Botanica y Fisiologia Vegetal_Donato Moscoso Arenas.pdf

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

I.S.T.E. I.S.T.E.P. P. VIRGEN DEL CARMEN - HUANCARANI HUANCARAN I

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

1

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO I: CONCEPTOS GENERALES 1.1. LOS TRES REINOS Las nociones adquiridas adquiridas en la observación de la l a naturaleza nos permiten dividir dividir los cuerpos que cubren la superficie superfi cie terrestre en tres grandes grandes grupos o reinos: Reino mineral, rein rei no vegetal y reino animal. 1. Reino Min Mi neral: comprende eral: comprende los cuerpos inertes (que forman las rocas y la corteza terrestre) y obedecen a las leyes ley es fisicoquímicas. fisicoquímicas. Su estudio abarca la Mineralogía y la Geología. 2. Reino Vegetal:  Vegetal: Comprende todas las plantas que existen en l a tierra, se estudia en la Botánica. Botánica. 3. Reino Animal:  Animal:  Comprende todos los animales que pueblan la tierra, de su estudio se ocupa la Zoología. 1.2. DIVISION DE LOS VEGETALES La mayor parte de las plantas que cultivamos en los jardines, como los rosales, los geranios y azucenas, son plantas pl antas que dan flores, los botánicos las llaman Fanerógamas. Existen otras plantas que nunca florecen, como los helechos, musgos, los hongos; se las llaman Criptógamas. 1.3. UTILIDAD DE CONOCIMIENTO CONOCI MIENTO DE LOS VEGETALES Para conocer y apreciar debidamente la utilidad de las plantas basta echar una mirada a nuestro alrededor y veremos ve remos sus múltiple múltip less aplicaciones en la industria, la construcción, construcción, alimentaci al imentación ón y el ornato. Existen Exi sten muchas plantas que la industria utiliza para extraer sustancias sustancias muy importantes como el azúcar, azúcar, el aceite, el papel, el corcho, corcho, el tanino, la goma, la resina y los colorantes. colorantes. a.

La Construcción.- Emplea Construcción.-  Emplea los grandes troncos para hacer vigas, durmientes, tablones. Se emplea así mismo en la carpintería y ebanistería ebaniste ría..

b.

La medicina.- Aprovecha medicina.- Aprovecha las hojas, las flores, los frutos, las raíces y los tallos de gran variedad de plantas por las virtudes curativas que en ellas se encuentra, como el mate, la quina, la canela, el lino, la manzanilla, el té, el lino, etc. etc.

c.

Las plantas dan frutos exquisitos exqu isitos y son para el hombre un alimento sano y refrescante.

d.

También podríamos enumerar a las verduras, ve rduras, que tienen gran contenido de minerales. minerales.

e.

No solamente las plantas nos alimentan, sino que también nos recrean.: los jardines, parques y los bosques son lugares de esparcimiento, embellecen el paisaje urbano, purifican el aire, regulan los vientos.

1.4. ESTUDIO DE LOS SERES VIVOS 1.4.1. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS ORGANISMOS La clasificación de los seres vivos es motivo de controversia desde hace mucho tiempo; estos tres

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

clasificación que las reflejaba. Abajo: En época más reciente se han admitido cinco reinos que tienen en cuenta la organización celular y la forma de nutrición.

1.4.2. CONCEPTO Y DIVISION DE LAS CIENCIAS NATURALES.- La historia natural es la ciencia que estudia los seres reales que caen bajo el dominio de los sentidos. También se le suele definir como “La ciencia que

estudia la tierra y todos los seres orgánicos e inorgánicos inorgánicos que habitan en ell a. De allí all í que podemos dividir en: a. Cosmografía: que trata trata de los seres inertes o inorgánicos. inorgánicos. b. Biología: que Biología: que estudia e studia los seres vivos u orgánicos. orgánicos.

Cosmografía

La Astronomía: Se ocupa de los astros astros en e n general La Geología: Se ocupa del estudio de la tierr tie rraa

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL 1.5.

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

LA BOTANICA

1.5.1. DEFINICION.-La DEFINICION.- La Botánica (del Griego Botané = Planta) es parte de las ciencias naturales que se ocupa del e studio de los vegetal ve getales. es. La botánica es la rama que estudia a los vegetales, dadas las numerosa numerosass diferencias diferencias que tienen tienen éstos, éstos, comparados con los demás demás grupos de de seres vivos. vivos. La botánica ha existido exis tido desde la antigüedad, antigüedad, y ha ido pasando de ser simplemente conocimiento empírico a ser una ciencia. El hombre ha estudiado a los vegetales a raíz de la dependencia que manifiesta hacia los mismos, puesto que estos son organismos productores y constituyen el inicio de la cadena alimenticia; por ello, las plantas son tanto alimento directo como alimento alime nto del ali mento del hombre (diversos (diversos animales). Con el paso del tiempo, se han ido encontrando otras utilidades de las plantas y actualmente son empleadas en diversas formas (por ejemplo muchos medicamentos). Desde tiempo remotos, el hombre a dependido de los vegetales para la alimentación, ornamentación, salud y construcción. Para tales fines, ha producido cultivos y ha domesticado algunas especies para aprovechar mejor los beneficios que éstas le traen. Actualmente Actual mente el hombre sigue empleando cultivos y domesticando especies, especies, pero ahora por medio del perfeccionamiento de los métodos y medios de cultivo, para abastecer las necesidades del mundo actual (Cuerda, 1993). Como cualquier otra ciencia, la botánica sigue los pasos del método científico y basa sus resultados en la observación y la experimentación. Producto de muchos años de estudio es el actual inventario de diversidad), sin embargo, todavía queda una gran parte de la riqueza vegetal mundial que todavía no ha sido si do investigada, clasificada, ni registrada. registrada. General, especial y aplicada 1.5.2. DIVISION.- La DIVISION.- La Botánica Botánica se divide divid e en General,

a). La Botánica General. General .- Estudia los caracteres generales de las plantas sin agrupación en un orden determinado. Se divide en: a. Citología: Estudia la estructura y organización de las células. célul as. b. Histología:Est Histología: Estudia udia los Tejidos c. Morfología: Estudia los caracteres exteriores, la forma y estructura de cada uno de los órganos de las plantas. d. Anatomía: Estudia la organización interna de los vegetales e. Fisiología: Estudia las funciones de los l os órganos de las plantas f. Embriología y Ontogenia: Estudia el origen y desarrollo desarroll o de las plantas g. Ecología: Estudia la adaptación de los vegetales vege tales a los ambientes. b). Botánica Especial.- Es Especial.- Es el estudio de los caracteres específicos de las diversas plantas para proceder a su clasificación; comprende también el estudio de los vegetales que existieron en otra época sobre la superficie superfi cie de la tierra. Se divide en: a. Taxonomía.- Clasifi Taxonomía.-  Clasifica ca los vegetales según las semejanzas semejanzas que ofrecen. b. Fitografía.- Descr Fitografía.- Describe ibe cada una de las plantas, pl antas, atendiendo atendiendo con preferencia preferencia la l a forma for ma de los órganos más importantes. c. Fitogeografía.- Estudia Fitogeografía.- Estudia la distribución actual de los vegetales sobre la tierra. d. Paleobotánica o paleofitología.- estudia paleofitología.-  estudia los vegetales que han existido en las épocas geológicas pasadas pasadas por medio del examen de los l os fósiles. fósiles. c). Botánica aplicada.- Es aplicada.-  Es el estudio de la utilidad que de las plantas pueden reportar al hombre desde el punto de vista de la alimentación, la medi cina cina y la industria.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO II: CELULA VEGETAL 2.1. TEORIA CELULAR. Las primeras observaciones de las células fueron hechas por Leeuwenhoek, pero no se le dio crédito. Más tarde Roberto Hooke (1665), revelo la existencia de los seres microscópicos, ante la sociedad real de Londres. El mismo Hooke (1663), observo que estaban formadas por pequeñas cavidades o celdillas, que las llamo células. Se distinguieron también también en e n estos trabajos trabajos Grew Grew (1672) y Malpighi, Malpi ghi, quien comprobó la prese prese ncia de células en muchos muchos vegetales. En los comienzos del siglo pasado muchos investigadores investigaron y comprobaron al respecto de la ciencia de las células, lo que dio origen a la Teoría celular. Además como la célula es el último elemento capaz de llevar vida independiente y de reproducirse, realizando los atributos de la vida, debe considerars considerarse también como una un a unidad biológica, de modo mod o que llamaremos llamaremos organismo o ser se r unicelu uni celular lar al que consta de uno solo de estos elementos y pluricelular al formado por varios. Por lo tanto, la célula es el elemento ele mento fundamental fundamental de todos los l os seres organizados. 2.2. CONCEPTO CONC EPTO DE CELULA VEGETAL Célula es una porción de protoplasma provista de núcleo. Protoplasma es la sustancia fundamental y única de los l os seres vivos, capaz de los atributos de la vida: nacer, crecer, crecer, reproducirse.

