BR Dimensionamento, Montagem e Desempenho de Sistemas Solares Fotovoltaicos - Compressed

 

 

Écajne 6. 

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AJIEC^JDCFIECQD AE ^J^QEIF^ ^DLF[E^

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FCÆLJ^E AF^ NFU^F^ AE KFJWD AE^EIRECGD CD^ ^J^QEIF^ ODQD_DLQFJND^

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Ndid oucnjdcf ui sjsteif sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd Esse sjsteif ae `erfr ecer`jf ljipf e recdvævel vfj lge pdssjkjljtfr vfldrjzfr f suf prdprjeafae flêi ae `erfr f suf prþprjf ecer`jf elêtrjnf e prftjnfiecte fnfkfr ndi f suf ndctf ae luz!

Rfssd f pfssd ae ndid oucnjdcf d sjsteif ae ecer`jf sdlfr odtdvdltfjnf8 D pfjcel sdlfr `erf f ecer`jf sdlfr odtdvdltfjnf

D Rfjcel ^dlfr ref`e ndi f luz ad sdl e prdauz ecer`jf elêtrjnf (ecer`jf odtdvdltfjnf). Ds pfjcêjs sdlfres, jcstflfads sdkre d seu telgfad, sîd ndcentfads ucs fds dutrds e ectîd ndcentfads cd seu Jcversdr ^dlfr8

D jcversdr sdlfr ndcverte f ecer`jf sdlfr pfrf f suf nfsf du eipresf

Ui jcversdr sdlfr ndcverte f ecer`jf sdlfr ads seus pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds (Ndrrecte Ndctjcuf - NN) ei ecer`jf elêtrjnf que pdae ser usfaf ei suf Nfsf du Eipresf pfrf f Q_, Ndiputfadr, Iæqujcfs, Equjpfiectds, e quflquer equjpfiectd elêtrjnd (Ndrrecte Fltercfaf - FN) que vdnè prenjse usfr8

F ecer`jf sdlfr ê ajstrjkujaf pfrf suf nfsf du eipresf

F ecer`jf que sfj ad jcversdr sdlfr vfj pfrf d seu "qufard ae luz" e ê ajstrjkuéaf pfrf suf nfsf du eipresf, e fssji reauz f qufctjafae ae ecer`jf que vdnè ndiprf af ajstrjkujadrf.(*6)

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F ecer`jf sdlfr ê usfaf pdr utecséljds e equjpfiectds elêtrjnds

F ecer`jf sdlfr pdaeElêtrjnds, ser usfafdupfrf Q_s, aeusf ^di, Ndiputfadres, Lfipfafs, Idtdres sehf, tuadFpfrelgds fqujld que ecer`jf elêtrjnf e estjver ndcentfad cf tdifaf. D exnessd ae ecer`jf vfj pfrf f reae af ajstrjkujadrf `erfcad nrêajtds! D exnessd ae eletrjnjafae vdltf pfrf f reae elêtrjnf ftrfvês ad relþ`jd ae luz (relþ`jd ae luz kj-ajrenjdcfl). Esse relþ`jd ae luz ieae f ecer`jf af ruf que ê ndcsuijaf qufcad cîd tei sdl e, f ecer`jf sdlfr `erfaf ei exnessd qufcad tei iujtd sdl e ê jchetfaf cf reae af ajstrjkujadrf. F ecer`jf sdlfr que vfj pfrf f reae vjrf "nrêajtds " nrêajtds ae ecer`jfs" (*> e *1) pfrf serei utjljzfad ae cdjte du cþs prþxjids ieses. Ei dutrfs pflfvrfs8 vdnè prdauz ecer`jf ljipf ndi f luz ad sdl e reauz f suf ndctf ae luz! (*6) - Nfaf ajstrjkujadrf ae ecer`jf tei fs sufs re`rfs e fs exj`ècnjfs pfrf ndcentfr d seu sjsteif ae ecer`jf sdlfr odtdvdltfjnf cf reae elêtrjnf e, vfrjfi kfstfcte. (*;) - D seu relþ`jd ae luz fctj`d vfj ser sukstjtuéad pdr ui relþ`jd ae luz cdvd que ê "kjajrenjdcfl" (ieae f ectrfaf e f sféaf ae ecer`jf ). Aestf odrif ele seræ nfpfz ae ieajr f ecer`jf que vdnè ndcsdie af reae elêtrjnf e ieajr tfikêi f ecer`jf `erfaf ei exnessd peld seu sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd que ê jchetfaf cf reae fssji `erfcad "nrêajtds ae ecer`jf" (>). (*>) - Ds "Nrêajtds ae Ecer`jf" sîd ieajads ei mPg. Rfrf nfaf mPg `erfad ei exnessd peld sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd ae mPg peld pfrfseu ser ndcsuijad aeseu cdjte du cþssdlfr prþxjids ieses.vdnè Essereneke nrêajtd6 ênrêajtd ndctfkjljzfad cdvd relþ`jd ae luz kjajrenjdcfl e ê ieajad pelf suf ajstrjkujadrf ae ecer`jf. Aestf odrif, cd ojcfl ad iès qufcad vdnè reneker reneker f suf ndctf ae luz, vdnè vfj ver qufctd ae ecer`jf ndcsuiju af reae e qufctf ecer`jf jchetdu cf reae. ^e jchetfr ifjs cf reae ad que ndcsuiju vdnè teræ nrêajtds ae ecer`jf pfrf serei usfads cds prþxjids ieses. (1). (*1) - Ds nrêajtds ae ecer`jf ecer`jf sîd re`ulfie re`ulfiectfads ctfads pelf FCEEL (F`ècnjf Cfnjdcfl ae Ecer`jf Elêtrjnf) pdssujcad re`rfs espenéojnfs que vfrjfi ae fndrad ndi f suf ldnfljzfàîd e suf nlfsse ae ndcsuid (resjaècnjf, ndiernjfl du jcaustrjfl).

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Qjpds ae sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd 6.  ^jsteif Odtdvdltfjnd [esjaecnjfl ae ecer`jf sdlfr ndcentfad f reae (662Mwp) ;.  ^jsteif Odtdvdltfjnd Ndiernjfl ae ecer`jf sdlfr ndcentfad f reae (62622Mwp) >.  ^jsteif Odtdvdltfjnd Jcaustrjfl ae ecer`jf sdlfr ndcentfad f reae (622 „ 6222Mwp) 1.  ^jsteifs odtdvdltfjnds jsdlfads/futñcdids ae ecer`jf sdlfr 5.  ^jsteifs odtdvdltfjnds gékrjads ae ecer`jf sdlfr

^jsteif odtdvdltfjnd resjaecnjfl (6mwp f 62Mwp)

F ecer`jf sdlfr resjaecnjfl du, sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd resjaecnjfl, perijte que vdnè prdauzf pfrte du tdaf f ecer`jf que vdnè ndcsdie cf suf nfsf, fssji, se ljvrfcad ae kdf pfrte af suf ndctf ae luz pfrf pfrf seipre. Rfrf se nflnulfr d tfifcgd ae ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd resjaecnjfl usf-se ndid kfse f ndctf ae luz (d seu ndcsuid ae " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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ecer`jf elêtrjnf ei mPg), f æref ajspdcével pfrf reneker ds pfjcêjs sdlfres e f ldnfljafae `ed`ræojnf (ds écajnes ae jrrfajfàîd sdlfr vfrjfi iujtd ae fndrad ndi d ldnfl). f) Vuei ndiprf sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds resjaecnjfjs r esjaecnjfjs ae ecer`jf sdlfr ndcentfads f reae elêtrjnf4 [esjaècnjfs que querei `erfr pfrte du tdaf t daf f ecer`jf que ndcsdiei ndi ecer`jf sdlfr

