Breve Historia Del Analisis Estructural

c c

?

  
 
  
c c c  c c  c c   c c c c  c c c c cc c  c c c  c c cc c c  c c c  c c c c  c  c   c  c  c  c c c  c c c  c c   c   c c c   cc c! c"#$%&# #c'(c   c c  c c c c )  c c  )c c c  c  c * + c c  c    c c c

 cc c c
c c  c c  c c  c  c   c   c c c   c
c  c +c c  c c c c   c c )  c cc  c !,c

 c cc c c
  c c - c" ./#& / 0(c c  c" /1.& 1.#(c2  c " /.3& 14%(c c 5c 6  c " .04& /$$(c c c  c )  c  c   c !c c cc ccc*c c c cc c c7 c c + cc c c
  c" c c c   cc  c c c c c (cc cc c c87c9 )c' :c c cc !c cc)c

c) cc ) c

  c c c c   c    c    c c c  c c c  c   c c c   c c ; c c ;< c " 13/ %43(c = c >  c " 11%& %.$(c 7  c >  c " %44& %$#(c  c " %4%& %$3(c c
  c " %31& $ 3(c    c c  c    c c c   c c

!c
c + c  c  c c  cc  c    c c  ccc c 6c  c c c cc !c  c cc   cccc cc c  c c  & + c c ;< c c + c c c c )  c c >  c c  c c  c c  c c c  c c *+ c c c c
  c   c c  cc c cc !c cc c

 c c c   ccc  c cc cc   !c c; c  cc9) c" %$/& $31(c6 &-  c" %0%& $$1(c'  c" %00& $1.(cc " $4 & $0#(c 5*? c " $3 & $%0(c ' c " $.%& $$.(c 5c " $3/& 0 $(c c

c

c

c c

5 &> c "c $/ & 0#/(c  c *  c c c   c  c cc c  ccc+ c c c  c c  c    c c c    c  c c   c   c c   c cc c  c  c   c6c  c c   c  cc cc c c c c !c cc c cc c   c c

 c c cc@@c ccc5 c;c'c?c6? ccA c    c c c  c c  cc cc c     c c     c   )  c c  c c    &  *+ c " 0 /(c + c c  c " 03#(c   + c c + c c

 c  c ' c  c c c  c  c c % c   c c + c  c c c  c c  c  c  c  c * c c c  c

 c cc c  cc cc c cc c c    !c" cc c !cc  c  c c c 5 c c'c cc  c c  B(c  ccc  cc   ccc c  c  c 0##cAc' )cc c!c c !c c c c* c  )c c c  c c c   c c c  c  c   c * c  )c c c  c c c  c c  c c c c  c c  c c  c  c  c  c  ) c  c  c   c c  c c  c c c c  c c5 c c'c c cc cc c    c +c c cc c 03#cBc c  c; cc'c  cc c c + c c cc c c c c !c cc'c c c  c  cc cc  c c c + c c .1c  cc c c  c c  c c!cc  c c c c!c c c + c cc c c c c'c)c c c c cc c    c

  ;c c  c c c @@c   c  c  c c c  c  c c   c  +c c  c c c    c   c  c c

c

#c

c c

  c  c  c    c  c  c c   c c c    c c c  c  c   c   c2 c    c c  c5 c5c c c c c
c c c c c c c  c  )Cc  c c c  cc c

  c c ' c 5*? c c 5 &> c
c D c + c c  c c  c c c   c  cc c c cDcc c  c c  c  c   )c c + c c  c  c c  c c  c   Bcc c c c D c c  c c !c cc c c+ c c c c !c c c !c c c c c c c  cc c c c c c c c c 7  c  c   c  c  c c    c c ' c c c ; c'c cc c'c cc ) ccc c  c   c c   c !c cc cc+ c c c c  !c c c !c c c c c c c  cc c c c c c c c c 7  c  c   c  c  c c    c c ' c c ; c'c cc c'c cc ) ccc c  c   c c   ccc    c c c  cc  c c  c c  c c c c  c c c  c c  c c c  c c c c c  c  c c c   c  c cc  c c 0/4c c c c c  c6 c
)c+c c cc)  c c c c  c  c    c c   c c c  c c c

c cc) ccc c)c )   c  c  c  c )  c c  c c c  c  c  c c  c  c  c c  c c ) c c   c c c   c  c  c   c c  c  c   c c  c c  c  c 0/.c E c 'c 5 c c Ec    c c  c  c c  c  c c c   c  c  c c c c   c  c  c c    c c   c c c

  c )  c
c   c c c  c c c  c c c  *  c c c c  c c c  cc c c  ccccA  c c 014c cc c cc  c c !c 7  c   c  c c  c c  c   c cc ) c  c



c

3c

c c

 c  c cc + cc  c c)  cc c c c c c 7  c c  c c )c +c   c c  c c c c  c c c  c c c c  c    c  c c c c  c c c  !c c c c    c  c  c c  c    c  c )  c   c c   c c  c c  c  c c   c !c  c c c c  c 7  c c  c c )c  c  c c c c c c cc cc   c c c c )   cc c c cc c  c  c    c  c c )  c  c   c  c c  c  c  c   c c  c  c    c c  c   c c c )c c c  c  c c c  c c c c  + c c c   c c  )c c c c c c6 c  c c c c c cc c+ c

c c c  c c  c c  c c c c  c c  c   c    c    c  c c * )c c  c  c  c  c  c cc cc  c *  c  c    c c  c ccc c c cc   c c c c c c c c c c c )c c c   + c c c  c c ) c c  c c c  c c c c c c c   c  c   c  c  c    c c c ) c cc  cc cc  c cD c ccc
c+ c c c c c c c  c c c  cc  c c  c c c  c c  c  c    c    c c  c   c c  c " c c  c    (c  c D c c c * c F c ) c  c c    c c  c c  c *)  c c c  !c cccc c cc+ cc cc cc c c c  c c c c $cc c  c cc) c cc  c c   c c c  c c  c c c * c c c c  c  c    c