2.3. MORFOLOGIA: Formas

Definidas, Defini das, en las provistas de membrana Variable, en las zoosporas zoosporas

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

c. Fusiformes: alargadas Fusiformes: alargadas en los tejidos tej idos de conducción Dimensiones: en Dimensiones: en general gene ral son microscópicas, hay invisibles invisibles como los virus, grandes como el de algodón (4cm), ortiga (7cm). 2.4. PARTES CONSTITUYENTES DE LA CELULA Las partes constituye constituyentes ntes de la célula son: 1.- El protoplasma 2.- Las secreciones protoplasmática protoplasmáticass

2.4.1. PROTOPLASMA El protoplasma es una sustancia viva, fundamental, capaz de los atributos de la vida: nacer crecer y reproducirse. Estado físico: albuminoideo, coloidal, semejante semejante a la clara de huevo. En el protoplasma se distinguen dos partes: a. El citoplasma b. El carioplasma o nucleo A. CITOPLASMA.CITOPLASMA.- Es el protoplasma celular, su estado es semilíquido semilíquido con granulaciones (Condriomas) (Condriomas) El citoplasma citopl asma presenta presenta dos aspectos: exterior, hialino, 1. Uno exterior,  hi alino, transparente: hialoplasma hialoplasma 2. Otro interior, que es granuloso granuloso

Además de las granulaciones hay otras diferenciacion dif erenciaciones es citoplasmáticas: citoplasmáticas:

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

2). Utrículo primordial.- Es primordial.- Es una capa que envuelve el protoplasma y tapiza interiormente la membrana. No puede faltar en ninguna célula. 3. Centrosoma.- Al Centrosoma.- Al lado del núcleo se observa en ciertas células un pequeño cuerpo llamado centrosoma, envuelto en citoplasma hialino y que recibe el nombre de esfera atractiva. Desempeña importante función en la división divi sión cariocinética. 4. Plastidios.-  Plastidios.-  Son pequeños cuerpos esféricos diseminados en el citoplasma, son exclusivas de los vegetales. vegetal es. Según el color que toman toman los plastidios se dividen en a) Cloroplastos.- Son Cloroplastos.- Son plastidios impregnados de una sustancia verde llamada clorofila. Se desarrollan en los tejidos expuestos a la luz solar y dan a las plantas un color verde característico. Se encuentra en casi todos los vegetales. b) Cromoplastos.- Son Cromoplastos.- Son plastidios colorados que provienen de la transformación de los cloroplastos. Las principales sustancias que se encuentran en los cromoplastos son: xantofila de color amarillo y la carotina de color anaranjado. c) Leucoplastos.- Son Leucoplastos.- Son plastidios incoloros que se encuentran en las células privadas de luz solar. Forman los granos granos de almidon y sirven si rven de depósito a la materia materia de reserva o de defensa.

B). CARIOPLASMA.- Es el protoplasma nuclear. El carioplasma existe siemp si empre re - Muy a menudo en forma forma de núcleo núcleo - En suspensión, suspensi ón, más o menos difuso en el citoplasma Desempeña Desempeñ a importante importante función en la divis ión celu celular lar a). Núcleo.- Es Núcleo.- Es un corpúsculo brillante, brillante , esférico u ovoide, de naturaleza albuminoidea. albuminoidea. Una célul célulaa privada del núcleo no se nutre ni se divide (reproduce) (reproduce) El núcleo núcle o se sitúa en la célula célul a joven en centro. En En la célula adulta al formarse la l aguna central central es rechazada junto con el protoplasma protopl asma hacia hacia la periferia. pe riferia. Se origina por la división de otro núcleo. núcleo. En general hay un solo núcleo en cada célula; pero en las células de muchos hongos hongos y algas hay hay varios. varios. Su forma f orma suele ser redonda, ovoide o alargado, guardando guardando cierta cierta relación con la forma de la célul a. El núcleo núcle o se halla formada por: a. Membrana nuclear.- Es nuclear.- Es una membrana producida por la condensación del carioplasma. Regula los intercambios entre el núcleo núcleo y el e l citoplasma. b. Juego Nuclear.- Es Nuclear.- Es un líquido semifluido que llena la cavidad nuclear, en el flotan la lignina y la

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

a). Secreciones externas.-  externas.-  Es la membrana celular, dicha membrana es una cubierta que protege el protoplasma a manera de capsula. Existe en todos los vegetales, excepto en las mixomicetos y en las células célul as del saco embrionario. b). Secreciones Internas.-  Internas.-  Son Son las inclusiones celulares, las inclusiones citoplasmáticas se hallan a menudo disueltos en el jugo celular contenido en las vacuolas; otras veces forman gotitas o corpúsculos que se encuentran en suspensión en el citoplasma. Mencionaremos los principales: - Principios inorgánicos: inorgánicos: Agua  Agua y sales El agua es el e l elemento ele mento más abundant abundante e de la célula Sales: especialmente e specialmente carbonatos, carbonatos, cloruros, cloruros, nitratos, etc. e tc. 6. Principios Orgánicos.Orgánicos.- Pueden  Pueden ser se r nitrogenados y no nitrogenados a). Nitrogenad Ni trogenados: os: a. Fermentos: amilasa, Fermentos: amilasa, dextrina dextri na.. b. Alcaloides: nicotina, Alcaloides: nicotina, morfina, morf ina, quinina, cocaína, cocaína, etc. c. Proteínas: Luteína Proteínas: Luteína (del trigo), ceína (del maíz) b). No nitrogenados: nitrogenados: a. Hidratos de carbono: celul carbono: celulosa, osa, almidón, inulina. inul ina. b. Azucares: gl Azucares: glucosa, ucosa, sacarosa, sacarosa, levulosa, levulo sa, maltosa, maltosa, etc. c. Grasas: Estearina, Grasas: Estearina, oleína. Glucósidos: digitalina, Glucósidos: digitalina, taninos. Ácidos orgánicos: orgánicos: oxálico, tartrico, fórmico, malico, cítrico Resinas: sandára Resinas: sandáraca, ca, resina resi na copal.

2.5. FUNCIONES FUNCIONES ESENCIALES DE LA CELULA La célula célul a tiene vida vi da.. Para mantener mantener debe efectuar e fectuar funciones. a). En a). En los seres unicelulares, la única célula célul a desempeña todas las funciones: nutrición, asimilación, asimilación, respiración, defensa, def ensa, reproducc reproducción ión y excreci ex creción. ón. b). En b). En los seres  Pluricelulares se produce la división divisi ón del trabajo. trabajo. Una célula célul a o un grupo de cél ulas se adaptan para una un a determinada función. Funciones de la Célula Tienen dos fines principales principales::

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

2. Las 2. Las células son capaces de una existencia independiente; las células son, por tanto, la unidad anatómica (unidad (unid ad estructural) estructural) y fisiológica fi siológica (unida (uni dad d de funcionamiento) funcionamiento) de los seres sere s vivos. 3. Toda 3. Toda célula proviene de otra célula ya existente; la célula es, por tanto, la unidad genética de los seres vivos. La célula es la unidad más pequeña de un ser vivo que muestra todas las propiedades características de la vida, ya que se distingue distingue del medio que la rodea rode a ((gracias gracias a su membrana), tiene un metabolismo metabolismo propio y puede replicarse re plicarse (toda célula procede de otra otra célula anterior). La división más importante entre los seres vivos no es la existente entre animales y vegetales, como podría pensarse, sino la de organismos eucariotas y organismos procariotas. Debido a su organización más compleja, las células eucariotas debieron aparecer evolutivamente con posterioridad a las procariotas. Según la Teoría Endosimbiotica, Endosimb iotica, los lo s eucariotas eucariotas surgieron de la asociación de varias células cél ulas procariotas. procariotas. Una célula eucariota  es aquella que tiene el núcleo rodeado por una membrana que la aísla del citoplasma, es decir, que posee un verdadero núcleo, además de otros orgánulos intracelulares, en los cuales tienen tiene n lugar muchas de las funcione s celular cel ulares. es. Mientras que una célula procariota carece de núcleo y otros orgánulos rodeados por membranas, aunque los procesos fisiológicos que se llevan a cabo en estos orgánulos, como la respiración y la fotosíntesis, también pueden puede n darse en estas célu células. las.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

2.7.

