Botanic Drugs Their 1000081906

BOTANIC Their

DRUGS Medica, Pharmacology

Materia and

Therapeutics

BT

THOMAS Fellow

American

Medicine;

Medical Editor

Hygiene," Medica

"A

"The

M.D.

BLAIR,

S.

Association; Fellow Harrisburg Academy Medical of "Public Coimcil;" Author

Practitioner's

Handbook

of

of

Materia

and

"Pocket Therapeutics," and gist NeuroloTherapeutics;" Formerly to Harrisburg (Pa.)

Hospital,Etc., Etc.

t

PUBLISHED

THE

THERAPEUTIC

BY

DIGEST CINCINNATI, 1917

PUBLISHING OHIO

CO.

VI

Copyright,

The

Thebapeutic

Digest

Cincinnati,

by

1917,

Publishing

Ohio

Company

This

Respectfully

Volume

Dedicated

is

TO

THE

RATIONAL

OPTIMIST

IN

BY

The

AtTTHOB

THERAPEUTICS

Contents

PAGE

7

Preface,

13

Introduction,

PART

I

33

Considerations,

Pharmaceutical

....

PART

II

49

Pharmacology

PART

Remedies,

Botanic

Arranged,

III

Alphabetically

63

Preface credit

physicians

CHINESE that

agents

their

to

their work

"A

what

might

twenty-five -four

twenty There

and

pharmacopeias, drugs

recognized

standards,

which

botanic

in

world-wide

botanic

drugs

pharmacopeias, in

only these

latter

to

her

native

Each are,

India

country

often,

people,

of

are

to

especially

thirty two

found

being

Among oil, oil

calendula,

of

to

so

does

that

many

berberis, attach

We

but

these;

its

list

or

one

these

sumach.

portance im-

Mexico

are

to

esteemed

tropical species.

certain

has

tional na-

sabal, stillingia,yerba

leptandra,

drugs, Japan

and

there,

but

cottonseed

chenopodium,

most

and

Bloodroot,

and

these

important

Pharmacopeia.

sassafras,

pereira,

hundred

of

States

crampbark,

santa,

of

twenty-nine

are:

oil of

in

but

seventy-eight

are

hundred

recognized

are

of

five

the

covers

comprises

well-based

sixteen

Two

United

the

pimento,

in

the

sources.

with

There

commerce.

gives of

it

recognize

they

drugs.

botanic

fifty

and

his

botanic

countries

nineteen

are

in

mention

from

derived

agents

and

therein

including

pages,

of

Pharmacopeia

Hospital;

voted de-

outline

Treatment,"

the

General

an

Shattuck,

Cheever

called

be

and

Medical

of

is

volumes

forty

description

Synopsis

Massachusetts

of

George

Dr.

uses.

work

a

remedial

many

so

own

plant

adapted

to

readily procured 7

at

they

remedies; the

moderate

uses

of cost,

the

and

Preface

8

sometimes in The of

our

our

own

assume

great European own

remedies Various

stanced importance, as is inantheloil of chenopodium as an mintic.

suddenly

American

has stimulated

the

study

for the production of botanic fabrication of chemical ones.

resources

and

war

the

universities and

largedrug houses experimental cultivation of three hundred specieshaving

undertaking the medicinal plants,some been tried out. ditions Many have failed under our conof soil and climate,but an increasingnumber of successes are being noted; so that, ultimately, shall developa new and promising drug industry. we And other countries are doing the same thing, in some degree at least. Indeed, as regards botanic icine, remedies, it will be hard to internationalize medmuch this might be desired. as are

Definite

chemical

substances

are

often

made

marketed under or are patented processes, copyrighted trade names; thereby, a stable profit is derived from their exploitationand sale. But preparationsderived from botanic drugs are neither patented nor copyrighted,and the profitsderived from their sale,not being sufficient to pay for exploitation except in the form of mixed-ingredient these botanic remedies are proprietaryspecialties, not urged not pushed to the fore. Physicians are to use them, seldom hear of them, and rarely employ them. In fact,many botanic remedies are not available in retail trade, and physicians cease to prescribethem. War conditions are changing these relationships of supply and demand; and it is more than probable that each country will,hereafter,develop its under

9

Preface

indigenous botanic drugs and work up into finished productsits crude chemical resources. relates as Each country has problems of its own pharmaceutical to the collection, cultivation,and manipulationof its botanic crudes. In the United States the high labor costs militate against competition edies with countries producing crude botanic remsolution The logical a basis of cheap labor. on is that of skilled propagation,in of this difficulty which strains of medicinal plants will be developed and easy extraction. of high proximate principlecontent will crowd

These

out

of the better markets

quality of crude medicinal this much-toplants commonly imported. When is realized, botanic drugs be-desired consummation into their own will come again. The growing use of alkaloids and other proxiincreased production, and it is calls for an mates probable that chemical houses will be able to use, in alkaloid production, and profitably therein, the ordinary grades of plant crudes, leaving the better grades for the making of tinctures and extracts. the

This

indifferent

rather

will make

a

stable market

and

encourage

duction pro-

largescale. the empiricism of much As between which passes "clinical experience,"and the dogmatism muster as of the more militant school of laboratorypharmacologists, much untilled ground lies in the field of on

botanic

a

remedial

effort to till that

agents.

This

book

will make

an

ground, so far as one book may. trated Avoiding the encyclopedic generalizationsillusin the multi-remedy plan of China on one of the Massachusetts hand, and the paucity of resource General Hospital on the other hand, the

Preface

10 effort will be made

to

present herein

a

careful record

to hold a drugs as seem ture. place in medical literarespected and warranted of botanic The drugs recoglarge number nized in the pharmacopeias of the leading nations testifies to the importance of this class of remedial agencies in medical practice. Therefore, the list of such plant remedies discussed herein will not be limited. pedantically own Frankly favoring the development of our American drug industries, indigenous American plant remedies will be quitegenerallynoticed, even be conceded that many of them though it must of but minor know are importance, so far as we Some consider it as at present. gentlemen may detracting from the scientific value of a medical into a discussion of minor work to enter drugs, and from a certain point of view such a criticism is justified; but, and the author realizes the fact in our most acutely,it is quiteimpossible, present state of knowledge, to prepare text a trulyscientific the subjectmatter here undertaken. Hence, upon than what this book it pretends to nothing more actually is, and does not pose in the light of the scientific exactitude illumininga modern text book bacteriology or operating-room technic, nor upon

of data

can

such

upon

it do

botanic

so.

Nevertheless

it is not

markedly

to

credit

our

that the botanic remedies, the ones longest known, of them for thirtycenturies, are the class least some understood

So, then, be

marked

in the whole a

book

by

upon numerous

range of curative this subjectmust, of

inconclusive

but semi-scientific divisions.

resource.

necessity,

passages

and

11

Preface As

medical

a

of nearly thirty years* practitioner

experience,it is but natural that the author derived

evidence

the

stress

the

from

should

chnical

side.

notwithstanding this bent of the clinician,one with so many in active practicemeets ments disappointof cases of from drugs in his management and hope for to welcome illness,that he comes in drug action piric something emsomething definite experiencefails in giving and that laboratory research alone can supply. be admitted Yet it must that, as regards the of botanic drugs, there is no considerable volume Only a few botanic laboratory research recorded. have had adequate pharmacologic study, remedies Yet

"

"

"

and

even

of

some

but

or

remains

clusive incon-

So far

out.

as

may

in this volume

of remedies

Wherein

scientific basis.

a

upon

research

partiallyworked

be, the discussion be

this

such

will

data

is

clinical literature available,the author will call upon his own and experience and observation, such frankly conceding the errancy liable to mar not

of conclusion.

methods

of

Believing that the proponents overstate

the

case,

and

that

drug usually

a

multitude

a

of claims

regarding its efficacygradually grow like barnacles its literature,this book will present only sifted upon conclusions. of upon

from avoid

has

been

materia

medica

wonderful

book

book.

to

this irrational

into another With method

will stillpass

theories, systems

one,

lation accumuone

and

book so

the best of intention

thing;but, let us hope, a No

a

therapeutic junk carried from

this book of

There

or

of

to

literarycomposition,

along some minimum

on

of that sort of it.

preconceived schemes

Preface

12

therapy

of

effort

be

to

fair

will

balance

either

herein

exploit

remedies

permitted,

record

to

he

failures,

many

believes

somewhat

practitioner

botanic

drugs.

well work

this said

If

be,

itself,

the

Pa.,

as

well

author 1917.

to

reader

the

as

but

will

with feel

be

position and

careful

the

regarding partially as

the

of and

in

the

know

egotism,"

"preliminary to

Harrisburg,

wishes

botanic

successes

to

things

the

exigencies

some

the

not

shop-worn

a

the

himself

of

modern

with

noted

and

does

used

as

teria ma-

upon

author or

largely

very

discriminatingly

as

practice

the

newborn

a

Having

enthusiasm.

works

two

therapeutics,

and

judicial

a

preserve

the

maintained.

written

previously

medica

to

consistently

be

Having

and

all

to

but

herein;

place

find

will

dosage

or

a

main

abundantly

agrees

is

preface text

of

the

repaid.

Introduction the

ISIS, in

"Mother

the

called

was

ancient

it

there

medicine:

its

origin. Hippocrates, the centuries later, knew

the,

to

states

that

were

they

be

that

noticed

primitive races, healing properties times,

skilled

were

medication

of

less

had

of Medicine,"

"Father

did

but

regard the

the the

remedial of

women

as

of

and

plants. acquired

women

Women.'

women

ings writ-

of

compilation

rule, who

a

his famous

to

'Wise

the

it is the

of

earliest

with

from

obtained

years

times.

him, ancient

"Paracelsus

women

than

drugs

vegetable

of

actions

was

deed, In-

thousand

botanic

in

many

eleven

and

men

Goddess,

Medicine."

of

Egypt,

Christ, both

before

the

afterwards

and

Queen

edge knowlIt

the

not

learned

are

men

in the

From .

the

.

.

of the

knowledge

a

may

body, of science, of natural laws, and of the medicinal properties of herbs. "^ materia Hippocrates left no regular treatise on human

but

medica,

he

made,

as

did

also

the

Iliad

and

the

of Polythe work to Odyssee, frequent references Greek dauma, Origenia, and Aspasia women who in the making of soothing potions. learned were Theophrastus developed the botany of materia "

medica

the of

in

first

plant *

Maude

a

scientific

manner;

authoritative remedies.

writer His

Glasgow, in Medical

books

"

but

the

on

listed

Record, December ."

13

Dioscorides

was

therapeutics seven

4, 1915.

hun-

Introduction

14

dred of them, but in

classifiedform.

no

His work

long, and the Greeks added but little to Ebn it; but the Arabians, more Baithar, especially added camphor, senna, vomica, and other drugs. nux Aetius finally classified the materia medica. The seventh century A. D. gave to medicine the works of Paulus Aegineta.^ His writingsare a wonderful hundreds record, commenting literally upon which of botanic remedies, among be noted may aconite, aloes,bryonia,belladonna, colchicum, cannabis, colocynth,elaterium, gentian, hyoscyamus, lactucarium, male fern, nux vomica, opium, Pulsatilla, ricinus,rhubarb, squill, triticum,thyme, senna, valerian, and a host of familiar plants,as well as long since forgottenones. many But it is of passing interest to note that he described turies-later again brought to notice in the cenmany writingsof Hahnemann, of Homeopathic fame, and of Scudder, the principalwriter of the Eclectic School. Among these botanic drugs may be noted boletus, agnus castus, populus nigra, carduus urtica dioica,sambucus, plantago,asclepias, benedictus, helleborus niger, avena, gnaphalium, eupatorium, senecio, eryngium, bursa pastoris,iris, cistus,corallium, allium, conium, equisetum,juglans, xanthium, oenanthe, polygonatum, rhus, corydalis, achillea, solanum, Symphytum, hypericum, chelistood

for

donium, berberis, anacardium, and a host of others. In fact, from Aegineta and the medieval European writers

Hahnemann

took

the

greater part of his

remedies, acceptingtheir nomenclature

and

much

of their data. ""The the

Seven

Books

of Paulus

Aegineta,"translated into Englishby

Sydenham Societyat the hand of Francis Adams,

1847.

Introduction

15

In fact, outside of the botanic field,oyster shell, and other graphite,lachesis,sepia,burnt sponge,

"peculiar"remedies

of sectarian

described in ancient and

Verily,"there

medieval

medicine

were

also

books.

under the sun." nothing new medical medieval The writings in Europe were but, again,it was a Hildegarde woman, numerous; (born 1108),of Bingen on the Rhine, who developed of her region and wrote the botanic materia medica Other book.' notable somewhat later, a women, whose names figurein botanic materia medica, were Mme. Mouffler, the Countess of Chinchon, and Mme. Chapelle. In medieval and pre-modern times, the ology men were so busy developing the dogmas of thethat they considered herbalism and medicine beneath

as

is

their notice; and

the

who

women,

ducted con-

hospitalsof those days and did most of the obstetrical work, developed the useful details, to fight leaving the profound theories for the men the

Nevertheless,

over.

associated

with

side, which

materia

does

not

Then, too, other

men,

botanic from

materia

masculine

some

medica

names

from

the

were

chemical

involve

this present study. in their writings, included

medica

in the form

of

compilation

previousliterature. examination

An

of

"The

Pharmacopoeia Londinensis,A. D. 1682," revealed a content ingly surprisbotanical. The celebrated Dr. Thomas ham Sydengave

much

credit

his influence doubtless

to

botanic

remedies, and

promoted their

use.

ings Writ-

in that

was '

digeno considerable use of inday showed plants,but comparativelyKttle of value written. Later writers of note in England, "Liber

CompositaeMedicinae

"

and

a

later work

of nine volumes.

Introduction

16

such

creditingbotanic

while

Headland,

as

exploitedlittlethat

was

The

new.

plantremedies had subsided,largelydue in Europe. advance Not and J.

so

liesbefore

There

in America.

edies, rem-

rage

for

to chemical

quaint

a

me

creditable book, "The tice Pracparticularly Thomsonian of Medicine on Principles," by delphia, W. Comfort, M.D., and published in Philanot

In

in 1845. the first mentioned is ascribed which

the

section,

is lobelia inflata,to which

drug

truly remarkable

virtues and

foolish statements

many

medica

materia

concerning

made.

are

Then

composition powder capsicum, Thomson's and cloves), (bayberry root bark, ginger,cayenne, black pepper, white ginger,bayberry,upland sumac, wild red raspberry, witch hazel,evan root, pond lily,

follow

marsh

and

rosemary,

other

numerous

American

plants, few of which survive to-day as remedies. do remain, including lobelia, Nevertheless, some minor hydrastis,wild cherry, and some so ones; Thomson

Samuel

creditable Scudder

did

successors

not

in

live in vain. the

botanic

His field

most were

King of the Eclectic or "American" School, and who, despitea minority followingin American of true medicine, reallydeveloped much and

value. But

the dominant

professionwere and

wing of the American medical der, opposed to Thomson, Beach, Scud-

all of the so-called "Botanies."

of Trousseau, of France, dominated our

writers

was

rather and

on

materia

medica;

works the thought of

and, indeed, this

fortunate,for Trousseau was able man, whose writings were

opposite in spiritfrom

the

The

a

ful thoughtthe

very

vagariesof Thomson.

Introduction

18

strong points and Smiths

of the

one

foreign

limitations.

lays claim the

to

when

Hence, to

abilityand

family

in

any

acteristi char-

general, we

indulgeour doubts until after he proves out in his know the Labiatae as claims. Botanicallywe may We may look mints and non-poisonousaromatics. this order of plants in a work on botany and up that forty-five note speciesof them are indigenous to the United States, Thymus vulgarisbeing the And active one. most yet hedge hyssop, of this order, has recentlybeen exploitedas one ingredient of a remedy for cancer. Knowing the Labiatae, of the order how improbable is it that any member would, of

so

or

could, have

serious

On

the

a

any

the

influence upon

course

disease!

other

hand, when

echinacea

is

exploited claiming demning wholly con-

remedy by many physicians,some much for it,and others those opposed the plant as inert,it need be no stranger its natural order, the Compositae. know to us, for we So we look up the Compositae and find that onetenth of all the floweringplantsof the world are of this order and few of them poisonous,the exceptions being Liatris odoratissima, used in smoking tobacco, and producingcerebral intoxication;tansy, sinthiu which has occasionally caused death; Artemisia abthe the toxic agent of absinthe, which as

a

"

French

Government

"

has

found

necessary

to

press; sup-

and

Others of the order, perhaps a few more. while not actively toxic, are possessedof definite note lactucarium, eupatorium, activity. We may matricaria,and taraxacum. erigeron,grindelia, So, then, there is at least some ground for us to

expect that

echinacea

may

be

one

of the

excep-

Introduction tional

plants among

would

not

the

expect, from

19

Compositae,although we its botanical

relationship,

be either

that it may since

ing, markedly toxic or quick actof the poisonous Compositae are

none

rapid in toxic effect. know

we

are

order

Solanaceae, or night-shades, narcotics;hence we would expect to

natural

The

of this order an active drug. find any one from all this is: While the The deduction

of the natural order

plants

Labiatae

might be useful, we would not expect to find active drugs among them; would expect to find a the Compositae we among few agents of toxic or energeticcharacter,while the Solanaceae would we expect energetic among narcotics. Throughout the whole botanical classification find this rule to be of value in forming we estimate of the probable activity of a botanic some drug. considerations do not But academic always world. rule in this practical Drugs are not selected since many purely on the basis of their toxicity, non-toxic ones are exceedinglyuseful. There is wide easily selected a list of botanic drugs of worldrecognition. The following are recognized in from sixteen to nineteen pharmacopeias. I have arranged them according to botanical order. Note how the

our

rule is at sixes and

academic

practicalmatter THE

MOST

Aurantiaceae:

Apocynaceae: Burseraceae: *List

with

sevens

of fact.

POPULAR

BOTANIC

DRUGS'

peel,lemon Strophanthus. Myrrh. Bitter orange

compiled by Gathercoal,Jour. Am.

oil.

Phar. Asa'n.,March, 1916.

Introduction

20

Arnica, German

Compositae:

chamomile,

wormwood.

Coniferae: Convolvulaceae:

Juniper berries,rosin,turpentine. Jalap.

Cruciferae:

Mustard.

Ewphorhiaceae:

Castor

Ericaceae:

Uva

Filices:

Male

Fungi:

Ergot.

Gentianaceae:

Gentian.

Hamamelaceae:

Storax.

Iridaceae:

Saffron.

Labiatae:

Lavender,

Lauraceae:

Leguminosae:

Camphor. Copaiba,

Liliaceae:

balsam, senna, Aloes, squill.

Linaceae:

Linseed.

Lobeliaceae:

Lobelia.

oil.

oil,croton

ursi, fern.

mary. peppermint oil, rose-

gum

arable, peruvian tolu,tragacanth.

Nux vomica. Loganiaceae: Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium. Pomegranate. Lythraceae: Malvaceae:

Marshmallow.

Melanthaceae:

Colchicum.

Menispermaceae: Columbo. Myristicaceae: Nutmeg. Cloves and oil of cloves. Myrtaceae: olive oil.

Oleaceae:

Manna,

Papaveraceae: Piperaceae: Polygonaceae:

Opium.

Ranunculaceae

Goldenseed.

Rhamnaceae:

:

Cubeb.

Rhubarb, Cascara.

senega.

Introduction

21

Bitter almond, sweet

Rosaceae:

almond.

Cinchona, ipecac. Digitalis. Scrophulariaceae: Solanaceae: Belladonna, henbane. Rubiaceae:

butter.

Sterculinaceae:

Cacao

Styraceae:

Benzoin.

Umbelliferae:

Anise

Valerianaceae:

Valerian.

aceae: Zingiber

Ginger.

oil of, ammoniac, fetida,fennel.

This is a world-wide

and

listof

asa-

popular officialbotanic

eloquent than is much argument. that it contains only ten markedly toxic substances.

drugs and is more Note

In the United

States

other

drugs are much in use, partly due to Homeopathic and Eclectic recommendations. paths Including those of the Homeoand Eclectics,these may be named as actually in extensive use: Aconite, baptisia, buchu, bryonia, cinnamon, cactus, capsicum, chenopodium oil,cimicifuga, coca (cocine),echinacea, eucalyptus oil, gelsemium,hops, malt, phytolacca,pilocarpus, phyllum, podoresorcin,scoparius,sanguinaria, Pulsatilla, thuja, veratrum, viburnum, wild cherry twentysix added toxic. to the table, nearly half of them In the worldly-widetable only one-sixth of the drugs named are markedly toxic. some

"

This the

shows

toxic

botanic

temperament, our

bent

which toward

logicalaction of does not

inclination

drugs and Primarilythis is

ones.

to

American

an

exclude

to

due

demands

demanding

to

to

include

the

toxic non-

the American

'^

visible results, and a

definite

physio-

drug. In other words, mystery appeal stronglyto the American physician,y a

L^ T^ )

Introduction

22

PHYSIOLOGICAL

"There

is

ACTIONS

effects of medicinal the

that the

general agreement

a

substances

logical physiois

man

upon

guide to their selection in diseased states. Excepting a few remedies whose have been established uses purely empirical upon pend grounds, and a very few others whose virtues desafest and

is

effects,this method the

antimicrobic

chemical,

upon

The

useful

most

could

matter

primary

mechanical

or

generallyused."^

now

be

better

stated, whether secondary effects are desired, or if

or

not

large or for small doses. In the section upon "Pharmacology," the question actions by animal of determining the physiological experimentation will be considered. Since but one-sixth of the world-wide list of drugs are markedly toxic, and nearly half of the special in this category, are we American ones are carrying the determination of a drug by toxic physiological actions too far as regards its therapeuticemployment? in the indications

used

I don't

believe

Certainly the

for

we

are.

historical

considerations

earlier in this "Introduction" loaded

World

botanic

of useless

hundreds there

down

for

us

such

to

show materia

substances.

substances

as

Old

the

medica

What

in the United

carry

that

narrated with

occasion

States

English

is

copeia Pharma-

chamomile,

rhus glabra, lappa,mezereum, sumbul? Why should the Homeopathic standards or still include aethusa, cynapium, anagallis,bovista,

calamus, cassia,cusso,

*

G.

"

The

Hardy Chicago.

A. B. C. Manual

Clark, M.D.,

of Materia late

Medica

and

professorHahnemann

Therapeutics,"by Medical College,

Introduction

23

carduus, erechtites, guaco, hypericum, laburnum, ocimum, polyporus, spiraea,or usnea? Why should the Eclectics along in this late day with worry boldo, coto, damiana, adansonia, alstonia, arum, hepatica, monesia, polypodium, sarracenia, or trillium?

dead others, are dead things, and many the professionforgot them because and ago, years in They simply fell down they died of inanition. erature practice,and they should be deleted from our litThese

"

Nevertheless,

not

be obsessed

with

the

drug does not have a host of physiological, especiallytoxic, actions it is idea

that

should

we

because

botanic

a

useless. minor

botanic

drug does one thingsuperlatively well, we should preserve it for that one quality. Oil of chenopodium does kill the hookworm. What ask? Emetine does kill amebae. we more can Why expect it to be useful in a host of other things? physiologicalaction whatever, Agar-agar has no If

some

yet it is

uterine

arrests

Why

valuable

a

mechanical

expect it

be

to

that is

Phloridzin useful

as

of the

kidney.

Some

a

one

means

or

a

Cotarnine

congestiveconditions.

useful

Filmaron, derived tapeworm;

in

hemorrhage

laxative.

in post-partum rhage? hemorfrom male fern, kills the

is all.

of it? Why expect more but it is highly antiperiodic, poor for testingthe functional activity two

defined purposes

plished actuallyaccom-

by a drug should include it in our a drug reputed to do fiftythings,but none well, should be deleted, or so I believe.

lists;but of them

Introduction

24

ABSOLUTELY

HAS

MYSTERY

NO

PLACE

IN

THERAPEUTICS

know

If you don't We alone. no

what

drug does, leave it longer "cure" our patients with a

drugs. Our work is case-management, in which some drug or drugs may play a major or minor role. We no longer expect to get some mysterious curative effect from a drug. is a forlorn hope of Fitting drugs to symptoms Modern medicine the incompetent doctor. makes, first of all,a diagnosis. This made, a plan of campaign laid out, which demand much may nursing, careful dieting,stomach washing, and no be

must

drugs

at

demand

all. the

Or

it may, the as intensive of most

littleelse besides.

demand

drugs

to

In modern do

prominent factor, medication, with

case-management

certain defined

we

things,and

we

of them than justthat. A doctor don't expect more know disease. If he does, he can must readilyselect be intimatelyacthe drug needed; but he may quainted with

the

whole

range

of materia

medica

utterlyuseless in the sick-room, because he does not recognizethe signs of septicinfection, the sudden incidence of appendicitis, failure in a cardiac compensation, or have the laboratoryfindings and

stillbe

before him.

So, gentlemen and

fellow

we practitioners,

eliminate the useless in drug treatment,

or

must

be eliminated

ourselves. DOSAGE

There

all-embracingand scientific system of dosage. The largeintravenous dose of arsenic in the form of salvarsan and given in the treatment is

no

Introduction

26

plied,it is generallyadmitted that non-toxic doses of a drug are curative of diseased conditions similar So to states induced by toxic doses of that drug." first throws this Homeopathic author overboard of the nine-tenths remedies, and Homeopathic quotes Bartholow, Hempel, Hughes, Ringer,Wood, and others in giving the "characteristics" and "toxic symptoms" of the one-tenth remaining, practically ignoringthe Homeopathic "provings";and then he his "therapeuticuses" fit right in to these makes actions and with the dosage rationally physiological arranged without any "potentizing"or "dynamizing" involved.

through ancient and medieval medical literature all sorts of theories regarding theories suggest anything new. dosage; no modern After all,dosage is purely a practicalquestion determine by matters of fact,not by theories. The and the "spe"similia" theories of Homeopathy, cific theories of Eclecticism, one medication" can readily see purely as reflections of old thought if he takes the trouble to consult the ancient writings. is obliged to unload the old empiric thought, One when dress, and start anew even presentedin new scientific a basis as one as Practically, may. upon One

the

finds scattered

minimum

toxic

and

he

is what

dose

should

should

one

grade down

from

member; re-

that,

according to the effect desired. OPTIMISM

SOME

The

introduction

the

wonderful

the

various

these,with

of

AND

serums specific

advances

forms surgery,

PESSIMISM

in chemical

of exact

technic

and

vaccines;

therapeutics; in treatment

"

hygieneand sanitation,mechano-

Introduction

therapy, and dietetics

solvingthe treatment definitelyspecificforms

are

"

the

and

serious

more

27 of of

disease.

the functional

eases, diseases,the degenerativedisgastro-intestinal, respiratory,cardiac, many volvements, renal diseases, as well as a host of chronic in-

But

and

problem as ever and of general practitioners the go on keep an army the surgeons, and the spedespite the hospitals, cialists. Medical be

our

a

impressed itself very plain,every-day morbidity. Indeed,

confessed

our synthetics,

potent

of

has

progress

definitelyon it must

much

as

are

that

mortalityfrom of modern

our

endocrine

remedies

newer

not

in

vaccines, remedies, and our

serums,

organ

general,do

this class of diseases. life we,

as

a

our

not

In

people,suffer

reduce the more

"A

/

(

the sure pres-

than

formerly from pneumonia, arteriosclerosis, neuroses, hepatic and renal affections,and the largeclass of diseases incident

to

the

"strenuous

life" and

what

and "system." "efficiency" of experience have Centuries taught the world that these ordinary affections are best combated with simple and kindly-actingbotanic remedies.

is misnamed

At

present

we

these botanic to be

a

wrong

here

have

so

remedies

many are

policy. it is but

give credit to the Eclectic School, its practitioners, journalism,and pharmaceuticalmanufacturers, for keeping this class of remedies alive. Nevertheless, they, as a school, fast losingout in this admirable ambition, and are for these reasons: They have made little advance in pathology and diagnosis;they have tied too Right

Vv

^

tools to try that neglected. I believe this ^ new

proper

to

.

"""^

28

Introduction

views of Scudder closelyto the at-one-time modern and King, and they have failed to advance in this in their day; they day as these leaders advanced have practicallyignored the teachings of pharmacology; they lay too little stress on assay methods and physiologicalstandardization; they have not eliminated inert medicaments from their sufficiently to literature; they adhere symptomatic and unscientific determination of dosage, which is usually inadequate;they have laid too little emphasis upon drugs of inorganic origin,such as mercury, iodine, school to etc., and they have allowed the dominant do most

of the advanced

and

potent botanic it themselves. To sum

work

with

remedies

the

more

instead

inent prom-

of

doing

it up:

They stand, as a school, practicallywhere they did forty years ago. I reach these conclusions regretfullyfrom an extensive reading of their literature and a largeclinical But many of their experience with their remedies. originalcontentions are correct, else they had died and their pharmaceutical manufacout turers years ago; have consistentlymaintained high standards. It

is time

botanic

"

and

materia the

it is necessary modernize to medica and therapeutics;to eliminate

obsolete

as

other branches

to

drop

"

therefrom; of materia

old doctrines and

medication

with

modern

push ahead even medica have advanced; to

theories

and

fit in botanic

pathology, diagnosis,and give painstaking pharmacologic

therapeutic technic; to laboratorystudy to this class of remedies; of these drugs upon to base the use exact laboratory and

clinical observation

born

of one-sided

instead

of upon obsession enthusiasm; and to do all of these

Introduction

in

things from

sectarian

Some

I will

vastly before;

used

ordinary

of

our

is

craft.

freed

absolutely

its

botanic that

own;

in

will

be

a

can

much

modern

medica

will

the

were

ever

incidence in

the

of

potency

and

mortality, from

of

these

use

they

reduced

gift

class

large

a

than

doing

so

high

present

by

we

materia

practitioners

that

and

things;

done.

effectively

more

and

these

the

scientific

our

enriched

well

that

morbidity

maintain be

spirit

do

to

into

come

and

drugs

it

believe

then

modern

going

when

truly

scientific

bias. is

one

rejoice

all

to

modern,

a

29

icine med-

ancients

PART

PHARMACEUTICAL

I

CONSIDERATIONS

Botanic

34

Drugs

tannic acid derivatives, apinol,urease, valeric esters, validol camphoratum, several caflFeine-likebodies, others. cerolin,and numerous and also non-ofl5cialprodAmong non-proprietary ucts made

by designatedmanufacturers are named these: Agaric acid, homatropine hydrochloride, berberine hydrochloride, cantharidin, cypress oil,digitoxin, specialergot products, emetine, several morphine oil of pine,and salts,apiol, a few quininesalts, thiosinamine. American

This

Medical

Association

is publication

strong testimonyto the fact that modern

commercial

is pushing ahead of the slowly-changing enterprise is introducing United States Pharmacopeia, and

and

new

valuable

forms

from the old botanic But

"New

and

of medicaments

derived

drugs.

NonoflScial Remedies"

does

not

take up

cept pharmaceuticalclasses of preparationsexand certain classes of as regards biologicals compounds; the United States Pharmacopeia performs that function,and as a rule it is well performed. But the United States Pharmacopeia, while admirable as

well

as

it to do

book

a

of standards, does

not

serve

of processes. Indeed, it is hard It is one thing to outline processes

book

a

so

so.

drug extraction suitable for the

retail

for of

pharmacy

quite another thing to outline them for the his who works largepharmaceuticalmanufacturer drugs by machinery and in bulk. The largemakers, and

who

work

on

a

basis of constant

exactitudes, often improve

upon

assays

and

other

oflScial processes

Pharmacopeia and their own tinctures,fluidextracts, etc., and these special productsare usuallysuperior. and

listboth United

States

Considerations

Pharmaceutical

35

enjoys begin with, the large manufacturer facilitiesin securinghis crude drugs in their especial condition. active and workable most Eucalyptus, for instance, rapidly loses its volatile constituents, although the leaves should not be worked green. and wild cherry, Various barks, such as cascara requirespecialhandling and a certain age, while To

others, such

as

the bark

of the root

of chionanthus,

Then, too, other require specialslow extraction. drugs should be worked in a green or recent state. Zea, or cornsilk,contains as its active agent maizenic acid, which is lost in the process of drying. Some of the narcotic drugs are much injuredby drying. Pulsatilla,active

of its volatile

account

on

anem-

almost onin, becomes wholly inert by drying. that differences in physioSome logical reports contend actions and

dried

there

is

obtain

as

drugs. While doubt

no

that

between

this may the proper

drug for working is far from the

agents, and

various

sold in bulk for

may

may

working. The

position to

secure

and

them

to work

or

Fermentative

be

be

condition

the

as

dried

in the best

in proper at the righttime.

of

a

involves

large manufacturer

his crudes

recent

exaggerated,

uniform

hence not

certain

drugs dition con-

is in

condition

tures, changes ruin some plant strucand microorganisms proliferate rapidly very in others. Cactus grandiflorus, which is rich in a form of mucilage,is utterlydestroyed by drying. careful personal investigation, Indeed, and based upon the concentrations of cactus sold in granule form proliferate after being microorganisms even made of no form of the drug which up, and I know retains its integrityexcept that made the from

36

Botanic

Drugs

material

placed in strong alcohol and kept stronglyalcoholic as a finished product. red tannates, pecResinous matters, chlorophyll, tin, and other substances, are rise to apt to give destructive crude changes in defectivelyhandled drugs. fore, The for the physician,therepracticalmatter is to buy tinctures,fluidextracts, extracts, etc., from the large makers of such pharmaceuticals, and not depend upon drug-storemanufacturing. recent

TINCTURES

The

United

AND

EXTRACTS

States

Pharmacopeia of 1890 directed that aconite be made in tincture representing35 cent 40, lobelia and drug strength,veratrum per hydrastis20, and most of the other potent drugs 15 per But cent. most by international consent of an uniform 10 per cent strength. tinctures are now There are arguments favorable to this procedure; of fact the number of but, as a practicalmatter official tinctures shows tincture

of

aconite

a

decline.

A

10

per

cent

be

entirelysatisfactory, but not so with calumba, cardamon, cimicifuga, cinchona, gambir compound, gentian compound, guaiac, hydrastis,kino, krameria, musk, rhubarb, may

of which dose of each one and valerian, the average is given as one States fluidrachm, in the United dose of Pharmacopeia, VIII, while the average camphorated tincture of opium is two fluidrachms.

This involves the administration of too much the

alcohol,

pensing products are too bulky to be convenient to disphysicians, and the price is necessarily high. I The be sincerely met. alcohol problem must

Pharmaceutical

Considerations

37

physicians to give the Homeopathic mother tincture of passiflorain two teaspoonful doses for the rehef of insomnia due to painfulaffectio is of in which form of insomnia passiflora quent no value, and they would push these doses at frethe intervals, never realizingthat it was alcohol that made these patientssleep. Valerian is a useful drug, but giving quantities of alcohol with it negatives its finest action. pose Supwish to give cimicifugato a patient suffering you have

known

from

chorea, would

you

wish

also to administer

quantitiesof alcohol along with it.f^ Certainly not,

as

it would

be irrational to do

using the United States tincture of the eighth revision,now transferred to the National Formulary. On the other hand, grain alcohol in proper strength is the one aided occasionallyby other solvents from extracts a dicinal plant its active meagent which what precisely Pharmacopeia

one

does

yet that is

so;

in

"

"

and

content

dissolve

at

the

same

time

does

not

starch, albumen, pectin, and other inert ingredients. In proper concentration, it is possibleto make an alcoholic tincture each minim of which represents one grain of the drug, at least of botanic drugs. It as regards the largernumber is not contended that a drug worked like green, in tincture form; be so concentrated cactus, can the

nor

is it held

that

such

be

uniformly

made

in

concentrated

agents

can

drug store percolator. of But, with proper machinery, the large makers tinctures and extracts readilydo so with most may botanic *See

a

agents.^

further notes

this section.

under

"Improving Conditions"

near

the close of

Botanic

38 The

Drugs

of absolute

content

alcohol

in such

trated concen-

tinctures 50

to

90

will range, approximately,from The commercial and scientific cent.

per

of such possibilities testified to by the fact have

lines of them

Normals

"

to

a

fluid

meet

has

in the

resulted from

to

meet

the

the

needs

general

of all branches

similarlyto the

average

commercial

the

of dried

use

position com-

of the

the

latter where

are

several

preparation of definite

professionemploying them extracts, and in place of confidence

products

that for many years been upon the market.

introduced

were

for

demand

concentrated

fluid-

lack

of

fluidextract and

otherwise

drugs in their manufacture, especiallyof under ordinary plant remedies that break down gathering,curing,and extraction. of them In most 480 grains of the drug is represented in one fluidounce of the finished product; the but, in the normals, an improvement over earlier green plant preparations has been accomplished in the standardization of the drug to a uniform relation of the dry drug to the finished tincture, thus securinguniformityof dosage and, at the same time, a greater strength and reduced dosage as compared with the earlier green plant unstandardized products. In "SpecificMedicines," another of these one lines,certain disturbing agents, or agents so regarded, of the prodeliminated from a number are ucts. This appliesmore to "Sp. Med. especially Digitalis"and "Sp. Med. Hydrastis." They were devised to meet the requirements of Eclectic physicians but their use has spread to other physicians. As a class,these products are satisfactory, very inferior

Pharmaceutical

Considerations

39

from the pharwell made but little, are maceutic precipitate standpoint, and are exceedingly active botanic pharmacologically.This list includes many drugs not commonly available in the form of fluidextracts. to But, like in the making of fluidextracts,

such up

to

tinctures

concentrated

alkaloidal

standard, and

duce pro-

they will assay yet not precipitate so

in time, requireselaborate processes in manufacture. In order to avoid these troubles and make the of

fabrication the

such

of

reach

the

products within retail pharmacist, the Journal Retail Druggists suggested the

of North

American

abolition

of

and

substitution

the

tincture; and extracts

are

concentrated

present tinctures and

our

these

of are

difficult to

an

the

uniform

50

per

cent

given: Fluid-

reasons

make

fluidextracts

without

elaborate

using heat, thus making the product of quality and causing many drugs to fall into poor disrepute from failingin the hands of physicians. apparatus

Official tinctures

contain

too

much

alcohol

for the

good of the patient when adequate doses are given. Because of unsatisfactoryconditions in the preparation of products of botanic drugs, proprietary of actual efficiency are specialties taking the place of officialpreparations. With 50 per cent tinctures, opportunity would exist to flavor and sweeten drugs prescribedin admixture and stillmaintain the dose one as teaspoonful. From the standpoint of retail pharmacy, these admirable are recommendations; but from the point of view of the physician,the points raised testify he to the fact that he is obliged to specify when of them are simply for many prescribesfluidextracts,

Botanic

40

concentrated made

in

added Of

decoctions

Drugs or

alcoholic extracts

weak

justsufficient alcohol but not tation.' precipiprevent fermentation

vacuum

to

course,

and with

pans

there

are

careful

manufacturers

who

assayed and physiomaking good fluidextracts, logically standardized wherever possible;and these makers are quite inclined to make products guaranteed be of United States to Pharmacopeia standard but not always made by United States Pharmacopeia are

processes.

/^""It is cheaperto extract

drug quicklyin a heated slow percolationand rea

I vacuum than by pan \ percolation, using a sufficient percentage of alcohol. ^ Cheap fluidextracts are the real basis for a lot of copeia therapeuticnihilism. But United States Pharmaare vision, improving,from revision to reprocesses and fluidextracts are being better made than they were a few years ago, at least by representative houses. little for the Physicians care finished drug extracts, and they in maintaining processes the purposes of the they serve

nomenclature are

not

at

of

all intereste

simply because retail pharmacist. We want tinctures and extracts of botanic drugs our and this requires to be thoroughly representative; of a highly alcoholic menstruum, the use tion extracwith

the minimum

of heat

or

none

at

all,the

of

good crudes in proper condition, the proper tion employment of assay and physiologicstandardizaand careful storage and packing of processes, honestlylabeled products. United States Pharmacopeia extracts of are, use

'See remarks

under

"Improving Conditions"

at close of this section.

Botanic

42

Drugs

Taking as a guide the experienceof the profession few alkaloids and proximates at large,there are of greater importance than the parent drugs from which they are derived. It is fair to say that quinine is more important than is cinchona, cocaine than coca, and the resin of podophyllum than podophyllum itself. Perhaps aloin, atropine,caffeine, scopolamine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine, morphine, pilocarpine, be strophanthin, and strychnine may classed as approximating in value the plants from which this is largelya they are derived, and even of opinion. At all events, when matter start in we for the importance of the proximates as to argue limited to a are against their parent plants, we rather short list of proximates. There are many drochl relativelyvaluable proximates. Apomorphine hyis certainlyin this class, as are others; down but it all comes to practicalquestions of the Certainly certain emergencies demand usage. prompt hypodermatic use of apomorphine, atropine, occasion; but it is morphine, and strychnine on equally true that, in the ordinary routine of practice, be readilyoverthe use of the proximates may done.

PHARMACY

IN

THE

PHYSICIAN'S

physician will limit class of drugs; but he may one his dispensing. The who man in therapeutics falls into such a double standard should either abandon dispensing or should change in theory he should his methods. If he is modernized will also be in practice. I refer to the man who No

thoroughly his prescribingto unwisely so limit

modernized

OFFICE

Pharmaceutical make

his

round

of

Considerations

calls in the

43

morning, writing

up-to-the-minute prescriptionsthat take time and trouble for the druggist to compound, and yet who, and in his afternoon evening office work, hands little envelopes of "Migraine" out pills,"Antirheumatic," neuralgic" tablets, "Coryza," "Digestive," "Anti"Tonsillitis,""Fever," and other compressed "the other fellow'* tablets, either because he imagines his patients or dispenses that way expect it as the usual and regularthing. If a physiciandoes not care he to dispense what would prescribe on a blank going to the druggist, he is not treatinghis patient fairlyin dispensing at all,unless it be in

emergency.

practically-minded physicianwill write many callingfor hydrochloric acid, aconite, prescriptions bromides, arsenic preparations,belladonna, buchu, codeine, colchicum, digitalis, cury, ergot, iron salts, mernux vomica, thyroid gland, guaiacol, hexaacid, hydrastis,magnesium, methylenamin, salicylic sulphate, cod-liver oil,wild cherry, valerian, and a host of other variouslyassorted drugs and preparations of drugs; but does he dispense these same things? The

Doctor, if

weigh

needs But

so

don't

ammonium

out

of colchicum to say

you

and

to

go

chloride

or

care

to

the trouble

tincture

measure

seed

to

in your office,be honest to write for these things if your

enough patient

them.

perhaps all he needs

is

a

dozen

one-tenth

grain calomel triturates. If so, well and good; go ahead and dispensethem. But if he needs hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and nux vomica, don't hand

Botanic

44

Drugs

fiftyof somebody's "DigestiveTablets." not fair and square, That sort of thing is positively and it is hurting medical practicein your town. tablets have a perfectlyproper range Now both in dispensingand prescribing.If you figureout would how often you prescribe tablets, or alkawill know loidal granules,or filled capsules,you just how often you should dispense them.; and if him

down

you

note

often

how

accuratelyhow office,if your

determine

to

should

often you is

argument

no

human

very

dispensethem

dispenseat all.

you

of "convenience" of disease and

able

will be

fluidextracts,you

for tinctures and

write

you

at

The

in

argument

all in the face

need.

dispense tinctures and fluidoffice than to dispense potassium in your extracts iodide and other bulk drugs, once are prepared you It is

no

harder

to

work

as

to do so.

With

my

a

side of my

writer, editor, and

titioner, prac-

office is fitted with

desk, books, and typewriter,and the other with drugs, appliances,and dressings. Half of the drugs on case are liquids;and yet, for all that and in my my than I dispense,as many office,I write for more should be freshly preparationsare bulky, some forms made, and the compounding of many quires reone

considerable time. The

few

especialpoint I

wish

obstacles in the way

to

make

of the

is that there

pensing physiciandisif he simply liquid botanic medicaments for a convenient supply of the drugs, arranges bottles,corks, diluents, flavoringagents, etc. The I can results in actual practice assure you are highly gratifying. are

Pharmaceutical IMPROVING

Reference

has

Considerations

45

CONDITIONS

been

made

successive

to

pharma-

copeialrevisions improving conditions. is before

There

me

as

prooffrom

advanced

revision.

I write this section

the Ninth

United

Fluidextracts

are

(1916)

macopeia States Phardirected to be

according to type processes; process A is by of alcohol or alcohol with a menstruum percolation B uses and water; process glycerinor an acid in extraction and two menstrua (alcoholthe second) used; process C is that of fractional are successively D employs boilingwater, and process percolation, alcohol being added to the concentrated extract tracts, as a preservative.A is used in 29 official fluidexB in 10, C in 3, and D only in extracting made

cascara

and

triticum.

Licorice

by specialprocesses. F. in process B portionof the filtrate; process exceed

never

140"

and

senega

are

tracted ex-

Temperature must A and only to the same;

a

process

C uses heat; process boiHng water, but the temperature is not continued higher than the waterC

no

bath

runs.

Nearly all of these fluidextracts

are

stronglyalcoholic. Tinctures

Ninth

not

are

Revision

appreciablyimproved in the

except that

veratrum

viride is alone

album veratrum being dropped. There recognized, as regardsa few drugs,some improvements in are, and pilular made detail. Powdered extracts are by much improved processes. Wherever defined, they are are assay processes recognized. The 49 United States Pharmacopeia

Ninth fluidextracts. as

an

advance

over

will be used that

are

Revision, are

to be commended

previous products;but many and in purchasing nonofficial;

Botanic

46

should

physicians

latter

these

There

similar

to

and

these

of

those

exercise

much

fluidextracts

90

are

Formulary,

National

Drugs

the

in made

are

the

new

by

States

United

crimination. dis-

esses proc-

copeia, Pharma-

IX.

mother

Homeopathic cent

drug

one,

from

tinctures,"

"German are

tinctures.

very

similar

mostly

are

concentrated

in

strength

prepared

being

tinctures

the

green

trade

a

to

the

name,

alcohol, recent

or

not

Homeopathic

an

10

per

many

drug. official mother

PART

PHARMACOLOGY

II

Botanic

50 tral

system

nervous

brain stored

lipoid. We in the

because

have

heart

Drugs of their

learned

muscle, but

that

in solubility is

muscarine

that

tards atropine reits absorptionfrom the outside fluid;hence have an antidote for muscarine we now poisoning. Chloral is proven to diminish the oxidizing capacity of the tissues,and hence we learn when not to use chloral. Nicotine action is due to its disappearance from the blood and being taken up by the liver; and this is but one instance of selective action, it is fully understood, will enrich which, once therapy. And learn some we strange thingsfrom pharmacology. For instance,the vegetablepurgativescontain irritant principleswhose absorption would irritate the kidneys. Hence we give these drugs in a more less crude or impure state in order to or and resins prevent absorption,their natural gums delayingabsorption. We do not wish anthelmintics from the stomach; and emetics be absorbed to

hence

we

concerned

not

are

with immediate

effects,and

so

much

animal

with

remote

as

experimentation

drugs for us faster than we could the points by clinical experimentation. determine It seems strange that senega is an expectorant only through its increasingthe flow of bronchial indirectly, the nerve-endingsin the stomach, mucus by exciting which, in turn, affects the bronchioles reflexly through the medulla. Because certain number of a a drug possesses actions it does not at all follow that, physiological full dose is swallowed, the patient experiwhen a ences proves

out

these

all of those

actions.

administer the drug

Often

it is necessary

to

hypodermaticallyto realize even

Pharmacology most can

51

of the effects. Even then, for instance,cocaine anesthesia about the be injected,with marked

influence. injectionand but little remote be injected into the temporal Strychnine may region,and its eye effects are noted only on that raise blood side. Ergot amines, when injected, one tered higher when the clavicular region is enpressure by the needle than when the forearm is selected. salts in the blood cause Ammonium medullary is markedly toxic convulsions; potassium in excess and potassium to all livingtissues. Yet ammonium excreted as rapidlyas they are salts,when injected, absorbed, and are not immediately toxic. are three days of digitalis tration adminisIt takes about reach the heart before sufficient quantities muscles to markedly influence that organ. Hence, in pneumonia to influence a when we give digitalis failingheart, we begin before the cardiac symptoms site of

arise.

develops many practicalpoints. instance, alcohol is rapidlyabsorbed and carries

Pharmacology For

it substances

with tinctures

in solution.

advantageous when

are

Therefore

prompt

the

absorption

drug is desired. And of pharmacology yet, despite the advances of treatment and pathology,much is empiric. We know little about do gout and epilepsy,but we of

a

know

the

remedies.

value We

of

colchicum

don't know

and

bromides

have why the salicylates

rheumatic acute potent an influence upon So, then, let the pharmacologist be modest so

claims and a

in his

as

fever. in his

criticism,for empiricismstill has

place and much remains Pharmacology has yet

to be

many

explained. problems to solve.

Botanic

52

Drugs

action often depends upon chemical Physiological constitution,but not always. Urea, strophanthin, and cocaine all paralyze sensory fibrils, nerve yet there is no chemical relationship whatever between them. Why is it that isomeric modifications in alkaloids count so heavily? The dextro variety has little pharmacologicalaction, while the laevo is very active. Why is this.'^Again: Why are the unstable

chemicals, like muscarine

and

neurine, so

exceedinglytoxic? The pharmacologistsclaim that the hypophosphites are inert because they are excreted be unchanged. Perhaps so; but they may in the class with strychnine. The benzene tives derivastilla puzzlepharmacologically, are though the theory of dissociation may explain discrepancies to a degree. Pharmacology is a pure science rather than an ing regardappliedone, and it tells us the probabilities what its line of possible a drug and utility may be. On the other hand, pharmacology is weak as regardsthe pathologyof remedies, concerningitself ton, chieflywith their physiology. McCrudden, of Bosand how to use has well said, "When drugs in disease is outside the province of pharmacology." uable, valAnd, while animal experimentationis most Digitalis yet it has an inherent weakness. in laboratory experiments raises blood pressure animals; yet H. C. Wood, Jr., says it does James kenzie, Macin therapeuticdosage in man. not the eminent English authority in heart disease,says: "In all of our observations made at upon

Hospital,as Hospital and London have in privatepractice, well as those made we only found rare instances where the blood-pressure

Mount

Vernon

55

Pharmacology noticeablyraised,and

was

it

in which

good number

lowered."^

was

"How acute

a

is

pharmacology disease

chronic

and

differentiate between

to

An

therapy?

organ

may

functionallyactive and yet be the seat of organic What disease. pharmacology give guidance can here? Suppose a dozen cardiac remedies are us taken at random, pharmacology tells us which ones which ones be dangerously in the digitalis are group, may be

toxic, and their

cardiac

which

actions

ones

far

so

In

concerned.

are

longer need

inert

are

as

other

experimentempirically for years to determine if a given drug is promising Here pharmacology is a wonderful help. is not. or modern of our Most therapeuticsis based upon pharmacology, just as modern floriculture is based be not botany; but the pharmacologist may upon a therapeutist,or the botanist a florist. But the his pharmacology proknows therapeutistwho ceeds words,

no

we

with he

to

and he gets results because his eyes open knows better than to try to get them

they are impossible,and the florist who himself a world of useless knows his botany saves experimenting. "It takes a lot of experienceto make a mercial comwhere

florist of

a

botanist, and

a

world

of it to

"^ therapeutistof a pharmacologist. But our especialinterest here relates to the botanic drugs. Is pharmacology robbing us of them? Yes and no. Pharmacologic study has extended botanic and crediti disto many drugs, creditingsome others; and it is robbing us of many

make

*

a

"Diseases

*Fiom

an

of the Heart," third edition,by James editorial in The Medical

Mackenzie.

Council, January, 1916.

Botanic

54

especially those making of them. The day for cure-alls

formerly made,

claims

cure-alls of is

Drugs

some

over.

the botanist

Neither

the

pharmacologistgoes deeply into the intimate composition and very oping;^ physiologyof plants,though a literature is develhas done so as regards but the bacteriologist minute plants;and the students of the largerplants should emulate his example. nor

written is that of greatest mystery tale ever bacteriology the mystery of the minute plant and The

"

and

the lower

animals; but When the larger it is a mystery being solved. plants shall have been studied as deeply as have bacteria and molds, then will plant pharmacology constructive science. take great prominence as a been breaking alkaloids,oils,and have True, we do we resins out of the larger plants; but what of these things of the intimate know relationships of the plants themselves.'* Yes, in the structure unsolved there are mysteries in plant life,even its influence

upon

when

as

used to

cease

and as

a

not

be

so

man

remedies. much

whole, then know

will

pharmacologists

with

alkaloid

ing, hunt-

study of the plant remedy we

learn

much

that

I said before, there is in therapeutics; but to remove

now.

for mystery less more or

obsessed the

commence

When

As

no

we

do

place certain

mysterious elements from therapeutics, the clinician needs to heed pharmacologicteaching than he has in the past, and the pharmacolomore gist needs to give sincere and unprejudiced study to the things asserted by the empiricistof clinical experience. *See "The

Natural

Hbtory of Plants," Kem

and Oliver.

Pharmacology BOTANIC

DRUG

55

STANDARDIZATION

the first to Theophrastus and Dioscorides were of medicinal begin the pharmacognostic standardization plants; and Hildegard, Albertus Magnus, and

By

the Arab the

built upon

writers

nineteenth

that

foundation.

a pharmacognosy was dead issue, until revived by Flukiger, Hamburg, and a few others ; but more recentlyPomet, Geoffrey, Berg, Tschirch, Kraemer, Schlotterbeck, and Rusby have advanced it wonderfully. Pharmaco-anatomy the beginning, and lowed was pharmaco-physiology foland is but partially developed. But it promises in the practicalmatter of so cultimuch vating very medicinal plants as to increase their standard

of medicinal

century

content.

produced cinchona bark yielding16 per cent of quinine,an immense increase. By cultivation,beets are made to yield 16 per cent of sugar. Tschirch developed the production of resinoids in the forests of Berne, and drug firms in the United States have produced an increased yield of alkaloid content in certain medicinal plants.^ If pharmacology had accomplished nothing else, in its development of methods it were well justified of drug standardization. been Stewart has an aggressiveworker in this line,and he read a paper^ before the American Therapeutic Society at its of the following session in Montreal, 1912. Some In Java

the Dutch

have

data is from

that paper. Definition in the character

*"The

Cultivation

series 1, Number '"Modem

Methods

of Medicinal 7, March, of

Plants," The

drugs has

tin, LillyScientific Bulle-

1916.

Standardization," F. E. Stewart, Bulletin,Jan., Feb., Mar., 1913.

Drug

Monthly Cyclopediaand Medical

of botanic

Botanic

56

Drugs

more important fullyrealized;it is even show marked than is adulteration. Active principles in medicinal variation quantitatively plants. The entific Seventh United States Pharmacopeia began a sciand the definition,since improved upon; Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 gave legalsupport tion to such definition. Oppositionto standardizafrom retail druggistsand certain business came interests;but the largedrug houses and the medical professionupheld standardization, and opposition died out. has now practically The Eighth United States Pharmacopeia included

been

never

in and even certain assay more appear processes, The Eighth Revision included the Ninth Revision. processes

assay

that

even

then

for twenty botanical drugs,showing well advanced. the subjectwas

limited, such drugs as convallaria, geranium, squill, digitalis, apocynum, others strophanthus,ergot, cannabis, and many thereto; but physiologic not adapting themselves But

assay

are

processes

drugs. apply to many tinctures It is stated" that variations in digitalis have a range thus as high as 400 per cent, and strophanHow tinctures 6000 per cent. important,then, standardization! becomes physiologic

or

pharmacodynamic

The

methods

steps in standardization include and

tests

for

identity and

exact

clature nomen-

purity.

The

ited supply business needs to be limto concerns employing capable experts who will ardization standproperlystandardize all products. Without medicine and pharmacy will retrograde to the old basis of mystery and pretense, catering the sick to the ignorant and credulous, exploiting materia

'Edmunds

medica

and

Hale:

HygienicLaboraioryBulletin,Washington.

Botanic

58 I

in

position to state journalism,lacking

am

medical as

Drugs

in

commercialized

ards advertisingstand-

indictment for maintaining it is,is open to severe the support of a class of proprietaryremedies

wholly contemptible from view

that

and

worthless

from

the the

proprietaryremedies, however, recognizedby all. Deterioration

is

factor

scientific

clinical have

point of

one.

a

proper

Honest

place

ardization; by standbut preparations of digitalis, strophanthus, and ergot are the only botanic drugs of prominence liable to rapid deterioration, and these are readily put up in vacuum ampoules for use on such demand occasions as a certainty of full activity. In the earlier employment of standardization methods

it

was

one

deemed

not

essential

met

to

assay

for but

But dominating alkaloids. this thought is giving way. do no Perhaps I can better here than to quote Tschirch, who said : "We know that rarely does a single substance suffice to produce the effect of the drug; it is the which combined action of all the substances brings Nevertheless about the peculiar effect. must we often recognize the preponderating influence of one substance, which I have characterized as dominant. It is at first by clinical experiencethat one gets to mined appreciate this fact, since it has thus been deterthat the effect of employing the entire drug is rarelythe same the effect of the singleso-called as active Professor Burgi, of principle. Moreover, Berne, has shown positivelythat very often the ished effect of one substance be augmented or dimincan by another, and that similar substances are one

or,

at

most

two,

Pharmacology additive

in their

effects.

59

The

'adjuvantia'of the old pharmacologists were therefore not chimeras, but, on the contrary, a distinct idea corresponding and to the thing itself. to the name "This ancient idea, under form, brings us a new the influence to the study of the drug itself. Under of the modern of the successes ments, synthesisof medicathe misunderstood and theory of the socalled active have been principle,we gradually abandoning drugs, in spite of experiments carried not

for hundreds

on

in the case of years, and even, of of years. drugs, for thousands sicians Many phy-

certain

have

themselves to already disaccustomed the use of drugs. But they cannot be replaced,and the wish that I expressed in London, in 1909, 'let echo much to drugs,' found an us sooner go back than I expected, and in more extended circles than I had dared to hope. "How can one replace rhubarb by a solution of emodin, ipecac by emetine, opium by morphine, digitalis by digitoxin,ergot by ergotoxine or by the bases isolated by Barger and Dale, which interesting according to the recent experiments of Kehrer, do the uterus? not even act on Emodin, emetine, quinine, digttoxin,and morphine are pharmacological individuals different from the drugs themselves, and

should

be

numbered

replacethe drugs, but "Since

we

know

among

to stand

remedies

beside

not

to

them.

that there is in the

nant drug a domithat the effect is not produced

but principle, than ever by this principle alone, we are more obliged to make a profound chemical study of the The drug in all its elements. object of pharmaco-

60

Botanic

chemical

Drugs

is not

research

the

discovery of a single complete analysis of the

principle,but the entire drug." The detailed laboratory active

the

standardization

here; they

space

are

of

remedies

be

in

employed

need in works

described

should

which

methods

consulted

not

occupy

upon

macology phar-

for details.

certain to answer subject, and directed criticism zation by clinicians against standardimethods, permit me again to quote Stewart, close

To

who

this

says:

just as of the of measuring is to secure chemical means a assay, it possible to furnish therapeutic activity and to make uniform preparations. A satisfactorymethod which these requirements may meets not or may involve the production of physiologicreactions similar which the drug is intended to those to be the of producing when used means therapeutically. "The

That

the

effect chosen

does not

of the

purpose

as

parallel the

not

sufficient to

necessary

biologicassay,

that

condemn

the

a

of standardization

means

clinical effect the

effect chosen

method. as

an

sought is It is only

earmark

be

always indicative of a good quality of the drug or the ground on preparation, and criticisms of methods that the animal that or they are toxic methods different from chosen much is biologically man are made only through a lack of conception of the real of the physiologicaltest, namely, to secure purpose of the real value uniformity. The determination of a drug in the treatment of disease in man is another matter

entirelv."

III

PART

BOTANIC

REMEDIES

Titles

Note.

will

adhere

largely

"

unofficial

being

drugs

will

Follovnng

botanical

the

academic

an

more

or

will

10

mean

Pharmacopeia, *'fl."

will

those

used,

conform

more

be or

hered adless

clinical

of

Metric

System

cent

per

mean

any

"Specific to

common

tincture

usage.

doses" priate approto

^^Tr." United

or

States

"

of

foreign

Medicines."

being

abbreviation

unofficial.

*^Fl." United

approximately

fluidextract or

tration." Adminis-

administration

or

product

^*

^'average

employed

The

Homeopathic,

Pharmacopeia or

mon com-

finally,

will

heading,

continuous

less

Pharmacopeia

States

will

be

always

the

Pharmacopeia

States

Abbreviations:

*Hr."

States

under

appear

United

adults.

and,

a

the

Ninth

employed. will

for

or

standpoint hence

macopeia Phar-

then

outline

being

one;

clature. nomen-

Eighth

letters;

set

from

be

not

No

presentation

Dosage

will

italics.

usage,

States

capitals;

small

work

not

the

capital

this

medicine, not

either

sub-heads,

in

informal

will

in

names

to

in

names,

or

name,

used

United

the

in in

printed

and

commonly

appear

title, if official Revision,

the

given

official

to

strength

fluidextracts, Other

United "

mals" ''Nor-

abbreviations

or

Botanic

Remedies Arranged

Alphabetically

ABIES

(CANADENSIS)

TEREBINTHINA

oil of

rectified in

Balsam known

Fir

is

Abies

balsamea a

involved

some

Spruce

excelsa

is

Strassburg Pine

is derived.

Turpentine.

is

our

'^Pinus'^

name

See

"Tar-Vegetable."

the

long-leaf

which oil

Florida

of

is heavier

and

Southern and

turpentine.

properties which

more

militate

sibirica

British

other

regards

the

latter

turpentines regarded

Pinus

aromatic

nigra against

than possesses

its

use.

Fir.

of these.

some

Southern or

yields Oil

Balsam

with

pine,

63

is

Pharmacopeia.

proprietary

Abies

tree

writers. nigra of some which variety from Abies pectinata yields

is conflicted A

S. P.,

balsamea.

be

Southern

own

The

in

the

all

must

Abies of

Needles,

Fraseri

is made

Abies

European

a

Pitch

Burgundy

but

Neither

U.

as

canadensis,

Abies

the

Abies

nomenclature

over

alike.

Spruce,

in the

Pinus

The

or

astringent bark; much

are

Abies

Abies

Balsam.

and

very

Black

OF

Canada

and

conflict

There

having

is called

the

dian Cana-

as

from

obtained

P.,

and

designated

not

S.

turpentine

turpentine

Hemlock

as

oil of

usually

are

Canada

of

the

turpentine,

trade,

palustris.

as

but

Revision,

Eighth

U.

*'Pine States

Oil" from

Australisy the

U.

S. P.

irritating

Botanic

64 Pharmacology.

Pinene

"

Drugs in oil of

occurs

pine,

of the essential oils,which turpentine,and in some acquirein time a terebinthinate odor. Oxypinene, a new product, is an ozonized pinene. Terpenes the interesting two oxidize into resins. These are agents in Abies, pinene being the important one. and is toxic to living It is related to the benzenes toxic to molds protoplasm,being an antisepticmore than to bacteria (Bucholtz). It penetrates the skin, dilates the vessels,and is rubefacient. Internally it is irritant, causing vomiting and purging and polymorphon and it is toxic in large leucocytosis, doses to the central

nervous

system.

excreted

unchanged by the lungs and skin, and by the kidneys with glycuronic crease acid, which produces diuresis;but large doses dethe flow of urine. Turpentine is an unsafe The anthelmintic. positivechemotactic properties tend to retain the leucocytes in the blood-stream (Pohl), thus limiting purulent action in so-called Small

amounts

"catarrhal"

are

difficulties.

