BOTANY Chapter 7

88CHAPTER 7: DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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parts “+”- denotes separation of floral parts “[]”- denotes a less common or rare condition “ ”- denotes numerous parts 

MAJOR ANGIOSPERM CLADES APG III system- is system- is based on published cladistic analyses primarily utilizing molecular data or a combination of morphological and molecular. Classifies one to several families into orders ( Ending in “-ales”). Orders can Orders can be viewed simply as convenient placeholders for one or more families that appear to compromise a monophyletic group. Great bulk of Angiosperms in terms of species are contained within the monocots and eudicots. Monocotyledon- 22% of all angiosperms Eudicots- 75% of all angiosperms

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“()”- denotes fusion of floral

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AMBORELLALES  

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Most basal angiosperm group Absence of vessels, as vessels, as an ancestral condition Absence of aromatic oil cells

AMBORELLACEAE

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FAMILY DESCRIPTIONS 

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1st paragraph contains description about plant characteristics of the family members ( root,stem (  root,stem and leaf; inflorescence, flower, perianth) 2nd paragraph lists familial classification, distribution and economically important members 3rd paragraph contains the diagnostic features of the family, most important diagnostic features boldface italic italic . are shown in boldface Floral formulas- used formulas- used to summarize the number and fusion of floral parts. “P”- refers to perianth parts “K”- represents the numbers of sepal or calyx “C” – number of petals or corolla lobes “A”- Androecium and number of stamens “G”- denotes the gynoecium and number of carpels, followed by superior and inferior denoting ovary position  

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Amborella family Single specie, Amborella trichopoda Dioecious Leaves: alternate, Leaves: alternate, spiral to distichous, evergreen Inflorescence: axillary cyme Flowers: unisexual, Flowers: unisexual, actinomorphic Perianth: 5-8, Perianth: 5-8, spiral, distinct Stamens: are Stamens: are numerous in males Anthers: longitudinal Anthers: longitudinal dehiscence Gynoecium- 5-6, Gynoecium- 5-6, superior Placentation: marginal Placentation: marginal Ovule: solitary Ovule: solitary

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*The Amborellaceae are distinctive in being vesselless , evergreen shrubs with unisexual flowers having an undifferentiated , s pir al perianth, numerous , laminar stamens, and an apocarpous , apically-open gynoecium, with 1-ovuled carpels. Male flowers: P 5 –8 A ∞. Female flowers: P 5 –8 G 5 –6, superior.

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NYMPHALES NYMPHACEAE

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Water lily family Aquatic with a milky latex often present Stems: underground, rhizomatous Leaves: simple, Leaves: simple, often peltate,, floating Inflorescence: solitary, Inflorescence: solitary, emergent flower Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, actinomorphic with long peduncles arising from the underground stem Perianth: differentiated Perianth: differentiated into calyx or corolla Calyx- 4-6 Calyx- 4-6 separate sepals Corolla- 8-many Corolla- 8-many separate petals Stamens: numerous, Stamens: numerous, spiral, apostemonous Gynoecium- is Gynoecium- is syncarpous with either superior or inferior ovary Fruit- berry Fruit- berry *The Nymphaeaceae are distinguished from related families in being aquatic herbs with floating leaves and s olitary , floating to emergent flowers with mostly s pir al radi ng into in to floral parts and petals g rading us ually ually laminar laminar stamens. K 4 –6 [ –  –14] C 8 –∞ [0] A ∞ G (3 –∞), superior or inferior.

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Ovules: anatropous Ovules: anatropous Fruit: aggregate Fruit: aggregate of follicles Seeds: endospermous Seeds: endospermous The Illiciaceae are distinctive in being evergreen trees or shrubs aromatic oil c ells ells , with having aromatic  pelluci dglabrous, spiral, pellucid punc tate tate, exstipulate leaves, the flowers with numerous ,  s pir al tepals (outer sepal-like, inner petal-like), few-numerous stamens, and few-numerous, one-seeded , apocarpous pistils in a sing le whorl, the fruit a

 follic etum. P ∞ [7–33] A ∞ [4–50] G ∞ [5– 21], superior. MAGNOLIIDS LAURALES LAURACEAE Laurel family Tree or shrubs with aromatic oil glands Leaves: evergreen, simple, Inflorescence: axillary Inflorescence: axillary cyme, rarely a solitary flower Flowers: small, Flowers: small, bisexual or unisexual Perianth: 1-3 Perianth: 1-3 whorled Stamens: 3-12 Stamens: 3-12 or more Gynoecium: single Gynoecium: single superior Fruit:berry, Fruit:berry, drupe  