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

MITOSIS

La Mitosis es una división multiplicativa, por la cual se forman nuevas células. La Mitosis produce crecimiento. La Mitosis Mitosis comprende la l a cariocinesis cariocinesis y la citocinesis citocinesi s. La Cariocinesis (separación del núcleo, más comúnmente expresada como división del núcleo) es un proceso continuo que para facilitar f acilitar su estudio se lo divide div ide en fases: Profase, Prof ase, Metafase, Metafase, Anafase A nafase y Telofase. Telofase. Durante la Profase se produce la espiralización del retículo de cromatina, comenzando a diferenciarse los cromosomas que ya están formados por dos cromátidas. Al mismo tiempo desaparece la membrana nuclear (que queda guardada en el retículo endoplasmático) y el/los nucléolos y comienza a confundirse el jugo nuclear con el citoplasma. En la Profase tardía comienza a aparecer el huso acromático formado por microfilamentos de proteína que se extiende entre los polos de la célula. En la célula vegetal el huso acromático es poco visible. En la célula animal es muy visible y se diferencia entre los áster formados en los polos celulares. Durante la Metafase los cromosomas se fijan a los microfilamentos del huso por medio del centrómero (única parte parte del cromosoma que aún no se ha dividido) y se ubican en el plano ecuatorial ecuatorial de la l a célula. Durante la  Anafase el centrómero se divide y las cromátidas hermanas se separan y dirigen hacia polos opuestos. En la Anafase tardía las cromátidas llegan lle gan a los polos y pasan a ser los cromosomas hijos. hij os. Durante la Telofase,  se desespiralizan los cromosomas para formar el retículo de cromatina en cada nueva célula, reaparecen el/los nucléolos y reaparece la carioteca formándose dos núcleos hijos. En la Telofase tardía se inicia la Citocinesis, es decir la separación de los citoplasmas de las células hijas, más conocido como división divi sión del citoplasma. La Citocinesi Ci tocinesiss en la célula animal se produce por contracción del citoplasma desde el exterior hacia el interior (es centrípeta), pero en la célula vegetal se inicia en el centro de la célula con la condensación del resto de huso acromático formando el fragmoplasto y se extiende hacia la periferia (es centrífuga), además esta división del

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL Ocurre en: Procariotas y eucariotas Implica:  Señal reproductiva  Duplicación del Material genético ( Separación)  Segregación (Separación)  Citocinesis 

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as b). Replicación Repl icación del ADN - Semi conservativa conservativa - Discontinua - Múltiples Múltiples sitios de origen - Bidireccional

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

esporas sexuales (micro y megasporas) que darán origen a las estructuras que producirán los gametos (gametofi tos). tos). La función principal de la meiosis meiosi s es la: Reducción a la mitad del número de juegos cromosómicos en los gametos o esporas sexuales: así al fusionarse un gameto masculino y uno femenino se restituye el número cromosómico original, el cual se mantiene constante de generación en generación. Para ilustrar la importancia de este hecho tomemos como ejemplo al hombre, hombre, quien en sus células somáticas somáticas posee posee dos do s juegos de cromosomas, cromosomas, cada uno con 23 cromosomas (46 cromosomas en total). Los hombres y mujeres producen espermatozoides y óvulos, respectivamente, a través de la división meiótica, con un juego de 23 cromosomas en sus núcleos. Al fusionarse fusionarse un óvulo con un espermat e spermatozoid ozoidee se forma un cigoto con dos juegos j uegos de cromosomas, cada uno con 23 cromosomas, por lo que se restablece el número cromosómico somático de los padres que le dieron origen. Generación de variabilidad genética: en primer lugar produciendo nuevas combinaciones cromosómicas en el cigoto, con los cromosomas heredados de cada progenitor, ya que los cromosomas no homólogos segregan independientemente; en segundo lugar formando en cada progenitor cromosomas difere ntes ntes a los de sus células somáticas por medio de entrecruzamientos e intercambio de material genético entre cromosomas homólogos ( crossing-over). crossing-over). La meiosi me iosiss ocurre ocurre en las células sexuales. a). Etapas Etapas de la meiosis mei osis La meiosis consiste en dos procesos de cariocinesis continuas luego de una única etapa de duplicación del ADN (fase S). Al final de cada proceso de cariocinesis puede darse un evento de citocinesis, como en las plantas monocotiledóneas y animales, o pueden darse dos eventos de citocinesis continuos al finalizar la segunda cariocinesis, como en las dicotiledóneas. Los dos procesos de cariocinesis de la meiosis se conocen como meiosis I y meiosis II y están formados por una serie de eventos sucesivos que se desarrollan desarrollan de manera manera continua. continua. Al igual que en la mitosis, tanto los eventos eventos de la meiosis meiosis I como los de la meiosis meiosi s II se han separado en profase, metafase, anafase y telofase. telof ase.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO III: TEJIDO VEGETAL 3.1. LOS TEJIDOS VEGETALES Los vegetales o plantas son los organismos fotosintéticos que presentan tejidos, al menos un tejido epidérmico epid érmico impermeable impermeable que les l es permite vivir en el medio terrestre te rrestre.. Los tejidos vegetales se pueden clasificar atendiendo a la función que desempeñan en seis grupos diferentes, que son: protectores, fundamentales, esqueléticos, conductores, secretores y embrionarios. Los cinco primeros se encuentran en los tres órganos no reproductores de las plantas (raíz, tallo y hojas) y el último se encuentra encuentra en las semillas semi llas..

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

3.1.1. EL TEJIDO EPIDÉRMICO El tejido epid e pidérmico érmico es el que realiza realiza la l a función función de proteg p roteger er la parte aérea de la planta pl anta de la desecación y de permitir la absorción de agua y de sales minerales a través de la parte subterránea. Está formado por una única capa de células células vivas. Se encu e ncuentra entra en las hojas hoj as y en los l os tallos y raicillas jóvenes. jóvenes. Sus células son aplanadas, están perfectamente unidas entre sí y carecen de cloroplastos, por lo que son incoloras. Las células epidérmicas producen una sustancia impermeable llamada cutina. cutina. Esta se acumula y forma una capa denominada cutícula. cutícula. La cutina impide la pérdida de agua. Para permitir el paso del CO 2 y del O2, la epidermis presenta unas estructuras, denominadas estomas, estomas, que tienen la capacidad de abrirse y cerrarse regulando el intercambio de gases. Un estoma está formado por dos células arriñonadas, con cloroplastos y núcleo, denominadas células oclusivas. oclusivas. Cuando realizan la fotosíntesis se hinchan y, debido a ello, dejan un orificio entre sí llamado ostiolo, ostiolo, que permite el paso de los gases. La epidermis además presenta pelos o tricomas. tricomas. Estos pueden ser unicelulares o pluricelulares. En las hojas y tallos tienen función protectora contra la desecación o contra los animales herbívoros (pueden contener sustancias urticantes), y en las raíces raíces tienen tiene n función absorvente abso rvente..

3.1.2. EL TEJIDO SUBEROSO O SÚBER El tejido suberoso es el responsable de proteger el tronco de la planta contra la pérdida de agua y contra las temperaturas extremas. Está formado por varias capas superpuestas de células muertas. El interior de

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

a. Meristemos embrionarios. embrionarios. Se encuentran en las semillas. A partir de ellos se forman los diferentes tejidos de la planta adulta. adulta. b. Meristemos Meristemos primarios o apicales. Se apicales. Se encuentran en los ápices de las raíces, protegidos por las cofias, y en los vértices de los tallos, en el interior de las yemas. A partir de ellos se produce el crecimiento en longitud de l as plantas. plantas. c. Meristemos secundarios o laterales. laterales. Se encuentran formando unas capas concéntricas a lo largo de los tallos y de las raíces. Existen dos tipos, denominados cámbium y felógeno. El cámbium origina, hacia el interior, interior, los vasos vasos leñosos y, hacia hacia el e l ext ex terior, los vasos liber li berianos. ianos. El felógeno felógeno da lugar, hacia h acia el interior, al parénquima cortical y, hacia hacia el exterior, exte rior, al súber. A partir de ellos ell os se produce el crecimi crecimiento ento en grosor.

3.1.4. EL TEJIDO PARENQUIMÁTICO El tejido parenquimático o parénquima se encarga de realizar la fotosíntesis o de almacenar diversas sustancias, como almidón, azúcar, grasas, agua, etc. Está constituido por células vivas, de forma variable, con grandes vacuolas y con una gruesa pared celulósica, por lo que carecen de poder de división. Según la función que realizan, real izan, se distinguen cuatro cuatro tipos: a. Parénquima clorofílico. clorofílico. Sus células poseen poseen muchos mu chos cloroplastos cloroplastos en los l os que se realiza la fotosíntesis. fotosíntesis. Se

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

3.1.5. EL TEJIDO COLENQUIMÁTICO El tejido colenquimático es el responsable de mantener erguidos y flexibles los tallos jóvenes y los pecíolos de las hojas. Está constituido por células vivas, prismáticas, y con las membranas fuertemente engrosadas a nivel de los vértices. Se encuentra bajo el tejido epidérmico y permite mantener la forma de las partes blandas de la planta.