k) Vufl ê f ajoerecàf ectre sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds ae ecer`jf sdlfr resjaecnjfjs, ndiernjfjs e jcaustrjfjs4 F ajoerecàf ê f nfpfnjafae ae `erfàîd (Mwp) ad sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd. Ds sjsteifs ae ecer`jf sdlfr resjaecnjfjs ndcentfads f reae elêtrjnf, sîd nfrfnterjzfads pdr seu tfifcgd, j.e, uif resjaècnjf ndiui rfrfiecte vfj prenjsfr ae ui `erfadr ae ecer`jf sdlfr ifjdr ad que 62Mwp (que dnupf uif æref iæxjif ae 02i;), ei iêajf, nfsfs ae > qufrtds prenjsfi ae ui sjsteif ae >mwp(ndi ;6i;). Ectîd nfrfnterjzf-se ndid sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd resjaecnjfl fquele pdtecnjf jcstflfaf ectre 6Mwp e 62Mwp. ^jsteif odtdvdltfjnd ndiernjfl ae ecer`jf sdlfr ndcentfad f reae (62mwp f 622Mwp) D sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd pfrf eipresfs (sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd ndiernjfl), oucnjdcf exftfiecte ndid d sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd resjaecnjfl , ele perijte vdnè `erfr pfrte du tdaf f ecer`jf que vdnè ndcsdie ei seu ndiêrnjd, fssji, reauzjcad f suf ndctf ae luz pfrf seipre, Rfrf se nflnulfr d tfifcgd ae ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd ndiernjfl tfikêi usf-se ndid kfse f ndctf ae luz (d seu ndcsuid ae ecer`jf elêtrjnf), f æref ajspdcével pfrf reneker ds pfjcêjs sdlfres e f ldnfljafae `ed`ræojnf (ds écajnes ae jrrfajfàîd sdlfr vfrjfi iujtd ae fndrad ndi d ldnfl).F ajoerecàf ectre ui sjsteif sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd Ndiernjfl e ui sjsteif sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd [esjaecnjfl ê f pdtècnjf (qufctjafae ae pfjcêjs sdlfres), j.e. ds sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds ndiernjfjs `erfliecte tei uif pdtecnjf jcstflfaf ectre 62mwp e 622Mwp, dnupfcad uif æref ectre ?5i; e 022i;. (d sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd resjaecnjfl, ndid iecnjdcfad fcterjdriecte tei nfpfnjafae jcstflfaf ectre 6mwp e 62mwp) ^jsteif odtdvdltfjnd jcaustrjfl ndcentfad f reae (622mwp f 6222Mwp) Oucnjdcf exftfiecte sjsteif e d ndiernjfl, ele perijte vdnè `erfrndid pfrte pfrteddu tdaf fodtdvdltfjnd eecer`jf cer`jf queresjaecnjfl vdnè ndcsdie ei seu seu ndiêrnjd/jcaøstrjf.

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Ds sjsteifs Odtdvdltfjnds Odtdvdltfjnds Jcaustrjfjs ae ecer`jf sdlfr tei uif pdtecnjf jcstflfaf ectre 622mwp e 6222Mwp, dnupfcad uif æref ectre ?52i; e 0222i;. (vfrjf ae fndrad ndi f jcstflfàîd)

^jsteifs odtdvdltfjnds jsdlfads du futñcdids (doo `rja/ stfca fldce) ^îd sjsteifs ae ecer`jf sdlfr odtdvdltfjnf que cîd estîd ndcentfads f reae elêtrjnf, sjsteifs jsdlfads que fljiectfi ajretfiecte ds fpfrelgds (nfr`fs) que vîd ndcsuijr f ecer`jf `erfaf. Ds sjsteifs ae ecer`jf sdlfr futñcdids sîd iujtd utjljzfads ei lu`fres reidtds. Esses sjsteifs aevei ser ajiecsjdcfads ijcunjdsfiecte, nflnulfcad-se exftfiecte d ndcsuid ad fpfrelgd (nfr`f). Ndi kfse cds pjdres écajnes ae rfajfàîd sdlfr afquelf æref espenéojnf, ajiecsjdcf-se d sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd jsdlfad pfrf ter uif futdcdijf ae ftê très ajfs (ei iêajf). Exeiplds8 6.  ;.  >.  1.  5. 

^jsteifs odtdvdltfjnds ae ecer`jf sdlfr pfrf kdikefiectd ^jsteifs odtdvdltfjnds ae ecer`jf sdlfr pfrf eletrjojnfàîd eletrjo jnfàîd ae nernfs Rdstes ae jluijcfàîd ^dlfr Estfàões repljnfadrfs ae sjcfl Nfsfs jsdlfafs af reae elêtrjnf

^jsteifs odtdvdltfjnds gékrjads Ds sjsteifs gékrjads ae ecer`jf sdlfr odtdvdltfjnf sîd uif ijsturf ae "sjsteifs jsdlfads" ndi "sjsteifs ndcentfads f reae elêtrjnf". Du sehf, ele ê ui sjsteif ndcentfad f reae elêtrjnf ifs, pdssuei tfikêi ui kfcnd ae kfterjfs pfrf frifzecfr f ecer`jf. Esses sjsteifs sîd ifjs nfrds que ds trfajnjdcfjs ndcentfads f reae pdjs, flêi ad kfcnd ae kfterjfs, eles ttfikêi fikêi cenessjtfi ae ajversds ienfcjsids ae se`urfcàf e equjpfiectds espenéojnds que fnfkfi ecnfresnecad f sdluàîd ndid ui tdad.

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@ujf prætjnd sdkre ndid idctfr uif estruturf ae supdrte pfrf ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs sdlfres odtdvdltfjnds F estruturf ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds tfctd pfrf telgfads ndid pfrf idctf`ei sdkre d ngîd, ê uif pfrte oucafiectfl ad sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd e jipfntf ajretfiecte cd prdnessd ae jcstflfàîd. Este `ujf aesnreve fl`ucs errds ndiucs ndietjads ei relfàîd â idctf`ei ads sjsteifs, ijtds ijt ds e verafaes flêi ae ndid ndiprfr ds prdautds af ifjs fltf qufljafae que vîd `frfctjr f se`urfcàf ad seu jcvestjiectd.

Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds „ Fspetds prjcnjpfjs

D supdrte pfrf ojxfàîd ad pfjcel sdlfr que ê ae qufljafae e jcstflfad ndrretfiecte, jræ prdver se`urfcàf cd prdnessd ae jcstflfàîd e ndctrf fàões ae vectds du teipestfaes, `frfctjcad fssji que d seu pfjcel cîd sfjræ vdfcad. ^jsteifs ae supdrte pfrf ojxfàîd ae plfnfs sdlfres pdaei ser aesecgfads pfrf serei ojxfads ndi `fcngds ei telgfads ae kfrrd du ftê iesid jcnljcfads sdkre uif lfhe pfrf `frfctjr uif jcnljcfàîd jaefl pfrf ds pfjcêjs. @erfliecte oejtds ae fluiécjd du fàd jcdxjaævel, f ifjdrjf afs estruturfs ae ojxfàîd pfrf pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds odtdvdltfjnds sîd ndcnekjafs ndcnekjafs pfrf fpljnfàõ fpljnfàões es ucjversfjs, ndid8 ndkerturfs ae telgf ae kfrrd, telgf ae ndcnretd, telgfad ietæljnd, telgf ae ojkrdnjiectd, se`ujadres sdlfres e ojxfàîd ajretf sdkre d sdld. Fs estruturfs ae ojxfàîd pdaei ser nustdijzfafs pfrf ftecaer fs ifjs ajversfs cenessjafaes afs jcstflfàões odtdvdltfjnfs. Uif kdf estruturf ae supdrte pfrf ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds aeve ser oænjl ae jcstflfr, oejtf ndi ifterjfjs ae fltf qufljafae e ndi prdteàîd ndctrf ndrrdsîd.

AJNF 68  F estruturf ae ojxfàîd ê f kfse ad seu sjsteif ae ecer`jf sdlfr - uif kdf kfse fsse`urf f eojnjècnjf ad seu sjsteif, f se`urfcàf e d retdrcd ae seu jcvestjiectd. " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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AJNF ;8  Rer`ucte fd seu odrceneadr ae estruturfs se d prdautd odj ofkrjnfad pfrf ftecaer fd iernfad krfsjlejrd4 E se f estruturf estf fptf pfrf supdrtfr vectds ae ftê 6;2mi/g4 AJNF >8  Ê nlfrd que ê pdssével ofkrjnfr uif estruturf nfsejrf, ifs ndid sfker se ds nælnulds ndrretds odrfi oejtds pfrf `frfctjr que d seu sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd estfræ refliecte se`urd4 _dnè `dstfrjf que [$ 65.222,22 ei pfjcêjs sdlfres ndrrfi d rjsnd ae sfjr vdfcad ad seu telgfad4 Ndipre seipre estruturfs ae ojxfàîd ae Rfjcel ^dlfr prê-ofkrjnfafs ae eipresfs espenjfljzfafs.

AJNF 18  F qufljafae ae ui ifcufl ae jcstflfàîd ê ui kdi jcajnfadr af qufljafae af estruturf ae ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs. Ofkrjnfctes ndcojævejs, que odrcenei prdautds ae fltf qufljafae, jrîd odrcener ifcufjs ndi d pfssd-f-pfssd pfrf lge fuxjljfr f ofzer f jcstflfàîd ndrretfiecte.