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AUSTROBAILEYALES

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IILICIACEAE  

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Star anise family Consist of trees and shrubs with aromatic oil cells Leaves: simple, spiral, evergreen and glabrous Inflorescence: axillary Inflorescence: axillary or supraaxillary,solitary flower or group of 2 or 3 flowers Flowers: small, Flowers: small, bisexual Perianth: distinct Perianth: distinct tepals (7-33) Stamens: few Stamens: few to numerous (450) Anthers: longitudinal Anthers: longitudinal dehiscence Gynoecium: separate Gynoecium: separate (521),superior ovary Style: open Style: open Placentation: Ventrally Placentation: Ventrally subbasal

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The Lauraceae are distinguished in being

 perennial  perenn ial trees or  s hrubs hr ubs [rarely vines] with aromatic aromatic oi l g lands lands , everg everg reenea reeneaves , an undifferentiated  perianth,  peri anth, valvular anther anther dehis - cence, and a sing le, le, s uperior uperior ovary ova ry having having one ovule  per carpel with apic al  placentation  placentation,, s eeds lack lack ing endos endos perm. perm.

Style: absent Style: absent or solitary Stigmas: 1 Stigmas: 1 or 3-4 Placentation: basal Placentation: basal Ovules: orthotropous Ovules: orthotropous Fruit: 1-seeded Fruit: 1-seeded berry or drupe Seeds: starchy Seeds: starchy perisperm

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P 3+3 [6, 2+2, or 3+3+3] A 3 –12+ G 1 [ –  –(3)], superior, rarely inferior, hypanthium present.

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PIPERALES

The Piperaceae are distinctive in having an atactostelic stem, a  s pik e or spadix s padix with numerous , very s mall mall, unisexual or bisexual flowers lacking a perianth, the ovary solitary, 1-ovueeded berr berr y or late, the fruit a 1-s eeded drupe.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE    

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Birthwort family Hermaphroditic shrubs, vines Leaves: simple Inflorescence: solitary Inflorescence: solitary flower or terminal or lateral racemes Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, actinomorphic Perianth: three Perianth: three lobed, synsepalous Coralla: absent, Coralla: absent, of 3 petals Stamen: 6-40 Stamen: 6-40 free or fused Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, inferior or half-inferior

P 0 A 3+3 [1 –10] G 1 or (3,4), superior. SAURURACEAE 

The Aristolochiaceae are distinguished in being usually climbing plants, having an enlarged , petaloid  petaloid calyx, an abs abs ent to reduced corolla, often adnate stamens (forming ynoss temium), and an a g yno inferior to s uperior  uperior , 3 –6carpeled and loculed ovary.

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K (3) C 0 [3] A 6 –∞, usu. adnate to style G (3 –6), inferior, half-inferior, or superior. PIPERACEAE     

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Pepper family Herbs, shrubs, vines and trees Leaves: spiral,simple, stipulate Inflorescence: spike Inflorescence: spike or spadix Flowers: very Flowers: very small, bisexual or unisexual Perianth: absent Perianth: absent Stamens: 3+3 Stamens: 3+3 [1-10] Anthers: longitudinally Anthers: longitudinally dehiscent, dithecal Gynoecium: single Gynoecium: single pistil with superior ovary

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Lizard’s tail family Perennial herbs Leaves: simple, spiral and stipulate Inflorescence: bracteates Inflorescence: bracteates spike or raceme Flowers: bisexual Flowers: bisexual Perianth: absent Perianth: absent Stamens: 3, Stamens: 3, 3+3, or 4+4, separate Gynoecium:  Gynoecium:  syncarpous Styles: 3-5 Styles: 3-5 Placentation: parietal Placentation: parietal Ovules: orthotropous Ovules: orthotropous Fruit: apically Fruit: apically dehiscent capsule Seeds: perispermous Seeds: perispermous

MONOCOTYLEDONS MONOCOT APOMORPHIES: 1.

