BR13June10

âûúâõú ú úâéé Research Process

 . õ.ø ÿ  ô èâõ  900 718 ûû ûùù  éøèù  øèù âé Business Research Methodology

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ã ã  è è

âûúâõú ú úâéé ââúõü úõü î ââúõ úõö÷ ö÷ üèå âøûøúôâ âèâûåå èâûååõãèâ õãèâéé ââö âö üúâéé âö  èö èö ñú  ãúåèâ úåèâéé âù ûø å åå å îãèü î ââúõãûãöãèâ úõãûãöãèâéé Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ã ã  è è

âûúâõú ú úâéé ââúõü úõü î ââúõ úõö÷ ö÷ üèå âøûøúôâ âèâûåå èâûååõãèâ õãèâéé ââö âö üúâéé âö  èö èö ñú  ãúåèâ úåèâéé âù ûø å åå å îãèü î ââúõãûãöãèâ úõãûãöãèâéé Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âûúâõú ú úâéé Research Process Various

decision stages involved involved in the research project project and the relationship between (Cooper and Schindler , 2006) those stages. stages. (Cooper

öèúâö èúâöõ õúéø  éø â â ã ãèú  åèâééå åÿúùââúãè öèú èú  ú Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âûúâõú úâé Research Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Identify a broad problem area. Define the problem statement. Develop hypotheses. Determine measures Data collection. Data analysis. Interpretation of data. Sekaran and Bougie (2010) p 24-27 example p 27-28

See also Figure 4.1 p.68

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Research Process Clarifying the Research Question

Discover the Management Dilemma Define the Management Question Define the Research Question(s)

Exploration

Refine the Research Question(s)

Exploration

Research Proposal

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Research Process (cont) Research Design Strategy (type, purpose, time, frame, scope, environment)

Data collection Design

Sampling Design

Instrument Development & Pilot Testing

Data Collection & Preparation

Data Analysis & Interpretation

Legend Research  planning

Research Reporting

Cooper and Schindler (2006) Management Decision Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

Data gathering Analysis interpretation Reporting

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ââúõüî üîøèùâéø ö èââÿ  åöû üâûõüîø øùâé  üîâ âûâýõÿõâ õúúèúø öèâã üîø üúå úé õå öûø ÷â öèéëüè ÷úâôõ  ãú üîø ö èââ èøúø ýöûøúø  üîø  öèâãøééè üîø üúãè øèõúøð/ââø  üîø öèâ úøè/ùâüðûö  èõ èú è ú îéüúüîø åúãèâè ( Broad problem area) Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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öèãèüî åëéè  ã ú

öâãõèú â  ãèÿúâèúè

ö÷õû åîåè  ãú éúúý  ëâéâ ÿâÿ   ãú õãõè

ÿúâèúüøè ýöôòö  úé úú â ãèûúâã  ú (âå ÿé) èúåøúâúõ âåõú ( ñú) úå÷âèåúéúúâ

âõè ýýöõöü èåâõû â üú ÿúâèúÿûûöö

úåõö ú

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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öèãèüî (ö)  üââþâû å èâ  õý  úüë èúúú åãè ýöôò ÿúâèúãøõ ÿâôõ øü ÿúâèúèãè÷â âõâøéö âååúú å÷ãè ÿúâèúèö  ùâ üðûö ø  õ ë å ãè õý Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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öèãèüî (ö) åöèâãèöõ å úåöõ  èú âö  èë öúå â - çôø   âýöè åöõãè  ú üøùÿ ýöûøúúâèøú âåûâéâ âüúâúâ âåå ãè èøú âøõûöõ âèöúè âåöõ âüúìüøú Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âøüîëõ éú Clarify the problem