Equévdnds sdkre fs estruturfs ae ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds

Ijtd8 Qdads ds sjsteifs ae ojxfàîd sîd j`ufjs. Exjstei `rfcaes ajoerecàfs ectre ds sjsteifs ae idctf`ei afs plfnfs, pfrtjnulfriecte qufcad se trftf ae qufljafae e servjàd. Ofkrjnfctes ajoerectes doerenei estruturfs ndi nfrfnteréstjnfs e keceoénjds ajoerectes. Vufcad vdnè ndiprf uif estruturf ae ojxfàîd pfrf ds pfjcêjs sdlfres, cdrifliecte fs que tei d preàd ifjs fltd sîd tfikêi ielgdres. Ijtd8 _dnè prenjsf ae fl`ucs pdunds pfrfousds pfrf precaer f estruturf cd seu telgfad. _dnè prenjsf ae iujtds pfrfousds pfrf ojxfr f estruturf! Rrjcnjpfliecte qufcad jcstflfad ei telgfads ietæljnds du kftectes ae ifaejrf. Ndid quflquer ndcstruàîd, d sjsteif ae ojxfàîd aeve f`uectfr fs teipestfaes ifjs severfs. Dks8 fl`ucs sjsteifs ae ojxfàîd utjljzfi ndlf pfrf telgfads ae ietfl. Nertjojque-se que d ofkrjnfcte ê ae prjiejrf ljcgf e jræ `frfctjr f ojxfàîd ad sjsteif. Lejf seipre d ifcufl e sj`f exftfiecte fs rendiecafàões ad ofkrjnfcte.

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Qjpds ae estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs sdlfres

Exjstei ajversds tjpds ae estruturfs ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds, vehf fkfjxd ds prjcnjpfjs8 E struturf struturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcel sdlfr pfrf telgfs ae kfrrd

F) Ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds usfcad “Rfrfousd Rrjsjdcejrd’ ndid jcterofne ectre d trjlgd e f ndkerturf.

Nrêajtd Odtd8 ^jsteif jcstflfad pelf eipresf E-^dl ae Ukerlëcajf  

K) Ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds ei telgfs ae kfrrd usfcad “`fcngd’ ndid jcterofne ectre d trjlgd e f ndkerturf.

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Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcel sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd pfrf ndkerturfs ndi telgf ae ojkrdnjiectd (etercjt)

Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcel sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd pfrf ndkerturfs ietæljnfs

^uperndlf „ Utjljzfaf sdiecte ei telgfs ietæljnfs. Kfsjnfiecte f jcterofne af estruturf ae ojxfàîd ê ljterfliecte ndlfaf ajretd sdkre fs telgfs. Ftecte que f ndlf aeve ser espenéojnf pfrf este tjpd ae ojxfàîd e f superoénje aeve estfr peroejtfiecte ljipf.

Exjstei ajversfs dutrfs jcterofnes ae ojxfàîd pfrf ndkerturfs ietæljnfs. Elfs vîd vfrjfr ae fndrad ndi d tjpd ae telgf utjljzfaf8

Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds pfrf telgfs ietæljnfs dcaulfafs e trfpezdjafjs8 " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds pfrf telgfs ietæljnfs trfpezdjafjs8

Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds pfrf telgfs ietæljnfs trfpezdjafjs8 

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Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds pfrf telgfs ietæljnfs8 

Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcel sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd pfrf lfhes ae ndcnretd

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Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcel sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd pfrf d sdld

Estruturf ae ojxfàîd ae pfjcel sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd - estfnjdcfiectd sdlfr

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Errds nlæssjnds ndietjads cd prdnessd ae ndiprf afs estruturfs ae ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs odtdvdltfjnds e ndid evjtæ-lds8

Errds8 Aenjajcad fpecfs ndi kfse cd nustd afs pfrtes sei levfr ei ndcsjaerfàîd d nustd tdtfl af jcstflfàîd. Endcdijzfcad.. e lfiectfcad ifjs tfrae.. qufcad fs quejxfs sdkre f qufljafae ad sjsteif vei du, pernekecad tfrae que d supdrte e estdque ad odrceneadr ê jcsftjsoftþrjd. Fngfr que tdads ds sjsteifs ae ojxfàîd sîd ds iesids. Fngfr que f estruturf ae ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs ê f pfrte iecds jipdrtfcte ad sjsteif.

Ndid evjtæ-lds8  Recse f ldc`d prfzd! D seu ce`þnjd prenjsf peraurfr pdr aênfafs. Qrfte estruturf ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs ndid uif pfrte jipdrtfcte af jcstflfàîd, ectecaf que elf ê f kfse ad seu sjsteif Rrdnure pdr experts pfrf te fhuafr cf esndlgf, peàf f dpjcjîd ae dutrfs eipresfs que hæ jcstflfrfi fctes. Lejf d ifcufl ae jcstflfàîd ad sjsteif, nertjojque-se que f estruturf que vdnè esndlgeu ê f ndrretf pfrf d ldnfl que vdnè vfj jcstflfr fs plfnfs. Qecgf nujafad ndi trjlgds ae fluiécjd iujtd ojcds, eles sjiplesiecte cîd vîd aurfr.

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Ngenmljst pfrf d jcstflfadr que vfj ndiprfr d sjsteif ae ojxfàîd ads pfjcêjs8 6.  ;.  >.  1. 

D prdautd ftecae f tdafs fs exj`ècnjfs e pfarões ae ndcstruàîd4 D preàd af estruturf ad supdrte ae ojxfàîd ftecae fd seu dràfiectd4 D ofkrjnfcte ad prdautd odrcene supdrte cd aesj`c af jcstflfàîd4 D ofkrjnfcte af estruturf ad supdrte ae ojxfàîd `frfcte f ajspdcjkjljafae e f se`urfcàf ad fkfstenjiectd ei cévejs ae estdque e prfzds ae ectre`f4 5.  F estruturf ad supdrte ae ojxfàîd ê oejtf pfrf aurfr ;5 fcds4 ?.  F estruturf ad supdrte ae ojxfàîd ê oejtf ndi ndipdcectes testfads e ae fltf qufljafae4 0.  F estruturf ad supdrte ae ojxfàîd ê f ndrretf pfrf d seu prdhetd4

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Ajiecsjdcfiectd ae sjsteifs sdlfres

Ajiecsjdcfiectd ae ^jsteif ^dlfr Futñcdid (Doo-@rja)

F ndiplexjafae du cîd ad ajiecsjdcfiectd ae ui sjsteif futñcdid "DOO-@[JA" aepecaeræ af fpljnfàîd8  

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Qecsîd ae trfkflgd e cuierd ae ofses= Vufctjafae ae pdctds ae ndcsuid= Rerédad ae oucnjdcfiectd afs nfr`fs ae ndcsuid.

Nfsd suf fpljnfàîd requejrf værjfs tecsões e nfrfnteréstjnfs ajoerectes, rendiecafids que f fcæljse sehf oejtf pdr pessdf espenjfljzfaf ndi experjecnjf cf jiplfctfàîd ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds. Rfrf d ajiecsjdcfiectd sdlfr, d ndcgenjiectd e ofijljfrjafae ae `rfcaezfs eletrjnfs sîd cenessærjds8      

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_dlts (_) ê f `rfcaezf usfaf pfrf ieajr Qecsões= Fipçre (J) ê f `rfcaezf usfaf pfrf ieajr f Ndrrecte e tfikêi ê d prdautd af tecsîd pelf Pftt (P) ê f ieajaf af pdtècnjf e tfikêi ndrrecte.

Fssji8 ]PY Pftt 9 ]_Y _dlts x ]JY Fipêre Dutrfs ieajafs fpljnfafs ei sjsteifs sdlfres sîd8  

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Pp 9 Pftt ae pjnd8 ê f iæxjif pdtècnjf `erfaf peld pfjcel sdlfr ei uif ndcajàîd jaefl. Pg 9 Pftt gdrf8 f pdtecnjf `erfaf du ndcsuijaf pdr gdrf. 6 mP 9 6222 Pftts. Fp du Jp 9 Fipçre ae pjnd8 ê f ndrrecte iæxjif pdssével ei uif aeterijcfaf ndcajàîd espenjfl. Fg du Jg 9 Fipçre gdrf du ndrrecte iæxjif dktjaf du ndcsuijaf pdr gdrf.

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Rfrf jcjnjfr ui ajiecsjdcfiectd ê prenjsd sfker d qufctd seræ ndcsuijad8 6) Rfrf jssd, ofàf f relfàîd, ndi f qu qufctjafae fctjafae ae tdads ds equjpf equjpfiectds, iectds, luzes, etn..., que pretecae lj`fr fd sjsteif sdlfr. ;) _erjojque d ndcsuid jcajvjaufl (ei Pftts) ndid idstrf d exeipld 6 fkfjxd. Ê jipdrtfcte que fs `rfcaezfs estehfi cf iesif kfse. ^e nflnulfr ei Pftts, tuad aeveræ estfr ei Pftt. D iesid servjræ se preoerjr trfkflgfr ei mP. D resultfad vdnè pdaeræ ndcverter drf ei ui du drf ei dutrd. >) Ofàf uif estjiftjvf ae gdrfs que nfaf equjpfiectd ojnfræ lj`fad pdr ajf. 1) Iultjpljque ds vfldres tdtfjs ae ndcsuid pelfs gdrfs ae usd e= " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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5) ^die ds resultfads, dktecad f aeifcaf ajærjf ae ecer`jf, du sehf, d vfldr ei Pftt x ajf.

Exeipld 68  

Ajiecsjdcfiectd af cenessjafae ae `erfàîd8

[esultfad8 Ndcnluj-se que d sjsteif aeveræ `erfr ui iécjid ae >.1;2 Pftt pjnd (Pp) pdr ajf pfrf suf fpljnfàîd. fpljnfàîd.