 ! * c cc c c cc) c cc  cc) c c  c  c *)  c  c D c c c  c   c 6 c   c c c ccc ccc c   c c  c c  c c c c  c   c
c  + c c  c c  c c

c

.c

c c

  c    c c  c c c  c c *+ c    c c c  c c c  c c c    c ' c c  c  c  c   c  c c  + c   c  c c c    ,c c  c c c ) c ccc  c c c  c   cc  ccc  c  c c c  c   cc c c c c c c cc cc *  c  c c c c c c    c    cc c  c  c   c  c c   c c c    c c  c * cc cc   c Gc c  c  cc c  + c c c    c c c    c c

 c    c  c    c  c   c !c  c  c c  c c c )c c  c  c c c c + c c  c " )(Cc c c c c c c c c   c  c c  c ) ccc c c c  c c   c!c  c c  cc  c  c c   c   c cc+ c c  cD c cc c c c  cc c c D c     c  c c   c  c   c c  c *   cc c   c E c c    c  c  c c c  c  c  c c  c   c c c c c  cc cc   &c   c c   c  c    c   c c  c c  c c  ccc c c   c cc  c6 c cc  cc c cc )cc c c cc ccc  cc c c  c  cc c ccc  c c ) c
c + cc c c  ccc c c c c c c c c c c c c c  cc c   c  cc c c6c cDc  c   c c  c c  c   c c D c c c   c   c  c      c  c c c c  c c  c   c c   c 7 c c c  c  c c c cc  c c  c c c cc  c c  c c  c  c c  c  )     c c  c  c  )c c   c c c ) c   c c   c c  )c c  c c  c c D c c c   c c  c   c  c  c   c  c c c c    c c c c  c  c c  *c  c c  c c !ccc  c c * c c cc   c c  )c c c c  c c   c c  c c  c

*    cD c c

c

/c

c c

J
!

" F c  c c    c  c  c c c   c c  c   c c   c  )  c   c  c   c c  c  )  c    c c c  c c  c  c c  c c   c  c  c c c c  c c  c c   c c + c c   c  c c  c  c c c  c    c c  c  c  c   c  c c D c " c  )!c c  c c  c c c   c c) c c c  (c c cc D c c c c c  !c c c c c    c c c+ cc cc * c c cc c    cc c c cc ccc c c  c  cc ccc+ c c   c8  :c 7 c c  c  c c * c c+ c c     c c cc  c * c c c !c  cc c c c6 c c  c  c c c cc cc c c  c   c

c c c   c   cc c c c  c c

cc c c c
c  c c c  c c  c  c   c c  c  c    c c  c   c  c c c Cc c c c c c c c c c  cc c + c c c  c c c
c  c  c  c c c  c  c c c  cc c c  c  c c c   c
c   c c  c  c c

c  c    c  c c  c  c  c   c c   c c c  )  c  c    c c )  c E c c   c cc c !c  c)c c  c c  c c  cc )ccc  c!c c c c  c c c  c  c c c c c  c  c c c  c  c  c c c c  c   c c c   c c  + c c c  c   c   c c  cc c c c c c c


#$   %
 
   c c c c   c  + c   c c Dc  c c

 c   c c  c c  ) + c c c c c c   c
c c  c c c )  c c  c   c    c  c c c c c   c c  c c c c c c   cc c cc c c c cc  cc c c  c c cc c c cc

c

1c

c c

c c c cc c c  c c cc  cc c c



c cc c c + c cc c  c   cc ) c cc 

c c c  c  )c ! c  c  cc  cc c c cF c  c cc  c c c cc c c  c c   cccD c c  c  c cc    c  c c cc *c c c
c c c c c c  c cc !c cc @@c cc  c cc   c  c+cc   c  c 7    c  ! c c   c c  c c c  c  c  cccc cc c cc cc c cc c c c  c c c Bc  c  c  c c c c  )c   c c    c   c  c  c c c  c c  c c   c c c c 5c c  c c c)c c  c  c ccc  c ccc  c  c ccc    c c c c  )   c c   c c c D c c c   c    c  )+c c   c c   c c c  c    c c c  c  c c    c ) ! c  c  c   c  c c    c c  c  c  c c c  c c c   c )+c c c  )   c  c    c  c   c c c c c  c  c

  c c  c  c c c c  c c   c  c c  ) + c c  + c  c c c   c c c    c   c  c
c c + ccc c c c c c ccc ! c c c c c D c c  c  c ! c c ) c   c ' c c   c  c c  c c  c c c  + c c c  c c c cc)  c cc   c cc c   c c *c  c c  c  c  c c c  c  c c c

c ccc@H@c cc@@c c   c c ccc c c  c c   c c    c  c  c  c c  Bc c c  !c c  c cc c c cc c c c  c  c  c c c c cc c   c  cc  c cc c c cc c c  c c   c c  c  c c  c c c  c  c c c c c c  c c c  c  c  c
c  c HGc c   c " c H c

c

%c

c c

 G(c c  + c c   c  !c  c >>6c  c c B c c    c     c c8c c c cccc c :c c c c c ccc  c c   c  c  c c  c c  c c c   c c  c c c c   c   c c   c c c  cc c c c c c c ccc c c c c cc  c cc c * c  c ) c   c c c  c  c c c c c
cc cccc   + ccc c cc  c c c c c c c c c c c c

c

$c