öèââúõüõúüîø öèâ âéëõéú åûöûüî êÿ è ââúüîø åûöâ éøâõåëõéúúâøé âââüîø âè úâúâúõ å÷èü î  é ø ûêÿ ( specific problem statement) èéââé ãû  èöúâ âûüî èø é âú  ú Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âéãû  èöú âéãû  èöú âô (unstructured and structured interview) âöéâ (literature review) ãø éüú 1. ãèåâùâé 2. ã èåå  ú èø â ãèú   ø   ø ü ú úåýâéø â ãè (õ õú Sekaran and Bougie (2010) p. 37-44 Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âéãû  èöú (ö) éââéãû  èöú õêÿâ öéâ (literature review) éøãé è÷èø÷è èø ö èâéâ ëúâé÷ÿóú å÷è  ü îé ( problem statement) õ ëéúâöüø  åî ëúâúýèúéø åîüúâ úâèâûúåõ(theoretical framework or     conceptual framework ) ûâéú ëõèúâé å  ú èø öèâ éâ âûúåõø èã  úéëèå Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âùûå÷èüîé ( Defining the problem statement)

å÷èüîé éû÷è üîâ ø  â÷èúåèâé The problem statement ( problem definition) : is a clear,  precise and succinct statement of the specific issue that researcher wish to investigate. There are three key criteria to assess the quality of the  problem statement. It should be relevant, feasible and interesting.

å÷èüîé åå÷èø  ëõéú ÷èø âëû ãèüõúêÿø úâ é öèâ é å÷èüîé å öèüõú å üúüõ úúé ú Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

Sekaran and Bougie (2010) p. 45-47

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Problem statement (cont) A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issues that need to be addressed by a problem solving team and should be presented to them (or  created by them) before they try to solve the  problem. http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html

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Problem statement (cont) A good problem statement should answer these questions: What is the problem? This should explain why the team is needed. Who has the problem or who is the client/customer? This should explain who needs the solution and who will decide the problem has been solved. What form can the resolution be? What is the scope and limitations (in time, money, resources, technologies) that can be used to solve the  problem? http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Problem statement (cont) A research-worthy problem statement is the description of an active challenge (i.e. problem) faced  by researchers and/or practitioners that does not have adequate solutions available including the argumentation for its viability based on solid peerreviewed sources as well as theoretical foundation. The research-worthy problem statement should address all six questions: what, how, where, when, why, and who. On the other hand, a statement of the  problem is one or two sentences claim that outlines the  problem that the study addresses. The statement of the problem should briefly address the question: What is the problem that the research will address? http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Problem statement (cont) The problem statement should persuasively indicate that major variables can be measured in some meaningful way. If you can identify likely objections to the study, identify and respond to them here. http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html

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Problem statement (cont) Problem Importance Clearly indicate why your problem is an important one by answering questions such as these: Is the problem of current interest? Is it topical? Is the problem likely to continue into the future? Will more information about the problem have practical application? Will more information about the problem have theoretical importance? How large is the population affected by the problem? How important, influential, or popular is this population? Would this study substantially revise or extend existing knowledge? Would this study create or improve an instrument of some utility? Would research findings lead to some useful change in best practice? Is there evidence or authoritative opinion from others to support the need for this research? http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html

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Problem statement (cont) Problem Statement Question The problem statement should close with a question. Typically, the question contains two variables, a measurable relationship, and some indication of population. The purpose of the literature search that follows is to answer  the research problem question. If the literature cannot answer the question, the research is needed to do so. An example question might be: "What is the relationship  between the grade point average of UTK juniors and their  use of the library"? The information needed is (1) grade point average and (2) some measure of library use. http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Problem statement (cont) Problem Statement Question(cont) A bad example might be: "What is the best way to teach bibliographic instruction"? This is insufficient because: What are the variables? What will be measured? What relationships will be examined? What is the population? http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html

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Problem statement (cont)

Problem Statement Question(cont) The title and the problem statement question are often nearly identical. For example, in the good example above, the title of  this research project would be something like this: "Library Circulation Use by University of Tennessee Juniors and Their Grade Point Average" http://web.utk.edu/~wrobinso/540_lec_problem.html

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Writing

a problem statement

http://thinkinghow.com/writing-a-problem-statement/ Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Management Decision Measurement Questions Investigative Questions Research 3 Question (s) Management Question Management 1 Dilemma

2

4

5

6

What

is the recommended course of  action, given the research findings?

