santa Cruz County, CA

CONSTRUCTION • Must carry own weight and weight of traffic – – – –

Must withstand force of high winds Must consider effects of contraction and/or Expansion due to temperature changes Most common materials • Wood—temporary • Steel—for long, strong spans • Reinforced concrete—attractive designs but difficult to work with on large bridges • Prestressed concrete—stronger than reinforced, cheaper than steel

TYPES OF BRIDGES

• Fixed • Moveable • Other

Beam or Girder Bridges

FIXED • Beam or Girder – Two parallel beams w/ flooring supported by piers – Span can be supported by trestle – Used for hwy over/underpasses or small stream crossings – Example—Covered Bridge

Cars on a suspension bridge over a river, possibly in Colorado.

enz_bridge.jpg

Millennium Bridge, London

ostruz.jpg

www.prevodi-vertalingen.com/.../ ostruz.html

Truss Bridges

FIXED • Truss – Beam bridge strengthed by trusses (structural spts joined to form triangles with tie rods) – Lighter than ordinary beam sections of equal length – Useful for longer bridges

Timber Truss Bridge

Continuous Truss Bridges

View west of an iron truss bridge crossing the Colorado River on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Montrose line at Grand Junction, Colorado; people and horses are on a sand bar.

View of the bridge crossing the White River at Meeker, CO

White Water Creek Bridge, Spanning White Water Creek, Bernard vicinity, Dubuque County, IA

Truss Bridge

View of a trestle bridge that crosses Arastra Gulch near Silverton (San Juan County), Colorado.

Jefferson Barracks Bridge Location: Mississippi River, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri

Simple Truss Bridges

FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio River Paducah, Kentucky www.modjeski.com/projects/ servproj/paducah.htm

gcdranet.homelinux.com/davehonan/ bridges/il.html

Cairo

Ohio River ferry and railroad bridge, Metropolis, IL

Arch Bridges

FIXED • Arch – One or more arches – Masonry, reinforced concrete or steel – Roadway on toop of arches or suspended by cables – Spans can be longer than beam or truss

Aquaduct

Old stone bridge at Bull Run Battlefield. Manassas, Virginia.

Stone bridge in Rock Creek Park.

Stone bridge, Elizabeth Park, Hartford, Ct..

Old Stone Bridge, Boonton, N.J..

Stone Bridge at Bowling Green, Gallatin vicinity, Sumner County, TN

Segovia, Spain

Franklin Park, Ellicott Bridge, Emerald Necklace, Boston, MA

Pont du Gard

Arch bridge, Bellows Falls, Vt..

Bayonne Bridge, Spanning Kill Van Kull between Bayonne & Staten Is, Bayonne, Hudson County, NJ

Kill van Kull Bridge

[Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

[Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.

http://www.brokk.com/images/jpg/sando.jpg

Sydney, Australia

Arches can also be set above the deck as on the Sydney harbour bridge in Australia. This allows much more space beneath for ships to pass under. www.bardaglea.org.uk/.../ bridge-types-arch.html

Blue Water Bridges are a major international crossing over the St. Clair river at the southern end of Lake Huron

Blue Water Bridge

Eads Bridge, St. Louis

Port Mann Bridge, Coquitlam-Surrey BC This graceful steel arch, once the third-longest of its kind in the world, carries the Trans-Canada highway across the Fraser River. In 2002 its capacity was increased with the addition of an eastbound high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, bringing the total to five

www.balsabridge.com/ bridge-van.htm

Cantilever Bridges

FIXED • Cantilever • Double-ended brackets supporting a center span • Shore end of each cantilever firmly anchored • Center supported by pier

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

Quebec Bridge

On June 15, 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch. Cooper called this a "not serious" problem. In the inspection report in August, 1907, it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and "appeared bent". Although this condition was a bit more concerning, the work continued.