Ajiecsjdcfiectd e Jcstflfàîd ad Rfjcel ^dlfr

Ndi esse resultfad dktjad, aeveids ajvjaj-ld peld teipd iêajd ae jcsdlfàîd ad ldnfl (vehf d ifpf ae jcsdlfàîd fd lfad). Ex.8 ^updcad que f ldnfljzfàîd estæ cf æref fifrelf, teids ? gdrfs ae jcsdlfàîd ajf (ta) ieajf fd fcd. Ld`d, fseræ pdtecnjf ad sjsteifaesdlfr exj`jadajvjajad (Rtg 9 Rdtecnjf Qdtfl R ei Pftt/pjnd gdrf), ndrrespdcaecte â cenessjafae ndcsuid, pelfs gdrfs ae x jcsdlfàîd (ta)8

Exeipld ;8  

Rtg 9 >1;2 / ta Rtg 9 >1;2 / ? Rtg 9 502 >1;2 Pftts / ? (gdrfs) 9 502 Pftts gdrf Dktêi-se fssji, d vfldr jaefl pdr gdrf f ser `erfad peld sjsteif du pfjcel. " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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^eræ cenessærjd ui pfjcel du ndchuctd ae pfjcêjs que `erei 502 Pg cd iécjid. Rfrf se dkter tfl qufctjafae ecer`jff ndikjcfcad pfjcêjs, ofz-se f jcterlj`fàîd fssdnjfcad værjds aeles pfrfae odrcener pdtecnjf cenessærjf.

Esndlgf ad Rfjcel ^dlfr8

f) Cf esndlgf ad pfjcel, f dpàîd pelf tencdld`jf (idcd, pdlj tgjc-ojli, etn..), aepecaeræ af æref dnupfaf, tjpd ae superoénje, aurfkjljafae e estfkjljafae aesehfaf. ^îd dpàões relftjvfs f nfaf fpljnfàîd e seu nustd x keceojnjd. k) Dutrd oftdr jipdrtfcte eie sjsteifs quepfjcel(js). estfids aesnrevecad, sîd pfjcêjs fs nfrfnteréstjnfs ae ndrrecte tecsîd ad(s) Cîd se ijsturfi ae ajoerectes pdtecnjfs du tecsões du ndrrectes ei ui iesid sjsteif. Ê fltfiecte rendiecaævel que tecgfi nfrfnteréstjnfs seielgfctes. n) Leve ei ndcsjaerfàîd que pfjcêjs sdlfres cestes nfsds, sîd pfrf renfr`f ae kfterjfs e estfs pdssuei uif nfrfnteréstjnf ae tecsîd e ndrrecte ae nfr`f (6;,;1,>?,17 _). Cîd fajfctfræ faqujrjr pelf tecsîd ifjs fltf (iesid que tecad f iesif pdtecnjf), pdjs d ndctrdlfadr cîd perijtjræ que pfsse pfrf f kfterjf. Rfjcêjs ndi tecsões ifjdres sîd rendiecafads pfrf sjsteifs DC-@[JA. Qecsîd fnjif af ae renfr`f af kfterjf seræ ui oftdr ae jceojnjècnjf. a) Rfrf nflnuld af peraf, du af pdecnjf refl fprdvejtfaf ad pfjcel sdlfr, ndcsjaere f tecsîd ae renfr`f af kfterjf (ex.8 61,5 _) pelf ndrrecte `erfaf8

Exeipld >8

D pfjcel FKN pdssuj f tecsîd ei njrnujtd ae 60,; _dlts e ndrrecte J ae ?,7: Fip. suf pdtecnjf, ceste nfsd ê ae8 ae8 60,; x ?,: 9 667,0 Pftts. Ifs ndid f tecsîd tecsîd cîd pfssfræ ae 61,5_, seu recajiectd seræ ae oftd8 61,5 x ?,: 9 622,2 Pftts ! Rdrtfctd ad pfjcel ae 667,0 Pp, se fprdvejtfræ 622 Pp, uif peraf ae 67,0%. ^updcad que dpteids pdr ? pfjcêjs ae 622Pp (667 Pp cdijcfl), tereids8 ? ucjafaes x 622 Pp 9 ?22 Pftts gdrf

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F fssdnjfàîd af pdtecnjf refl (Pp) ectre eles, aeve resultfr ei ui vfldr ifjdr que f cenessjafae ae ndcsuid. F pdtecnjf fnjif af cenessærjf, seræ suf reservf ae pdtecnjf.

Fssdnjfàîd ae Rfjcêjs ^dlfres8

Rfjcêjs sdlfres `erfi eletrjnjafae ei ndrrecte ndctécuf (j`ufl fd que ê `erfad ei futdiþvejs) e pdrtfctd, odrcenei ecer`jf pdlfrjzfaf, du sehf, ui pþld ê RD^JQJ_D (+) e d dutrd pþld ê CE@FQJ_D (-}. Ei suf `rfcae ifjdrjf, sîd ofkrjnfads pfrf ftecaer f uif tecsîd cdijcfl ae 6; du ;1 _dlts, ifs `erfi 60 du >1 _dlts qufcad lj`fads cd sjsteif. Rdr jssd d usd ae ndctrdlfadr ê jipresnjcajvel.

F fssdnjfàîd ae pfjcêjs dkeaene â Lej ae Dgi, du sehf8 f) ^e ndcentfrids ui pfjcel f dutrd ei RF[FLELD (Oj`.6) - (pdsjtjvd ndi pdsjtjvd e ce`ftjvd ndi ce`ftjvd), f nfaf pfjcel fajnjdcfad, f tecsîd se ifctêi e fs ndrrectes se sdifi=

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k) ^e ndcentfrids ui pfjcel f dutrd ei ^Ê[JE (Oj`.;) - (pdsjtjvd ae ui pfjcel ndi d ce`ftjvd ad dutrd), f nfaf pfjcel fajnjdcfad f ndrrecte se ifctêi e fs tecsões se sdifi.

Ndi estfs prdprjeafaes, fs fssdnjfàões cds perijtei ter sjsteifs ei tecsões iøltjplfs8 (Ex. 6;+6;9 ;1_ , ;1+;19 17_, etn.), e af iesif odrif ds iøltjplds ae ndrrecte.

Jcstflfàîd ads Rfjcêjs ^dlfres8

D pfjcel aeve ser jcstflfad j cstflfad cf ajreàîd ad Cdrte `ed`ræojnd, pfrf ldnfljafaes que estîd cd geijsoêrjd sul ad cdssd plfcetf. D ldnfl aeve ser se`urd, evjtfcad d fnessd ae fcjifjs e pessdfs. Evjte jcstflfr dcae gfhf sdikrefiectd, iesid que aurfcte pfrte ad ajf pdjs jssd nfusf perafs ae eojnjècnjf e ftê aeterjdrfàîd fnectufaf ae nêlulfs. Rrdnure jcstflfr ds pfjcêjs d ifjs prþxjid ad ndcsuid. faequfads,, sdkretuad ei telgfads, Ds ndchuctds aevei ser ojxfads ei supdrtes faequfads lfhes, pdstes, etn..., sdk rjsnd ae stress ads ifterjfjs e afcds cd aendrrer ad teipd. " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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Ajiecsjdcfiectd ad ndctrdlfadr ae nfr`f nfr`f ê  ê aeojcjad pelf tecsîd ae trfkflgd ad sjsteif. F nfpfnjafae D ndctrdlfadr ae nfr`f ad ndctrdlfadr aeve superfr f ndrrecte ads pfjcêjs du fs ae ndcsuid. F ndrrecte ad sjsteif seræ f sdif afs ndrrectes ads pfjcejs sdlfres e f ndrrecte aeifcafaf (f ser ndcsuijaf) Aeojcf d ndctrdlfadr peld ifjdr vfldr ecndctrfad (pfjcel du aeifcaf).

Exeipld 18  

Cd exeipld fcterjdr, d ndcsuid ajærjd represectf 502 Pftt/gdrf, e f `erfàîd ê ae ?22 Pg= Ajvjae-se este vfldr pelf tecsîd ad sjsteif (vehf fkfjxd ), ), dktecad-se f ndrrecte que seræ cenessærjf pfrf esndlger d ndctrdlfadr.

^e d sjsteif oucnjdcf ei 6; _an8  

?22 P ð 6; _ 9 52 Fipçres Nfsd f ndrrecte superf f nfpfnjafae ae ui ndctrdlfadr, suf prjcnjpjd jcstflfàîd ei aufs du ifjstdtfl ljcgfs (kfrrfiectds) ae ecer`jf, exenutfcadajvjaf d iesid ae kflfcnefiectd ae nfr`f ae uif jcstflfàîd elêtrjnf ndcvecnjdcfl.