What

should be asked or observed to obtain the information the manager needs?

What

does the manager need to know to choose the  best alternative from the available course of action?

What

plausible courses of action are available to management to correct the problem or take advantage of the opportunity, and which should be considered?

How can management eliminate the negative symptoms? How can management fully capitalize on an opportunity?

What

symptoms cause management concern? What environmental stimuli raise management interest?

Management-Research Question Hierarchy

Cooper and Schindler  (2006)

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1 Discover Management Dilemma

This may be either a problem or an opportunity. At this stage you may even have identified symptoms rather than problem or opportunities.

2 Define Management Question

Using collected exploratory information, you word the dilemma or the correction of the symptom in question form, usually starting with ³How can the organization«´ 3 Define Research Question(s)

1a Exploration At this stage you review published sources and interview information gatekeepers to understand the true management dilemma, not just its symptoms.

2a Exploration The purpose of this stage is to clarify the possible management actions that might be taken to solve the management dilemma. This stage usually involves interviews with information gatekeepers, brainstorming with experts, and other qualitative research techniques.

Formulating the Research Question

Cooper Several research questions may be formulated at this stage. Each question is an alternative action that management might take to solve the management dilemma. Usually the most plausible action, or the one that offers the greatest gain Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10 using the fewest resources, is researched first.

and Schindler  (2006)

25

1 2 3

4

5

Why

are our sales declining in the South and Northeast, while sales are b ooming in the Southwest?

How can we improve sales in the South and Northeast?

Should we introduce a 2 percent incentive commission-based compensation system on all sales over  quota for salespeople in the South and Northeast or a 5-percent-of-profit regional bonus to the region that increase sales by 10 percent over quota (to be shared proportionately among the salespeople in the region)? Should we modify the product formula for distribution in the South and Northeast? Should we increase the level of advertising via trade publications in South and Northeast editions?

What

is the likelihood that we will lose excellent salespeople in the South and Northeast if we implement the compensation change? What is the likelihood that current customer satisfaction in these regions will decrease? What is the likelihood that future sales to existing customers will be lost? Please rate your level of concern for each of the following outcomes if management were to change your compensation to a commission-based system compared to the current salary system. For each outcome, indicate a number between 1 and 7 where 7 = extreme concern, 4 = neither concerned nor  unconcerned, and 1 = no concern at all.  ___Lack of predictability of monthly pay.  ___Increased internal competition for sales prospects.  ___Reduced time for postsale servicing of customer needs.  ___Reduced incentive for postsale servicing of customer needs.

SalePro¶s Management-Research Question Hierarchy Cooper and Schindler  (2006) Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Example of Management problem (Marketing) Situation: A small retail specialty store featuring men¶s casual wear in Southern California was concerned about its trends in low traffic and sales figures. Management was unclear about what the store¶s retail image was among consumers.

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Example of Management problem (cont) Management¶s initial decision problems

Should any of my current store/product/operation strategies be evaluated and possibly modified to increase growth in the store¶s revenue and market share indicators? Do merchandise quality, prices, and service quality have an impact on customer  satisfaction, in-store traffic patterns, and store loyalty image?

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Example of Management problem (cont) Redefined as research questions What

are the shopping habits and purchasing patterns among people who buy men¶s casual wear? That is, Where

do these people normally shop for quality men¶s casual wear? When (how often) do they go shopping for quality men¶s casual wear? What types of casual wear items do they like to shop for ( purchase)? Whom do they normally purchase men¶s casual wear for? How much (on average) do they spend on men¶s casual wear? What

store/operation features do people deem important in selecting a retail store in which to shop for men¶s casual wear?