Scotland's Firth of Forth

A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure. The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890, 2.5 KM (1.5 miles) across Scotland's Firth of Forth. Note reflection of photographer from glass frame.

http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/forthbridge.htm

http://www.brantacan.co.uk/cantilever.htm

Lewis and Clark Bridge (Longview-Rainier Bridge) across the Columbia River.

[Queensboro Bridge, Roosevelt Island, New York, N.Y.].

Astoria bridge

Suspension Bridges

FIXED • Suspension – Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported by overhead cables strung between two or more towers – Longest spans – Costly – Difficult to design – Highly susceptible to winds and swaying – Cables can be up to three feet in diameter

Tanana River suspension bridge.

http://tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photo/Tanana_Bridge.html

Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

Brooklyn Bridge

The 3rd Carquinez Strait Bridge will replace the original bridge that was built in 1927.

Ambassador Bridge

Ambassador Bridge

Golden Gate Bridge

Golden Gate Structures

When it opened in 1964, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was the world's longest suspension span. Today, its length is surpassed only by the Humber Bridge in England.

Verrazano

Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsing, Tacoma, Washington, 1940 On the morning of November 7, 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-perhour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound. The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world. Roadway of Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisting violently in a windstorm, Tacoma, Washington, 1940

Cable-Stayed Bridges

FIXED • Cable-Stayed • Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers • Less costly than suspension • Quickly constructable • Spans must be limited in length

Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

Clark Bridge in Alton, IL

Clark Bridge in Alton, IL

Clark Bridge in Alton, IL

Dames Port Florida

Dames Port Florida

Dames Port Florida

Swing Bridges

MOVEABLE • Swing • Central span turned 90 degrees on pivot pier placed in middle of waterway • Double swing possible

Catalog Advertisement

Moveable Bridge

BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQ

Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

Coleman Bridge, Spanning Phelps Brook, on Windsor Bush Road, at th, Windsor, Berkshire County, MA

Bascule Bridges

MOVEABLE • Bascule – One or two sections not supported by piers – Balanced on one end by counterweights – Section jackknifes up to allow passage of ships – Most common type of highway drawbridge

View of an elevated train crossing the Van Buren Street Railroad Bridge which spanned the Chicago River from the Loop to the Near West Side community area in Chicago, Illinois.

View of a bascule bridge over the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.

Haarlem old lifting bridge.

Lifting bridges are moveable bridges which enable boats to pass. They vary from simple wooden designs such as many seen in the Netherlands to large steel structures which carry heavy roads such as the bascule bridge in Docklands.

Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raised position

Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge

Erie Avenue Bridge Newberry Bridge

Vertical Lift Bridges

MOVEABLE • Vertical Lift – Central span extends between two towers – Balanced by counterweights – Variation of this type is bridge over Shatt-alarab River in Iraq—Roadway sinks into water to allow ships to pass over it

Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge

Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts

Leamington Lift Bridge, Scotland

Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL

The vertical lift bridge that carries US-41 across the Portage Canal.

Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

Bailey Bridges

OTHER • Bailey – Small truss bridge made in sections – Assembled on shore – Pushed out from shore to cover span – Transportable to new sites

Bailey

Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road, Italy

Pontoon Bridges

OTHER • Pontoon – Floats on water – Can be disassembled and moved to new site – Supported by pontoons or barges

The U.S. Army's Sava River bridge is taken apart at nightfall and put together in the morning

View of James River Pontoon Bridge, from south side, above Jones' Landing.

Pontoon bridges, North Anna, constructed by the 50th N.Y.V. Engineers, below railroad bridge, where a portion of the 2nd Corps, under Gen. Hancock crossed 23rd May, 1864

Broadway Landing, Va. Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox

Evergreen Floating Bridge

Evergreen Bridge. The official name of the bridge is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge at Evergreen Point, after a popular former governor who was in office when the bridge opened.

Combined Bridges

[Stony Brook glen, Shawmut Bridge, Dansville, N.Y.].

Knie_bridge

Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

Old Alton Bridge

Name that Bridge Give the type for each.