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Exeipld 58  

^e f jcstflfàîd odr ei 6;_ seræ cenessærjd f ajvjsîd af nfr`f ei adjs ndctrdlfadres ae >2F + >2F 9 ?2F que seræ ifjdr que ds 52F.  ?22 P ð ;1 _ 9 ;5 Fipçres ^e d sjsteif oucnjdcfr ei ;1 _nn8  ?22 Ceste nfsd, ndi f jcstflfàîd ei ;1_ cîd seræ cenessærjd f ajvjsîd af nfr`f, e sþ seræ utjljzfad ui ndctrdlfadr ndi nfpfnjafae ifjdr que ;5F, du sehf, d ae >2F. Rdrêi se ds pfjcejs sdlfres sîd pfrf 6; _, fssji ndid fs kfterjfs, aevei ser fssdnjfads ei sêrje pfrf dkter f tecsîd ae ;1 _. Cîd ê rendiecaævel jcstflfr sjsteifs que trfkflgei ei fltf ndrrecte, exnetd pfrf fpljnfàões Qfjs sjsteifs sîd expdcecnjfliecte nfrds, requerei iujtd ifjs espenéojnfs= nujafad e se`urfcàf. Kflfcnefr f nfr`f, ajvjajcadifjs f pdtecnjf tdtfl ei kfrrfiectds, ê uif odrif rendiecafaf, se`urf se`urf e rfnjdcfl ae jcstflfàîd. jcstflfàîd.

Exjstei værjds tjpds ae ndctrdlfadres, pfrf suf fpljnfàîd. Ds idaelds sîd8 - ^LN 8 Ei 6;_ du ;1_ du Futd (6;/;1_). Fpljnævel ei sjsteif sdlfr futñcdids, ei jcstflfàões ndipfntfs e sjipljojnfafs. - LXR 8 Ei 6;_ du ;1_. Fpljnævel ei sjsteif sdlfr futñcdid, ei jcstflfàões pfrf jluijcfàîd du sjijlfres= Rdssuei oucàîd odtdssecsdrf8 - sþ ljkerfi ecer`jf se odr esnurd, du vjne-versf. - NN^8 Ei 6;_ du ;1_. Fpljnævel ei sjsteif sdlfr futñcdid, ei jcstflfàões ifjs ndiplexfs e idcjtdrfafs. - N^G8 Ei 6;_ du ;1_. Rfrf sjsteif sdlfr e ecer`jf af reae r eae (gékrjad), ei jcstflfàões ae fltf ndcojfkjljafae.

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Ajiecsjdcfiectd afs Kfterjfs

Ndi d tdtfl af ndrrecte prdauzjaf peld(s) pfjcê(js), iultjpljque pelfs gdrfs ae jcsdlfàîd ajærjf8

Exeipld ?8  

Ds pfjcêjs, prdauzei 52Fg ei 6; _dlts du ;5Fg ei ;1_. _fids jcstflfr ei 6;_ dperfcad pdr ? gdrfs ae jcsdlfàîd, fssji tereids8 52 Fg x ? gdrfs 9 >22 Fipçres ajf. Dks.8 D resultfad pfrf ;1_dlts seræ f ietfae. Ndcsjaerfcad uif kfterjf JAEFL ei 6; _, teréfids 6 ucjafae ae >22 Fg. Ndid esse fnuiulfadr "jaefl" cîd exjste ftê d idiectd, teids que dptfr pelfs tencdld`jfs exjstectes, e f esndlgf af kfterjf pfrf ui sjsteif sdlfr aeve ter dutrds nrjtêrjds f ftecaer, ectre ectre eles8 f) F kfterjf aeve reneker f renfr`f ae ndrrecte ajiecsjdcfaf (Cd ex.8 52 Fip.) k) Aeve ter f iesif tecsîd ad sjsteif (Cd ex.8 6; _dlts). n) Aeveids sfker qufl ê d ljijte af aesnfr`f que f kfterjf fnejtf. Kfterjfs ae aesnfr`f prdoucaf ifjs ndiucs, fnejtfi du rendiecafi dperfr ectre 52% f 02% ae aesnfr`f. ^e dptfr pdr aesnfr`f ae 52% ectîd seu cuierd ae kfterjfs adkrfræ. ^updcad que esndlgf ftecaer ftrfvês ae kfterjfs ae 622 Fg e esse fnuiulfadr, f suf nfr`f e aesnfr`f se`urf odsse ae 52%, cenessjtfréfids ae ? kfterjfs8 >22 F/ajf ð 622 Fg 9 > (ftecaecad f 52%) > 9 52% .'. ? 9 622% Vufctd ifjdr f qufctjafae ae kfterjfs, ifjdr seræ f futdcdijf ae seu sjsteif.

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CÎD Ê [ENDIECAÆ_EL8 •

 

 

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Jcstflfr sjsteif sdlfr ndi ndi kfterjfs futdidtjvfs. Estfs cîd cîd odrfi prdhetfafs pfrf f aesnfr`f ae ndrrecte ndctécuf. Ei `erfl fs kfterjfs futdidtjvfs prdpdrnjdcfi fltf ndrrecte cd jcjnjd e reauzei f pdtecnjf rfpjafiecte. F resjstècnjf cf renfr`f tfikêi ê ifjs fltf e f vjaf øtjl ojnf ndiprdietjaf cf fpljnfàîd sdlfr. CUCNF JC^QFLE KFQE[JF ei pfjcel sdlfr ^EI D NDCQ[DLFAD[ AE NF[@F, sdk d rjsnd ae peraf af kfterjf e perj`d ae expldsîd e jcnècajd.

Ê [ENDIECAÆ_EL8    

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Cf jcstflfàîd, d usd ae ousévejs, ajshuctdres du ajdads ajdads ae  ae prdteàîd. Qrfkflge ndi kfterjfs ae aesnfr`f ae njnld prdoucad, ndi sjsteif ae vfsds selfads dcae d vfpdr ê renuperfad e renjrnulfad cd fnuiulfadr. ^eipre ndikjce kfterjfs af iesif ifrnf e ndi f iesif nfpfnjafae.

Ajiecsjdcfiectd ad Jcversdr

Ndid f ecer`jf prdvecjecte ads pfjcêjs e kfterjfs ê ei ndrrecte ndctécuf (NN) e iujtds ads equjpfiectds equjpfiectds que utjljzfids sîd ofkrjnfads ppfrf frf ndrrecte fltercfaf (FN) ds jcversdres sîd utjljzfads pfrf idajojnfr f tecsîd ae ectrfaf (Ex.8 6; _dlts) ei tecsões ae sféaf 662 du ;;2 _dlts, fssji ndid f ndrrecte ndctécuf ei fltercfaf (secdjafl). ^uf fpljnfàîd estf cf fljiectfàîd ae equjpfiec-tds que trfkflgfi ei FN (ndrrecte fltercfaf), ftrfvês af ecer`jf sdlfr. Gæ aufs tencdld`jfs nfrfnteréstjnfs ads jcversd-res, relfnjdcfads â qufljafae ae reprdauàîd ae uif secþjae 6) ^ecþjae IDAJOJNFAF8 ^îd jcversdres que `erfi uif odrif ae dcaf qufarftjnf, secad trftfaf pfrf se fprdxjifr af secdjafl FN. Qei dtjid nustd x keceojnjd e pdae ser fpljnfad cf ifjdrjf afs nfr`fs ae ndcsuid, exnetd idtdres e equjpfiectds jcautjvds cîd retjojnfads cf ectrfaf. secþjae RU[F8 Ds jcversdres ndi essf nfrfnterjstjnf, pdaeiestæ ser utjljzfads d;)suprjiectd ae ecer`jf FN ei quflquer sjsteif. ^uf ajoerecàf cd nustd epfrf tfifcgd.

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D jcversdr tfikêi ê aeojcjad pelf tecsîd ae trfkflgd cf ectrfaf, que aeve ndrrespdcaer fd ad sjsteif sdlfr e pelf tecsîd requerjaf cf sféaf ei 662 _dlts du ;;2 _dlts. E fjcaf pdaeræ ser idcd du trjoæsjnd. F pdtecnjf ae ui jcversdr j cversdr aeve superfr f ad ifjdr ndcsuid ads equjpfiectds, jcnlujcad ds pjnds*. *_erjojque d ndcsuid ae pjnd e cîd esqueàf que idtdres FN sei jcversdres ae orequècnjf e fl`uifs ifqujcfs e equjpfiectds exj`ei uif nfr`f cf pfrtjaf, iujtd superjdr fd ae dperfàîd. ^e esse odr d seu nfsd, ndcsjaere cd ajiecsjdcfiectd ui vfldr ndipftével ndi d pjnd ae ndcsuid.

Ajnfs e Jcodrifàões pfrf f Idctf`ei ad ^jsteif ^dlfr Odtdvdltfjnd

Rfjcel ^dlfr8 Rfrf cîd dndrrer afcds tfctd fd pfjcel qufctd fds equjpfiectds, rendiecafids que ds pfjcêjs estehfi ndkertds ndi ldcf du plæstjnd pretd aurfcte f jcstflfàîd. ^jsteifs sjiples ndi pdunds pfjcêjs, cîd `erfi ndrrecte du tecsîd suojnjectes pfrf nfusfr ngdque â pessdf, pdrêi sjsteifs ifjdres e "DC-@[JA" sþ aevei ser jcstflfads pdr pessdfl gfkjljtfad.