How do known customers evaluate the store¶s performance on given store/operation features compared to selected direct competitors¶ features? Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Example of Management problem (cont) Redefined as research hypotheses There is a positive relationship between quality of  merchandise offered and store loyalty among customers. Competitive prices have greater  influence on generating in-store traffic pattern than do service quality features. Unknowledgeable sales staff will negatively influence the satisfaction levels associated with customer¶ instore shopping experiences. Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Example of Management problem (cont)

Research objectives To collect specific attitudinal and behavioral data for identifying consumer¶ shopping behavior,  preferences, and purchasing habits toward men¶s casual wear. To collect specified store/product/service/operation  performance data for identifying the retailer¶s strengths and weakness which could serve as indicators for evaluating current marketing and operational strategies. To collect attitudinal data for assessing the retailer¶s current overall image and reputation as a retail men¶s casual wear specialty store. 31

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

Hair et al 2003

ââúõö÷üèåãèâé (Research objective)

Research objective: statements that the research  project will attempt to achieve. They provide the guild lines for establishing a research agenda of activities necessary to implement the research process. Hair et al (2003)

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Research objective (cont)

The objective of a research project summarise what is to be achieved by the study. Objectives should be closely related to the statement of the problem. For example, if the problem identified is low utilisation of child welfare clinics, the general objective of the study could be to identify the reasons for this low utilisation, in order to find solutions. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Research objective (cont) The general objective of a study states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general terms. It is possible (and advisable) to break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts. These are normally referred to as specific objectives. Specific objectives should systematically address the various aspects of the problem as defined under  µStatement of the Problem¶ and the key factors that are assumed to influence or cause the problem. They should specify what you will do in your study, where and for what purpose. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

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Research objective (cont) W hy

should research objectives be developed? The formulation of objectives will help to: Focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials); Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding and solving the  problem that have identified; and Organise the study in clearly defined parts or   phases. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPI C.html

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Research objective (cont)

Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology and will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation and utilisation of data. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

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Research objective (cont)  H ow

should objectives be stated? Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence; Clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly what you are going to do, where, and for what purpose; Are realistic considering local conditions; and Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated. Examples of action verbs are: to determine, to compare, to verify, to calculate, to describe, and to establish. Avoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand, or to study. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPI C.html

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Research objective (cont)

Keep in mind that when the project is evaluated, the results will be compared to the objectives. If the objectives have not been spelled out clearly, the project cannot be evaluated. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

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Research objective (cont)

After formulating objectives the following questions should be asked:  ±

Do the objectives deal with all aspects of the research  problem in a logical and coherent way?  ± Are the objectives clearly phrased?  ± Are the objectives defined in operational terms that can be measured? Are they realistic?  ± Do they indicate where the study will be conducted?  ± Do they include the development of recommendations for how the research results will be used to solve the  problem? http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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âûúåõâé (Theoretical framework or conceptual framework)

A theoretical framework is the fundamental of  hypothetical-deduction research as it is the basis of  the hypothesis that you will develop. A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other ( a model) and an explanation of  why you belief that these variables are associated with each other ( a theory). See Sekaran and Bougie (2010) p.69, 81-86

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âûúåõ (ö) âûúåõ ÷è âûãèúåõúõúú    ì èüâûõ ö üåÿúù èö  ü  ø ãèâûúåõ 1. ýèúéø â ãè 2. øðö è ø â ãè 3. úåõãèúâé è âúúâûúåõ 1. üûûÿôúõ âèèýâé úõö  øðø  â ãèúâéö üû  è ö üö ú åÿ úùâ ûö   üöè ö/øð úûúúúåõú   ú 2. üûûéè õë î  âô øèåôöö/â èâùûÿöâ 3. üûûýúÿ dusithost.dusit.ac.th/~ranong2/E-learning/Research3.pps Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ââöüúâé ( Variables) A variable is a symbol of an event, act, characteristic, trait, or attribute that can be measure and to which we assign categorical value.