Therapeutics.

"

Turpentine is

a

in affections of the chest and

rubefacient valuable abdomen.

It is

applied in the form of a stupe. Turpentine liniments are valuable in myalgia and where slight rubefacient influences are desirable. The eases. disvarious tars are preferablein cutaneous As be used an turpentine may antiseptic, in emergency, especiallyin penetratingwounds; but of tetanus. do not depend upon its killingthe germs Canada pitch produces mild rubefaction, but is now The inhalation of turpentine vapors little used. decreases

bronchial

secretion and

is useful in bronchitis.

Botanic

66

Drugs

preceding section. Never give crude turpentine internally.The preparations noted are preferable the

in every

way.

ACACIA

ACACIA,

Gum

Arabic,

Acacia

Senegal and

A.

Varek

mulcent exudation, of de(Ninth Rev.). A gummy properties,and used as a suspending agent. The U. S. P. mucilage of acacia is commonly used, but it is precipitated by alcohol, and the lime water in it precipitates alkaloids. Alkaloids would better the syrup of acacia. be added to Mucilage of tragacanth is not precipitatedby alcohol. Extract of malt is displacingthese gums acid and to carry bitter drugs. Acacia Cortex, the bark of A. Arabica, is oflScial in England. Its decoction is used in doses of onehalf to two fluid ounces as an astringent. Acacia Catechu, known formerly official,was catechu. Its preparationswere not as stable, and Gambir, Ourouparia gamhir,took its place. ACIDS"

Agaric porus

of the

Acid

Vegetable

is derived

from

It paralyzesthe officinalis. sweat glands. It is used to

sweats.

Its action is rather

fungus. Polyperipheralnerves arrest colliquative a

evanescent.

Maximal

single dose is J/2 grain. Usual dose, yi to % grain. Do not use it hypodermically. It is listed in N. N. R. BENZOIC

ACID, Acidum Benzoicum, both the natural and syntheticacids official. Its chief sources of supply are from benzoin and toluol. A form

Botanic

not

dose

67

the urine of herbivorous

from

made

Remedies

be

employed in medicines is 5 to 10 grains;its salts

Benzoin

and

benzoic

animals

The

pharmacy.

or

twice

acid

should

as

be

can

much.

grouped

gether to-

dose therapeutically(Tr. benzoin, average 15 minims; compound tincture, twice as much), and no separate description is necessary here. These solution of 1 to a antiseptic, agents are 1000 of benzoic acid being antiseptic, and 4 to 1000 bacteria, but not to all. zymotic as regards many Do not depend upon it as a zymocide. it is a Adding antipyreticaction to antisepsis, fair substitute for the salicylates, though slower. The sodium salt is used in acute rheumatic fever and in several of the zymotic fevers,even in typhoid and malaria. It is not antipyreticexcept in septic or zymotic fevers. In my own experience,the doses in rheumatism

necessary

and

other

infections

must

large to be effective,and, in a sick man, they cause depression with cerebral irritation. As an external antiseptic the compound tincture be

of benzoin and

is

is benzoic

than

acid

ment fact, this tincture, in the treatold ulcers and chilblains,spongy gums,

its salts. of

available

more

sinuses, and

In

in tender

nipples,should

be

more

erally gen-

used. As

an

chronic

expectorant,there is form

that

in the

the but

the

of bronchitis it

as debilitating,

tests

doubt

ister gives relief to adminforms of the benzoates, since they influence septic qualitiesof the expectorated

various

matter;

no

undertaken

continued was

proven to

administration in the

determine

is most

"poison squad"

if benzoates

were

Botanic

68

food

proper

preservatives. The preferred.See "Abies."

to be

are

Drugs

of the

tincture, or with

In

But

and

little loss to Acid

CiNNAMic

be

ployed em-

advantage in laryngealaffections. acid

of benzoic

inhalations

its atomization, may

view, the before-mentioned

my

with

terebinthinates

its salts may therapy. The

has not

internal be

uses

discontinued

substitution

of

helped the situation,since Natural acid is salicylic

rarely effective. effective in most of the indications for vastlymore internal antipyretic an antiseptic. of the benzoates uses are a Genito-urinary upon

it is

scientific and

better and

clinical basis, the

ammonium

it is necessary being used. Wherever increase the acidityof the urine, the benzoates

sodium to

useful, and

are

benzoic

salts

this is

acid is eliminated

as

a

wide

field. Since

hippuric acid, except

hippuricacid is an acid natural this use of the to the urine and not at all irritating, If but small benzoates is thoroughly well based. acidity,the quantities are required to maintain free eating of stewed suffice,for they prunes may cept Excontain benzoic acid in appreciable amount. in aggravatedcases, comparativelysmall doses in the genitoserve urinary (5 grains)of the benzoates indications. Hexamethylenamine is a better provided that the urine is not urinary antiseptic,

in febrile states, and

excreted make

in

an

it acid

it is alkaline, methylena the benzoates, and then hexa-

alkaline with

will be

state; when

applicable. the benzoates I use urinary rarelyexcept in the genitoindications,believingthe tincture and the available for the compound tincture to be more other uses that are really justified.

Botanic ACID

CAMPHORIC in

an

elaborate

acid to be

Remedies

due

(U. S. P., VIII). showed

paper/ to

69

the

salt action, its

action

Roth, of this

only well marked

action physiological

being its stimulation of the central nervous phor. system resembling that of camthe It possesses no paralyzing action upon ends in the sweat glands, as does atropine. nerve incident to phthisis stated, sweats But, as Kobert are asphyxialin originand due to a depression of the respiratorycenter. So, then, both camphoric useful in the night-sweats acid and picrotoxinare of pulmonary tuberculosis. the tongue in doses of 15 grains Give it dry on hour or two before the sweating is due to occur. an (U. S. P.). Citric and Tartaric refrigerants. In the alimentary canal ACID

CITRIC acids

they

are

converted

are are

alkaline

into

absorbed, and

excreted

citrates and in the

carbonates, making the urine alkaline. of 5

trates, tar-

urine

as

Citric acid

grains; but lemons, and grape-fruitare limes, oranges, commonly used Citrus in its place. Tartaric acid is rarelyused. fruits antagonizeurinaryacidity, scurvy, and certain is

given in doses

to

15

fevers. weaker than (U. S. P.) is much tannic acid, and does not coagulate albumin, as It possesses does tannic acid. no advantages for GALLIC

internal

ACID

administration

and

it is very

doubtful

if

it possesses astringent action up"on parts it any Acid reaches through the circulation. Pyrogallic *

and

experimentalstudy of Camphoric Acid," Jour, of Pharmacology Exper. Ther.,May, 1911.

"An

Botanic

70

is

irritant

an

antisepticsometimes skin

in chronic has

been

absorbed

8-graindoses. as

diseases,1

from

the

Its real

Dermatol,

as

a

nally applied exter-

to 8 of

surface

Subgallate

Bismuth

or

Drugs

is

lard; but it

with

fatal

given in

2-

sults. re-

to

is,either in officialform dusting powder. It is little use

liable to absorption. SALICYLIC derived

ACID"

from

the

NATURAL.

natural

This

acid is

oils of

wintergreen and birch. As at first made, the synthetic salicylic sweet acid was impure, containing cresylicacids. These later removed were by improvements in Then

processes.

it

was

stated

that cresotinic acids

exist in the

syntheticproduct,which is statingmuch the same thingin another way. Now as a matter of be entirelyfreed from fact, the syntheticacid can these impuritiesand the resultant acid have actly exthe

same

chemical

formula

as

has the natural

of the purer grades of the acid, and doubtless some synthetic acid are marketed quite free from these

slowlyparalyzantimpurities. But

there

difficulties

regards the graphic formulae of the salicyland benzoyl compounds. this point of view, salicylic From acid is acid, and assuredlyso as prean ori/io-oxybenzoic pared three oxybenzoic from wintergreen. Now in the relative positions acids are known, differing of their side claims ortho,meta, and para oxybenzoic acids. Only the first is reallyactive,the other two having feeble actions. Salicylicacid has two side chains, and there are few agents in the materia medica offeringsimilar opportunitiesfor the making of new products by substitutingvarious groups in are

many

"

as

Remedies

Botanic

one

or

other,

or

71

both, side chains

hung

the

on

make numerab insyntheticchemist can compounds of the saHcyl ion, giving formulae their chemical accuratelyand a theoretic graphic formula of each. That is as far as he can Graphic formulae are easy to construct, but go. hard to prove or disprove. that the graphic I can the contention set up of the natural and the syntheticsalicylic formulae The

saHcyl ion.

it; and the syntheticchemist may claim the opposite,and have the considerable difficultyto prove argument. that atropine,hyoscyamine, and But we do know formula (C17H23NO3) given hyoscine have the same in some mulae. for them texts, but differinggraphic foracids

are

similar, but I can't

not

But

the

of

chemist

meets

"racemisation."

prove

this with Now

the

planation ex-

atropine (or

hyoscyamine) consists of a basic nucleus called tropine,which is,by the way, quite similar to the ecgonine nucleus of cocaine, united to a radicle of this same chemist assert tropic acid. And may of hyoscine is C17H21NO4 (somethat the formula times stated C17H21O4N) because it is identical with mula scopolamine. But, lo and behold, that is the forgiven for cocaine! So where are we? Now to the syntheticside and we jump over find nearest cocaine is novocaine (CH2(C6H4NH2COO). CH2[N(C2H5)2]HC1), or simplifiedto C13H20it is all along the line. This is the way O2N2HCI. I predict that ultimatelywe will find out the same inheres in natural and syntheticsalicylic difficulty acids and

their formulae.

Furthermore, does not

at

the

acid pharmacology of salicylic

all account

for its action in acute

rheu-

Botanic

72

Drugs

fever,where it is nearly specific.With fact in view, it is hard to confidentlyassert malic

syntheticsalt

the

is

efficacious and

as

of rheumatism

treatment

controversy for the natural acid has matter

has

author

used

syntheticproducts in trouble under

One

acid. basis of

a

are

few

to determine

we

experience? differ honestly. the

both

and

natural of

there

there

has

can't determine Case

cases.

this

and

the been

never

with

the

this matter

after

on

will do

case

the

great many

a

has

been

of

In

of the natural

the administration

sometimes

whereas

acid

hot; but in view

the treatment

of rheumatism;

cases

natural

clinical

by

gentlemen will differ,and This

waxed

stated, how

except

safe in the

basis

a

The

has been

that

of clinical experience. for and againstthe claims made

except purelywpon

what

is the

as

this

acid, thetic syn-

the well

synthetic acid, and then one goes wrong, perhaps because the product was impure. One does not have to look out for these impurities when employing the

on

the natural acid. I have

But in

had

where

cases

trouble

with

syntheticacid the product employed was of the

highest grade obtainable and originalpackages. The cases acid produced irritation and effects

those

were

the

wherein

taken

direct the

where other

the

from

synthetic unpleasant

temperature

was

high. So

I

using the

am

natural

acid,

not

prejudicein out

the matter, but because better in practice and relieves

when

full doses

Many

clinicians feel

others do

in

not; but

hyperpyrexia as

I do

it has me are

any

worked

of worries necessary.

matter, and attitude is the

in the

I feel that my

from

Botanic

74

diaphoresisinduced rather than effect. The cholagogue action is to any antiseptic slight. and

is due

Drugs

to

the

If there is any

renal inflammation

as cautiously,

In

the

use

the

icylate sal-

symptoms may vene. superof cardiac symptoms, the

grave

presence

have the reputationof being deleterious; salicylates is not definitely determined. but the matter Some authorities claim that they diminish the liability increase in while others assert an to pericarditis, the percentage of rheumatic cases resultingin endocarditis.

powder in any inert medium is used for dusting sweatingfeetand for the in an removal of corns of flexile (1 drachm ounce tions collodion). In dermatology it is esteemed in affeccharacterized by thickening of the epidermis diseases. It may be used in weak and in parasitic Externally,a

solution In

as

a

3

mouth

gout the

formerly. My

per

cent

wash.

are salicylates own

of gout, not

view

less esteemed

is that

certain

the disease itself, are

than

tations manifesmet

cessfully suc-

salicylates.The pains of gout and tabes dorsalis,sciatic pain, and some of cases migraine,are assuredlyrelieved by the salicylates; brisk elimination of gout requiresmore but the cure than that afforded by the salicylates alone. Somewhat view be held as regards its the same may do action in lithemia. However, the salicylates increase the excretion of uric acid; but the so-called uric acid diathesis has been vastlyoverstated. In conditions associated with serous the effusions be of value. salicylates Perhaps its failing may of pneumonia was reputation in the treatment with

the

Remedies

Botanic

dependent

upon

relief in

75

that

cases

cated compli-

were

pleuriticeffusions and not upon any direct influence upon pneumonia itself. In interstitialkeratitis large doses have been given with excellent response. Quinsy responds fairly well as tonsillarinfections. well to the salicylates, as influence Waller has claimed that the salicylates in Graves* disease and hence its use thyroidactivity; is suggested. thyroiditis icylate But important use of the salby far the most with

This

is in rheumatism.

use

is proven

out

macolog thoroughly by clinical experience,though not phara theory to Gaglio has advanced in rheumatism the effect that the action of the salicylates is due to the rapid excretion into the joints (by the synovialmembranes) of the salt,as received from

the blood.

rheumatism, in the form of acute rheumatic be begun at once must fever,the sodium salicylate and in full dosage,well diluted with water, and even as high as 20 grains every three hours for the first twenty-four hours; then half as much as first given thrice daily for quite a period. It is well to give In

bicarbonate

sodium

with

the

salicylate.

of rheumatism not such; are Many so-called cases in fact,most of chronic arthritis are not, being cases fore due to other infections,such as gonorrhea; therethe salicylates be used in so-called chronic must rheumatism" with considerable diagnostic discrimination. '^

Administration. from 30

2 to

15

"

Doses

of

grains;of sodium

acid range salicylic from 5 to salicylate,

grains. Methyl

Salicylate

is

preparedfrom

the natural

Botanic

76 oil and

be

may

used

painfuljoints,but

to

It

would

better

externallyas

should

be

Drugs

not

diluted,

as

an

be taken

application internally.

it appears

be

to

synthetic methyl salicylate. Oils Gaultheria of (wintergreen) and Betula icylate (sweet birch) are about 90 per cent methyl salDose, 10 to 15 drops. Salicin is given in doses of 5 to 30 grains and is less energeticthan It is well borne acid. salicylic by the stomach and is of slighttoxicity.It is slow in action. Xanol is a caffeine-sodio salicylate from natural oil and is than

stronger

cardiac

a

the

Salicylic

stimulant.

Acid

Compounds

less insoluble,especially the esters, the salicylradical being liberated in the intestine or are

more

or

after absorption. In practicethese syntheticpreparations

icylate salsuperior in effectto sodium especiallythat from the natural oil. They of them, and are most are, however, nearlytasteless, of these synthetic very expensive. For a description "New and Nonofficial Remedies"; products see salts of synthetic and for a descriptionof the many acid see the generaltext-books. salicylic are

TANNIC

not

ACID,

Tannin

(U. S. P.). There

are

be derived. plants from which tannins may less,but they are or Chemically they differ more chief quality is similar pharmacologically. The the power of precipitating astringency dependent upon rhage albumins. The value of the drug in hemorof the blood prois due to its precipitation teins, which coagulate,checking hemorrhage. From many

this

same

power

over

albumen,

tannic

acid

kills

organisms, so that the coagulated proteinsproduced by its local applicationreduces some

of the lower

Botanic

Remedies

77

checks excessive secretion danger of sepsis. Tannin from the sweat glands and limits secretion in throat. gestion indithe mouth and Large doses cause in the stomach; in the intestine peristalsis increased in conis diminished, and the stools are sistency owing to absorption of fluid,and a mild antisepticaction is exerted. As tannin is changed to gallicacid in the upper bowel, no appreciable astringentaction results from its administration by it reaches

the time

the lower

bowel.

Tannin

sesses pos-

in astringencythrough circulating the blood-stream, and it is not an urinaryantiseptic. Pure tannic acid is applied to Therapeutics. wounds, ulcers, and bleeding surfaces in the form tannin be the of dusting powders in which may chief ingredient. Ointments are commonly made 20%); lotions,2 to 5%. 10% (U. S. P. ointment tions, Weeping ulcers and subacute inflammatory condithe hardening of the skin to prevent bedsores, remote

no

"

and

many

other

indications

are

met

with

local

Various applicationsof tannin. bougies are used for applicationsto the urethra and vagina, and of suppositoriesin the palliativetreatment hemorrhoids. The U. S. P. glyceriteof tannic acid (20%) is a most eligiblepreparation to harden and inflamed nipples in nursing women. In sore the mouth, in tender gums, tonsillitis, laryngitis, etc., tannin is a valuable local applicationin 2% garglesor 5 to 10% sprays. Various gastro-enteric troubles are suitablytreated with tannin that

or

tannin the

derivatives.

Here

it is proper

vegetable astringentsoften act more kindly than does a chemical salt. Gambir, krameria, geranium,kino, and others are applicable. to

say

Botanic

78 The

colloids in these

Drugs

plant structures

restrain the

irritant properties of the tannic acid. Chronic catarrhal gastritis is much benefited by a vegetable of gastriculcer are cases astringent;and some lieved reby a vegetable astringentwith bismuth in The British Pharmacopeia compound combination. powder of catechu (catechu,kino, krameria, cinnamon, nutmeg) is an admirable preparation. As an antidote in poisoningfrom alkaloids and the heavy mineral salts, large doses of tannin should be given in dilute solution,followed by an emetic of the stomach. or the washing out

In

intestinal disturbances uncombined

decomposed effective. in the adults.

into

The

case

gallicacid

of children

Newer

and

rapidlyto be geranium serves

too

fluidextract of

tannin

in mild

is

very

well

affections in

drug preparations available will be named presently.Subacute and chronic diarrhea characterized by an excess of mucus responds well to tannin preparations. Chalk, bismuth, and opium often combined with the vegetable astringents; are but do not forgetthat an initial dose of castor oil and intestinal antiseptics often needed before are the astringents useful purpose; can and serve any that the vegetableforms of tannin will not restrain posed hemorrhagein the lower bowel, since they are decombefore they reach it. The important vegetableastringents will be separately discussed, each in its proper place. Above remember, in the everythingelse,physiciansmust intestinal disturbances of infancy and childhood, that dietetic measures are vastly more important than are drugs. The newer products of tannic acid are designed

Botanic to

pass

thus

the stomach

reach

Remedies

79

unchanged, or largelyso,

the bowel

in

an

and

Protan

active state.

grains,accordingto age and condition)is with casein and is a valtannin compound uable intestinal astringent. Tannalbin (5 to 60 grains in range of dose) is a compound of tannic (5 to a 50%

30

acid and

albumin

Tannigen

(3

and

is insoluble

in the stomach.

grains) is an acetic acid ester in the intestines. of tannin, slowly decomposed Tannismuth muth, (5 to 10 granis) is bitannate of bisis said to be astringentin both the stomach and bowel, one erated molecule of the tannin being libby the stomach acids,and the other molecule Tannoform slowly liberated in the bowel. (4 to 8 grains) is astringentand antiseptic, being a acid. product of formaldehyde and gallotannic The average dose of tannic acid is 5 to 8 grains; but it is seldom used internallyin its uncombined to

10

state.

ACONITE

ACONITUM officialin twelve

(U. S. P.). Aconitum Napellus is pharmacopeias in the form of the

root, and the leaves Spanish standards.

in the

French, Mexican,

and

nese Fischeri^known as Japanese and Chiaconite, an exceedinglytoxic species,grows

Aconitum

abundantly in the may,

in time, become

in the United

are

similar "

an

States of America.

important source

of

It

supply

States.

Pharmacology. acre

Western

^Aconite,cevadilla,and pharmacologicallysimilar, but "

instance an therapeutically, showing that pharmacology may

"

one

not

stavesare

not

of many dominate

Botanic

80

therapeuticsany dominate

may

is

Yet

important. Locally aconite

the

than

more

art.

Drugs

the

science of

pharmacology of

optics aconite

abolishes

produces numbness,

thermal

sensation, diminishes

tactile sensation;

mucous

membranes

a

and

there

is

on

paralyzant action

local anesthesia.

when swallowed, rapidly absorbed there being a feelingof burning and nausea, and pain when sufficientdosage vomiting and abdominal is absorbed. The temperature falls;there are weak Aconite

cardiac

is

contractions, and

death

follows

from

spiratory re-

failure,with dyspnea and asphyxia and Atropine may paralysisof the respiratorycenter. retard the fatal result. In

small

doses

the

rate

and

contractile

conditions

of

pyrexia. In larger doses the cardiac muscle poisoned and blood-pressurefalls. directly

is

the

heart

The remain

is diminished,

brain

in especially

force of

is littleaffected and the

active; however,

the motor

medullary

centers

centers

are

affected,with a fall in temperature. Sweating is induced, not by direct action, but indirectly, probably by peripheralsensory irritation. Aconite

causes

a

depressionof and

Fegulating mechanism;

in

the

central

heat-

pyrexia repeated

small doses will do this. Oxidation

Excretion

being found These minor

are

within noted

pharmacology of

is

four hours

the actions

actions

diminished

are

processes

on

upon

during

chiefly in the

ministr ad-

urine,

after administration. man;

the lower

there

are

other

animals, and

the isolated alkaloid presents of variation from the above.

the

points

Botanic

82

Drugs

adjuvant in the treatment rheumatic of acute fever, are leading indications. sensible expression I wish to quote a most Here the from "The Physician" Pharmacopeia and (1910),which said: benzene derivatives have "Since the antipyretic the employment of aconite into general use come have in fever has correspondinglydeclined, but we far from that the synthetic antipyreticsare seen of the being the harmless substances that some acute

and 'pleurisy,

would

manufacturers 'deserves cases

to

as

be

used

an

have more

believe,and

aconite

frequentlyin

suitable

us

of fever."

(tr.1 to 2 drops; fl. 1-10 to 1-5 drop, frequentlyrepeated) of aconite are most useful in of the diseases of colds," the exanthems, many infancy,and inflammatorydiseases generally.Even smaller doses are used by Homeopathic physicians of fevers with suppressed secretions, in all cases and a pulse that is chilliness upon slightexposure, quick and sharp, as well as in "restlessness" and culation caused disturbances other minor by deranged cirSmall

doses

*'

Aconite

cooperates well with

drugs,as, for instance,with earlystages of a "cold" and AcoNiTiNE (U. S. P.) is to 1-400 grain well diluted

Dover's with used

many

other

powder in the

the expectorants. in doses of 1-640

granules,and for There in ointments up to 2%. external use a are of forms of this alkaloid, the so-called number alkaloid, in amorphous form, the crystalline "mild" is no There real occasion for using this etc. toxic alkaloid externally, expensive and frightfully I and, I believe, very littlefor its internal use. have used the minimum-dose granules in many or

in

Botanic

cases

Remedies

of sthenic character;but made tinctures are now the

abandoned

83

such

reHable standardized

that I have

wholly

of the alkaloid.

use

ADONIS

Pheasants*

adonis verHellebore, nalis. Not officialin the U. S., but is in Austria, land. Italy,the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, and Switzer-

Eye, False

be assigned a Consequently the drug must degree of importance. The National Formulary listsit. Certain

reputed drying.

acrid to

propertiesin the fresh plant are produce abortion; they disappear on

Pharmacology.

"

Adonis

is

a

member

of

the

digitalis partaking of the general properties group, of digitalis itself;but it is more prompt in action, slowing and strengthening the beats and raising it is diuarterial blood-pressure. In consequence retic. In toxic doses it It is rapidly eliminated. causes paralysisof the cardiac motor nerves. but not, in Similar to digitalis, Therapeutics. general,so reliable. It is a good substitute when Also, digitalis disagreesor has become cumulative. until in severe it may be given with digitalis cases, the slower-acting after the system under comes digitalis.It is a prompt remedy in dyspnea and cardiac dropsy. In my experience,it is too potent in functional a drug to use derangements of the heart, raising blood-pressurerapidly and causing much discomfort. Never give to children or persons with high or normal blood-pressure. It is administered in 1- to 2-drop doses of the fl. "

every

2 to 4 hours.

Botanic

84 Adonidin

is

Drugs

bitter

glucosidderived from adonis, and partaking quite fullyof its properties. in mitral and aortic regurgiIt is used principally tatiorit dyspnea, and nicotine poisoning. Dose, 1-16 Be to }4:grain in the form of a tablet triturate. very careful with this energeticagent. and adonidin achieved Adonis some reputation of asthma, and then it was in the treatment thought inclusive to be useful in other spasmodic affections, ical of epilepsy.I have given the drug thorough clintrial and believe it to be of no value in epilepsy or spasmodic asthma; but it does aid in cardiac a

very

I have

asthma. conditions

of

also observed

the

circulation

it to

be

useful

in

with

engorged veins and leading to varicose ulcers,in which cases quite small doses should be given for a long period. This energeticdrug should be given more tailed destudy. I believe it possesses virtues distinct enough to give it a defined place in therapeutics. I have employed it for many with good results. years AESCULUS Considerable of the chestnuts not, to

confusion various

exists

forms

as

regards the

of aesculus, the

tions ac-

horse-

and

me,

is here given is buckeyes. What since I find much entirelysatisfactory,

opposing statement. Horse-Chestnut, in the

bark

Aesculus and

seeds

a

tains hippocastanum,conpeculiartannin and

bitter glucosid called aesculin, an undefined and unstable substance, the most reliable specimens of a

which

have

been

Other

substances

given have

in

15-graindoses in malaria. been isolated,but they are

Botanic

Remedies

85

ous important. Various textbooks ascribe numerously physiologicactivities to horse-chestnut, obvibased upon the Homeopathic "provings" of the American the drug, which are not, if based upon the paper horse-chestnut, worth they are printed on, for I have "proved" the drug on myself, and the Homeopathic "provers" certainly need to try again. The drug does constipate, ably prob-

not

from

its tannin.

As

grown

in

the

United

States, I don't believe the drug to be narcotic in appreciable degree; certainly I got no such any results.

the tannin

But

in it

seems

to be in

form

a

peculiarlyefficacious for local application in the form of ointment or suppository in the treatment verified this in many cases; but believe horse-chestnut littlevalue to be of very

of hemorrhoids. when

administered

It is not when bowel.

I have

to

taken

internally. be expected that tannin-bearing drugs, by the mouth, will affect the lower

See "Tannic

Acid."

glabra. This is a much active species, more containingan acrid and poisonous also not well defined, but a glucosid principle, with an action somewhat similar to cocculus indicus, which latter intenselystimulates the medulla and increases intestinal secretion and and, peristalsis, as well, stimulatingrespiration.As Ohio buckeye is said to stimulate the portal circulation in small be due to this glucosid. Large doses doses, it may have a strychnine-likeaction; death results from when the drug is taken in lethal doses. tainly Cercoma buckeye is an active drug. I have used its Ohio

Buckeye,

Aesculus

fluidextract in doses of 1 to 3 minims with

in atonic

hemorrhoids^ and, in several

stipation con-

cases.

Botanic

86

quite successfully.It

Drugs

is also of value

locallyin

hemorrhoids. Red

Buckeye,

Aesculus

parvia,is very poisonous, similarlyto Ohio buckeye, but in much greater degree. In the South the seeds are used to stupefy fish,as are the seeds of cocculus, or This speciesis not used in medicine. statements

can

be

made

fish berries. No

until after this

definite

poisonous

studied. glucosidhas been carefully AGAR

A

form

of

eral geloseextracted from seaweeds of sevspecies. Agar, or agar-agar, as it is commonly called,is not digested,but absorbs largequantities of water in the stomach and intestines, forming a jellywhich increases the bulk of the feces. of constipaAgar is employed in the treatment tion,

administered or

baked

in substance, eaten

in crackers

U. S. P., IX, and

or

biscuits.

with

a

cereal

It is oflBcialin the

the dose is given as

2 drachms.

AILANTHUS Chinese

Sumach, Ailanthus Is given brief notice

Eclectic literature.

It is

an

ficial glandulosa. Not ofin Homeopathic and emeto-cathartic

and

anthelmintic

and, in system.

exceedinglydisagreeableto the taste sufficientdosage,is depressing to the nervous It contains

a

volatile oil which, when

haled, in-

In spasmodic produces a peculiarnausea. asthma, petitmal, palpitation of the heart,and other it relieves the symptoms in spasmodic affections 2- to 10-drop doses of the fl., but is so disagreeable it is not apt to become popular as a remedy. From trials of the drug, I am convinced of its activity; my

Botanic

Remedies

patientsobjectedto it characteristics. disagreeable but

on

87

account

of its very

ALETRIS

Star, Aletris farinosa. Not National Formulary. official. It is listed in the new This is a good bitter in 5- to 10-minim doses fl., Grass, Blazing

Star

improving digestion. Pilcher, of the Universityof Nebraska, reported in the Jour, of Phar. and Exper. Ther.,Feb., 1916, the action of the plant drugs on the uterus. He on used longitudinalstripsof the uterus, as commonly employed in such experiments, and investigated several drugs. The following ones depressed the Aletris activityof the strips: Pulsatilla pratensis, farinosa, Scrofularia marylandica. Valerian, and If these findings are Scutellaria lateriflora. firmed, conaletris

can

be classed

as

an

uterine

sedative

in full doses. ALLIUM

as

Has Garlic, Allium sativum. long been classed stimulant, diuretic,expectorant, and rubefacient,

and

much

used

in domestic

practice,both internally

lary. poultice. It is listed in the National FormuIn these domestic neither garlicnor the uses onion {Allium cepa) are to be despised. common and Gabriel, In The Lancet, Sept. 11, 1915, Cook of Paddington Infirmary, report that a lotion of garlicjuiceis employed by them in wound dressing, and that it controls pus and relieves pain. They use one part of the fresh juicein 3 or 4 parts of distilled and the wounds Free drainage is maintained water. washed the solution twice a day. with out are and

as

a

88

Botanic alcohol

Enough

Drugs

be

may

added

to

the

preserve

solution. Minchin inhalation in

has

long employed garlic juice as

for the

treatment

of

active mixed

it pulmonary tuberculosis;

has

a

an

fection in-

phenol

coeflBcientof 2. ALNUS

Tag

Alder, Black

official. The

bark

Alder, Alnus and

serrulata. Not

leaves contain

tannin, oils, and a resin. Just what constitutes a drug a "vegetable what such a drug reallydoes, or alterative," I confess I don't know; but I do know, from abundant clinical experience,that alnus is such a drug and that it clears up a "pimply" skin and a tendency to

a

"crop of boils"

What

used

tubercular

drug.

to

be

in

a

manner. highlysatisfactory

called "scrofula"

(lymphatism?) is

Fl. in 15- to 20-minim

that

was

not

the

indication for this doses.

ALOE

ALOES. several and

The

inspissated juiceof

the

leaves of

speciesof aloe. Officialin all but the Croatian

Servian

standards.

Aloes

belongs to the anthracene group, whose seat of action is mainly in the largeintestine. The delayed action of aloes is supposed to be due to its requiringoxidation to become purgative. Aloe Purificata (U. S. P., VIII) is to be preferred to other products. The Ninth Revision does not list it. Dose: 1 to 10 grains;average, 4 grains. Aloin is given in one-fourth the dose of aloes, or less;average dose, 3^ grain. In

very

small

doses

aloes is stomachic

and, in

Botanic

90 almond.

It is a bland and

Drugs nutrient oil used in many

directions. pharmaceutical ANISUM

Aqua Anise (U. S. Anise, PimpinellaAnisum. P.) is used as a stimulant carminative in teaspoonful doses for infants,and as an agreeablediluent. ANTHEMIS

English

or

Roman

Chamomile,

Anthemis

nobilis.

pharmacopeias. Deleted from the Ninth U. S. P. Admittedly an efficientstomachic with mild stimulatingproperties, and carminative perior yet another chamomile, Matricaria, (q. v.) is suin a identical properties to it and possesses more agreeable form. Many persons objectto the Official in ten

taste

of anthemis, and

it nauseates

some.

APOCYNUM

Hemp, Apocynum Cannabinum. in the U. S. P., Eighth Revision,and now in the National Formulary. Canadian

in

cial Offilisted

practice,and conceded there has to possess propertiesakin to digitalis, its practicalemployment; been disagreement over and Fickewirth but the work of Taub {Arch. f. d. its active (neutral, 239) in isolating ges. Physiol. cliii, nonglucosidal)principlehas established the drug on a scientific basis. This substance is known in trade as Cymarin, and it is about equalin activity to the official amorphous strophanthinand quite similar in effect,being far more active after intravenous gested. inintramuscular or injectionthan when central vomiting. Toxic doses cause Long

used

f

domestic

Botanic Pharmacology.

As

"

Remedies indicated

91

by the action pulse-rateand

of

crease inlowers the cymarin, apocynum blood-pressure. As a heart remedy it is the gastro-intestinal from slowly absorbed very more tract, even slowly than digitalis. So, in be classed

it must general, affections

that

than

as

of less range

possessed by

in cardiac

digitalis.On

other hand, owing to the confusion over proximates, the ampules of Cymarin

the N.

N.

(1

to

talis digi(see

the tablets or R.) (1-60grain)intravenously, muscularl 3 of the 1-200 grain tablets)injectedintra-

of certain action

are

akin

to

that

of

strophanthin. Marked

cathartic

and

emetic

propertiesare

sessed pos-

retic, dosage; and it is diuis in infusion or decoction, which especially unfortunately,very disagreeable.It requiresdoses this eflFect, of about 15 grains of the drug to secure sometimes gradually increasing, or reducing if

by

nausea

in full

apocynum

is induced.

pharmacology of this drug exactly indicates its therapy. It is highly valuable cardiac forms. in various types of dropsy,especially Therapeutics.

To

nearly the

The

"

same

renal type, many its administration.

degree is it effective in that of nephriticcases doing well under Wherever

favor exudation,apocynum

may

atonic

blood

be used with

vessels able reason-

hope of benefit.

is Only in most urgent cases it necessary to injectcymarin. As with digitalis, there is more less difficulty with the administration or and decidingin which form to administer in a In my given case. experience,a good alcoholic extract is usuallyeffective. As the Eclectics have Administration.

"

Botanic

92 stressed

Drugs

this

remedy and used it for years in its indications,I have given preferenceto their proper preparationsof the drug. Unless the case is urgent, it is well to begin with small doses; but I never found dosage effective,seldom giving very small fl.four times a day. But there less than 5 minims in which are a especiallynephriticones, cases, decoction

to be

seems

in which

form

the

effective than

more

drug

other

any

be exhibited.

may

ARALIA

Elder, Aralia

Dwarf

is used.

root

the

Do

not

confound elder.

common

possess

hispida. The

aromatic

with Samhucus The

and

Araliaceae

more

of the densis, Canain general

stimulant

mildly diuretic,the Aralia

are

bark

propertiesand hispida being the

active.

irritating, owing to emetic and in the bark being soluble in hydragogue principles with a large proportionof water; but the fl. made these alcohol largely avoids irritatingprinciples and most of the unpleasantodor of the plant. diuretics especially Aralia is one of the minor adapted to edema from inactive kidneys,and it does doses fl. In large irritate in 5- to 10-minim not The

is

decoction

doses-^one

drachm

or

activelydiuretic,and which

there

"

are

serviceable.

it is most

National

over

it is cathartic cases

of

and

dropsy in

It is listed in the

Formulary. ARISTOL

THYMOL

(U. S. P.). A condensation molecules of thymol with two atoms

IODIDE

product of two of iodine, and

a

useful

substitute

for

iodoform.

Botanic

Remedies

93

Thymol itselfis a phenol nearlyinsoluble in water. Aristol is a dithymol diiodide soluble in fatty oils in 10 per cent indirect antiseptic and a valuable also be applied ointment or suppository. It may in powder in any proportion. ARNICA

Arnica

flowers

officialin all but the

are

Hungarian

standards, the leaves in the Croatian and Mexican standards, and the root in the Austrian, Croatian, Italian, Japanese, Serbian, and Spanish standards; In large yet it is a drug imperfectlyunderstood. doses it is a toxic gastro-intestinal irritant which fall in temperature, motor and causes a sensory In moderate doses collapseand death. paralysis, raises blood-pressure, it slows the pulse,slightly and stimulates the vagus nerves (Wilcox). Externally arnica was formerlymuch in use, but its applicationgives rise to cutanein many ous persons inflammation of an erysipelatous type and even It is now little emto constitutional ployed symptoms. externally. What

rational

"average dose" a

of 15

mystery I have

Revision

(20%) In

as

not

there

doses

be

may

for the

grains of the U. S. P. VIII been

able to solve.

gives the average 15 minims, which

small

host

indication

arnica

dose is

has

more

been

The

of the

is

Ninth

tincture

reasonable. recommended

in

of

conditions, especiallythose requiring stimulation of the brain and spinalnerves. It must be admitted that the drug does stimulate the vagus Now what is the connection nerve. here, and what a

is the

The

pharmacology of vagus

nerve

may

the

vagus?

be involved

as

the result

04

Botanic

Drugs

of

neoplasms invading the floor of the skull,or by syphilis,or in palsiesfrom diphtheriatoxins or alcoholic excesses. Stimulatingthe vagus will not stimulates help in any of these. Muscarine directly the vagus nerve endings, and this inhibits the action of the heart. also does much the Pilocarpine same thing, affectingthe involuntarymuscles and and the autonomic sympathetic nerve-endings; and it also stimulates the plain muscle of certain Atropine, on the other hand, especially organs. in very small doses, annuls the inhibitoryeffect of the vagus

the heart

on

and

the motor

action, especially

the

involuntary. The action heart is indirectly through the

the

on

then, if arnica stimulates analogiesdrawn above would lead Now

to

inhibit

excessive

to

influence

and

muscular in full

heart,

in

a

muscular

lesser

degree

There

the

upon

to

would

system

nervous

of

coats

hollow

influence be at

very

other

slight

largeexcept

dosage.

look for

an

it would

that

seem

influence from

we

can

rationally

arnica in traumatic

strain

in the overworked

heart muscle, in atony of the muscles, in sphincterincontinence,in

involuntary and slightperipheral paralyses, How one

expect it

to

one

the

vagus,

action of the

the

structures.

Therefore

and

the

the

stimulate

to

influence

vagus.

involuntarymuscles of the sphincters (as they are terminal in control), particularly

more

organs,

muscular

of anesthetics

man

far this would can

empiricuses

say;

but

of arnica

be

in muscular

borne clinically

it is unfair to assert as

a

troubles, in myalgia and

tion. exhaus-

out

no

that the

stimulant,in sphincter muscular strain,in optic

nerve

Botanic

Remedies

in vital exhaustion

and paralysis^

95 is

wholly unjustified. But I won't attempt to give a definite pharmacolog and therapeutics.Any agent of so pronounced a toxicology,so generally used, and so largelyrecognized in official standards, may not be dismissed lightly. ARTEMISIA

Artemisia

Wormwood,

for

standards

seventeen

absinthium.

OflBcial in

inscrutable

some

reason.

Rarely employed medicinally. Is an ingredientof volatile oil in large doses produces absinthe. The convulsions. cerebral disturbances with epileptiform Artemisia Cina or A. panciLevant Wormseed, of santonin (q.v.). Ameris the officialsource ican flora, is a different plant. See "ChenoWormseed Lirtemisic Mug WORT Herb, podium." vulgaris, has been employed in Homeopathic practice as a remedy for convulsive diseases of childhood. ASAFETIDA

Official in all standards the

resin

gum

German

except the

as

of Ferula

foetida or other species. Ferula galbaniflua and rubicalis, is similar

Galbanum,

in effect to asafetida

standards.

Sumbul,

and

is officialin fourteen

Musk

or

Root,

official in

States, is Ferula Sumbul. A malodorous substance is asafetida,which with musk be forgotten; and valerian,will probably soon they would be little missed, especiallysince the Mexico

and

valeric esters The

U.

the

are

S. P.

United

available.

pillmay

but it is going out useful

form

of

use

be used

as

a

carminative,

rapidly. The

most

of asafetida is in the

form

nitely defi-

of

Botanic

96

suppositories.They

Drugs used

after

surgicaloperations the atony and partialparalysis overcome tion. following abdominal surgical interven-

to

sometimes

Dose:

are

grains;average,

1 to 10

4

grains.

ASCLEPIAS

Root, Asclepiastuherosa. Not official now. (U. S. P. 1890.) It is Hsted in the National taining Formulary. Complex in composition, but conPleurisy

active

form uniproximate. The more action of the drug is inducing diaphoresis. Its expectorant propertiesare well marked, not though of sufficient intensityto make the drug of value for administration to children. Though a no

minor

very

fact

agent, the

that

it is carminative

and

does not disturb

digestionmakes it filla reallyuseful direct influence upon place. Asclepias has no pleurisy. Therapeutics. mucous Dryness of the respiratory when associated with a membranes, especially dry skin and slightfever,is a condition met in many be depended Asclepias may respiratorytroubles. direct medication, its diaphoretic to aid more upon action making of it a valuable cooperating agent. "

It does

have

not

processes;

but

a

any

combination

is often much alone.

Its indications

in certain

direct influence of

such

are

and

range

clepias as-

is aconite

that it finds

through the whole

cases

aconite

effective than

more

febrile

upon

place of respiratory a

affections. Administration.

alone to be should

"

Don't

anything but

take

1 -drachm

a

depend upon asclepias good diaphoretic.Adults

doses fl. in hot

water

until

98

alcoholic tr.

Botanic

Drugs

fl. made

from

the

unripe grain while "in the milk," or from the whole plant before dose is given as 3^ to 2 the grain is ripe. The fluidrachms, and it is advocated by many cians. physiIt has wholly failed in my hands, having material effect beyond what would no one expect from the alcohol content; but I know physicians has been who esteem it highly. Recently Alfalfa less exploitedas a potent tonic and with even here bescientific support. cause They are mentioned of their exploitation as ingredientsin proprietary specialties. or

BACILLUS

The

B.

BUL6ARICUS

lactis bulgaricus is

of

tribute widely disof lactic acid-producingorganisms group which do not proliferatein laboratory media. and others believe these bacilli modify Metchnikoff the intestinal flora,thus limitingauto-intoxication and its train of arteriosclerotic changes which lead to premature senility.While the theory is not the administration of sour-milk products proven, is often beneficial, thus taking the place of protein food and improving nutrition. Cultures of these bacteria are used to sour milk; they may be given as a remedy, and they may be sinuses. used in treating The Streptococcuslacticus is also used to sour milk, as it grows readily at room temperature, whereas the B. bulgaricusdoes not. In making Kefir and Koumiss, lactic acid-producingorganisms associated with an alcohol-producing are yeast, which latter renders the proteins of milk more but adds an alcohol content. digestible, one

a

Remedies

Botanic

produce ferment-action is commonly the B. hulgaricus To

99

in the intestinal tract, given in tablet form.

cultures in aqueous suspension are Applied to the nasal cavities and sinuses in putrefactiveand Pure

suppurativeconditions. the products For data upon "New

Nonofficial Remedies."

and

OF

BALSAM

irae; it is named

PERU

obtained

official balsam

An

offered in trade, see

from

Toluifera pere-

official standard, but

in every

is

Myroxylon pereiraein several pharmacopeias. Possesses antisepticproperties(probably due to of benzoic and cinnamic content acids) (q. v.) a fectiv which feeble, though the drug is relativelyefare as a parasiticide.When large quantities called

absorbed

are

bodies

resinous

in the

appear

urine

give a precipitatewith acids, but which precipitate is re-dissolved by alcohol,thus distinguishing Extensive albumin. from applicationsmay Internally, give rise to albuminuria and hematuria. in doses of 5 to 10 grains,it is said to be stomachic, which

carminative, and expectorant. Therapeutics. other

No

well-based

internal

uses,

benzoate-bearing products being preferable.

See "Benzoic

an

"

Acid."

as Externally useful in scabies as a parasiticide, applicationto indolent fissuresand chronic parasitic

skin of mixture

diseases,and small of

thirds castor when

10

surgeons

per

as

In

area.

one-third

a

stimulant

this

Peruvian

latter

to

to

stimulate

faces sur-

condition

balsam

but it may oil is eflFective; solutions may be used. cent

don't wish

raw

and

a

two-

irritate,

To-day granulationvery

Botanic

100

Drugs

often.

Non-irritatingdressings and paring the sides of the wound will usually promote healing. Van

Arsdale

sixteen

of

used

one

part of Peruvian

oil, which

castor

does

balsam

in

stimulate

not

granulation. BALSAM

officialbalsam

An

The

samum.

OF

TOLU

obtained

tr. in 30-minim

the

is

from

Toluiferabal-

doses

is

a

mild

pectorant; ex-

pleasant flavor, and the balsam be given in 10- to 15-grain doses in may While pleasantas a vehicle emulsion with acacia. for

more

syrup

active

a

agents, tolu possesses

littletherapeutic

importance. BAPTISIA

any

Indigo, Podalyriatinctoria. Not officialin standard except Homeopathic and Eclectic,

but

listed in

Wild

"provings"

are

the

N.

those

F.

IV.

The

of asthenic

Homeopathic type, with

fensiv of-

its most active proxBaptitoxine, imate, is said to be similar to cytisine from Cytisus laburnum. It is an active poison,causingincreased reflex activityand central paralytic death from asphyxia. It always induces vomiting. There has been no pharmacologicstudy of baptisiaor haj)tigated. toxine, but cytisinehas been elaboratelyinvesticonstitute a Nicotine^ loheline,and cytisine of similar pharmacology, which will be given group under "Lobelia" if Flugge was rect cor(q. v.). Now and cytisine in claiming that baptitoxine are identical, baptisiamust be included in the lobeliatobacco group pharmacologically.It is not in the same botanically;but the toxic action of group baptisiaresembles that of lobelia.

secretions.

Botanic In and

Remedies

101

largedoses baptisiais a violent emeto-cathartic, in smaller

doses

is laxative

mucous gastro-intestinal

stimulate the liver and

and

stimulates the It is said to

membrane. to be

antiseptic. be regarded as an On the whole, baptisia must active agent, useful medicinallyonly in small doses. Whatever Therapeutics. antisepticproperties it is admittedly the drug may not possess, or may "

effective in

most

the

form

of

a

fresh decoction.

early days, such a dressingfor gangrenous but conditions and putrid dischargeswas justified; in these days of effective antisepticdressings of occasion demonstrated to activity,there is no employ baptisia. internal remedy many claims have been As an but they all unite in commending made for baptisia, it for septicand typhoidconditions,such as typhoid In

the

fever,fetidevacuations, ulcerative conditions,and secretions.

More

conservative

praved de-

clinicians of

Homeopathic and Eclectic Schools no longer phoid employ it in typhoid fever, limitingits use to "tyconditions." Also the opinion is growing that used very the drug is of value only when early. Dosage averages about one drop of the fl.or 2 or 3 tincture." drops "Mother to me My own employment of the drug causes it, respect the views of gentlemen who commend it has acted well in 2- to 5-drop doses fl.in some as in which I have minor cases employed it, chiefly I believe it possesses real utility dysentericcases. in stimulating normal activity of the intestinal glandular not prepared to believe it posstructures; but I am sesses specificeffect upon septic processes. any of its pharmacology Certainlywhat little is known the

Botanic

102 would

not

from well a

lead

one

to

Drugs expect any

such

drug; but the emeto-cathartic agents as to have drugs of the ipecac type, do seem

the as

direct effect upon

the

intestinal

mucosa

than mere stimulation, althougheven is not a bactericide. more

The

has

actions

an

that

is

emetine

lobelia type of drug, as baptisiaseems to be, action on the ganglion cells which stimulate

the involuntary muscles

and

gland cells;and this ically, type also promotes suprarenalsecretion. Theoretwould therefore, one expect from analogy tions activityfrom baptisiaif the preliminaryconsideraI have presentedare based upon reliable data. This data, however, is admittedlymore less imperfect. or It would seem that a drug admittedlyso active,and which has been employed for so long, would have been ere this adequatelyinvestigated; in any definite but it has not been reportedupon and criticalway. BELLADONNA

The

leaves of Atropa belladonna,officialin every pharmacopeia;the root in the United States and five other countries. Pharmacology. and

"

The

Solanaceae

(belladonna, hy-

be considered stramonium) may of togetherpharmacologically.The nomenclature the alkaloids is involved; but there are reallybut (racemic)or hyoscyamine(laevorotary) two, atropine and hyoscineor scopolamine(mixed r. and 1.). Atropine (or hyoscyamine) contains a basic nucleus, united to a radicle of tropicacid. Homatrotropins, pine is a substitution product. The basic nucleus in hyoscine (or scopolamine)is scopoline, and it is combined with a tropicacid radicle. The alkaloids oscyamus,

Botanic

.

lOS

Remedies

proportionsin the various plants in the of the species,and racemisation occurs alkaloidal of extraction, rendering the process therapy complex. the actions of the various alkaloids Qualitatively exist in varying

somewhat

are

similar and

of Atropine

a

statement

of the action

considered. qualitatively The peripheral action is opposed to those phenomena exhibited by pilocarpine, muscarine, and physostiguntary mine, paralyzingtheir stimulatingeffects on involmuscle and gland cells. Atropine paralyzes the nerve-endingsof the cerebral and sacral autonomic systems and the true sympathetic nerveendings in the sweat glands. Certain irregularities occur involvingthe blockingof impulses. The peripheral action of atropinetends to diminish secretion and to arrest it in large doses; but the quantitative effect varies, bile and milk being somewhat diminished, pancreatic secretion and diminished but gastric secretion being somewhat largelyunder normal physiologicstimulus, urine and lymph being littleif any diminished,but saliva, of the mouth and respiratory tears, mucus passages diminished markedly diminished, and the sweat most

will

serve,

of all.

Atropine produces mydriasisand it

causes

a

loss of

modation; accom-

rise in intraocular tension.

In very small doses atropineannuls the inhibitor action effect of the vagus on the heart and its motor on

the muscular On

coats

of the bronchioles.

in most nerve-endingsof cerebral nerves other tracts atropine has little influence;but in large doses it depresses all involuntary muscle (Cushny). There is slightlocal anesthesia. In man confusion of atropine induces garrulity, the

Botanic

104

ideas, emotional due

and instability,

direct excitation

to

inhibition. and

Drugs

The

and

Tremor

temperature

coma

than

to

may

be

weakened

produced

be raised. stimulated

respirationis

doses, and

rather

finallydelirium

fails under

by

therapeutic

large doses, sometimes

thus

causingdeath. Peripheraleffect is twice as active with hyoswith atropine (racemic). as cyamine (laevorotary) The narcotic efiFectis marked in hyoscine over that of atropine (Peebles). Respirationis best stimulated by atropine. Of this group Therapeutics. of plant drugs is valuable belladonna for effects depending on paralysisof nerve-endings,to control night-sweatSy "

Both

etc.

belladonna

and

to antispasmodics-

as

"

Belladonna

the

Atropine and ocular

and In

stramonium

control

better

members

spasmodic

asthma.

intestinal

controls of

effective

are

its series

are

spasm.

used

in

conditions.

spiratory Atropine is preferredfor restimulation. loids Hyoscyamus and its alkaare superiorin its role,that of central action and monium." "Strahypnosis. See "Hyoscyamus"

small

doses

belladonna

has

been

used, sometimes with effect,in congestionof the cerebrum, marked in cases by delirium. In pharyngitis especially and

small laryngitis

doses

are

often

effective.

It cooperates well with aconite in these cases. In the ordinary medicinal doses belladonna well in

acts

night sweats, in asthma, in whooping cough with copious secretion,in intestinal spasm and to reduce the griping of purgatives,in the spasm of calculus irritation, in enuresis,in mercurial saliva-

Botanic

106 examination

with

Drugs be

atropine,physostigmine may

instilledto relieve the intra-ocular pressure induced. The technic of the ophthalmic uses are important, harm

as

may

Consult

works

be done

if

incautiously.

ventures

one

ophthalmology. is the nitrate of methylated atropine EuMYDRiN It is used like and is mydriatic and antihidrotic. atropine,but is claimed to be less toxic, internal doses ranging from 1-60 to 1-24 grain, and a as usual the mydriatic one-tenth stronger than is a combination atropine solutions. Euphthalmin on

of maudelic contained

acid

and

a

base

in beta-eucaine;it is

a

similar

It

that

syntheticanalogue

it in effect,but

atropineand resembles only in ophthalmic work. of

to

is claimed

is used not

to

increase intra-ocular tension. BERBERIS

Oregon

folium.

Grape, Berberis aqui-

Grape, Mountain Official in IT. S. P.

Eighth

Rev.

Berberis

berry, BarEngland. Berberis vulgaris.

Aristata officialin

officialin France. Pharmacology.

"

Hydrastis and

berberis

and will be discussed in detail under

(q.v.). However, has

littleaction

causes

it may in small

are

lied al-

"Hydrastis"

be said that Berberine doses.

vaso-dilatation and

cardiac

In

large doses it with depression,

blood-pressure. There is no useful field for berberis in largedoses. In small doses it is a useful simple bitter. In largedoses it is a gastro-intestinal and alterative propertieshave been claimed irritant; for drugs of that class,but usually upon secure no

reduced

that berberis possesses alterative propertiesin doses that are advisable.

basis.

There

is

no

evidence

Remedies

Botanic Therapeutics. stomachic

and

by

well

the

bitters

an

fl.,is

atonic

In other

mucus.

berberis

is

good

a

one

"

are

words, ically clin-

in

slightcatarrhal conditions and functional disturbances of the alimentary canal; valuable

minor

they

of

excess

and

"

in

doses

dyspepsia. Its its bitter properties,make as maladies acterized chargastro-intestinal

rational in

use

30-minim

10- to

value

of

as astringency,

its

In

"

107

anatomic taken

available

not

are

incidence

of serious

changes. These bitters are always better liquidform, preferablyjust before meals.

in

Hydrochloride

Berberine on

Berberis

in the

the

market;

but aquofilium,

from

is the alkaloidal resentati repit is not made from Berberis

vulgarisand

Hydrastis Canadensis. Very large doses are toxic; but as much 20 grainshave been taken with little as effect except purgation. Dosage ranges from 1 to 5 grains. BRYONIA cept Bryonia dioica. Not officialin any exHomeopathic and Eclectic standards. In these schools bryonia is a prominent drug. The two National Formulary hsts it. Bryonia is an active hydrogogue cathartic formerly employed in doses of from 10 to 60 grains. It has been wholly displaced in such indications, jalapservingthe purpose

Bryony,

better. Pharmacology.

especiallyto the Introduced caused

death

into

serous

mucous

irritant

drug,

membranes.

pleuralcavity

the heart

action in small doses has to

and

an

of animals, it fibrinous effusion. The cerebrum

the

from

is irritated and

^Bryonia is

"

lessen arterial tension

depressed. So far as the it seems been investigated, and the frequency of the

Botanic

108

pulse. It

acts

processes,

but

membranes.

Drugs

to aconite in inflammatory similarly the serous more particularly upon Bryonia opposes inflammatorydryness

membranes

if

quently given in small doses frerepeated. Unlike aconite, small doses of bryonia may be administered safelyfor long periods of the

serous

of time.

Homeopathic physiciansemploy volveme bryonia in congestive headache and meningeal inIn my experience,this indication is circulation can not well borne out in practice.The be quieted better by other agents. Then, too, Therapeutics.

"

meningitisis generally resultant from causes quite beyond control by small doses of any drug. of bryonia in The Homeopathic and Eclectic use membranes is well justified, affections of the serous generallyspeaking,upon both scientific and clinical bases; but in the meninges of the brain any increase be detrimental. of fluid would But it is dryness of the

serous

doses

membranes be

may

but

bryonia benefits. Very

effective in in all.

not

In

with

dry sinus membranes

some

value.

some

cases

of such

In

ness, dry-

certain

frontalheadaches^ (frontalsinus),it is of

While

there may matic not be a true "rheuheadache," there is a form of headache often

associated with rheumatism, and in this form may

minute

bryonia

be indicated. rheumatic

after salicylates other or affections, remedies have reduced the swelling, bryonia is of direct value in many When the synovial cases. membranes

involved, and the parts are stiffand aggravated by movement, bryonia will aid in what But bryonia has no might be called "resolution." influence upon like the salrheumatism, specific are

Botanic

icylatesin

rheumatic

acute

The

gout.

Remedies

drug does

109

fever

colchicum

or

for fever, and

Httle

aconite may be combined with it. In my of arthritis hands, in cases "

rheumatism

etc.)bryonia has aided as a but to depend upon it in to

seems

to

me

remedy, it

hence

so-called

of specificcharacter

not

"

in

be most have

may

(gonococcic, symptomatic remedy; rheumatic

acute

unwise. its

uses

As in

fever

cooperating

a

this connection,

it often does have.

and In

with pericarditis

exudation

and

in

pleurisywith tions, exudation, as well as in other sero-purulentexudait is claimed that bryonia promotes absorption. I don't believe it does unless pushed to the of severe extent purgation. I have tried out the in many and have abandoned such cases, of the drug. The modern of seromanagement

matter uses

purulent exudations is not by giving drugs. I am in my mind that bryonia is own fully convinced useful in alleviatingpathologic dryness of very and to a lesser degree mucous membranes, serous membranes; but I am just as strongly convinced that the opposite indication exudation ^isnot met by bryonia. There may be exceptionsin the case of fibrinous or plasticexudates which have not become organized. Eclectic indications But the Homeopathic and for bryonia in dry cough, especially with bloodstained expectorationand pain in the chest while to me to be abundantly justified. coughing,seem "

"

This

condition

conditions so-called to

reason

"

may

various

one

of several

bronchitis,pleurisy, pneumo7iia. Now, it stands

forms

and "grippe'*

that

in any

eventuate

of

in these diseases

other

medication

110

Botanic

Drugs

is necessary, as well as generalcase management; but convinced clinical experience has that me

bryonia, in

these

the diseases, meets successfully indication in italics heading this paragraph. Other serous-membrane disease, such as orchitis

and

be

idiopathicperitonitis, may

even

aided

by

bryonia. Administration.

The

Medicine" "Specific (both Eclectic and of fluidextract strength) available and are are given in doses of 1-10 to 3^ The tr. (Homeopathic drop every hour or two. mother pathic tr.)is given in 1-drop doses; but Homeothe decimal dilutions use physicianssometimes "

"Normal,"

BUCHU

The United

leaves of Barosma

States, the

hetulina.

British

Ofiicial in the

Empire, Japan, and

Mexico.

contains

Buchu

a

volatile oil which

is excreted

kidneys in combination with glycuronicacid. It produces a dilatation of the renal vessels and excites the renal epitheliumto activity. The drug and carminative. is diuretic,slightlyantiseptic

by

the

Therapeutics. When

an

Buchu

"

is not

antisepticinfluence

a

active agent. is desired in the very

urinary tract, buchu is inferior to the such as hexamethylenamine. antiseptics, The

is

infusion

diuretics.

As The

a

an

vehicle

admirable

general diuretic,buchu fl.,in doses of

15

to

60

chemical for saline is

pointing disap-

minims, is

of the adapted as a remedy in chronic affections membrane, such as pyelitis, mucous genito-urinary urethritis. It is of some and non-specific cystitis, trouble. value in old prostatic

Botanic Buchu is

Remedies

111

is

disagreebleto take, is expensive,and effective agents. being rapidlydisplacedby more CACTUS

Cereus, Cactus grandiflorus or Not but listed in the Cereus grandiflorus. official, National quately Formulary. The cacti have been inadeinvestigated.Some speciesare used as food for cattle. I have personallyinvestigated, though in number of species,using fresh a a superficial way, Night-blooming

The

material.

and

opuntia is mucilaginous

common

its tincture, sometimes

is inert.

Cereus

of undetermined

sold

as

fimbriatuspossesses action.

Anhalonium

"tr. cactus," acrid principles cal Leudnii,Mes-

carries anhalonine, a toxic agent cially espethe nervous impressing system. It is stated

Button,

mescale, an intoxicatingdrink, is made from it. Certainly,from own observation, mescale my does not, at least as ordinarily made, give rise to the same does anhalonium. Little as symptoms

that

anhalonium

is to

be

found

in the

desert.

Other

varieties of maguey, speciesof cacti,includingsome which the relativelymild from pulque is made, yield "buttons" at certain periods of their growth; and the Indians gather certain cactus products to in drinks and in smoking, which produce sympuse toms resemblinginsanity. tests of anhalonium akin My own gave symptoms to those produced by cannabis indica. This data, for which I feel in positionto stand sponsor, proves that there are certain cacti possessed of active properties. But the lack of critical data makes it impossible to give a definite pharmacology of any

of the cacti.

Botanic

112 Cactus

was grandiflorus

Drugs by Scheele and, action a digitalis

studied

Neither claimed later,by Rubini. for it,as has been erroneouslystated. Their somewhat showed it,in their ions, involved statements opinto influence the

in medicinal on

animal

heart muscle and the

doses; but they made

sphincters

claims based

no

of

experimentation. Hosts

clinicians

have

agreed with them. the animal From side, Gordon tioner Sharp {PractiSept.,1894) found no active principleand determined action except mild diuresis. Hatcher, no y

recently,definitely proved the commercially marketed so-called "active principle"to be practically more

His

inert.

later tests

less convincing,since he did not But originof material used. long suspected, that cactus

itself were

of cactus

identityor proved, as was

prove

he does

not

possess

a

action. I have taken large doses of a reliable digitalis from; theretincture,and noted no toxic symptoms but the pulse was quickened and there was with a feelingof general discomfort. gastricirritation, Also I have not raised. Blood-pressurewas taken vastly excessive doses of the "active principle" with made

no

demonstrable

concentrations

effect.

of cactus, which

And

I have

I believe the

to be, and the product principle" was wholly unstable, the mucilage therein soon scopical proliferating microorganisms. Furthermore, microexamination of the commercial product the presence shows of numerous microorganisms. From the practicalstandpoint, I believe the "active to be of littleor no value. principle" Various specimens of the tincture have, in my hands, varied largelyin effectiveness, as judged

commercial

"active

Botanic

114 modic

asthma

eyamus

is

and

Drugs of the

spasm

antispasmodic in

uterine

several

more

hyos-

os; or

less

diverse states. Now

these

various

antispasmodic actions were not largelyby animal by clinical experience, proven and the pharmacology of abnormal experimentation; is justas valuable function, which is proven clinically, and important as is the pharmacology of normal function, which is proven perimentat by animal exillustration of the pharmaAs an cology of abnormal function, see "Camphor." An analysisof the better sustained claims made for cactus showed its dominant role to be antispasmodic muscle. in effect A tobacco involuntary upon smoker by excess, produce the well-proven can, of the heart of involuntarymuscle, especially spasm muscle and intestine. I have experiencedthis spasm in myself, and promptly relieved it with very Also I have medicinal doses of cactus. carefully observed its action in mild anginalor pseudo-anginal cardiac spasm, spasmodic asthma, sphincter cases, spasm,

etc., and

am

much

propertiesto

the

spasmodic inclined to credit anti-

especially as regards the heart muscle, the relief of sphincter not being marked, although the vessel walls spasm to respond. seem I believe the future will develop more definite data than I am able to record here; but in no sense of the word does cactus take the placeof the drugs of the digitalis group. Therapeutics. ments Many functional cardiac derangethose respond in varying degrees,especially induced in habit-inducing by excesses agents like coffee and tobacco and, to a less degree,alcohol, "

drug,

more

Remedies

Botanic slows the heart.

which

115

slow heart is frequently

The

by long-continuedadministration of the drug. Pseudo-anginaand mild angina are relieved. Some of cardiac pain and spasm respond promptly. cases Tachycardiais relieved only by full dosage. No Administration. preparationsexcept those alcohol should be of the green drug in concentrated in used. I give "Normal" or "SpecificMedicine" 10 doses of from 1 to 5 minims, and sometimes aided

"

minims. CAFFEINE

A

feeblybasic

substance

obtained

from

the dried

Sinensis, the dried seeds of Coffea Arabica, and from other plants. Official. Caffeine is a purin derivative,is quicklyabsorbed, has no important action on the gastro-intestinal leaves

of Thea

tract, and

is eliminated

powerfullyas The

a

by

the

kidneys, acting

diuretic. is

heart-beat

quickened and

increased

in

force; it constricts the blood-vessels at first,but dilates them, first dilatingthe renal vessels. finally the kidneys to take up an increased quanIt causes tity The

of oxygen.

central

nervous

system

is

This action is stimulated, causing wakefulness. marked when more taking caffeine, or caffeineciation bearing soda drinks, than when in the natural assoIn toxic or even of the drug in coffee or tea. turbed, doses, the coordination of ideas is diswith more less intoxication, exaggerated or and sions. convulreflexes, spasmodic movements, even

in excessive

Striated muscle Therapeutics.

chloral, and strychnine.