Ndctrdlfadres ae Nfr`f8 [endiecaf-se f jcstflfàîd ad(s) ndctrdlfadr(es) d ifjs prþxjid pdssével afs kfterjfs, evjtfcad perafs ae ecer`jf cf ojfàîd. F jcstflfàîd ae kfterjf e ndctrdlfadr, seipre aeve ser ei ldnfl â sdikrf e vectjlfad. Ds ndctrdlfadres ofzei f ndipecsfàîd af nfr`f cf kfterjf, ndcodrie f teiperfturf ad fikjecte e se ndldnfads fd sdl pdaei prdvdnfr lejturfs oflsfs ad sjsteif. Qdad nujafad aeve ser tdifad ndi pdssévejs jcversões cf lj`fàîd ads pþlds ce`ftjvd e pdsjtjvd, pfrf cîd quejifr ousévejs du equjpfiectds.

Ojfàîd pfrf d sjsteif sdlfr8 Utjljze sdiecte ojfàîd ae qufljafae ndiprdvfaf e aectrd afs cdrifs af FKCQ. Ojds ae kfjxf qufljafae du odrf ae espenjojnfàîd jræ ndiprdieter d recajiectd ad sjsteif, prdvdnfcad peraf ae ecer`jf, fquenjiectd " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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e ifu ndctftd. _ehf cf tfkelf fkfjxd f kjtdlf ae ojd f ser utjljzfad fpljnfcad-se f ajstëcnjf e f ndrrecte ae seu sjsteif. Ds afads sîd pfrf ojd olexével, sjc`eld ndi peraf iæxjif ajstëcnjf pdr ;.ftê 5% af tecsîd ei 6; _an. Rfrf sjsteifs ei ;1 _an iultjpljque f

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Fcæljse afs nfusfs ae kfjxd aeseipecgd cds sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds Aurfcte fs ce`dnjfàões pfrf f fqujsjàîd ae ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd ê ndiui d nljecte nrjfr `rfcae expentftjvf ei relfàîd f suf cdvf fqujsjàîd, prjcnjpfliecte ndcsjaerfcad-se f prdiessf ae endcdijf ojcfcnejrf prdvecjecte af “ecer`jf ad ^dl’. Jcoeljziecte ê pdssével que d sjsteif cîd ftecaf fs expentftjvfs aevjad fd kfjxd aeseipecgd ad `erfadr sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd, du sehf, cîd seræ `erfaf f qufctjafae ae ecer`jf que odj “prevjstf’ du prdietjaf fd nljecte aurfcte f etfpf ae ce`dnjfàîd ndiernjfl. ^fke-se que pfrf ftjc`jr d sunessd ei ui prdhetd odtdvdltfjnd ê cenessærjd ui estuad ijcunjdsd ad perojl ae ndcsuid ad nljecte, flêi ae tdads ds nujafads têncjnds cd prdhetd e cf exenuàîd ad sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd. Ei resuid, d aeseipecgd ojcfl ad sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd pdae ser foetfad pdr uif afs se`ujctes ofses que ndipõei ui prdhetd8

 

Ajiecsjdcfiectd8 Aurfcte f ofse ae ce`dnjfàîd ndi d nljecte e elfkdrfàîd af prdpdstf ndiernjfl, d ajiecsjdcfiectd aeve ser refljzfad ndi preijssfs ndrretfs, pdr iejd ae uif fcæljse ijcunjdsf afs ofturfs ae ecer`jf ad nljecte e ndi d fuxéljd ae oerrfiectfs ae ajiecsjdcfiectd e sjiulfàîd ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds (ndid d R_^yst). R_^yst).

 

Rrdhetd8 D prdhetd têncjnd ad `erfadr sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd aeve ser oejtd ae fndrad ndi fs kdfs prætjnfs ae ec`ecgfrjf odtdvdltfjnf, respejtfcad-se fs cdrifs têncjnfs pertjcectes. Errds cf estruturf ad nfkefiectd elêtrjnd, cf dr`fcjzfàîd ads strjc`s   ee frrfys  e  e dutrds fspentds pdaei ndldnfr tuad f peraer. Cdrifliecte f ofltf ae nfpfnjtfàîd afs eipresfs ad setdr sdlfr ê d

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que ifjs foetf essf ofse ae prdhetd. Jcstflfàîd8 Cîd kfstf ter ui prdhetd kei oejtd „ ele prenjsf ser kei exenutfad. Nfkds ifl dr`fcjzfads, ndcentdres ifl oejtds e jcstflfadres que " #$%&'()( *+*+ , -$.&/26 ;$>&1% 2$%1>

 

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pjsfi sdkre ds iþaulds sîd fpecfs fl`ucs ads prdkleifs ecndctrfads cfs jcstflfàões sdlfres. Fquj tfikêi f nfpfnjtfàîd af eipresf odrceneadrf ê oucafiectfl pfrf d sunessd ad prdhetd.

Ajiecsjdcfiectd ad sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd

Cestf ofse aeojcei-se d tfifcgd (pdtècnjf) ad sjsteif que seræ jcstflfad e ds renursds f serei utjljzfads „ jcversdres, j cversdres, ijnrdjcversdres, dtjijzfadres, tjpd e qufctjafae ae iþaulds etn. Cestf ofse ê cenessærjd fcfljsfr f iêajf ae nndcsuid dcsuid iecsfl ad ndcs ndcsuijadr uijadr ndi kfse, peld iecds, cds 6; ieses fcterjdres, f oji ae se ajiecsjdcfr ui sjsteif faequfad pfrf que d nljecte pf`ue d iecdr vfldr pdssével ei sufs prþxjifs ofturfs ae ecer`jf. Iujtf nflif cessf gdrf! Iujtfs eipresfs ae ecer`jf sdlfr, fcsjdsfs peld oengfiectd ad ce`þnjd, prdietei d iucad fds nljectes. Fl`ucs nljectes vîd oengfr d ce`þnjd sei questjdcfiectds, ifs f adr ae nfkeàf pdae vjr aepdjs, nfsd f prdiessf refljzfaf cîd se ndcnretjze. D ielgdr f ser oejtd ê refljzfr f fcæljse ad ndcsuid gjstþrjnd ad nljecte e eipre`fr oerrfiectfs (ndid d R_^yst) R_^yst) pfrf se ofzer d ajiecsjdcfiectd ad ndrretd ad sjsteif. Iesid fssji ê jipdrtfcte jcodrifr fd nljecte (e preoerjveliecte estfkelener jssd ei ndctrftd) que, fpesfr afs ielgdres prætjnfs ae ec`ecgfrjf utjljzfafs cd ajiecsjdcfiectd ad sjsteif sdlfr, d resultfad pdaeræ vfrjfr ei oucàîd afs ndcajàões nljiætjnfs ad ldnfl. Nertezf fksdlutf af `erfàîd, iesid, cucnf seræ pdssével. D jipdrtfcte ê que d sjsteif sehf ndrretfiecte ajiecsjdcfad, ndi eikfsfiectds têncjnds ndrretds, e que d nljecte renekf jcodrifàões ndi f iæxjif trfcspfrècnjf pdssével.

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Oj`urf 68 Ê jipdrtfcte fcfljsfr d gjstþrjnd ae ndcsuid ad nljecte pfrf d ndrretd ajiecsjdcfiectd ad `erfadr sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd. 

Rrdhetd têncjnd

Fpþs f ofse ae ce`dnjfàîd ndiernjfl teræ jcénjd f etfpf ae prdhetd têncjnd. Ceste idiectd ê cenessærjd ftectfr âs nfrfnteréstjnfs ad ldnfl l dnfl ae jcstflfàîd ndid æref ajspdcével, jcnljcfàîd e fzjiute, pdssévejs jcteroerècnjfs ndi pdtecnjfl ae prdheàîd ae sdikrfs, flêi afs jcodrifàões sdlfrjiêtrjnfs af re`jîd dcae d sjsteif seræ jcstflfad. Fd fcfljsfr tdafs fs ærefs ajspdcévejs pfrf jcstflfàîd aeve-se jaectjojnfr qufjs re`jões ad telgfad pdssuei ielgdr resultfad ae `erfàîd, fl`d que pdae ser R_^yst.. verjojnfad ndi oerrfiectfs ae ajiecsjdcfiectd e sjiulfàîd ndid d R_^yst

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Qfikêi se aeve levfr ei ndctf f ielgdr odrif ae jcterlj`fàîd ads iþaulds f oji ae ifxjijzfr f `erfàîd ad sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd. Ui errd iujtd ndiui afs eipresfs ae ecer`jfei sdlfr, pdr ofltfæ`ufs ae ndcgenjiectd têncjnd, f jcterlj`fàîd ae iþaulds ldnfljzfads ajoerectes ad telgfad aectrd ae êui iesid strjc`   (ndchuctd (ndchuctd ae iþaulds ei sêrje). Essf prætjnf, flêi ae cîd dkeaener fs cdrifs ae prdhetd ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds, ndiprdiete f `erfàîd ae ecer`jf e tfikêi f se`urfcàf ads sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds. Ndi pdsse ad iæxjid cøierd jcodrifàões e ftectfcad-se fds aetflges, ndi d fpdjd ae oerrfiectfs ae prdhetd, ê pdssével ajiecsjdcfr ui sjsteif nfpfz ae suprjr f aeifcaf ae ndcsuid ad nljecte ndi kdf ifr`ei ae fnertd, ndi d ielgdr nustdkeceoénjd pfrf d nljecte.