3.1.6. EL TEJIDO ESCLERENQUIMÁTICO El tejido Esclerenquimático es el responsable de constituir órganos protectores. Por ejemplo, el «hueso» del melocotón. También constituye las fibras alargadas que dan soporte y elasticidad a la planta, como sucede en el lino, cáñamo, etc. Está constituido por células muertas, de membrana gruesa y lignificada que, si tienen forma poliédrica, se denominan esclereidas o células pétreas, y si tienen forma alargada, fibras esclerenquim esclere nquimáticas. áticas.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Gracias a la lignificación, los vasos leñosos también realizan la función de soporte de la planta. El conjunto de traqueidas, tráqueas y células parenquimáticas acompañantes se denomina leño o xilema. La madera está constituida básicamente por este tipo de tejid te jido. o.

3.1.8. EL TEJIDO LIBERIANO LIBERIANO El tejido liberiano es el responsable de transportar la savia elaborada (agua, sacarosa, maltosa, etc.) desde las hojas al al resto de la planta.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL d.

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Tubos laticíferos. Son laticíferos. Son tubos que contienen un líquido lechoso denominado látex, constituido por agua, gomas, resinas y almidón, almidón, Pued P uedee encontrar e ncontrarse se en una sola célu cél ula alargada, o en una un a serie de células, cuyas membranas intercelulares se han reabsorbido. El látex del árbol Hevea brasiliensis se solidifica solid ifica en contacto contacto con el aire y da lugar al caucho natural.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO IV: LA SEMILLA 4.1. CONCEPTO:  se puede definir a la semilla como un óvulo o rudimento seminal fecundado y transformado luego de la fecundación, que se separa de la planta madre. Es una estructura compleja compuesta compuesta fun fu ndamentalm damentalmente ente por un embrión (que es e s una planta p lanta potencia potenciall y en e n esta do de latenc l atencia), ia), con tejidos nutricios o reservas (que son necesarias para la germinación) y el episperma (constituido por uno o dos tegumentos te gumentos protectores). protectores). La vida vi da latente del del embrión embrión es e s de duración variable (poca horas a muchos años). Puesta la semilla semill a a germinar (condiciones adecuadas de luz, temperatura y humedad), se rompe la vida latente y la semilla germina originando una plántula, que es una fase inicial en el desarroll d esarrollo o de una nueva planta. 4.2. ORIGEN DE LA SEMILLA: La semilla se origina en un óvulo o rudimento seminal que experimenta profundas transformaciones después de ser fecundado. Como los óvulos son diferentes según se trate de gimnospermas y de angiospermas , su origen en detalle se tratará mas adelante, aunque se adelantan algunas características En las gimnospermas la fecundación es simple, un anterozoide fecunda a la oosfera y origina el zigoto, precursor del embrión; las reservas en estas semillas son originadas por el protalo y por lo tanto son de origen materno y haploides (n) y finalmente el único tegumento del óvulo origina el episperma con una sola cubierta protectora, la testa.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

4.3. PARTES DE LA SEMILLA 4.3.1.-Episperma: ( 4.3.1.-Episperma: (epi epi =sobre, esperma esperma =semilla) o tegumentos tegumentos seminales: seminales: es e s la l a cubierta protectora protectora de la semilla, protege a la semilla de la desecación y de lesiones mecánicas, pero también puede desarrollar estructuras para la dispersión como pelos, alas, cuerpos oleosos o azucarados, etc. Generalmente se diferencia en dos capas: capas: Testa:  Testa:  es el tegumento exterior de la semilla, generalmente derivado de la primina del óvulo. Casi siempre está más esclerificada que el tegmen, suele tener esclereidas en su constitución y ser muy dura, se llama entonces esclerotesta (leguminosas), en otras se mucilaginiza y es absorbente de agua (lino Linum usitatissimum, membrillero Cydonia oblonga, tomate Lycopersicum esculentum y muchas crucíferas), en otras se transforma en pelos (algodón Gossypium ssp), sauces (Salix ssp), álamos (Populus ssp), en alas (pino de Alepo Pinus halepensis, catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides) o se puede tornar carnosa y se llama ll ama sarcotesta sarcotesta (granado Punica granatum, granatum, magnolia Magnolia grandiflora) grandifl ora)..

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Tegmen: es Tegmen: es la cubierta más interna inte rna de la semilla, semi lla, generalmente generalmente derivada de la secundina del óvulo. En algunos casos el albumen en su desarrollo puede digerir el tegmen, quedando solo la testa (ranunculáceas) y en otros digiere al tegmen y gran parte de la testa quedando restos de esta última que  junto al al pericarpo del fruto sirven de protección (las cariopsis cariopsis de gramíne gramíneas). as). 4.3.2.-Tejido nutricio o reservas: la reservas: la mayoría de las semillas presentan un buen desarrollo de reservas que utilizará el embrión en el momento de la germinación. Las plantas anuales trasladan todas las reservas disponibles disponi bles a la semilla durante su formación y madurez. Sólo muy pocas semillas carecen de reservas. El origen y la disposición de las reservas es muy variable y será analizado tanto en gimnospermas como en angiospermas, sin embargo emb argo podemos podemos hacer una clasificación clasifi cación en: A. Albuminadas:  Albuminadas:  son las semillas que contienen las reservas separadas del embrión, sin importar su origen. En estos casos, el embrión durante la germinación, debe disolver las reservas mediante acción enzimática, enzimáti ca, para luego pode r absorberlas. absorberlas. a. Teniendo en cuenta su origen, las semillas albuminadas pueden ser: ser:

Protaladas (semillas Protaladas (semillas con endosperma primario o de origen asexual): cuando las reservas son originadas por proliferación proli feración de células del protalo y son haploi haploides des (n). Es el caso de las semillas semil las de gimnospermas gimnospermas a. Endospermadas  Endospermadas  (semillas con endosperma secundario o de origen sexual): cuando las reservas son originadas por proliferación de la célula madre del endosperma, que a su vez se originó por una

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

terminal rudimentario. Del mismo modo el hipocótilo puede estar organizado en una radícula bien definida defi nida incluso con la caliptra caliptra diferenciada dife renciada o ser se r solo un cono meristemático meriste mático poco diferenciado. diferenciado.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Dentro de la testa y debajo de la cámara polínica, encerrado por la nucela, se encuentra el saco embrional que constituye la parte haploide (n) del óvulo, es el gametófito femenino, llamado así porque dentro de él se formarán las gametos femeninas fe meninas (oosferas). (oosferas). Para ello, hacia la cámara polínica y dentro del saco embrional, se diferencian varias estructuras pluricelulares con forma de botella, llamadas arquegonios, cada uno de los cuales contiene una oosfera. Como existen varios gametos femeninos, se puede fecundar mas de una originando varios zigotos que potencialmente pueden originar varios embriones, fenómeno denominado poliembrionía (poliembrionía polizigótica). Cuando las oosferas están receptivas, el o los granos de polen germinan y forman un corto tubo polínico que transporta al anterozoide (gámeta masculina) hasta un arquegonio, se produce entonces la unión de ambas gámetas (fecundación) para originar un zigoto. Por ser la única unión posible (oosfera + anterozoide), se di ce que las gimnosperma gimno spermass presentan fecundación fecundación simple.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

el estigma y sólo llega al óvulo mediante un tubo polínico más o menos largo por donde desplazan dos anterozoides (gámetas masculinas). masculinas).

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

cotiledonar también llamado nudo escutelar. En el lado opuesto y sobre el mismo nudo, algunas gramíneas, trigo, arroz, etc., presentan el epiblasto, es una expansión muy pequeña que puede ser considerado como vestigios de un segundo cotiledón (existen otras interpretaciones). Por debajo del

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO V: GERMINACIÓN Y TIPOS DE GERMINACIÓN EN LAS SEMILLAS

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

de los distintos tejidos que forman la semilla. Dicho incremento va acompañado de un aumento proporcional en la actividad activid ad respiratoria. b. Fase de germinac ge rminación: ión: Representa  Representa el verdadero proceso de la germinación. En ella se producen las

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Atendiendo a la longevidad de las semillas, es decir, el tiempo que las semillas permanecen viables, pueden haber semillas que germinan, todavía, después de decenas o centenas de años; se se da d a en se mill millaas con una cubierta seminal dura como las leguminosas. El caso más extremo de retención de viabilidad es el

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Las semillas de especies tropicales suelen germinar mejor a temperaturas elevadas, superiores a 25 ºC. Las máximas temperaturas temperaturas están entre entre 40 ºC y 50 ºC (Cucumis sativus, pepino, pepino, 48 ºC). Sin embargo, embargo, las semillas de las especies de las zonas frías germinan mejor a temperaturas bajas, entre 5 ºC y 15 ºC.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

b. Apiculadas: si Apiculadas: si la punta pun ta se forma f orma bruscamente c. Mucronadas: si lo que se forma bruscamente bruscamente es un “pezón” d. Truncadas: como si estuvi eran cortadas cortadas transversalmente transversalmente e. Redondeadas: si Redondeadas: si tiene forma f orma de arco arco circular d. Escotadas: si están hendidas en el extremo, e xtremo, de modo que el ápice es entrante e. Agudo: termina Agudo: termina en una punta suave