"

other

is stimulated.

poisoningby morphine, narcotics, though inferior to

Useful in

Botanic

116

pressio coffee)lessens central deand may well be given to offset undesirable propertiesof the antipyretics, especiallythose of It is a diuretic useful in dropsy the coal-tar group. Caffeine

and

(or hot

Drugs

aid in the

to

tea

or

elimination

of toxic substances.

It is useful in the heart failure of

pneumonia and septicinfections. With phenacetin,it is employed headaches. in migraine and periodic The dose is 2 grains;of citrated caffeine,5 grains. There

several xanthine

are

derivatives,some

caffeine in diuretic effect.

(5 to is not

grains)is a good diuretic

8 so

apt

to induce

BROMiNE-SoDiUM

insomnia

passing sur-

Theobromine

in the edemas as

caffeine.

and Theo-

AcETATE

(8 to 15 grains)is more Agurin soluble and better tolerated by the stomach. Thephorin is similar to the last-named. (73/^ grains) is also diuretic. Uropherin-B (5 to 15 grains) is is used in connection with digitalis.Theophyllin a powerful diuretic,but not lasting. It should be followed by other agents (dose 3 to 5 grains). Sodio-Acetate is given in the same Theophyllin for and Nonofficial Remedies" dosage. See "New caffeine sodio-salicylate from natdetails. Xanol, ural diuretic heart tonic and oil, is a vaso-motor (2 to 5 grains). CAJUPUT

The

oil is official in several

is derived 60

balsamic may

from

of cineol.

cent

per

leucadendron. For

internal

It use

It

tains conas

a

stimulant, the British Pharmacopeia spirit

be used

the oil was

Melaleuca

pharmacopeias.

in doses

used

as

an

of 5 to 20 minims.

Formerly

applicationto frost-bite.

Botanic

Remedies

117

CALENDULA

OfficialU. S. P., Marigold, calendula officinalis. Eighth Rev., but in no other country. Deleted ninth

tional incorporatedin the NaFormulary. The tincture is used externally is arnica; but it is superiorto arnica as a much as where without such applicawet dressing in cases tions form too rapidly. It may be a cicatrix would used in most A strength,diluted with water. any good dressingis calendulated boric acid, and a good wet dressingis saturated boric acid solution to which tr. or fl.calendula is added. Open wounds and burns from

be

may

solution

and

so

dressed.

of

boroglycerid.The

makes

it available

as satisfactory

used alone.

fl.is also combined

The

chronic lesions.

various been

revision

a

It stains

with

stimulation of calendula

in the local treatment of In my hands calendula has

minor

but not when dressing, yellow,which is an objection.

CALUMBA

CoLUMBO, jateorhiza palmata. Official in all except Serbia. Calumba

tions na-

valuable tannin-free bitter containing essential bitter, berberine, as well as its own is

a

columbin. For and

a

discussion of the bitters,see

"Gentian,"

for the

bitters see "Berberis" berberine-bearing and "Hydrastis." The therapeuticsneed not be repeatedhere. Dose: fl. 10 to 30 minims. CAMPHOR

CAMPHORA, balsamiferaya

Cinnamomum common

shrub

camphora. Blumea in the PhiHppines,is

Botanic

118 also

promisingsource camphor is inferior for

of

a

Pharmacology.

Drugs

medicinal

Toxic

"

camphor. The synthetic to

use.

many

of

the

lower

facient markedly antiseptic.Rubeexternallyand carminative internally. Camphor is a direct stimulant to the respiratory center, and to a less degree to the central nervous forms

of life,but

system

as

a

not

whole.

circulatorysystem is not markedly affected by camphor; but its known therapeutic in abnormal uses functioning of the circulatory to re-investigate system caused the pharmacologists it,and with the followingresults: the influence of chloral A rabbit deeply under and restored to activityby was readily awakened subcutaneous injectionof camphorated oil. Even when anesthesia was rate profound,the respiratory increased and the reflexes reappeared from this was administration of camphor. lation. A cat's heart was perfused,thus showing fibrilCamphor restored it,slowed the heart and The

normal

increased Here

its force. was

an

instance

where

pharmacology was by the teaching of

vitallydefective until corrected clinical experience. If colchicum, for instance, was first introduced ported to-day,and the pharmacologistsreit as drastic note it, they would a upon it as not of any cathartic and announce probable value. them

Its immense

in gout would escape clinical learned by ence. experi-

value

entirely:that

was

And

is true

the

of

camphor. Therapeutics. Indicated in respiratory and cardiac in cardiac fibrillation. depression, especially same "

Cardiax; weakness

may

be met

with Curschmann's

Botanic

solution,made

Remedies

follows:

as

119

parts of camphor

Two

dissolved

in three parts of sulphuricether, and The dose is 10 to 15 seven parts of olive oil added. minims four hours for an adult; twice as much every are

in emergency. In severe cardiac involvement, 5 to

10 minims

of

20

a

as

in

pneumonia,

solution in olive oil

per cent,

be deeply injectedunder the skin. It may given frequentlyand over long periods. In the broncho-pneumonia of children, when a is needed, inject camphorated oil heart stimulant in 10 per cent solution,giving ten grainsof camphor in twenty-four hours and never exceeding twenty grains. is Monobromated Camphor, in 5-grain pills, used in the nervous form of epidemic influenza, lumbago, chorea,and petitmat, as well as in irritated may

be

sexual states.

Camphor used

is

in eye

mild

carminative; chiefly Spiritof Camphor is used in

Water washes.

a

choleraic diarrhea.

Camphor

enters

into many

formulae

for external

use.

CANNABIS

Hemp.

Indian

cannabinol.

Official.

INDICA

Active

It is unstable, and

from

an

uncertain

oleoresin in action.

Hemp has an action allied to that of opium and is lucinato analgesic. The drug sometimes gives rise to halbut a lot of poeticnonsense symptoms; has been written in regard thereto. results Death from cardiac failure. Cannabis

regula notoriouslyunreliable and irThe new U. S. P. requiresits

indica is

in action.

Botanic

120

Drugs

physiologicstandardization. for

better met

of the

tions indica-

opium; but cannabis be used if for any reason opium may In certain cases, more is contraindicated. notably neuralgicones, cannabis relieves pain more promptly is the one tion indicathan does opium. Vesical spasm where cannabis is almost universally preferable to other drugs. In the earlier stages of gonorrhea the drug is a good agent to produce sedation. Some of dysmenorrhea are cases markedly relieved by a

narcotic

Most

are

with

cannabis. Dose:

Tr. 5 to 15 minims; fl.34 to 2 minims. CAPSICUM

Cayenne

Pepper, capsicumfastigiatum.OflBcial.

Capsicum is a useful rubefacient suitable for prolonged applicationbecause never blistering.Capsicum is not valued as a stimulant, sufficiently in gastric inactivity, especially frequentlynoted in of malaria. Dose: 1 to 5 grains. cases long-standing CARBO

Charcoal.

LIGNI

Official. Used

in

with fetid flatulence breath and offensive dysentericdischarges. Charcoal also be added to poultices, which may then may 10 to 60 grains. have a disinfectant action. Dose: CARYOPHYLLUS

5

Official. Dose: Cloves, Eugenia aromatica. grains. Oil of Cloves is markedly carminative

1 to

and

is of great value for its anesthetic and caustic effect in carious teeth. Eugenol, an hyon exposed nerves

droxylatedterpene, is the active agent.

Botanic

122

Drugs

Rafuesque said of it that "as a powerfulemmenait promotes delivery,menstruation, and dropsical gogue discharges." This

is

inert.

not

It is

with in

where

a

fl. 1 to 15 minims. Use

20.

over

which be

to

is ployed em-

if uterine inertia occurs, rhage, threatening post-partum hemor-

uterus

and

uterine stimulant

true

a

remedies"

in labor

care

relaxed

"uterine

of the

one

uterine

tonic is needed.

Leontin,

with

care,

Dose:

minims, rarely

10 to 60

it is less active

but

than

ergot. CHAMOMILLA

Geeman

MATRICARIA, Chamomilla. and

Chamomile,

Official in sixteen national

its volatile oil in the Italian and the U.

In

S. P. VIII

the

actions

much.

as as

the doses

maximum

same.

standards,

Swiss Pharmacopeias.

"average dose" of

themis, or English chamomile, grains;but matricaria is given as times

Matricaria

is

stated

as

an-

30

grains eight Yet the text-books give their Eclectic literature gives the

of matricaria

240

"

one-third

as

that of

anthemis.

Now, of

a

anthemis

yieldsby distillation 0.45

volatile oil,to which

propertiesof the drug similar oil in just the less anthemis

are

the aromatic due.

and

Matricaria

per cent

stimulant

yieldsa

but, comparaamount; tively, will induce emesis, matricaria same

Neither being emetic only in very large doses. drug should be employed for its emetic properties, should and the comparative strengths of the two the doses adjusted,on a basis of not be judged,nor the emetic dosage.

Pharmacology.

"

^Anthemis

and

matricaria

are

Remedies

Botanic

123

alike in action, except that the bitter the former is emetic in full dosage.

principleof

plants, has the in frogs,even of reducing reflex excitability power after its excitation by strychnine (Wilcox). The similar to those of bitter and tonic propertiesare Matricaria the bitters generally. See "Gentian." because full doses are not is preferable to anthemis nauseating. of the crude drug Fomentations Therapeutics. used in domestic much practiceas a soothing are applicationin sprains,bruises,abscesses,etc., and The

volatile oil, found

in both

"

it

serves

The

well in this connection. infusion

and

decoction

mildly stimulant

are

tonic,but chamomilla is inferior to other bitters in this indication;but it is an effective diaphoretic in the in the form of hot "tea," more especially exanthems of children. It is largely employed to "bring out the rash" of measles. The hot infusion in full dosage is quite effective in dysmenorrhea, especiallythe non-obstructive type. Indeed, this effective than valerian tainly ceragent is often more it is more agreeable in the uterine reflex disturbances of women. A good fl. serves quite as well as does the infusion in this class of troubles;but be given. 10- to 15-drop doses must In somewhat smaller doses of the fl. (5 to 10 and

"

"

drops), it tends to and falsepains of Some

cases

of

of the

relieve the the

later months

dyspepsiaand menstrual period are

nervous

irritation

nervous

of

gestation.

ache"^ the "sicA; headmuch

relieved

It seems to be an effective nervine by chamomilla. and mild antispasmodic adapted to the neurotic The drug is harmless and more type of women.

Botanic

124

effective than

Drugs

ica; physiciansthink here in Amerin this but in Europe it has been long esteemed connection. As is to be expected,it is not effective when tional organicdisease is present; but in minor funcdisturbances it fillsa reallyuseful place. It cooperates well with aconite and mild cholagogues. In infantilediseases,especially when the child is irritable from teethingor colic,it is a most kindlyacting remedy in small doses; and, in connection with bismuth and alkalies,serves useful place in a add of whooping cough are diarrhea. Some cases favorably influenced,but the dose must be fairly large. Doses for children range from 1 to 5 drops fl., and 10 drops in whooping cough. most

CHAPARRO P. I. Nixon, in Jour. A.

M.

A., March

25, 1916,

effect from an American reported an amebacide He has employed it plant, Chaparro amargosa. in numerous of amebic dysentery, cases successfully givingfour glassesof the fresh infusion daily,and of a quart of the infusion. In his rectal injections the drug is a good substitute for emetine. experience, CHAULMOOGRA

This

oil is used in the treatment

credited with

OIL of

leprosyand

is

cases. arrestingthe disease in some from 20 to 300 minims It is given in doses increasing daily,in capsulesor emulsion, or in milk per rectum. Inunctions are also employed. Sterilized tubes are prepared for intra-muscular injection;but it is when so used. is a refined "Anti-leprol" irritating product of chaulmoogra oil,and it is tolerated much better by the stomach, so that maximum dosage is is possible.Gynocardicacidy the active principle,

Botanic

given in dosage up

to 3

Remedies

125

grains,or the gynocardates

used.

are

CHELIDONIUM

Chelidonium

plex majus. A plantof comcomposition. Its juiceis exceedinglyacrid and

Celandine, is an

irritant sometimes

and

warts.

used in the removal

of

corns

Internally it is an unreliable drastic purgative in full doses; and it is apt to induce great cerebral disturbance. This drug was formerly official copeia, (U. S. P., 1890) and in the old Edinburgh Pharmabut it has been largelyabandoned as a remedy. In small doses (fl.2 to 3 minims) it possesses a certain value in the treatment of jaundiceand acute and chronic hepatitis not due to organic lesions. to consider Adequate personal experience leads me the drug as one suitable for long-continued in functional diseases of the liver, administration those apt to result in gall-stone formation. especially few cholagoguesthat may There be given for are but lengthof time without derangingdigestion, any this one be so administered. In my hands, it may cooperates well with sodium phosphate;but it must be regardedas a minor drug. Its use in full dosage is not at all justified, and in small doses it is slow in action. CHENOPODIUM

American

Wormseed,

Chenopodium anthelminti-

The

volatile oil is officialin the U. S. P. Pharmacology. ^The Amer. Jour, of Physiology

cum.

"

printedan that

article by Salant and

intravenous

pressure

of vagus

Livingstoneshowing

caused injections

in certain animals, with

There irritability.

was

a

a

fall in blood-

marked some

decrease

respiratory

Botanic

126

depressionindependent Chenopodium

Drugs of

the

lation. circu-

effect upon

has

long been known as an in eflficientanthelmintic against the round worm doses of 3 to 10 drops three times a day for two littleused days, followed by a cathartic. It is now in this connection, being displacedby santonine, which is much less disagreeableto take. of chenopodium The Therapeutics. important use Oil

of

"

is in the

of hookworm

treatment

Keith, of Singapore, reports

over

disease. thousand

one

treated. He has the patientfast successfully he gives from after mid-day to next morning, when of the oil in a capsule. This dose is given 10 minims three mornings in succession, the last treatment being followed by a full dose of castor oil. Schuffner and Baermann, of Sumatra, report forty cases

thousand

successful

cases

with

no

illeffects from

the

remedy. After an evening meal composed wholly and no of liquids, breakfast, 16 minims of the oil of this being taken is placed on sugar, one-third hourly;three hours after the last dose 17 grammes of castor

oil and

of chloroform

3 grammes

are

ministe ad-

oil is put up in five- and ten-minim soluble thus overcoming the objectionsto elastic capsules, The

its

use.

"come even

administered, it is probable it will

Thus

back" asserted

as

and it is remedy for round worm; that the drug is promising in the a

eradication of tapeworm

infestation.

CHIMAPHILA

PiPSissEWA, Chimaphila umhellata. in the

eighthU. S. P.

This

OflScial only

widelydistributed

Amer-

Remedies

Botanic ican

remedy

should

127

be dropped from

not

our

official

standards, since it is a good substitute for the more It is listed in the National expensive buchu. Formulary. However, it more closelyresembles uva-ursi. Pharmacology.

The

Ericaceae

generallycontain arbutin,a glucosidewhich, by decomposition in the urinary tract, liberates the antiseptichydroquinone. Chimaphila is one of the most active diuretics of its class,and is possessedof tonic and astringentproperties. It possesses marked a advantage in being an agreeableremedy, excitingthe appetiteand promoting digestion. Boiling impairs the virtues of the drug, and decoctions are nearly inert. The infusion, the strong tincture, and the fluidextract are

"

effective.

Therapeutics.

The

"

tonic and

so-called "alterative"

effects of this

drug are not to be despised, and they render it especiallyvaluable in its more direct indication,that of a non-irritating diuretic. As a practicalmatter of fact, drugs must be given for a long time in old prostatic renal dropsy, troubles, volveme recurringhematuria, dysuria in the aged, gouty inand atonic genito-urinary affections generally, inclusive of the residuum of gonorrhea. Chimaphila serves admirably in such cases, even in albuminuric 5 to 30

ones.

Use

minims; maximum,

a

60

reliable fl. in doses

of

minims.

CHIONANTHUS

Fringe but

Tree,

Chionanthus

listed in the

virginicus.Not National Formulary. by the Eclectics,who

drug is highly esteemed in its extraction, which great care

cial, offiThis take

is difficultand

Botanic

128

must

be

by prolongedmaceration

drug has been declared many

But

Drugs

to

of the commercial it occurred

to

me

in alcohol.

The

be inert,and it is probable fluidextracts are valueless.

that the

only fair

way

to test

the

validityof the Eclectic claims for the drug was to use Eclectic preparation. So a representative I tried it as the sole remedy in several cases of the the explanation, jaundice of gestation. Whatever cleared up with gratifying case promptitude. every No definite pharmacology can be stated. In large doses the drug is purgative. This agent may be definitely Therapeutics. said the liver as a mild cholagogue, to act upon and to be indicated in jaundiceof functional origin rationally and in subacute hepaticderangements. I have successfully it is to which cases employed it in many suited. It is not a powerful agent. The dose of a fl.is 5 to 20 minims. representative "

CHINOSOL

Normal

septic oxyquinolinsulphate. A non-toxic antimuch tions stronger than phenol, acting in soludilute as 1:10,000. A feeble germicide,and as does not coagulate albumin; is deodorant and analgesic. Dose for internal use, 5 grains. As an antiseptic it is used in an average strengthof 1:1,000; as or douche, 1:3,000; as an eye-wash, a nasal spray 1:4,000, gradually increasing strength; maximum it,1:100. strengthin any case tolerating CHRYSAROBIN

Chrysarobinum,

Goa

Powder,

Officialin fifteen countries.

The

Andira

U. S. P.

araroba.

recognizes

Botanic

130 sufficient to upon

which

produce

some

he

the

laid

Drugs

of its cerebral eflFects, garded emphasis. Johnson re-

action." Wilcox having a "digitalis action" is unimportant claimed that its "digitalis and noted only in small doses, but that in large doses it depressesthe heart and vaso-motor system, reflex activity,and diminished tion. depressesrespiraMany authorities regard it as a sedative and heart depressant,and some regard it as emmenaThe Homeopathic authorities claim that its gogue. toxic symptoms marked are by generalrelaxation, prostration,weak heart action, and pronounced Potter cerebral disturbance. largelyagreed with this and thought it has a feeble ergot-likeaction. of fact, the physiologicaction has As a matter A reason not been accuratelydetermined. for this consists in the fact that the green and dried drug volatile conundetermined acts quitedifferently, an stituent action not at all regular. having a fleeting In my experience,preparationsof the dried drug unreliable. are notoriously it

as

Therapeutics.

"

What

I

have

to

say

is based

wholly upon preparationsof the recent green drug. or more fl.)produce a Large doses (10 minims general relaxation and depression,with headache and sometimes diaphoresis.In my hospitalservice of chorea and hysteriaand emI met cases ployed many the drug therein in full dosage. There was but the general results improvement in some cases; doned were so irregularand erratic that I wholly abanthe use of the drug in large doses. The it produces is most headache disagreeableand it often and persists. Certainly in the bromides gelsemium we have relaxing agents more depend-

Remedies

Botanic

131

able and less dangerous; for

largedoses of an active preparationof cimicifugaare dangerous. In my judgment, the influence exerted upon the nervous system by large doses of cimicifugais too irregular to be of any

reliable clinical value.

Moderate

doses

fl.)have a slight the nervous effect upon system, thought to be sedative and antispasmodic. The drug has a reputation in the treatment of chorea. I have thoroughly the matter, having taken a number of investigated off from all other medication and typical cases placingthem upon cimicifugaalone. Chorea occurring about the age of puberty was benefited,some of chorea cases were markedly; other cases very sion influenced,if at all. My concluonly transiently that the effect upon the generativeorgans, was in girls,was such as to relieve more particularly choreic seizures dependent upon of irregularities uterine and

(1 to

ovarian

5

minims

function.

There

are

three times

girlsas in boys; and, later in life, it occurs as a So, to complicationof pregnancy. of chorea in young mind, the cases people,not my occasioned by endocarditis or rheumatic infection, benefited by cimicifuga because it influences the are generative organs, and not from any effect upon as

the

nervous

be said "

cases

many

cases

not

are

As not

in

system

as

such.

the

same

must

regardsthe action of cimicifugain hysteria due to uterine reflexes are benefited;others

as

benefited.

the heart: cimicifugadoes on regards the effect take the placeof digitalis; but I do believe that

it rests

an

muscle

of endocarditis, and

may

Much

irritableheart muscle.

be steadied

and

The

irritable heart

fattyheart, relaxed by this drug. It cosometimes

of

Botanic

132

Drugs

much small doses as operates nicelywith digitalis, of opium often do; but it does not take the place of

There is no doubt at all in my mind that digitalis. muscular tissue prithe action of cimicifugais upon marily the muscles in general,the uterus, and the "

heart.

So, then, it is

why cimicifugais valuable in amenorrhea, neuralgicand congestive so annoying after-pains, dysmenorrhea,uterine reflexes, conditions and in a host of minor affectingthe very

apparent

womb. is it that

Equally apparent called 'Wheumatism'' but

don't

myalgicforms of soicifuga; yield or relax to cim-

should

"

"

neglecteliminative

treatment

as

well.

Cimicifuga certainlydoes relax muscular tissues. This is a clinical fact, whatever pharmacologic explanation there may be for it. And it is also that the U. S. P. preparationsof the drug are

a

nearly inert than even fairlyactive. wonder the remedy is not appreciated.

often

fact more

No

CINCHONA

Peruvian

Bark.

U. S. P.

The

recognizesseveral inclusive of Cinchona calisaya,C, Ledgerispecies, and Red Cinchona, C. succirubra. C. officinalis, ana, Few other national standards discriminate,simply designating "Cinchona Species." Quinine is the important constituent of cinchona, but in this country the whole there

has

time

the different

upon content

in

from

bark

the

is much to

time

used been

a

tonic and

much

written

as

speciesof bark and the relative of tannin, etc., acting as disturbingagents fluid preparationsthereof. We have the

Botanic

Remedies

133

(average dose, 15 minims), the tincture ture (average dose, 1 fluidrachm),the compound tincpeel,and serpentaria, (cinchona,bitter orange ture Tincdose, 1 fluidrachm),and Huxham's average of Bark (made of red cinchona). About thirty alkaloids have been separatedfrom cinchona. The several fluid preparations vary, the alkaloidal constituents most depending upon of largely represented; but these differences are littlepractical importance, the preparationsof bark used simply as bitter tonics. The detanbeing now nated tincture is to be preferred. is an astringentbitter,and a stomachic Cinchona tonic; but its continued use sets up gastriccatarrh, interferes with digestion,and induces constipation. in which Nevertheless there are cases cinchona, in connection with acids,serves especially admirably fluidextract

as

a

tonic. are

useful

in

In

the

ones

view, relaxed and

my

atonic conditions

indicating cinchona; and

convalescence

from

it is

and septicinfections

and other debilitating

exhausting diseases. Nevertheless, cinchona is not adapted as a general tonic bitter, and it has been largelydisplaced available agents. For a general discussion by more of the bitters,see "Gentian"; and for the pharmacology and general therapeuticsof cinchona, see "Quinine." CINNAMOMUM Cinnamomum

Cassia is Chinese

Cinnamon, and from it Oil of Cassia Several species is derived. The true Ceylon known are as Saigon cinnamon. cinnamon, unquestionably the best cinnamon, is C. Zeylanicum. The U. S. P. does not sufficiently

134

Botanic

the differentiate,

true

Drugs

oil

(Ceylon) not

being

even

official. classes natural

Kobert as

and

artificialoil of cinnamon

of the volatile oils having

one

The

septic strong anti-

a

of composed principally is carminative^stimulant cinnamic aldehyde. Cinnamon and aromatic, and somewhat astringent.The but is reputed to oil has no astringentproperties, be an emmenagogue, causing the uterus to contract. and is used A ten per cent, spiritof the oil is oflficial in 5- to 30-minim doses to check uterine hemorrhage. is to be preferred. A tincture of Ceylon cinnamon action.

I doubt

oil is

if small doses

rhage, effective in uterine hemor-

are

larger doses

and

objected to

are

by

the

patient. it In passiveuterine hemorrhage and hematuria has commonly failed in my hands. Perhaps if the the patient oil were given in soluble elastic capsules, effective would take suflBcient dosage to secure an 5 action. My patientswould rarely tolerate over of

minims not

are

very

As serve

10

True

effective.

tincture, and

cent,

per

oil of

Ceylon

these

doses

cinnamon

is

expensive. a

flavor,cinnamon

spiritand

cinnamon

water

admirably.

COCA, Coca seven

a

AND

COCAINE

Leaves,

SUBSTITUTES

COCAINE

ErythroxylonCoca.

foreignstandards

Little used except Pharmacology.

as "

a

and source

in the

OflBcialin

only

eighth U. S. P.

of cocaine.

^Small doses

of

cocaine

cause

in varying in manifestation different individuals. Larger doses increase the and muscular tremor frequency of the pulse,cause nervous

excitement,

Botanic

due

are

135

with

sions rapid breathing and convulfatal cases of poisoning. These phenomena followed to stimulation by depression of

finallyspasm, in

Remedies

the central nervous initial stimulation

In

system.

individuals

some

the

transitory. Cocaine causes vaso-constriction. Injected locally it paralyzes temporarilythe sensory nerve-ends, the action being Little effect is noted

direct. skin

is

except when when

of

senses

taste

and

smell

a are

is

appliedin the mouth and In the eye cocaine produces local anesthesia, nose. constriction of the vessels, and, finally,dilatation of the pupil,but to a less degree than does atropine. nerveInjectedinto the spinaltheca, cocaine causes blocking and widespread anesthesia. Therapeutics. Coca, by stimulatingthe motor and cortex diminishing certain sensations, as of to act as tonic; but a fatigue and hunger, seems for its use there is practicallyno in justification blunted

the

unbroken

drug is incorporatedwith

the

The

fatty base.

the

upon

drug

"

this

The

direction. it should

be

so-called

"tonic

banished

from

wines"

taining con-

therapeutics.

"average dose" of the fl.is 30 minims, and there few cases of reflexvomiting,as aggravated are a in which it may be used, vomiting in pregnancy, though Cycloform is safer. Don't forget that coca and cocaine are habit-inducing drugs. The

The that

use

as

outline

local anesthetic has been

elaborated

now

extended

a

technic

has

chapters in surgicaland them.

that

It would

be

extended

so

developed,taking specialworks to

unwise

to

attempt

to

surgicalsubject in brief compass here; is referred to special works. the reader An so admirable book upon the subjectis that of Hertzler,

cover

Botanic

136 entitled

Drugs

"Surgical Operations with Local (SurgeryPub. Co., New York.)

thesia." Anes-

here that cocaine Indeed, while we can say hydrochloridemay be used in 1 to 4 per cent, strength in the urethra,2 to 4 per cent, in the eye, 5 to 10 per in the

cent,

and

nose

larynx,10

per

cent,

in the

gina va-

and rectum, 0.01 to 0.05 per cent, in 0.8 per cent, saline solution in infiltration anesthesia,and that

tablets of 1-6 grain cocaine

hydrochloridewith 1-300 grain adrenalin, as borate, are used when the joint action of the two agents are desired, little useful information is conveyed. Physicians will avoid a world of trouble if, before they undertake local anesthesia,except in its simpler forms, they inform themselves most fullyin the technic of the subject. The matter is very far indeed from being a simple and both physiciansand dentists are commonly one; sometimes serious, from encountering difficulty, sary ignoranceof a host of littledetails absolutelynecesin the practiceof local anesto be observed thesia. Know exactlywhat you are doing; then go ahead.

Never

Cocaine

triflewith

Substitutes

the local anesthetic radical of benzoic

cocaine. are

action

based

on

of cocaine

the fact that is due

to

the

being in combination base. with a nitrogen-containing Cocaine is methyland the substitutes are synthetic benzoyl-ecgonin; compounds, such as the ethyl,propyl,and isobutyl acid and combinations esters of para-amino-benzoic of benzoic acid with derivatives of an amino-amyl alcohol. and

some

may

be

Alypin

Most

of them

of them an

acid therein

are

less toxic than

dilate the

blood

undesirable

property.

is one-half

as

toxic

as

cocaine,

vessels,which cocaine, is

not

Botanic

138

Drugs

tration,4 grainsin 1.6 to 3.2 ounces physiologicsalt solution, with 5 or 10 drops epinephrine solution tions (1:1,000). For instillations and injections,soluoi \}/2grains in 150 or 75 grains salt solution (by weight), with or without 10 drops epinephrine solution (1:1,000). In ophthalmology, 1 to 10%; for Internal dose rhinolaryngology,5 to 20%. adults, 3 to 73^ grains. is practicallynon-toxic Orthoform New and but slightly soluble, not penetrating the tissues. Used internallyto relieve the pain of gastriculcer (8 to 15 grains) and as an analgesicto wounds^ in dentistry, hay fever,etc. is practicallynon-toxic, said to be Propaesin It is slightlyastringent stronger than anesthesin. and is used similarlyto other agents of its class. 4 to 8 grains. Dose: "

is one-half

Stovaine similar in

to

alypin.

pillform. up

to

10%.

Tropacocaine toxic

as

internal

The

In the

toxic

as

eye,

May

to

up

as

and

cocaine

dose

is 1-30 and

4%;

grain in laryngology,

be sterilized at 115"

Hydrochloride

is

is

C.

one-half

as

cocaine; it produces little dilatation of the

pupil. Used in 3 to 10% aqueous 0.6% sodium chloride. Put

solutions containing up

in

ilized 1-grain ster-

tubes. The

cocaine

substitutes

in several lines of usage. be sterilized by may

activity makes

them

The

are

displacingcocaine

fact that

some

boiling and without of great importance

of them

losing to

the

surgeon.

Also

see

"Quinine."

quinine

and

urea

hydrochloride under

Botanic

Remedies INDICUS

COCCULUS Fish

Similar to

Berries.

139

strychninein action,

is derived from it. though less tetanic. Picrotoxin for 1-60 grain doses in There is some justification in paralysis agitans,and paralysisof the sphincters, in vaso-motor derangements during the menopause. It was used for controllingnight formerly much These internal uses sweats. are losingout in professional but an ointment (ten grains to esteem; the ounce) is highly effective in killingpediculi. Never apply it to abraded surfaces. The tr. is used in full strength to kill body lice. Nevertheless it is a dangerous agent, and a 25% solution trichlorsafer for application ethylene in petrolatum is much to the human body. This is the maximum in soapy strength,as low as 2% trichlorethylene lice and nits in 30 minutes. water killing In my opinion,picrotoxinshould rarely,if ever, be used. its every Ignatia serves except purpose the killingof parasitesand its debatable value for controllingnight sweats, and ignatiais safe in employment. toxic to be Cocculus is too irregularly safe in physiologic dosage, and its reputation was built up largelyby the Homeopathic employment in small doses. COLCHICUM

COLCHICI

Colchicum CORMUS, Root; COLCHICI Colchicum SEMEN, Seed; COLCHIThe root CINA, Colchicine; Colchicum autumnale. oflScial in Great Britain, Mexico, and the United States,the seed in nearly all national standards.

Pharmacology.

injected into the circulation, blood-pressurefalls and the plain "

If

colchicine

is

Botanic

140 muscle

of intestine,spleen,and

contraction.

to

Drugs

secretion.

There

After

is

effect op.

no

several hours

is stimulated

uterus

a

glandular

secondarytrain

of

marked

and by central depression, the animal dies of respiratory failure. The drug causes renal irritation, congested intestinal membranes, and stimulation of the hemopoietic function of the a bone marrow. Poisoning resembles in symptoms that caused by the poisonous proteinsof shell-fish. colchicum a new So, then, were drug, the pharmacologist would probably dismiss it as of no defined therapeutic value. Certainly there is nothing in its pharmacology explainingits demonstrated ical clin-

symptoms

appears,

value in the treatment Dr. the

Robert

of gout. P. Fischelis,in a X)aper

PhiladelphiaBranch

of the American

Association,has this

read

before

ceutical Pharma-

to say:

history of medicine colchicum to our sent corm was pharmacological laboratory for report on its therapeuticvalue, the 'Colchicum is in full report would probably state: dosage a drastic cathartic. In poisonous doses it served simulating those obproduces a train of symptoms in cholera. The m. 1. d. for the guinea pig is is leucocyticcount -gm. per unit of weight. The diminished markedly during the first 24 hours of the use of the drug and then undergoes as marked "If

an

for the first time

increase.'

Observe

in the

that

the

one

action

of colchicum

kept it so long in the pharmacopeia, value in gout and analogous conits almost specific ditions, is not noted by the pharmacologist; indeed, it is quite probable that he would report the drug as having littlevalue. "It is impossibleto exaggerate the value of pharthat has

Botanic

Remedies

141

macology in demonstratingthe action of drugs on the Hving body; in many it teaches us why cases and channels the remedy acts, it through what the dosage of many allows us to measure new and assign them remedies to their proper place in it renders exact much classification, our knowledge that has hitherto been empirical;but, in quite a number

of cases, it furnishes because the drug under

of

is also

evidence

therapeutics

exactitude

"

this class.

whose

men

examination

lacking.

school

a

"

to

information

of its action, and

salient evidences chemical

no

would

whose

minds

modern

A

to

are

cases

school very

tractive at-

mathematical

deny recognitionto all drugs of

Their

attitude

is about

the

does drug under examination physiologicaltesting,if it furnishes or

gives no

in many

tenets

tend

ever what-

concentrates

function, we

will have

be

to

that

point

none

as

follows:

*If

respond to active prinno ciples be shown to modify

can

not

of it.' It should that

passing of the judgment we have outlined above would deprive of quinine,colchicum, arsenic, calomel, phosus phorus, gentian, indeed of a host of remedies of long established clinical reputation." In therapeuticdoses Therapeutics. root, 1 to 5 grains; seed, the same; fl.,1 to 4 minims; tr., 10 30 to minims; vinum, the same; colchicine, 1-150 to 1-60 grain (average,1-128 grain), is of of thoroughly established value in the treatment gout and allied conditions; and these therapeutic doses give rise to none of the toxic symptoms enumerated except purging if the administration is pushed. It is open to question if the active principle is as effective as is the whole drug. necessary

"

out

the

not

"

Botanic

142

Drugs

COLLINSONIA

Stone

Horse-Balm, oflBcial. Belongs

Not The

leaves

contain

determined.

The

U.

the The

S.

finds it to

collinsonia,and

mint

densis. Cana-

family. is the

root

its constituents have

Department

Horsemint, investigated

has to

to

volatile oil.

a

used, and part principally been

Collinsonia

Root,

contain

which

not

of culture Agriis allied

very

erable consid-

of thymol, or a phenol from which quantities The collinsonia root is be extracted. thymol may exceedinglyhard, has a disagreeablebalsamic odor, and loses its activity to heat; by drying or exposure be extracted by slow maceration hence it must or the stimulant the preparationis inert. It possesses to plantsof its class,and is said propertiescommon to

be diuretic and

tonic.

John

V. Shoemaker

sidered con-

antispasmodicof value in gastralgia. doses it is emetic. In appreciable short of nausea Doses (fl.,15 minims) relieve such as aphonia tense and spasmodic throat troubles, of the voice. It is a good bitter in from over-use it has an smaller doses (fl., 5 to 10 minims), and apparently well justifiedreputation in relieving it

spasm

an

and

hemorrhoids

irritation of or

other

the

rectal tissues

from

cause.

COLOCYNTH

Apple, Citrullus colomost standards, but the British States pharmacopeias (recent) have

COLOCYNTHIS, cynthis. OflBcial in and

United

Bitter

recognizedthe pulp instead of the peeleddried fruit. Colocynth contains a small quantity of a-elaterin, water-soluble loid. glucosidesand an amorphous alka-

Remedies

Botanic

143

of Colocynth belongs to the anhydride group cathartics,which are drastic and irritant;and it is seldom

used

agents. Small and

induce

in

except doses of

combination

with

other

colocynthstimulate peristalsis

increased

intestinal secretion.

The

average

dose is one-half

to

Smaller

doses

relieve infantile colic.

pound grain;but the comextract (colocynth,aloes,cardamon, scamand soap) is to be preferredin 5-graindoses. mony, Colocynth enters into many pillformulae. In small doses of the tincture,colocynth obtained of horse colic. Homea reputationin the treatment opathiststried it in various forms of colic in man, and gastralgia, and often are tenesmus enteralgia, relieved by small,fractional doses (tr.1 or 2 mining).

will often

one

Of

colocynth merely relieves the symptoms and does not control diarrhea, food fermentation,etc. course,

CONIUM Poison

from

the

Conium

maculatum.

S. P., but

included

Hemlock, ninth

U.

Deleted in the

tional Na-

Formulary. Official in Austria, France, orate. Mexico, and Spain. Preparations rapidly deteriPharmacology. and and

"

Coniine

is the

its action is intermediate

curarine.

It

loid, principalalkabetween

nicotine

profuse salivation and a rise in blood pressure. May give rise to ganglionic paralysis. Death is from respiratoryparalysis. The of a poisonous dose are ness, drowsisymptoms uncertain gait,muscular relaxation, vomiting, causes

salivation, convulsions. Therapeutics.

"

Never

dangerous. Perhaps

an

The

mind

remains

clear.

give coniine; it is exceptionmay be made

too as

Botanic

144

regards tetanus, when be hydrobromide may

Drugs

grain coniine given hypodermically,repeating the dose with care; but don't neglectanti-

tetanic

and

serum

1-20

proper

1-10

to

surgery.

fluid preparations have given results in chorea, paralysis agitans,delirium tremens, and other spasmodic affections,as well as in visceral pain and Fresh

dose is experimentalin The pain of cancer. fl. each case, usuallyabout 3 minims The drug is uncertain and unreliable and is going Use gelsemium in its place. out of use. the

CONVALLARIA

Valley, Convallaria majalis. Official in Austria, France, Italy,Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland, and the eighthU. S. P. The National Formulary listsit. The pharmacology is so similar to that of digitalis Lily

of

that But

the

it will be

considered

under

that

action convallaria adds to its digitalis

a

drug.

cathartic

influence,and it is probably due to that fact that the drug is less cumulative than is digitalis. The active principle is convallamarin,a very active agent, to be used

with great

care.

Unfortunately,most preparationsof this drug are inferior. A truly representativepreparation is a most dependable and reliable substitute for digitalis all of its indications. in practically See "Digitalis." In cardiac dropsy it has served admirably in my when hands, and digitalis disagreesor fails in effect

which

"

reason

"

it sometimes

convallaria

may

does be

a

without

apparent

real life-saver. The

consists in procuring uniform difficulty preparations.

and

reliable

Botanic

146

Drugs

COTARNINE ficial By oxidation, conversion oi narcotine into an artialkaloid is possible;this is called cotarnine. It is used restrain uterine hemorrhage due to to endometritis^menorrhagia, and congestive troubles. It is not effective in post-partum hemorrhage. Locally the drug is a useful applicationin epistaxis and other forms of hemorrhage from small vessels. There are two forms on the market; the first, Stypis cotarnine % to hydrochloride. Dose: TiciN, 13^2grains in pillor capsule; hypodermically 2 cc. Styptol is cotarnine phthalate. of a 10% solution. tablets of % grain each, 3 to 9 tablets a day, Dose: of dysmenorrhea; subcuthe latter in severe cases taneously,in severe hemorrhage,3 grainsin 30 minims of water. Locally as a dusting powder. (Note. Narcotine is not narcotic,but Harrison Act applies.) "

CRATAEGUS

Hawthorne

meopathi Berries, Crataegusoxyacantha. Ho-

books as

a

of 1

of

some

years

classed .Crataegus when used in doses

ago

drug akin to strophanthus to 15 drops of the tincture; and in chronic

cardiac

it

was

mended recom-

lesions and

general anasarca, rather large doses being given in dyspnea. recommended Later, the drug was by Eclectic and precordial authorities in angina pectoris oppression. fantastic literature has appeared Some very relative to this drug. An of this litexamination erature has brought to light nothing suflBciently critical to be of much

value.

Yet, notwithstanding the fact that

there

is

no

Remedies

Botanic critical and

exact

data

147

available

empiricallybased oxyacantha, many and it is only justifiedthemselves article by Dr. J. A. Hofheimer an Medicine.

This

is upon

paper

Crataegus

upon

the

remedies fair to in

have

refer to

American

of Crataegus heimer by Dr. Hof-

use

angina pectoris,which is believed of the cardiac to be essentiallya cramp the muscular as fibers, with a neurotic element for the Advocating nitroglycerine exciting cause. relief of the attacks, he believes with immediate F. Reilly that Crataegus is a mild and Dr. Thos. non-poisonous cardiac remedy with antispasmodic propertiesthat renders it a valuable interval drug when in angina pectoris given in double the dosage of a sedative of digitalis.He believes it to be more and regulatorof the heart than a stimulant; a statement probable and rational than that vastly more in

this non-toxic

agent is

a

cardiac

stimulant.

the Physicians trying this drug should be sure from the English hawthorn, preparation used is made from the not Crataegus oxyacantha, and American species,Crataegusmollis. been at all tests of the drug have not My own If a dose of any conclusive. appreciablesize is small doses do not and given it induces nausea, ically clinto exert seem appreciable influence upon any definite

cardiac

lesions.

In

a

few

minor

pseudo-angina and functional disturbances I thought there was effect in doses of 5 to 10 an be worthy of further drops fl. The drug may study; but nothing very definite has developed thus far. My trials have been too few to warrant own positiveopinion on my part. cases

"

"

Botanic

148

Drugs

CUBEBA

Piper cuheba.

CuBEB,

Official in all standards, and U. S. The oil (average

the oil in the British

minims) is the preferableform for its use in genito-urinaryaffections. The action is that of copaiba (q. v.),but the secondary effects are even more annoying than are those of copaiba. While active remedy, there are so much better resources an of gonorrhea that cubeb is falling in the treatment dose,

8

into disuse. Cubeb

possesses

value

some

in the treatment

of

chronic bronchial

being commonly used in affections, the form of a lozengeor inhalations of the vaporizedoil. CUCURBITA

Cucurhita

the

ordinary pumpkin, is official in the Spanish Pharmacopeia; Pumpkin Seed, Pepo, is an officialdrug in Great Britain,France, Mexico, Spain,and the United States. The seed is given in of the pulp to expel tapeworms. doses 1 -ounce this remedy is effective not Sometimes often but it has the advantage of not being toxic to man. An emulsion of the ground seed is employed. The resin is used in 15-grain doses. The expressed oil in 4-fluidrachm doses repeated two three times or and followed by a cathartic,is, in the opinion of the better form in which to use the drug. many, Watermelon used in Seed, Curcurhita citrullus, infusion,is markedly diuretic. It is non-irritating from fresh seed. A and is quite effective if made fluidextract is given in 1-fluidrachm doses. pepo,

"

"

cusso

Kousso, Brayera, many

countries.

Hagenia ahyssinica.Officialin

Deleted

from

the ninth U.

S. P.

Botanic

Remedies

149

Pharmacopeia it is called Brayera anthelmintica. Used as a teniafuge. The average in the form dose is 240 grains. This is administered unstrained infusion. The of an drug is a gastrointestinal irritant,depressesthe heart, is apt to be promptly vomited when administered, is unreliable unless the flowers used are quitefresh,and it is most disagreeablein action. In

British

the

CYPRIPEDIUM

Ladies'

Cypripedium pubescens,or C. parvifiorum. Official only in the Eighth U. S. P. Slipper,

and

in

the

ninth

national

other

no

U.

S. P., but

Formulary. Cypripedium akin

is effective

in

to

the

from

National

action

possessingan

it is less eflScient.

in functional hyperasthesias

It

10-

to

and irritable states hysterical sleep. Cerebral hyperemia is its

promote

indication,and or

nervine

a

Deleted

doses fl. In

30-minim it may

added

of valerian; but

that

to

is

standard.

conditions

less amenable

to

incident

thereto

its influence.

It is

more

are

mildly-

a

effective agent; but it sometimes well in treatingchildren and delicate women.

actingand serves

not

very

DAMIANA

Turnera

aphrodisiaca.A gentlestimulant ordinary tea, and used as such in

There

is

no

creditable

evidence

that

not

like un-

Mexico.

damiana

sesses pos-

here aphrodisiac properties. It is noted a simply to aid in dispelling popular but unfounded belief. p. 126.

See

the

Pharmaceutical

Review, Vol.

22,

Botanic

150

Drugs

DIGITALIS

Foxglove,

UniversallyoJ05-

Digitalis purpurea.

cial. Pharmacology. to the

have

series,not digitalis

a

common

in other to

What

"

action

directions.

glucosideshaving

which

is also

on

is here

given is applicable These merely to digitalis. the heart, with variations

Their a

cardiac

common

effects

action; and

emetic, is the member

due

are

squill,

of the series

having the most definite side-action. Digitalis, chemically considered, is a wonderful plant, literallydozens of proximates and alleged proximates having been broken out of it. Only the

more

definite

will be

ones

close of this article

the

considered

"

at

the

tendency being to return of the whole drug. to the preparations Very unfortunately, the galenical preparations immensely in activityand it is quite essential vary that liquid preparations be assayed and logically physioMost standardized. good pharmaceutical manufacturers are doing this. of the group members The stroare: Digitalis, helleborus niger, convallaria,adonis, phanthus,squill, nerium, euonymus, antiaris,thevetia, cheiranthus, and erythrophloeum. coronilla, tanghinia, apocynum, Some of these are quite unsuited for use as drugs. The whole group locallyirritant properpossess ties to a greater or less degree,are partly broken in the alimentary canal, are absorbed rather down slowly,and are cumulative. The heart action is a slowingof the rhythm, the becoming more complete and the systole soon diastole oppositelyaffected; then heart-block pears, apafter every alternate the ventricle contracting "

Botanic auricular contraction. arrested

in

beat for

some

time.

The

first

or

151

Ultimately,the ventricle

systole,while

somewhat

vary

Remedies

the

auricles continue

This

order of phenomena difiPerentdosage.

under

therapeuticstage

of

is to

may

action digitalis

further comment. There is an crease inrequiressome in amplitude of the beat and volume output, in the exhausted The heart. auricular especially contraction is strengthened,with a slightdecrease in diastolic relaxation (Straub). There are other minor

influences;but the output per beat and per is increased; and, more in the minute particularly mammalian heart, the heart is slowed, owing to a central

empty

stimulation

themselves

diastole may the beat becomes and

of more

the

the

vagus,

completelythan

be either diminished

or

ventricles

formerly, increased;

regular(Clark). of drugs, in suflScient dosage, The digitalis group produce vaso-constriction (more with digitoxinthan with strophanthin)and raise blood-pressure.It is here that in man the ordinary to be remarked therapeuticdoses do not raise blood-pressure. This is well proven by several recent investigators. There normal

more

is little action

on

renal

secretion

in

animal; but the increase in the cardiac

induces

marked

the put out-

diuresis in certain diseases.

of drugs are more or digitalis group less of gastro-intestinal irritants,squillbeing an emetic, and euonymus a purgative. The action on the heart muscle is purelyselective, other muscular tissue not being influenced. No active preparation of digitalis is yet known which be injected under the skin without can less pain and inflammation or causingmore (Dixon). All of the

Botanic

152 In

largedoses

the vagus

and

of the brain and

the lower centers

stimulated; and

are

Hatcher

Drugs

others have

be induced.

vomiting may

shown

that,

with

even

products,the absorptionis irregular, varying immensely in different individuals and with various members For instance of the digitalis group. Tincture of strophanthus,when injectedor isolated heart, is found to be forty tested upon an times as strong as is tincture of digitalis; but, when is more eflScient administered by mouth, digitalis than strophanthus. This is wholly due to the fact that the digitalis readily glucosidesare the more induce A absorbed. to relatively good method ister is to adminprompt absorption from the stomach a strongly alcoholic preparation upon a small pieceof bread. Hatcher, Fraenkel, and others have investigated standardized

action and

the cumulative

conclusion

to its

as

Therapeutics

shown, the cases

A

Digitalis.

valuable

occurs,

when

as

increase in the work

heart

results

has

obtained

are

itself,thus

undue

in

of blood.

of the heart relieves these be

this increased

influenced

as

well

as

laxation re-

or insufficiency

are

those

An ditions, con-

work.

of the

improving its nutrition; so

In cardiac ascites mass,

when

valvular

induces digitalis

first vessels to

grain;blue

^As Mackenzie

accumulation

beneficial effect is vital 1

"

is demanded

stenosis permits venous

The

definite

action.

heart stimulant

and

no

digitalis inducing eflBfibrillation,

of auricular

cient ventricular

reached

cause.

of

most

have

the

mechanical.

leaves, 1 grain;squills, digitalis 2 grainsis the old and effective

154 and

Botanic be

may

harmful.

septicemiadigitalisis remedy. Undue

Drugs

slovmess Forcible

But a

in

the

valuable

of

treatment

symptomatic

of the

pulse contraindicates digitalis. apex-beat and throbbing arteries

also contraindicate heart stimulants.

Degeneratedarterial coats do not contraindicate the of digitalis, peutic use as was formerly taught, for theradoses of digitalis rarelyraise blood-pressure. There is no occasion to combine nitrites with digitalis in these

cases.

Auricular

fibrillation beingthe indication for digitalis, it is necessary that physiciansrecognize its It requiresthe study of a recent book textpresence. fullyto understand the condition,but, briefly, an irregularpidse is a leadingsymptom irregularly of auricular fibrillation. It is more pronounced when the pulse is fast. In mitral stenosis a presystolic bruit disappearingindicates the onset of auricular fibrillation;a diastolic bruit persists. There is the ventricular form of venous pulse,best shown when ular auricwith the polygraph. Clinically, fibrillation exists,digitalis rapidlyreduces the pulserate except in cardiosclerosis and pyrexia. In general,large doses proAdministration. duce with certain disadvantages. results prompt these disadvantages nausea, So soon as vomiting, "

"

"

down the cut headache, diarrhea, etc. appear, dose. But, if a patientreallyneeds digitalis, get with him under its influence,and then maintain "

moderate

dosage. Or drop

out

the drug for

a

few

As much 2 fluidrachms as days and then resume. of digitalis tincture has been given in one day to serious case, but this is to be a impress initially

Remedies

Botanic

155

Keep the patientin bed regarded as a maximum. while givinglarge doses. Look out for "couplingof the beats" and a pulsebelow seventy. dose, 1 grain; extract, Digitalisleaves, average 1-5 grain;fl.,1 minim; tincture,15 minims (rather high); infusion,1 fluidrachm. Principles

Digitalis

Newer

and

Products.

"

products; but it is questionableif these proprietarypreparations very ized assayed and standardpossess any advantages over oflacialpreparations. These

honest

are

Crude.

DiGiTALEiN, Dose:

1-60

TALiN,

True

to 1-30 an

"

scientific

and

^A mixture

"

grain 2

active

of

3 times

or

a

drug given in dosage a

digitoxin. The French action like digitoxin. Dose:

greater than has

an

grain. Digitalin, glucosidesand may French.

the

"German" be

Digitoxin

glucosides. day. Digi-

"

^is

little

Digitalin 1-250

to

1-35

mixture

a

of

given in twice the dose of active product. a very "

of digia mixture grain. Digipoten talis each as glucosides.Dosage the same digitalis, tablet containing ^^ grain. Digipuratum free from digitonin. Put up in ampules containing l}^ grains of the drug, and in tablets of same dosage. Dose:

1-130

"

"

DiGiTOL

"

a

standardized

5 to 15 minims.

sealed in

Digitone

is

glasscontainers

from

Digalen used per

fat-free tincture.

is low

intravenouslyin doses OS, 8 to 15

minims.

a

similar which

in alcohol not

Normal

to

Dose:

product, but the air is and

exceed

15

may

hausted. ex-

be

minims;

Digitalis, fat free.

DIOSCOREA

Wild

Yam, Colic-root, Dioscorea villosa. Not but listed in the National Formulary. Sevofficial,

Botanic

156

Drugs

speciesof "yams" are edible. There has been the activity of dioscorea,partly a disagreement over due to the glabrous variety being used instead of Also proprietarymedicine interests the true one. have made altogethertoo sweeping claims regarding eral

medical

Conservative

it.

claimed

for it than

more

is emetic

resin which doses

literature

that

it contains

in

large doses classed. definitely

be

has

and

never

an

acrid

in

small

But

empirically, credited clinical testimony, and from much it has been used extensivelyin gainful abdominal not

may

manifested

neuroses

as

the so-called cholera morbus. are more enteralgia antispasmodicsof

the

or

minor in 10-

fl. dioscorea

forms

various

The

various

less amenable

to

importance. to

of colic and

30-minim

forms the

of

acrid

I have

found

doses

in hot

and pain in give relief from the cramps peutics these conditions. Manifestlyit is not good theraand other indicated to omit purgatives, alkalies, water

to

remedies; but, in

many

symptomatic remedy worth cynth" in this connection.

dioscorea

cases,

while.

is

a

See also "Colo-

DROSERA

Drosera

Sundew,

rotundifolia. Officialin France

plant contains a peculiar acid whose character has not been defined,and an acrid resin. The drug has attained a reputationin the of irritable and treatment spasmodic cough, as whooping cough and the cough of measles. Give the and

Mexico.

The

fl.in doses of 5 to 30 minims. I find it hard

drug

or

to

to

determine

irritable cough is

estimate

the

real value

its effective dosage.

notoriouslyhard

to

of this

Dry and

relieve.

We

Remedies

Botanic know me,

that

even

codeine often fails. It has

after trial in

worthy of other which

number

a

in these

use

157

of

cases,

impressed

that drosera

It often fails;so

cases.

is do

cough in lesion capable of acexamination reveals no counting for the persistent "barking" cough.

remedies

for irritable

recommended

DUBOISINE

This

alkaloid is almost

identical

amine, the dose of its sulphatebeing

grain.

It is also

a

mild

with

hyoscy-

1-100

to

mydriaticin

0.2

to

1-60

0.8%

solution. DULCAMARA

Solanum dulcamara. Official in Bittersweet, Austria, France, Mexico, and Spain. Solanine, a narcotic, exists in small quantitiesin dulcamara. of cerebral drug produces a certain amount disturbance, with dryness of the throat, and some diuretic. The erythema at times. It is irregularly influences of the nightdrug possesses the common shades, though only to a slightdegree. Hence it resembles belladonna be therapeutically.It may The

used in rhinitis and "colds'' due

to

other conditions

exposure,

and

associated

in acute

with

tracheo-bron-

be pulmonary affections. It may given in fairlyfull dosage in myalgia,with, of course, eliminants. It has some reputationin the treatment fl. 10 minims of psoriasis and pityriasis. Dose: to chitis and

one

mild

fluidrachm.

drug was formerlyofficialin the U. S., but it dropped out of use. been Really it has never accurately determined just what place it should in therapeutics. occupy This

Botanic

158

Drugs

ECHINACEA

Samson, Cone-Flower,

Black

folia. Not

that

much

angustiof the

east of plant upon the market is grown and is of little value, the best quality the Mississippi J. U. coming from the prairielands of Nebraska. Lloyd believes the active agent in echinacea to be "an acid organicbody of a resinous character,nearly, if not quite colorless,and possessing,in an exalted acrid qualities of echinacea degree, the persistently that it is distressing to the taste, even ^so intensely when in very small amount, The stinging pure. sensation aflFects the tip of the tongue for hours. in the But small quantitiesof it are present, even less than 3^ to 1 per cent.'* best root After numerous trials,I succeeded in separating from echinacea a body I believe to be a stearoptene in considerablyless than or camphor; but it was semi-solid at ordinary temIt was peratures. a ^2 per cent. Under the microscope, on a warm stage, it contained, after some evaporation,needle-like unable these out in to crystallize crystals. I was this Doubtless a state, as they broke down. pure is the agent isolated by Prof. Lloyd. That it is a stearoptene, I may not positively described by state: that its anesthetic effects are as that small quanAlso I know Prof. Lloyd, I know. tities from urine of it preserve decomposition for interval it loses effect. 4 days, after which 3 or similar to that of The action of this body was It is antifermentative, intense. thymol, only more A persistent antiseptic,and a local anesthetic. the acrid sensation in the fauces follows ingestion; root

of this

official. It is stated

Echinacea

"

"

Botanic feels warmed

stomach and

I noted

Remedies and

more

159

or

less irritated,

depression.

some

findingslack confirmation from other sources; their confirmation and by any other will require be just and care patience, since conditions must the presence of these crystals. right to demonstrate Whether they reallyare of any importance I am not prepared to say. Pharmacology. clare Competent pharmacologistsdeA possiblehyechinacea to be nearly inert. pothes is that it may have a secondary action, like My

"

colchicum. V.

Dr.

von

Unruh

{Nafl. Eclectic M.

A.

Quar., injection

Sept., 1915) reported that the subdermal increases the phagocytic power of the of echinacea leucocytes,effectinga shift to the right and normal in the neutrophiles("Arneth count") where shift a He bases to the left had previously been obtained. this statement the findingsin ninety-eight on cases His of tuberculosis. article is interesting, but his findingslack confirmation from other sources. of the His statement physiological action of is as follows: echinacea "Echinacea produces a feeling of intoxication, flashes of heat, headaches of a dull character, dull muscular pains, subnormal extremities, and increase in pulse, cold and numb All these sympthe specificgravity of the urine. toms off gradually by themselves within several pass hours, showing that the drug has no continuing toxic

or

It may

detrimental

effects."

be remarked, in

passing,that recent works on pharmacology assign nearly parallelefiPects on the injectionof stearoptenes camphor, menthol, "

Botanic

160

borneol

thymol, and

especiallywritingsof SeligWinterberg, Gottlieb, Pellacani, "

Fromm, Klemperer; but I

mann,

and

literature to that

Bintz

it is well

aromatic

bodies

q.

pene,

under

v.

find

can

references in the

no

from them cept exphagocyticpower that they produce leucoasserts being an exception. that the stearoptene-bearing known does teract as pharmacologically

any

menthol cytosis, But

Drugs

"Abies," and

Pohl

it

says

causes

polymorphonuclear leucocytosisbecause, being positivelychemotactic, it tends to prevent the a

of

escape

Cinnamic the

white

the

cell from

acid, according of

number

the

claims

Winternitz

the

action

same

of the

So, then,

balsamic

if Dr. which

"

Unruh

stearoptenes have

indicates

If

an

action "The of the

does

"

some

we

may

tion; scientificfoundathat

the

terpenes

along the lines he echinacea really does

active stearoptene, it may He says inert therapeutically.

carry

make

tion. excre-

activities

echinacea.

for

their

may

no

acid.

lants urinary stimuof leucocytes

I believe he

dismiss his report as having be conceded and it must

and

as

even

claims

extreme not

benzoic

they decrease the number inflammatory exudate, prior to

an

increases

blood-stream.

to

that in

blood-stream.

Henderson,

leucocytes in

ascribes

Gushing

to

the

not

be dismissed

of its

therapeutic

:

drug is found katabolic

saliva, sweat It

and thus

facilitates the and

to

produce direct stimulation increase

processes,

urine, increase

in the

flow

of

in

tivity. glandular acantagonizes all septic processes,

of toxins

elimination

it has lastly,

a

from

the

ganism, or-

destructive effect upon

Botanic

162

Drugs

tratingwound likelyto be infected with tetanus organisms. In all of the above, echinacea is a minor remedy for minor cases, or it is auxiliaryto other treatment.

Septic laryngealand 'pharyngealaffections may with it because it has often be treated successfully and hence the drug mild local anesthetic properties, be used

may

in fair concentration.

believe echinacea

I do not

definite influence

or

such

as

it may

upon

possesses

the

any

specific

infectious diseases,

diphtheria,typhoid fever, or malaria; but be a valuable agent to antagonizesecondary

infectiontherein septic I have thought it numerous

cases

in

some

exerted

in which

I have

cases.

such

an

influence in

used it;but have

no

proof that it did, for I place little reliance in apparent good results in ordinaryclinical usage definite

"

own

my most

or

others

without

"

definite

control

and

observation under hospitalconditions. discriminating

Symptomatically,in

of

glandular troubles and other difficultiesusuallyfavorablyinfluence by a vegetable"alterative,"I have noted under treatment nacea. subsidence of symptoms by echinumerous

cases

influence believe it has any more tives. syphilisthan do the other vegetablealteraI do not

upon

I believe echinacea

of toxins,but is,in Echinacea

never

no

does promote the elimination toxin. of the word, an antisense

renders unnecessary

proper

gical sur-

explorationor drainage,as in puerperalsepsis, boils,carbuncles,abscesses, tetanus, etc. I have seen marked effect from it in any maligno

Botanic

in the in these

163

but

faction satisemploy it with some often a great factor secondaryinfections,

disease,fer

nant

Remedies

se,

cases.

It appears

to

antisepticas

be of

good

"

value

some

the

as

the limitations of intestinal

others

as

but

"

intestinal

an

used

antiseptics ever

I believe that the aromatic

bodies

with

in view.

stearoptenes,

"

pinenes, etc. will develop a scientific place in therapy,probably used mostly subdermally.In this echinacea attain to recognitionas one event may member of a very useful group of drugs; but I do and impossible claims made not believe the wonderful for it by enthusiasts. Externally I employ it from 10 per cent to full for hypodermic strengthof the fl. The preparations use ampules. Inject a usually,in 15-minim are, whole ampule. Internally,my experience is that "

minims

30

I

11.should

be considered

an

discriminatingclinicians will

trust

echinacea, and

Such

report.

dose.

average

reports

test

out

needed

are

finallyto determine if echinacea is trulya modern addition to therapeutics.I believe it has a place, the limitations

of which

yet

are

to

be determined.