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Sieve tube plastids proteinaceous/ cuneateunknown adaptive significance Vasculature atactostelicconsists of two or more rings appear to be randomly organized but are actually highly complex, NO MONOCOT HAS A TRUE VASCULAR CAMBIUM Leaf venation parallel

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Cotyledon one

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ACORALES

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ACORACEAE     

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Most basal monocot Sweet flag family Stems: rhizomatous Leaves: ensiform Leaves: ensiform Inflorescence: terminal Inflorescence: terminal spadix borne on a leaf like peduncle Flower: bisexual, Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic, sessile Perianth: biseriate, Perianth: biseriate, 3+3 distinct petals Stamens: biseriate, Stamens: biseriate, 3+3 apostemonous Anthers: longitudinal Anthers: longitudinal and introse Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, superior ovary, 2-3 carpels , 23 locules Placentation: apical-axile Placentation: apical-axile Ovules: are Ovules: are numerous per carpel Fruit: 1-5 Fruit: 1-5 [-9] seeded berry

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Flowers: Flowers: small, bisexual or unisexual, sessile Perianth: Perianth: biseriate and 2+2 or 3+3 [4+4] Stamens: 4,6 or 8[1-12] Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, superior ovary Fruit: multiple of berries Seeds:oily, Seeds:oily, endospermous, fleshy seed coat The Araceae are distinguished from related families in having bifacial leaves with parallel  parallel or netted venation, usu- ally a  s padix of numerous, small flowers with a subtending s pathe, endospermous seeds, and

raphide cry s tals tals P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,(4+4)] A 4,6,8 or (4,6,8) [1 – 12] G (3) [1 –(∞)] superior. LILIALES LILIACEAE Lily family Perennial herbs Roots: Contractile Stems: Bulbous, rhizomatous Leaves: basal Leaves: basal or cauline Inflorescence: terminal raceme, of a solitary flower Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, actinomorphic Perianth: biseriate Perianth: biseriate and 3+3, homochlamydeous Stamens: 3+3, Stamens: 3+3, whorled Anthers: peltately attached to the filament Gynoecium: Gynoecium: syncarpous, superior ovary Style: Style: solitary Stigmas: are Stigmas: are 3-lobed or 3-crest Placentation: axile Placentation: axile Fruit: loculicidal Fruit: loculicidal Seeds: flat Seeds: flat discoid or ellipsoid  

The Acoraceae are distinctive in being marsh plants with a  s padix and s pathe (resembling Araceae) but having distichous , ensiform, unifacial leaves,

 peris  peri s permous and endospermous seeds, and ethereal oil cells , and in lacki lacki ng raphide cry s tals tals .

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P 3+3 A 3+3 G (2 –3) superior. ALISMATALES

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ARACEAE Arum family Terrestrial or aquatic shrubs Roots: mycorrhizal, without root hairs Stems: rhizomatous, Stems: rhizomatous, cormose, tuberous Leaves: simple, Leaves: simple, bifacial Inflorescence: terminal, Inflorescence: terminal, many flowered spadix  

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The Liliaceae are characterized in  perenn ial, us ually ually bulbous bulbous being perennial herbs , lack lack ing an onion-like onion-like odor , with basal or cau- line leaves, the inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of s olitary olitary flowers flowers with a superior ovary.

P 3+3 A 3 G (3), s uperi or 

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ASPARAGALES 

AGAVECEAE     

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Agave family Perennial shrubs or subshrubs Stems: are a acaulescent caudex Leaves: parallelveined, Leaves: parallelveined, xeromorphic Inflorescence: panicle, Inflorescence: panicle, raceme Flowers: bisexual Flowers: bisexual Perianth: biseriate Perianth: biseriate of 3+3 tepals Stamens: 6, Stamens: 6, distinct, filaments long and thin to short and thick Anthers: dorsifixed, Anthers: dorsifixed, versatile Gynoecium: syncarpous Gynoecium: syncarpous with superior or inferior ovary Style: solitary Style: solitary Stigmas: solitary Stigmas: solitary or 3 lobed Placentation: axile Placentation: axile Ovules: anatropous, Ovules: anatropous, bitegmic Nectaries: present Nectaries: present The Agavaceae are distinctive in  perenn ial sub- shrubs to being perennial branched trees with spiral,  xeromor  x eromorphi phi c , g enerally fibr ous leaves, trimerous hypogynous to epigynous flowers, and possibly apomorphic dimorphic chromosomes (base number with 5 long and 25 short chromosomes).