E. POR LA BASE DEL LIMBO LAS PRINCIPALES SON: a. Cuneadas: en Cuneadas: en forma de cuña b. Truncadas: como Truncadas: como cortadas de repente repente c. Agudas: si Agudas: si se estrechan suaveme suavemente nte hacia el peciolo d. Atenuadas: si Atenuadas: si lo hacen más bruscamente bruscamente que la anterior e. Auriculadas: si Auriculadas: si van provistas de dos auríc aurículas ulas laterales l aterales f. Cordadas: si Cordadas: si tienen tiene n dos lóbulos redondeados, redondeados, cuya forma recuerda a un corazón g. Hastadas: con los lóbulos lóbul os perpendiculares perpendiculares al nervio central h. Asimétrica Asimé tricass u oblicuas: obli cuas: en las que cada una de las partes del limbo se unen al peciolo a distinta altura altura i. Redondeadas

Dentro de una misma planta, puede aparecer toda una gama de diferentes formas de las hojas a lo largo del tallo, dicho fenómeno se conoce con el nombre de Heterofilia. Las hojas también pueden puede n clasificarse de acuerdo a su duración en el tiempo. tie mpo. Se dividen en: 1. Caducas:  Caducas:  si sólo viven un periodo vegetativo y caen a su final (otoño). Al caer las hojas disminuyen todas las funciones de l a planta. planta. 2. Perennes o persistentes:  persistentes:   duran más de un periodo vegetativo. Las hojas se van renovando

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO CAPITULO IX: IX : LA FLOR 9.2. FUNCIONES FUNCIONES DE LAS FLORES La flor es el aparato reproductor de las plantas superiores, también llamadas Fanerógamas. Son órganos reproductores especializados que nunca son permanentes, sino transitorios. Su función va encaminada a asegurar asegu rar la continuidad de de la l a especie. especie. El proceso de la fecundación sex sexual, ual, da origen origen a l as semillas, semillas, contenidas contenidas en el fruto que a su vez procede procede de la transforma transformación ción del ovario de la flor.

9.3. MORFOLOGÍA DE LAS FLORES Una flor completa se compone de: 9.3.1. Pedúnculo: es Pedúnculo: es el rabillo que sostiene la flor. 9.3.2. Receptáculo o tálamo floral:  floral:  es la parte ensanchada del pedúnculo, donde se asienta la flor propiamente dicha. 9.3.3. Las piezas florales: están florales: están constituidas por una parte fértil que constituye el aparato reproductor (estambres (estambres y carpelos), y por una parte parte estéril (cáliz y corola). A. Cáliz:  Cáliz:  está formado por el conjunto de unas estructuras hojosas, generalmente verdes, que se denominan sépalos. Estos son los primeros en aparecer, y su función principal consiste en proteger la yema floral. B. Corola: está Corola: está formada por estructuras hojosas, normalmente coloreadas, que reciben el nombre de pétalos. Estos se forman después de los sépalos, y su misión es esencialmente polinizadora usando forma y colores como reclamo de los agentes poli nizadores. nizadores. C. Estambres Estambres y granos de pole n: son n: son los órganos masculinos de la flor (androceo). Cada estambre está formado por el filamento, cuyo extremo se ensancha en una estructura llamada antera donde se encuentran encuentran los granos de polen. D. Carpelos: son Carpelos: son los órganos femeninos de la flor (gineceo). A su vez consta de tres partes esenciales: ovario, ovario, estilo estil o y estigma. - El ovario e ovario ess la parte ensanchada portadora de los l os óvulos - El estilo es estilo es una zona alargada alargada que separa el ovario del estigma esti gma - El estigma es estigma es el remate remate final del est e stilo. ilo. Su misión misión es captar los granos de polen, por lo l o que suele ser pegajoso.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

9.4. TIPOS DE FLORES 9.4.1. SEGÚN LAS PARTES QUE PRESENTEN: La flor que posee cáliz, corola, estambres estambres y carpelos carpelos se llama completa. Si completa. Si le falta alguno de ellos, se llama incompleta. En incompleta. En el caso caso de que falten cáliz y corola, la flor se ll ama desnuda. desnuda.

9.4.2. 9.4.2. Según Se gún la presencia de órgan órganos os sexuales: Flor hermafrodita es aquélla que tiene órganos masculinos (estambres) y femeninos (carpelos). Si sólo tiene estambres estambres se llama unisexual masculina, y si tiene tiene solamente solamente carpelos se llama unisexual unisexual femenina. femenina. Son flores f lores estériles esté riles aquellas que carecen de estambres estambres y carpelos. carpelos.

Muchas especies llevan flores masculinas y femeninas en el mismo pie de planta, se dice que son monoicas (robles, (roble s, castaños, hayas, tilos tilo s, avellano avel lanos, s, pinos pin os,….) ,….) Sin embargo, en otros casos las flores masculinas y las femeninas aparecen en pies de plantas diferentes, se dice en este caso que son dioicas y aparecen árboles con sexo distinto, machos y hembras (chopos, sauces, sauces, tejo, tej o, acebos)

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

9.4.3. SEGÚN LA FORMA DE LA COROLA:

Si los pétalos que forman la corola están separados, la corola se llama dialipétala, y a su a vez puede ser:

a). Cruciforme: cuatr Cruciforme: cuatro o pétalos pé talos iguales iguale s dispuestos dispuestos en forma de cruz b). Rosácea: cinco Rosácea: cinco pétalos p étalos iguales bastante aanchos nchos c). Aclavelada o cariofilácea: cinco cariofilácea: cinco o un múltiplo múlti plo de cinco pétalos iguales y estrechos d). Papilionácea o amariposada: cinco amariposada: cinco pétalos desiguale desi guales, s, cuyo conjunto parece una mariposa

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Si los pétalos que forman la corola están unidos, la corola se llama gamopétala, y a su a vez puede ser:

a). Acampanada: los pétalos en forma de campana b). Embubada: los pétalos en forma de embudo c). Labiada: formada Labiada: formada por cinco pétalos unidos, que en el extremo se separan en dos grupos formando una especie de l abios. abios.

9.4.4. SEGÚN EL NÚMERO N ÚMERO DE CARPELOS, LAS FLORES PUEDEN SER: a). Unicar Uni carpelar: pelar: un  un solo ovario b). Pluricarpelar: Pluricarpelar: varios  varios carpelos carpelos que pueden pue den estar unidos o separados

9.4.5. SEGÚN LA FORMA DE LAS INFLORESCENCIAS (CONJUNTO DE FLORES QUE SALEN DEL MISMO BROTE): a). Racimo: varias Racimo: varias flores f lores con pedúnculo se insertan a lo largo largo de un eje alargado b). Espiga: varias flores sentadas sentadas se se insertan a lo largo de un ej e alargado alargado c). Umbela: varias Umbela: varias flores con pedúnculo se insertan en el extremo extremo de un eje e je central central y alcanzan todas la misma altura, altura, a modo de sombrilla. d). Corimbo: las Corimbo: las flores con pedúnculo salen de distintos puntos de un eje central y alcanzan todas las mismas alturas e). Cabezuela Cabezuel a o capítulo: capítulo: varias  varias flores fl ores sin pedúnculo nacen sobre un receptáculo ancho f). Amento: e Amento: espigas spigas densas colgantes de flores f lores unisexuales unisexuales desnudas

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO X: LA POLINIZACION 10.1. CONCEPTO ●La expansión es posible gracias a efectividad de los mecanismos de dispersión e intercambio

genético. ● El intercambio genético se asegura a través través de la polinización polin ización cruzada. ● La falta de cruzamiento en poblaciones reducidas puede derivar de rivar en evoluc evol ución ión o en la extinción. ● La polinización y dispersión evitan empobrecimiento genético y determinan el dinamismo de las

áreas. ● La dispersión dispersi ón es el principal princi pal mecanismo de variación de las áreas. áreas.