ELATERIUM

Ecballium cathartic

no

is used

An

longerused

in crude

in doses

of

of chronic

treatment

better

elaterium.

agents

variable

and

for

form.

fraction of

but cystitis,

this

uncertain

a

energetichydrogogue

at

ture tinc-

drop

in the

have

Elaterium

purpose.

drug

we

a

The

best, even

much is

a

in full

dosage. ELATERINUM the

average

is the officialname

dose of which

is 1-10

of Elaterin,

grain. Dextro-

Botanic

164

rotatory elaterin is

Drugs

energetic in action, the laevorotatoryelaterin being nearly inert; "Elaterin Merck" is the former, the dose being 1-20 grain, usually in trituration. The U. S. P. trituration is given in an average dose of 3^ grain. Therapeutics. A most energetic substance, when to be administered never potent and reliable, In ascites uremia, and to the aged or debilitated. but certainly pulmonary edema its use may be justified; it is not wise to use it in the ordinaryindications for a purgative agent. most

"

^

EPIGAEA

Trailing

Arbutus,

Contains Epigaea repens. arbutin, also found in chimaphila,q. v. and others See "Chimaphila" for the pharmaof the Ericaceae. cology. Therapeutically,chimaphila,epigaea,and uva-ursi are similar. They are urinary antiseptics and An used

diuretics. infusion of the leaves of as

a

arbutin,3

diuretic. to 7

Dose:

epigaea may be freely Fl., 10 to 60 minims;

grains. ERGOT

the sclerotium

of

Clavicepspurpurea. the active Universallyofficial. Ergotoxine, and degenerative produce gangrene principle, may and nerve-tissue changes, with impairedintelligence of the limbs. contractures Ergot also contains of proteinsby amines, formed by the putrefaction Spurred

Rye,

bacterial action.

There

is also

a

small amount

of

acetyl-choline. Ergotoxinehas an action of the influences different animal type, but variously

Pharmacology. curare

"

Botanic In

the

Remedies

165

human

species ergot stimulates and uterine contraction produce peripheral may Arterial and plain muscle little influenc are gangrene. if at all. There is also a toxic action,noted in the previousparagraph.

species.

The

amines

cause

a

rise of

constriction and is stimulated amount; similar to

of

two

them

weaker

than

due blood-pressure

cardio-acceleration. the

have

"

an

adrenalin; arterial

to

Plain

muscle

existing in smallest and it may induce anaphylactic shock that produced by the injectionof foreign

proteinin This

are

action, but much

adrenalin

they

there

"

by

the form

raises the

amine

of decoctions

but interesting,

of animal as

organs.

yet unsolved,

the human question of the effects upon organism of the injectionof vegetableprotein. Therapeutics. Ergot stimulates contraction of the uterine muscle, rendering it highly useful in drug is little used post-partum hemorrhage. The except in the third stage of labor, pituitrinbeing labor in uterine inertia. preferablein facilitating One be careful not to induce hour-glassconmust traction "

and

thus

incarcerate

the secundines.

The

of ergot employment is so fully presented in works on obstetrics that details may be omitted technic

here. In

shock

ergot does

strychnine,as it is

too

rational basis for its use

Hemorrhage, other

not

slow

serve

so

in action.

in enuresis and

well

as

There

does is

no

chorea.

than

post-partum, is not well with ergot; it causes met no greater vaso-constriction at the bleedingpoint than elsewhere, and certainly it is not

wise to raise

Ergot has

a

rhage. blood-pressurein hemor-

theoretical value

in the treat-

Botanic

166 of aneurism

and

Drugs the

absorption of effusions and slight blood-clots involving the brain cortex. in Ergot formerly had some vogue the treatment of recurringmania and other neural ment

affections;but

there

to

is

no

promote

definite data

in support

of these contentions. As

abortifacient

an

ergot has enjoyed

dubious

a

and

largelyunmerited notoriety. Unless dangerous doses are given doses large enough to poison the fetus and seriouslyendanger the woman it seldom "

"

induces

abortion.

Its

in

vogue

this

direction is

probably due to the fact that other agents are with it by those resortingto usuallyadministered the desperateexpedient of criminal abortion. Doses.

wine,

"

Fluidextract, average

fluidrachms.

The

dose

minims;

30

active

ferior inare principles to ergot itself. All ergot products should be standardized. Cornuassayed and physiologically is adopted to hypodermic use in doses of 10 to TOL 30 minims; twice as much The product by mouth. 2

is standardized

and

dated.

Ergotinine

Citrate

is

given in doses of 1-200 to 1-100 grain hypodermically. Secacornin, a solution of the active principles,is given by intramuscular injectionin doses of 8 to 15 minims. Ergotole is given in 5- to 20-minim be used hypodermically. doses, and may Many firms put ergot in ampules ready for hypodermic Ergone is preserved with chloretone use. and is used in doses of 10 to 60 minims. Ergot is inert externallyapplied. practically ERIGERON Canada

Oil

of

Fleabane,

Erigeron

was

Erigeron

Canadense.

officialin the

eighthU.

The S. P.,

Remedies

Botanic but

is deleted from

the

ninth.

167

The

oil resembles

oil of

turpentinein effect (See "Abies" for details), but is less efficient, although less disagreeableto take internally.Average dose of the oil,15 minims. The fl. of erigeronis employed in the treatment of gastroentericand genito-urinary disturbances marked dates, by capillaryhemorrhage and catarrhal exuwell as in the treatment of tympanites. as Naturally,it is effective only in passivehemorrhage, and it is contraindicated in acute congestionof the kidneys. Dose: 10 to 60 minims. If the oil were put up in soluble elastic capsules, it might be used in sufficient dosage to be effective. The fl.adds astringentproperties(tannicand gallic Small doses of neither one acids)to the oil content. but full dosage of erigeronor be commended; may its oil often

well

serves

when

a

terebinthinate

is

indicated. ERIODICTYON

Santa, EriodictyonCalifornicum.OflBcial only in the U. S. The fl.is given in an average dose of 15 minims, usually in maltine or other thick extract of malt, in chronic or subacute bronchial affections. Yerba

The

agent

aromatic

to mask

fl.yerba santa

the taste

of

is

an

admirable

quinine.

ERYNGIUM

Snakeroot, Eryngium Eryngo, Button in large doses; diaphoretic, yuccaefolium. Emetic Water

diuretic, and

expectorant

in smaller

doses.

Used

disorders. Dose in chronic genito-urinary principally of fl., 10 to 30 minims. In old cases of gleetor cystitis, eryngium may be used. So many patients have deranged digestion

Botanic

168 from

Drugs

long taking of more disorders that eryngium

potent agents for these tute is a useful drug to substifor them, since moderate dosage is not apt to not

may

In

stomach.

the

disagreewith

be classed

as

of much

general,eryngium

value.

EUCALYPTUS

Tree, Eucalyptusglobulus.The leaves officialin the U. S. and Eucalyptus,

Blue-gum Oil

and

of

several other countries. officialin the

Gum,

Eucalyptusrostrata,or British Pharmacopeia. It

a

garglein

The

"

action is similar to that of

See "Abies."

the terebenes. been

Many

fantastic claims

regarding eucalyptus. The

made

influences anti-periodic

and

as

throat.

sore

Pharmacology. have

tains con-

in troches and

is used

kino-tannic acid and

Red

too

are

malarial anti-

slight

importance, and it does not contract unless made of recent the spleen. The fluidextract, has shown eucaleaves, is nearly inert. Kobert strong" antiseptic. lyptolto be only a "medium to

be

of any

Therapeutics.

This

"

is

purely that of

binthinates, already described under

"Abies," plus that possessed

greater antisepticinfluence than by most agents of the class. Cineol a

eucalyptol,and cineol agent. Either eucalyptolor with

in

an

mucous

organs.

dose

average

is identical remarkable

a

be given cineol may in affections of 5 minims of the

and genito-urinary surfacesof the respiratory of eucalyptol the chief employment But

is in nasal of

sprays

and

inhalations

antisepticmixtures.

rubefacient

in the

is not

the tere-

treatment

It is

incorporatedinto of

eczema.

and a

as

mild

ointments

It is not

an

gredien inseptic antiused

nearly so

Botanic

170

Largely employed in

a

domestic

parts of the country

some

Its

as

Drugs

activitydepends

a

upon

remedy, and known as

Thoroughwort.

bitter extractive

and

it,like the bitter aromatics generally,is much in which in action by the hot water

hanced en-

its

infusion is made. Therapeutics. torium

Whether

"

it is due

the eupa-

to

water, or both, the hot infusion in fairlylarge doses is active, producing copious diaphoresis;and the fact remains that in catarrhal or

the hot

this diaphoresis colds,and in subacute malarial fevers, is productive of much good. As an adjuvant to while. other remedies, eupatorium is well worth

Smaller doses of the cold infusion

serve

as

tonic.

a

gastric heavy

Purgative and emetic propertiesfollow dosage, which actions may be better obtained from other drugs. The fl.,in 10- to 20-minim doses, in well in the place of the infusion. hot water, serves very of the Meadow, Queen allied speciesprobably more

fl. is used

in doses

of 10

in vesical irritation. The

E.

purpureum,

is

an

activelydiuretic. The to 30 minims, principally infusion is also employed.

EUPHORBIUM

official nearly all over the Euphorbia resinifera, The world Euphorbiaceae, except in the U. S. Spurge, E. corollata and E. ipecacuanhasgrowing

S., possess active emeto-cathartic properties. Also our is allied thereto. stillingia has a resinous juice,and it Euphorbia resinifera is used as a rubefacient and vesicant;it is too irritant

in the

U.

for internal administration. Pill-bearing Euphorbia pilulifera.

Spurge,

is

Botanic influence the

said to

Remedies

15-niinim

of asthma

under

aided

care;

but

cases

of

has

hayfever,

for much

contend

it has

my

and

Homeopathists. Use fl.in Some

doses.

Sometimes

doses. asthma

the

It

respiratorycenter.

been urged in the treatment

by principally

171

10- to

smaller

spasmodic

usuallyit has failed. It

wholly failed in hay fever. Euphorbia corollata is used in 1- to 5 -minim doses aid smaller dose may fl. in atonic dyspepsia. The that very small dosage in the same such cases way E. ipecacuanhae is used does. of ipecac sometimes icylic similarlyto E. corollata. E. heterodoxa is,with salhas

acid, the

secret

"cancer

cure"

of

certain

quacks. FRANGULA

Rhamnus

Buckthorn, the bark official; the cascara,

in the U. S. and

berries the

frangula. Very generally

bark

in

France

should

and be

many

other

Belgium.

collected

one

tries, coun-

Like year

using so as to lose its acrid and emetic properties. A purgative of the anthracene taining congroup, emodin and chrysophanic acid. Some a prominent authority said: ago years is little reason for consideringit (cascara) "There different from or more valuable than as essentially buckthorn, and hence its frangula bark or common will be shortlived." popularity,being forced and fictitious, How fallible authorities are! Now, as a of fact, both R. purshiana and R. frangula, matter when fresh, are harsh and violent in action; but a these harsh year's curing of the bark removes properties. Frangula should be more popular; it is very The old "Surgeon's closelyallied to cascara. Tea" decoction of frangula and uva was a

before

Botanic

172

Drugs

ing operationand durthe lying-in period. It is reallyuseful,especially in the iransient albuminuria Use of pregnancy. doses of the crude drugs in making the average decoction. Dose: Frangula fl.,10 to 30 minims. in chronic constipation.Indications the Valuable

ursi. It

was

same

cascara.

as

used preparatory to

GALLA

Quercus infectoria. Average dose, 7)^ grains;but gallicand tannic acids have supplanted it. The here simply to call drug is mentioned NuTGALL,

to the UNGUENTUM

attention

admirable

an

astringentointment

of value

of external hemorrhoids.

treatment are

is

an

U. S. P.,

GALLAE,

the addition irritable,

If the

in the rhoids hemor-

of belladonna

tract ex-

advantage. GAMBIR Oflficialin

Ourouparia Gambir.

England, Japan, Takes the place the Netherlands, and the U. S. of Catechu of the earlier editions. Average dose, acid combines with proteid 15 grains. Tannic of gambir is in the stomach; the tannin matter and extractives, protectedby the presence of gum and

so

passes

least in part. Give similar action.

into the intestine, at

(Geranium maculatum

has

a

GAMBIR doses.) The TR. COMP. is a valuable intestinal astringent given in 1-fluidrachm doses. It is also incorporatedin troches containing 1 grain gambir. The fluid preparation

its fl. in

is used in

sore

Also

15-minim

of diarrhea and

in the treatment

the troches

throat. * '

see

Tannic

Acid

'' .

The

National

Formulary

Botanic

Remedies

173

but the fluid prepaxageranium is nearly as effective; tions tend to disintegrate on standing. GAULTHEBIA

Gaultkena

procumbens. The Oil ofiicial in the Eighth U. S. P. Gaultheria OF was in Feebly antiseptic. Average dose 15 minims of rheumatism; capsules. Used in the treatment external application. as an but, more especially, WiNTERGREEN,

OLEUM

Sweet

BETULAE, is used similarly.

Birch, Betula lenta,

Methyl SALICYLAS, Salicylate, is largely a syntheticester, is chemicallysimilar and used externally. It is much cheaper than the true METHYLIS

well for external uses; but it is open well for internal administration. to question if it serves so

oils and

serves

I do not But to on

the

believe it does.

internal

use

of

none

of these

agents is

be commended; become they soon insupportable The of their high flavor. account salicylates

certainlyto be preferred. For a discussion of the therapeuticsof these agents see "Salicylic Acid."

are

GELSEMIUM

Jasmine, Gelsemium sempervirens.OflScial in England, Japan, Mexico, Switzerland, and Yellow

the U. S.

and gelsemine, alkaloids,gelseminine only the first-named being of importance. In toxic doses gelsemium produces Toxicology. stances paralysisof both motion and sensation, in rare inAfter motion stroyed is deaffectingthe mind. labored and respirationbecomes finally There

are

two

"

174

Botanic

Drugs

is paralyzed. The toxic dose center respiratory of gelsemiuin varies within rather wide range, expectedly. poisonous results sometimes occurring quite unI have very largelyused the drug in practice and have had occasion to observe my unexpected toxic effects. Physiciansshould be cautioned againstthe use of vation. largedoses except in sthenic cases kept under obserIn my experience,these toxic effects may develop slowly, often hours after administration. Warning symptoms are ptosis,double vision,dilated and pupils, weakness depression. In threatening and atropine,accordingto Hill; cases give digitalis but writers contend that morphine serves some better than atropine. I secured good results from the copious use of strong boiled tea, the tannin therein being effective. One fluidrachm of the fl. death. I have observed readilycause ous dangermay from thirtyminims, taken in mistake symptoms

the

for the tincture. Pharmacology. has

no

inine

"

Gelsemine, the minor

alkaloid,

well-defined action in the mammal. has

an

action

almost

Gelsem-

identical with

that

of

the coniine, differingin the paralytic effect on centers being greater with gelseminine than with terminations coniine, and the effect on the motor being less with gelsemininethan with coniine. The sphinctersof the pupil and the ciliarymuscle are paralyzed if the drug is applied to the conjunctiva, but only in doses of marked toxicityis this effect See produced through the general circulation.

"Conium." The

circulation is not

influenced

suggestinga therapeutic action

in

similar

any to

way,

that

of

Remedies

Botanic

175

enced Blood-pressure is not influand the only definite effect is a paralysis of of the heart. the inhibitorymechanism Gelsemium Therapeutics. is not a safe remedy in large dosage. As such doses are to necessary its mydriatic action, any definite influence secure convulsive disorders,or to accomplish severe upon much a as circulatorydepressant,the drug should be used in place of the agents of the belladonna never either to produce mydriasis or the group, it should not antispasmodic effects of this group; of tetanus, chorea, etc., be used in the treatment and it should not be used in the place of aconite in aconite

or

veratrum.

"

of cardiac

the treatment or

though of

it is

a

of fever in general,

treatment

valuable

ditions, con-

auxiliaryin the management

febrileconditions.

some

The

in the

cardio-vascular

and

true

role of

gelsemium

may

be

said to

be

wholly directed to the nervous system, 1st, in certain neuralgicconditions; 2d, in cerebral hyperemia,especially udth irritated centers; and 3d, as a terminal antispasmodic These indications are arrived at partly from the pharmacology and partly from clinical experience. They depend upon the initial and not the toxic propertiesof the drug, and they are upon met by comparatively small dosage. Even here, the drug is contraindicated when, as has been well said by Felter,"the eyes are dull,the pupilsdilated, and

the

circulation feeble. it is

Under

these

stances circum-

in small doses." poisonous even Trigeminal neuralgia,especiallyof its facial branches, responds unusually well to gelsemium. Nervous headache, often really neuralgic or from True intercostal eye-strain, responds in many cases.

Botanic

176

Drugs

neuralgiadoes not yieldreadily,although the pain often thought to be neuralgia,comes of pleurodynia, the influence of small and frequentdoses. under Neuralgiadue to hyperemia of the brain and cord is benefited; that due to organic changes and toxic influences is not

Cerebral many

relieved.

hyperemia

conditions, and

occurs

in

some

symptomatically in fevers. In functional main or an adjuvant

be a gelsemium may remedy, due to the sedative effect upon cases

the cerebrospinal

words, the coniine action. If the irritation is partlyvascular,aconite combines centers

well

with

"

in other

gelsemium "

in

and high blood-pressure;

gelsemium sometimes cooperates with the bromides or hydrated chloral;but be very careful here; you of are dealing with two-edged tools. The cases hyperemia in which it is indicated have brighteyes, restless. These contracted pupils,and are cases may

range

delirium

from

and teething,

tremens

several

to

central irritation

of the

feversmay that manifest Remember them. gelsemium is purely a symptomatic remedy in these hyperemic and it requires considerable discrimination cases, it wisely;this is attained only by clinical exto use perience. Always watch the case; it is the case, not named the specifically disease,you are treatingwith gelsemium. Don't expect to appreciably reduce fever with this drug, used alone. of hysteria As a terminal antispasmodic, some cases amenable to it the active and reflex ones. are modic Spasconditions of the urinarytract,spasmodicdysmenorrhea, uterine colic,and irritable ovarian neuralgia, Don't giveit in labor; often amenable. are sphincters be provocativeof post-partum hemorrhage. it may from

"

Botanic

178

bitters

and,

act

so

Drugs

well, the augmented

as

gastric

promoting the production of secretin in the duodenum, and inducingpancreaticactivity. Moorhead, in Jour, of Pharmacology and Exper. Carlston's experiments Ther.,Dec, 1915, paralleling on on healthy animals by similar ones unhealthy acids

that

animals, found

the influence of bitters is definite

increasingthe quality and quantity of the gastricjuice. He contends that this influence is caused reflexly of the taste and through the nerves direct stimulation of the stomach itself. not by any Thus, the pharmacology of the bitters is predicated the influence in disease being definite, upon while in health there is no definite effect produced, another instance showing that clinical experienceis not always negatived by the findingsderived by experiments on healthyanimals. Therapeutics. The bitters stimulate appetite and in convalescence, in chronic gasdigestion, especially tritis, in generaldebility, and in dyspepsiaassociated with deficient secretion of hydrochloric add. Administration. The simple bitters should be administered in liquid form only a few minutes before eating. In pillform they serve useful no in

"

"

purpose,

far

so

as

is known

at

present. The

tannin-

in intestinal indigestion, especially calumba, chirata,and quassia. Gentisin,in genare tian, givesa reaction with ferric chloride,thus giving the erroneous impression that gentian is rich in free bitters,more

tannin, which Dosage.

"

is not

the

Extract

of

pillexcipient.The of 15

minims; the

fluidrachm

or

more,

case.

gentian is used only as a fl. is given in an dose average compound tincture in doses of a but

doses of 30

to

45

minims

Remedies

Botanic

usually serve

useful purpose.

every

is effective in doses Phar.

British

The

of one-half

Codex

has

well

The

to

one

and

mild

diluted

laxatives

fluidounce. pound com-

is one-half to with

are

one

sicum, Cap-

water.

acid, sodium nitrohydrochloric cardamon,

infusion

concentrated

a

infusion, the dose of which

fluidrachm, taken

179

bicarbonate,

combined

with

gentian. There is no advantage in givinggentianin wines and stronglyalcoholic elixirs. GLYCYRRHIZA

orice; Glycyrrhiza glabra,Spanish LicG. glandulifera, Russian Licorice. Very generallyofficial. Valuable as a pillexcipientand

Root,

Licorice

as

a

demulcent

PULVIS

mild expectorant and laxative. GLYCYRRHIZAE COMPOSITUS, and

Licorice

Compound

Powder,

is

a

pleasantlaxative

It is espedose of 1 drachm. given in an average cially A good fluid adapted for pregnant women. it licorice flavoringagent is Elixir Adjuvans; the taste of many covers disagreeabledrugs, such ammonium chloride,the bitter sulphates, as senna, senega, turpentine,and hyoscyamus. GOSSYPIUM

Cotton. Cotton, Absorbent Nearly standards being established for everywhere official, Purified

its

surgicaldressing. Official in Oil. Gossypium Species,Cotton-seed the U. S. for pharmaceutical usage; and Cotton use

Root

Mexican A

as

a

Bark,

which

standards.

is official in Deleted

few other speciesare

from

the

British

the Ninth

designatedin

various

and

U. S. P.

ards. stand-

Botanic

180

older books

The

10

this agent (the root)

an

and a

that

state

action similar to ergot and is emmenagogue abortifacient. The drug has long been used

has

as

Drugs

uterine hemostatic, the fl.beinggiven in doses of to 60 minims. Experiments on animals have that

shown definitely

it does

not

have

the effect

in

parallelexperiments. There is little reliable evidence as regardsits action on the human uterus, and, in view of the known activity occasion for its employof ergot and pituitrin, no ment. that

ergot has

Crawford, in Jour.

1910, demonstrated

March,

principlein It is

conditions. does not f*

Pharmacol,

of these

cotton-seed meal salt of

Soluble

Pyroxylin,

Collodion,

Exp. Ther., of a poisonous presence under

certain

pyrophosphoricacid. It

in the oil.

occur

used

a

the

and

in

Gum

cause Cotton, is oflScialbethe making of Collodion, Styptic Cantiiaridal

and

well known

Collodion.

The

and

requireno comment, ible as they are outlined in surgical texts; but the FlexCollodion, U. S. P., is the better form for its Styptic Collodion, N. F., conas a protective; use tains tannic acid; Cantharidal lodion, Col20 per cent U. S. P., contains 60 per cent cantharides. Either this, or the Cantharides Cerate be may Cantharides is going out of use used as a vesicant. internal remedy, but the tr. is used as a counteras an use

are

irritant. GRANATUM

Punica The bark is Pomegranate, granatum. the juice in Mexico and nearly universallyoflBcial, Spain,and the rind in Mexico and the Netherlands. Pharmacology. ^Anthelmintic,and active be"

Remedies

Botanic

181

of its content

cause

of Pelletierin, Pelletierinae tannate, being oflBcial in the U.

the

Tannas,

S.

absorptiongives rise to toxic symptoms weakness of the limbs, giddinessand confusion, disturbances. with gastroenteric Tapeworms are killed by very dilute solution,while other intestinal not affected,even by strong solutions. worms are efficacious as a teniaTherapeutics. ^Especially enced. being less influrare Bothriocephalus fuge,the more Male fern is justthe opposite of this;and, In

man

"

"

the Tenia

as

is the

more

country, pomegranate

is

important to

more

in this

tapeworm

common

than

us

is male fern. Administration. a

nasty dose. minims.

30

a

The

fl.is

use

given in

Pelletierine

the decoction; it is an

(2 to 6 grains; eligible tion prepara-

tannate

4

dose of castor

dose of

average

grains)is by far the most and is but mildly toxic to man. and follow in 20 patientis fasting,

average,

the

Don't

"

Give

while

with

minutes

oil. GRINDELIA

Grindelia other

Speciesofficialin the U. S. and Grindelia

countries.

four the

robusta deleted from

ninth U. S. P., but G. camporum. G. squarrosa retained or added.

G. Cuneifolia,and

They

are

not

erally gen-

recognizedthroughoutthe world. The pharmacology, despite elaborate text-book is not well defined; but it is similar descriptions, to

that

of the terebinthinates

and

See

balsams.

Also refer to the various balsams. of the thinates terebinParallels that Therapeutics.

"Abies.**

"

and external

balsams.

See citations above.

grindeliaacts application

as

As

an

do the resinous

Botanic

182

Drugs

but not of its class,affording relief

substances

herpes zoster, ivy poisoning,and

in

other

cure

lesions

protected from the air. In chronic bronchitis, diseases,it acts coughs,and genito-urinary

relieved

as

a

when

terebinthinate

and

others of the group,

and

indeed

advantage over

no

possesses

it is inferior to

eral sev-

of them, as sufficient dosage of grindeliais apt to be irritating. in spasmodicand bronchial asthma, palliative the drug is largelyused, sometimes with success.

As

a

Give

20

milk.

For

minims

60

to a

fl. in sweetened

discussion of asthma,

see

water

or

in

"Lobelia."

6UAIACUM

GuAiAC, Lignum and officinale

acum

resin and A

Lignum

vitae.

in

a

Official in the U. S., of other countries. number

nasty resin justlygoing ammoniated

recommended

benefited should

be

of

out

in

a

a

as

though

one

to

host of affections

of the

still the

garglein syphilitic be employed. It

by purgatives,among

listed

use,

tincture,diluted

point of comfort, may be used as sore throat,or the lozenges may has been

Guai-

G. sanctum.

heart- wood

official. The

Sanctum,

which

unnecessary

monly com-

guaiac ones.

Average dose of the resin, 15 grains. of guaiac are in the laboratory, The real uses as in the test for oxidases and Do

conffict with

the Almen

test for

globinuria hemo-

of the chief guaiacol,one constituents of creosote, or prepared synthetically. While the creosote and guaiacolcompounds, as well the creosote from beechwood, might be classed as of vegetableorigin,or some of them as might, as a of fact they are nearly all synthetically matter built not

Remedies

Botanic

183

from coal tar; hence they "New this volume. Consult

are

some

up,

in

and

published annually by

Remedies,"

not considered

Nonofficial

the

American

Association.

Medical

GUARANA

Paullinia standards

in

cwpana^

P.

as

Mexico,

Austrian

theobromine

Average dose, fl. 30 minims. but

and

Spanish

sorbilis. Official in Austria, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland, and the U. S.

caffeineand

Contains

the

called guar amine the action is the

when same.

and

fixed oil.

caffeine is

The

derived See

a

from

times some-

guarana;

"Caffeine."

rana Gua-

of nervous employed chieflyin the treatment sick headache and as a tonic,as is coffee and the other is

caffeine-bearers. HAMAMELIS

cial Bark, HamamcUs virginiana.Offiin England, Mexico, Spain, and in the eighth

WiTCHHAZEL S. P.

U.

of

account

MELIDIS, saturated with

hamamelitannin crystalline

Active and

on

phous amor-

mucous a

A U. S. P., containing15% of alcohol. be diluted tincture is better, which may

for external application. the veins, of the skin and vessels,especially

5 to

The

even

countries.

tannic acid in the bark, and tannic acid in Used leaves. HAMAmostly as the AQUA

the

to

leaves in 12

The

10 parts of water

constringedby this remedy degree not fullyexplainedby its tannin content, the gastroenterictract responding somewhat membranes

are

to its influence.

It has any

never

been

proven,

however, that it possesses

action except that

of

a

tannin-bearer.

Botanic

184

But

the

forms

various

and eflFectiveness, it in

a

more

it is

an

Drugs of tannin

vary

largelyin

it is

probable witchhazel offers available form. than ordinarily tainly Ceragreeableform in which to use it.

Therapeutics.

"

For internal

30-minim

use

the fl., in 10- to It will do whatever

doses, should be used. See a good tannin product will do no more. Acid." It is a superiorastringentfor in"Tannic ternal "

use,

and

a

valuable

astringentand hemostatic

externally. It is

suitable

to a host of minor conapplication of gestionSf sprains,and bruises,and in some cases pruritus. As a toilet preparation after shaving, it possesses value. In passivehemorrhage of etc. a

"

"

the skin and

surfaces

it often

well, and it is a palliative applicationin hemorrhoids, prolapsusani, and other venous congestions. The British Pharmacopeia ointment and the B. P. Codex Pasta Hamamelidis, or Witchhazel Snow, are good products. Use hamamelis within itsreasonable but reindications,and it will not disappoint; member it is no wonder-worker, as some assert. mucous

serves

HEDEOMA

Pennyroyal

(American), Hedeoma pulegioides. OflScial in the Eighth U. S. P., as was also oil of pennyroyal. In Mexico the floweringherb is official. It is a gentlearomatic stimulant useful in flatulent colic and used in infusion. Large doses of the oil therapeutic possess narcotic propertiesof no known usefulness. A spiritof the oil is repellentto fleas and mosquitos, and is appliedto the skin and face the lesser of two evils by those who consider it as such. influence upon Pennyroyal has no specific "

Botanic

186

The

fl.may

Helleborin

be

givenin

should

Drugs doses from 1-5 to 3 minims.

be given.

never

given in doses of 1-30 to with this drug in any form.

1-10

Helleborein

grain. Be

is

cautious

HELONIAS

Root, Starwort,

Unicorn also called

aletris,q. Blazing

dioica.

Helonias In

v.

Chamaelirium Often

luteum,

confused

with

parts of the country is called

some

Star.

experimentson the action of plantdrugs the uterus negativeresults with helonias. gave contains a bitter principle; root and, indeed,

Pilcher's on

The two

called bitters, aletris and helonias, are Then, too, there is another plant,Helenium

of the

Starwort.

autumnale, commonly called Sneeze-weed

and

taining con-

helenin. This

by and

Ex.

latter agent Lamson, in

tion given elaborate considera-

was a

paper

Ther.,July, 1913. and

in The It caused

failure of the heart and

Jour,

of Phar.

lethal enteritis gastrois poisonousto

eating it. He suggests its use as a stomachic (the whole plant being used) in small doses. To personal knowledge, cattle die from the same my after eatingeither helonias or helenium. It symptoms in man. is probablethe two drugs would act similarly These agents aletris,helenium, and helonias In contain, at least when fresh, acrid substances. all act as emmenagogues and large doses they may abortifacients;but, when they do so act, it is not because specificinfluence upon they possess any the womb tutional ovaries, but from the general constior irritation poisoning and gastro-intestinal cattle

"

they induce.

"

Botanic Attention

should

Remedies

187

here be directed

to

the work

of

Hopkins University,upon the sooils apiol,oil of pennyroyal, called emmenagogue oil of savine, oil of tansy, oil of rue, oil of thyme? and oil of turpentine. None of these exhibited the the uterus. On the least stimulating action on paralyzed contrary, they caused it to relax,and even it, pennyroyal, tansy, and apiol being the most toxic,and turpentine the least toxic. These paralyzant Macht,

of Johns

"

actions the

and

were

abnormal

shown

both

upon

uterus.

These

the

normal

contraction-

were findingsfrom inhibitoryand paralyzant-actions direct striptests with weak solutions or emulsions. in agreement that Indeed, all pharmacologists are few drugs have an ergot action, and that the very so-called "female remedies," with the exception of caulophyllum,q. v., depress the activityof strips Macht of uterine muscle. might just as well have included in his report Pulsatilla, aletris,scrofularia,

Scutellaria,dioscorea, viburnum, valerian, senecio, helonias mitchella, and as having no passiflora, of Indeed, some stimulatingaction on the uterus. under their separate sections in them, as is shown this book, have no direct action of any kind on the uterus.

Now

to return

to helonias:

what

do

we

find with

reference to it?

Helonias, helenium, aletris,and as

well

cause

some

other agents,

certain of the so-called emmenagogue oils, uterine relaxation and even never 'paralysis, as

stimulation, except by general systemic poisoning

gastroentericirritation. I believe the acrid for the stomachic to be largelyresponsible principles and

and

uterine sedative

action in small doses.

Botanic

188 Therapeutics.

"

during the a

When

is desired.

this is not are

not

Helonias

so

caping principles largelyesof drying, tinctures and

process

recent

a

Uterine

material

should

be

the uterus sedative action upon stomachic action is desired, mere a

important, since the bitter principles

volatile. a

good bitter tonic and

stomachic,but

influence.

little carminative

possesses

for

is

acrid

from

fluidextracts made

employed when

The

Drugs

See

tian" "Gen-

discussion of the bitters.

irritation,with

tendency to bearingdown is amenable pains and habitual miscarriage, to carefully regulateddoses of this drug. Painful and uterine colic may menstruation, uterine reflexes, rationallybe treated with helonias,as well as with other drugs of the same class. Use small doses, The beginning with 1 minim fl. and running up. maximum dose fl. is 15 minims, and it is rarely a

needed. These

drugs

are

symptomatic remedies,

worth

while in various functional disorders;but he is foolish them indeed who serious to "cure" depends upon Modern

ful gynecology exacts careexamination, discriminating diagnosis,and then symptomatic medication. case-management, not mere The latter has a place,so do these drugs, as part only a part of the whole.

gynecologiccases.

"

"

HEMATOXYLON

Haematoxylon campeachianum. Official in the Eighth in Austria, England, Mexico, and An astringentand feeble antiseptic.It U. S. P. Logwood,

is

one

of the

tannin-bearers

and

one

of the

more

agreeableto take; but it has the disadvantageof

Botanic

stainingfabrics which from patientstaking in tuberculous

Remedies

are

the

189

with

in contact

discharges

drug. It is used

diarrhea

and

other

fully success-

relaxed

ditions con-

of the bowels.

ounces;

not

on

is used

decoction

The

in

doses

of

one

or

two

extract, 10 to 30 grains;fluidextract See ''Tannic Acid." the market. the

HUMULUS

Hops, the strobiles of Humulus lupulus. Official in France, Mexico, Spain, and the U. S. and a bitter prinContains a volatile oil,valerol, ciple. Valerol is mildly and irregularly soporific. effect The unimportant acid constituent has littje when given by mouth. Therapeutics. stomach.

is

a

cotic nar-

mild sexual

used in hysterical sedative, reflexes. Spermatorrhea,priapism,

irritative sexual and

dyspepiaand irritable-

the oleoresin,is somewhat

LupuLiN,

and and

A tonic in

"

chordee

are

more

or

less amenable

to

lupulin,but it is seldom that the drug has influence without local attention also. a satisfactory The fl.humulus is given in doses of 5 to 10 minims; the fl. lupulin in 3 to 8 minims, and lupulin itself in doses of 3 to 8 grains. Various malt tonics are effective partlyfrom the hops therein. reliefby

HYDRASTIS

Golden

Seal, Yellow

sis. Root, Hydrastiscanaden-

Universallyofficial. Pharmacology. The isoquinolinealkaloid, hydrastine,is the active agent in hydrastis;but ber"

berine and

canadine

Hydrastine

are

also present.

increases reflex

similar excitability

Botanic

190

Drugs

to the effects of narcotine and

ihebain^minor opium medulla is stimulated, as well as alkaloids. The the cord, while respiration is accelerated and bloodpressure on

raised from the

factors, and

circulation hence

muscle.

is the resultant

is not

Hydrastine stimulates the uterine

The

central stimulation. marked

intestinal

tion ac-

of several

or

movements

regular. and

It is excreted

unchanged. Hydrastinine does not occur naturallyin hydation drastis,but is an artificialalkaloid derived by oxifrom hydrastine, as cotarnine is derived

from

narcotine.

See

"Cotarnine."

Cotarnine, its

hydrastinine,depress the central nervous system to a slightdegree, and in very large doses Hydrastinine paralyze the respiratory center. strengthensand slows the heart-beat, and produces a slightvaso-constriction of the arterioles. It is claimed to stimulate the suprarenalfunction. Hydrasti increases uterine tonus, its excitability, and the rhythm of the muscle. See "Stypticin"and "Styptol." is a bitter that in largedoses produces Berberine fall in blood-pressurethrough vaso-dilation and a cardiac depression. See "Berberis." is similar to berberine,but is more Canadine toxic; it is found in very small quantitiesin hydrastis. Hydrastineis officialand is given in an average dose of 1-6 grain. Hydrastininehydrochloride (not hydrochlorate,as in the earlier edition)is also official dose of }/2grain. and is.given in an average U. S. P. IX) Hydrastine hydrochloride(official is a white powder given in doses of 1-6 to 1-3 grain. conflict it with the official hydrastinine Do not a yellow crystalline powder. There hydrochloride, allies,and

Botanic has

been

much

of

of the matter,

being HYDRASTINA HYDROCHLORIDUM

DRASTINAE

and

hydrastisalkaloids.

is the officialstatus

names

191

discussion of the proper

nomenclature above

Remedies

proper imThe

the official

(hydrastine),HY(hydras-

and HYDRASTININAE DROCHLORI HYhydrochloride), (hydrastininehydrochloride). The pharmacology of hydrastis itself combines the actions of hydrastine, berberine, and canadine; but not includingthat of hydrastinine. Therefore, hydrastisis a bitter tonic with the added effect of increased reflex excitability, cord and medulla tine

stimulation, increased intestinal and with

fallfrom

an

initial rise in

uterine

ment, move-

blood-pressurebut

a

heavy dosage.

Therapeutics.

"

Indicated

in subacute and

chronic

membranes, more inflammationsof the mucous cially espein gastriccatarrhal states and intestinal indigestion, chronic gastritis, toith debility as constipation and atonic indigestion.Use the fl., 10 to 30 minims. combinations. Employed in many In genito-urinary inflammations,such as gleet, subacute gonorrhea,leucorrhea, etc., the colorless, non-alcoholic preparations are to be preferredin the same dosage as the fluidextract. They may be used externallyor injected, sprayed or used as a gargle. As with no stomachic tonic,in cases a organic pathology involved, the tr. (30 to 60 minims) is very

In

available. various

affections

lesions, syphiliticmouth nasal catarrh, stomatitis, fissured follicular pharyngitis, nipples,hemorrhoids,rectal ulceration and flssures, chancroid,ulcers,etc., the fl. and other products. "

192

Botanic

Drugs

the colorless ones, are especially sometimes internallyas well. is used

Hydrastine

much

used

and externally

is

hydrastisand also its hydrochloridethe in uterine hemorrhage, and But the hydrochloridesalt is preferablefor same. local use, as in conjunctivitis (0.1to 0.5% solutions), gonorrhea(0.25to 0.5%), skin diseases (1%). as

Hydrochloride

Hydrastinine hemostatic.

Doses

is the better uterine

given under

its

description. Subcutaneouslyuse 8 to 15 minims of a 10% solution. See also "Cotarnine," "Stypaqueous ticin,"and "Styptol." These products,but not the under the provisionsof hydrastisalkaloids, come the Harrison

are

Act. HYOSCYAMUS

Hyoscyamus niger. The leaves are the seed in Denmark, France, universallyofficial; Mexico, and Spain. Henbane,

Pharmacology.

"Belladonna"

"

and

First read what that

was

said under

atropineand

hyoscyamine are pharmacologically alike,and that hyoscine and scopolamineare also similar. So, then, pharmacologically similar atropine and hyoscine are the two disalkaloids. The discussion of atropine,q. v., the subject,and it only remains covers practically that hyoscine (scopolamine) is an alkaloid to say in which the narcotic effect of the atropine group lant predominates. Hyoscyamus has a shorter stimuaction than

note

has belladonna, and

though it acts more opium. Whole-plant products to

the

it is

like belladonna

are

standardized

percentage of the combined

more

than

cotic, nar-

like

according mydriatic alka-

Botanic

194

spasmodic,hyoscyamus

Drugs

is

adapted to the

of vesical tenesmus, chordee,and and afiFections, In its action is

on

the

to

nervous

less erratic.

some

many

treatment

other

genitourinary turbanc pulmonary dis-

system hyoscyamus

Hyoscine

is

exceedingly in the wards of a hospital useful in quietingmania for the insane, yet in the exigencies of private excite in place of quietingan plosive expracticeit may Yet in hysteriaand outbreak. nervous sometimes delirium hyoscyamus hyoscine may useful purpose. One must a very serve always use in the field of neurology. these drugs with care the tremors Sometimes of paralysisagitans even relieved by hyoscyamus, though rarely. On are the other hand, it often fails in a purely functional Some of insomnia cases are hystericalattack. not at more cases are reallycured by it,while many all favorablyinfluenced. diseases,hyoscyamus and So, then, in nervous its alkaloids are drugs of possiblerecourse, not ones of primary importance. When they do act, they influence the patient quite definitely for good or The trouble is that it is quite as apt to be the bad. One has to begin very latter as the former. tiously cauin any given case. of the mydriatic alkaloids should be used None Nor should any be used as routine soporific. as a analgesicexcept in spasmodic affections. These an are powerful and often dangerous alkaloids. Hyoscine is almost purelyhypnotic in action, possessing little antispasmodic influence;but, hyoscine very safe hypnotic for routine employment. is not a Hyoscyamine acts so nearly like atropine,though more

or

"

-

"

Botanic there

Remedies

195

clinical

that one points of dissimilarity, should no more over-use hyoscyamine than he should atropine. Scopolamine is almost identical with hyoscine. Its now largelydiscredited vogue in the so-called "twilight sleep" brought it into undue notice. the risk of to run Physicians who care first carefully should "twilight sleep" methods study specialbooks upon the subject. The tincture is given in doses Administration. are

"

of 5 to 20 minims; the extract, in an average dose of 1 grain;the fl., 3 in doses of 1 to 5 minims, average minims. The alkaloids are: Scopolaminehydrobromide

U.

S. P.

(average dose, 1-200 grain),hyoscine dose 1-128 hydrohromide (8th Rev., av. grain), hyoscyaminehydrohromide,U. S. P. (av. dose, 1-200 grain), and hyoscyamine sulphate (8th Rev., av. dose 1-128 grain). Note the tendency of the U. S. P. IX for lower dosage. Merck's Manual lists hyoscine (from various solanaceae). Dose for insane, 1-30 grain; for sane 1-400 to 1-200 grain. Hydrohromide in persons, doses. same Hyoscyamine alkaloid (from hyoscyform. Dose for insane, 1-8 to amus) in crystalline 34 grain;for sane persons, 1-120 to 1-30 grain. An amorphous form of this alkaloid is in the form of a and is used in doses of 1-8 to 34 minim. liquid, syrupy And a sulphate of the amorphous alkaloid is used in doses of 1-8 to 34 grain,whereas the sulphateof the crystalline alkaloid is only 1-120 to 1-30 grain in dosage. Scopolaminehydrohromide(Merck), dose 1-240 to 1-60 grain; for general anesthesia, 1-100 to 1-60 grain with 1-6 grainmorphine hydrochloride, every hour for three doses.

Botanic

106 of the

Some the

over

Drugs

gentlemen who

are

so

of the alkaloids should

use

enthusiastic note

ference dif-

the

in dosage, between the U. S. P. especially and some of the nonofficial products. It may be they think they are using the potent U. S. P. products, whereas they are not. There are alkaloids and alkaloids, justas in a lot of other uncertain things in this world. Better adhere to the U. S. P. product in the occasional case strictly in which it is wise to give one of the mydriatic group

of alkaloids.

EuscoPAL

is

inactive scopolaminehyoptically Hypnotic, but is not active in checking dilatingthe pupil. Dose, 1-200 grain.

drobromide. secretion and

an

Scopolamine

Stable,

ampules ready for

use.

in Scopomannit, comes Follow dosage given in the or

circular. IGNATIA

St. Ignatius

Bean, StrychnosIgnatia. Officialin tional France, Mexico, and Spain. Included in the Na-

Formylary. Phakmacology.

"Nux

Vomica,"

13^ cent 1

per

q.

cent

per

of brucine. cent

This

"

v.

will be

Nux

considered

vomica

under

is said to

tain con-

of

and 1^ to 23^ per strychnine Ignatia is said to contain about

of each

alkaloid. vomica

and

The

differences

in

ignatiaare purely quantitative.As a matter of fact, the analysisof ignatiaoften results in separatingmore strychnine from it than is ordinarily extracted from nux vomica. And it is asserted on good authoritythat strychnine is more readilyextracted from ignatiathan from nux commercial vomica, hence ignatia is a common of strychnine. source action between

nux

Remedies

Botanic

197

rapidlyabsorbed than strychnine, and is about fiftytimes less powerful as a convulsant, though more poisonous to the sensory than strychnine. Locally applied it has an nerves anesthetic action. A 5% solution is applied externally. It is a better stomachic bitter than is strychnine. The dose is 1-12 to }/2grain. Therapeutics. Owing to the hyperesthesia of the senses produced by brucine, Homeopathic esteemed authorities have ignatia highly in the of hysteria and dyspepsia. If we had a treatment tincture of ignatia,it should be strychnine-free both nux quite valuable in these directions. Now vomica and ignatia,in small doses, are useful in is less

Brucine

"

these

See

conditions.

ignatiapossesses in the treatment

apparent small

to

doses

of these have

questionthe

leads

them

to

views a

the facts that both the order

not

am

been

never

both

made

drugs in

peutic difference in theraat all prepared to call

experience

conclusion.

vomica

of

that

vomica

nux

gentlemen whose

different nux

no

But

over

largelyused

noted of

has

cases

I have

effects, though I in

Vomica."

advantage

any

me.

and

"Nux

However, and ignatiabelong there are points of

Loganiaceaeand the two lieve similaritybetween plants,lead me to bethat my conclusions are justified. be given in doses of 2 to 10 Tr. ignatia may minims; fl., 34 to 2 minims, but rarelyover 1 minim. to

INULA

Elecampane, in Mexico

Scabwort, and

Inula

Helenium.

the Netherlands.

cial Offi-

Listed

in the

of the

proxi-

National

Formulary. Inuliuythe active principle, or

one

Botanic

198 is found

mates,

positae.

in the

Inulin

Helenin, another and

camphor in

the

creosote.

the

proximate,is

treatment

It is stated

order

to

be

to

of the Com-

marked

no

possesses

said to be

an

bactericide

a

tuberculosis when

proportion of

1

to

definite results from

secure

activities. alant

able avail-

of tuberculosis, acting like helenin inhibits that pure

the Bacillus

cultures in the

to

of many

roots

is asserted

growth of

Drugs

added

10,000.

inula, 5

In cc.

ampules are used by injectionsubdermally. The in this direction,and drug is under investigation said results appear to be promising. See what was It is said these injectionsof under "Echinacea." decrease inula control night sweats in tuberculosis, and inhibit bacterial growth. Daily expectoration, are given for from 10 to 20 days; their injections If it action is judged by the "Arneth count." shows no improvement it is useless to continue. SuflScient observations enable

to

me

to

have

not

yet been

speak definitely upon

this

made use

of

inula. is

pectorant diuretic,and exdiaphoretic, and is used in chronic bronchial affections marked by profuseexpectoration. It is slow in action time in order to yield and must be used for some

Internallyinula

any

definite results.

infusion is used in doses of 1 to 2 fluidounces, the syrup in doses of 1 to 4 fluidrachms, the fl. in The

doses of 10 to 60

minims, and

helenin 1-12

to

3^

grain. IPECAC

IPECACUANHA,

Rio

Ipecac, Uragoga Ipecacuanha.

Universallyofficial. Also called Cephaelis Ipecacuanha and C. acuminata, or Carthagena

Botanic Ipecac.

Remedies

This latter is,more

199

properly,a speciesof

Psychotria. Pharmacology.

Ipecac contains emetine (6^% of the total alkaloidal content),cephaeline(nearly }4:of the total alkaloidal content),and psychotrine (a trace). Ipecac is an irritant to mucous branes memand is a prompt emetic, in smaller doses than those producing emesis increasingtracheal and sweat

bronchial

"

secretion.

is stimulated.

the alkaloids

The

Parenteral

flow of saliva administration

and of

produce emesis, probably not by direct action on the vomiting center in the medulla, and this action is slower when In this taken by mouth. ipecac differs from apomorphine. This has a practical importance since it allows adequate doses of emetine be administered to hypodermatically in ameboid dysentery, etc., without producing the nausea and vomiting the same doses would induce if administered by mouth. Given by mouth in emetic doses, salivation,perspiration and depressionare followed by emesis, and but littlesystemic effect. A toxic dose injected hypodermaticallywill,after an interval,induce the but purgation also follows, the same symptoms; heart weakens the mucous discharges progressively, become tinged with blood, and the individual goes into a state of collapse. Cephaelineacts much as does emetine,but is many times more toxic. Psychotrine,on the other hand, is much less toxic than emetine. The whole drug, or cephaeline,should be used for the emetic properties, emetine being reserved for the amebicidal propertiesit possesses in so marked a degree. Emetine acts similarly to ipecac. hydrochloride

Botanic

200

but is relatively more less renal

causes

Drugs and

nauseant

irritation but

Overdoses

may

have

less emetic,and

more

cardiac

serious effects.

pressio deIt

is expectorant in doses of 1-12 to 1-6 grain;emesis 1-6 grain,and the is apt to be caused by doses over

drug should not be employed as an emetic. Hypobe given. The drug is dermically}/2 grain may marketed in ampules and hypodermic tablets. Emetine is a powerful amebicide, but is not a bactericide.

It

is valuable

in

the

treatment

of

amebic

dysentery, accordingto the technic of Leonard Sterile ampules containing Rogers, since improved upon. the drug dissolved in isotonic salt solution the most certain form in which the drug is are offered.

of amebic

dysentery in the United States are in type and readilyenough not severe in keratinyield to a few doses of emetine, even coated pills, or preferably"Alcresta" ipecac tablets, which, owing to the drug being incorporated with silicate passes unchanged hydrated aluminum Each tablet represents 10 through the stomach. grains of ipecac,and 2 or 3 tablets are given three times a day for from 4 to 6 days, discontinuing too protemporarilyif the laxative effect becomes nounced. Most

In

the drug (emetine) may tropicalcases intravenously,doses of 1 grain being given

severe

be used in 5

cases

cc.

of normal

Children

saline.

largedoses. requirerelatively Emetine is not of value in bacillarydysentery, and it is very questionableif it should be used in effort to restrain hemorrhage, as in typhoid an fever. The drug does not favor blood coagulation

202

Botanic

deficient secretion

Drugs

from

irritated

mucous

branes mem-

in the

For the same tract. gastrointestinal in the diarrheas of infancy, these small doses, reason, combined with small doses of especially when aconite, have a most happy effect,but only in the first or In

acute

the

stage. of

dysenteryipecac is better given in the powder or "Alcresta" ipecac, true amebic dysentery usuallyrequiringemetine, q. v. Minute doses are not effective. Also see "Chaparro." In respiratorydiseases ipecac is a peculiarly valuable expectorant in spasmodiccroup, dry cough, bronchitis,and other states requiring an increase and liquefaction of the bronchial mucus secretion. The

treatment

expectorant dose of the fl.is

preparationsin proportion. doses,

15-minim

or

minim; other

one

The

wine, in the

the

in 10-

syrup,

to

dose,

same

admirably. As a diaphoretic, ipecac,used in the form of Dover's Powder, in 10-graindoses, is exceedingly valuable in the early stages of catarrhal inflammations and in the initial of the respiratory passages, serve

stages of to prepare

given as

a

propertiesare

other remedies

indications

as

the system for quinine. Small remedy in night-cough.

Hemostatic but

of malaria,

fevers,even

many

as

are

See "Cotarnine"

are

more

it

seems

doses

are

possessed by ipecac; available to meet

such

fulfilledby

drugs in this direction. and "Hydrastis." IRIS

Orris, Iris Florentina, I. Germanica, I. pallida. but not in the U. S. P. A Very generallyofficial,

gastricstimulant

used

in

breath

perfumes and

Remedies

Botanic dentifrices. It has but

is little used

apt

to

create

similar to euonymus,

action

an

now

an

as

203

internal

gastricdisturbance.

remedy, being Dose,

10

to

30

grains. Blue

Flag, Iris versicolor. Not officialnow,

but is

listed in the National

Formulary. This is the species in the U. S. Like the Iridaceae generally, common it is possessedof acrid properties. The best preparation is

a

The

saturated

tincture

made

from

the fresh

fluid

in time. preparationsdisintegrate In full doses irisis an active emeto-cathartic quite

root.

violent like

in action.

In

It is

podophyllum.

sick headache Like

many

and

smaller an

doses

admirable

it acts

much

remedy

in

mild

cholagogue. of the acrid drugs with eliminative as

a

alterative if continued iris is an in small properties, doses for a long period;it stimulates the glandular lar system, and has an influence in reducing soft glanduspecificpathology. As enlargements with no vegetable"alteratives" go, it is a good one. The fl.is used in doses of 3^ to 5 minims. JALAP

Exogonium purga. Universallyofficial. Jalap and are yield rather similar resins which scammony The complex mixtures. really active portion of these resins may be an eleterin-Hke body which is resin of jalap is nearly highly irritating.The tasteless.

Jalap is marked

by

definite

tendency to promote intestinal secretion, and this gives it a placeof value when the feces are hard and dry and when watery evacuations aid in the treatment of dropsy,as may in Bright'sdisease. The compound powder (jalap a

Botanic

^04

Drugs

potassiumbitartrate,dose,

monly grains)is comused for this purpose. The resin,in 2-grain cient doses, and also in various pillformulae, is an efficathartic,used in the beginningof feversand cerebral congestion.Remember the irritating properties is given in doses of jalap. The fl.(notofficial)

and

30

of 5 to 20 minims. JAMBUL

Java seed

as

official in

cases

Syzygium It has

bark

and

in

Homeopathic

books. text-

long been used in India. and

fermentation

the

Jamholanum

contention

The

The

Netherlands; the seed in is preferred. This drug is designated

are

most

Eugenia Jambolana.

Plum,

is made

that it inhibits diastasic

"increases

renal

blood-pressure." do this without How it would increasingpressure at large does not Ten-grain doses of the appear.

powdered in

the

seeds

three

fluidextracts,and I

a

day

have

of diabetes mellitus.

treatment

market.

times

have

used

been

Tinctures,

proprietaryproducts are on the never given the drug adequate

little convincing literature,and

test, have

seen

the above

merely as

a

give

record of claims made.

JEQUIRITY Abrus

precatorius.The

seed

is officialin

Spain,

and the leaves in the Netherlands.

5%) instilled into the eye sets up a violent corneal inflammation; it is sometimes ment cautiously used by ophthalmologistsin the treatAn

infusion

of pannus.

works

on

obstinate

(3

to

For

the

ophthalmology. cases

of trachoma.

technic It has Three

see

the

also been

special used

in

parts of the seed

Remedies

Botanic

for 24 hours in 500

macerated

are

water; then add when

cold.

Don't

205

tilled parts of cold dis-

water. parts boiling

500

Filter

this unless you are a skilled then follow the technic of

use

ophthalmologist,and Ramsey, Swanzy, or Ball.

JU6LANS

Walnut

Leaves, Juglans regia. OflScial in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, Spain, and Switzerland. is the English or This European walnut, and the leaves possess astringentproperties availed

of in the treatment

of various external

ditions. con-

American Juglans cinerea, is an speciesnot official. A good fl.made from the bark of the most of the root is one laxatives satisfactory The action is similar for use in chronic constipation.

Butternut,

to

that of rhubarb.

have

Give

5- to

20-minim

doses.

I

found

of the least objectionable juglans one of laxatives,gentlein action but prolongedin influence. In doses short of actual

purgation,juglansis an eliminative agent of value as a "system cleanser" in autointoxication and the "dirty skin" so commonly incident thereto. Juglansis a native remedy which used. should be more extensively JUNIPER

Juniperus communis. cept in Great Juniper

Britain

The and

the U.

are

officiale"-

S., but Oil

of

is officialin both of these countries.

Juniperis a diuretic which and stimulatinginfluence on Diuretics

berries

of this class

are

acts

the

by

a

slightirritant

renal

epithelium. losingin professional

Botanic

206

Drugs

favor, the preferencebeing given

to

those

acting

the action is akin indirectly.Pharmacologically, that of

turpentine. eflBcientbut

Juniperis an

of

the treatment when The

irritating agent used

dropsiesof

various

types, but

in not

is present. nephritis oil is given in 3-minim

30-minim

doses, and

fluidrachm

doses.

Oil

to

the

doses, the spiritin compound spiritin 2

Cade, from Juniperusoxycedrus,is nearly

of

Tar official. It is also called Juniper universally Oil. Externallythe action is that of tar, but it is less objectionable in use. It is employed in chronic forms of eczema^ lichen,prurigo,etc., and psoriasis, in favus and tinea. Oil of cade is as a parasiticide used from weak, oilysolutions up to full strength. "Haarlem Oil," a popular remedy in lay circles, is said to be composed of equal parts of oil of cade and oil of juniperberries. KALMIA Mountain contains

Laurel,

arbutin.

Kalmia

Kalmia

latifolia.This plant

is not

is it a official, nor prominent drug; but it belongsto the Ericaceae,the

propertiesof which have been discussed under "Epigaea" and "Chimaphila,"q. v. The Ericaceae to the congenerallyare diuretic,due principally tent of arbutin.

Uva-ursi

is of the

same

group;

so

is SouRwooD,

Oxydendron arboreum, a pleasant, acidulous diuretic used largelyfor the removal of

lati5 to 20 minims). Ledum dropsicaleffusions (fl. folium, Labrador Tea, another diuretic,as well as the allied Ledum Tea, belong to palustre.Marsh this group. Kalmia, however, is not an acceptable

Remedies

Botanic it contains

diuretic,as other

of principles

Gaultheria,

littlearbutin

very

and

has

disturbingnature.

a

v.,

q.

207

Stagger-bush

Andromeda

or

Mariana, and Kalmia are also Ericaceae. Gaultheria of its oil,but it also conis important on account tains of the death arbutin. Stagger-bush causes and

lambs

many

similar in action

and

allied

The

are nearly latifolia

also reputed to kill small is said to be the toxic

are

Andromedotoxin

animals.

it.

eat

Kalmia

and angustifolia

Kalmia

that

calves

agent involved. I

the

doubt

truth

Sourwood, referred to andromeda, and it is not

Kalmia. is

an

Andromeda

Japonica,as

grown

andrometoxin, which may thing as andromedotoxin. be the toxic

to

or

regards a paragraph back, poisonous; but the in Japan, contains

The

as

be

not

may

azaleas

also said to contain

are

least

of this, at

the

and

same

dendrons rhodo-

it;and it is alleged

principleof the Ericaceae generally.

just bear in mind that huckleberry, blueberry, cranberry,heather, sand myrtle,beetle-weed,Indian pipe, beech-drops, and a veritable host of other plants are Ericaceae, very few of which are toxic and just an of medicinal occasional one interest. Now

I

inclined

am

than

figuresmore as

Kalmia

remedy

minims

that

methyl salicylate toxin) (orandromedo-

toxic agent.

has been recommended latifolia a as in syphilis,fevers, hypertrophy of the a

host of other affections.

recommend

ataxia.

view

does andrometoxin

ericaceous

an

heart, and texts

the

to

It is used fl. I have

it in rheumatism from

the

tried it out

and failed to find it of any

and

"200th in

value

Homeopathic

a

locomotor

potency" number

in any

of

to

5

cases

of its indi-

208

Botanic

so-called "provings" of

The

cations.

Drugs

utterlyto materialize when I took a in doses myself. I have been much and

have

of it. But

for the bushes

are

of full

the mountains

leaves of these laurels,rhododendrons, azaleas repeatedly,and horse my

sometimes

came

number

the

eaten

and would

it failed

sample

them

there does common

also.

seem

to

Nothing ever be some cation justifi-

belief that

poisonous to sheep. So

some are

of these a

lot of

to be otherwise plants in the far West that seem quite innocuous. Space is given here to the matter because of its generalinterest.

KAMALA Mallotus

but

Philippinensis.Officialin several not

in the

TJ. S.

An

anthelmintic

tries coun-

and

purgative. It kills the Taenia solium and is reputed to kill other intestinal parasites.For drachms of to two tape-worm infestation give one the powder in syrup and with hyoscyamus to prevent oil or of itself, no griping. It purges suflficiently Some other evacuant physicians being necessary. prefergiving30 to 60 minims fl.every 3 hours until is expelled. The fl.is less purgativethan the worm is the powder, but it is more agreeable. Also see "Aspidium," "Chenopodium," "Cucurbita," "Cusso," "Granatum," and "Santonin" for details regardinganthelmintics. drastic

KAVA-KAVA

AvA, Piper meihysticum. The N. F. lists it as Official in Great Britain. Kava, not Kava-Kava. The Possesses a diuretic action. system average taken in largequanis stimulated, followed, when

Botanic

210

in several countries

coloringagent of

a

as

Drugs peutic thera-

no

influence. KOLA

Not

acuminata.

eight other

in

known

acuminata, or Sterculia oflBcialin the U. S., but is recognized

Cola,

Nut,

Kola

C.

as

Cola

Active

vera.

In

countries. on

standards

some

of its content

account

Kola See "Caffeine." and theobromine. caffeine is and what is merely one of the caffeine-bearers, kola. Dose, 15 grains,as said under caffeine covers of

mild

a

over-rated

drachm, which

N.

The

drug. seems

to

Kola

stomachic.

caffeine-tonic and

F.

me

gives the

to be

is

dose

as

an

1

excessive.

KRAMERIA

Rhatany,

Peruvian

Krameria

triandria.

leted De-

U. S. P., otherwise universally oflScial. It is strange what a host of tannin-bearers from

are

the ninth

in oflBcialstandards,

even

long after they drop

See "Gambir." What esteem. professional is said of it appliesto krameria. Dose of krameria, is to be preferred. 15 grains. Gambir out

of

LACTUCARIUM

Lettuce, Lactuca virosa,is oflScial in Hungary, Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain, and the U. S. Lactuca L.

sativa is oflBcial in

altissima

it is used

is

Mexico

and

Serbia.

suitable substitute for L. virosa; Aubergier,who has given the species a

by comparative study. A mild hypnotic said to contain traces of hyoscyamine. Only the wild speciesof lettuce yieldlactucarium in any The drug is appreciableamount. unreliable hypnotic,but 15-graindoses may be an

Remedies

Botanic used

The

cases.

some

opium, being effective

substitute for

a

as

211

dose

average

of the

in is

tincture

3^ to 2-drachm doses, is of some irritablecoughsmore value in controlling in children. particularly The

minims.

30

in

syrup,

LAPPA

Has

Lappa. Officialin

Root, Arctium

Burdock

been

deleted from

the U. S. P. IX.

tria. Austains Con-

is principle.Burdock diuretic and alterative. It is one of the Compositaey several of which have a reputationas alteratives, though few are toxic. The Compositae should be stance, given scientific investigation. Burdock, for inhas no scientific status, yet it is empirically used and by many physicians. highly esteemed In my it has served quite well as a hands own inulin

and

a

bitter

diuretic alterative in the treatment diseases and

termed commonly, but erroneously, a

considerable

skin

class of chronic troubles

the nebulous

Give

of chronic "Chronic

the fl.in 5- to 30-minim

matism." rheu-

doses

for

ably periodof time, and results will prob-

justifythe effort;but don't expect

too

much

of burdock. LAUROCERASUS

Cherry leaves

are

Laurocerasus.

Prunus

Laurel,

official in six countries, the

Netherlands.

For

other

species of

The

oil in the prunus

see

Apricot Seed, P. "Amygdala" and "Prunus." armeniaca, officialin Italy. Prunes, P. domestical official in the Netherlands. Peach Bark, Amygdalus Persica, is another hydrocyanic acid-bearer used

in 1- to

10-minim

irritated gastric states and

doses fl. in the TJ. S. for nausea.

Botanic

212

Cherry-laurel

Drugs is

peculiarlyagreeable form in which to administer small doses of hydrocyanic acid. certain Unfortunately,it is not only of unstrength,but it also deteriorates. The dose is given as high as 1 fluidrachm; but, if the product active,such

is fresh and be

safer in

Oil

water

Laurel

The

virtues

almonds.

dose is toxic.

a

prescribingnot

of Cherry

a

as

would

20-minim

over

acts

One

does

doses.

oil of bitter

of this whole

class

pendent de-

are

hydrocyanicacid,and Bitter Almond Water (average dose, 1 fluidrachm) or Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid (average dose, l}y^ minims), both official, will meet indication,though not every so pleasant to take, a factor to be considered in upon

nausea.