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Stamens: 3+3 Stamens: 3+3 [rarely 3 or 2 with staminodes] Anthers: versatile, Anthers: versatile, longitudinal and introrose Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, superior ovary Style: solitary, Style: solitary, terminal Stigma: solitary, trilobed Placentation: axile Placentation: axile Ovules: campylotropous Ovules: campylotropous to anatropous Septal nectaries: present nectaries: present Fruit: loculicidal Fruit: loculicidal capsule Seeds: black, Seeds: black, ovoid, ellipsoid The Alliaceae are distinctive in bulbous herbs , being generally bulbous with basal, usually narrow leaves, an umbellate inflouper ior rescence, and a usually s uperior ovary .

P 3+3 A 3+3 [3,2] G (3), superior [rarely half-inferior]. ASPHODELACEAE Aloe family Herbs Roots: succulent, Roots: succulent, with velamen Stems: anomalous Stems: anomalous secondary growth Leaves: succulent, Leaves: succulent, simple, spiral Inflorescence: raceme Inflorescence: raceme or panicle Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate Perianth: biseriate Perianth: biseriate Stamens: 3+3, Stamens: 3+3, distinct Anthers: dorsifixed Anthers: dorsifixed to basifixed Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, superior ovary, 3 carpels and 3 locules Placentation: axile Placentation: axile Ovules: 2 Ovules: 2 to numerous per carpel Septal nectaries: present nectaries: present Fruit: loculicidal Fruit: loculicidal capsule Seeds: aril Seeds: aril present    

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P 3+3 A 6 G (3), superior or inferior, hypanthium in some. ALLIACEAE Onion family Biennial or perennial herbs Stems: acaulescent Stems: acaulescent and usually a bulb Leaves: simple, Leaves: simple, basal, spiral\ Inflorescence: terminal, Inflorescence: terminal, scapose umbel Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate Perianth: biseriate, Perianth: biseriate, distinct to connate tepals, a corona sometimes present   

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The Asphodelaceae are distinguished from related taxa in  pachy caulous being herbs or pachycaulous trees with leaves usually  s ucc ulent , flowers trimerous with a superior ovary, and the seeds arillate.

 g ynos yn os temium), the pollen P 3+3 or (3+3) A 3+3 G (3), superior. ORHCIDACEAE Orchid family Terrestrial or epiphytic perennial herbs Roots: tuberous Roots: tuberous or aerial, multilayered velamen Stems: rhizomatous Stems: rhizomatous in terrestrial species, the epiphytic species with pseudobulbs Inflorescence: raceme, panicle,spike or solitary Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, rarely unisexual Perianth: biseriate, Perianth: biseriate, 3+3, apotepalous or basally syntepalous, with enlarge saclike tepal. Labellum- inner Labellum- inner median, anterior tepal Stamen: solitary Stamen: solitary Gynostemium- androecium Gynostemium- androecium is fused with the style and stigma Anthers: longitudinally Anthers: longitudinally or modified in dehiscence Pollen: tetrad Pollen: tetrad units but may be monads Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, inferior ovary Rostellum- single Rostellum- single enlarged lobed, component of the gynostemium Placentation: parietal or axile Ovules: anatropous, Ovules: anatropous, bitegmic, numerous per carpel Nectaries: present Nectaries: present Fruit: loculicidal Fruit: loculicidal capsule rarely a berry Seeds: membranous-winged Seeds: membranous-winged Pollination: insect Pollination: insect and birds, also wind pollination

grains often fused into 1 – several masses ( pollini a), bearing a sticky-tipped stalk, pollinia and stalk termed a  pollinariu  pollinar ium m, which is the unit of pollen dispersal during pollination.

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P (3+3) A 1 –3, when 1 a pollinarium G (3), inferior, with gynostemium.