10.2. POLINIZACIÓN 10.2.1 10.2.1.. Generalidades A. Autopolinización Autopoli nización o autogamia ✔ Obligatoria (flores cleistógamas, cleistógamas, como en Vi ola). ✔ Posible (Agrimonia (Agrimonia eupato e upatoria, ria, Berber Be rberis is vulgaris). B: Polinización cruzada o alogamia ✔ Más Más extendida extend ida que la autogamia. ✔ A través del viento vie nto (anemogamia), (anemogamia), por el agua (hidrogamia) (hidr ogamia) y por animales animale s (zoogamia). La alogamia se fuerza por: Separación Separación total en el espacio a. Dioecia: diferenciación Dioecia: diferenciación sexual y genética, es decir, sexos en individuos separados (palmera, lúpulo, espinaca). b. Monoecia o Diclinia:  Diclinia:  en un individuo los órganos sexuales femeninos están separados en el espacio de los órganos sexuales sexual es masculinos (maíz, rosal, rosal, vid, vid , pepino, Mercurialis, Mercurialis, etc.). c. Diclinia:  Diclinia:  unisexualidad floral, flores masculinas y femeninas separadas, aunque en el mismo individuo indi viduo (Merc ( Mercuriali urialis). s). d. Heterostilia (polimorfismo estilar): Condición polimórfica de las flores hermafroditas en la cual los elementos sexuales difieren en tamaño. Hace referencia al distinto nivel que ocupan en la misma flor flo r los estambres respecto respecto al estigma estigm a (Primula). (Primula). e. Longistilia: estil Longistilia: estilos os por encima de las anteras. f. Enantiostilia: estambres Enantiostilia: estambres por encima de los estigmas. C. Hercogamia: Hercogamia: condición en la cual la autopolinización no es posible por la posición relativa de los lementos sexuales en la planta. Distinta situación en el espacio dentro de una misma flor, parecida a heterostilia, pero pe ro teniendo teniendo en cuenta la conformación conformación de la flor. fl or. ✔ Separación parcial en el e spacio a. Androdioecia: población de una especie especi e con individuos indi viduos hermafroditas hermafroditas y otros masculinos (Teucrium). b. Ginodioecia: población Ginodioecia:  población de una especie e specie con individuos hermafroditas hermafroditas y otros femeninos feme ninos (Thymus). (Thymus).

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

10.2.2. ANEMOGAMIA ● Polen Pol en ligero li gero y de pequeño tamaño, para facilitar facili tar transporte transporte por viento. vie nto. ● A veces estructuras que facili ten el vuelo vue lo (bols (bol sas de aire en Pinus). ● Tendencia a la pulverulencia pulv erulencia (exina lisa, paredes no viscosas, nunca se aglomera el pol en). ● Se produce el polen pole n en abundancia, por ser la polinizació polini zación n aleatoria.  Ti pos de estructuras florales e infloresc i nflorescencias encias anemógamas anemógamas en el cuadro ● Tipos

Tipos de estructuras florales e infloresc infl orescencias encias anemógamas anemógamas

10.2.3. HIDROGAMIA ● Flores Fl ores poco aparentes, aparentes, verdosas ve rdosas y de tall talla a reducida. ● Polen Pol en desprovist desprovi sto o de exi na, membrana lisa. lisa. ● Fertilización Ferti lización aleatoria. aleatoria. ● Hifidrogamia: liberación polen en el agua (Ceratophyllum, Cymodocea, Najas, Posidonia,

Zannichell ia, Zostera). ● Epihi drogramia: drogramia: polen pole n liberado liberado por la superficie superfici e del agua (Ruppia, Vallisneria). Vallisneria).

10.2.4. ZOOGAMIA ● El animal animal que vi sita la flor se carga carga de polen ( aferrado aferrado en pelos o plumas, etc.). ● Se clasifica clasifi ca en función del tipo de animal que realiza la polinización.

A. En Entomogamia la polinización se da por insectos: ✔  Grandes o, si pequeñas, pe queñas, agrupadas en in inflorescenc florescencias ias densas (pseudantos). (pseudantos). ✔  Con colores vivos, con notables efec ef ectos tos de contraste. ✔  Perfumadas y con con nectarios. ne ctarios. ✔  Con polen pole n muy nutritivo cuando el insect in secto o es polinífago. ✔   Hay casos muy específicos, como el cabra higo (Ficus carica subsp. rupestris) en relación con Blastophaga grossorum, algunas labiadas (Salvia) o muchas orquídeas, especialmente del género Ophrys. B. En Ornitogamia la polinización se da por por medio de aves:

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

10.3. DISPERSIÓN 10.3.1 10.3.1.. Generalidades Gene ralidades ● Forma de transporte (foresi a) consistente consistente en el e l efect ef ecto o de dise minar y esparcir. ● Las plantas usan la dispe rsión para expandir exp andir su área área de distribución. ● La parte dispersada se denomina denomi na diáspora, disemínulo disemínulo o propágulo. ● El ritmo de producción de diásporas varía según las especies, aunque se pueden reconocer las

siguientes siguie ntes posibilidades: posibilidades: ✔  Monocárpicas:  Monocárpicas: Florecen y fructifican fructif ican una sola vez en su vida vi da ✗  Anuales (terófitos) ✗  Bienales  Bienale s (Onopordum) (Onopordum) ✗  Plurianuales (Agave) ● Policárpicas: Pol icárpicas: Floración Floración y fructifi cación cación a lo largo de varios años

● Cuando los l os vectores de dispersión disp ersión son abióticos las adaptaciones son muy generales e ine specíficas. pecíficas. dispe rsión bióticos, suele haber más especialización. ● En el caso de vectores de dispersión ● Es muy frecuente la policoria (dispersión por varios agentes). Clasificación más usual según el agente

dispersante.

10.3.2. AUTOCORIA Especies que se aseguran por si mismas la l a dispersión dispe rsión de sus diásporas

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

10.3.5. HIDROCORIA ● Especie s que utili zan el agua para para la dispe rsión de sus diásporas (Cuadro 7). 7). ● En el caso de los ríos, que son unidireccionales, precisan de mecanismos anemócoros alternativos

(Alnus, (Al nus, Aster tripolium). tripolium).

10.3.6. ZOOCORIA ● Especie s que utili zan animales animales para para la dispersión de sus diásporas. ● Tipos según el mecanismo de dispersión (Cuadro 8) o según el animal que la realiza (Cuadro Error:

No se encuentra encue ntra la fuente de referenc refe rencia). ia).

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO X: EL FRUTO El fruto es el órgano vegetal que se origina por transformación de la pieza o piezas femeninas de la flor, los denominados carpelos, las estructuras que albergan en su interior (en el ovario) los rudimentos seminales que contienen el gametófito y gameto femenino. Por lo general, los carpelos poseen una parte receptiva (estigma) sobre la que se depositan tras la polinización los granos de polen, que al germinar originan los tubos polínicos; éstos discurren a través del estilo hasta alcanzar los rudimentos seminales, propiciando entonces su fecundación. Cuando esto sucede, cada rudimento acaba transformándose en una semilla, y el conjunto de ellas queda albergado en el interior del fruto, en cuya formación pueden intervenir también otras partes de la flor, como el eje floral, el receptáculo, etc. Después de la fecundación, el ovario se transforma en fruto. En su interior se alojan las semillas que proceden proceden de los óvulos. El fruto es el ovario ovario fecunda fe cundado do y maduro. maduro. La semilla semil la es el óvulo óvul o fecundado y maduro. La propagación de los frutos puede ser propiciada por agentes diversos. Cuando es el viento (anemocoria) los (anemocoria)  los frutos desarrollan estructuras para facilitar su transporte, por ejemplo en forma de expansiones membranosas  –alas –, como sucede en el ailanto [Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle], en los olmos (Ulmus spp.) y en los arces (Acer spp.), o bien se ahuecan, lo que los hace más livianos y fácilmente transportables, como en el caso del espantalobos (Colutea spp.). De igual manera, el agua puede ser también el medio de dispersión de los frutos ( hidrocoria) hidrocoria) y las adaptaciones de éstos similares (en este caso para aumentar la flotabilidad), en ocasiones muy complejas, como en el caso del cocotero (Cocos nucifera L.), cuyos frutos  –los cocos – son propagados por las corrientes marinas. Otras veces los vectores de los frutos son los animales (zoocoria), por (zoocoria),  por lo que a menudo los frutos son carnosos, de vivos colores y agradables sabores, sabores, y son consumidos consumidos por aquéllos, aquéllos, quien qu ienes es en e n su colecta acaban dispersándolos accidentalmente, o bien vehiculan la dispersión de las semillas en el interior del tracto digestivo cuando ingieren los frutos (endozoocoria); en (endozoocoria); en ocasiones son mucho menos vistosos pero desarrollan estructuras que facilitan su anclaje sobre el pelaje o el plumaje y que facilitan su propagación (epizoocoria). (epizoocoria). Más  Más sofisticados son los mecanismos de autocoria, autocoria, es decir, aquellos en los

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

10.2. CLASIFICACIÓN DE FRUTOS Son muy diversas las maneras en que los frutos pueden ser clasificados. Una de ellas, simple e intuitiva, combina las características del gineceo (número de carpelos y manera en que se disponen) y la naturaleza indehiscente o dehiscente del fruto. De esta forma se establecen diversas categorías, en cada una de las cuales se reconocen tipos de fruto muy diversos, algunas veces característicos de un grupo taxonómico en particular. 10.2.1. FRUTOS SIMPLES – SIMPLES – SECOS  SECOS –  INDEHISCENTES –  NUCIFORME CIFORMESS  – INDEHISCENTES  – NU A. Aquenio:  Aquenio:  fruto monospermo (con una sola semilla), con pericarpo coriáceo y no soldado a la semilla; procede de un carpelo, o de varios soldados. A veces puede llevar vilano, estructura que facilita facili ta la dispersión, como como en muchas Compositae. Ejemplo: Ejempl o: Tragopogon Tragopogon porrifolius L. (Asterace (Aste raceae). ae). B. Cariopsis:  Cariopsis:  fruto monospermo, con pericarpo delgado e íntimamente soldado a la semilla. Es característico en la familia de las gramíneas (Poaceae), con cierta frecuencia formando agregados en las especies espe cies con inflorescen inf lorescencia cia condensada. condensada. Ejemplo: trigo t rigo (Triticum spp., Gramineae. Gramineae. C. Nuez: fruto Nuez: fruto por lo general monospermo, similar al aquenio mas con pericarpo leñoso; procede de un gineceo con uno o varios carpelos soldados. Ejemplo: avellano (Corylus avellana L., Betulaceae subfam. Coryloideae).