Eclectic

The

Amygdalus

Persica

(peach bark)

drug offered as a fl.,and it is rather definite in ^lesstoxic than the products activity,though less so is

a

"

"

made

from

This

family.

leaves

agent is

to relieve the

not, however, possess It may not be out

nobilis,the

as

a

seeds

as

Bay

of

the

of the many

one

an

Leaves,

to

astringent and a

few

flavoringagent, and Oil of Laurel,

many

countries

and

application. Also

see

used

as

a

gested sug-

It does

officialin

officialin

prunus

drugs

vomitingof pregnancy. an agreeableflavor. of place to refer here

of Bayberries,

source

of countries stomachic.

and

stimulant

Laurus a

ber num-

stimulant countries official in external

"Kalmia."

LEPTANDRA

CuLVER*s

Root, Veronica Virginica.Was official in the eighthU. S. P., but has been deleted from the ninth.

Not

officialin any

other

country.

Do

not

Botanic conflict with V.

Remedies

213

Speedwell, or officinalis,

Denmark

and

tonic, and

diuretic.

France, and

used

as

an

officialin

alterative,

of

leptandrais a violent cathartic Leptandrin,its proximate, apt to act as an emetic. is a mild cholagogue that appears to influence the muciparous folliclesof the intestine. There is some conflict as regards Leptandrin. The product listed is given in doses of 1 to 8 grains. Pure by Merck leptandrinis hard to isolate and is not on the market. I have used leptandrinand found it an uncertain agent. The extract (averagedose, 4 grains)and the fl. (average dose, 15 minims) are reliable. The

recent

root

Therapeutics.'

past, been

Wonderful

"

made

for

leptandra; it

"vegetablemercury." As does

not

But

10-

in to

the

claims

a

matter

least resemble

15-minim

doses

of

a

have, in the

was

called

even

of fact,its action that of mercury.

good fl. do

serve

admirably in atonic states of the liver and bowels, especiallywhen the intestinal glands are inactive. Chronic atonic dyspepsiaresponds,in many instances, but moderate to continuous dosage. Leptandra is of littlevalue in acute active agent, but it a

mild

conditions; it is

not

a

very

well in many cases laxative is indicated.

where

serves

cholagogueand

LIMONIS

Citrus Limonum, the peel and U. S. Citrus aurantium. Sweet

Lemon, in

the

(peel),official in the LT. S., and the

oil in the

U.

S. and

other

oil official Oranges

the fruit in

Spain,

countries.

Citrus

Bitter vulgaris.

Oranges, is official(peel,oil,unripe fruit,blossoms, leaves, and oil of flowers)in

numerous

countries.

The

volatile oil from

the

214

Botanic

flowers is known

oil of neroli.

as

official in

Spain.

decumana,

Grape

Drugs Lemon

seed is

Citrus acida. Lime, and Citrus also employed in Fruit, are

medicine.

Citrus

and tonic, refrigerant,

juices are The

uses

are

except that

comment

the

value in

in the

home

interest to note

treatment

require

fruit

juicesare of great fevers. Orange juiceis

typhoidand other largelyused in hospitalwards used

familiar to

too

scorbutic anti-

and of the

should sick.

be

more

It is of

that citrus fruit is,in the oxidizing

of

an digestion, agent servingto help alkalinize (or render less acid) the urine. Hence ditions conof acidosis may be benefited by eating tion of course not neglectingthe administraoranges, other indicated drugs. and of bicarbonate be the bottle-fed,may Scorbutic children,especially wholly cured by administeringorange juice. The hemorrhagicdiathesis,and certain cases of pruritus, benefited by citrus juices.Hoarse throat is treated are external conditions. with lemon juice,as are many is advocated The free use of lemons a as lactic prophyagainst gastroenteric troubles in summer. tonic Grape fruit contains a bitter which is a gastric

process

and

is said to aid in the treatment

of rheumatism.

LOBELIA

inflata.GenerallyoflScial except in Russia and Spain. and Pharmacology. Nicotine, lobeline, cytisine classed togetherpharmacologically.The latter are alkaloid is derived from Cytisuslaburnum. Piturine, from Duboisia Hopwoodi, acts similarly to nicotine; basis proand the syntheticquarternary ammonium Indian

Tobacco, "

Lobelia

Remedies

Botanic duced

215

by completely methylating the nitrogen of

members

of the

series

adrenine

also similar in

are

influence. actions of the nicotine alkaloids differ

The

details.

minor

Injected into

small

doses, they stimulate

heart

action

the

only in

circulation

the

in

ganglion cells,the

erated. being first inhibited and then accelThe blood-pressureis raised through stimulation of the vasomotor cells in the sympathetic

ganglia;but

this pressor effect is evanescent. acceleration is due to the fact that

cardiac

doses of nicotine and

The small

lobeline increase the secretion

of adrenalin. In

large doses the blood slow

pressure

is low, and

the

feeble,due to a direct toxic action on the heart muscle and, when taken by from gastrointestinal mouth, to the collapseresulting heart-beat becomes

irritation and

and

emesis.

injectedexcite the salivaryand sweat glands of the trachea glands,as well as the mucous but also and bronchi. Lobeline, more particularly, the other alkaloids,produce dilatation of the bronchi through a sympathetic effect. Large doses, either injectedor by mouthy paralyzeall of the structures stimulated, with a cessation of spontaneous initially slow, dyspnea and secretion; respirationbecomes Small

doses

death

and

asphyxia supervene,

is from

respiratory

failure. Violent and

vomiting

of the central and The

movements

produced both

this injected,

ingestion. When

medullary centers;

is

by injection

is due

lation to stimu-

the system, especially pressio it is followed by great de-

nervous

and

with prostration,

or

without

of the intestines show

purgation. only

a

brief

216

Botanic

Drugs

do the

augmentation, as

involuntarymuscles generally; but the later ganglionicparalysis blocks all tonic impulses from the central nervous system to the involuntarymuscles. Plain muscle also loses tone.

Nicotine and lobeline have

powerful stimulating action on the central nervous system, injection causing muscular twitching,hurried respirationand vomiting; this quickly followed by depression. It is the ganglion cells that are first stimulated;and the later coma and convulsions are partlythe result of asphyxia. The pupil is influenced,usuallybeing first contracted and The

what

then

toxic is said

a

dilated.

action

of lobelia

so

regarding the nicotine alkaloids that it

needs littleseparate consideration.

fatalitiesfrom

many

closelyparallels There

have been

lobelia.

The

question of tolerance to nicotine and lobeline worked out by Edmunds. See Jour, of Phar. was and Exp. Ther.,June, 1909. He proved that no true tolerance was gained to either alkaloid. On the contrary, sensitization occurred used.

factor.

No

Tolerance one

established in

in

man

in is

some a

of the animals very

variable

knows how or definitely why it is the case of the tobacco-user,though

it is probablethe adrenal function is a factor. Therapeutics. Permit some erations. preliminaryconsidWhile I believe every word to be true that was stated under the pharmacology,and while "

I have

lobelia to induce most personallyknown and even distressing dangerous symptoms, yet it seldom does, as a matter of fact, act as an energetic I am poison. Of course speakingof the whole drug,

Botanic

218

Here

Drugs

emphasize the fact for it is a fact that a whole drug may not be nearly so toxic as is its separated alkaloids. Especiallyis this true of a complex drug like lobelia. active, Long ago, before the pharmacologistswere I wish

to

"

"

Scudder, an Eclectic, said that lobelia is "a vital the sympathetic stimulant, by its influence upon system

nervous

giving increased

activity of

all

These influences come vegetative functions. from minute ture. doses, one drop or less" of the tincthe pharmacology of lobelia Reference to shows for his statement. considerable justification Add of the adrenal function, to this the stimulation the

"

and

one

be

wherein

of lobelia may in stimulatingdigestion, secretion,and

can

see

valuable

circulation due

small

doses

to innervated

Certainly small doses of lobelia are just as rationallygiven small doses of ipecac;and they do no harm, as are poor

at

states.

least. As

emetic, lobelia is certainlyeffective;but, much safer emetics, why use have so

an

when

we

lobelia? In

asthma

lobelia is

a

well-established drug, due,

of the things: its stimulation probably, to two suprarenal function, and its dilating the bronchi. pressin This latter effect is probably due to the drug dethe endings of the broncho-constrictor nerves in the muscle

stimulates

fibers of the bronchioles.

the

broncho-dilator

if lobelia stimulates here

a

beautiful

nerve

the adrenal

illustration

of

Adrenaline

endings;

function, the

we

so,

have

strictors broncho-con-

time that the being depressed at the same broncho-dilators are being stimulated.

Botanic In

Remedies

219

experience,lobelia acts rather slowly in spasmodic asthma, as ordinarilyadministered; so I it hypodermatically in non-alcoholic ampoules use adjusted to a lobeline standard of 0.2 per cent and carrying antisepticsto render the solution stable. This solution I find to act purely as does lobelia, with two exceptions: it is prompt, and emesis is not very readilyinduced by full therapeuticdosage, one ampoule containing such a dose in a bulk of 1

cc.

As

my

of solution.

antispasmodiclobelia

an

alone of value

in

Jackson, The Jour, of Lab. and Clin. Med.,

asthma.

Nov., 1915, contends spasmodic bronchial the other

prevailin

of muscular some

cases,

that

there

are

two

forms

as

also in certain

other

respiratorydiseases we antispasmodic affecting both nerve

an

Lobelia

muscle.

of

of nervous, asthma, the one origin. I believe both factors

In

affections. need

is not

is such

an

modic spas-

often and

agent.

antispasmodicis purely a symptomatic remedy; but in spasmodic cough, spasmodic croup, bronchitis with a spasmodic element involved (as well as a nauseant expectorant), lobelia often serves very in no well. other respiratory affection is its But action so definite as in spasmodic bronchial asthma. In these indications moderate, not large,doses are An

indicated.

rigidos in the first stage of labor, lobelia,gradually pushed to the point of has acted well in my hands. In relaxing nausea, strangulatedhernia it is not used so much as now it formerly was, though it may be efifective in some In

cases.

a

number

of

cases

of

Botanic

220

lobelia seed

Ground

Drugs

incorporated in a poulticeand appliedexternallyin painful and oppressed respiratoryaffections. fantastic During the last few years some very claims have

been

it is

be

may

for lobelia.

made

Used

tively, conserva-

drug with adults. Children do well. One can not tolerate it very readilybecome enthused in the treatment lobelia,especially over of respiratoryaffection. It is assuredly a good nauseatingexpectorant; but why derange digestion with

a

useful

agent of this class in the routine

any

treatment

such an respiratoryaffections? When agent is books needed, ipecac is to be preferred. Modern the practice of medicine lay stress upon on portive sup-

of

the old expectorant syrups Don't overdo pectorants exproperly,going out.

treatment, are,

very

lobelia or

"

Lobelia, except harmless

and

other

any

for

its

one.

possible and

in small doses, is In severe routine one.

indication

certainly

an

emergency

attacks of remedy, not a fully spasmodic asthma, in spasmodic croup (very carein rigidos such are to small children),and "

the

indications

and

some

for

lobelia.

of the claims made

It is not for it

is apt to drop profession robbing therapy of an agent

are

a

cure-all, ridiculous

so

that the

the

thus

of definite usefulness

within Dosage.

a

narrow

drug entirely,

field. mum l}^ grains;maxifl.: 1 to 30 minims; emetic, 1 fluidrachm;

leaves: average, 30 grains. The therapeutic,

average,

The

"

8

minims.

expectorant,

5 to 15

The

tr.:

minims.

Better

err

of small, rather than large, dosage. and LoBo-ToxiN Subculoyd Lobelia

lobelia productsfor

hypodermic

use.

on

the side

are

two

Botanic

Remedies

221

MALTUM

Malt,

from

the

distichon.

Hordeum

partiallygerminated barley Extract

of

Malt

has

consistencyof honey and possesses amylolytic tablespoonful. It is properties. The dose is one reliable vehicle for many most acrid, resinous, a tive, drugs. Malt extract is nutrioily,or disagreeable the

tonic, and is

a

fermented

laxative. malt

extract

It is combined

of alcohol.

Liquid

Malt

Extract

containing a minimum with hops, like in beer,

good bitter and reconstructive tonic possessed of slightsoporificproperties. Diastase in malt, Taka-diastase is the active ferment being form used in medicine. the prominent commercial It is a starch-digesting derived from Euroenzyme tium oryzae, a mold. This is grown hydrolized upon wheat bran, developing a diastase three times as It acts as a starch-digestant active as malt diastase. and is given in doses of 1 to 5 grains. It is used in amylaceousdyspepsia. other digestantsof vegetable origin. There are and

serves

Bromelin

as

a

is

an

active ferment

derived

from

Ana-

It has a trypticaction saliva,the Pineapple. in neutral solutions, and, especially digestsvegetable and animal proteids. It is destroyedby heat. It is not very available as a drug, but fresh pineapple Do not juice has considerable digestive power. bromelin with confuse bromalin; the latter is a nassa

substitute for the bromides.

Papain, is the Carica Papaw.

sodium

Papayotin,

also known

Caroid, concentrated active principle of the juice of known the a tropical melon as papaya, It is given in 2- to 5-grain doses with bicarbonate. It aids in dissolving mucus or

as

Botanic

%%% in the stomach

in

Papain

more

Drugs

ulcer and other conditions. gastric

active agent of the class. A solution in equal parts of glycerin and water

5%

is the

dissolves false membrane not

are

of

in croup.

great clinical value

as

thought to be the

These as

agents

formerly

was

case.

MANNA

The

recognize mannite mild

and

in milk

Average dose,

4

officialbut in the

is

a

Tamarindus

F. IV, from

deleted

laxative

from

dosage

same

Manna

manna.

saccharine

Indica, is another It is used

and N.

Netherlands

give to children. It is is pleasantto the taste. is a peculiar Mannite

to

drachms.

Tamarindus,

sugar.

not

suitable

laxative

administered

of Fraxinus

official. The universally

is almost

ornus

exudation

saccharine

concrete

as

almost U.

the

versally uni-

S. P. IX. and

manna

is

an

Cassia, from ingredient of the old confections. has also been deleted from the U. S. P., Cassia fistula, is official in several

but of

the

saccharine

griping. Its VIII, but is It is

a

Prunes

laxatives, but

average

dose

domestica,was

Prunus

from

countries.

laxative when

eaten

benzoic

contain

form

and

cranberries

used to

are

F. carica,were

of

to

officialin the U. in

cause

grains. Prunum, S. P.

Formulary.

quantity as

acid, which

kidneys in the from

is apt

listed in the National

now

the Figs

is 60

It is another

a

dessert.

is excreted

by

hippuricacid; so prunes acidifythe urine. Ficus, official in the

U.

S. P.

laxative, partly from the sugar and content partly from the small seeds therein actingmechanically. This whole class,as well as "Agar," q. v., are

VIII.

They

are

Remedies

Botanic laxative

largelyon

of the

account

the

matter:

223

sugar

bulk

content

of

is not

absorbable non-

the

only factor. Bran bread, prepared brans, and many much the same other bulky foods serve purpose. The mineral hydrocarbon oils are also mechanical These laxatives. simple agents should be more laxative pills. largelyused instead of so many MARRUBIUM

(hoarhound),Marrubium

HOREHOUND

Officialin

Japan

and

vulgare.

the U. S. P. VIII.

Stimulant, tonic, and

slightlylaxative. Warm infusions produce diaphoresis. The cold infusion is a bitter tonic. In the form of a syrup it is regarded tonic expectorant. The fl. may be given in as a doses of 20 to 30 minims. MATICO

Pi'perangustifolium.Official in Mexico and the U. S. P. VIII. Its activityis dependent upon a volatile oil which influences the genito-urinary passages

in

much

is used

Matico

the

same

way

as

principallyin the

does

cubeb. of

treatment

for further discussion. gonorrhea. See "Cubeb" The fl.is given in doses of 30 to 60 minims, the oil in doses of 5 to 20 minims. MECHANICALLY

USED

DRUGS,

COLORS

AND

FLAVORS

Under

and in several incidental "Agar," "Manna" references,as under "Gossypium," this class of remedies which

are

will be

discussed.

A

few

remain, however,

grouped togetherhere. Vegetablesuspendingagents are Acacia, Traga-

Botanic

224

similar gums

and

CANTH

Drugs well known

too

to

require

discussion. and they need no elaboration are excipients many, here. cent. Many substances are merely demulAcacia and tragacanth are such. Gelatin, although nutritious, is used separately and as Pill

Glycerinated

Gelatine,

as

demulcent

a

basis for

Marshpastilles.Althaea officinalis, is a most agreeable demulcent containing mallow, Linum, is an mucilage. Linseed agreeable tea, demulcent of value in bronchitis. The oil (Flaxseed oil)is used as a pharmaceutical base, especiallyin Calcis. Ulmus, Linimentum Ulmus fulva.Slippery medicated

Elm, is another triturated

popular such

as

useful demulcent.

with

demulcent

Moss,

Glycerite

of

is

q. v.,

More are

Almonds,

acacia, make

gum

mixture.

Glycyrrhiza,

Iceland

and

sugar

Sweet

active

demulcent.

a

agents,

Cetariay

Starch and good demulcent. Starch used mechanicallyand as are a

demulcents. The

Emollients

often

are

used

are

many.

The

in this connection.

vegetable oils Poultices

are

vegetable substances. Vegetable oils enter into official soaps, liniments, etc. Dusting Powders are largelyof mineral origin,

also made

of

numerous

but starch is also used.

has the erty propresins and so is a most

Lycopodium

of absorbing oils and and excellent protectivein intertrigo It is of substances

and

service in

the

tions. similar affec-

in

protecting hygroscopic making of extempore pill

masses.

Rubber,

gutta-percha, cotton, vegetable wax, other vegetablesubstances rosin,mastic, and many used mechanicallyin medicine and pharmacy. are

Botanic

226

Drugs

"Limonis," "Laurocerasus," "Mints," "Cinnamomi," "Glyeyrrhizae,""Amygdalus," etc. The various medicated waters. Aquae, of the U. S. P. Amygdalae Amarae, Anisi, Aurantii fiorum, Menthae Cinnamomi, Foenicula, Menthae piperitae, available. The U. S. P. syrups and Rosae viridis, are of almond, orange, orange flowers,rose, sarsaparilla, tolu,and ginger;and the Elixir Adjuvans (U. S. P. Aromaticum, are VIII), and Elixir readily procured here.

See

"

"

oflficial. There

because

are

a

of

number

oflScialSpirits,

Sjp.Gauliheriae

the aquae; but largelyparalleling is not so paralleled.Several U. S. P.

tinctures

cardamon, cardamon pound, comcinnamon, lavender compound, lemon peel, and vanilla serve as flavoring agents. There officialflavoringagents that so are many physician can dispense or prescribeproducts any of extempore type that are of fullyrepresentative and

N.

F.

"

"

the much A

vaunted

serious

used

because

"elegantpharmacy." abuse in medical dispensingis the overemployment of tablets,filled capsules,granules,etc., of their convenience

when

not

at

all

These adapted to the case. agents have a proper place; but physicians who dispense should not practic It is not at all imneglectthe liquidremedies. to carry a supply of bottles,tinctures, and other fluid preparations, flavors,coloringagents, diluents, etc., and dispense capably, scientifically and profitably.And it is equallypracticableto write "elegant-pharmacy"prescriptions. "

MELILOTUS

Melilotus

Sweet Clover, Yellow officinalis. Mexico, Melilot, officialin Austria,Germany, Italy,

Botanic and

Remedies

227

Norway. It is sometimes called Trifoliumofficinale a prominent proprietarypreparation being

it,under the latter name. Clover, is also used tense. Red based

Trifolium pra-

on

in

a

proprietary

product. is active

Melilotus

on

account

of its content

of

coumarin; it exists therein only in small quantity. Tonka, Dipterix odorata, official in Japan and

Mexico, and

used

as

coumarin.

contains

for vanilla,also Liatris odoratissima,to be referred a

substitute

is a coumarin-bearer. presently, is a pronounced narcotic Coumarin to

cerebral

intoxication.

which

It also influences

duces pro-

the

heart, in largedoses paralyzingit. Melilotus is similar in Melilot, alba. White action to the yellowvariety. Liatris odoratissima. Vanilla Plant, Deer's before referred to as a coumarin-bearer, Tongue, is,to my personalknowledge, very largelyused in cigarettes. smoking tobacco and our nasty American This weed is gathered and shipped to tobacco warehouses I have

"

tobaccos

"

and

it there

and

brands

of

demonstrated

its

pipe and cigarette where it is incorporatedto give a fine to "dope" the product.

in fourteen

presence

aroma

seen

of the Johnson, in "A Manual Medical America," says of it: Botany of North "The deleterious effects produced by smoking tobacco thus adulterated are much greater than those produced by the consumption of pure tobacco in The inhalation of a few whiffs even greater excess. of the smoke from of this a cigarette made adulterated material, provided the inhalations are made in quick succession,produces a train of cerebral Dr.

Laurence

Botanic

228 sensations

of

diflFerentfrom

Drugs

intoxicatingcharacter

an

effect of tobacco

any

alone

much

as

could

as

be imagined; and

prolonged use of such cigarettes gestiv invariably produces great derangement of the diorgans, very little resemblingthe dyspepsia of tobacco, together with induced by excessive use often of a distressing character. cardiac symptoms "The in this form habit of smoking coumarin to become more inveterate,more exacting, appears than that of the use of tobacco alone, so that the is for such he should be called unhappy victim comfortable except when indulging." never The above throws more cology light on the pharmaof coumarin than anything else I have "

"

encountered.

Melilotus contains

very

ever littlecoumarin; but what-

it. action it has is dependent upon It is a little difficult to Therapeutics. "

scientific place for melilotus

mine deter-

therapy;but it has a reputation in the treatment of neuralgia. From own experiments with the drug, I believe my its rational indication to be in painful conditions dependent upon cerebral hyperemia. It has, in my headache and some hands, relieved congestive cases in action. of neuralgia. The drug is evanescent a

The

maximum

much

dose

smaller

doses

of the

in

fl. is 10

but

minims;

frequentlyrepeatedgive better

results.

Assuredly melilotus how

far it is wise

seen.

to

is

active drug; but

an

extend

its

it should Theoretically,

use

aid in

remains

just to

be

treatinghay-

fever. Red

Clover,

established

Trifolium pratense, has

reputation as

a

a

long-

vegetable alterative.

Botanic As

active

seeds

may

possess

clover

of which

roots, the root of the active properties; it would

and

probable to find activityin

more

229

belongs to the Leguminosae,many

it

have

Remedies

the root

blossoms

than

red

be in

used; with several other drugs, inclusive but always combined of potassium iodide. Therefore, who is to the

blossoms.

say

whether

the

However,

red

clover

blossoms

by

are

themselves

activity? There are too many agents used in medicine simply because at one time they were ingredientsin poly-pharmacy preparations.

possess

One

any

of the

best illustrations of this is the number

from one pharmacopeia agents carried over As an illustration, another, and yet nearly worthless.

of such to

see

the next

entry. MEZEREXTM

Daphne Mezereum, oflScialin the TJ. S. P. IX, but dropped by all other countries except Mexico, Japan, and Switzerland. An acrid poison of no use gredien internallyand yet for long, and even yet, an inof the compound fluidextract of sarsaparilla and hence allegedto be of service in the treatment As a rubefacient it nonsense! of syphilis.What is vastly inferior to capsicum. Yet the TJ. S. P. advocates poke fun at the Eclectics and their standards. MINTS

important mints, or LahicUaey will The remaining ones are separatelyconsidered. be grouped togetherhere. Cunilia Mariana, Dittany, a very fragrant mint the same as pennyroyal. See "Hedeoma." essentially Hyssop, stimulant, aromatic, Hyssofus officinalis, Some

of the

more

^30

Botanic

carminative, and

tonic.

Drugs of oil,1 to 2

Dose

drops. Lavandula Lavender, tonic, stimulant, officinalis, The U. S. P. Spiritof Lavender and carminative. contains 5% of the oil of the flowers. The average dose is 30 minims. Lycopus Virginicus,Bugleweed

Water

or

less aromatic

is

Horehound,

than

of the mints.

most

bitter and

more

Has

a

tation repu-

for influence

improving the circulation through an the sympathetic system, and is used upon

in doses of 5 to 10 minims

used

in chronic

that

it slows

made

It

cough.

the

stated

was

of the

rate

careful test

very

of the fl. Has

of

lycopus

heart-beat.

of this, with

twice-dailyrecords

and

also been I have trols con-

proper

the

chart, and little influence of any kind was demonstrated, very concerned. far as the circulation was so Certainly I have thought, howslowed. the heart was ever, not that it is about the equal of wild cherry as a tonic and cough remedy in chronic pulmonary affections.

expect

a

a

tonic influence such

See

agents

reasonable to expect a sedative mint; but it is not at all unreasonable

It is not

action from to

on

to act

anything like

"Marrubium."

as

we

get from

I believe these

and that they do similarly, the value

difficultiesonce

lycopus

in tuberculosis

two

not

possess

and

rhagic hemor-

ever, lycopus. Howastringent. Leonvrus

attributed to

is somewhat

cardiaca.Motherwort, tonic properties. The

hound. hore-

is another same

can

Balm. oftdnalis. Mentha Peppermint, piperita.

bitter mint

with

be said of Melissa is

widely official Mentha in several forms. viridis.Spearmint, is officialin the U. S. and England, mentha arvensis, is official in Japan, as Japanese Peppermint,

Botanic is also its oil. Oil from

Mentha

Remedies Curled

of

231 is derived

Mint

officialin England crispa,

Menthol,

stearoptene, is derived

a

oil of any

origin.

It is too

much

and

Russia.

from

mint pepper-

of

enteric gastro-

a

irritant for internal use, and it is absorbed slowly;but from the skin it is rapidly absorbed and

endings. It is employed of neuralgia of pein the treatment superficially ripheral with camphor, chloral, origin. Combined or phenol, and placed in the cavity of a carious tooth, it relieves the aching. It has been applied effort to abort them, sometimes with to boils in an success. Equal parts of menthol, thymol, and hydrated chloral, rubbed together until liquefied, is the basis of several formulae, variouslymedicated with morphine, atropine, and cocaine, and used and other painful affections. externallyin rheumatism Dissolved in oil,menthol enters into various it

depresses the

formulae ester

used

sensory

in

laryngology. Coryfin

is

an

acid

of menthol.

Peppermint and spearmint are stimulants

and

of many

carminatives

agreeablearomatic

adapted

to

the

ment treat-

minor

gastrointestinal derangements. Nepeta cataria.Catnip, is used in hot infusion for infantile colic. Ocimum basilicum,Sweet Basil, has an action similar to lavender. Origanum vulgare. Wild is stimulant, tonic, and emmenaMarjoram, Sweet 0. Majorana, acts similarly. Marjoram, gogue. Rosmarinus is used Rosemary, officinalis, principallyas a perfume. Scutellaria lateriflora, Skullcap, formerlyofficial but only in the U. S., has been deleted from the U, S. P. IX. Very slightlyaromatic, but quite bitter.

Contains

no

active

ingredient,so

far

as

232

Botanic

known. for it

It has was

been

Drugs

disappointingas

considered

once

Salvia

as

nervine

a

remedy,

a

and

spasmodic anti-

Sage, widely official officinalis.

but has been deleted from

the U. S. P. IX.

It is

a

of value as a gargle and culinary tonic-astringent flavor. Thymus is separatelyconsidered. tain MounMint, Pycnanthemum incanum, and P. liniThyme, are folium, Virginia disagreeablemints no longerused to any extent. It

to

seems

substances studied

Under has

"

that the mints

me

stearoptenes,

etc.

"

contain

that

aromatic should

be

regards their action in the blood-stream. "Echinacea," q. v., and elsewhere,reference as

been

made

to

this matter.

The

well-known

action of

camphor, q. v., a stearoptene, illustrates the thought. Two of the mints, peppermint and thyme, contain stearoptenes, and other mints probably and thymol, when do also. Menthol injected, produce a positivepharmacologic action somewhat similar to that of camphor. Also read what was said

under

"Inula,"

which

contains

an

alant-

camphor. "Plantex"

and

"Autolysin"

proprietary product made the producers.

are

products of similar formula, but each according to the ideas up The formula was given in the N.

the

Feb. 19, 1916, in follows:

Autolysin;it is

an

article upon

of

Y. Med.

Jour, for as

Grams.

trifoliata

(leaves) Melilotus officinalis(leaves) Mentha crispa(leaves) Brassica alba (seeds) Anemone hepatica(leaves)

Menyanthes

8.0 8.0 8.0 20

0 .

7.5

Botanic

234 the

of these

Drugs has

accumulated, much of it sufficiently critical to give a hope that for combating they are supplementary or auxiliarymeans the disease that may be ignored, espenot cially in view of the paucity of resource available so upon

and

use

agents

the further fact that their discreet

use

is harmless

patient. And it seems, from hundreds of clinical cases reported,that the post-operative of this form of treatment use gives encouraging but it should be emphasized results in many cases; Plantex that neither Autolysin nor should be used of the recognizedforms of treatto supplant any ment. to

the

Horowitz

and

Beebe

have

evolved

a

lot of

theory

"chlorosubject,the latter claiming that phyll, portant lipoids,and extractive matter" are the imFor recent data on the lipoids content. see (lipins), "PhysiologicalChemistry" by Mathews and Company). Furthermore, cer(William Wood tain stearoptenes, such as camphor and menthol, are reallyterpenes, or stearols of the terpene group, which be classed as from a lipins (lipoids) may upon

the

chemical the

basis.

terpenes.

See

And

"Abies"

it must

for also be

a

discussion conceded

of

that

globin chlorophyll yields pyrrol derivatives, like hemodoes. Chlorophyll has a plant function strikinglyakin to blood corpusclesin biologiclife. Plant chromoproteins are wonderful agents. What do they do when injectedinto the blood? Perhaps if plant extracts containing lipinsplus chlorophyll (it is hard to separate the two), and lipinsonly of the terpene group stearoptenes, etc. were injectedinto the blood-stream, some pretty definite things would be done by them in the direc"

"

Remedies

Botanic tion

of vital stimulation

235

raisingthe opsonic

and

secondaryinfections. The mints, Labiatae (mentha, thymus, etc.),and the Comto me to be positae(echinacea,inula, etc.),seem somewhat promising in this direction, as do the and Fibrolysin, Coniferae. As Thiosinamine q. v., derived from mustard, the Brassica alba (white are nent mustard) in Plantex and Autolysin may be a promifactor in their effects upon neoplasms. These proteomorphic theories are plausible,but index

to mixed

should

we

not

or

stress

In

them.

article

an

on

vaccine

Ass*n., Jan. 20, for the theory of John Davis 1917, David argues the nonspecificeffects of bacterial vaccines, contending that proteins, albumoses, serum lipoids, colloids,etc. (animal or vegetable proteins),are specificagent more important than any assumed in the vaccine; and he suggests that a sterile pure chemical proteose which can preparationof some cine." be the coming "vacbe carefullystandardized may it may This is rather revolutionary,and

therapy in The

open

a

up

intravenous

wide use

Amer.

Jour.

of

field for

Med.

the

plant extracts,

subcutaneous not

only in

and cancer

but in other affections. Erwin Plants:

F. Smith, "Studies Its Relation

to

on

Human

the Crown

Gall of

Cancer," in The

markable Research, April,1916, traces a reand human cancer similaritybetween crown gall. The hypothesis is or plant cancer, offered by a gentleman who is not yet prepared to cellular back up his theory, in a letter to me, that multiplants protect themselves from invasion or destruction by unicellular plants (plant cancer, other or etc.) by developing protectiveenzymes

Jour,

of Cancer

Botanic

236

Drugs

protectivebodies; and he speculatesupon the posistered sibihty of these plant-canceranti-bodies,adminsufferer from cancer, to a human influencing human cancer. Only by the most painstaking however, will light be laboratory investigation, thrown upon these problems. MITCHELLA

Mitchella reSquaw-Berry, official. Said to be astringent,diuretic,

Partridge-Berry, Not

pens.

and

parturient.Was woman's remedy, and It is

one

used has

by Indian down

come

of the Rubiaceae, none

women

to

us

being active

as as

a

such. inally. medic-

The

plantcontains no active agent. Pilcher {Jour. Phar. and Exper. Ther., Feb., 1916) reports it as giving negative results pharmacologically. The fl.is given in doses of 30 to 60 minims. MUSCARINE

is found

Muscarine

in the Fly

Agaric, Amanita

pathic muscaria, a poisonous mushroom, used in Homeopracticeunder the name, Agaricus muscarius, but largelyabandoned by them as a remedy. Agaricin, derived from it, is a very uncertain and unreliable nitrate,in doses of 1-30 agent. Muscarine

grain,has of nightsweats and to

1-15

is not nitrous

to be

should

not

in

commended.

ester

It is about

been

employed in the treatment diabetes insipidus. Such use Syntheticmuscarine is a

of choline, with

one-tenth

curare-like

action.

muscarine, but it be used in therapeutics.

Toxicology.

as

toxic

a

Muscarine

as

influences

involuntary muscle in the same but to a greater degree way than pilocarpine, but affects the secretory glands to "

Botanic

Remedies

237

inhibits heart action by degree. Muscarine stimulating the vagus nerve-endings. It is antagonized by atropine. a

less

MYRRH

Commiphora myrrha.

Almost

oflficial. universally C. Africana, Bdellium, officialin France and Spain. The

action is due to

a

volatile oil,which

is carminative,

stimulant, and tonic in small doses, and in large doses a gastricirritant. It is excreted by the thus giving expectorant and membranes, mucous uterine influences.

Myrrh stimulates indolent ulcers when and eczema applied externally. The tincture is used in dilution. The undiluted tincture is applied to ulcerated gums, aphthous patches,and relaxed conditions of the uvula, pharynx, and in ptyalism. It is an ingredientof dentifrices. Internally it is employed in bronchorrea, and Therapeutics.

sometimes

"

in tuberculosis. It is combined

with

of the aloe type to modify the action. dyspepsiais often favorably influenced by it is

commonly combined In the treatment with iron

Myrrh

is

with

gatives pur-

Atonic

myrrh;

bitters in this indication.

of amenorrhea, it is

bined com-

aloes.

or

given in doses of

grains. The tincture is effective in 10- to 20-minim ture doses; tincaloes and myrrh in twice this dosage. 2

to

10

NARCISSUS

the Daffodil, various Amaryllidaceae,especially Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Common garden bulbs that cause violent vomiting and diarrhea if ingested, and

may

cause

an

eruption if applied externally.

Botanic

238

bulbs,

The

at

Drugs

certain stages of growth, contain

alkaloids

analogousto atropine.Homeopathic physicians employ narcissus in coryza, whooping cough,

and bronchitis. NUTMEG

Myristicafragrans. The kernel of the ripe seed almost universally the oil in the U. S. and official; few other countries; Nutmeg Butter a (fixedoil of Nutmeg) in five countries;the seed arillus known as

in four countries,and

Mace

the Oil

of

Mace

in

countries.

seven

Nutmeg

and

mace

are

aromatic

stimulants

used

in atonic states of the

tract. gastrointestinal Nutmeg is given in doses of 2 to 10 grains;the oil is administered in an average In large dose of 3 minims. doses these agents are dangerous narcotics.

NUX

VOMICA

Universallyofficial. IgStrychnosNux vomica. is separatelyconsidered. natia, another strychnine-bearer, See it for the pharmacology of hrucine. other plantsbearing strychnine There are numerous in medical and brucine, but they are of no vogue practicein this hemisphere. septic, Pharmacology. Strychnineis powerfully antibut is too dangerous to use in this direction. Even in minute doses it manifests the properties "

of the bitters. vomica

aromatic

is

See "Gentian."

In small doses

nux

of the best of the bitters. Lacking with it should be combined properties, one

other bitters. Small doses increase intestinal peristalsis. nine Strychelevates the

body temperature.

A

cumulative

Botanic

Remedies

239

recentlybeen demonstrated, the drug inated tissues;it is elimseeming to hnger in the nervous slowly. Small doses also stimulate the special senses. Larger doses make the muscles stiffand heighten in motor external stimuli resulting reflex excitability, in full dosage, result in a excitation, which may, is stimulated, The convulsion. medullary gray matter the respiratory, cardiac, and vaso-motor as are has

action

centers.

drug does not act stronglyon the mammalian heart. Quite oppositeto digitalis, strychnine does not aid in cardiac failure and auricular fibrillation, be a cardiac tonic. Blood-pressure though it may is raised,probably from the excessive muscular tractions coninduced by the drug. ^A feelingof uneasiness and reflex Toxicology. is followed by muscular twitching, a irritability The

"

sense

of suffocation, and

characteristic convulsions.

They are first clonic and then tonic, opisthotonos cular resulting.There are remissions,with complete musthe seizures relaxation;increasingin intensity, and producing the affecting the facial muscles The patientremains characteristic risus sardonicus. conscious but suffers great pain,perhaps with vomiting and purging. Finally asphyxia, cyanosis, Three dilated pupils,coma, exhaustion, and death. four seizures are or usuallyfatal. The minimum lethal dose in an adult is }/2grain. Give emetics, the best one being apomorphine hydrochloride. Wash out the stomach if the patient is seen to early,adding potassium permanganate the water. If a fatal dose has been taken, by the time the physicianarrives these measures useless; are

Botanic

240

Drugs

keep the patient under chloroform. if available. Give oxygen Keep the patientwarm. be employed. Artificialrespiration may in small Therapeutics. For use dosage nux is preferableto strychnine. These tions indicavomica in that

event

"

are

as

a

tonic and

nux

vomica

to

influence the

enteric gastro-

tract.

As

tonic

a

motor

centers

of the

circulation

tone.

As

tincture

a

nux

strychnineact

on

the

excite the vasomotor membrane, in the cord, increasing the activity

gastric mucous and

and

and

stomachic vomica

promoting generalsystemic bitter,it is well

with

to

combine

of the fluid preparations

one

possessed of aromatic

properties. Impaired if the system at large is feeble, especially digestion, is markedly improved. Gentian, cinchona, and

hydrochloricacid in such

by

combine

In anemia

cases.

nicelywith

nux

vomica

the tonic action is enhanced

iron.

In even

disease it is to be noted that gastrointestinal doses stimulate peristalsis. minute By long

continuance organs

is somewhat is often

fairlyfull

doses, torpor of the abdominal

of such

doses

of

Gastrointestinal fermentat

overcome.

kept nux

up

by

vomica

of tone, and do much to end the want

gastriccatarrh not due to serious of some cases organic changes, atonic constipation, vomiting,especiallythat associated with infantile the drug is of value in diarrhea,and in sea-sickness, fairlyfull dosage. and vomica On the circulation nux strychnine both tonic and stimulant, especiallywhen are abdominal troublesome distention is aggravatinga condition.

weak

In

circulation.

Botanic

242

after the

Drugs

lesions become

then

quiescent,say

in hemiplegia,

these

dangers do not exist. In diphtheriti paralysisthere is always a possibledanger from the use of strychnine, and adrenalin may often well be used in its place. In the later manifestations of infantileparalysisstrychnine has been used intramuscularly.Be careful of the drug in shock. When

the

enuresis and

sphincterslack tone, incontinence

strychnineoften should

be

the menstrual Dosage.

in nocturnal

as

of urine, nux

vomica

and

of value.

rhea Neuralgicdysmenortreated by givingstrychninebetween periods.

Fl.

are

dose, 1 minim; Much smaller,but extract, 34 grain;tr., 8 minims. rarelymuch larger,doses may be indicated. Strychnine, 1-20 dose, 1-40 grain, rarely over average grain. The nitrate and sulphatein same dosage. Strychnine enters into the composition of many and pillformulae. elixirs, syrups, Brucine is separately discussed. See "Ignatia." Strychnine enters into combinations readily,such the soluble iron and strychnine citrate (average as dose, 2 grains). "

nux

vomica,

OILS"

average

VEGETABLE

in the text

Vegetable oils separatelyconsidered do not

appear

Expressed and

in

many

here.

Oil of Almond

as

is olive oil

pharmaceutical connections.

olive oil,it is laxative. Oil of Anise is used and

is used

in carminative

Like

preparations

jflavoring agent. Dose, 1 to 4 minims; Anise water, 4 fluidrachms; spirit of anise, 1 fluidas

a

Remedies

Botanic

Anethol is the main

drachm.

243

constituent

of the oil;

it is used in making anisic acid,an Oil

of

antiseptic. (averagedose, 3 minims) is

Caraway

useful carminative

a

flavor.

and

stomachic and carminative (caryophyllus) anesthetic. Used and locally as an cation appliin toothache. Average dose, 3 minims. Oil of Coriander (averagedose, 3 minims), used flavor and to prevent griping in purgative as a formulae, more senna. especially Olive Oil (average dose, 1 fluidounce), lubricant, emollient, demulcent, nutritive,and mildly laxative. nations Largely used externally,in pharmaceuticalcombiand A useful laxative for by inunction. Serves well infants and more or less used by adults. Oil

,

internal lubricant.

an

as

of Cloves

Oil

of

Cacao

Theobroma,

ing Butter, used in mak-

suppositories. Oleates of atropine,cocaine, mercury, and

veratrine

are

quinine,

officialin the U. S. P. VIII and IX. OPIUM

Poppy, Papaver Somniferum, universallyofficial. officialin twelve standards. Poppy Poppy Capsules Leaves in France, Poppy Seed in Germany and Poppy Oil in France. Red Russia, and Poppyseed ing Petals, Papaver Rhoeas, officialand used as a colorin eight countries. matter Opium is derived from the unripe poppy capsules. The capsules are used

in the form

countries.

The

of

a

decoction

leaves

and

a

syrup

in

some

popularly supposed to be anodyne applied externally, which is doubtful. The seeds contain no narcotic alkaloids and supply fixed oil to commerce, and it is used by painters a are

Botanic

2^44 and as

for

burning

purposes.

It has

also been

used

adulterant in olive oil.

an

California one

Drugs

of about

United

Poppy, a

States.

dozen

Eschscholtzia

is Californica, Papaveraceae growing in the

It contains

acrid

an

substance,

a

bitter

principle,succinic acid, and, possibly,sanclaimed it contains protopine. guinarine. Schmidt of the opium alkaloids. The alcoholic extract one has been used and is said to produce calm sleep. I have experimented with this plant,findinglittle activityin the seed capsules;but the root, when freshlydug in my garden in Pennsylvania,exudes a yellow juicemuch resembling that of sanguinaria. I have taken it in fairly largedoses, without nausea From narcotism. being induced or any marked limited experience,the root of this plant impresses me as possessingto some degree the propertiesof hydrastis,as well as slightnarcotic properties.It had no such action as has sanguinariain my tests I very of it. A tincture is not at all high colored. much doubt if it contains any appreciableamount I do not get its characteristic of sanguinarine, as action; but the addition of a trace of nitric acid to the tincture develops a high color, though it does not cause a precipitate.So there may be a trace of sanguinarinein the root. Pharmacology

of

Opium.

"

There

are

about

opium, morphine^ codeine, and of the phenanthrene thehaine being the principal ones and papaverine,narcotine, narcein, laudosagroup, nine, laudanine, cotarnine,and hydrocotarnine being the principalones of the iso-quinoline group. There are two classes of actions also,a depressant action on the higher cells, and a convulsant action twenty

alkaloids in

Botanic the

on

and

cord.

Morphine

laudanine as

alkaloids

the

the

active

Depressant

is the

245

most

convulsant.

most

between are

Remedies

two

extremes, follows:

as

depressant, Scaled the

tively rela-

principal

codeine,narMorphine^ papaverine, Convulsant. cotine, thebaine, laudanine (Read backward and forward to understand.) loid, Morphine is the principaland dominating alkabut differences exist between morphine and opium. The table expresses the main differences: "

"

Pharmacology excitement

of

Morphine.

is followed

^A short stage of depressionof the higher "

by cerebral centers, with gradual extinguishment of the faculties and then sleep. There is lack of sensibility pressed deto pain; then the medullary centers are and,

in

toxic doses, death

results

from

paralysisof the respiratorycenter. The

cardiac center

is little influenced.

There

is

Botanic

246

Drugs

slight diaphoresis.The central stimuli. is decreased. urine.

contracted

Peristalsis is checked. is

There

anodyne

no

there

is

action

on

upon

and

nerves

Therapeutics.

opium is of

no

if any, little,

are

as

regards the

broken un-

membrane.

mucous

excretion of urine is little affected.

muscles

from

Metabolism

Secretion is lessened except

skin, but The

pupil is

Peripheral

influenced.

unbroken skin Externallyupon value as an anodyne, despitecurrent "

belief to the contrary. Gastro-intestinal Disease.

pain of ulcer and cancer relieved,preferablyby morphine. In acute is to be preferred. In vomiting laudanum gastritis which persistsgive morphine. Opium checks persistent diarrhea. If morphine is used give in repeated small doses. Opium is indicated in intestinal colic. In peritonitis ination, opiates are to be used with discrimif at all.

Don't

"

The

obscure

appendicitisor other abdominal of your ground. In biliaryand relaxes the spasm. Heart. Morphine may

be

the

symptoms

lesion until renal calculi

used

of sure phine mor-

cautiously in cardiac dyspnea,given hypodermatically.The pain is relieved by morphine and of aortic aneurism atropine. Before general anesthesia, a hypodermatic dose of morphine may be given to diminish the danger of cardiac paralysis. RespiratoryDisease. Don't forgetthat morphine Dover's powder depresses the respiratorycenter. is, however, useful in the early stages of many of bronchitis,pleurisy,and cases pneumonia, and small doses of opiatesto allaycough are often indicated, well as largerdoses in severe as pain. Never in the last stages of pneumonia and bronchitis. use "

"

Botanic The

of

use

as

Remedies

opiatesin asthma habit

be

may

247

is not

induced.

be

to

mended, com-

Codeine

is

effective in the relief of

cough. System. Analgesics and

Nervous be

to

used

of the

with

"

the

of

utmost

system; but

nervous

conditions

hypnotics are

"

too

to

many

in diseases

reserve

there

detail

"

are

many

in which

acute

its

use

imperativefor a short period. in which The emergencies of surgery are many morphine must be resorted to "pain,spasm, shock, etc. hemorrhage,severe burns, fractures, is less constipatingand narcotic than Codeine morphine. Especiallyuseful in irritable cough and of diabetes. some cases Average dose, }/2 grain; is a Eucodin phosphate and sulphate the same. dose being 1 methyl-codeinebromide, the average grain. is ethyl-morphinehydrochloride,as listed DiONiN It is used in doses of 3^ to 1 in the U. S. P. IX. grain. Stands intermediate between morphine and codeine. Used in ophthalmology to secure the removal of old inflammatory products from the cornea or conjunctiva. Heroin is diacetyl-morphine, listed in the as TJ. S. P. After several frightswith heroin, I have fectiv its use and consider it less efwholly abandoned far more and dangerous than morphine. in Dose, from 1-60 to 1-12 grain. See comments may

be

"

"New

and

Heroin

is

Nonofficial

Remedies,"

habit-inducing drug drop wholly. a

Papaverine,

an

iso-quinoline group. relaxes smooth

alkaloid from Not

muscle.

edition.

1916

I believe

we

should

opium and of the It a morphine derivative. A very effective drug in

Botanic

248

conditions. hypertonic intestinal action. and

a

local anesthetic.

Drugs

Does A Not

not

interfere with

mal nor-

feeble central

analgesic to any habit-inducing

toxic. Used in intestinal degree,and is but slightly in biliary spasTTiy for the diagnosisof 'pyloric spasm,

colic,and of

in bronchial spasm.

Useful

acute uremia, angina pectoris,

and

in in

some

cases

eclampsia. Its local anesthetic action, with vasodilatation, makes it useful in rhino-asthma and to mitigate the pain of irritant injections. Recentlyapplied,through of the ureter in ureteral to the mouth urethroscope, calculus. Oral and hypodermic dose, 3^ to 1}^ dose. grain. Hydrochlorideand sulphatesame mixture of the hydrochloridesof Pantopon, a the alkaloids of opium (50% morphine). Action ministr same as opium but is adapted to hypodermic adDose, 1-6 to 1-3 grain for adults. U. S. P. Products. Dosage of Opium, 1 grain; opium, 1 powdered opium, 1 grain; deodorized grain;granulated opium, 1 grain;extract of opium, ]/2 grain; tincture opium (laudanum), 8 minims; flui1 camphorated tincture opium (paregoric), tincture drachm; deodorized opium, 8 minims; wine of opium (U. S. P. VIII), 8 minims; Dover's powder, 8 grains;Tully'spowder (U. S. P. VTII), 73^ grains;morphine, 1-8 grain;morphine acetate, 1-8 grain; morphine sulphate, 1-8 grain. These stated as ^ grain in the U. S. P. VIII. were For Children ing give morphine salts in the followdoses: At one month, 1-1000 grain; at three 1-200 months, 1-600 grain; at one grain;at year, five years, 1-30 to 1-20 grain. Repeat no oftener 2 hours. than every Hypodermic doses should be smaller (Holt). "

Botanic

250

on or

scientificbut

a

two

are

Drugs

untried basis,while clinically

fraudulent.

Also

see

one

"Cotarnine."

PAREIRA

Chondodendron

Was

tomentosum.

officialin the

try. eighthU. S. P. Not recognizedin any other counBelongs to the Menispermaceae,an order of climbingshrubs of no general medicinal importance. There are several species, badly mixed in commerce, making suppliesnotoriouslyunreliable. Possesses defined physiological action. Good no specimens resemble buchu in action. The drug is similarly used. The fl.is given in doses of 30 minims. Very properly deleted from the U. S. P. IX. Moonseed, Menispermum Canadense, Canadian is the plant largelysold for pareira. Contains a trace of berberina and a bitter;has been employed A feeble tonic of substitute for sarsaparilla. as a

littlevalue. PASSIFLORA

incarnata.Passion Passijlora but

listed in the

N.

F.

Flower. The

Not

order

cial, offi-

of Passi-

generallyrecognized as possessed of any definite activity.This drug came into vogue in America largely through proprietarymedicine and wholly unscientific advertisingin which unwarranted floraceae are

not

claims

were

made.

of hand, there is quite a volume clinical evidence in favor of the drug. One article On

in

the

other

by Prof. Solomon Guide, Jan., 1913).

its favor

was

and {Critic My attention

was

first attracted

literature,in which

to

Solis Cohen it in Homeopathic

it is commended

efficientantispasmodicuseful in insomnia,

as

an

neuroses.

Botanic

Remedies

251

in acute mania. asthma, and even Thirty to sixty minims, repeated several times, of the "mother tincture" (strongly alcoholic,10 per cent tincture), in asthma, were minutes and ten mended, recomevery commended the drug being especially in Manual of Homeopathic treatingchildren. See "Pocket Materia Medica," Boericke, edition of 1903. of insomnia and asthma, and cases Having many insomnia I was sufferer from a as myself at that time, I tried it out pretty thoroughly. In asthma effective in it failed utterly;but it certainlywas its and I slept well under insomnia cases some influence. The explanation is this: It is a good "night-cap" from the alcohol contained therein. Take two lent teaspoonfulsof brandy (the alcoholic equivaof Dr. Boericke's recommendations), "repeated is and one several times," as he says of passiflora, almost sure to sleep. "

"

But

Eclectic

literature is

more

conservative.

It

preparationsmade from the fresh drug are alone of value, and the Eclectic preparationsare of fluidextract strength. Eclectic in the authorities report the findingof two glucosides drug. They give the dose of the fl.as 5 to 60 minims. It is not contended by them that it will relieve pain act in sthenic conditions;but they class it as an or of value in asthenic antispasmodicand mild soporific of infantilespasm, and insomnia, and in some cases the restlessness and insomnia of low fevers. They it in numerous states use dependent upon reflex nervous excitement,and in place of the bromides. sets

up

the contention

There

study of

is not the

that

available

drug;

its

determined; but I know

any

credited

pharmacology has

scientific not

reliable clinicians who

been

much

Botanic

252

Drugs

on an admittedly empiric basis, passiflora established by the Eclectics. of as My own use been the drug has, as with mild remedies generally, but many marked in which cases by some successes, I was unable to determine whether Nature or flora passiI never to be credited. was employed it in is worthy of illness. Probably passiflora serious cases of further study.

esteem

PETROSELINUM

Parsley,

Petroselinum

oflBcialin the U. S. P. IX the oil in Denmark

Sativum. and

in Sweden

and

The and

Norway, the

fruit

is

land, Switzerroot

in

Austria, France, and

Spain. The oleoresin of parsley seed (Oleoresina Apii Oleoresina or Petroselini) is used in doses of 5 to 15 minims (average,8 minims) in soluble elastic Camphor, produces capsules. Apiol, Parsley cerebral excitement, as does coffee,followed by a similar intoxication, but vertigo may supervene, frontal headache. with ringing in the ears and severe The dose is 2 to 5 grains in capsulesas an amenorrhea^ scanty menstruation, and dysmenorrhea. It should be given immediately preceding the period,so it will stimulate ovarian {Jour. Phar. and activity. As shown by Macht Ex. Ther.yJuly,1913),apiolinhibits uterine contractions, bination being paralyzant in action; hence the comemmenagogue

in

Apiol is apiol is illogical. also an inferior antiperiodic in 5-grain doses, and is said to be antipyreticin doses of 5 to 15 grains. These large doses produce cerebral irritation and not to be commended. are Apiol is not an abortiof ergot and

facient.

Botanic

Remedies

253

PHLORIDZIN

glucosidederived from the root of the apple, renal glycosuriaand cherry, etc. Produces pear, polyuria. The drug destroys the malarial parasites, A

but Its real 1-12

safe to

it is not

in this connection.

use

Dissolve

is in functionalkidney tests.

use

grain in

minims

15

of

a

0.5

solution

cent

per

carbonate, and

injecthypodermically. of the kidney is normal, Glucose, if the permeability

of

sodium

should

one-half

to

in the urine in from

appear

and

hour

for from

continue

fifteen minutes

the secretion to four

two

of sugar

should

hours.

is also Phenolsulphonephthalein test of the kidney. See "New

used

in the functional

and

Nonofficial

Remedies." PHYSOSTIGMA

Official Physostigma venenosum. in Belgium, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and the U. S. Resembles that of pilocarpine Pharmacology. Calabar

Bean,

"

and

muscarine.

Physostigmine,

or

Eserine,

the

to the conjunctiva, alkaloid,by application principal the pupil;it is the oppositeor antagonist contracts of atropine. Causes a fall in intraocular tension. Physostigmine has slight inhibitory action on

the heart. but

Stimulates

less than

action

on

pilocarpine. Definite

the muscular

and bronchioles. muscle

does

secretion of saliva and

tines, walls of the stomach, intes-

bladder.

Induces

Causes

tremulous

and

sweat, stimulant

constriction

of

the

twitching of striped

depresses the central nervous system. Toxic doses cause dote respiratory paralysis.The antiis atropine. Therapeutics. Has been used as a hypodermic purgative,but it is apt to occasion vomiting and "

Botanic

254

Drugs

distention griping.In post-operative paralytic and of the bowel it has been superseded by pituitrin similar hypophyseal extracts. The former uses in ataxia, etc., tetanus, epilepsy,chorea, locomotor do not work while theoretically well out justified, clinically. and sulphate, Eserine, in the form of the salicylate is used in ophthalmic practice (0.25 to 1% sol.) after atropinisation and to reduce intraocular tension, in glaucoma. The alkaloid in oil,as well as as Lamellae Physostigminae (B. P.), are similarly severe

used.

The

lamellae

contain

grain each. Doses. Physostigma, 13^ grains; salts of the alkaloids, 1-60 grain; extract, 1-8 grain; tincture, 15 minims. FL, 1 to 2 minims. 1-1000

"

PHYTOLACCA

Poke and

was

Root, An

Root, Phytolacca decandra, officialin Mexico officialin the IT. S. P. VIII. P.

acinosa, var.

emeto-cathartic

Japanese

Poke

esculenta,officialin Japan. in doses

of 15

minims

fluid-

13^ minims. Large doses are narcotic, toxic depressing and somewhat doses causing paralysisof respiration. Should be used in large Therapeutics. never doses, nor as an emetic. As is often noted, acronarcotic plants seem to be possessedof alterative While the vegetable properties in small doses. "alteratives" few of them, possessed of any are, definite activity,this, I believe, may be said not of Phytolacca root. After large use of it in this connection I believe it admittedly empiric use promotes retrogradetissue metamorphosis and acts extract; alterative in doses

of

"

"

upon

the

"

glandulartissues.

This

latter influence

Remedies

Botanic

readily tested

is

well

as

from

inflammation,in. of phytolaccacerate, application

the internal administration

as

fresh root, has

the

So-called

in mammary

out

the external

which

^55

or

the eliminative Indolent

a

fl. made

usefulness.

demonstrated

rheumatism," especiallyin syphilitic

"chronic

cases

of

origin,is syphilitic action of phytolacca.

of

conditions

benefited

by

indolent ulcers,indolent skin

"

alterative treatment. Iodides need lesions,etc. in these cases, and I have often often debilitating are "

substituted

syphiliswe

phytolacca to

seem

in

them. to

come

a

Sometimes

in

standstill, mercury

it is only as an availing. Of course used interval and subsidiaryremedy that I have Phytolacca in these cases; but this drug and stilof these cases, lingiaimpress me as useful in some and I speak from a largeexperiencetherein. The dermic lesions of syphilismay not always be with salvarsan, especiallywhen tion eliminamet, even is poor; and I am impressed with a belief that should not wholly discredit the vegetable alteratives we therein. They assuredly cooperate with the iodides. In goiter of non-toxic type it has occasionally under but has usually benefited cases care, my failed;nor has it been of value in acute "sore throat," is claimed for it. However, in chronic follicular as it has benefited some I never cases. saw pharyngitis it accomplish anything at all in obesity. The combination of phytolacca,stillingia, and the and

iodides not

iodides is a useful

ula," as well The of

as

one

in what

in the many

mixture

can

we

used to call **scrof-

indications for

be flavored with

an

ative. alter-

compound

sarsaparilla. Undoubtedly the prestigeof phytolacca has been

syrup

Botanic

256

Drugs

injured by its unwise advocacy in diphtheria, other infections. tetanus, primary syphilis,and Needless to say, it has no place whatever in such serious pathology. Give a good fl.made from the recent root in doses I don't believe preparations of 1 to 3 minims. of the berries to be worth employing. Homeopathic pharmacies supply a good 25% cerate. Phytolacca should almost with purinvariablybe combined gative and diuretic eliminants,as by itselfit is less effective. PILOCARPUS

Jaborandi,

oflScialin Pilocarpusspecies^

U. S. P.

eight other standards; P. Jaborandi, PerJaborandi, in five countries,including NAMBUCO Maranham the U. S.; P. microphyllus, Jaborandi, P. penonly in the U. S. (a very valuable species); Rio Jaborandi, in four countries but not natifolius, IX

and

in the U. S. is the active alkaloid

Pilocarpine

in all.

There

of isopilocarpine, pilocarpiquantities dine, and pilosine.''Jaborine" has been stated to be an antagonisticalkaloid with an atropine-like are

also small

action,and

which

occurs

more

in P. Jaborandi

than

but the existence of this alkaloid microphyllus; The hydrochlorideand the nitrate denied. is now dose of 1-6 of pilocarpine official(in an average are and 1-12 grain hypodermatically) grain by mouth ; but the nitrate is the best salt,the hydrochloride being deliquescent. in P.

Pharmacology and secretion

the buccal

of

sacral

from mucous

Pilocarpine.

autonomic

the

"

nerves

Stimulates and

salivaryglands, the membrane,

trachea

ebral cer-

glandular glands of

and stomach,

258

Botanic

Drugs

One

should be very careful of its use in nephritis. The fl.,in doses of 10 to 30 minims, and a 5% infusion are given to produce diaphoresis in "colds'*

bronchitis;but Dover's

and

preferred. There asthma

are

powder is much

some

not

"

many

"

to cases

be of

in which

it may be used, owing to its promotion of the adrenal function; but this is a very round-about asthma. to treat Jaborandi is way

given to restore the lacteal secretion;but such use is rarelyjustified. Sometimes it acts well in myalgia; but its general use in rheumatism is not to be commended. Jaborandi

is

indicated in drug theoretically but in practicemost of them do affections; many work out well. Yet the discriminating not physician will sometimes it with good effect, in use even quite small doses. Homeopathic physiciansesteem minute

a

doses in the treatment

exophthalmicgoitre,and

of abnormal

limit the

to

sweats, duration of

m^umps. PIMENTA

Allspice, Pimenta

Was officialin the officinalis. official eighth U. S. P.; but only the oil is now (average dose, 3 minims). The action is the same as

that of cloves,but

It is

The

it is

more

pungent

in flavor.

useful condiment, improving digestion, somewhat does capsicum, q. v. The volatile oil conas tains eugenol,as does oil of cloves.

a

word

"pimenta"

is in

lay use

as

to referring

Spanish varietyof the Chile Pepper or Pepper, a slightly This pungent speciesof Capsicum annum. is known in French as "piment," in Portuguese as "pimento," and in Spanish as "pimiento." Some varieties are called "sweet pepper." The "hot a

Remedies

Botanic

pepper" Chile

is

259

the Mexican or Capsicum fastigiatuniy

and known

Pepper. Europe as the African The Spanish Pepper is largelyofficialabroad, while have we entirelyneglectedit as a remedy, using only the capsicum. The various species of this in tropicalcountries and are plant are esteemed believed to act as an intestinal antiseptic.See "Capsicum" and

in

"Piper." PIPER

Black

Piper nigrum,

Pepper,

official in several

in the U. S.

Piperine (av.dose, 3 gr.) is a base obtained from it. The oleoresin is given in }/2grain doses. Used externallyas counterirritants tives. and stimulant carminaand internallyas aromatic countries and

PODOPHYLLUM

Podophyllum pelOfficial in eightcountries. P. Emodi, Indian tatum. Podophyllum, official in Great Britain. There is Mandrake,

May

little difference

Apple

in

Root,

action

the

of the

plants.

two

Average dose, 8 grains;fl.,8 minims. PoDOPHYLLiN, rcsiu of podophyllum, is the active

principle.Its

dose

average

in the U. S. P. VIII, but It

discovered

was

by

Dr.

Externallyirritant.

action.

are

Classed

often as

a

Wm.

S. Merrell

in 1847.

Internallya drastic

direct and to

grain

grain in U. S. P. IX.

nauseating and

is apt Podopkyllotoxin various

1-6

1-10

as

irritation of the bowel.

causing much doses

is stated

indirect

are

tive, purga-

inal Medicslow

in

cholagogue.

induce

hemorrhage from

in

constipationwith

organs.

Therapeutics.

"

Employed

Botanic

260

Drugs

hepaticderangement,and

in so-called bilious attacks.