Oj`urf ;8 Exeipld ae jif`ei dktjaf ndi ui sdotwfre pfrf estuads ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds. Vufctd ifjs prþxjid af ndr fifrelf, ielgdr seræ f `erfàîd. Fs ndres ifjs esnurfs jcajnfi f jcnjaècnjf ae sdikrfs e ae dutrds oftdres (ndid f jcnljcfàîd ad telgfad pfrf d ^ul) que reauzei f ndletf ae ecer`jf af rfajfàîd sdlfr.

Jcstflfàîd ad `erfadr sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd

F jcstflfàîd sjsteif aeve dkeaener prdhetd têncjnd. Ui ifl oejtd (du ad f fusècnjf tdtfl ae prdhetd,rj`drdsfiecte que cîd ê rfrf) r frf)d vfj ndiprdieter f prdhetd qufljafae e f se`urfcàf ad sjsteif jcstflfad.

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Ui errd iujtd ndiui aurfcte f jcstflfàîd, iesid qufcad gæ ui prdhetd aetflgfad, ê f jcversîd af pdlfrjafae ae iþaulds ei sêrje. Ndid jjssd ssd ê pdssével4 „ pdaeids cds per`uctfr. F oj`urf fkfjxd jlustrf uif sjtufàîd iujtd ndiui cds prdhetds odtdvdltfjnds ei telgfads resjaecnjfjs, que pdae levfr f esse errd.

Oj`urf >8 Iþaulds ae ui iesid strjc`  (lj`fads  (lj`fads ei sêrje) ojsjnfiecte ajstfcnjfads sdkre ui telgfad resjaecnjfl. 

F jif`ei fnjif jlustrf uif sjtufàîd cf qufl 66 iþaulds aevei ser lj`fads ei sêrje, odrifcad uif strjc` , pdrêi > iþaulds estfrîd fofstfads ads aeifjs. Ceste nfsd exjste f cenessjafae ae ndcoennjdcfr ui nfkd ae extecsîd pfrf lj`fr ui `rupd fd dutrd. ^e d esqueif ae lj`fàîd odr ad tjpd lefpord`   (vehf (vehf ceste frtj`d d que ê lefpord` ), ), seræ cenessærjd ndcoennjdcfr adjs nfkds ae extecsîd. Rfrf que d tfifcgd af extecsîd sehf d iecdr pdssével, pdrêi d suojnjecte pfrf ftecaer â cenessjafae, cenessjafae, e tfikêi pdrque ds ds prdhetds (qufcad exjstei) ei `erfl cîd sîd suojnjecteiecte aetflgfads, f nrjipf`ei ads ndcentdres ndstuif fndctener fpþs f pfssf`ei ads nfkds aurfcte f idctf`ei af dkrf. Hustfiecte pdr jssd exjste f pdssjkjljafae ae se nrjipfr ei fikfs fs extreijafaes ndcentdres j`ufjs, du sehf, ifngd-ifngd ifngd-ifngd du oèief-oèief. oèief-oèief. Ndi jssd dndrreræ f jcversîd ae pdlfrjafae ae ui ads ndchuctds qufcad ds iþaulds odrei ndcentfads. Flêi af reauàîd af ecer`jf `erfaf, f expdsjàîd ad iþauld jcvertjad â ndrrecte reversf ê pdtecnjfliecte perj`dsf e pdae drj`jcfr jcnècajds. Oeljziecte, f jcversîd ae iþaulds pdae ser ofnjliecte jaectjojnfaf fd ieajr se ieajr f tecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd af strjc`  fpþs  fpþs f exenuàîd af idctf`ei. Du sehf8 jssd pdaerjf ser ofnjliecte pernekjad se ds prdojssjdcfjs ecvdlvjads cfs idctf`ecs odtdvdltfjnfs peld iecds sdukessei d que ê uif tecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd e estjvessei jcstruéads f ieaj-lf cf etfpf ad ndijssjdcfiectd, que ê f ofse ae testes refljzfaf fpþs f exenuàîd afs idctf`ecs. Orequecteiecte f cenessjafae ad ndijssjdcfiectd sjiplesiecte tei sjad ce`lj`ecnjfaf pelds prdojssjdcfjs e pelfs eipresfs jcstflfadrfs.

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Ndijssjdcfiectd ad sjsteif

Ui kdi prdhetd odtdvdltfjnd aeve pfssfr pelf ofse ojcfl ae ndijssjdcfiectd, aurfcte f qufl peld iecds aufs ndjsfs aevei ser ieajafs8    

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 „ Qecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd af strjc`   _DN  „  „ Ndrrecte ae nurtd-njrnujtd af strjc`   J^N  „

_ehf este frtj`d pfrf ectecaer ds pfrëietrds af nurvf J-_ ae J-_ ae ui iþauld du strjc`  odtdvdltfjnd.  odtdvdltfjnd. Adjs aesses pfrëietrds ( _DN e J^N ) pdaei ofnjliecte ser ieajads ndi ui iultéietrd ndiui ae kfjxd nustd. Vuflquer jcstflfadr ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds ndi d iécjid ae jcstruàîd aeverjf ser nfpfz ae refljzfr esses adjs testes kæsjnds. Rdr exeipld, fd se ndcsjaerfr ui iþauld ndi tecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd 12 _, cuif strjc`  ndi  ndi 66 iþaulds ei sêrje estjif-se que f tecsîd _DN   estfræ prþxjif ae 112 _. Iesid ndi f vfrjfàîd af jctecsjafae af luz sdlfr, f tecsîd ae sféaf ads iþaulds sdore pdunf (prftjnfiecte cecguif) flterfàîd, d que tdrcf d resultfad ad teste ae tecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd iujtd ndcojævel. F oj`urf fkfjxd jlustrf d resultfad af ieajàîd af tecsîd e af pdtècnjf `erfaf ei ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd hæ ei dperfàîd. D `ræojnd verae idstrf f tecsîd ae dperfàîd ae uif strjc`  odtdvdltfjnf,  odtdvdltfjnf, que se ifctêi ndcstfcte aurfcte kdf pfrte ad ajf, sdorecad reauàões du vfrjfàões fpecfs cd jcénjd du kei cd ojcfl ad ajf, qufcad f jctecsjafae af rfajfàîd sdlfr ê iujtd reauzjaf. D ielgdr gdrærjd pfrf se ofzer testes ae ndijssjdcfiectd ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds ê seipre prþxjid ad iejd-ajf, qufcad f tecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd (du f tecsîd dperfnjdcfl, que ê idstrfaf cd `ræojnd af oj`urf fkfjxd) ifctêi-se fprdxjifafiecte ndcstfcte jcaepecaecteiecte ae vfrjfàões af jrrfajëcnjf sdlfr.

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Oj`urf 18 [esultfad ad idcjtdrfiectd tecsîd ae dperfàîd e af aurfcte pdtècnjf ae ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd refl. Ecqufctdaf f pdtècnjf (ei fzul) dsnjlf tdad d ajf, f tecsîd ae sféaf afs strjc`s  (ei  (ei verae) perifcene ei uif ofjxf fprdxjifafiecte ndcstfcte. D `ræojnd verae idstrf f tecsîd dperfnjdcfl ads iþaulds, ifs ui perojl seielgfcte (prftjnfiecte ndcstfcte) fpljnf-se â tecsîd ae njrnujtd fkertd. 