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

10.2.2. FRUTOS SIMPLES – SIMPLES – SECOS  SECOS –  INDEHISCENTES –  FRAGMENTABLES  – INDEHISCENTES  – FRAGMENTABLES A. Esquizocarpo: fruto Esquizocarpo: fruto pluricarpelar, con los carpelos concrescentes pero que, llegados a la madurez, se separan por los mismos planos de unión en un conjunto de mericarpos. Ejemplo: malva (Malva nicaeensis nicaeensi s All., Malvaceae). B. Lomento: es Lomento: es un fruto de tipo de legumbre, pero indehiscente y con constricciones que marcan los planos transversales por los cuales se rompe en una serie de porciones monospermas. Ejemplo: Ornithopus pinnatus pi nnatus (Mill.) Druce (Legumino ( Leguminosae). sae). 10.2.3. FRUTOS SIMPLES – SIMPLES – SECOS  SECOS –  DEHISCENTES  – DEHISCENTES A. Folículo: fruto Folículo: fruto monocarpelar y por lo general polispermo, que en la madurez se abre por la sutura ventral. Ejemplo: Ejempl o: esterculia esterculia (Brac ( Brachychiton hychiton populneus). B. Legumbre: fruto Legumbre: fruto monocarpelar que en la madurez se abre por la sutura ventral y por el nervio medio del carpelo. Es el fruto típico en algunas familias, como en las Leguminosae, aunque de él existen muchas variantes. Ejemplo: algarrobo (Ceratonia siliqua L., Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae). C. Silicua: fruto Silicua: fruto sincárpico originado a partir de dos carpelos abiertos y con las placentas marginales y parietales; en la madurez se abre al separarse dos valvas, quedando al descubierto un tabique donde se sitúan las semillas. Por lo general suele ser más de tres veces más largo que ancho. Ejemplo: mastuerzo menor (Cardamine hirsut hi rsutaa L., Brassi Brassicaceae). caceae). D. Silicula: como Silicula: como la silicua pero más corta, por lo general menos de tres veces más larga que ancha. Ejemplo: Ejempl o: zurrón zurrón de pastor (Capsella (Capsel la bursa-pastoris (L.) Medi Medik., k., Brassicaceae Brassicaceae). ). E. Cápsula:  Cápsula:  fruto sincárpico pluricarpelar, con carpelos abiertos o cerrados, por lo que puede ser unilocular o plurilocular; su dehiscencia es muy variable. Es un tipo de fruto ampliamente representado. Ejemplo: estramonio (Datura stramonium L., Solanaceae; Figura 3.f) y adormidera (Papaver somniferum somni ferum L., Papaveraceae Papaveraceae

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

10.2.4. FRUTOS SIMPLES – SIMPLES – CARNOSOS  CARNOSOS –  INDEHISCENTES  – INDEHISCENTES A. Drupa: fruto Drupa: fruto monocarpelar originado a partir de un ovario súpero y que contiene en su interior un hueso, entendiendo así una estructura formada por el endocarpo pétreo y que aloja en su interior la semilla. semil la. Ejemplo: almen almendro dro [Prunus dulcis dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, Web b, Rosaceae]. B. Nuculanio: como Nuculanio: como la drupa pero originado a partir de un gineceo pluricarpelar, por lo que contiene varios huesos. Ejemplo: Ej emplo: aladierno (Rhamnus alaternus L., Rhamnaceae). Baya: fruto monocárpico o pluricarpelar sincárpico, con el epicarpo muy delgado, y el mesocarpo y endocarpo carnosos y más o menos jugosos; suelen tener colores llamativos. Ejemplo: tomate (Solanum (Sol anum lycopersicum L., Solanaceae). Solanaceae). C. Hesperidio: fruto Hesperidio: fruto sincárpico procedente de un ovario súpero, por lo general con 10 carpelos. Es el fruto de los cítricos, en el que el epicarpo suele ser delgado, rugoso y con gran cantidad de vesículas glandulares, el mesocarpo es de consistencia fungosa, y el endocarpo es membranáceo y está revestido en su interior de numerosos tricomas repletos de jugo. Ejemplo: naranjo amargo (Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae). Rutaceae). D. Pepónida: fruto Pepónida: fruto sincárpico originado originado a partir de un ovario ínfero, por lo genera ge nerall con 3-5 carpel carpelos. os. Es el fruto f ruto típico de las cucurbitácea cucurbitáceas, s, en el e l que las placentas placentas están muy desarrolladas desarrolladas y la l a parte externa externa del pericarpo suele endurecerse en mayor o menor medida; en algunos casos presentan una cavidad central debido a la reabsorción de los tabiques y de la pulpa. Ejemplo: calabaza (Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbitaceae).

Drupa

Hesperidio

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

10.2.6. FRUTOS AGREGADOS A. Poliaquenio: fruto Poliaquenio: fruto constituido por numerosos aquenios; procede de un gineceo apocárpico (con los carpelos libres). li bres). Ejem Eje mplo: clemátide (Clematis (Clematis flammula L., Ranunculaceae). B. Polifolículo:  Polifolículo:  fruto constituido por varios folículos; procede de un gineceo apocárpico. Ejemplo: magnolio (Ma ( Magnolia gnolia grandiflora grandif lora L., Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae). ). C. Polidrupa: fruto Polidrupa: fruto formado por varias drupas; procede de un gineceo apocárpico, aunque también se denomina así al fruto de la zarzamora, en el que las drupéolas son parcialmente concrescentes. Ejemplo: Ejempl o: zarzamora zarzamora (Rubus ulmifolius ulmif olius Schott, Schott, Rosaceae). Rosaceae).

Poliaquenio

Polidrupa

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Cinorrodon

Pomo

Balausta

10.2.8. INFRUCTESCENCIAS A. Sorosis: inf Sorosis: infrructescencia con el eje de la l a inflorescescencia inflorescescencia carnoso y j ugoso, sobre el que se disponen disponen frutos carnosos tambié también n concrescentes entre sí. Ejemplo: morera (Morus spp., Moraceae; Moraceae; Fig. 6 C). B. Sicono: infructescen Sicono: infructescenccia formada por un receptáculo cóncavo que se hace piriforme o globoso en la madurez, y que presenta una abertura apical protegida por pequeños hipsófilos; en su interior, sobre la pared, se disponen disponen las l as flores flores y al fina fi nall los frutillos frutillos (aq ( aquenios) uenios).. Los higos hi gos y las l as brevas son de este tipo. Ejemplo: Ejempl o: higuera (Ficus (Fi cus carica carica L., L., Moraceae). Moraceae).

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

CAPITULO XI: FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL 11.1. DEFINICION Etimológicamente, Fisiología Vegetal es el conocimiento (logos) físico de lasplantas. Todos los procesos que tienen lugar en las plantas tienen una base físico-molecular. La Fisiología Vegetal estudia los procesos que tienen lugar en las plantas,estudia cómo funcionan las plantas, y explica los fundamentos físicos de dichofuncionamiento sobre bases estructurales a diferentes niveles: molecular, celular, detejidos, detejid os, de de órganos y de planta entera; entera; explica los mecanismos de crecimiento y desarrollode las plantas y sus respuestas a los agentes externos.Todas las plantas son objeto de estudio de esta disciplina, discipl ina, aunque esencialmente seestudian las plantas vasculares.