Valuable

malarial

in catarrhal and

belladonna

phyllinand The

resin

it should

is the

not

be

in chronic

used

are

best

jaundice, Podo-

form

combined

pation. consti-

for administration; with

promptly

actingpurgatives. The

nicest

give podophyllin is in the form of the 2X Homeopathic tablet triturates, each containing1-100 grain. I give one or two every hour for from 4 to 10 doses. In this way the patient gets

a

Never

to

way

full dose

but

is not

apt

to

be

nauseated.

give in largedoses. POLLEN

EXTRACTS

Hay-fever is a pollen-proteinanaphylaxis, the victim sensitized to a vegetable having become protein. This brings up the whole question of protein sensitization;but we will discuss it here only as related to vegetableproteins. Many people are anaphylacticto certain fruits, strawberries and apples. Dr. Walter F. Chappell, as New York City, read a paper recentlybefore the American LaryngologicalAssociation and detailing experiments upon anaphylacticto apples, persons strawberries, and experiments upon

with control tomatoes, proper individuals. normal Terrific reaction

subminim injectionof one cutaneously of apple proteinextract of a 1:60,000 strength. Strawberry and tomato protein gave followed

milder

the

reactions.

caria, proteinsdevelop urtivomiting, and angio-neuroticedema. Fagophylactic pyrism, or buckwheat poisoning,is a form of anashock. Hay-feveris marked by asthmatic Persons

sensitive to

fruit

Botanic

symptoms

261

similar to the asthma

somewhat

induced

sensitization.

horse-serum

by

Remedies

(Am. Jour. Dis. Child., June, 1916) tionship advances a theory that there is an etiologicrelabetween protein sensitization and eczema, sensitive to one and he finds that a person protein Blackfan

sensitive to several.

is apt to be

As

involves the

vegetableproteins,this is certainlytrue. in Ricin, the tox-albuminoid principle found castor-oil seeds, is an intenselypoisonous phytofound in the endosperm and embryo; albuminose chemically it is analogous to the bacterial toxins and

ferments, but is stable in the alimentarytract. lethal subcutaneous

The

dose

for

is

man

so

small

expressed in the metric scale as 0.003 gm. Fifteen grainsof it is sufficient to kill one and a half million guinea pigs. By injectionof infinitesimal doses, antiricin is formed in the body, and immunity it is best

is established. The of

study of ricin by Ehrlich laid the foundation

therapeutics.Antiricin

serum

formed

in the

blood

of

a

person

is

an

antitoxin

taking fractional

doses of ricin.

Abririyfrom Ahrus precatorius(see "Jequirity"), and crotin,from Croton tigliumor Croton Oil, a vicious purgative in 1 -minim sembles doses, closely rericin. Toxins

have

poisonous mushrooms. immunized

to

which

highly

also been

Doubtless

obtained

animals

from

could

be

all of these

vegetable proteins (See Pharm. Jour, of Great Britain,Feb. 6, 1915). It impressesme that the endosperms and embryos, the pollens,and probably other protein-carriers of of them, carry substances plant life,may, many are

toxic

when

subcutaneously in-

Botanic

262

which

jected,and antiricin. Of

Drugs

would

develop antitoxins, as antiricin is a remedy only to

course

ricin,and

otherwise

it has

far

know.

plant is

as

we

developan

may

But,

in

as

A

antitoxin but Dunbar's

medicinal

no a

action, so toxin, possibly,and

only m

serum

for

the

body. hay-fever,an

amboceptor, not an activity.Any form

the basis of its antitoxin,was of foreignprotein parenterally

introduced

to the formation

It is

gives rise

probable the

future

will

of antibodies.

develop much

as

gards re-

the

vegetableproteins. Now if you will as regardshay-fever pollinosis, and the use of pollenextracts. It is quitegenerallybelieved that proteincleavage, the split protein,is responsiblefor hay-fever or anaphylaxis,and Vaughan's theory throws light be that there is, fundathe subject. It may mentally, on "

"

but

one

proteinpoisoninvolved.

Serum, has no pharmacoPoLLANTiN, Dunbar's logic action; it contains an amboceptor (possibly of some antitoxin)developed in the blood-serum

pollen derived from ragweed. of a pipetteinto the drop is instilledby means

horses One outer one

treated

with

angle of each eye and one or two drops into nostril (theother being kept closed)every morning It is a good before rising. Apply four times.

prophylacticand is effective in a certain proportion of developed cases. PoUantin is also suppliedin powder; it keeps better than the liquid. Pollen

Extract,

or

Pollen

Vaccine,

is

a

tion solu-

pollenprotein. It is prepared from several plants, as timothy pollen extract, ragweed pollen of

The patient's pollenextract combined. be tested by rubbing a small susceptibility may extract, and

Botanic

Remedies

263

quantityof the pollenvaccine into a scratch of the skin; if the patient is sensitive to that particular pollen,an urticarial wheal results. First test out and wait until the wheal has the susceptibility, cine completelysubsided; then use the appropriate vacpanying according to the printed directions accomthe package. The proper doses are given subcutaneously. Pollen vaccine is used both for and curative treatment. prophylactic of a pollen vaccine develops a certain The use of ricin in degree of immunity, just as the use doses develops the antitoxic antiricin;but minute toxin. no protein,vegetable or animal, is of itself an antiThe even

if

claim

that

echinacea

or

lobelia,q.

injectedhypodermatically,has

value

an

v.,

toxic anti-

in disease

is preposterous; but it is a theoretical possibility that vegetableproteins,when

immunizing body against their action. If we to find a vegetableprotein own were that developed a train of pathologic symptoms defined disease, parallelingthose of some clinically then it might be theoretically by injecting possible, dilution of that protein,to establish a degree of a Nevertheless, immunity to the paralleldisease. this is pure theory. But it might be, for instance, that spasmodic asthma could be influenced by certain pollenproteins. There are plenty of vegetableproteinsupon which for such research. The to experiment if one cares injected,develop

toxic

ones

"

an

abrin, crotin, and

ricin "

should

be handled

of less diluted; but there are many infinitely toxicity. Globulin be readily separated from wheat may from almonds, corylinfrom or cotton-seed, amandin

264

Botanic

Drugs

hazel-nut, excelsin from Brazil-nut, edestin from hemp-seed,vigninfrom cow-pea, glycininfrom soybean, legumin from the lentil or the vetch, phaseolin from kidney-bean,conglutinfrom blue lupineseed, and hordein from barley. (See Osborne "The on don.) Vegetable Proteins," Longmans, Green " Co., LonThe

medicinal

of

buckeye, horse-chestnut, anacardium, worm-seed, buckwheat, castor-bean, ignatia bean, jatropha (purging nut), butternut, peach seed, lobelia seed,nutmeg, Calabar bean, acorn kernels, cevadilla seed, kola nut, Kombe-seed, jambol-seed,tonka-bean, and host of other seeds and nuts, may, in some instances,be partlydue to the activity of plant proteins, at least so far as hypodermic is involved. But it will require a vast deal of use laboratoryresearch to bring to lightanything of clinical significance. Meanwhile let us not assert that anything is a "vegetable antitoxin." But it may readilybe that certain of the plant proteidsmay be of value in the production of some nity. degree of immuuse

POLYTRICHUM Hair-cap

Moss,

Polytrichum juniperum, is diuretic in strong infusion of the whole plant, two of the infusion being given every hour. ounces Its in dropsy seems but pharmato be justified; use ceutical preparations are commonly disappointing. The fl.is given in 30- to 60-minim doses. PRUNUS

Wild

Cherry

Bark,

VIRGINIANA

Prunus

the British,Mexican, and A

Serotina.

Officialin

U. S. standards.

glucoside(amygdalin) and

an

enzyme

(emul-

Botanic

266

membranes, and

relaxed

Drugs walls, and

heart

great vessels filled with

the

its cavities

dark

and

clotted

blood, while the blood elsewhere was fluid. A characteristic action of Pulsatillais its first producingmydriasis and later myosis. This appears to be

determined. definitely The Anemone similar in action pratensis(entirely to A. Pulsatilla and, indeed, the plant most used) found was by Pilcher to depress the activity of to a greater degree stripsof uterine muscle, even than

valerian. it must

Now

be

is forgotten that Pulsatilla of the Ranunculaceae, herbs one having volatile stances acrid principles, aconite and cimicifuga being inLike aconite, Pulsatilla has a definite influenc membranes. The fresh juice the mucous upon ness numbapplied to the tongue .givesrise to the same and tingling characteristic of aconite; in small is diuretic and reduces fever much as doses,Pulsatilla does aconite,though to a less degree,and therapeutic doses of Pulsatilla not so depressingas is aconite. are in small Therapeutics. Like aconite, Pulsatilla, branes; memdoses, is applicableto diseases of the mucous is more directed to the but pulsatilla-action it is indicated in catarrhal conjunctivitis eye, and recent hlepharophthalmiaof simple type, "styes,"" ophthalmia,photophobia,etc. An advantage over be given for aconite consists in the fact that it may not

"

^

some

time.

Catarrhal

in

exanthems other

minor

amenable Nasal

troubles

to

of the

ears,

such

as

children, earache from

and

transient

aural

the influence of

catarrh of

an

acute

in the

occur "

'*

colds,

troubles

are

and

quite

Pulsatilla. nature,

more

especially

Remedies

Botanic in children, and bland

catarrhal

due

267

febrile affections,and dischargethat may persist, seem to

the to

by Pulsatilla. is a sedaTo the genito-urinary tive system Pulsatilla indicated in menstrual headaches^ dysmenorrhea of the symptoms (not the obstructive form), some and that are so disagreeablein orchitis, epididymitis, in the early stages of gonorrhea;but it must be even does not influence the remembered that Pulsatilla tilla, specificinfection in the least. I have found Pulsagelsemium, and cannabis indica to cooperate uncomfortable in the in relievingmany symptoms genito-urinarydiseases of both sexes. of Pulsatilla in the treatment The commendation and mental affections, I believe, of various nervous has arisen from the fact that the drug is a positive of these sexual Many genito-urinary sedative. are hysterias and other neurotic manifestations purely reflex. Pulsatilla may be classed as a nervine, be benefited

like valerian. The

drug has been of

recommended

rheumatism,

in

the

ment treat-

various

gastric disorders, cations asthma, serious pelvicpathology,etc. In such indiI see no rational placefor it. I have used the drug in hundreds of instances, pathic usuallyin one-drop doses, or less,of the Homeomother terval tincture, but at very frequent inin

the

similar troubles

case

of children.

I have

used

as

In

much

orchitis and as

10-minim

doses of the Eclectic tincture,but not for long,since these large doses aggravate. I start with them in

orchitis,dysmenorrhea, etc., and quickly reduce In general,small doses are 1 or 2 minims. more effective than

are

largeones.

to

^68

Botanic

Drugs

PYRETHRUM

Pellitory, Anacyclus Pyrethrum. Half

a

dozen

pharmacopeias, includingour own, retain this "heap powerful medicine," probably because some people like to chew it as a sialagogueand because druggists sell it

Asiatic

as

a

"Persian

as

Insect

Powder"

variety,and put it Assuredly there is no

medicinal

instead

of the

"Our

Own

frice." Denti-

occasion

to

retain it

in

agent in this late day. QUASSIA

Bitter

Picrasma

Wood,

Picraena

excelsa.

excelsa;also known

Official in the U. S. P. IX

as

and

in

eleven other standards.

Quassia is combined

a

with

and

in

throat.

The

bitter.

For

tannin-free iron.

man

be bitter; hence it can animals, Quassin is toxic to some

burning and dryness in the

causes

tincture, in 30-minim the

doses, is a useful therapeuticsof the bitters, see

"Gentian." Infusions in the

of

quassia,given

treatment

being made case

of young

as

enemeta,

are

of threadworm weak

children.

preparationfor this of infusion (1:100 of

and Do

used

the infestation, frequentlyused in

not

use

a

fusion inthe

diluted alcoholic

Ordinarily 3^ pint cold water) is injectedin the of older children or adults {^'seat case worms") with the patientin the knee-chest position. purpose.

QUEBRACHO

Aspidosperma Quebracho-bianco. Official in Mexico, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, and been incorporated into the U. S. P. IX.

tria, Aushas

Remedies

Botanic

269

Homeopathic authorities have long claimed that the "mother tincture" of quebracho is an effective of asthma, stimulating the cases remedy in many in the respiratorycenter and increasingthe oxygen blood, and they have given it in dyspnea. Larrion stated that it

causes

a

diminution

in the number

of

and lessens the frequency pulse-beatsper minute Hale called it "the digitalis of the respiratoryact. of the lungs." There is much more or less conflicting research recorded concerning it. elaborate The most study of its alkaloids was made by Douglas Cow, and appeared in The Jour, of Pharmacology and Exper. Ther., March, 1914. studied quebrachine,aspidospermine, He quebrachamine, and aspidosamine,the first-named proving the

toxic; it stimulated

most

did

the

other

the

alkaloids

central

nervous

in less

degree. The obvious effect was quicker and deeper respiration (not slower)in small dosage. Larger doses had a paralyzing effect on nerve-cells, including the autonomic system, the brain and cord. Still larger doses the sympathetic and paralyzed the vagus, motor nerve-endings. He concluded that it belongs of drugs,causing to the curare-nicotine-coniine group death bj'^ respiratoryparalysis. The normal rhythm of the heart is disturbed by quebracho. system,

as

for bracho quefurther study, but it is established that

Therapeutics. need

it is of value

"

The

in asthma

exact

indications

dyspnea not of cardiac aids the appetite.

and

origin. It's a bitter which The fl. is given in doses of 5 to 30 minims, the latter doses acting very promptly but doing no harm. In severe be given. 60 minims cases, may

Botanic

270

Drugs

Merck's

Aspidospermine is given in graindoses in pillform.

one-

or

two-

QUERCUS

Bark, Quercus alba. There are a host for their tannin. of vegetable astringents used White oak bark deprived of its corky layer is one of the best for external use, since the only active agent therein is tannin, no resins or bitter principles White

Oak

with interfering

prevent

the

the action.

formation

indications for

an

A

decoction

of bed-sores,and

is used in

to

other

ever, astringent. A fl. is made, how-

and is given in 15-minim

doses.

In the U. S. P.

leted. recognized,but oak bark has been deVarious speciesof oak are recognizedin a used as a few of the pharmacopeias. Principally commercial of tannic acid, q. v. source IX

gallsare

QUILLAJA eral QuillajaSaponaria. OflBcial in sevcountries and in the U. S. P. VIII. Q. smegmadermis is officialin France. Quillajais allied to therein makes it too irritant senega, but the sapotoxin

Soap

and

Bark,

toxic for internal

use;

but

an

infusion makes

a

for old ulcers and is used good stimulant application as a cleansingagent. AND

QUININE

ITS

DERIVATIVES

Cinchona, q. v., has been separatelyconsidered; but quinine and quinine derivatives are so important to requiredetailed and individual study. as One break out about thirty alkaloids from can exist in the plant structure cinchona; how many and

how

many

are

produced by chemical manipu-

Botanic

Remedies

271

lation I shall not

pretend to say, but there are only five of any importance. Their formulae, according to Henry ("The Plant Alkaloids")are: Quinine and quinidine Cinchonine

and

cinchonidine

Cuprein The amount

C19H21ON2.OCH3 C19H21ON2.H C19H21ON2.OH

important differences depend of the contained

upon

their

base, and

the

solubility

in water. Pharmacology.

The

various alkaloids

qualitatively similar in their pharmacologic bearings; very all are protoplasmic poisons. Quinine possesses the greater antisepticpower, being followed by cinchonine. chonidin Cinquinidine, conchonidine, and is the most active as a muscle poison, being followed by quinine, conchonine, and quinidine. As is to be expected from the action on muscle, the toxic influence on the heart follows a similar order in relative activity. Conchonidine, and to a less degree conchonine, manifest convulsant activity. All of the alkaloids other than quinine are

inferior to

"

it in their action

on

are,

the

malarial

not markedly inferior to are parasite,though some quinine. Quinine,in very small doses or in dilute solutions, transientlyexalts protoplasmic activity;but the final action, and the only one in ordinarydosage or strength of solution, is to depress such activity. Certain molds and bacteria are resistant to quinine. is no There selective action as regards particular or body cells,but ferment action is retarded. organs In small doses quinine is a stomachic bitter in action: largedoses induce pain in the stomach, with

Botanic

272

Drugs

Absorption occurs cipally prinin the duodenum, being retarded in disease Elimination is by the kidneys of the liver and bowel. of the alkaloid passing out and is rapid,most unchanged, only a small portion being oxidized. So rapid is elimination that it is rare for the bloodunder 1 even heavy dosage, to carry over serum, of the drug: more than this damages the per cent cells of the kidney. In medicinal dosage quininehas littleinfluence on but circulatory,or respiratory organs; nervous, large doses produce excitation followed by depression: convulsant. large doses are sometimes very Fatal poisoningmanifests collapse,with failure of and circulation. the respiration Cinchonism buzzing in the head and deafness is an thereto manifestation, susceptibility irregular It is a peripheral being individual, though common. vomiting

in

cases.

some

"

"

effect.

Unstriped muscle is Rather the irregularly

stimulated uterus

may

and

then

relaxed.

be stimulated

to

contract.

Quinine retards nitrogenous metabolism heat

production. This

and

ens less-

latter is not

by diminished heat loss. In this antipyretic.Small doses stimulate of red corpusclesin the blood, as large doses have

compensated quinine is way the production also the polymorphon the opposite

effect. Therapeutics.

Externally quinine is a littleused antiseptic, employed from 0.5 per cent, in the in conjunctivitis to the powdered quinine as eye, sulphate in full-strength applicationto chancroids. Five per cent, strengthhas been used as an injec"

^

Botanic

274

drug

is of value.

Binz

Drugs the main

was

advocate

of

of whoojping quinine in the treatment cough. He gave the hydrochloridein doses of 1-6 to of twenty-four hours to a 2 grains in the course child under one year of age, 3 grainsduring twentyfour hours at two years of age, 43/2grainsat three years, 63^ at four years, 7^ at five years, and \5]/2 at ten years, all of these being twenty-four hour dosage. it is a specific Quinine kills the malarial parasite; prophylacticand curative agent in malarial fever, it is now known, "mosquito fever." As a or, as prophylacticenough must be kept in the circulation inhibit the development of the Plasmodium to malariae, usuallyfrom 5 to 15 grains a day, though is requiredin a malarial district. more istered As a curative agent, quinineshould be so adminthe

of

use

to

as

be

blood

just before

Small

and

in

greatest concentration

the

sporulationof

in the

the

parasite A large dose when it is least resistant. occurs, (10 to 15 grains)should be given thrice daily for two days before the expectedonset of the paroxysm, about six hours the last dose being administered before that event; then continue in smaller dosage. divided

doses

for long, however, the the

next

to

Arsenic

and

be

continued

being made to adequate dosage.

give opium to some large doses of quinine,in order

necessary

not

effort

with

paroxysm

should

persons,

meet

It is

with these

to limit

tress. gastricdissmaller doses of quinine should

be given during the interval. In remittent fever,give from

singledose

once

falls to

or

twice

about

in

20 a

to

day

normal.

30

grainsin

until the In

a

perature tem-

pernicious

Botanic malarial fever,very

Remedies

largedoses

are

275

demanded,

even

Be cases. on hypodermatically in some guard In the chronic malarial againsthematuria, however. not produce a cure. cachexia,quininemay Change of climate is imperative in some The patient cases. needs tonics and cholagogues,good food and every possiblecare. venous intraSubcutaneous, intramuscular, and even administration used in tropicalcountries are of the pernicious forms of the in the treatment

disease

found

there.

The

method

is not

without

danger, tissue necrosis being readilyinduced by the irritation produced. Indeed, it has been claimed that quiescent tetanus be in the organisms may tissues and be lighted up to virulent activityby intramuscular injections of quinine salts. The intravenous of, say, 10 grains in isotonic salt use solution is safer.

Hemaglobinuria is aggravated, and it is said is produced, by quinine. The plasmodia should be to exist,in a hemaglobinuriccase, definitely proven before the risk is run of intensive quinine administration. of malarial Quinine is valuable in the treatment of the neuroses neuralgia. Some are dependent malaria and are benefited by quinine, as is upon the jaundice of malaria. As an adjuvant to other medication, quinine often useful purpose. In most serves a enfeebledstate any of the system its tonic influence helps wonderfullyin restoration. As

quinine is not of direct value, but after labor has begun it may gish promote the sluguterine muscle to greater activityof function. an

emmenagogue

Botanic

276

In the amenorrhea

Drugs

of anemia, quinine and

iron

are

often of service.

Quinine alkaloid is relatively tasteless. It is easilymasked. The

Administration.

insoluble and

"

sulphateis not very soluble and is inferior to the effects are desired. hydrochloridewhen prompt The alkaloid is readilymasked yerbaby licorice, The bisulphateis readily santa, or chocolate syrup. soluble. The

pharmacology of in all of its compounds; but quinine is the same certain advantages. quinine derivatives possess Derivatives.

Quinine

Some

tasteless,and

are

since

stomach,

they

"

others

are

not

do

not

disturb

the

until after

absorbed

reaching the intestinal tract. Double salts possess advantages for hypodermic use. is a di-quininecarbonic ester, Aristochin nearly tasteless but absorbed from the intestinal tract. as quinine. Dosage and indications the same is quinineethyl carbonate, a tasteless Euquinine class as the preceding. product of the same is very soluble and Quinine Dihydrochloride and when rapid is useful for subcutaneous injection Uses are the same other as absorptionis necessary. salts and given in the same dosage. This salt can be procuredin sterileampule form ready for hypodermatic administration.

Quinine

Tannate

children and

used

is desired. the

is tasteless. otherwise

It must

be

when

given in

It is an

given

to

insoluble salt

double

the dose of

sulphate.

ester and is a quinine salicylic tasteless substitute for quinine. Dose, 5 to 20 is given in someof the same what grains.The salicylate less dosage up to 15 grains.

Saloquinine

is

"

a

Botanic

Quinine cent

per

Ueea

and

Remedies

277

Hydrochloride

contains

60

of anhydrous quinineand is relatively non-

It is readilyused by hypodermicinjection irritating. in the treatment of malaria, and the dosage is that of the other quinine salts. This product may be used internally justas are other salts. membranes, this salt is locally Applied to mucous anesthetic in solutions of a strengthof ten to twenty It is inferior to cocaine

cent.

per

but

as

a

local

thetic anes-

useful purpose, since especially the anesthesia is very lasting.This is an advantage in

serves

a

treatingpainfulaffections,but

when

a

disadvantage

transient anesthesia is desired.

mere

the anesthesia is very By hypodermic injection prolonged, sometimes persistingfor several days; but the salt is very irritating of the tissues, to some producing fibrous indurations. This property is made of by some in the treatment of use surgeons hemorrhoids and goiter. Be sure to employ only the best of technic,as outlined in recent text-books on

surgery.

as

should

One be

even

irritating. Many

which

trouble

solutions

cent

injectedfor

anesthesia,and be

per

arose

as

strong

the

productionof local strengthis very apt to have been reported in

this cases

from

are

the

use

of this percentage

in the

productionof local anesthesia. For the general practitionerof medicine, and when the tissues are of low vitality, it is especially well to use a 0.25 per cent solution;but one of 0.50 per cent is usuallyconsidered safe. RESORCINOL

Resorcin.

This

agent

was

first separatedfrom

galbanum resin,and it has also been extracted from ammoniacum, guaiacum, asafetida,and other vege-

Botanic

278

table

resins.

It

is

Drugs

diatomic

phenol. Thymol other vegetableproducts are also phenols. and some This natural resorcin was formerly much employed internallyas an antipyreticand antiseptic. It in the treatment of ferwas especiallyesteemed mentat dyspepsiaand gastriculcer. the synthetic chemist, and Then in his came hands resorcin became metadihydroxybenzene produced by the reaction of fused sodium hydroxide metabenzenedisulphonate;and this is the only upon the market. It is quite toxic, "resorcin" now on in producing convulsions, and is used principally so-called "hair tonics" and to remove epidermic scales in chronic skin

a

diseases.

But,

as

an

internal

syntheticchemist ruined "resorcin." The reader will please permit me to introduce a little homily at this point. Thomas Bodley Scott, Medicine and Some Modern in his book, "Modern Remedies," publishedin 1916, says: "The effects of the plant remedies are stilloften a matter of doubt, traction though the standardization of tinctures and the exof alkaloids have put things on much surer ground; these remedies, though very often useful of them, indeed, being seemingly indispensable some will eventually, I think, lose much of their prominent for the reason that they are foreign position, The the animal to inorganic remedies system. of them, under rather different heading;many come like iron, arsenic, iodine, potash, and soda, are already constituents of the flesh and blood, and in a measure they can be regarded as body foods; but the great future, I think, belongs to the organic animal remedies, to the ductless gland extracts, and to organicchemistry."

remedy,

the

"

"

Remedies

Botanic

279

to this. If the Syntheticresorcin is one answer organicand syntheticchemist is only given a chance, will doubtless come Dr. Scott's prognostication true. out And come then, after the "vegetable remedies" of a retort, the "ductless gland extracts" will also and will lose out in profesbe made sional synthetically an esteem, and the "Pharmacopeia" become appendix of the trade lists of the manufacturers and "official remedies" of explosivesand dyestuffs, be listed under "By-products."

Doubtless

Dr.

Scott

of the flesh and

would

blood"

not

list

ents "constitu-

as

such agents

as

mercury,

silver,gold,bismuth, bromine, copper, magnesium, useful lead, and zinc, yet they are manganese, remedies; he would hardly claim that chemically made

glucose,or

available

as

benzosulphinide(saccharin)are

food

as

is natural

sugar;

and

he

as

must

that all

drugs, except food-drugs,are "foreign the ductless-gland the animal to system," even from the sheep or other cffthe lower animals extracts Bacteria and being foreign to the system of man. and how is one to meet tapeworms are also foreign; the indications they precipitateunless with some Let us keep our plantremedies "foreign"substance? natural instead of synthetic,and credit the work its own of the organic chemist status on useful, but productive of remedies also "foreign to the animal system." admit

"

RHEUM

Rhubarb,

Rheum

is a common officinale several species are ponticum,officialin "

Rhubarb.

official. R. species, universally their designation. These "

Chinese France

Rhubarb.

R.

Rha-

and Mexico, is European

280

Botanic

Pharmacology.

By

"

Drugs of

reason

its

contained

chrysarobin, rhubarb

imparts an orange-yellow color to the urine. Rhubarb slightlyincreases the flow of saliva; it is stomachic in moderate dosage and promotes digestion;it is purgative in larger doses. The drug possesses slightcholagogueeffects. Owing to the rheotannic acid therein,the purgative influence of rhubarb is succeeded by constipation. Therapeutics. An exceedingly useful purgative; when knows for, as has been said, "Rhubarb the bitters and alkalies,rhubarb to stop." With should be used more of commonly in the treatment indigestion, especiallywith children. The aromatic combined with an cacious alkali,is peculiarlyeffisyrup, in summer diarrhea. Diarrhea marked by intestinal relaxation and acrid secretion is a leading indication for rhubarb. As a laxative and purgative is most rhubarb valuable, but not especiallyso in chronic constipation, owing to its astringency. The average dose is 15 grains;the fl. is given in 15-minim doses; the tr., used as a stomachic, in "

doses of 20 to 60 minims syrup,

;

the syrup

and

the aromatic

dose 2 fluidrachms; the extract, used pillformulae, 4 grains. The mixture of

average

in many rhubarb

and

soda

is

given

in

an

dose

average

of 1

fluidrachm. RHUS

Rhus

the

Sumach aromatica, Fragrant root), contains a terebinthinate

tannin. How

Naturally,its

much

of its tannin

action may

is

on

reach

(the bark of balsam

and

the the

kidneys. kidneys is

problematical,but its balsamic association renders the systemic effect of the tannin more probable than

would

be

the

case

with

uncombined

tannin.

Botanic

282

remarks

These vague

made

simply to show how therapeutic recommendations

are

of

many

Drugs

our

Certainlyit is foolish to

are.

rhus is indicated

Give it on

that aromatic

established polyuria.

an

fair

wholly

to

discredit the

astringentterebinthinates

fill a

useful

"Abies."

dose of fl.aromatic

The with

all in

it is not

Nevertheless

drug. The place. See

at

contend

rhus

is 15 to 30

minims.

since the preparationis not miscible

sugar,

water.

Sumach the U.

Berries,

S. P. VIII.

effective

Rhus The

used astringent,

salivation from mercury, Chinese Galls, Rhus used for the contained

glabra.

Was

diluted fl. is

officialin

simple but in the treatment of aphthae, and as a gargle. semialata,officialin Japan; a

of the diversiloba, Pacific slope.Poison Oak, and Rhus toxicodendron, Ivy of the Eastern States, have similar the Poison Japanese Poisonous toxic effects. The Sumach, Rhus vernix or R. vernicifera,the American R. are venenata, and some tropicalspecies, closelyallied if not similar as regaTds toxicity. tannin.

principleis liquidresin which and which may properties, "The

toxic

Rhus

amber

an

has be

acidic and

Man

to

a

"^

is prepoisonousprinciple served for a long time in alcohol. Many animals eat this plant with impunity,but it is asserted of the smaller animals are poisoned by it. is not constantly affected by the plant. I

Pharmacology.

some

volatile non-

phenolic

readilyoxidized

black, lustrous, durable varnish.

can

colored

"Stevens

and Warren:

Pfaff: Jovr.

Syme and McNair:

The

"

Am.

Jour. Pharm.,

1907, CXXIX,

Exper. Med., 1897. ii,188.

Acree:

Jour.

Am.

Am.

Chem.

Chem.

Jour., 1906, XXXVI,

Soc, 1916, XXXVIII,

301. 1417.

518.

Remedies

Botanic

without

the drug in large doses

taken

have

283

any

whatever; but, in pullingthe vines out inoculated a scratch on of a fence row, finger my and have since been slightly susceptibleto the local action of the drug, and more especiallyto the growing plant. symptoms

is

There

recorded

no

instance

of

human

a

being

dying from the effects of Rhus toxicodendron. The local effects upon susceptiblepersons are too well known but it must be to require description; added that fever, sore turia throat, diarrhea, and hemafollow in of convulsions

some

are

instances

some

resulting.

induced

I have

There

cases.

three

persons

to

proven

be

ceptible sus-

the local influences of the

drug to swallow capsules I carefullyfilled with 10 drops of a fresh Homeopathic mother tincture of the plant retained the joint by coating the capsuleswith paraflSnover but not over the body of the capsule. None of these whatever; but it developed any symptoms persons would be follyfor me other of to assert that none would the susceptibles ducing develop symptoms by introthe drug into the stomach; in fact, it is probable some hypersensitivepersons would do so. But the outstandingfact is that Rhus toxicodendron to

has

pharmacology except

no

naturallysensitive to

or,

no

I

"Pollen

am

some

who

are

tized I believe, have been sensi-

pharmacology except with

sensitized to them.

one

persons

it,and justas the pollensof ragweed, golden-

rod, etc., have see

as

with

may not

For

Extracts." become

prepared

resemblance

to

a

discussion

How,

or

by

of this view, what mechanism,

sensitized to Rhus to

say;

but

persons

toxicodendron

there

anaphylacticshock.

is, at least,

Botanic

284

Drugs

erature Homeopathic and Eclectic litin certain asserts that the drug is valuable states, herpetic eruptions, typhoid and rheumatic restless febrile conditions, and tain cerconjunctivitis, diseases;and many nervous gentlemen whose the drug highly. views I respect esteem since I became Some mildly enthusiastic years in which I employed some over neurologiccases rhus tox., seemingly with good ^results. Indeed, to this day, I believe the drug did markedly benefit But the diflSculty is this: As of my cases. some nearlyas I could differentiate in diagnosis,the same usuallyfailed to be influenced by the type of cases One sees some strikingresults drug in any way. in ascribing he feels fullyjustified to rhus tox., and Therapeutics.

yet he

"

similar

Homeopathic Eclectic

repeat those

seldom

can

I have

cases.

methods

indications

with

with

results with

parently ap-

accuratelyfollowed their

their

own

low

drug

dilutions. tions, prepara-

judgment with all kinds of dosage; and to this day I don't know the indications for rhus tox., or if it is justified as a remedy in any do I know the proper indication; nor dosage, either for a susceptible not or one susceptible.I person inclined to the view, however, that the drug is am who active only in persons to its are susceptible with them. external toxic influences and irregularly So I never employ the drug without tellingmy since he may patient that it is purelyexperimental, and

not

react

my

own

to it at all.

RICINUS

Castor The

beans

Bean are

and Castor

Oil, Ricinus Communis. oflScialin four countries,the oil imi-

Botanic Castor

versallyso.

Remedies

285

oil is the

glycerineester of ricinoleic acid; its purgative properties are due to the of

liberation

the

acid. small

in peristalsis

the

of ricin, the

toxic

Extracts."

taste.

and

does

oils.

discussion

a

odor

oil is inert in the

acid

to

purgative The

of

rate

bean^ see "Pollen in the oil,the antness unpleas-

more

It is absorbed

nutritive

For

the

become

not

intestine. the

is due

the

of the

agent

Castor

increases

intestine.

ricin is found

No

of which the

It

until

from

the

oil is not

than

to

stomach

it reaches

the

intestine,like in toxic, even

give rise to a fatal large quantity; the beans may marked gastro-enteritis by collapse. The leaves, applied to the breasts, are said to be galactagogue. Therapeutics. laxative

without

laxative, is and

is much

very

"

mild

^A

side-action.

and It is

much

esteemed

post-partum

the

slightlyirritatingto hemorrhoids,

valued

as

a

laxative for children.

With

Peruvian balsam, it is used as a surgicaldressing. Do not give with teniafugessoluble in oils. Average dose of the oil,4 fluidrachms. RUBUS

(bark of the rhizome), Ruhus villosus and other fruit of the European species. The R. fruticosus,is official in Italy and Blackberry, R. Idaeus, in Mexico, that of the Red Raspberry, Blackberry

three

countries, and

the

R.

villosus

official in

was

the U. S. P. VIII.

Raspberry fruit is used to make Blackberry bark flavoringpurposes. astringent and used in the treatment Fl. 15 minims, syrup

1

fluidrachm.

a

syrup

is tonic

for and

of diarrhea.

Botanic

286

Drugs

RUMEX

Dock, Rumex

Yellow

Contains thus

officialanywhere.

crispus.Not

tannin

resemblingrhubarb

and

chrysophanic acid,

pharmacology. The is tonic, astringent, and root slightlylaxative, though less laxative and more astringentthan rhubarb.

chronic

Rumex

in its

is used

as

alterative in various

an

of the skin and affections,especially It is of

in chronic

value

some

lymphatics dyspepsia,

but rhubarb

better. usuallyserves The fl.is given in doses of 5 to 30

minims.

SABADILLA

The Asagrae officinalis.

Cevadilla,

of

source

veratrine of the U. S. P. Sabadilla an a

has

as place in therapeutics,

it is

is dangerous agent. Veratrine of alkaloids,and is the most acrid and

uncertain mixture

no

and

substance in the whole range disagreeable It is a protoplasmicpoison;in medica.

it possesses

action and

aconite

an

in

of materia small doses

larger doses

produces vomiting, purging,and intense depression. in my It should never be given internally, opinion, although the U. S. grain and directed U.

VIII

P. a

4

gave

per

cent

its dose ointment.

as

1-30

The

givesno internal dose. The ointment painful affections by an occasional practitioner.

S. P. IX

is used

in

Veratrine

and,

as

Doses

is not

has been of 1-16

symptoms.

from

said before, is a

veratrum, q. v., mixture of alkaloids.

grain have

produced most alarming It has been almost wholly discarded by

and clinicians,

in the

derived

there

is

no

reason

for its retention

Pharmacopeia. If the physicianwishes

to

Remedies

Botanic such

use

agent, let him

an

assuredly definite

safe and

287

the

employ

relatively

viride.

veratrum

SABAL

Saw

serrulata.

Serenoa

Palmetto,

Its activities

in the U.

S.

oil which

is excreted

are

due

Official

to

an

only

aromatic

mainly by the mucous branes, memand as the drug is a sedative diuretic the action is highly favorable in chronic combined membrane chitis, troubles,such as catarrhal bronmucous chronic cough in the aged, bronchial asthma, chronic cystitis, and old prostatic involvements. The drug has a reputationin senile hypertrophyof the prostate;but local attention should not be neglected. The activities of saw stated; palmetto have been overbut

it is, within

indications,

its proper

a

doses fl. are fairlysatisfactorydrug if 30-minim continued for a long time. It cooperates nicely with

sandalwood

oil. SABINA

but Savin, Juniperus Sabina. Widely official; savin and the oil of savin have been deleted from the U. gogue to

S. P. IX.

oils,see

For

as

an

toxic doses

discussion of the

"Helonias."

turpentine. See

used

a

"Abies."

emmenagogue.

Savin

oil acts

Savin Short

emmena-

should of

similarly not

be

dangerously

drug is not abortifacient. Savin is now rarelyused: turpentineis preferable. Savin is given in doses of 5 to 10 grains,and the oil in doses the

of 1 minim. SACCHARUM Sugar. from

Cane

Saccharum

Sugar

is sucrose, which is derived from various sorghums ojfficinarum,

Botanic

288

and from

the sugar

beet.

Drugs It is nutrient,demulcent,

it is slightlydiuretic. Eaten antiseptic; freely it interferes with alcoholic intoxication, probably owing to its retarding gastric absorption. It is stated that the eating of candy helps an alcohol and

addict to

overcome

the habit.

Dr.

Bernard

Fantus

recentlywritten a very practicalbook on "Candy Medication" (C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, of which Mo.), giving a wealth of formulae, some the taste of vegetable drugs. are designed to cover He uses certain specialsugars. is used pharmaceutically to an mense imCane sugar extent as a sweetening and preservative agent. Mixed with iron it is a protectiveagainstoxidation. used as a surgicaldressing; Sugar is sometimes bing it is markedly antiseptic.It is also used in scrubthe hands preparatory to surgicaloperation. suitable application Molasses a is, in emergency, is a good burns. to Also, in emergency, sugar styptic. and molasses mild Crude are laxatives, sugar of the air passages and in catarrhal affections sugar has a soothing effect. The of boiling cane vapor juiceallaysbronchitis. Hiccough in nursing infants is frequently stopped by giving sugar. Syrup of lime is one of the antidotes to phenol poisoning. has

Sugar

of

Milk

is officialalso. in infant

It is used in "humanizing"

feeding. Changes in the lactose of milk, by fermentation, are the basis of Koumiss, Kephir, and like products. For details see "New and Nonofficial Remedies," published Medical Also Association. by the American Bulgaricus." see, in this book, "Bacillus gland Sugar of milk stimulates the mammary cows'

milk

Botanic

290

Drugs

dextrose solutions severity.In less severe cases, In the toxemia are injected into the rectum. of and the puerperium,and in delayedchloroform pregnancy poisoning,dextrose (glucose)may be similarly used. Given by the mouth, this form of sugar is constipating. Sugar, is known Levulose, Fruit as fructose. A proprietaryform, Levulose-Schering, is a pure, fructose absolutelyfree from ordinary crystallized glucose. Levulose may be used in just the same as way and it is sweeter dextrose (glucose), than either be given up to 4 or cane sugar or glucose. It may dren, 8 ounces even dailyin the wastingdiseases of chilof

such

as

malnutrition

in tuberculosis, but

it is

and

and

marasmus

rarelythat

over

2

even

ounces

a

day are given. Many cases of diabetes are able to tolerate levulose other carbohydrates are when excreted as glucose. Each be judged by the ordinary tests for case can In suitable cases glucose (sugar) in the urine. levulose may be used for sweetening the food and drink

of diabetics.

day, but seems

to be

Burnt used

in

severe

One cases

two

or

less is used.

impending, levulose

Sugar,

ounces

Saccharum

pharmaceuticallyas

may

ustum,

are

used

If diabetic ward or

per

coma

it ofiF.

caramel, is

coloringmatter. is oflScial as Saccharin, Benzosulphinide, a syntheticsweeteningagent. It is used in diabetes. of One-quarter to one-half grain will sweeten a cup Some tea. patients like it, but it disgustsothers. of these latter will prefer Dulcin, Some paraphenol-carbamide. These agents are not so much advised diabetic cases will as formerly. Most a

Botanic tolerate

Remedies

291

small

quantitiesof levulose, syntheticproducts be unnecessary.

and

these

SAFROLUM

Safrol

oils of sassafras,camphor, leaves, and in various barks.

in the

occurs

star-anise, cinnamon

of the Oil

80%

It constitutes

S. variifolium, Sassafras officinale, or

Sassafras,

is officialin the form TJ. S. and

a

Sassafras.

of

of the bark

few other countries.

in the U. S. P. VIII, but in

and

The

the oil in the

pith was

other standard.

no

Japan, and the wood Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. is official in

root

Sassafras

is

stimulant.

aromatic

an

official The

in Austria,

The

oil is

flavoringagent. Mucilage of sassafras used in pith is a good vehicle and is a demulcent acute febrile and inflammatory affections. Externally be given the oil is a mild rubefacient,and it may The dose of safrol internallyin doses of 3 minims. used

as

a

is 5 minims. Oil

Synthetic

Sassafras, the Safrol of the U. S. P., is the methylene ether of allyl pyrocatechol, and

it serves

of

every

for which

purpose

oil of sassafras

is

employed externally. It may be given internally in 5-minim doses, though the natural oil in 3-minim doses is preferable. SALIX

White a

source

and

an

Willow,

Salix Alba.

of salicin. The

Not

but is official, willow is tonic,antiperiodic,

astringentbitter. Used

in decoction

of the

bark

of the

bark. Black root

Willow,

has been

used

Salix as

nigra. The

is white

willow.

This

plant

Botanic

292 is

known

commonly

Drugs Pussy

Willow,

owing to catkins which appear its attractive aments or early in spring. The Eclectic physicianshighly esteem concentrated tincture of the freshly gathered a and aments Aments, they call it Salix Nigra and employ it as an anaphrodisiac and sexual sedative

in

the

as

of

treatment

and spermatorrhea,

sexual

plethoricconditions

It is also recommended

organs.

irritation and

as

a

substitute

sexual

hyperesthesias.It doses fl.three times a day. find no I can analysisof

is

for the

excitement, of the erative genin ovarian bromides

given in

the willow

in

30-minim

aments

and

the subject; but have critical literature upon I used the Eclectic preparationin several cases.

no

suflficientto

data

expression of opinionregardingits utility, or lack of it,in sexual in a hyperesthesias.The product interested me different direction,that of the study of chlorophyll. phyll Tincture of grass is another good instance of chloroin solution; but the pussy willow buds seem available form for study. to me to have an especially have

In

no

this book

I have

chlorophyllas place.

a

warrant

an

desired somewhere

remedy,

this

seems

an

present priate appro-

and chromochloroplasts in plantsare protoplasmic, plasts(greenand red cells) and these protoplasts take from the air certain plant foods, especiallycarbon dioxide. During daylight dioxide to be taken in green plants requirecarbon of the leaves, and in the cell through the stomata it is reduced by the action of sunlight,and sap Fresh suppliesof this carbohydratesare formed. worked chlorophyll-bodies gas are up in the green

CHLOROPHYLL."

The

and

to

Botanic

("The Natural Oliver). Plants with to

History

of

293

Plants," Kerner

and

catalytic agent and it has to do production of sugar. Chlorophyllseems a

possess

the

Remedies

be this agent. Some phyll animals, also,have chloroand form starch, the vol vox can being an

than this; lightsynthesisdoes more it also forms methyl derivatives. Many methylated bases are found in plantsand some also in animals, such as choline,stachydrine,betaine, and creatine. Carbohydrate metabolism, in plants and animals, posed, has points in common. Chlorophyll,when decomyields,like hemoglobin, pyrrol derivatives; less closelyto the it is evidently related more or hematin of the hemoglobin, hemophyrrol being identical with phytophyrrol. Plant chromoproteins are crystalline conjugatedproteinslike hemoglobin globin and are closelyrelated to the chlorophyll.Hemobut it is the lightchiefly absorbs light, at the violet end of the spectrum, although there are in the green. bands some By this absorption,the blood pigment is supposed to protect the delicate

instance.

tissues

But

from

the

irritant action

of

the

more

fractive re-

recentlybeen suggested that the iron which is always present in the chloroplasts of plant cells plays a very important part in the istry," Chemsynthesisof the chlorophyll("Physiological Mathews). The chlorophylland chromoproteins of plants bear a very important part in their remedial may this know actions, especiallywhen injected. We to be the case as regards other plant proteins. See rays.

"Pollen

of that

It has

Extracts"

and

subject. And

"Plantex" does

not

for

a

discussion

this line of

thought

Botanic

294

Drugs

also suggest that we lose much of remedial may action from many plantsby drying them? to the practical applicationof Now, to come

chlorophyllas a remedial agent, read the following: "One that certain occasionallysees statements plants, such as spinach, leeks, etc., have green specialdietetic value because of an iron content, know the claim that chlorophyll, but so far as we wherever it is found, is a hematopoieticsubstance, is of recent origin. Professor Burgi in the Corredeavors spondenz-Blattfur Schtveizer Aertze, April 16, enthat the green of to show coloringmatter vegetationis not only the most powerful regenerator and regulator of the blood, but a valuable stomachic of assimilation. "In

the

Geneva

from

attempts

to

to

June

demonstrate

3, Maillart the

same

notably

rare

the fact that

the

town

this may is surrounded

rosis chlo-

and

be

by

a

gardens. These in turn of have been made possibleby the great fertility has made the industry profitable the land, which for centuries. Green herbs are produced in the in use are legumes that greatest variety. So much have been the Genevese termed 'legumivores,' and legume soup, which also contains leeks,lettuce, and carrots in the winter, and salad vegetables in vast

the

acreage

of

in Geneva,

of

thesis

economic-historical viewpoint. True

an

is due

journal for

same

is

summer,

a

market

characteristic Genevese

dish which

appetizer. Aside from the soup, great quantitiesof green vegetablesare consumed: lion beans, green peas, watercress, chervil, dandegreen artichokes, asparagus, sorrel, spinach, greens, and other chlorophyll-containing vegetables. On is famous

as

an

Remedies

Botanic

the other hand, the demand such chlorophyll,

as

greater in Geneva the

When

for

vegetablespoor

cabbage and

cauliflower,is

than

Genevese

elsewhere

in not

in Switzerland.

emigrate they invariablymiss

of green

this abundance

295

stuff.

advises the

Maillart

daily use of green legumes, not only for the anemic and dyspeptic,but for the healthy as well. Chlorophyll has been given as such to the anemic, but doubtless cannot replace the fresh vegetables. The author and from

does

not

allude

to

the value

in this connection, but

peas

the

dietetic

the fresh articles."

of tinned

it is evident

standpoint they

that

replace Record, July

cannot

Editorial,Medical

"

beans

29, 1916.

experiments which have, thus far, led to few definite conclusions, convince first of all,that me, activities not green-plant tinctures possess many found in the paralleldried-planttinctures; second, that many plants devoid of chemical proximates inherent in the vital physiologicones may possess constitution of the plant itself;that chlorophyll and the chromo-proteins have, with the vitamines, of deficiencydiseases;and a place in the treatment that, injected into the tissues and the blood, these and other plant principleswill produce results that will bring plant remedies prominently to the fore again. My

I have

much such etc.,

administered

chlorophylland the

as as

ripe for

a

tinctures

possess

little

tincture

tonic

any

various

of pussy in anemia; but

report

or

estimate

that

carry

drug activity, willow buds, grass, results

thereon

are

not

yet

ally. therapeutic-

Botanic

296

Drugs

SALICINUM

glucosidederived from several species of willow and poplar trees and from other plants. This agent is allied to salicylic acid, q. v.; but it is not stituents, antisepticunless decomposed into its conglucose and saligenin. This latter is further decomposed into salicylicacid, salicylic acid. aldehyde,and salicyluric Similar Therapeutics. that of the salicyto lates. Adequate dosage double that of sodium results. salicylategives, in the main, the same than is the It is less likelyto disturb the stomach salt. The drug has, however, syntheticsalicylic in the treatment of been separatelyrecommended myeliti lupus erythematosusand in the acute stage of polioto relieve the pain. In my experience, salicin is too slow in action ever to take the place in acute of the salicylates or urgent conditions. do not disturb Natural not synthetic salicylates digestionto any appreciableextent; so the natural productsare usually to be preferredto salicin. Salicin is given in doses of from 10 to 30 grains. Salicin.

a

"

"

"

t

"

"

SALVIA

Almost Sage, Salvia offi,cinalis. universallyofl5cial,but has been deleted from the U. S. P. IX. Contains tannin, resin,and a volatile oil. Dose of the powdered leaves,20 to 40 grains. Sage is an aromatic tonic and astringentmuch used as a domestic remedy in fevers,night-sweats, etc., and as an astringentgargle in sore throat in the form of the decoction. Sage is one of the really "

valuable mints.

Botanic

298

Drugs

Santaloly is the chief constituent of Arheol, sandalwood; it is less disturbing than the oil and in 3-graincapsules,of which 9 to 12 are taken comes in

day.

a

Carbosant,

Santalyl carbonate, is chemically broken up in the intestine,and then it acts as does santalol. The dose is 10 minims 3 times a day. also passes the stomach Santyl, Santalylsalicylate, unchanged and is not irritating.The dose is 24 minims in 8-minim 3 times a day. It is put up three being taken at one dose. capsules, Thyresol, methyl ether of santalol,is excreted as It is relativelynona glycuronic compound. irritating.Dose, in 5-grain pearls,2 or 3 pearls 3 or 4 times a day. SANGUINARIA

Bloodroot,

Sanguinaria

Canadensis.

Official

only in the U. S. The chemical composition is proximate being sanguinarine, complex,the principal It causes which belongs to the morphine group. Sanguinaria depressionof the respiratorycenter. is an acrid emetic with narcotic properties. In In smaller doses it is a stimulating expectorant. quite small doses its action, like that of other membranes the mucous emetics, is largely upon generally,thus giving it a probably unwarranted reputationas an alterative. Therapeutics. Sanguinaria is used externally in the treatment of cancer; but, in my opinion,such "

use

is

no

more

warranted

than

is that of other mild

escharotics. In

large doses the drug is a certain emetic, very harsh in action and givingrise to marked depression.

Remedies

Botanic Fatal

collapsehas sanguinariais,very

followed

its

^99

As

use.

emetic

an

properly,being abandoned. As stimulant a a expectorant this drug serves if judgment is used in prescribing useful purpose it. One should feel his way as regards dosage; but of asthma, acute

cases

some

subacute

bronchitis

of from

doses of the

3^

are

very

markedly

to 2 minims

Just

tincture.

and bronchitis,

fi.,or

remember

catarrhal

benefited

5 to 20

by

minims

that

sanguinaria is a positive expectorant; then use it wisely,and you it as a useful drug that has gone will come to esteem into unmerited In

somewhat

retirement. smaller

doses

sanguinaria is of value

in

irritable type. Or Nitrate in doses of 1-20 the

wild

cherry. In

nasal

both

the alkaloid

and

one

to

^fl.3^ to

"

1 minim

"

in laryngitis, especially can use Sanguinarine of 1-12 grain in syrup

catarrh

with

the tincture

free secretion, are

able quite avail-

remedies. Bartholow an

advocated

the

use

of

sanguinaria as

hepaticstimulant, and rationallyso; but

much In

better agents for this purpose. small doses, varying with very

we

have

different individuals,

of sanguinariais an excellent tonic in cases by lack g astro-intestinal functionaldisorders marked of secretion. A decoction, or a faintlycolored solution of sanguinarine nitrate, acts admirably as a stimulating garglein sore throat. SANTONINUM

Artemisia from Santonin, obtained paucijlora, Levant also called Artemisia cina. Wormseed, is the name CiNA in homeogiven to wormseed

Botanic

300

Drugs is quitegenerallyofficial,

pathicliterature. Santonin and wormseed

Absorption

standards. See "Artemisia." in many is principally of santonin from the

from

intestine; if it is absorbed

the

stomach

toxic

aggravated disturbances less disturbance always of color vision. More or follows full dosage, objectsappearing with a blue symptoms

are

produced "

tinge at first and succeeded by yellow. This action is probably due to an influence on the retina or the visual center. citant Large doses act as a cerebral exis depressed. and the respiratorycenter Santonin Therapeutics. expelsthe round worm, worm, less effectively, the threadascaris,and, somewhat oxyuris; it is ineffective against tapeworm. "

The

"stunned"

and

killed within

not

are

worms

are

readilyswept

the out

body, but are by a purgative.

visual disturbance, the drug is given in the evening; it should be preceded by a In

order

the

mask

to

light diet and a laxative, and should be followed, after a few hours, by a brisk purge; or, the common plan, calomel is given with the drug. The dose be repeated each evening for two or three days may if no disagreeablesymptoms induced. are In the case of threadworms, the eggs are liable to be found

careful

children:

appear,

If convulsions

contain recent

ointment

administeringsantonin

in

grains has been

two

symptoms

The

Mercurial

anus.

should

to kill them.

be used Be

at the

average

dose

}/2grain. Be make

or

the stomach

empty

anesthetic

an

appear,

is 1 sure

they may

fatal.

If

to

dangerous

and may

young

bowels. be

manded. de-

usually grain. Troches they are of comparatively

not

dissolve in the intestine.

Remedies

Botanic

301

SARSAPARILLA

species,almost

Smilax

universallyofficial,the

Para Honduras, Jamaica, and sarsaparillaalso being separately recognized in some standards. Sarsaparillacontains three glucosides none belonging to the saponin group, being of medicinal is not of any importance. Sarsaparilla demonstrated It is used as a therapeutic value. that a fresh decoction flavor,though it is contended is alterative. The syrup and compound are syrup good vehicles for drugs such as the iodides,bromides,

Mexican,

and

soluble salts of mercury.

SCAMMONIUM

ScAMMONY, monium.

a

Official in

countries.

Both

Convolvulus

resin from

gum

the

U.

S.

and

a

Scam-

few

other

and

plex jalap yield commixtures of resins which have not been definitely

scammony

defined. is a rapid and energetichydrogogue Scammony cathartic, irritant in over-doses; it stimulates the liver and the intestinal glands. This drug is seldom used alone, but it is an ingredientin several purgative

formulae.

adapted Its

use

the

to

in

and

in view

as

it

combination

proper

is

of obstinate

treatment

dropsy and

be advised

to

In

an

constipation. anthelmintic is hardly

of the fact that

less

irritating agents. grains,the resin 3 grains.

The

we

average

have

better

dose

is 4

SCILLA

as

Squill, Urginea maratimea. Universally official, is also Indl\.n Squill in Great Britain.

Botanic

302 Pharmacology.

Drugs

Squill is toxic, owing to the of a water-soluble glucosidal substance presence resembling strophanthin;it stops the heart in systole. There

"

is also

a

resin and

a

trace

of caffeine.

of the digitalis See Squill is a member group. of squill has a "Digitalis." Tincture stronger action upon the heart than has tincture of digitalis; vaso-constriction. especiallydoes it produce more Like several others of the digitalis squill group, is a gastro-intestinal irritant,causing vomiting and effects upon the digestive purging. As its irritating membranes marked, it is to be expected mucous are that

its excretion

mucous

membrane

would and

influence

that

is,therefore, expectorant and Therapeutics.

bronchial

kidney. Squill

diuretic.

cardiac

remedy squillis with digitalis and rarelyused alone; it is combined In cardiac dropsy the formulae containing mercury. squill are peculiarly effective. In renal dropsy squillshould not be used; it is too irritating. Squillis a valuable expectorant in bronchitis and In emphysema, especiallywith tenacious sputum. irritating cough and spasmodic croup squillserves well.

"

It is combined

neither be

^As

of the

the

the syrup

combined

a

with the

nor

with

"

The

average

not

syrup

in

30-minim

carbonate.

It

is

be.

is 13^^grains. squill Scillae,is given in 15-

in

doses.

the

dose, and Compound syrup same

of (Hive Syrup) is used in the treatment dose being 30 minims, less with the average children.

but

dose of

Vinegar of squill,Acetum minim doses, the tincture the

expectorants,

vinegar of squillshould

ammonium

done, but I believe should Dosage.

other

croup, young

Botanic

Remedies

303

SCOPARIUS

Cytisus scoparius. Official

Broom, and

in

England

in the U. S. P. VIII. the

alkaloidal

principle,usually prescribed in the form of the sulphate in an average dose of 1-5 grain,belongs to the coniine group; its the heart has been dissupposed influence upon and it is being abandoned as a remedy. proven, ScoPARiN is the diuretic principlein scoparius; Sparteine,

but its action is weak. The and

infusion

they are

and

to

decoction

diuretic definitely be preferred, though we have much are

certain diuretics.

more

The

dose of

scopariusis 15 grains,of the fl.}4:to

1

fluidrachm. SENECIO

Aureus.

Not

but is listed in the N. F.

There

Life

Root,

Senecio

official anywhere, are

a

number

ragworts, all speciesof senecio, or allied to in The Jour, of Pharmacol, it. Cushny, in a paper and Exper. Med., July, 1911, attributed hepatic of the

cirrhosis

in

cattle

and

horses

in

New

Zealand, Scotia, and "pictou" in cattle grazing in Nova "molteno" in the cattle of South Africa, to the

and possibly to Senecio eating of Senecio latifolius Willie. Other jacoboea,the latter called Stinking species are thought to be equally poisonous, but S. vulgarisis reported to be harmless. Cushny nitrate and found it experimented with senecifoline to

stimulate

axis, and

the upper part of the central after several days the animal

develop jaundice and

die.

Post-mortem

destructive disease of the liver.

nervous

would revealed

Botanic

304 Some

Drugs

of the

be active

speciesgrown poisons.

in Mexico

said to

are

Pilcher,Delzell,and Burman {Jour. Amer. Med. Assn.y Aug. 12, 1916) reported animal experiments, using stripsof uterine muscle, in the testingof several

drugs used Senecio

uterine

as

aureus

remedies.

possessinga

as

effect upon the uterus. I other critical studies of the

Eclectic number upon

and

They report weak

very

unable

am

sedative find any

to

drug.

physiciansrecommend

this

drug in a dependent

of rather dissimilar conditions,but the propositionthat senecio is diuretic,tonic, These

emmenagogue.

derived of the

from

the

indications

Homeopathic "provings"

dose of the fl. is from

drug. The

ously obvi-

are

1 to

40

minims. In rather

absence

the

of any

definite data

tastingdrug, I have never disagreeable it suflBciently conclusions to reach any its clinical value.

anew,

upon

as

it is

It

evidentlyactive

should and

be

may

this ployed emcerning con-

studied

be of real

value. SENEGA

Polygala Senega. Universallyojfficial. Bitter PoLYGALA,

p. amara,

latter plant grows

is oflScialin Denmark. in the

United

States

This

and, like

is a bitter speciesof Polygalaceae, in generalshould be given more detailed study than they have received. the many native tonic. Milkworts Pharmacology.

Taylor showed bronchial

"

that

secretion

The

senega

and

of Henderson

studies

good flow of reflexly,somewhat

causes

acts

and

a

similarlyto ipecac,antimony, and the ammonium compounds, except it must be noted that emetine,

Botanic

SOd-

Drugs

ingredientof the purgative Cassia Marilandica, American confections. Senna, acts similarlyto other species but is less be one-half larger. Prairie active, and doses must Senna, Cassia chama"crista, is another American senna. speciessimilar in action to the American Pharmacology. Senna, rhubarb, aloes,cascara, minor purgativesbelong to the anthracene and some they contain derivatives of anthraquinone, group; emodin and related compounds being found in them. has a mildly irritant action, acting This group better than the resin anhydrids in chronic constipation; tinal the seat of action is largelyin the lower intesUnlike tract. no rhubarb, senna possesses and principlethat nauseates astringency. The gripes is removed by exhausting with alcohol, and the oflBcial products so prepared are as pleasantas proprietarypreparations. any has

enjoyed a

vogue

as

an

"

Therapeutics.

"

Senna

is

and cathartic,non-irritating

an

not

efficient and followed

by

safe stipation. con-

preparationis the fresh infusion, which is apt to be unpleasant,in that it and griping. Carminatives be induces nausea may with it, as is done in making the syrup combined eligibleand reliable (dose, 1 fl. drachm), a most infusion. Black compound preparation. The phate, contains senna, Draught, magnesium sulmanna, and fennel. It is given in doses of 3 to 6 in the morning, usually following a fluidounces mercurial taken at night. It is a nasty dose, and it is inferior to the compound licorice powder, q. v. N. F., To children is given the confection of senna, adult dose being 60 grains. the average takes senna it purges the If a nursing woman Its most

active

Botanic babe. a

The

good

of

combination

laxative

for

a

307 and

senna

pregnant

is

cascara

Senna

woman.

is

aggravate hemorrhoids.

to

apt

Remedies

Average dose of the leaves,60 grains; 1 nuidrachm; confection, 60 fl.,30 minims; syrup, formulae. grains. Senna enters into many Several syntheticpurgatives,such as "purgatin" "exodin" based and the are on anthraquinone nucleus, the more prominent being PhenolphDosage.

"

made

THALEiN,

dose is 2 to 6

official in the

Snakeroot,

A.

reticulata.

and

the U. S.

See "Gentian."

is 30

60

The

Aristolochia

and serpentaria England, Japan, Mexico,

drug is classed

bitters.

IX.

ARIA

Official in This

S. P.

2^/2grains.

grains;average SERPENT

Virginia

U.

The

among

the simple

dose of the tr.

(N. F.)

The drug minims; fl.,5 to 15 minims. has some pectorant. reputation as a mild diaphoreticand exIn hot infusion,or the tr. or fl. added hot drink, I have found it quite useful in to any the beginning of a *'cold," or suppressedsecretion due to a "cold.'* Also it prepares the system for to

quinine. SINAPIS White

Mustard,

U. S. and

a

few

iS. cernua,

S. The from

other

countries.

official in the

Japanese

tard, Mus-

tard, MusJapan. Black generally official. It was

is official in

nigra, is

formerly known

Sinapis alba, is

as

official Volatile

very

Brassica

Oil

nigra in of

Mustard

this

the U.

S. P.

is derived

plant, the seeds being used. Rapeseed Oil is also derived from a speciesof brassica;it is a

fixed oil not

officialin the U. S.

Botanic

308

Drugs

is the principal cruciferae,of which mustard has other species of somewhat similar member, Water Nasturtium nature. Cress, a officinale. stimulating salad, promotes the appetite and is a mild antiscorbutic. Nasturtium radish, armoracia. Horse-

The

similarlybut

acts

intensely;it

more

is

merly foremployed as a counterirritant,and there was a compound spiritof horseradish officialin herd's or England. Capsellabursa-pastoris, Thlaspi,ShepPurse, yieldsan oil identical with that of mustard, and to this it adds astringentproperties; value in passive hemorrhage and in it is of some hematuria, as well as in atonic dyspepsia. All of these agents are rather definitely diuretic,but are irritants in largedoses. Therapeutics. our

and

Mustard

"

its volatile oil

valuable counterirritants; they act deeply being destructive of tissue. In sufficient

most

without

strength vesication is produced, but painfuland heals slowly;cantharides a

are

the is

lesion is

superioras

vesicant.

non-depressingemetic most of poisoning,as it is thorough in effective in case stimulates the heart and respiaction and reflexly ration. is given in considerable The ground mustard is

Mustard

valuable

a

seeds, swallowed whole, are laxative. Mustard to plastersare too well known require discussion, their revulsant and counterinternal inflammations. irritant action being ideal in many lukewarm

The purposes

and

regarded as The of

care.