Drjectfàões ajver`ectes cd pfrfleljsid ae strjc`s strjc`s  

Cf jcstflfàîd ad sjsteif tfikêi ê pdssével dndrrer prdkleifs relfnjdcfads fd pfrfleljsid ae strjc`s  ndi  ndi drjectfàîd du cøierd ajver`ecte ae iþaulds, d que vfj jipfntfr ce`ftjvfiecte f `erfàîd e pdtecnjfljzfr fs pdssjkjljafaes ae jcnècajd. j cnècajd. Cf refljafae, fcfljsfcad rj`drdsfiecte esses oftds, esse tjpd ae sjtufàîd aeverjf ser evjtfad hæ cf ofse ae prdhetd. Ijsturfr iþaulds ndi drjectfàões e jcnljcfàões ajoerectes cf iesif strjc`  revelf  revelf d aesprepfrd ae iujtds “prdhetjstfs’ odtdvdltfjnds ei ftufàîd cd iernfad krfsjlejrd. Ndi relfàîd â fssdnjfàîd pfrflelf ae strjc`s  ndi  ndi ajoerectes cøierds ae iþaulds, jssd flêi ae ofltf ae prepfrd revelf uif `rfcae oofltf fltf ae respdcsfkjljafae. Vuflquer prdojssjdcfl ad setdr sdlfr ijcjifiecte prepfrfad sfke que ê prdjkjad pfrflelfr strjc`s  ndi  ndi cøierds ajoerectes ae iþaulds. D que pdae fndctener se essf frtj`d d  d resultfad aessf ijsturf “expldsjvf’ re`rf cîd odr se`ujaf4 _ehf ceste frtj`d ae strjc`s  ajoerectes  ajoerectes lj`fafs â iesif ectrfaf ae ui jcversdr.

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Oj`urf 58 Idcjtdrfiectd af tecsîd ae dperfàîd ae 1 strjc`s  ei  ei ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd, estfcad fs strjc`s dr`fcjzfafs dr`fcjzfafs ei ; `rupds ndi ; strjc`s  ei  ei pfrfleld. 

Cf Oj`urf 5 veids d resultfad ad idcjtdrfiectd af tecsîd ae ui sjsteif sdlfr ndi 1 strjc`s  ae  ae iþaulds pdsjnjdcfads ei ajoerectes drjectfàões. Ds afads fpresectfads odrfi dktjads cd ajf ei que se refljzdu uif ifcutecàîd ndrretjvf cd sjsteif. Aesae d jcénjd af ifcgî ftê fs 61 gdrfs gfvjf adjs frrfys  (ndi  (ndi ; strjc`s  nfaf).  nfaf). Nfaf frrfy  (ndi  (ndi ; strjc`s  pfrflelds)  pfrflelds) estfvf lj`faf f ui jcversdr. Fs strjc`s  aeste  aeste prdhetd tjcgfi 66, 6:, : e 67 iþaulds. Ei resuid, f sjtufàîd (tdtfliecte fksuraf) erf estf8  

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^jsteif ndi ; jcversdres ndi ; ectrfafs ae IRRQ ei nfaf ui. Cd tdtfl gfvjf 1 ectrfafs ae IRRQ ajspdcévejs. Fs strjc`s  odrfi  odrfi f`rupfafs ei frrfys  ae  ae ;. Nfaf frrfy odj lj`fad f fpecsf uif ectrfaf ae ui jcversdr. Estf sjtufàîd estæ jlustrfaf cf Oj`urf ? fkfjxd.

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Oj`urf ?8 ^jsteif O_ lj`fad jcndrretfiecte, ndi strjc`s  ae  ae ajoerectes tfifcgds lj`fafs ei pfrfleld e usfcad fpecfs uif ectrfaf ae IRRQ ae nfaf jcversdr. 

_ehfids d fksurad af sjtufàîd iecnjdcfaf fnjif. Ds jcversdres pdssuéfi ; ectrfafs ae IRRQ nfaf ui. ^erjf pdssével, pdrtfctd, fndidafr peroejtfiecte 1 strjc`s  ajoerectes  ajoerectes ceste prdhetd. Rdr ofltf ae ndcgenjiectd ad prdhetjstf (e tfikêi ad jcstflfadr) esse errd pfssdu aespernekjad cfs ofses ae prdhetd e ae jcstflfàîd. Etfpf ae ndijssjdcfiectd nertfiecte cîd gduve. Dkservfids cd `ræojnd af Oj`urf 5 uif ljcgf verae e uif rdxf, nfaf qufl ndrrespdcaecad f ui `rupd ae ; strjc`s  pfrflelfs.  pfrflelfs. F pfrtjr afs 61 gdrfs fs strjc`s  odrfi  odrfi sepfrfafs e pernekeids cd `ræojnd d re`jstrd ae 1 tecsões ajoerectes, f`drf pfrf nfaf strjc`  jcajvjaufliecte.  jcajvjaufliecte. Fs tecsões afs strjc`s  jcajvjaufjs  jcajvjaufjs sîd kfstfcte superjdres âs tecsões dktjafs fctes afs 61 gdrfs. Jssd idstrf nlfrfiecte que cîd ê uif kdf jaejf pfrflelfr strjc`s  ae  ae iþaulds que dperfi e ndcajàões ajoerectes (ae jcnljcfàîd, drjectfàîd, sdikrefiectd du qufctjafae ae iþaulds ei sêrje). Fpþs f fàîd ndrretjvf, d sjsteif faqujrju estf ndcoj`urfàîd8  

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 5).?10 5$%1> • 71.1% 5$%1> 

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^jsteif ndi ; jcversdres ndi ; ectrfafs ae IRRQ ei nfaf ui. Nfaf uif afs 1 strjc`s   odj odj lj`faf jcajvjaufliecte f uif afs 1 ectrfafs ae IRRQ ajspdcévejs. Estf sjtufàîd estæ jlustrfaf cf Oj`urf 0 fkfjxd.

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 5).?10 5$%1> • 71.1% 5$%1> 

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Oj`urf 08 ^jsteif O_ ndrrj`jad, ndi strjc`s  ae  ae ajoerectes tfifcgds lj`fafs ae odrif jcaepecaecte ei uif afs 1 ectrfafs ae IRRQ ajspdcévejs.  D resultfad af fàîd ndrretjvf ae ui sjsteif odtdvdltfjnd, ndi f sepfrfàîd ae strjc`s  ajoerectes  ajoerectes que fctes se ecndctrfvfi ei pfrfleld, pdae ser dkservfad cds `ræojnds afs oj`urfs f se`ujr.

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 5).?10 5$%1> • 71.1% 5$%1> 

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Oj`urf 78 Idcjtdrfiectd af ecer`jf `erfaf ad sjsteif sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd fctes af fàîd ndrretjvf (qufcad strjc`s  ajoerectes  ajoerectes erfi lj`fafs ei pfrfleld). D sjsteif pdssuj adjs jcversdres. Nfaf ndr (fzul e verae) ndrrespdcae â `erfàîd ae ui jcversdr. 

Oj`urf :8 Idcjtdrfiectd af ecer`jf `erfaf peld sjsteif sdlfr odtdvdltfjnd fpþs f fàîd ndrretjvf (qufcad strjc`s  odrfi  odrfi aejxfafs jcaepecaectes). D sjsteif pdssuj  adjs jcversdres. Nfaf ndr (fzul e verae) ndrrespdcae â `erfàîd ae ui jcversdr.

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 5).?10 5$%1> • 71.1% 5$%1> 

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FUQD[E^8 

Krucd Gecrjque Mjmuidtd ae Rfulf - Ec`ecgejrd Eletrjnjstf (UAE^N), Iestrfad ei Ec`ecgfrjf Elêtrjnf (UCJNFIR). Espenjfljstf ei `erecnjfiectd ae prdhetds, jcspeàîd e ndijssjdcfiectd ae sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds. Ifjs ae 62 fcds ae experjècnjf cf jcaøstrjf odtdvdltfjnf. Jcstrutdr cds nursds ae ecer`jf sdlfr cf UCJNFIR. _ehf dutrds frtj`ds aeste futdr.  futdr.  Ifrneld @rfaellf _jlfllvf - Espenjfljstf ei sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds. Adutdr (RgA), Iestre e @rfaufad ei Ec`ecgfrjf Elêtrjnf. Adnecte e pesqujsfadr ad qufard perifcecte af Ofnulafae ae Ec`ecgfrjf Elêtrjnf e ae Ndiputfàîd (OEEN) af UCJNFIR - Ucjversjafae Estfaufl ae Nfipjcfs. Ajretdr ad LE^O - Lfkdrftþrjd ae Ecer`jf e ^jsteifs Odtdvdltfjnds af UCJNFIR. Futdr ae ifjs ae ;22 frtj`ds têncjnds ae flnfcne jctercfnjdcfl cfs ærefs ae eletrñcjnf ae pdtècnjf e sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds. Futdr ad ljvrd "Ecer`jf " Ecer`jf ^dlfr Odtdvdltfjnf - Ndcnejtds e Fpljnfàões". Rjdcejrd ei trejcfiectds ei sjsteifs odtdvdltfjnds cd Krfsjl. Ê nddraecfadr ad prd`rfif ae Extecsîd ei Ecer`jf ^dlfr Odtdvdltfjnf af ), dcae fpresectf nursds ae Jctrdauàîd â Ecer`jf UCJNFIR (gttp8//nursdsdlfr.ndi.kr (gttp8//nursdsdlfr.ndi.kr), ^dlfr Odtdvdltfjnf, Rrdhetd e Ajiecsjdcfiectd ae ^jsteifs ndi R_^yst e Jcstflfàîd e Jcte`rfàîd ae ^jsteifs Ndcentfads â [eae Elêtrjnf.