11.2. RELACIONES RELACION ES HÍDRICAS 11.2.1. 11.2.1. MECANISMOS DE DE MOVIMIENTO DEL DEL AGUA AGU A En el sistema suelo-planta-atmósfera el agua se mueve en fase vapor desde la superficie del suelo y desde las paredes de las células del mesófilo hasta la atmósfera. El movimiento dentro del suelo se produce fundamentalmente en fase líquida, como así también la mayor parte del recorrido dentro de

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

11.2.4. 11.2.4. MEZCLADO TURBULENTO TURBULENTO El movimiento de vapor de agua desde las inmediaciones de la hoja hasta la atmósfera que se halla sobre el cultivo cul tivo se se produce fundamen fund amentalmente talmente por mezclado turbulento. El grado de turbulencia tu rbulencia tiene un efecto marcado sobre la velocidad del mezclado de las capas adyacentes, y esa turbulencia aumenta con la velocidad del viento y la rugosidad de la superficie. Cuando el aire se mueve sobre una superficie sólida (el suelo o una hoja) se ve frenado por fuerzas de fricción, y la capa adosada a la superficie no tiene movimiento. A medida que crece la distancia a esa superficie, las sucesivas capas de aire alcanzan velocidades crecientes, pero el flujo es laminar, no existiendo transferencia vertical por procesos que no sean difusionales. A mayores distancias hay una zona de transición, y finalmente se llega a una zona de turbulencia pura. Se denomina capa límite de la hoja a aquellas partes del perfil descripto en las que la transferencia de vapor de agua y otras entidades se realiza fundamentalmente por difusión. Fuera de la capa límite, el movimiento de vapor de agua se realiza por mezclado turbulento. 11.2.5. 11.2.5. ABSORCIÓN DE AGUA Y NUTRIENTES La mayor parte de los solutos y parte del agua que entran en la raíz siguen la vía del simplasto (la continuidad del protoplasma a través de los plasmodesmos); el agua se mueve por diferencia de gradiente del potencial químico. Otra parte del agua y algunos de los solutos entran en la raíz por la vía del apoplasto, moviéndos movi éndosee a través través de las paredes celul celulares ares y a lo largo de sus superficies. superfi cies.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

influencia de los mismos factores sobre la permeabilidad de las membranas en general. La temperatura modifica marcadamente la resistencia radical al movimiento de agua. La viscosidad del agua disminuye con el aumento de la temperatura, y esto contribuye a la reducción de la absorción por parte de las l as raíces raíces expuestas ex puestas a bajas temperaturas. La absorción de agua por parte de sistemas radicales intactos puede reducirse severamente por la acción de un estrés hídrico intenso. Probablemente la inhibición del crecimiento radical y el aumento de la proporción de raíz que queda cubierto de súber sean factores importantes. La permeabilidad de la raíz se ve severamente afectada por el grado de aireación así, períodos breves de inundación son capaces de producir la marchitez de plantas susceptibles que crecen en suelos inundados. Si la deficiencia en la aireación es prolongada, puede ocurrir la muerte total o parcial del sistema radical. La existencia de impedimentos a la aireación está asociada al aumento en el tenor de CO2 en los lo s tejidos y una disminución de O2. 11.2.7. TRANSPIRACIÓN La transpiración puede definirse como la pérdida de agua en forma de vapor por las plantas hacia la atmósfera que presenta un gradiente de humeda hume dad d menor que la planta. Se trata básicamente de un proceso de evaporación. Sin embargo difiere de la evaporación desde una superficie libre de agua porque la transpiración es modificada por la estructura de la planta y el funcionamiento de los estomas. Éstos son las aperturas microscópicas a través de las cuales la planta

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Cuando una hoja transpira, disminuye la concentración en las células del mesófilo. Esta baja concentración provoca una difusión entre el xilema y el mesófilo. Este pasaje hace que disminuya la concentración de agua en el xilema, por lo que se produce una difusión entre las células de la corteza de la l a raíz y el xilema. xilema. Lo mismo mi smo sucede sucede entr e ntree las l as células de de la l a corteza de la raíz y el pelo radical radical y éste y el suelo. Conforme cada molécula de agua se desplaza hacia la parte superior de la planta, otras que están más abajo vienen a sustituirlas. La fuerza generada por la transpiración desde las hojas y la cadena de difusiones desde arriba hacia abajo, producen una tensión. En la columna hídrica que se transmite transmite por po r el xilema hasta l os ápices radicales y hasta el suelo. En este caso el agua es "succionada" "succionada" desde arriba y no "empu "empujada" jada" desde abajo. Por un lado la atracción de las moléculas del agua entre sí (cohesión) y por otro, la atracción entre las moléculas moléculas de agua y las moléculas de las paredes del vaso v aso del xilema (adhesión), (adhesión), hacen que el agua se

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

• Clorosis en las l as hojas adultas (el ni trógeno trógeno se transporta de de hojas hoj as adultas a hojas más jóvenes debido

a su alta movilidad) • Menor crecimie crecimiento nto foliar.

Exceso de de N • Exceso Ex ceso de follaje foll aje con un rendimiento rendimi ento pobre en frutos • Desarrollo radicular mínimo mínimo frente al desarrol de sarrollo lo foliar • Retraso Re traso en la f loración y formación formación de semil las.

11.3.2. FÓSFORO Su absorción radicular es activa y rápida. Se absorbe principalmente como H2PO4- en suelos con pH

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Estructuración Estructuración de la l a llam aminilla inilla media me dia de la pared celular. Aumenta la resistencia resistencia me cánica cánica de los frutos. Activador y regulador de algunas enzimas. Actúa sobre la permeabilidad diferencial de la membrana plasmática. Síntomas de deficiencias son siempre más evidentes en tejidos jóvenes y zonas meristemáticas de raíc raíces es tallos y hoj as, por su baja movili mov ilida dad. d. 11.3.6. AZUFRE El azufre presenta un ciclo en el suelo similar al del nitrógeno en cuanto a que su dinámica es dependiente dependiente de microorgan microorganismos. ismos. El S en la l a solución del suelo se eencuentr ncuentraa como ión i ón sulfato, SO42-, y así se absorbe y se transporta por el xilema. La absorción de sulfato es activa pero se produce a una velocidad relativa lenta, si se compara con la de nitrato o fosfato. El azufre se encuentra en los aminoácidos azufrados cisteína y metionina. También se integra en diversas coenzimas (coenzima A,

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

La fijación biológica del nitrógeno atmosférico, consistente en la reducción de N2 a NH4+ por la enzima nitrogenasa, es, después de la fotosíntesis, la ruta metabólica más importante para el mantenimiento de la vida en la Biosfera. Curiosamente, este proceso crucial sólo puede ser llevado a cabo por unos pocos grupos de seres vivos, todos ell os procariotas. procariotas. Los microorganismos fijadores de nitrógeno no constituyen un grupo taxonómico homogéneo, la única característica que comparten es la presencia de la enzima nitrogenasa. Dichas bacterias comprenden organismos fotótrofos, como bacterias pertenecientes a la familia Rhodospirillaceae, Clorobiaceae y Cianobacteriae; organismos quimioautótrofos, como bacterias de los géneros Thiobacillus, Xanthobacter y Desulfovibrio y organismos heterótrofos como las bacterias pertenecientes a la familia Frankiaceae, al grupo Rhizobiaceae y a los géneros Azotobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella y Clostridium. Estos organismos pueden realizar la fijación biológica de nitrógeno ya sea independientemente (a

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

carbohidratos. Las reacciones de la etapa oscura usualmente ocurren en la oscuridad si los transportadores de energía provenientes de la etapa clara están presentes. Evidencias recientes sugieren que la enzima más importante de la etapa oscura esta estimulada indirectamente por la luz, de ser se r así el term te rmino ino no n o sería correcto denominarla denominarla "etapa oscura". La etapa clara ocurre ocurre en e n la grana y la oscura en el estroma de los cloroplastos. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O -->> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Etapa fotoquímica: la luz que activa la clorofila excita a un electrón a un nivel energético superior. En una serie de reacciones la energía se convierte (a lo largo de un proceso de transporte de electrones) en ATP y NADPH. El agua se descompone en el proceso liberando O2 como producto secundario de la reacción. El ATP y el NADPH se utilizan para fabricar los enlaces C-C en la etapa oscura. Los fotosistemas son los conjuntos de moléculas de clorofila y otros pigmentos empaquetados en los

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

citoplasma y empleadas en la síntesis de sacarosa, principal azúcar de transporte vía floema hacia el resto de la planta.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

La carga puede llevarse a cabo a través del simplasto o a través de una combinación simplastoapoplasto (carga apoplástica).

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

Los estudios sobre la respuesta a distintas combinaciones de auxinas y citocininas indican que sus concentraciones relativas afectan el desarrollo de las células indiferenciadas que crecen en cultivo. Cuando ambas hormonas se encuentran en concentraciones aproximadamente iguales, las células

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

BOTANICA Y FISIOLOGIA VEGETAL

Donato Moscoso Moscoso Arenas Aren as

yema apical se concentran en ésta para producir el alargamiento del eje caulinar. Las auxinas se sintetizan fundamentalmente en el meristema apical y hojas en crecimiento; las citocininas se sintetizan en los ápices radicales. Así, las auxinas tienen un traslado polar basípeto, las citocininas se

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Titles you can't find anywhere else

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.