The

water.

black as

an

mustard

is used

emetic; the white

emmenagogue.

oil should be

Both

are

employed

for external mustard

used

as

is

ments. condi-

with the utmost

Botanic

Remedies

309

is one dose of ground mustard or teaspoonfuls.The dose of the oil is 1-8 minim. The

emetic

Rhodaline,

Thiosinamine, bamide

and is made

is

two

allyl sulphocar-

from the volatile oil of mustard.

agent is credited with the

lupus and with causing the absorptionof exudates, lymphatic scar tissue,etc. It must be used for weeks, swellings, There and other adjuvant measures. with massage difference of opinionregardingits value. exists much Large doses are toxic,impairingrespiration. corneal opacity, and chronic deafness, In stricture, and glandular it is given by mouth; in lupus,cicatrices, tumors, it is injectedhypodermatically. The dose is 3^ to 13^^grains,in capsulesor tablet triturates; in subcutaneous 1 to 5 grainsin 15% alcoholic injection, The solution. or 10% glycerinated water drug is not soluble in water and the other solutions produce local irritation. FiBROLYSiN, solution thiosinamine sodium salicylate, is water-soluble and is not locally irritant. For It local use this agent is superiorto thiosinamine. in sterilized vials,each containingone cutaneou subcomes intramuscular, or intravenous dose. One injectionis administered daily,or every second or third day. A vial is equivalentto 3 grains thiosinamine. This

cure

of

SOLANUM

The lanum

Soprominent in medicine. Dulcamara, Bittersweet, is separatelyconsidered. Solanaceae

are

See "Dulcamara."

described

"

are

Other

SoZanaceoe

rately sepa-

Hyoscyamus," "Stramonium,"

"Capsicum," "Belladonna," tobacco under and certain speciesunder "Pimenta" "Piper."

belia," "Lo-

and

Botanic

310 The

Drugs

tuberosum,yields starch official in four countries. The a Tomato, Lycopersicum,is antiscorbutic and is recommended in the treatment of rheumatism. The Egg Plant, S. melongena,carries an acrid juice. Phy salts alkaCherry, as well as PhysalisPennkengiyGround but sylvanica,are destitute of narcotic properties, and have had quite a vogue tonic and febrifuge are in Europe in the treatment lanum Soof inter mittents. nigrum, Nightshade, is official in France, is belladonna. Mexico, and Spain, and is used much as Potato, Solanum

common

Solanum

Carolinense, Horse-nettle, requires Thrush, in Phil. Med. Jour., separate mention. stated that it contains Solanine and Solanidine,both the drug in the antispasmodics. He recommended of epilepsy,giving full doses. Some treatment drowsiness and stupor is produced by full dosage. Other

conditions used

in which

solanum

has

been

cessfully suc-

antispasmodic are: hysteria, eclampsia,chorea, neuralgia,spasmodic asthma, and whooping cough. As solanine depressesthe terminal motor plates and the medulla narcotizes cord and (Desnos), in the use of solanum there is justification as an clusions antispasmodic. Thrush reached the followingconfrom "1.

as

an

his studies:

It is of greatest value in

pathic grand mal of idio-

hereditarytaint and where the disease has begun beyond the age of childhood. "2. It is perhaps next of greatest value in hysteroepilepsywith marked convulsive seizures. In cases of petitmal the drug does not seem to do the great good we have noted in the major type of the disease. type without

Botanic

Remedies

311

of well advanced

epilepsyof any type in which there is degeneration of the cerebral for a time the drug will act specifically, neuron, better than the bromides, but it will finally even salts will ultimately that the bromide be determined "3.

In

cases

control the attacks better in these "4.

The

foregoingclinical study has brought out

suflScientclinical evidence that

the inherent is great

motors

cases.

as

to warrant

the statement

advantage of vegetabledepressocompared with any mineral salt

intent, since destruction of the given with the same blood corpuscles by the latter is a most detrimental feature towards vidual lesseningthe resistance of the indiin a disease where, above all, the constitutional tonicityshould be favored as ideal treatment. "5. A thorough impregnation of the nerve cells alone be had and therefore cure can hoped for in epilepsyin proportion as solanum is pushed to the fullest physiological dosage and maintained through periodsof months, a year not being too short a time its discontinuance.

to warrant

fluidextract of the

drug made freshlyis the ideal form of pharmaceuticalpreparation, given in ascending doses, commencing with one fluidrachm and increasing to the full constitutional effect. "7. It is to be decidedlypreferred to the bromides in those cases in which it can be used advantageously, "6.

The

toxic symptoms follow its free administration and the mental faculties impaired by its

because

no

use."

My

own

results with In

but

the

quite as

the

drug have

been

less encouraging.

well in some epilepsyit serves cases; is long-continuedadministration necessary tryingupon the patientas is a short and

Botanic

312 intensive

Drugs

of the

bromides, and it is less effective than the bromides. Nevertheless, I have off found it useful when wishing to get an epileptic course

of bromide

medication.

I would

in the treatment

solanum

of any

depend

not

form

upon

of convulsion

of toxic origin,such as eclampsia. The convulsions to me of infancy and whooping cough have seemed well to solanum

yieldas

to

Some much

very

fl. is 10

to

to

gentlemen

over-rate

and

biscuits

as

dietetic treatment

a

been The

rarelyover

spasmodi anti-

other

inclined

dose 30

of the

minims.

BEAN

SOY

bean

Soja hispida. Soy

any

have

solanum.

minims, but

60

to

as

meal

is made

into bread

for gluten bread

substitute

of diabetes.

in the

Urease, the urealytic

of soy bean, is employed in the determination

enzyme

of urea in the body fluids. See "New of the amount for the technic. and Nonofficial Remedies" SPIGELIA Pink

the

U.

round does

Marilandica. Root, Spigelia S. worm

An or

santonin.

Officialonly in

efficient anthelmintic lumhricoid Toxic

against the

it acts

worm;

doses slow

and

much

weaken

as

the

depress the motor spinal cord and the respiratorycenter (Wilcox). This drug is in too common parents give lay use, since many it to their children in ignoranceof its toxic action, the little ones and it makes even drowsy and may

heart's action

and

occasion convulsions. The

satisfactoryway

most

to combine

one

part fl.senna

the adult dose of the mixture

give the drug is with 2 parts fl.spigelia, being 2 fluidrachms for to

Botanic

314

Drugs

the

has opinion that staphisagria placein internal therapy.

worth-while

no

STICTA

Stida

Lungwort,

pulmonaria,a lichen, not odd cultivated an officinalis,

old Pulmonaria

the herb

as a long abandoned remedy. Sticta is one of the drugs that spread from Homeopathic practiceinto There is no known active agent more general use. in sticta,unless it be a bitter acid similar to that

found

in Iceland

sedative

action

less used

Sticta is said to possess the vagus and it is more

moss.

upon

in the

treatment

fever,whooping cough, and is administered upon

in doses

assert

antispasmodicin

an

cough, hay

laryngealspasm.

The

of 1 to

that sticta

or

of asthmatic

minims.

10

purely empiric basis,many

a

a

While

competent

givesthem

sicians phy-

good results of cough.

the treatment

fl.

as

STILLINGIA

Queen's Root, Stillingia sylvatica.Official only in the U. S. lost in

Contains The

drying.

in smaller

oil and

an

doses

acid resin

active

most

from

made are stillingia assuredly active as and

an

the

largely

preparations of

is root, which in full doses emeto-cathartic

excite

fresh

secretions

and

tions excre-

generallydesignatedas alterative.

in the way Therapeutics.

credit tendency to disthe "vegetablealteratives," probably because

few

so-called

ones

is far Stillingia

drug is reallya

There

"

is

a

reallypossess

from true

any

such

activity. vegetable

being inert,and if any alterative stillingia must

be

so

classed, along with phytolaccaroot.

activelystimulates Stillingia

the

secretory fune-

Remedies

Botanic

tions,and

315

it has

long sustained a reputationin the of "scrofula," chronic and cutaneous treatment chronic laryngitis, hepaticdisorders,tertiary syphilis, chronic "rheumatism," and, in fact, in a host of conditions in which

alterative is indicated.

an

Candor

compels the admission that most oflBcial of little value. The are preparations of stillingia their preparations of stillingia Eclectics make up from freshlydug material; they are wise in doing so. Stillingiaenters into many shot-gun formulae, and hence many physicianswho use it in admixture with other agents are really not acquainted with itself. Many of our botanic remedies are stillingia because not comparatively unknown individually and separatelyused. fl. is given in doses of 10 to 60 The Dosage. "

minims.

Fluidextracts

be

in doses

made

from

of from

5 to

fresh

material

minims, tenminim doses being usually sufficient. Compound liniment, nonofficial,is recommended as stillingia an applicationto the throat in croup and affections may

of the

given

30

larynx. STRAMONIUM

Thorn

Apple, Jamestown The

leaves

are

the seed in Switzerland.

officialin Great

Weed,

monium. Stra-

almost

universallyofficial,

Datura

fastuosa leaves

Britain, Japan, and

the seed in Great

Datura

Britain.

the

This latter

are

lands, Nether-

variety

is popular in India. The

pharmacology given

under

"Belladonna"

appliesto stramonium, as it is a drug of the atropine stramonium relaxes bronchial However, group. muscle more completelythan does belladonna and is

more

toxic upon

the heart.

Botanic

316

Therapeutics.

of belladonna, q. in

and

action

The

"

but

Drugs

uses

much

are

belladonna

the

is

same

as

regular is less depressing. The principal is as a palliativein of stramonium v.;

more

practicaluse spasmodic bronchial asthma, where it is of great value, both internallyand in the form of fumes from the burning leaves, either in the form of cones or cigarettes. Ten to twenty grains of the dried in a pipe. be smoked leaves may dose of 1 The fl.is given in an average Doses. The minim, the extract 1-6 grain,the tr. 8 minims. 10% ointment is especially applicablein palliating and painfululcers. hemorrhoids, anal fissures, "

STROPHANTHUS

S. hispidus oflficial, universally species Strophanthus in the in the U. S. and six other countries,S. Kombe The latter is the U. S. and ten other countries.

better

but suppliesof species,

it

are

often hard

to

secure.

of Strophanthus is a member and under "Digitalis"will be the digitalis group, found fairlycomplete presentationof the group a pharmacology. See the descriptionof strophanthin. is a mixture of glucosidesobtained Strophanthin officialin the U. S. P. from strophanthus. That is given in an dose of 1-200 grain, the average dailyby mouth 1-60 grainand intravenously average 1-80 strophanthin and Hispidus grain. Kombe strophanthin are amorphous bodies freely soluble in water. The crystalline strophanthindiffers from these; it is obtained from Strophanthusgratus or This crystalline from Acocanthera ouabaio. product is known Ouabain, Crystallized, or G. Stroas Pharmacology.

"

Botanic

Remedies

317

pharmacologic action,qualitatively with all of these products; considered, is the same ouabain is more active than the but crystallized officialstrophanthinwhen injected subcutaneously or intravenously.Strophanthin has no cumulative phanthin. The

action. MacKenzie of

action

noted

that

interferes with

fever

after

digitahs. Gum,

the

detailed

study, of strophanthin that this is not determined true administered when intravenously; that elevation seemed the drug action of temperature to make for MacKenzie's rapid, and that the reason more is that the heart, in febrile diseases,is observation the presence in a refractorystate from of toxins. Clark {The Jour, of Phar. and Ex. Ther.^ Jan., phanthin 1914) reported that the systolicaction of stroof acid, by the is opposed by the presence absence of calcium, and by the hypodynamic condition. is absorbed Crystallizedstrophanthin ouabain tration slowly and irregularlythat the oral adminisso of the drug is considered unsafe. Bailey {The Jour, of Phar. and Ex. Ther., Oct., that has guided us ever 1909) presented a paper "

since in the

of ouabain.

use

intramuscular

administration

"

For we

intravenous use

1-130

or

grain

in 4,000 to 8,000 parts of sodium chloride, and this dose

(0.0005 Gm.) dissolved 0.85

per

cent,

of

than once in twenty-four given not more hours. Ampules of ouabain are prepared of this strengthand ready for use. the intravenous Bailey highly recommends dosage as a quick and certain heart stimulant, using the must

be

solution

twice

as

dilute

in

intravenous

adminis-

Botanic

318

tration

in the intramuscular.

as

and

not

of chronic

all forms

well to the that

this is suited

does

an strictly

tion compensa-

valvular disease

and

treatment

emergency

for continuous

not

Broken

respond but he emphasizes the point

treatment;

preferableand much Strophanthin causes and

Drugs

is

stimulation, digitalis being

safer. little vasoconstriction

very

raise

blood-pressure in medicinal be forgotten that it is a not

dosage; but it must muscle poison and very toxic. more Strophanthus and strophanthin are much in action than is digitalis.In severe heart prompt it is well to begin treatment with strophanthus cases and follow up with digitalis.In shock and collapse strophanthus is almost invaluable. Administration.

"

Don't

The products described. be given by mouth; may

administered.

The

best

confuse U.

S.

ouabain way

to

P.

the

strophanthin

should use

different

the

not

U.

be

so

S. P.

strophanthin is to dissolve 1-5 grain in 3 fluidounces of diluted alcohol; then give one teaspoonfulof this used, three times a as solution, diluted with water will be alcoholic solution absorbed. This day. the U. S. P. strophanthin intravenously Don't use or intramuscularly; use ouabain. The tincture of strophanthus of the U. S. P. IX is an admirable preparation that should become popular with physicians. The preliminary devery fatting of the seed with purified petroleum benzin tincture is the nauseating oil, and the new removes suflBciently strong in alcohol to be stable. Average dose, 8 minims.

Botanic

Remedies

319

STYRAX

Storax, Liquidambar orientalis. Universallyoflficial. This balsam, which acts similarlyto the other used balsams, is seldom except in combination, tincture of benzoin. such as the compound Storax is used externally as a stimulating antisepticin skin diseases,more nicer and in parasitic especially in scabies and pediculosis.Frostbite responds well and olive oil are used to it. Equal parts of storax externally,and the drug is given internallyin doses of 15 grains. Styrax benzoin yields the balsamic resin known is also given in 15-grain doses Benzoin, which as is universally official,the internally. Benzoin benzoin Sumatra and Siam being separatelydesignated in several standards. Benzoinated lard, the tincture (dose, 15 minims), and the compound tincture. Friar's Balsam, given in SO-minim doses, all popular pharmaceuticals. are The

article

on

pharmacologically. Do of "Styrax," and forms tincture

of benzoin

tolu and

Acid"

"Benzoic not

confuse

remember

contains

storax

benzoin

covers

these

that as

two

compound

well

as

zoin, ben-

aloes.

SUMBUL

Musk

Root,

in the U.

Ferula S. and

speciesand

F. sumbul.

cial Offi-

Galbanum

(the gum Ferula species, more ticularly par-

Mexico.

resin)is also derived from F. galbanifiuaand F. rubricalis. Asafetida, from Ferula species, four of them q. v., is derived being recognized. Sumbul is an over-rated and poorly defined drug,

Botanic

320

action and

having an both

inferior to

are

similar to asafetida,q.

uses

carminatives, both

As

Drugs

as similarly;

act

valerian.

30-grain doses; fl. 30 grains.

Sumbul

minims, and

v.

nervines, is given in

the

4

extract

TANACETUM

Tanacetum

CosTMARY,

Spain,

is used

and

Tansy,

common

as

balsamita, is oflScial in aromatic

an

Tanacetum

bitter.

Our

vulgare,is officialonly

Belgium. In small doses tansy is an aromatic bitter;in largedoses it is an irritant narcotic. Its to stimulate common menstruation, and the use of the oil to produce abortion, is to be unqualiuse fiedly

in

condemned. See

record.

Numerous

fatal

for

"Helonias"

a

cases

discussion

are

on

of

the

oils. Tansy allegedabortifacient and emmenagogue is also used as a vermifuge,but is dangerous; it should be employed in this direction,as we have never

better and

safer agents. See "Gentian" for a discussion of the bitters. Tansy is a drug very properly

of use, even bitter. If one to cares as a similar agent that is safe, and yet is a tonic use a and mild emmenagogue, let him use a related member

going

out

of

the

folmm, in another oil.

infusion.

warm

of the

one

Gentlemen as

and

Achillea

Compositae, Yarrow,

who

Also

"Artemesia," Compositae with a dangerous condemn the Compositae generally

inert,should remember then

mille-

see

tansy and

wood, worm-

revise their theories.

TARAXACUM

Dandelion,

Taraxacum

officialin the I J. S. and

The officinale. numerous

other

root

is

countries.

Botanic

322

Thuja is

Drugs

terebinthinate

and

partakes of the characteristics of the terebinthinates generally, which The are presented under "Abies," q. v. resembles is savin, one terebinthinate thuja most of the junipers. See "Sabina." fore, Naturally,therestimulant and astringent, thuja is an irritating tating aromatic, diuretic,and (in largedoses) an irrian a

violent

oil is toxic and

The

emmenagogue.

and gastro-enteritis

Therapeutics.

In

induces

mation. genito-urinaryinflam-

medicinal

doses

thuja is a Like all terebinthinates, very useful terebinthinate. it is contraindicated in acute inflammatory states, but in chronic and of the urinary organs; especially subacute prostatictroubles^incontinence of urine, spermatorrhea,gonorrhea,ves^ical atony, etc., thuja is often useful. It is one of the most satisfactory terebinthinates indications

"

3

"

because to

the fresh leaves.

10

the

minims

It may

be

dose

is small

of the

given on

in these

fl. made sugar.

from Never

give the oil internally. But

the

local

It is

uses

of

thuja

are

the

more

portant im-

of the best of agents to repress and warts, even the so-called fungous granulations venereal

one

and

flstulae,papillomatae,bleeding urethral carmoles, nevi, *'softchancres," fissures, buncles, warts;

and the

other

many

indolent lesions may

have

fl. applied full

the skin, and strength if upon 1-5 to }/^strength (dilutedwith glycerine) if upon Of course membranes. mucous surgicaland other local attention should not be neglected. A non-alcoholic thuja is prepared. It is an astringent miscible with petrolatum, and is used to a

limited extent

in the treatment

of indolent affec-

Botanic tions of the

Remedies

323

membranes, from one eight of petrolatum up to full strength. mucous

part in

THYMOL

phenol derived from the volatile oil of Thymus horse-mint and a few other plants. Only vulgaris, in the that from thyme is designated officially U. S. P. Thyme, and Thymus serpyllum,Wild Garden Thyme Thyme and Oil are of widely A

official.

Thymol is a stearoptene with marked antiseptic properties;it is but slowly absorbed from the aKcanal. mediate Pharmacologicallythymol is intermentary between phenol and oil of turpentine;like phenol,it paralyzesthe end-organs of the sensory if absorbed combining it with oils,such nerves; castor oil,favors its absorption it depressesthe as and nerve centers, poisonous doses causing coma death. Its slight solubilityin water 1:1,500 limits its usefulness as an antiseptic. "

"

"

"

Therapeutics.

"

^An

oil solution

of

1:1,000,

or

strengthin water, with the addition first of a littlealcohol to the thymol, is widely used as an antiseptic;and, with other agents, thymol of the

one

into

enters

that

As or

same

its odor

in surgery. The fact usefulis attractive to ffieslimits its ness. formulae

many

solution of a antiparasitic,

an

ether

is used

in the treatment

1:15

in alcohol

of ringworm and

versicolor. Ointments (10 grains to the pityriasis ounce) are used in various diseases of the skin. As mouth of thymol (1:200) is a wash, the glycerite available.

The

principaluse

of

thymol

is in the

treatment

Botanic

324

Drugs

of hookworm

disease,or infestation with the Nercator Americanus From or Ankylostoma duodenale. }/2 of thymol, divided in four doses and to 1 drachm of a day, and followed given in capsulesin the course by a tablespoonfulof magnesium sulphatein water, is the approved treatment; but the U. S. P. anthelmintic dose as 15 grains gives the average per day. This largedosage should not be frequently repeated,and castor oil should not be used as the purgative. Allow no oil or alcohol,since thymol is soluble in them.

in the chenopodium is coming into use of hookworm ease. displace of thymol in the treatment See "Chenopodium." internal as an Thymol has been recommended of many diseases,but antisepticin the treatment Oil of

it is not

very

effective.

The

dose

average

is 2

grains. Thyiviol Iodide, Aristol, is oflScialin the U. S. P.

product of two molecules of of iodine, and is dithymol thymol with two atoms diiodide. An efficient substitute for iodoform, it is a valuable dry surgicaldressing; but upon serous It is

condensation

a

membranes

it tends

is contraindicated

prevent their adhesion.

to

when

secretion is free.

in affections such

lesions,and syphilitic mucous

membranes.

as

ployed em-

lupus,psoriasis, eczema,

in diseased It may

It is

It

conditions

be used

of the

in oil,ether,

flexible collodion, lanolin, or petrolatum. Never mix with alkalies,metallic oxides, or heat it, nor starch. TOLU

ToLU

Balsam, from Toluifera balsamiim, is almost

official. universally

It is also called

Myroxylon tolu-

Botanic

iferum. it is

a

The

balsam mild

very

Remedies

contains

a

expectorant;

pleasant flavor and

diluent

for

325

little benzoic but

the

acid; is

syrup

active

more

a

torant expec-

dose, given alone, is 4 agents. Its average fluidrachms; the tr. is given in doses of 30 minims, and

the balsam

15

grains. TRITICUM

Couch-Grass, pens.

Agropyron

repens

Official in the U. S. and

appreciably

re-

other countries.

excellent demulcent, but it is not diuretic; it contains no active agent.

is

Triticum

many

Triticum

or

an

combine

propertiesrender it a good agent to with the irritant diuretics,or with the

balsamic

and

Its demulcent

terebinthinate

of chronic

treatment

infusion

affections of the

used

in the

genito-urinary

be

freelyused; the dose is a good drug of the fl.is 2 fluidrachms. Triticum to use during fevers to aid in preventionof renal tract.

The

diuretics

may

involvement. UVA

Bearberry,

URSI

Ardostaphylosuva-ursi.

official. Contains

Almost

versally uni-

arbutin,q. v., as well as and tannic and gallicacids. It is ericolin,ursone, of the Ericaceae and partakes of their common one for a discussion of which see "Epigeae" properties, and "Chimaphila." Uva ursi is tonic, astringent, a positivediuretic, and, to a degree,a urinary antiseptic. Used and Therapeutics. similarly to buchu of pyelitis, chimaphila in the treatment cystitis, ardor urinae,and, in general,as a diuretic. urethritis, Manzanita, Ardostaphylosglauca,which grows "

Botanic

326

in the mountains The

grains;it is

15

California,has

of

of

extract

Di'ugs similar

ursi is

erties. prop-

given in doses of 5 official. The fl. is given in

uva

not

to an

dose of 30 minims.

average

VALERIAN

Valeriana volatile

officinalis. TJniversallyofficial,the

oil in

Valeriana Austria, and Wallichii, Indian Valerian, in Great Britain. Valerian in large doses depresses the central The activity,due to the volatile nervous system. oil,is not of a character demonstrable by experimental pharmacology. It is thought its action in medicinal dosage is a reflex one, and it is classed an as antispasmodic and nervine. Therapeutics.

"

^A carminative Valerian

conditions.

has

valuable an

in

terical hys-

established

of the hysterical and reputationin the treatment well as in functional "nervousness." as hypochondriacal^ Some of neuralgiayieldto the drug. cases In these indications the fl. is given in an average dose and

of 30 minims, the tr. in doses of 1 fluidrachm, the ammoniated tincture in doses of 30 minims.

(ammonium, iron, sodium, (ammonium and zinc)known quinine,zinc),officially valerates,are preferredby many, as especiallyin the treatment of neuralgia,chorea, and epilepsy. dose of Ammonium valerate is given in an average 8 grains,zinc valerate 2 grains,the ferric salt 1 to 3 grains,and the quinine salt 1 to 3 grains. A soda The

Valerianates

salt is littleused. Oil

of

Valerian

is

It is the better form

given in 2- to 5-minim doses. used as a of the drug when

Botanic

Remedies

327

carminative; it is given suspended in cinnamon water.

Valeric

Esters.

oil of valerian

The

"

which hornyl isovalerate, odor

is valerian

as

The

stomach.

and

esters

is not

disagreeablein tolerated by the valerian. They

so

is better act

do

as

contains

follow : Amyl

Valerate

accentuated

and

colic 15 minims y

minims

has

antispasmodicelement it is employed to relieve biliary in capsules3 times a day; or 3 to 6

half hour

every

Bromural

is

the

for transient

salt of

use.

mide; isovalerylbroit is a nerve sedative in 5-grain doses three times a day, and induces sleepin functional nervous disorders,10 grains being given when retiringand in the night,if necessary. repeated once is bornyl brom- valerate; it contains Brovalol It is used as is valerian and comes 25% bromine. in 4-grainpearls,one to three pearlsbeing given at dose and repeated several times a day. a is menthyl valerate, and contains 30% Validol free

of

From

menthol.

10

Validol

a

to

15

Its

drops

on

Camphoratum

in vahdol.

and

urea

action

is that

a

10%

drugs,and the dose is a compound Valyl

is 10 to 15

drops

are

as

"Borneol"

not

sugar.

diethylit is supplied

valerates

are

2

or

3 after meals.

another

class;they

follows:

New-Bornyval, passes

on

of valeric acid and

2-grainpearls,the dose being The

phor cam-

action of the

amine; its action is that of valerian,and in

dosage. of

solution

It has the combined

two

valerian.

is the usual

sugar

is

of

the stomach

borneol

isovaleryl glycolate.It undecomposed, and hence it is

Used in the irritating.

neuroses,

as

is valerian.

S28

Botanic dose is from

The

4 to

12

Drugs minims, in milk

coffee,

or

after meals. the isovaleric acid ester

Gynoval, is used

is oil of valerian.

as

comes

being given after meals. Larger be given safelyand with littledisturbance.

pearls,one doses

It

of isoborneol, in 4-grain

two

or

may

VERATRUM

American

Hellebore,

viride,the only

officialin the U. S. P. IX.

veratrum

deleted from

has been

Pharmacology. this class is

White

lebore, Hel-

album, official in six countries,

Veratrum

As

Veratrum

"

the U. S. P.

The

given under

generalaction of drugs of "Aconite"

and

"Sabadilla."

viride it may be said that few text-books give it separate consideration;

regards veratrum

of the recent

they unite in ascribingdangers to it that apply is not derived from veratrum at to veratrine,which album, an all,and, to a less degree, to veratrum uncertain our happily deleted from drug now standards.

physiciansof experiencebase

Most of

veratrum

assuredly not upon

veratrum

Johnson, who

their estimate

tincture, and it is the dangerous agent that the texts might lead one to think. Laurence

upon

Norwood's

discussed

veratrum

viride

as

a

rate sepa-

entity,said of it: "Taken it reduces the fullness and internally, frequencyof the pulse,and, if the dose be large,or long-continued,excites nausea, vomiting, and purging, and causes great prostration.It is used chiefly in inflammatory affections of a decidedly sthenic those of the respiratoryorgans. type, particularly in cardiac deIt is plainlycontraindicated .

.

.

Botanic

330

Drugs

phate, and 3 parts water, is a line of treatment coming into vogue. Average doses (fl.13^ minims, tr. 8 minims) are given to slow the pulse and reduce the bloodconditions; this it does not do by dilatingthe vessels,but by its stimulatingthe pressure

in sthenic

mechanism (Wood). Many cardio-inhibitory inflammations are sthenic parenchymatous and serous is of value in treatingtheir in type, and veratrum early stages. However, the old theory that, in dilated the vessels will not pneumonia, veratrum is considerable difference of opinion There hold. regardingthe use of the drug in pneumonia. In aneurism, irritable heart, and simple cardiac hypertrophy, rather smaller doses are cautiously employed. uremic convulsions of erysipelas, Sthenic cases chitis, with high blood-pressure, acute tonsillitis, acute bronand other inflammatory conditions may have veratrum as a symptomatic remedy. be used externally. Veratrum, well diluted, may in place I employ lead-water and veratrum externally central

of lead-water

and

laudanum,

to

which

it is much

superior. Opium appliedexternallyis not analgesic, or

so

it is claimed. VERBASCUM

species.The flowers official in nine countries. They are used in the making of Oil." "MuLLEiNED The blossoms, in a closed jar, are subjectedto the heat of the sun and are pressed. Mullein,

The

extract

formulae,

a

widely used

Verbascum

is combined

with

trifle of alcohol. in earache

and

oil and, in some This preparationis

uncomplicateddeafness.

Remedies

Botanic It is

tympanic canal. The extract lO-drop doses is widelyused abroad

into the

dropped

of the flowers in

of nocturnal

in the treatment

of

a

331

enuresis.

It has

more

cotic relaxingand antispasmodiceffect than any naraction and the activityis due to a volatile oil.

It does

not

to

seem

be used

much

My experience with it leads good preparation is valuable.

to

in this country. the belief that a

Many

preparations

inert.

are

seeds

The

been

have

narcotic

are

used

in

and

Europe

preparationsof them in

the

treatment

of

asthma. Our

mullein, Verbascum

common

thapsus,is

cial offi-

Belgium and Denmark, but is inferior to the native plant being European V. phlomoides,our little more than a good demulcent due to the large of contained amount mucilage; it is reputed to be antispasmodicand is largelyused in domestic practice in the making of poultices. in

VIBURNUM

Viburnum

opulus is

being deleted it. never

was

United and

from

It is in

States.

the U.

The

the bark carries

S. P., which

native

our

any

officialin any

not

extended

High vogue

berries contain a

trace

country,

cluded formerlyin-

Cranberry

and

except in the valerianic acid,

of it.

of Plant Industry,U. S. Recently the Bureau that what Department of Agriculture,announced has been commonly used as "Cramp Bark" with the botanical name of Viburnum opulus is,in fact, quite a different plant,Acer spicata. Now Acer spicata is an unknown quantity in in any medicine, and it does not appear pharma-

332

Botanic

Drugs

Wood's Botany lists copeia or other standard. and states Acer spicatum.Mountain Maple-bush, that it bears a greenishflower. So, then, if we have been actuallyusing a speciesof maple and not a speciesof cranberry as "cramp bark," as appears it is impossibleto give a description to be the case, here as to the medicinal propertiesof this plant. the National However, Formulary IV gives a berry of Viburnum opulus,or High Bush Crandescription Bark, and establishes legal standards for it, "Cramp Bark." not, however, using the name viburnum Pilcher reports negative results from opulus and from valerianic acid on stripsof uterine tissue,although valerian had a mild sedative action. in the Jour. The followingis taken from his paper Amer. Med. Ass'n.,Aug. 12, 1916: active drugs. The followingdrugs lessened "The the amplitude of the excursions or, in the stronger solutions, caused their complete cessation: Unicorn root (Aletrisfarinosa),Pulsatilla{PulsatillapraJamaica piscipula)^ tensis)^ dogwood {Ichthyomethia less and nodosa); somewhat figwort {Scrophularia valerian {Valerianaofficinalis) and lady'sactive were slipper{Cypripedium pubescens);the drugs possessing wild yam weak actions were {Dioscorea very life root {Senecio aureus), and skullcap villosa), The infusions of figwort, lateriflora). {Scutellaria active Jamaica were dogwood and lady's-slipper but after the manner of the alcoholic preparations, wort lesser degree. The infusion of motherto a much possessed very insignificant depressant properties, although the fluidextract was inactive. Blue in the cohosh even {Caulophyllum thalictroides) 1:2,000 solution, very promptly put the stripsof "

,

Remedies

Botanic

uterus or

into practically The

tetanus.

normal

muscular

a

state

333

of tonic contraction

action

was

very

state

was

not

persistentand the resumed

after the

placed in fresh Tyrode's solution. The infusion was quite inactive. "The inactive drugs. The quite followingwere

stripswere

"

inactive

or

inert, both

black

the fluidextract and

the infusion

haw

{Vihurnum prunifolium)the bark bark {Viburnum opulus) of both root and stem, cramp vine [not stated if botanicallyverified],squaw chestnut bark {Castaneadentata), (Mitchellarepens), false unicorn {Chamaelirium luteum),passion flower (Passiflora incarnata)^blessed thistle (Cnicus heneor dictus),St. Mary's thistle {Silybum marianum Carduus marianus), and motherwort {Leonurus carvalerianate also inactive in was diaca); sodium allowed solutions up to 1:1,000. The stripswere in the solutions of these drugs in concento remain tration time (many of them to 1:500 for some up for an hour) without evidence that the drugs changed Control the character of the tracingsin any way. that the stripswere capable experiments showed of being depressed or stimulated by these drugs so that there can be no questionof their [the drugs] completeinactivity. Comment

on

Results

far can the results of question arises.How this work on the excised stripsof uterus muscle be compared to the action in the intact animal and in uterus? the human There are no experimentaldata the point at present, but judging by analogy to on other drugs, notably pituitary extract and ergot, it may with perfect safetybe assumed that the action "The

Botanic

334

be the

would

same

Drugs

the uterus

on

in situ

as

on

the

excised stripsof uterus, provided the drug reached the uterus

action

on

similar concentration;this refers to the the muscle directlyand on the nerve ings; endin

a

action

any as

the local circulation

on

known

no

circulation of any would

be

drug

organ.

the

acts

The

can

missed, be dis-

the on specifically

action

the human

on

similar

physiology impliesa similar pharmacology'. It is improbable, however, that the concentrations of the drug used ever in this work could be attained in the body in whatFrom they were administered. preliminary way work on another form of smooth muscle (intestine) it seems highly probable that these drugs act in no the uterus, but on smooth muscle on sense specifically in general, so that, even granted that they could be taken in suflBcient dosage to exhibit their characteristic action on the uterus, it is more probable uterus

that the action

on

same,

as

a

the other forms

of smooth

blood (intestine,

vessels, etc.) would favorable effect there might be on

any

Of

opinionsmay

muscle

overbalance the uterus."

differ

clusions regardingthe conhere drawn. Indeed, this pharmacologic technic is somewhat to question. Viburnum open opulus is esteemed by many physiciansas a uterine sedative and antispasmodic, doubtless though many used Acer spicata;but all pharmacologistsagree

with the

course

Pilcher.

And

it would

drug (eitherviburnum

do, valerian would

be

more

or

seem

that, whatever

acer) may

active in the

or same

may

not

tion. direc-

is a constituent of many "Cramp-bark," so-called, proprietarypreparations,and various oflScial and semi-oflBcial formularies (as the N. F. IV) have

Botanic Viburnum

included be

well

conceded

See

"Valerian."

and

so

these

upon

that

to

unsolved be

not

us

further report. fl. is given in doses of 10 to 30

secure

And

agents.

valerian-like

the

itself,are an So, then, let

vaferian

as

335

opulus. It is hard

definite clinical data must

Remedies

it

drugs, as problem. dogmatic

await

The Black

Viburnum

Haw,

minims.

prunifolium,is officialin

lands, Austria, Great Britain,France, Mexico, the Nethernum ViburServia, Spain, and in the U. S. P. IX.

cutago is U.

more

less

or

recognized. The

S. P. directs that the fluidextract be made

No.

menstruum

powder instead of No. being two volumes

volume

of water

This

30

should

and

as

of alcohol

and

one

heat.

representativepreparation.

a

observed

from

formerly,the

that extraction be without

produce

It will be

40,

new

that

thinks

Pilcher

no

more

favorably of Viburnum prunifolium than of the other drug; and it must be stated that most cologists pharmaagree

As

long

ago

with him. as

1884, Laurence

Johnson

Viburnum

condemned

definitely practically

prunifolium as inert. Wilcox, however, while findingno scientific data in its support, regarded it favorably in practice. The followingis a favorable report clipped from

the editorial pages Journal:

"While

viburnum

plant,it have

used

with

more

York

New

prunifolium is

is less known

agent which

of The

than

an

Medical American

be; it is an being toxic. We

it should

is eflBcacious without it in

tageous dysmenorrhea, and with advaneffect. Naturally, therefore, we have read than

Chistoni, of

usual

Professor

interest

the

Marfori's

researches

clinic, on

of the

Botanic

336

Drugs

pharmacology of Viburnum frunifolium.This paper, published in Giornale Internazionale delle Scienze Mediche for June 30, 1914, is possiblythe best piece of work that has been done on this subject; it is clear, complete,careful,strictly conservative. Chistoni

object of much

interest

the

viburnum

that while

remarks

other

has

been

an

clinicians,pharmacologists,

to

have

hand,

paid infrequent attention to it. Indeed, no regular experimental lieved. study of its effects exists. Medicinally,it is beViburnum effects on prunifoliumhas specific on

selective action

the uterus, what is called a and muscle. uterine nerves calm

and

Chistoni to

arrest

used

effect is

the of

one

hemorrhage. In his experiments, extract; the ingredients, according

of

an

Wehmer,

The

on

valerianic acid, citric and

are

acids,a bitter substance, viburnina, and

oxalic

alkaloid

an

tract composition. On the uterus the exintended. produces the effects specifically succeed another Contractions with increasing one tude rapidityand a correspondingdecrease in the ampli-

of ill-defined

of the altered

rather

a

"

is

action

The

wave.

indefinite

reproducesthese effects on rapid contractions. other

experimentsby saying,*We system

of

powers

of viburnum.

the

nerves

the

which This

advanced

uterus

The

impulses

must an

explanationof

by Chistoni

fests mani-

breathing, on sums

up

look to the

the his

nervous

explanation of the

It excites within the

to

called viburnina

Chistoni

for

govern

the

the heart, which

is unaffected.

hand,

is not

and

"

nervous

substance

The

muscle

statement

of

essentiallyone elements.

muscular

of the

tone

the

autonomous

uterus ments.' move-

the action of viburnum

is the most

modern

notion;

Botanic

338

in

the

of chronic

treatment

myalgia,and

Drugs

catarrhal

pharyngitis, lumbago, jaundice.

TOHIMBINUM

JoHiMBiN. has

extensive

an

to be

This

a

is nowhere

drug

literature. The

but oflficial, drug is asserted

a sexual stimulant potent aphrodisiac,

in the treatment

useful

of neurasthenic

bine impotence. Yohimthe alkaloid,is locally anesthetic. The hydrochloride of the alkaloid is given in doses of 1-10 grain. ZEA

Silk, Zea

Corn

VIII, and

Spanish

is noted

diuretic agent in in

making A

mild

Maizenic

corn

and

French, Mexican, acid

silk,which

is the

is worked

active green

the fluidextract.

but reliable diuretic in full

fluidrachms and

in the

standards.

officialin the U. S. P

Was

mays.

fl. It is used

dosage,1

in the treatment

to

2

of a^ute

chronic

cystitis, pyelitis, etc., its demulcent propertiesmaking it safe and mild in action. An be used freely. infusion made with boiling water may ZINGIBER

Almost universally Zingiberofficinalis. official. The oleoresin (dose,}/2grain)is the active

Ginger,

agent.

pleasant carminative, and a stimulant to the Used to digestive system. expel flatus, and in the tr. is given and colic. For this purpose cramps in 10- to 60-minim doses, or the fl. in 15-minim A

doses. The

oleoresin is used

in

purgativepillformulae

Remedies

Botanic

to

griping.

prevent

The

339

is

syrup

a

valuable

flavoring

agent. carbonated

Ginger-flavored much

used

which

to

administer

to

of

treatment

ginger and

is

a

disagreeable

ill-flavored

raw

tuberculosis.

good

drugs.

medicines

disagreeable

carry

carminative taste

ginger

water,

eggs

in

the

Preserved and

following

or

removes

the

ale, and

is in

forced-diet

crystallized the

nausea

ingestion

of

MINOR

OFFICIAL

Principally

BOTANIC

Pharmacopeias

Foreign

from

DRUGS

grouped together a complete listof less prominent official botanic drugs,

HERE the

are

inclusive of

few

a

in the

U.

S. P.

Some

drugs are placed in this secondary list because they are only of pharmaceuticalinterest. them in alphabetic order to run It is not practicable the basis of a purely botanical nomenclature, except upon since officialand

common

names

vary

in

the several countries. Most

of the and

in this group portant, unimare littledata need be given.

remedies

hence

the

Calamus,

AcoRUs

Calamus,

bitter

aromatic

an

and

root

volatile oil of

but widely official,

the U. S. P.

deleted from

officialin four countries.

Adiantum, Maiden-hair

A

fern.

affections. Aegle Marmelos, Bael

Fruit.

India

in

the

This

demulcent

Our

used

official in Great is the Bengal

in

pectoral

Britain used

quince,

of diarrhea.

treatment

common

It is

a

as

in

good

astringent. Aloysia

Citriodora,

Flavoring agent, and as

Lemon

Verbena.

a

leaves; Mexico

perfume. Known Makes

for ointments. 840

a

very

and

Spain.

in America fine

perfume

Remedies

Botanic Alpina remedies

stimulant

a

as

Corsican

of the ancient

use.

Official in France

Helminthochortor.

Spain

eight standards.

One

aromatic.

going out of

now

Alsidium

and

official in

officinarum,

Galangal,

341

Moss.

An

anthelmintic

of

uncertain action.

Stellata, Netherlands.

Alyxia

Anacardium

Mexico

occidentale,

Cashew

No

and

diuretic.

A

leaves.

data

found.

erlands. the NethThe

nuts

making marking or indelible ink and in of nervous homeopathic medicine in the treatment dyspepsia. Anchusa Italica, official in Spain. Buglosse, used principally Almost inert as a to flavor wine. are

used

in

medicine.

Anogeissus Indian

Gum,

a

form

Britain

only.

of acacia.

official in

Archangelica,

Angelica Angelica

Great

Latifolia,

The

France

as

recognizedin eight pharmacopeias. An aromatic tonic widely used as in Europe. a condiment ilar SimAntennaria Belgium and France. dioica, An astringent to our native Life-everlasting. leaves.

is

root

agent. Arachis Peanut

official in

hypogaea,

Oil.

a

few

countries.

Used

pharmaceutically. Arundo Donax. Spain. A speciesof bamboo. for splints, No defined medicinal activity. Used and the pith employed. Asarum Switzerland only. An acrid Europaenum, plant,emetic and cathartic. Asparagus

officinalis,

Spain. Asparagus Bidens

pilosa,

root.

France, Mexico, some

value.

only. One

of the

A diuretic of

Netherlands

and

Botanic

342

Drugs bun*

Compositiaeresembling our defined activity.

marigold. Of

no

BixA

and Mexico. Used Orellana, Netherlands color plasters much like saffron is used. Annatto

to

is the

of the

name

coloringsubstance

derived

from

the seed.

Blumea

Netherlands.

balsamifera,

under this name. botanically yieldcamphoraceous bodies. BoRRAGO

A

Plants

mucilaginousplant known diaphoretic.

balsam

stimulant

a

and used

of the

Borage.

as

official in

SPECIES,

Olibanum,

defined

species

France, Mexico, and Spain.

OFFICINALIS,

BoswELLiA

Not

A

cent demul-

eight countries.

resin similar to Peruvian

gum

like tolu. internally

Has mild Netherlands. Sumatrana, a action similar to false angostora, as strychnine-like Brucea

I

nearlyas

ascertain.

can

Little data

available.

Sappan, British only. Used

Caesalpinia tinctures.

Formerly

Resembles

Brazil

used

to

color

but is inert. medicinally, A good coloring matter,

wood.

however. Calamintha

France

officinalis,

An

only.

matic aro-

mint.

Calamus

Blood,

Draco,

Mexico

astringentresin

an

and that

Spain. Dragon's makes a good protective

varnish.

Callitris RAC.

Used

as

Canarium

a

varnish.

commltne,

terebinthinate

used

Formerly used seven

in

Sanda-

six countries.

quadrivalvis,

countries.

plastersand

in

plasters.

Elemi,

ointments

a

in

Europe. Carum contains

copticum,

British

thymol. Used

only. Ajowan largelyin India.

oil,

Botanic

Remedies

Sweet

Cerastjs, France.

and

343

sour

cherry fruit.

Flavor.

Intybus, three countries.

Chichorium a

tonic used

mild

substitute for and

a

as

Chicory, adulterant

of coffee. Austria

Barometz,

CiBOTiUM

Tartarian

only.

speciesof fern growing west of the Volga, and the people believe it to be half animal where tales are told of it. It is the half plant. Wonderful joke of the Austrian pharmacopeia. LAMB,

a

Citrus

Bergania, Bergamot, an

the oil officialin

aromatic

seven

perfume

tries. coun-

used

phar-

maceutically. Benedictus, official in eight countries. in old literature Thistle, recommended

Cnicus Blessed

for

a

of conditions.

host

except emetic

in

largedoses.

Of

defined

no

The

activity

infusion is

a

mild

tonic. Cocos

of CocoANUT

CoFFEA

Netherlands

and

Spain. Source OIL, uscd pharmaccutically. and Arabica, Mcxico Spain. Coffee.

NUCiFERA,

See ''Caffeine."

Commiphora

lium. Africana, France and Spain. Bdel-

Resembles

myrrh and is used in plasters. Copernicia Netherlands cerifera, only. Carused pharmaccutically. NAUBA WAX, CoPTis Anemonaefoli'a, Japan only. A speciesof gold thread, a stomachic tonic. CoTULA Spain only. A Spanishspeciesof AUREA, chamomile.

Croton Cascarilla An

Eluteria, official in twelve countries. Bark, which has an action like calumba.

agreeablearomatic

tonic irritant in

largedoses.

Botanic

344

Drugs

not very stable and it is being are preparations by other agents. displaced CuMiNUM Cyminum, Belgium and Mexico. Cumin, aromatic. a stimulating CuPREssus and Sempervirens, Mexico Spain.

Its

Cypress,

a

Curcuma

terebinthinate. four

longa,

yellowcoloringagent and Curcuma

Zedvaria,

See

"Abies,"

countries.

Turmeric,

a

condiment.

ten

countries.

Zedvary, ginger.

a

stimulatingaromatic much inferior to Cyclamen Europaenum, Spainonly. Sow bread, our common greenhousecyclamen,a drastic cathartic used in homeopathic and dangerous abortifacient, in the treatment of anemia. piractice Strangeto say, wild hogs are not poisonedby it;they eat it freely. Cydonia Belgium,France, and Mexico. vulgaris, Quince and quince seed. Flavor and demulcent, respectively. Cymbopogon Citratus, British only. Oil of Lemon used pharmaceutically. grass, Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, France only. SwalAn irritating emetic agent. Low-WORT. Cynoglossum Hound's Tongue,

officinale, a

five countries.

sedative demulcent.

moniac. widely officialas Gum amSimilar in action to asafetida,but used as an expectorant in the form of an emulsion, that of the U. S. P. 1890 beinggiven in 3^ to 1 fluidounce

DoREMA

Ammoniacum,

doses. DoRSTENiA

Braziliensis, Spain only. Contradiuretic. a stimulant,tonic,and YERVA, Drimys Winter's Winteri, France and Mexico. Bark, a stimulant aromatic tonic. Was advocated as

an

tonic iron-bearing

Contains

a

mere

trace

in

a

of iron.

specialty. proprietary

Botanic

346

Geum

Denmark

urbanum,

only. Water-avens,

astringent used

tonic and

a

Drugs

in

the

of

treatment

diarrhea. GiGARTiNA

the U. S. P. IX.

Irish Moss.

in the U. S. P.

Glecoma Ground

inclusive of widely oflScial,

MAMiLLOSA,

A

Known

demulcent

and

hederaceae,

as

Ciiondrus

emulsifyingagent. and France Spain.

Ivy, a stimulant and tonic of little value. Species, widely official. Caoutchouc,

Hevea

Rubber. Hibiscus

Japonicus,

species,probably

Japan only. No

demulcent.

a

From

the

definite data

available. Hydrocotyle and

Mexico,

Asiatica,

Netherlands,

Spain. Indian

diuretic agent. Pennywort, a Hypericum ico, Croatia, France, Mexperfoil\tum, St. John's Serbia, and Sweden. Wort, largely used as an applicationto cuts and bruises. An astringent, mildly sedative. British only. Pharbitis Ipomoea hederacea, seed, a purgative similar in action to jalap. Ipomoea a

four

turpethum,

countries.

Turpeth,

purgative similar to jalap. Laminaria Cloustonii, Spain only. Sea-weed

tents.

Larix

Venice

widely

decidua,

in botanies

or

as

the

Siler, Spain only. Name other works.

Levisticum

source

of

See "Abies."

turpentine.

Laserpitium

official

Can't

not

found

define it.

land. Germany and Switzerand puted recarminative, diaphoretic,

officinale,

LovAGE, emmenagogue.

Manihot

utilissima,

Japan and Mexico.

oca. Tapi-

Botanic Maranta

Remedies

347

four

arundinacea,

countries.

muda Ber-

ARROWROOT.

Marsdenia

Condurango, widely official. Conan astringentbitter formerly brought into DURANGO, prominence by claims made that it will cure gastric cancer.

Mercurialis

France

annua,

only. Dog's

cury, mer-

purgative. MiNNSOPS gum,

similar to the

MoRUS

a

Netherlands

species,

Balata

only.

chewing

common

three countries.

NIGRA,

MusA

Netherlands

Balata,

gum.

Mulberry

fruit.

only. Cera

Pisang,

wax.

Myrtus

Spain only. Myrtle fruit. and bacco. Tabacuivi, Mcxico Spain. To-

communis,

NicoTiANA

Silvatica, Spain only. Tupelo tents. OciNUM ably ProbBasilicum, France and Mexico. Ocymum ment. Basilicum, Basil, an aromatic condi-

Nyssa

Ononis a

Spinosa,

diuretic somewhat Orchis

species,

substance

six countries.

Rest

Harrow,

related to licorice.

tious widely official. Salep, a nutrianalogous to tragacanth. Used

pharmaceutically. Orthosiphan

Stamineus,

Japanese plant

used

Netherlands

in gout

genito-urinarytract. Oryza Sativa, France

only.

and Rice.

only. A

diseases Rice

of the Starch

in six countries.

Palaquiun

species,

widely official. Gutta

Percha. Paronychia a

wild

pink of

argentea, no

Spain only. Nailwort,

defined value.

Botanic

348 Peucedanum an

British

graveolens.

Peumus

Mexico

Boldus,

and

Spain. Boldo employed in genito-urinary

aromatic

an

only. Dill,

oil also officialin B. Pharm.

The

aromatic.

LEAVES,

Drugs

diseases. Phellandrium Water U.

hemlock,

S.

the

by

Italy and

agnaticum,

name

PiCRORHiZA

mild

a

narcotic, known

Oenanthe

in the

phellandrium.

British

Kurroa,

Spain.

only.

A

tonic used

in India. PiMPiNELLA a

nervine

PiNiTES

Amber

Piper

and

Betle,

frage, Saxi-

tonic.

Mcxico, Netherlands, and

succinifera,

Norway.

fivc countrics.

Saxifraga,

Oil

British

of

Amber.

only. Betel,

a

form

of

catechu. PiSATACiA a

widely official. Mastic,

LENTiscus,

resin.

Netherlands

Plantago,

and

Spain. Plantain,

Mild sedative. Used soothing cerates. in genito-urinary irritation. somewhat Austria grass, Polygonum only. Knotaviculare, a mild astringent. tort, BisPolygonum Belgium and France. bistorta, an astringentless efficient than kino.

used

in

PoLYPORPUS

foinentarius,

three countries.

geon's Sur-

agaric.

White

Buds,

NIGRA,

act

as

countries.

spunk. France and Spain. Black the turpentinesand balsams.

Agaric, known

P0LUI.US

six

Officinalis,

PoLYPORPUS

as

punk

or

lar Pop-

land. and SwitzerFraucc ToRMENTiLLA, Tormentilla, a simple and rather powerful

PoTENTiLLA

astringent.

Botanic

GuAiAVA,

PsiDiUM

employed

LEAVES,

of

source

as

only.

febrifuge.The

a

much

Guava

fruit is the

esteemed

by invalids. Japan only. The

Thunbergiana,

of Kuzu

349

Netherlands

jelly,

guava

PuERARiA source

Remedies

Starch.

RiBES

RUBRUM,

Rosa,

the

France

petals of

and

Spain. Currants. and

rose

oil

of

rose;

widely official. Ruscus

France

ACULEATUS,

Holly.

definite

No

and

Spain.

information

Box

medicinal

on

action. RuTA

stimulant

Rue,

OF

fivc countries.

GRAVEOLENS,

in

and

antispasmodic, acrid

Oil cotic nar-

largedoses.

Saponaria

France

officinalis,

interferes with

and

Mexico.

and

respiratory Contains saponin, which is violently Saponaria is an active drug with no

SoAPWORT, functions. toxic to

and

Rue

man.

defined range Satureja

cardiac

of usefulness. France

hortensis,

only.

Summer

Savory. ScnLEiCHERA AMBi

OIL,

a

TRiJUGA,

substance

Netherlands allied to

only. Koes-

shellac, used

as

varnish. ScoLOPENDRiUM

OFFICINALE,

Netherlands.

Harts-

disagreeabledemulcent agent. ScopoLA Carniolica, Japan and U. S. P. VIII. of scopolamine,q. v. in index. ScopoLA, a source Scorozonera Hispanica, Spain only. Viper's a supposed remedy for the bite of a viper. grass, Sesamum added Indicum, widely official and tongue,

to

a

the U. S. P. IX. suitable

largedoses.

to

Sesame

apply

to

Oil, the

an

lient excellent emol-

hair.

Laxative

in

Botanic

350

Sempervivum

Drugs Spain only. House-

tectorum,

leek.

Netherlands. Source of Stenoptera, Oil, not "shore oil,"a form of cod-liver oil.

Shorea Shorea

This is listed information

as

AMARA,

simple bitter

a

Spergularia used

fixed oil from

the seed.

No

definite

available.

SiMARUBA BARK,

a

rubra,

in the treatment

four

tries.

coun

Simaruba

tonic.

Spain only. Sand-Spurry, of gravel. Formerly a secret

remedy. Spire

Queen

Switzerland.

and

Meadow, a tonic diuretic. Chirayita, British and U. S. P. Vlll.

of

the

SwERTiA

Chiretta,

a

simple bitter.

Symplocos to

Belgium

ulmaria,

A

Netherlands.

Belongs the Styracacaea, an astringentof agreeableodor. in Taraktogenos Kurzii, British only. Used odoratissima,

India.

Chebula,

Terminalia Myrobalans

fruit,

British

only. Immature astringent used

an

in

diarrhea. Teucrium MANDER,

an

aromatic

only. GeryAnother species,T.

France

Chamaedrys, bitter.

scordium, is official in three

countries

as

water

GERYMANDER.

garganica,

the root

countries.

Thapsia,

Thapsia in

three

and used

the resin official in

making

a

counter-irritant

plaster. Tea. Thea Sinensis, six countries. Theobroma bitter Cacao, Cacao beans, in

a

few

countries.

official. universally

Cacao

butter

late, choco-

almost

Botanic

TiLiA

Species, Flowers,

Linden

Trigonelia

generally official in Europe.

very

tonic and

used

Triticum

nervine. five

in ointments

and

several

vulgare,

and

351

foenum-graecum,

Fenugreek,

FLOUR

Remedies

countries.

plasters.

countries.

Wheat

starch.

Tussilago

nine countries.

farfara,

Coltsfoot,

simple demulcent.

a

Umbilicus

Spain only.

pendulinus,

allied

Crassulaceae

the

to

leek.

of the

One No

defined

countries.

Blxie-

value. Vaccinium

five

myrtillus,

berry.

Vanilla

a

planifolia,

ViNCA

MINOR,

Viola

odorata,

V.

flavor.

countries.

seven

France.

Vanilla.

Periwinkle,

four countries.

tricolor,or

astringent.

Violet in three

Pansy,

flowers,

countries,

a

mucilaginous demulcent. Zyzyphus

Above

Note. since 1900.

IX,

National

Formulary,

common

many

listed in the

are

A

use.

drugs drugs

are

are

N.

F.

IV.

are

not

VIII

are

but

revised no

recent

seriously in need of as

deleted

well from

as

drugs the U.

drugs listed in the

botanic considered

always credited

to

in this present

it,since they

are

in creditingthe N. F. lies in the fact that diflBculty

oflScial in the U. S. P., while N.

are

of these,

Many

The

standards

included, since

above

S. P.

U.

Revision,

Fourth

quite in detail, but

volume

same

deletion.

or

national

not

are

used

Several

appeared.

preparations official in the

S. P.

in

America

of South

Those

have

exclusivelyfrom

data

is

revision in nomenclature and

ries, Ber-

flavor.

a

revisions

Jujube

Spain only.

vulgaris,

F.,

not

U. S. P.

certain

preparations.

preparationsof the

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Botanic

data.

"

Wood's

"American

gen's Botanist," Ber-

"Botany," "Medical

ica," Botany of North AmerLaurence Johnson, and several specialworks. data. "The U. S. Dispensatory," Chemical titioner' PracDispensatory," "The "King's American and Encyclopedia" edited by Brown To this latter volume I am indebted Murphy. for English data, particularly the section on to Pharmacology. "PhysiologicalChemistry" by of other texts were and a number Mathews freely "

used. derived from the Pharmacopeial information was various pharmacopeias, from the U. S. Pharmacopeia IX, and from a series in the Journal of the American Association by E. N. Gathercoal and Pharmaceutical entitled "Pharmacopeial Botanic Drugs of the Twentieth Century." New products were looked up from various sources, and Remedies NonofEcial 1916,'* largely "New Medical Association, published by the American and the Merck publications. Pharmacologic data was derived from the writings of Wilcox, Hoyt, Cow, Dale, Cushny, Hatcher, C. Wilbert, H. Wood, Jr., Kobert, FortescueBrickdale, and others, as well as from the files of pharmacologicjournals. from wide derived a so Therapeutic data was of books as to make invidious any especial range "

mention. 8ff2

Index

354

Anemonin,

Baillie combination,

243

lewinii,111

Anhalonium

Anise, 90 242

water,

Balm, 230 Balsam, 63 of copiaba, 145 of Tolu, 100

90

90, 122

Anthemis,

Anthraquinone, 306 Antiaris, 150 Anti-leprol,124 Apinol, 65 Apiol, 187, 252

Apocodeine,

249

Baptisia, 100 Baptitoxine, 100 Barberry, 106 Barosma

betulina, 110 Bayberries, 212 Bay leaves, 212 BdeUium, 237

Apocynum, 90, 150 hydrochloride, 249 Apomorphine Apricot seed, 211

Bearberry, 325 Belladonna, 102 Benzoin, 67, 319

Aqua anise, 90 hamamelidis, 183

Benzoinated

vitae, 321

Arbutin, Arctium

127, 164

lappa,

lard, 319

Benzosulphinide,290 Berberine, 106, 189 hydrochloride, 107

Aralia, 92 Arbor

211

Berberis, 106, 177 Beta-eucaine

hydrochloride, 137

Arheol, 298 Aristochin, 276

lactate,137 Betula lenta, 173

Aristol, 92, 324

Birch, sweet,

Aristolochia

Bismuth

serpentaria,307

Arnica, 93 Artemisia, 95

pauciflora,299 Asafetida, 95 286 Asagrae officinalis, Asclepias, 96 Aspidium, 97 Aspidosamine, 269

Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco, 268

Aspidospermine, 269 Atropa belladonna, 102 Atropine, 102, 192 Aurantii florum, 226 Autolysin, 232 Ava, 208 Avena

Matthew, 153

of Peru, 99

Anisi, 226 Anisum,

bulgaricus, 98

lactis bulgaricus, 98

137

Anesthesin, Anethol

Bacillus

265

sativa, 97

173

subgallate, 70

Bitter almond

apple, oranges,

water,

142 213

polygala, 304 wood, 268 Bittersweet, 157, 309 Black

alder, 88

Blackberry, 285 Black

cohosh, 129 draught, 306 haw, 333, 335 hellebore, 185 mustard, 307 samson, spruce,

158 63

willow, 291

Blazing star, 87, 186

212

Index balsamifera, 117

Bleumea

Koodroot, Blue

flag,203

Cane

189

287

sugar,

119

indica, 119 Cantharidal collodion, 180

169

Borneol, Bornyl isovalerate, 327 bread, 223

Cantharides

cerate, 180

Capsella bursa-pastoris,308 Capsicum, 120

Brans, 223

annum,

Brassica

alba, 235

fastigiatum, 259

Brassica

nigra, 307

Brayera,

148

149

anthelmintica, Bromelin,

221

Bromural,

327

Broom;

258

Caramel, 225, 290 Carbo ligni,120 Carbosant, 298 Cardamon, Carduus Carica

Bryonia, 107

Carmine,

107

ipecac, 198 Caryophyllus, 120, 243 Caacara, 121

171

Bugle-weed,

Burnt

230

Cascarilla, 177

root, 211

pitch, 63

Butternut,

Cassia,

222

pods, 305 species,305

290

sugar,

Button

225

Carthagena

Buckthorn,

Burgundy

221

papaya,

Caroid, 221

110

Burdock

226

fnarianu", 333

Brovalol, 327

Buchu,

226

compound,

303

Bryony,

250

Cannabis

160

Bran

moonseed,

Cannabinol,

tree, 168

Boneset,

Canadian

Canadine,

298

cohosh, 121, 332

gum

355

205

167

snakeroot,

Castanea Castor

dentata, 333 bean, 284

oil,284 Catechu, Cacao

butter, 243

Cactus,

edulis, 121 Catnip, 231

111

Caffeine, 115

Caulophyllum,

Cajuput, 116 Calabar

Calumba,

117

Camphor,

117, 159

244

119

Camphora,

117 63

turpentine, 63 Canadian

hemp,

125

fimbriatus. 111

grandiflorus.111 Cetaria, 224 Cevadilla, 79,

90

120

Cephaeline, 199 Cephaelis acuminata, ipecachuanha, 198 Cereus

balsam,

pepper,

Celandine,

poppy,

Canada

Cayenne

117

California

water,

121

thalictroides, 332

bean, 253

Calendula,

172

Catha

286

Ceylon ciimamon,

133

198

Index

358

luteum, 186, 333

Chamaelirium

English,

Chamomile,

English

Chamomilla,

Cochineal, 225 Codeine, 244

90

Roman,

or

122

Coffea

122

Chaparro,

oil, 124

Cheiranthus,

150

Chelidonium,

Colchicum,

Chinese

CoUinsonia, 142 Collodion, 180 Colocynth, 142 Columbin, 117

89, 212 258 126

Chimaphila,

cinnamon,

Commiphora

133

279

sumach,

86

Chinosol, 128 127

Chionanthus,

Conglutin, 264 Coniine, 143 Conium, 143

Chirata, 177

Chlorophyll,

292

Chondodendron

tomentosum,

Chrysarobin, Cimicifuga.