ö ü å å èãèâô ââø åôâô âôêÿåôûöø  ÷õõ öø õâúõå Categorical value: - dichotomous (yes/no) - discrete (male/female) - continuous ( test score) Cooper and Schindler (2006)

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Variables (cont) Types of variables: 1. The dependent variable

öüö (Y)

( criterion variable) 2. The independent variable

öú(X)

( predictor variable)

öüöü

 treatment variable

3.The moderating variable 4. The mediating variable and others e.g.. extraneous variable, control variable Sekaran and Bougie (2010) p.69-80 Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Variables (cont) Independent variable and dependent variable synonyms

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Predictor 

Criterion

Presumed cause

Presumed effect

Stimulus

Response

Predicted from«

Predicted to«

Antecedence

Consequence

Manipulated

Measured outcome

Cooper and Schindler (2006) Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Variables (cont) Relationship among variables Ex. Does a «..coupon influences product purchase? Relationship of independent and dependent is the figment of research¶s imagination until demonstrate convincing. Research hypothesize relationships of independent and dependent. They invent them, and then they try by reality testing to see if the relationships actually work  out that way. Cooper and Schindler (2006)

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âö  èöñú (Hypotheses) Hypotheses: a tentative, yet testable, statement, which  predict what you expect to find in your empirical data. Hypotheses are derived from the theory on which your  conceptual model is based and are often relational in nature. Hypotheses: logically conjectured relationships between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. By testing the hypotheses and confirming the conjectured relationships, it is expected that solution can be found to correct the problem encounter. Sekaran and Bougie (2010) p.86-90

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Hypotheses (cont)

Based on your experience with the study  problem, it might be possible to develop explanations for the problem, which can then  be tested. If so, you can formulate hypotheses in addition to the study objectives. A hypotheses is a prediction of a relationship  between one or more factors and the problem under study that can be tested. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-DO_TOPI C.html

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Hypotheses (cont)

ö ñúüúãú è úã ââ ø ö  ãú õéë üúåéè âõ ø  èú  ÿ õýø öûè   õùú  ø ÷ÿéúõö ñú ú  öèâûãøééèø  éâúõè üõ êú  úö ñúéèüúåâ åùûø ö  è  ãúë å èâ ÿéú÷õûâÿéúüúåéè öèâûãøééè ö ñúú  úâ âüúåùûø ÷âöè âüúú ú èãèå ÷èüúâ Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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öè: ö÷üèåâé öü âé ö ñúâé

ë  èâé  øúåöÿöâöú ãèý  û å úãöâèøÿúå ö÷üèåâé  1. ÿ â÷èüéé (öü) ø øùÿö øúåö ÿöâãèý  û å 2. ÿ â÷èøúåöÿöâãè ý  û å 3. ÿ âúúåöèâãèý  û å úúåö Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

tuli .bu.ac.th ~treeti .b mk421 ch234. t

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ö è: è: ö÷ ö÷üèåâ âéé öüâéé ö ñúâ ö ñúâéé (ö) )

öüâ üâéé öüõ üõúüëâö õâ â ÿ,  öüõ üõúÿöâ õâ â å÷ úâì úâì   öüõ üõúéö öø ø õâ â õûåÿèÿéúö èÿéúö  ,  , õûåë  åë   úö úöå åôÿ ôÿúå úå öüõ üõúâöõ õâ â ö ø  ø ë ëü üúüé úüé ö ñúâ ö ñúâéé 1. å÷ úâì  ã   ãú   ââûÿ 2. ÿøù ø ùÿöö  ö  ø ë ëü üúüé úüé 3. õ õûåÿ ûåÿèÿéúö  èÿéúö úö úöëè èöâö öâöè è âú 4. õûåë  åë   úö úöå åôÿúå úåúö úöö  ö  ø ë ë öâ tulip.bu.ac.th/~treetip.b/mk421_ch234.ppt Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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Research proposal A document that sets out the purpose of the study and the research design details of the investigation to be carried out by researcher. researcher. Sekara Sekaran n and Bougie Bougie (2010)

âø ééõø õ øã   ãúõè úõèö÷ ö÷üèå üèåãèâ ãèââ  õãèââûûâ õãèââûûâééø  ø ööèâ  èâéø éø  õú úúâõú úâõúâ âéé

èúø õèâèýú õèâèýúèú èú åûå ö÷ ö÷üèå üèå ùùõõ ú  úúâ úâéé èûüôý ø åõ åõéõ éõû (ú úëâ ëâ  ëâõ â õ 

Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

  

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Research proposal (cont) A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information information for the t he readers to evaluate the proposed study. All research research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. http://www.meaning.ca/archives/archive/art_how_to_write_P_ Wong.htm

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Research Proposal 1.The purpose of the study. 2.The specific problem to be investigate. 3.The scope of the study. 4.The relevance of the study. 5.The research design offering detail on: a. The sampling design. b. Data collection methods. c. Data analysis 6. Time frame of the study. 7. The budget, detailing the costs with references to specific items of expenditure. 8. Selected bibliography .

Sekaran and Bougie (2010) example p. 48-49

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General Outline of a Research Proposal Title of the research proposal I.

Purpose of the Proposed Research Project Includes a clear expression of the decision problem, information research problem, and specific research objective. II. Type of study Includes discussions of the type of research design (i.e., exploratory, descriptive, causal), and secondary versus primary data requirement, with some  justification of choice. Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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General Outline of a Research Proposal (cont) III. Definition of the Target Population and Simple Size Describes the overall target population to be studied and determination of the appropriate sample size, including a justification of the size. IV. Sample Design, Technique, and Data Collection Method Includes a substantial discussion regarding the sampling technique used to draw the required sample, the actual method for collecting the data (i.e., observation, survey, experiment), incentive plans, and justifications.

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General Outline of a Research Proposal (cont) V. Specific Research Instruments Discusses the method used to collect the needed raw data; includes discussions of the various types of scale measurement requirements. VI. Potential Managerial Benefits of the Proposed Study Discusses the expected values of the information to management and how the initial problem might be resolved; includes a separate discussion on the possible limitations of the study

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General Outline of a Research Proposal (cont)

VII.Proposed Cost Structure for the Total Project Itemizes the expected costs associated with conducting the research project; includes a total cost figure and any  pricing policy for changes, as well as appropriate completion time frames (of specific tasks and/or total  project). VIII.Profile of the Researcher and Company Briefly describes the main researchers and their  qualifications; includes a general assessment of the company. IX. Optional Dummy Tables of the Projected Results Offers examples of how the data might be presented in Hair et al (2003) the final report. Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ååèââ ë ãååèøèâ åüú ååîãèüî ö÷üèåãèââ ãõúùâé øï ââ ýèúø â ãè

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ååèøúÿúù ë ãååèøèâ ââöý ö÷üèå ýèúéø â ãè ùõ úúâé üëâ â öè å è ââûûã âåã ãûãöãéâõãèâé ÷úø ø âé üëúø å õéõû ýúâõúúââ âûâéâ õúúâé èûüô Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ååèøúÿúù (ö) 1. ûøú 1.1) åüúååîãèüî 1.2) ö÷üèåãèâé 1.3) ö ñúãèâé 1.4) ãûãöãèâé 1.5) ãöâèû  èöú 1.6) åúÿøêÿ 1.7) üëúø åõéõûéââé Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ååèøúÿúù (ö) ôâèúéø â ãè ûøï ââ ýèúé ø â ãè ãÿ  úñúø ý  ø âú 3. ùâõúúâé  ûúøè   ãúöúýúâ õúúâ é õ üâô å èùâø ëú âé ùââûûåã 4.ýúâõúúââ âûâéâ õúúâé 5.èûüô 6.âèè 2.

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Flowchart: Steps in the development of a research proposal

http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599 -201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

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âùûø ååî ãèüî

ÿâôüî  ø éøé üî   âõ  ãúø ú âõ  ãúè ø ý úõââãüîõå âãüîè (èúéø ýú) â øèâãéâõýè üî âéø êÿééè öýø øé ååîãèüîÿø  èüëúø  åîø éõûéââé åõû üëú öèõèéååîéè Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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ãûãöãèâé âú èõ ââûå â èõ ëèø â ÿ  úø ø  â â öèéúú õ öüø â õûø  èöüö  öü Tipvanna Ngarmsak 13 June 10

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