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COMMELINIDS Monophyletic assemblage of monocots Characterized by an apparent chemical apomorphy, the presence of organic acids that acids that impregnate the cell walls. These acids are UV-fluorescent 

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ARECALES ARACEAE     

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The Orchidaceae are distinctive in consisting of mycorrhizal, mostly perennial, terrestri al or epiphytic herbs having trimerous, often resupinate flowers with a showy labellum, the androecium and  g yno ynoeci ecium um adnate adnate (termed a column, g ynos yn os tegiu teg ium m, or

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Palm family Perennial trees Plant sex is variable Secondary growth is absent Roots: mycorrhizal, lacks root hairs Stem: Arborescent, single unbranced trunk Leaves: typically Leaves: typically large, generally terminal, spiral, pseudopetiole Inflorescence: axillary, Inflorescence: axillary, bracteates panicle or spike Flowers: unisexual Flowers: unisexual or bisexual, sessile Perianth: biseriate, Perianth: biseriate, homochlamydous, 3+3 [0,2+2, numerous] Stamens: 3+3 Stamens: 3+3 [3 or numerous] Anthers: longitudinal, Anthers: longitudinal, rarely poricidal in dehiscence Gynoecium: syncarpous Gynoecium: syncarpous or apocarpous, with superior ovary Placentation: variable; Placentation: variable; ovules are variable in type, bitegmic and 1 per locule

Zingiberales in having a s pir al leaf arrangement and monoecious plant sex. P (3+3) A 5-6 G (3), inferior.

Fruit: fleshy Fruit: fleshy or fibrous, usually a drupe or berry [rarely dehiscent or pyrene] Seeds: 1 Seeds: 1 [-10]

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The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plic ate leaves, a  fles hy , us ually ually drupaceous drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaf posture and drupaceous fruit are likely apomorphies for the family.

ZINGIBERACEAE   

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P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female flowers] G 3 or (3) [1,2,4 –∞; 0 in male flowers], superior.

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ZINGIBERALES 

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Commonly called gingers and banana Monophyletic group of 8 families

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The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having distichous , usually ligulate in g le, dithecal leaves with a s ing  petaloid labellum labellum stamen and a petaloid derived fr om two two s taminodes taminodes . P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.

APOMORPHIES OF ZINGIBERALES: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Leaves penni-parallel, with air chambers Superovulate ptyxis Silica cells Inferior ovary

MUSACEAE    

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Banana family Monoecious, perennial herbs Stems: subterranean Leaves: large, Leaves: large, basal, spiral, sheathing, petiole (lacks in Ensete) Inflorescence: Terminal thyrse Flowers: ebracteate, Flowers: ebracteate, unisexual Perianth: biseriate Perianth: biseriate and homochlamydeous, 3+3, syntepalous Stamens: apostemonous Stamens: apostemonous Gynoecium: Syncarpous, inferior ovary Fruit: berry Fruit: berry Seeds: endospermous Seeds: endospermous The Musaceae are distinguished from related families of the

Ginger family Perennial herbs Stems: rhizomatous and sympodial Leaves: distichous, Leaves: distichous, simple, sheathing Inflorescence: bracteates Inflorescence: bracteates spike, raceme Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, zygomorphic Perianth: biseriate Perianth: biseriate and homochlamydeous Stamens: 1 Stamens: 1 fertile Gynoecium: syncarpous, Gynoecium: syncarpous, inferior ovary, 3 carpels Ovules: anatropous, Ovules: anatropous, bitegmic, numerous per carpel Fruit: dry Fruit: dry or fleshy Seed: arillate, Seed: arillate, starch rich

CANNACEAE   

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Canna-Lily family Perennial herbs Stems: rhizomatous and sympodial Leaves: distichous Leaves: distichous Inflorescence: bracteates Inflorescence: bracteates thyrse Flowers: bisexual, Flowers: bisexual, asymmetric, epigynous Perianth: biseriate Perianth: biseriate Stamens: 1 Stamens: 1 fertile Gynoecium: Syncarpous, Gynoecium: Syncarpous, inferior ovary Fruit: capsule Fruit: capsule Seeds: starch Seeds: starch rich endosperm

The Cannaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid , monothecal stamen associated with 1 –4 [5]  petaloid  petaloid s tamin taminodes odes . P 3+3 A 1, petaloid & monothecal + 1 –4 petaloid stamin- odes G (3), inferior.