129

Copaiba, Corn

132

Cinchonine,

271

Cinnamomura,

133 117

camphora, Cinnamon,

226

colocynthis, 142

aurantium,

decumana, limonum,

213

214

silk,338

purpurea,

145

bark, 179

164

Couch-grass, Cough syrups,

Cloves, 120

Coumarin,

Cnicus

Cramp

benedictus, 333

325 65

227

bark, 331

Coca, leaves, 134 Cocaine, 134

Croci, tincture,

Cocculus

Crocus

134

indicus,139

244

seed oil,179

vulgaris, 213 Claviceps

145

Cornutol, 166 Coronilla, 150 Coryfin, 231 Corylin, 263 Costmary, 320 Cotamine, 146, Cotton, 224 root

213

scammonium, 145

Comus,

271

Cineol, 116, 168

Citrus

Convallaria, 144, 150

Cornin,

Cinchonidine,

Citrullus

250

Convolvulus

128

Cina, 299 Cinchona,

africana, 237

myrrha, 237 licorice powder, 179 Compound jalap powder, 203 Cone-flower, 158

galls,282 rhubarb,

139

Colic-root, 155

125

pepper,

139

Colchicine, 139

Cherry laurel,211 Chile

139

cormus,

semen,

125

Chenopodium,

115

210

Colchici

120

Chaulmoogra

water,

arabica,

Cola,

124

Charcoal,

Coccus, 225

Crataegus,

146

Creosote, 182 225

sativus, 225

301

Index Croton,

Diptcrix odorata,

261

Dittany,

oU, 261

Dover's

148

Cucurbita, Cudbear,

Dulcamara, Dulcin, 290

271

Cuprein, Curcuma

longa,

225

solution, 118

Curschmann's

Cusso,

229

mariana,

Ecballium

332

Cytisus laburnum, scoparius, 303

214

Damiana,

149

Dandelion,

229

mezereum,

stramonium,

315

227

tongue,

Delphinum staphisagria,313 Dermatol, 70 Dextri-maltose,

289

Digalen, 155 Digipoten, 155 155

Digitalein, 155

Digitalin, 155 Digitalis, 150 Digitol, 155 155

Digitoxin, 155 Dionin,

Echinacea, 158, 235 Edestin, 264

aromaticum, Emetine, 199 Emodin,

226

306

Emollients, 224

Epigaea Ergone,

164

repens,

166 164

289

Diastase, 221

Digitone,

163

Elixir adjuvans, 179

320

Digipuratum,

elaterium,

Egg plant, 310 Elateriiun, 163 Elder, 297 dwarf, 92 flowers,297 Elecampane, 197

Daffodil, 237

Dextrose,

224

149

pubescens, 149, Cytisine, 214

Deer's

262

serum,

137

Cymarin, 90 Cypripedium,

Datura

Dunbar's

157

Dusting powders,

148

Cycloform,

Daphne

156

Duboisia

212

root,

Cunilia

246

Dryopteris filix-mas,97 hopwoodi, 214 Duboisine, 157

225

Culver's

145

powder, 202,

Drosera,

148

227

229

Dogwood,

tiglium, 261 Cubeb,

357

247

Dioscorea, 155, 187 villosa,332

Ergot, Ergotinine citrate, 166 Ergotole, 166 Ergotoxine, 164 Erigeron canidense, 166 Eriodictyon califomicum, 167. Eryngium yuccaefolium, 167 150 Erythrophloeum, Erythroxylon coca, 134

Eschscholtzia

244 californica,

Eserine, 253 Eucalyptus globulus, 168 rostrata,

168

Eucodin, 247

Index

358

Eugenia aromatica, 120 jambolana, 204 Eugenol, 120, 258 Eumydrin, 106

Fragrant sumach, 280

Euonymin,

169

Friar's balsam, 319

Euonymus,

150

Fringe tree, 127 Fructose, 290

Fraxinus

perfoliatum,

carica,222 222

ornus,

169

atropurpureus,

Eupatorium

Frangula, 171

169

Fruit sugar,

290

170

purpureum,

Euphorbia corollata, 170 heterodoxa, 171 Galbanum,

ipecacuanhae, 170 170 pilulifera,

Gallft,172 Gambir, 77, 172

resinifera, 170

Euphorbium, Euphthalmin,

Garden

170 106

Euquinine, 276 European blackberry,

285

Eurotium

oryzae,

Euscopai,

196

221

Exogonium Extract

173

Gentian, 177 77

maculatum, German

307 203

purga,

of malt, 221

323

Garlic, 87 Gaultheria, 173 Gelatin, 224

Geranium,

Excelsin, 264 Exodin,

thyme,

Gelsemium,

279

rhubarb,

95, 319

172

chamomile,

122

Ginger, 338 Globulin, 263

Glyceriteof starch, 224 of thymol, 323

Glycerinum False

Ferula, 319 foetida,95 galbaniflua and sumbul,

rubicalis,95

95

Fibrolysin, 235, 309 Ficus, 222 Figs, 222 Figwort, 332 Filmaron,

croci, 225

Glycinin,264

hellebore, 83

97

Glycyrrhiza,

179

Goa

128

powder,

Golden

seal, 189

Gossypium, 179 Grape fruit, 214 Granatum,

180

Grass, tincture of, 225 Green-plant tinctures, 295 Grindelia, 181

Fir, 63

Ground

Fish

Guaiac, 182 Guaiacol, 182 Guaiacum, 182 Guarana, 183

berries, 139

Flavoring agents, 225 Fleabane, Canada, 166 Flexible collodion,180 Foenicula, 226 Foxglove, 150

Gum

cherry, 310

arabic, 66

Gutta-percha, 224

Index

359

Gynocardates,125

Huxham's

tincture

Gynoval, 328

Hydrastis,

189

Hydrocotamine,

bark, 133

of

244

Hyoscine, 102, 192 102 Hyoscyamine, oil, 206

Haarlem

Haematoxylin,

225

Haematoxyion

campeachianum,

Hyoscyamus, Hyssop, 229

102, 192

Iceland

224

188

abyssinica, 148

Hagenia Hair-cap

264

moss,

183

Hamamelis,

Ignatia, 196

183

Hamamelitannin,

berries, 146

Hawthorne

Indian

hemp,

Hellebore, American,

328

tobacco, 214

black, 185

valerian, 326

white, 328

Inula, 197, 235 Imolin, 197

Helleborein, 185

Ipecac, 198 Ipecacuanha, 198

185

Helleborus,

niger, 150

Iris,202

186

Helenin, Helenium

autumnale,

Helonias,

186

spruce,

Hemostatic,

186

188

Hematoxylon, Hemlock

Jaborandi,

63

Jalap,

202

Heroin, 247

Hexametylenamine, High Hive

cranberry, 331 302

syrup,

Homatropine, Horehound, water,

Hops,

102

289

Honey,

223

230

Jamaica

dogwood,

Jambul,

204

Jamestown

balm,

142

332

weed, 315

Japanese mustard, peppermint,

230

plum,

204

Jequirity, 204 Juglans, 205 Juniper, 205

mint, 142

Juniper

nettle, 310

Juniperus communis,

radish, 308

oxycedrus, 206

189

282

palmata, 117

chestnut, 84

Humulus,

307

poisonous sumach, poke root, 254 Jasmine, yellow, 173 Java

264

distichon, 221

Hordeum

potassium bitartrate,203

Jateorhiza

189

Hordein, Horse

68

256

203

and

192

Henbane,

119

squill,301

184

Hedeoma,

moss,

tar

oil,206

sabina, 287

205

Indea)

360 Kalmia, 206 Kamala, 208

Levulose, 290 Liatris odoratissima, 227

Kat,

Licorice

121

Kava-kava,

Life root, 303

208

Kefir, 98

Lignum

Kephir,

288

Lily

powder, compound,

209

Lime,

valley, 144

214 213

Linimentum

98, 288

Kousso,

182

of the

Limonis,

210

Koumiss,

vitae, 182

sanctum,

Kino, 77, 209

Kola,

root, 179

Linseed

148

belladonnae, 105

tea, 224

Linum, Liquid malt

Krameria, 77, 210

224

Lirtemisic

extract, 221

vulgaris,95

Lobelia, 214

Labiatae, 229

Lobeline,

Labrador

Lobo-toxin, 220

tea, 206

altissima, 210

Lactuca

Logwood,

188

sativa, 210

Lungwort,

virosa, 210

Lupulin,

Ladies'

slipper,149

Lappa,

211

314 189

Lycopodium,

210

Lactucarium,

214

224

Lycopus virginicus,230

Larkspur, 313 Laudanine, 244 Laudosanine,

206

89, 211

Laurocerasus,

nobilis, 212 230 officinalis,

Lavandula

Lavender,

fern, 97

Mallotus

philippinensis,208

Malt, 221, Mandrake,

289 259

222 222

Manzanita,

325

jaborandi, 256

Maranham

latifolium, 206 Lemon,

tys, 129

Mannite,

226

palustre, 206

Legumin,

Male

Manna,

230

compound, Ledum

Macro

244

Laurel, mountain, Laurus

Mace, 238

248

Laudanum,

Marigold,

264

117

Marrubium,

213

223

peel, 226 seed, 214 Leontin, 121 Leonurus cardiaca, 230

Marshmallow,

Leptandra,

Matricaria,

Leptandrin,

212

wormseed,

95, 299

224

tea, 206

Mastic,

224

Matico,

223

Matthew

213

Lettuce, 210 Levant

Marsh

122

Baillie combination, 153

May apple root, 259 Mel, 289

Index

362 Oil of

Passion

rapeseed, 307

Pasta

187

rue,

sandalwood,

sorbilis,183

187

Pelletierinae

243

valerian, 326 Oils, vegetable, 242

Pepper,

jaborandi, 256

Pernambuca

Persionis, 325

amygdalae

expressum,

89

Peruvian

bark, 132

rhatany,

betulae, 173 oil,243

210

Petroselinum,

252

Phaseolin, 264

87

Pheasants'

243

Opium, Opuntia, Oregon

258

mint, 230

apii,252

aspidii,97 petroselini,252

Onion,

tannas, 181

Pellitory,268 Pennyroyal, 184 Pepo, 148

thyme, 187, 323 turpentine, 63, 187

Olive

183

cupana,

bark, 211 Pelletierin,181

theobroma,

Oleum

184

Peach

savine, 187

Oleoresina

hamamelidis,

Paullinia

297

sassafras, 291

tansy,

flower, 187, 250, 333

111 106

grape,

majorana,

Origanum

vulgare,

231

231

138

Ourouparia

gambir, 172

Oxydendron

arboreum,

Oxypinene,

83

Phenolphthalein, 307 Phenolsulphonephthalein, 253 Phloridzin, 253 Physalis alkakengi, Physostigma, 253 Physostigmine, 253 Phytolacca, 254

Orris, 202 Orthoform,

eye,

206

64

310

cerate, 255 Picraena

excelsa, 268

Picrasma

excelsa,268

Picrotoxin, 139

Pill-bearingspurge, Pilocarpine, 256 Pilocarpus, 256

Pantopon, 248 Papain, 221 Papaver

rhoeas, 225, 243

somniferum,

243

Papaverine, 244, Papaw, 221 Papayotin,

Piment.

258

Pimenta, Pimento,

247

Pimiento,

221

170

258 258

258

Paregoric, 248

Pimpjnella anisum, 90 Pineapple, 221 Pinene, 64

Pareira, 177, 250

Pink

Parsley, camphor, 252 Partridge-berry, 236 Passiflora,187, 250,

Pinus, 63

Paraphenol-carbamide,

252

290

root, 312

Piper, 333

259

angustifolium, 223 cubeba, 148

Index Piper methysticum,

303

Pure

208

grape

Piperine, 259

Purgatin, 307

Pipsissewa,

Purified

126

Plantex, 232

Poison

179

292

incanum, 232

linifolium,232

Pleurisy root, 96 Podalyria tinctoria, 100 Podophyllin, Podophyllum,

cotton,

Pussy willow, Pycnanthemum

Piturine, 214

289

sugar,

Pyrethrum,

268

Pyroxylin,

259

180

259

hemlock,

143

ivy, 282

Quabain,

oak, 282 Poke

Quassia, 177,

root, 254

Quassin,

Pollantin, 262 Pollen

extract, 260, 262

Queen

268

meadow,

of the

170

Queen's root, 314 Quercus, 270

Pollinosis, 262 304 Polygala senega, Polypodium fiUx-mas, 97 66 Polyporus officinalis,

Poppy,

268

268

Quebracho,

vaccine, 262

Polytrichum,

316

infectoria, 172

Quillaja,270 Quinidine, 271 Quinine, 270, 271, 276 and urea hydrochloride, 277

264

243

Potato, 310 Poultices, 224

Pomegranate,

180

Prairie

306

senna,

Red

Prickly ash, 337 Propaesin, 138

buckeye, 86

cinchona, 132

Proran, 79

clover, 227

Protein

sensitization,261

gum,

Prunes,

211

poppy

Prunum, Prunus

222

armeniaca,

domestica,

168

petals,225, 243

raspberry, 285 petals,225 rose

211

Saunders,

211

209

laurocerasus, 211

Resorcin, 277

virginiana,264

Resorcinol, 277

Pseudococcus

Psychotrine,

199

Pterocarpus marsupium,

209

santalinus, 209

Punica

seed, 148 granatum,

purshiana, 121 Rhatany, Peruvian, 210 Rheum,

Pulsatilla,187, 265, 332 pratensis,87 Pulvis glycyrrhiza compositus, 179 Pumpkin

frangula, 171

Rhamnus

cacti, 225

279

Rhodaline, Rhubarb, Rhus,

309 279

280

Rictn, 261 180

Ricinus, 284

Index

364

Rio

Sarsaparilla,301

ipecac, 198

Sassafras, 291

jaborandi,256 tinctoria, 225

Rochella Rosa

231

Rosin, 224 231 officinalis,

Rosmarinus

Rubber.

Scammony, SciUa, 301

301

Scoparin, 303 Scoparius, 303 Scopolamine, 102, 192

224

Rubus,

287

palmetto, 287 Scabwort, 197 301 Scammonium,

Rosae, 226 Rosemary,

Savin, Saw

gallica,225

285

Rumex,

286

Russian

licorice,179

stable, 196 Scopoline, 102 Scopomannit, Scrofula, 255

196

Sabadilla, 286 Sabal, 287

Scrofularia, 187

Sabina, 287

Scutellaria lateriflora, 87, 187, 231,

marylandica,

87

332

Saccharin, 290 Saccharum,

287

Secacornin,

166

ustum,

225, 290

Senecifoline

nitrate, 303

Saffron, 225

Senecio, 187, 303, 332

Safrol,291

Senega, 304

Sage, 232, 296 Saigon

Senna, 305 133

cinnamon,

Salicin, 76, 291, 296 Salicinum, 296

Salicylate,methyl, 75, 173 Salix, 291

nigra aments, Saloquinine, 276

292

Salvia, 296

serrulata, 287

Serenoa

Serpentaria, 177, 307 Shepherd's purse, 308 Sinapis, 307 Skullcap, 231 Slippery elm, 224 Smilax species,301 Sneeze-weed,

232 officinalis,

Soap bark, 270 Soja hispida, 312

297

Sambucus,

186

102

Sandalwood,

297

Solanaceae,

Sanguinaria,

298

Solanine, 157 Solanum,

Sanguinarine, 298 Santal, 297 Santalol, 298

methyl Santalum

309

dulcamara,

157

caroHnense,

310

ether of, 298

Soluble

album,

Solupin,

297

Santyl, 298 Santalyl carbonate, 298 salicylate,298 Santonin, 299

gum

Sourwood, Southern

cotton,

180

65

206 balsam

prickly ash, 337 Soy bean, 312

fir,63

Index

365

Sumach

berries, 282

Sumbul,

95, 319

Sparteine, 303

Sundew,

156

Spearmint, 230

Surgeon's tea,

Speedwell, 213

Sweet

almonds,

Spigelia,312

Sweet

basil, 231

Spanish licorice,179 258

pepper,

marjoram,

lavender, 230 amarae,

rye,

164

orange

236

rose,

flowers, 226 226

sarsaparilla,226

root, 121

tolu, 226

301

rhoeados,

Syrupus

bush, 207

Stagger

226

orange,

Squawberry,

Squill,150,

Syrup of almond, 226 ginger, 226

gaultheriae,226 Spurred

89

231

213

oranges,

Spiritus amygdalae 170

224

clover, 226

Spirit of anise, 242 camphor, 119

Spurge,

171

Syzygium

Staphisagria, 313

225

jambolanum,

Starch, 224 87

Star grass,

186

Starwort,

Tag

Stavesacre, 79, 313 210

acuminata,

Sterculia

alder, 88

Taka-diastase,

Sticta, 314

Tamarindus,

StUlingia, 314

Tanacetum,

liniment, compound, Stinking Stone

315

Willie, 303

102, 315

turpentine, 63

Streptococcus

lacticus, 98

Strophanthus, 150, Strychnine,

316

Strychnos ignatia, vomica,

196

238

Styptic collodion, 180 Stypticin, 146 Styptol,

146

Styrax, 319 Succus

Tannalbin,

taraxaci, 321

Sugar, 287 of milk, 288

79

76 79

Tannoform, Tansy,

79

320

Taraxacum,

177, 320

Terebene,

65

Terebinthina,

238

St. Ignatius bean, 196

nux

150

79

Tannismuth,

Stovaine, 138 Stramonium,

320

Tanghinia,

Tannin,

Storax, 319

Strassburg

222

Tannigen,

root, 142

221

63

Terpin hydrate, 65 Thea sinensis,115 Thebaine,

244

Theobromine, sodium

116

acetate,

Theophyllin, Thephorin, Thevetia,

116

116

116 150

Tbiosinamine,

Thlaspi, 308

235, 309

204

Index

366

170

Thoroughwort, Thorn

apple,

Thuja.

Valerol, 189 Validol, 327

315

camphoratum,

321

327

Thymol,

Valyl, 327 Vanilla, 226

Thymus, 232 Thyresol, 298

plant, 227 Vegetable coloring agents, 226

160, 323 iodide, 92, 324

Tincture

gambir compound,

of grass,

Tolu,

172

225

Toluifera

balsamum, pereirae,99

Tomato,

wax,

100

Veronica

310 227

Trifolium

Triticum,

227 325

Tropacocaine hydrochloride, 138 Tully's powder, 248 Turmeric,

330

213 officinalis,

331

opulus, 331 prunifolium, 333, 335 Vignin, 264 Virginia snakeroot, 307 thyme, 232 Vouacapoua araroba, 129

225

aphrodisiaca,149

Ulmus, 224

Wahoo,

169

Walnut

leaves, 205

Water

belladonnae, 105

Uguentum

gallae,172 root, 186

Uragoga

ipecacuanha,

198

seed,

148

cedar, 321

hellebore, 328 melilot, 227

Urease, 312

maratimea,

167

eryngo,

White

308

cress,

melon

Unicorn

Urginea

328

virginica,212 Viburnum, 187,

227 officinale,

pratense,

Veratrum,

Verbascum,

Tragacanth, 223 Trailing arbutus, 164 Trichlorethylene. 139

Tumera

224

Vera trine, 286

324

Tonka,

213

mercury,

301

Uropherin-B, 116 Uva-ursi, 206, 325

mustard, oak

307

bark, 270

willow, 291 Wild

cherry bark. 2g4 indigo, 100

Vaccine, 235 Pollen, 262

marjoram, thyme, 323 yam,

155

Valerates, 326

Wintergreen,

Valerian, 87, 187, 326. 332

Witchhazel

Valerianates, 326 Valeric

esters, 327

231

snow,

Wormwood,

173

bark, 183 184 95

Index Xanol,

76, 116 337

Xanthoxylum,

367

Yellow

dock

Yerba

santa,

root, 189 167

Yohimbinum,

338

Zanthoxylum,

337

Yarrow, 320 Yellow

dock, 286

jasmine, 173

Zea, 338

melilot, 226

Zingiber, 338

Clinical

Index Alterative

Abortifacient

Alnus, 88

Ergot, 166

Gossypium,

Chimaphilla, 127

180

Helonias, 186

Echinacea,

Sabina, 287

Iris,203

Abdominal

neuroses,

Dioscorea,

painful after

Chamomilla,

Sambucus,

123

of exudates

Rhodaline,

Thiosinamine,

309

Chaparro,

289

214

200

Chaparro, 124 Ipecac, 200

201

Ameboid

After-pains

dysentery

Ipecac, 199

Cimicifuga, 132

Amenorrhea

Albuminuria

Euonymus,

Albuminuria, Rhus,

124

Amebicide

indigestion

Ipecac,

337

dysentery

Ipecac,

Limonis,

pratense,

Xanthoxylum, Amebic

Acidosis

Acute

297

314 Stillingia,

Trifolium

309

Acetonuria

Dextrose,

254

clover, 228 Rumex, 286

Abscesses

Absorption

Phytolacca, Red

289

Dextrose,

211

Leptandra, 213

156

operations,

Abdominal

Lappa,

162

169

Cimicifuga, 132

incipient

Myrrh,

Albuminiu-ia

of

transient

FrangiJa,

237

Petroselinum, 252

281

172

pregnancy,

Amenorrhea

of anemia

Iron, 276

Quinine,

276

228

Index

368

Amylaceous

Antidote

dyspepsia

Maltum,

Tannic

221

Analgresic

acid, 78

Antifermentative

Chinosol,

128

Echinacea,

138

Orthoform, Analgesic, central

158

Antihidrotic

Eumydrin,

106

248

Papaverine,

Antiparasitic

Anaphrodisiac Salix nigra aments,

292

Thymol,

323

Antiperiodic

Anascara

Crataegus,

Apiol,

146

252

Antipyretic

Digitalis, 153

Apiol,

Helleborus, 185

252

acid, 67

Benzoic

Anemia

Chlorophyll,

295

Pulsatilla, 266

Nux

240

Quinine, 272, 273

vomica,

Resorcinol, 278

Anesthesia

Salicylicacid, 73

Aconite, 80

Antiscorbutic

Caryophyllus, 120 Cocaine,

135 158

Echinacea,

Tomato,

310 308

cress,

Antiseptic

Oil of cloves, 243

Abies, 64

Papaverine, 248

Allium, 87

Aneurism

Anise, 243

Ergot, 166

Aristol, 93

330

Veratrum,

Bacillus

mild

Balsam

Cactus, 115

Angina

214

Water

Ignatia, 197

Angina,

Limonis,

Benzoic

146

324

134

Cinnamomum,

Anthelmintic

Abies, 64 Ailanthus, 86

Asclepias incamata, Granatum, Kamala,

acid, 67

Benzoin, 67 Buchu, 110 Chinosol, 128

Papaverine, 248 duodenale Ankylostoma Thymol,

of Peru, 99

Baptisia,101

pectoris

Crataegus,

bulgarieus, 99

97

Resorcinol, 278

180

Saccharum,

208

Oil of chenopodium,

Scammony, Spigelia,312 Anthrax

Ipecac, 201

Copaiba, 145 Echinacea, 158 Quinine, 272

301

126

288

Salicylicacid, 73 Storax, 319 Tannic

acid, 77

Tannoform,

Thymol,

323

79

Itidex

370

Atonic

blood

vessels

Apocynum, Atonic

Blephar-ophthalnxia Pulsatilla,266

91

Boils

constipation

Nux

vomica,

Alnus, 88

240

Atony

Menthol, 231

Asafetida, 96

Atony

Bradycardia

involuntaxy

of the

cles mus-

Digitalis,153 Nux

Arnica, 94 Auricular

Bright's

fibrillation

Auto-intozication

241

disease

Jalap, 203 Broken

Digitalis,162 Bacillus

vomica,

compensation

Strophanthus,

bulgaricus, 98

Juglans, 205

318

Bromidrosis

Belladonna, Bronchial

105

affections, chronic

Cubeba,

148

Eriodictyon, 167

Bearing-down Helonias,

pains

Bronchial

188

Bed-sores

Eriodictyon,

Tannic

acid, 77

attacks

of insects 161

vomica,

241

Quinine, 273

virginiana,266

Squill,302 Strychnine,

241

Tincture

268 320

Xanthoxylum, moles

Thuja, 322

Bleeding surfaces Tannic

tea, 224

Pilocarpine, 258 223

vomica, 238

Bleeding

202

Lobelia, 219 Nux

Helonias, 188

Tanacetum,

246

Narcissus, 238

Gentian, 177 Marrubium,

powder,

Linseed 123

145

Quassia,

juice,288

Ipecac,

Chamomilla,

Prunus

248

Bryonia, 109 Dover's

Aletris, 87

Nux

Papaverine,

Cane

tonic

Comus,

spasm

Aconite, 81

Podophyllin, 260

Bitter

spasmodic

316

Bronchitis

Papaverine, 248

Echinacea,

asthma,

Bronchial

valerate, 327

Amyl

167

Stramonium,

Biliary colic

Bites

affections, subacuto

Bronchial

Quercus, 270

Bilious

Inula, 198

acid, 77

337

of benzoin, 67 Turpentine, 64 Bronchitis, acute

Sanguinaria, Veratrum,

Bronchitis, Sabal, 287

299

330

catarrhal

Index Bronchitis,

catarrhal

subacute

Sanguinaria, 299 Bronchitis, chronic

371

Cardiac

anti-spasmodic

Cactus, Cardiac

Abies, 65

113

ascites

Digitalis,152 Cardiac

Grindelia, 182

Senega, 305 Bronchitis, subacute

asthma

Adonidin, Cardiac

depression, respiratory and

Abies, 65

Broncho-pneumonia

of

dren chil-

Camphor, Cardiac

Camphor,

Cardiac

237

Bruises

Nux

Chamomilla,

poisoning

vomica,

241

Bums

144

185

Helleborus,

extracts, 260

Squill,302 dyspnea Morphine, 246

Cardiac

117

Molasses, 288 severe Bums, Morphine,

disease, chronic

dropsy Adonis, 83 Convallaria,

184

Calendula,

114

Cardiac

123

Hamamelis, Buckwheat

Cardiac 247

edema

Digitalis,163 Cardiac

failure

Nux

vomica,

Cardiac

241

fibrillation

Camphor,

118

Calculi

Cardiac

Morphine, 246 Calculus irritation, spasm

Digitalis,153 Cardiac hsrpertrophy,

Belladonna,

104

ureteral

Calculus,

248

Papaverine, Cancer

Conium,

Morphine, "Cancer

Anesthesin, Carbolic

acid

330

involvement

146

origin, dyspnea pain

Belladonna, Cardiac

cure" 171

pain

Cactus,

105

and

115

paralysis

stomach

Cardiac

137

Morphine, 246 Cardiac remedy Squill,302

poisoning

Antidotes, 288

simple

Camphor, 119 Cardiac lesions, chronic

Cardiac

246

233

of the

degenerations

Digitalis,153

162

Euphorbium, Cancer

Veratrum, Cardiac

Cardiac

144

Echinacea,

of

fibroid

Crataegus,

Autolysin, 233

Plantex,

tional func-

derangements,

Cactus,

Pollen

118

119

Bronchorrea

Myrrh.

84

spasm

of

372

Index

Cardiac

Cactus, Cardiac

Cardiac Nux

114

Pulsatilla,266 Catarrhal

stimulant

Xanol,

288

Catarrhal

bronchitis

Sabal, 287

239

vomica,

Catarrhal

weakness

troubles

Abies, 65

Camphor, 118 Digitalis,153

Cathartic

Aralia, 92 Colocynth, 143 Jalap, 204 Senega, 305

Cardialgia Cycloform, 137 Carious

affections

Sugar,

76

tonic

Cardiac

nasal

Catarrh,

spasm

teeth

Caryophylius, 120

Senna, 306 Carminative

Cathartic, hydrogogue

Anisum,

90

Anthemis,

Sambucus, 90

Scammony,

Asafetida, 95 Asclepias, 96 Balsam

Caryophylius, 120 Cerebral

Buchu, 110 Camphor, 118 water, 119

Cinnamomum,

Cypripedium,

Gelsemium,

134

Chancres, 230 officinalis,

Lavender, 230 Myrrh, 237

Thuja,

Chilblains

Peppermint, 231 Spearmint, 231

Chilliness

Aconite, Chloroform

Valerian, 326 Zingiber, 338

Catarrhal

Catarrhal

of

benzoin, 67

82

poisoning

Dextrose, 290 Chlorosis

chronic

and

subacute

191

colds

Eupatorium,

322

Tincture

320

Hydrastis,

soft

Hydrastis, 191 Quinine, 272

Oil of caraway, 243 Oil of cloves, 243

Catarrh,

175

Chancroid

Oil of anise, 242

Sumbul,

149

Melilotus, 228

230

Lavandula

congestion

Jalap, 204 Cerebral hjn^eremia

Caryophylius, 120 Hyssop,

301

Caustic

of Peru, 99

Camphor

297

170

exudates

Erigeron, 167 Catarrh, gastro-intestinal Sanguinaria, 299

Chlorophyll,294 Cholagogue Chelidonium, 125 Chionanthus, 128 169 Euonymus, Iris,203

Leptandra, 213

Podophyllin, 259

Index Cholagogrue

Rhubarb, 280 Salicylicacid,

Rhus,

74

272

284

catarrhal

Pulsatilla,266 156

Constipation

diarrhea

Agar, 86

Spirit of camphor,

119

Podophyllin, 259

Chorea

Constipation,

Cimicifuga, 130 Conium, 144 Ergot, 165 Monobromated

Solanum,

Continued

"

Conjimctivitis,

morbus

Dioscorea, Choleraic

Quinine,

321

Taraxacum, Cholera

Conjunctivitis

Continued

"

373

camphor,

119

310

Valerianates, 326

chronic

Belladonna, 260 Cascara, 121 Frangula, 172 Juglans, 205 Podophyllin, 260 Senna, 306

Chordee

Constipation, obstinate

Humulus,

189

Scammony,

Chronic

Constipation

lesions

with

Constipation

Cicatrices

Rhodaline,

with

rhoids, hemor-

atonic

309

Ohio

Thiosinamine, 309

buckeye,

85

with Constipation liver,chronic

Colds

Aconite, 82 Dulcamara,

debility

Hydrastis, 191

Calendula, 117

Continued

inactive

169

Euonymus,

157

Pilocarpine,258 Serpentaria,307

fever

Quinine, 273 Convalescence

Colic

Chamomilla,

Colocynth,

Cinchona,

124

133

of

Convulsions

143

Solanum,

Dioscorea, 156

Convulsive

Zingiber, 338

infancy

312

diseases

of children

Artemisia, 95

Collapse Strophanthus,

Colliquative

Cornea, inflammation Dionin, 247

318

sweats

Agaric acid,

Corneal

66

Cimicifuga,

Thiosinamine, 309

132

headache

Corns

Chelidonium,

Melilotus, 228

Conjunctiva,

inflammation

Dionin, 247

Conjunctivitis Hydrastis, 192

opacity

Rhodaline, 309

Congestive dysmenorrhea Congestive

301

194

Hyoscyamus,

of

125

Salicylicacid, 74 Coryza Belladonna,

105

Narcissus, 238

of

Index

374

Cutaneous

Cough Bugle-weed, Codeine,

230

247

powder, 246

Dover's

Grindelia, 182 Horehound

water,

230

virginicus,230

Lycopus Cough, asthmatic

Eryngium,

209

297

ursi, 325

Zea, 338

Cystitis, chronic

230

Bugle-weed, Horehound

167

Kava-kava, Uva

chronic

water,

230

virginicus,230

Lycopus

315 Stillingia, Cystitis Belladonna, 105 Buchu, 110

Oil of sandalwood,

Sticta, 314

Cough,

disorders, chronic

Elatei-ium, 163 Sabal, 287

Sabal. 287

Cough,

dry

Bryonia,

109

Deafness, chronic

Ipecac, 202 irritable

Cough,

Codeine,

Rhodaline,

Lactucarium,

211

virginiana, 265

Prunus

156 193

Hyoscyamus,

of tuberculosis

Hyoscyamus,

193

Counterirritants

Mustard,

volatile, 308

Cramps 156

Zingiber, 338

coats

Belladonna,

104

194 Hyoscyamus, Delirium, muttering

of

phoid ty-

Turpentine oil,65 tremens

Belladonna, 105 Conium, 144 Gelsemium, 176

stillingialiniment,

Glycyrrhiza, 179

302

Honey, 289 of sassafras pith,291 MucUage Olive oil,243

315 syrup, 222

spasmodic

Lobelia, 219

Squill,302 Cutaneous

diseases

Demulcent

Croup Compound

Croup,

330

Chlorophyll, 295 arterial Degenerated Digitalis,154

Delirium

Piper, 259

Maltum,

Verbascum,

fever

Oil of mustard,

Hive

uncomplicated

308

Dioseorea,

309

Delirium

Lobelia, 219

Cough

Deafness, Deficiency

Squill,302 Cough, spasmodic Drosera,

309

Thiosinamine,

247

diseases

Turpentine, 64

Saccharum,

288

Deodorant

Chinosol, 128

Depraved

secretions

Baptisia, 101

Index Diphtheritic paralysis

Diabetes

Nux

Codeine, 247

Aconite,

Soy bean, 312

insipidus

mellitus

Disinfectant

204

Carbo

Jambul,

branes mem-

ligni,120

coma

Abies,

Levulose, 290

Eryngium,

167

170

Eupatorium, Inula, 198

Buchu,

110

Cactus,

112

Caffeine, 115

Capsella bursa-pastoris,308

223

Chimaphila,

Pilocarpine, 257

Cucurbita,

Serpentaria, 307

Elder 285

Blackberry,

Diarrhea,

Helleborus, 185 124

Inula, 198 Kava-kava,

246

Lappa, Leptandra, 213

summer

280

Mitchella, 236

tuberculous

of

189

infancy

of the

heart

of the

vomica, the

241

pupil

Belladonna,

264

Pulsatilla, 266 Sabal, 287 288

Scoparin, 303 Senecio, 304

Digitalis, 153 Dilatation

Polytrichum,

Saccharum,

Ipecac, 202 Dilatation

208

211

Hematoxylon, Diarrheas

170

persistent

Rhubarb, Diarrhea,

167

Eupatorium,

Diarrhea, acid

Opium,

157

164

Eryngium,

acid, 78

Chamomilla,

148

flowers, 297

Epigaea,

172

Gambir,

127

Dulcamara,

Diarrhea

Diarrhea,

91

Apocynum, Aralia, 92

201

Marrubium,

Tannic

83

Allium, 87

Asclepias, 96 Chamomilla, 123

Ipecac,

64

Adonis,

Diaphoretic

Diminish

mucous

Diuretic

Diabetic

Nux

of the

Pulsatilla, 266

281

Diabetes

Diseases

82

236

Muscarine, Rhus,

241

Diseases

Levulose, 290

Diabetes

vomica,

Strychnine, 241 of infancy

289

Dextrose,

Dilate

375

105

secretion

Belladonna, 103

rigrht heart

Senega, 305

Shepherd's

purse,

Squill,302 Taraxacum,

Thlaspi, 308 Thuja, 322

321

308

Index

376 Diuretic

Continued

"

Triticum, 325 Uva

Dyspepsia,

221

Dyspepsia,

alterative

Lappa, 211 Dropsical discharges Caulophyllum, 122 Dropsy Apocynum,

91

Caffeine, 116 Helleborus, 185 Jalap, 203 206

Berberis, 107 Capsella bursa-pastoris,308 171 Euphorbium, 237 Myrrh, Shepherd's purse,

Rumex,

Sambucus,

Dyspepsia,

297 301

cardiac

213

fermentative

Resorcinol, 278 nervous

Chamomilla,

123

Pilocarpine, 257 Dysenteric discharges ligni,120

84

Adonidin, Adonis,

Chimaphila, 127 Dropsy of renal origin

83

Crataegus, Quebracho,

146 269

cardiac Dyspnea, Morphine, 246 of cardiac Dyspnea Digitalis,153 fron Dyspnea lung

Dysentery Ipecac, 202 Dysmenorrhea

origin

fibrosis

of

the

Digitalis, 153

indica, 120

Chamomilla, Cotamine,

atonic

Dyspnea 144

Squill,302 Dropsy, renal

Cannabis

chronic

Leptandra,

Dyspepsia,

Dropsy, Convallaria,

308

286

Dyspepsia,

Juniper, Polytrichum, 264 Scammony,

atonic

Thlaspi, 308 Dyspepsia, chronic

Aralia, 92

Carbo

amylaceous

Maltum,

116

Zea, 338 Diuretic

Continued

"

Ignatia, 197

ursi, 325

Xanol,

Dyspepsia

123

Dysiuria Chimaphila, 127

146

Petroselinum,

252

Pulsatilla, 267 Viburnum

prunifoHum, 335 Dsrsmenorrhea, neuralgic Nux

vomica,

Strychnine,

Dysmenorrhea, Gelsemium,

242 242

spasmodic 176

Dyspepsia Chlorophyll, 295 Humulus, 189

Earache

Pulsatilla, 266 330

Verbascum,

Ears, catarrhal

troubles

Pulsatilla, 266

Eclampsia Papaverine, 248 Solanum,

310

Veratrum, 329

of the

Index

378 Expectorant

Contimied

"

Glycyrrhiza, 179 Inula,

198

Ipecac,

223

241

Oil of pine needles, 66

Serpentaria, 307 241

325

Expectorant, sedative Expectorant,

299

Safrol, 291

Sage,

Fevers,

296

sthenic

Fibrosis

the

of

Grindelia, 181

lung,

dyspnea

from

Digitalis,153 Fissures 191

Thuja, Fissiu-es, anal 322

Stramonium,

305

application

External

214

Hydrastis,

89

stimulant

Sanguinaria,

Senega,

Kalmia, 207

of benzoin, 67

balsam,

Amygdala,

204

Aconite, 81

Squill,302 Strychnine, Tolu

176

Gelsemium, Ipecac, 202

Limonis,

vomica,

Tincture

Continued

"

Jalap,

201

Marrubium, Myrrh, 237 Nux

Fevers

Fissured

316

nipples

Hydrastis,

191

Fistulae

Eye-Strain 175

Gelsemium,

Thuja,

322

Flatulence Carbo

ligni,120

Flatulent

Hedeoma,

Fagopyrism Pollen

extracts, 260

Follicular

184

pharyngitis

Hydrastis,

False

pains Chamomilla,

123

Favus

Follicular

191

pharyngitis,

Phytolacca,

Chrysarobln,

129

Ground

cherry, 310

Physal's alkakengi, 310 conditions 175

Gelsemium, Febrile

247

Frost-bite

Febrifuge

Febrile

255

Fractures

Morphine,

Juniper, 206

Cajuput,

116

Storax, 319

Fungous granulations Thuja, 322

conditions, restless

Rhus,

284

Fermentative

dyspepsia

Resorcinol, 278 Fetid

colic

evacuations

Baptisia, 101 Fevers

Citric acid,69

Oalactagogue Ricinus, 285

Gargle Rhus

glabra, 282

Sage, 232

chronic

Index

232 Sal-via officinalis,

Cubeba,

vomica,

chronic

240

states

catarrhal

of

Eucalyptus,

89

Chinosol,

Iris, 202

Chamomilla,

170

Eupatorium,

Glandular

214

Limonis,

Glandular

222

Maltum, Orthoform,

Glandular

246

Gleet catarrhal

acid, 78 troubles

Gastro-enteric

Sanguinaria,

catarrh

Nux

vomica,

Benzoic

Hydrastis,

191 209

Goiter

maladies

and

ride, hydrochlo-

urea

277 Goiter

240

of non-toxic

Phytolacca,

type

255

Gonorrhea

Berberis, 107

urinary

167

fermentation

Gastro-intestinal

Genito-

Eryngium,

Quinine

299

intestinal

145

Copaiba,

Kava-kava,

acid, 77

Gastro-intestinal

Gastro

309

Eserine, 254

Hydrastis, 191 Gastritis, chronic

Tannic

troubles

Glaucoma

Gastritis, chronic

Tannic

162

Thiosinamine, 309

acute

Laudanum,

troubles

Rhodaline,

acid, 78

Gastritis,

enlargements

Echinacea,

138

Resorcinol, 278 Tannic

123

Iris, 203

ulcer

Gastric

128

Gestation

tonic

Gastric

168

Germicide

stimulant

Gastric

tract, catarrh

Genito-urinary

89

Amygdala,

sedative

Pulsatilla, 267

sedative

Gastric

irritations

Genito-urinary

120

Amygdala,

191

Staphisagria, 313

irritability

Gastric

inflammations

Genito-urinary

inactivity

Capsicum,

107

Hydrastis,

Pulsatilla, 267 Gastric

Eryngium,

Genito-urinary

191

disorders

Gastric

disorders,

Genito-urinary

catarrh

Nux

Hydrastis,

127

Chimaphila,

143

Gastric

Gastric

affections,

atonic

Collinsonia, 142 Colocynth,

65

Genito-urinary

105

Con.

182

Turpentine,

Anasthesiii, 137

"

148

Grindelia,

Oastralgia Belladonna,

affect'ns

Genito-urinary

Continued

Qaxgle"

379

affections

acid, 68

Aconite, 81 Cannabis

indica, 120

Index

380

Gonorrhea

Continued

"

Chimaphila, Cubeba, Matico,

Chamomilla, 123 Iris,203 Heart block, complete

Pulsatilla, 267

Quinine, 273 Oil of sandalwood,

297

Thuja, 322 chronic Gonorrhea, Gonorrhea,

subacute

Heart

Heart

Heart

Gout

vomica,

241

241

failiure

vomica,

241

failvu-e of pneumonia

Caffeine, 116

141

Salicylicacid,

disease, congenital

Nux

Nux

Hydrastis, 191

Heart, fatty Cimicifuga, 131 Heart, hj^ertrophy

74

Gouty involvements Chimaphila, 127 Graves'

Digitalis,153

Strychnine,

209

Colchicum,

sick

Headache,

192

223

Kava-kava,

175

periodic Caffeine, 116

148

Hydrastis,

nervous

Headache,

145

Copaiba,

Headache,

Gelsemium,

127

Kalmia,

disease

Salicylicacid, 75

Heart

of the

207

overworked

muscle,

Arnica, 94

Griping 193

Hyoscyamus,

Grippe

Heart, palpitation of the Ailanthus, 86 Heart

Bryonia, 109 tender Gums, Tannic acid, 77

remedy

Apocynum, Heart, slow Cactus, Heart

91

115

stimulant

Adonis, 83 Digitalis,152

recurring Chimaphila, 127 Hay-fever Hematuria,

171 Euphorbium, Melilotus, 228

Orthoform, Pollen

260

Quinine, 273 Sticta,314 Headache, congestive Bryonia, 108 menstrual Headache, Pulsatilla,267

Heart

tonic

Helleborus, 185 Hematuria

Capsella bursa-pastoris,308

138

extracts,

Scoparius, 303 Sparteine, 303 Xanol, 116

Cinnamomum,

134

Shepherd's purse, Thlaspi, 308 Hemorrhage Ergot, 165 Morphine, 247 Tannic acid, 76

308

Index Hemorrhage,

capillary

381

Hepatic

derangements,

Erigeron, 167

Hemorrhage,

passive

Chionanthus,

Capsella bursa-pastoris,308 Erigeron, 167 Hamamelis,

purse,

Sanguinaria,

Cinnamomum,

134

Herpes

122

Hemorrhage,

Herpetic eruptions

uterine

Cinnamomum, Cotarnine,

Rhus,

134

in the

lower

bowel

Sugar, 288 High blood pressure Aconite, 81

acid, 78

Hoarse

Hemorrhagic

Limonis, Hookworm difficiilties

Bugleweed,

230

Horehound

water,

disease

Chenopodium, Thymol,

230

virginicus,230

Lycopus Hemorrhoids

Hydrogogue

cathartic

Sambucus,

297

Cypripedium,

184

Hydrastis,

Hypertonic

191

and

ride, hydrochlo-

316

Hypnotic 210

Hypochondriasis

acid, 77

Valerian, 326

atonic

with

tion constipa-

Hysteria Cimicifuga, 130, 131

buckeye,

85

external

Galla. 172 Hemostatic

Hamamelis,

248

Lactucarium,

Stramonium,

Hemorrhoids,

149

conditions

Papaverine, urea

277

Hemorrhoids,

301

Hjrperesthesias, ftmctional

Collinsonia, 142 HamameUs,

126

324

Scammony,

Aesculus, 85

Ohio

214

214

Hemorrhagic

Tannic

throat

diathesis

Limonis,

Quinine

284

Hiccough

146

Hydrastis, 192 Tannic

zoster

Grindelia, 182

165

Hemorrhage

Chelidonium, 125 Hernia, strangulated Lobelia, 219

post-partum

Caulophyllum, Ergot,

299

Hepatitis passive uterine

Hemorrhage,

disorders, chronic

Hepatic stimulant 308

Thlaspi, 308

Hemorrhage,

128

Stillingia,314 184

Shepherd's

Hepatic

Gelsemium,

Hyoscyamus, Ignatia, 197 Solanum,

184

176 194

310

Valerian, 326

Turpentine, 65 Hemostatic, uterine

Hysterical paralyses

Gossjrpium, 180

Strychnine,241

Nux

vomica,

241

acute sub-

Index

382

Impaired Nux

digestion

vomica,

Impotence,

240

Insomnia,

338

Incontinence

asthenic

Passiflora,251

of iirine

vomica,

Rhus,

194 Hyoscyamus, Passiflora,260

neurasthenic

Yohimbinum,

Nux

Insomnia

Insomnia

242

of low

Passiflora,251

281

Intercostal

neuralgia, Gelsemium, 175 Intertrigo

Strychnine, 242 Thuja, 322 Indigestion Rhubarb,

Lycopodium,

280

Intestinal

atonic

Indigestion, Hydrastis,

191

Gambir, Infantile

of Peru, 99

Nux

vomica,

Opium,

Intestinal

paralysis

Strychnine, Infantile

Intraocular

242 242

Irregularly irregular pulse Digitalis, 154

diseases

Irritable

273

Cocaine,

Irritable conditions

conditions,

acute sub-

Tannic

Bryonia,

sphincters 176

stomach

Humulus, Irritated

189

sexual

states

Monobromated

acid, 77

Inflammatory

131

Gelsemium, Irritable

Aconite, 81

Inflammatory

330

Cimicifuga,

13G

Inflammatory

heart

Veratrum,

anesthesia

Infiltration

tension

Pilocarpine, 257

spasm

Quinine,

spasm

Papaverine, 248

Passiflora, 251 Infectious

disturbances

acid, 78 Intestinal indigestion Hydrastis, 191

124

vomica,

246

Tannic

diseases

Infantile

colic

Intestinal

240

Chamomilla,

Nux

Intestinal

diarrhea

Infantile

atony

Pilocarpine, 257

Catnip, 231 Colocynth, 143 Nepeta cataria,231 Infantile

163

172

Intestinal

colic

224

astringent

fissiires

Balsam

Ivy poisoning Grindelia, 182

processes 108

Influenza Monobromated

camphor,

119 Jaundice

Quinine, 273

Insects, bites

true

antiseptic

Echinacea, Intestinal

Indolent

fevers

of

Echinacea, 161

Chelidonium, 125 Chionanthus, 128

camphor,

119

Index catarrhal

Jaundice,

Podophyllin,

Podophyllin,

338

Ricinus, Rumex,

128

of malaria

Quinine,

275

242

oil,243

Rhubarb,

260

Chionanthus, Jaundice

Olive

gestation

of

Continued

"

Oil of almond,

malarial

Jaundice, Jaundice

Laxative

260

Xanthoxylum,

383

280 285 286

Senna,

307

Sugar,

288

Taraxacum, 321 Laxative, post-partum Ricinus, 285

Leprosy Keratitis

Chaulmoogra

oil,124

Leucorrhea

Salicylicacid, 75 Kidney tests, functional

Hydrastis, 191 Lichen

Phloridzin, 253

Juniper, 206 Lithemia

Lanmgeal

of benzoin,

Tincture

68

septic affections

Laryngeal,

Echinacea,

Laryngeal

162

Chelidonium,125 Locomotor

ataxia

Kalmia,

207

Louse

spasm

Staphisagria, 313

Sticta, 314 stridulus

Laryngismus

Lubricant Olive

Ipecac, 201

Laryngitis

oil,243

Lumbago

Aconite,

Belladonna, 105

81

Belladonna, Tannic

Salicylicacid, 74 diseases of the Liver, functional

affections

104

acid, 77 chronic

Laryngitis,

Sanguinaria, 299 315 Stillingia,

Monobromated

camphor,

Xanthoxylum, Lumbricoid

Laxative

dyspnea

from

the

Baptisia, Cascara,

Digitalis,153

121, 307

Lupus

Glycyrrhiza, 179

Rhodaline,

Honey,

Thiosinamine,

289

Leptandra,

213

221

Maltum, Manna,

338

worm

Spigel'a,312 Lung,

101

Marrubium,

309 309

Thymol iodide, 324 Lupus erythematosus Sal'cin, 296

223

223

1 19

Lymphatic

swellings

Molasses,

288

Rhodaline,

Mustard,

308

Thiosinamine,

309 309

fibrosis

of

Index

384

Alnus,

suppression

Menses,

Lytnphatism

Aconite,

88

Menstrual

of the

81

headaches

Pulsatilla,267 Menstruation,

painful

Helonias, 188 Malaria

Menstruation,

Aesculus, 84 Cornus,

Caulophyllum,

120

Capsicum,

Mental

Migraine Caffeine, 116

Salicylicacid, 74

fever

Nux

fevers, subacute

Eupatorium, 170 disease Malignant Echinacea,

vomica,

241 241

Strychnine, Minor

congestions

Hamamelis,

162

184

Miscarriage, habitual

Plantex, 233

Helonias, 188

Malnutrition

Mitral

Levulose, 290 inflammation

Mammary Phytolacca,

255

Mania

regurgitation Adonidin, 84

Mitral

stenosis

Digitalis,154 194

Hyoscyamus,

Mania,

paralyses

Mineral-poison

Quinine, 274 Malarial

affections

276

Quinine, Malarial

252

Pulsatilla,267

salt, 67

cachexia, chronic

Malarial

122

Petroselinum,

145

Ipecac, 202 Sodium

scanty

fever

Quinine, 274

acute

Mouth

Passiflora, 251

wash

Salicylicacid, 74

Marasmus

Levulose, 290

Mumps

Measles

Jaborandi, 258

Chamomilla,

123

156

Drosera,

effusions

Meningeal

185

Helleborus,

involvements

Meningeal Bryonia, Meningitis Bryonia,

Mosquito

108

exhaustion

Arnica, 94 Myalgia Arnica, 94

Dulcamara, 157 Jaborandi, 258 Turpentine,

108

Helleborus, 185

Menopause Cocculus

Muscular

indicus, 139

Menorrhagia Cotarnine,

Xanthoxylum, Mydriatic Belladonna, 103 Duboisine, 157 Eumydrin,

146

64

Gelsemium,

106

175

338

Index

386

Painful

Nipples, fissured Hydrastis,

Methyl

191

Nux

of the

heart

Ailanthus, 86

acid, 77

Tannic

salicylate,76

Palpitation

Nipples, inflamed Nocttirnal

joints

Pannus

enuresis

Jequirity, 204

vomica, 242

Paralyses

Rhus, 281

Nux

Strychnine,242

vomica, 241

Papillomatae

Nutrient

Thuja, 322

288

Saccharum,

Paralyses

Maltum, 221 Olive oil,243

Strychnine, 241

Paralyses, slight peripheral Arnica, 94

Paralysis Obesity

Asafetida, 94

Phytolacca, 255 Old

Paralysis agitans

ulcers Tincture

Cocculus of benzoin, 67

Ophthalmia Pulsatilla, 266

Opium

indicus, 139

Aconite, 80

Arnica, 94

Paralyzed accommodation

Orchitis

Belladonna,

Bryonia,

sphincters

Paralyzant

Optic paralysis

110

Parasitic

Pulsatilla, 267

Balsam

105

skin

diseases

of Peru, 99

irritation

Storax, 319

Salix nigra aments, Ovarian

194

of the

Cocculus

Antidote, 249

Ovarian

Conium, Hyoscyamus,

Paralysis

poisoning

indicus, 139 144

292

neuralgia 176

Gelsemium,

Oxyuris

tachycardia

Paroxysmal

Digitalis,153 Parturient

Mitchella, 236

Santonin, 300

Pediculosis Cocculus

indicus, 139

Staphisagria,313 Pain

Storax, 319 Pericarditis

Aconite, 81 indica, 120

Dover's

powder, 246 193 Hyoscyamus, Morphine, Painful

exudation

Bryonia, 109

Allium, 87 Cannabis

with

247

affections

Veratrine, 286

Peritonitis

Aconite, 81

Peritonitis, idiopathic Bryonia, 110

Pharyngeal, Echinacea,

septic 162

affections

Index Phaiyngitis

Polyuria

Belladonna,

chronic

Xanthoxylum,

Pharyngitis,

Pregnancy,

146

toxemia

Pregnancy,

288

poisoning

Turpentine,

bowel

254

of

Dextrose, 290

poisoning

Antidotes,

tention dis-

oppression

Crataegus,

237

Phosphorus

Physostigma, Precordial

191

paralytic of the

338

relaxed

Myrrh,

281

Post-operative

follicular

Hydrastis,

Phenol

Rhus,

104

Pharyngitis,

Pharynx,

387

vomiting

Laurocerasus, Prevention

65

of

212

of

renal

ment involve-

Photophobia Triticum, 325

Pulsatilla,266

Pimply

Priapism

skin

Humulus,

Alnus, 88

Prolapsus

Pityriasis Thymol,

hypertrophy

of

the

Aconite,

Sabal, 287

82

Prostatic

Bryonia, 109 Dover's

powder,

246

exudation

with

Bryonia,

109

involvements, old

Sabal, 287 Prostatic Buchu,

Pleurodynia

trouble 110

Chimaphila,

Gelsemium,

Prostatic

176

Pneumonia

127

troubles, chronic

subacute

Bryonia, 109 Camphor, Dover's Nux

184

Prostate, senile

323

Pleurisy

Pleurisy

ani

Hamamelis,

157

Dulcamara,

189

Thuja, Prurigo

'.

119

powder, 246

vomica,

Limonis, 21-4 Hamamelis, 184

Salicylicacid, 74

Pneumonia,

Pseudo-angina

330 heart

failure of

Caffeine, 116

Xanol, 116 lobu: Pneimionia, Digitalis,153 sthenic Pneumonia, Aconite, 81

Poliomyelitis Salicin,296

Juniper, 206 Pruritis

241

Quinine, 273 Veratrum,

322

Cactus, 114 Crataegus, 147 Psoriasis

Chrysarobin, 129 Dulcamara, 157 Juniper, 206 Thymol iodide, 324

Ptyalism Myrrh,

237

and

Index

388 Puerperal convulsions

Rectal

329

Veratrum,

toxemia

Puerperium,

of the

affections

Pulmonary

157

Dulcamara,

affections, chronic Pulmonary Bugle-weed, 230 Horehound

Lycopus Pulmonary

water, 230

virginicus,230 edema 164

Elaterium,

Pulmonary

tuberculosis

Allium, 88

Camphoric acid, 69 Purgative Aloe, 89 Castor oil,286

Eupatorium, Frangula, 171

170

Kamala, 208 Oil of coriander, 243 280

fever

Quinine, 274

Respiratory

Ipecac, 201

Quinsy add, 75 Salicylic

Rectal

spasm

Collinsonis, 142

118

Respiratory disease, acute Nux

vomica, 241 Strychnine, 241

Respiratory failure Nux

vomica,

Respiratory

from

Ipecac,

oning pois-

241

passages,

catarrhal

inflammations

of the

202

Respiratory tract,

catarrh

Eucalyptus, 168

Respiratory

troubles

Asclepias, 96

Restore

Pyloric spasm Papaverine, 248 Pyorrhea alveolaris

pression de-

Lobelia, 219

Pus

Zea, 338

cardiac

Respiratory diseases

Restlessness

Buchu, 110 Uva ursi,325

and

Camphor,

Purgative, hypodermic Physostigma, 253 Allium, 87 PyeUtis

214

Remittent

169

Euonymus,

Rhubarb,

Hydrastis, 191 Refrigerant Limonis,

290

Dextrose,

ulceration

of low

fevers

Passiflora,251 the

lacteal

secretion

Jaborandi, 258 Revulsant Mustard

308 plasters, fever, acute

Rheumatic

Aconite, 82 Sodium

75 salicylate,

Rheumatism

Bryonia,

108

Cimicifuga, 132 Gaultheria, 173 Jaborandi, 258 Ealmia, 207 Limonia, 214 Menthol, 231 Pulsatilla,267 Rhus, 284 Salicylicacid-natural,72

tomato,

310

of

Indea; chronic

Rheumatism, Lappa, Phytolacca,

Scrofula

Alnus, 88 314 Stillingia.

211

255

315 Stillingia,

Scurvy

Rhinitis

Citric acid, 69

Sea-sickness

157

Dulcamara,

Nux

Rhino-asthma

Seat

248

Papaverine,

Rigg's

disease

vomica,

worms

Quassia, 268 Viburnum

OS

Humulus,

Ringworm Chrysarobin, 129

Bacillus

Septic

Roiindworm Oil of chenopodium,

189

Senility, prematiure

323

126

bulgaricus, 98

infections

Baptisia,

101

Caffeine, 116 Cinchona, 133

Santonin, 300

Spigelia,312 Rubefacient

Echinacea, 161 Tannic acid, 77

Abies, 64

Septicemia

Allium, 87

Camphor, Capsicum,

opulus, 332

Sedative, sexual

Lobelia, 219

Thymol,

240

Sedative

Ipecac, 201

Rigid

389

Digitalis,154

118

Serous

120

170

Euphorbium, Mezereiun,

229

effusions

Salicylicacid, 74 Serous

membranes,

dryness of

the

Bryonia, 108 Sexual

hsrsterias Pulsatilla,267

Salivation

Belladonna,

104

of mercury

Salivation

glabra, 282

Rhus

Balsam

of Peru, 99

Scar

fever

Salix nigra amenta,

Rhodaline, 309 Thiosinamine, 309

pain

Salicylicacid, 74 Scorbutic

Limoois, 214

stimulant

Yohimbinum,

338

Belladonna, 106 185

tissue

Sciatic

189

Shock

Storax, 319

Helleborus,

sedative

Humulus, Sexual

Scabies

Scarlet

Sexual

Ergot, 166 Morphine, 247

Strophanthus, 318 Sialagogue Pyrethrum,

268

Xanthoxylum,

Simple

bitter

Berberis, 106

337

292

3d0

Index

Simple hiXter"Contiimed Gentian,

Spermatorrhea

177

Humulus,

Serpentaria, 307

Sinuses,

inflammation

Bacillus

Skin

Thuja,

of

Arnica, 94

of benzoin, 67

Sphincter

affections, edematous

Chrysarobin,

129

Hydrastis, Sambucus, 297

Tinture

Chamomilla, 123

211

Hamamelis,

Pyrogallic acid, 70 Skin

diseases, chronic

Balsam

parasitic

184

Stimulant

Allium, 87

of Peru, 99

Aralia, 92

Skin

diseases, parasitic Salicylicacid, 74 Storax, 319

Cajuput, 116 Capsicum, 120 Chamomilla, 123 134 Cinnamomum,

lesions, indolent Phytolacca, 255

Skin

Copaiba, Hyssop,

Soporific Passiflora,251 Sore

of benzoin, 67

Sprains

diseases, chronic

Lappa,

spasm

Cactus, 114 Spongy gums

192

Skin

292

322

Sphincter incontinence

bulgaricus, 98

Tincture

189

Salix nigra aments,

145 229

Lavandula

throat

280 officinalis,

Lavender,

230

Eucalyptus, 168 Gambir, 172

Marrubium, Myrrh, 237

Phytolacca, 255 Sanguinaria, 299

Nutmeg, 238 Nux vomica, 240 Origanum vulgare, 231 Peppermint, 231 Sassafras, 291

Spasm Hyoscyamus, Morphine,

Spasm,

193

247

intestinal

Belladonna,

Spearmint, 231 Strychnine, 240

104

Papaverine, 248

Spasmodic

Wild

marjoram, 231 337 Xanthoxylum, Zingiber, 338

asthma

Ailanthus, 86

Cactus, 114 170 Euphorbium, conditions Spasmodic urinary tract Gelsemium,

Spasmodic Drosera,

176

cou^ 156

Spasmodic croup Ipecac, 202

223

Stimulant

Piper, of

the

Stimulant

carminatives 259

stomachic

Laurocerasus, Stimulant

to

212

central

system

Camphoric

acid, 69

Stimulating digestion Lobelia,218

nervous

Index stomachic

391

Syphilis

"

Anthemis, Balsam

90

Phytolacca, 255 Syphilis, tertiary

of Peru, 99

Berberis, 107

ChlorophyU, Helonias,

Kola,

Continued

Kalmia, 207 Mezereum, 229

Aloe, 88

315 Stillingia, Syphilitic lesions

294

188

Thymol

210

iodide, 324

Oil of cloves, 243

Syphilitic mouth

Rhubarb,

Hydrastis, 191 Syphilitic paralyses

280

Stomachic

bitter

Nux

Nux

197

Ignatia,

vomica,

241 241

Syphilitic sore

271

Quinine, Stomachic

vomica,

Strychnine,

240

lesions

Guaiacum,

tonic

Cinchona,

133

Hydrastis,

191

throat 182

Stomatitis

Hydrastis,

Tabes

191

hernia

Strangrulated

Salicylicacid, 74 Taenia

Lobelia, 219 Stricture

Rhodaline,

Aspidium, 97 Chenopodium,

309

Styptic diarrhea

of the

181

Tender

176

of benzoin, 67

Tenesmus

fever

Colocynth, 143 Teniafuge

Quinine, 273 feet Sweating

Aspidium, 97

Salicylicacid, 74 Sweat glands, excessive from

acid, 77 abnormal 258

Syphilis Echinacea,

124

nipples

Tincture

Ricinus, 285

Jaborandi,

208

Gelsemium,

menses

Surgrical dressing

Sweats,

Granatum,

Chamomilla,

Aconite, 81

Tannic

148

Teething

280

Suppression

126

Cucurbita, Kamala,

Sugar, 288

Rhubarb,

208

Tapeworm

309

Pulsatilla,266

Surgical

solium

Kamala,

Thiosinamine,

Summier

dorsalis

the

Cusso, tion secre-

149

Granatum, Tetanus

Coniine,

144

Turpentine, 64 Threadworm

Quassia, 162

181

268

Santonin, 300

Index

39^ Throat,

Tonic

sore

Kava-kava,

Sage, 296 Throat

troubles, spasmodic

Aconite, 81 Tannic

Salicylicacid, 75

Veratrum,

Juniper, 206

330

Toothache

Tonic

Oil of cloves, 243

sativa, 98

Avena

Toxemia

Blackberry, 285 Bugle-weed, 230

Echinacea,

cherry, 310

Horehound

230

230

Hyssop, Lavender,

Traumatic

cardiaca, 230

Leptandra,

213

214

Lycopus

virginicus,230

Maltum,

221

Marrubium,

230

175

Tuberculosis 230

Echinacea,

159

Horehound

water, 230

Inula, 198

vomica,

240

Levulose, 290

vulgare,

231

Pareira, 250

Physalis alkakengi, 310 Quinine, 273 Rumex,

neuralgia

Bugle-weed,

237

Origanum

Arnica, 94

Gelsemium,

223

Motherwort,

strain

Trigeminal

Limonis,

Myrrh,

Trachoma

Jequirity, 204

230

Leonurus

acute

157

Dulcamara,

water,

of

162

Tracheo-bronchitis,

183

Guarana,

puerperium

290

Toxins, elimination

132

Cinchona, Ground

290

of the

Dextrose,

127

Chimaphila,

of pregnancy

Dextrose, Toxemia

123

Chamomilla,

Tuberculous

321

ursi, 325

marjoram,

193

diarrhea

189 Hematoxylon, night Tuberculosis, pulmonary

Senecio, 304 Taraxacum,

Lycopus virginicus,230 Myrrh, 237 Tuberculosis, cough of Hyoscyamus,

286

Sage, 296

Tonic

acid, 77

Tonsillitis,acute

Tinea

Wild

infections

Tonsillitis

Thyroiditis

Uva

209

virginiana, 265

Salicylicacid, 75

activity

Salicylicacid, 75

Nux

Prunus Tonsillar

Collinsonia, 142

Thyroid

bitter

231

astringent Sage, 232 Salvia officinalis, 232

sweats

Camphoric acid, 69 Tuberculosis, pulmonary Allium, 88

Tsrmpanites Erigeron, 167

of

iTideoo

S94

Valvular

chronic

disease,

Strophanthus, Varicose

pregnancy

Laurocerasus,

318

"

212

ulcers

Adonidin, Venereal

84 warts

Thuja,

Warts

322

Venous

congestion

Hamamelis,

Chelidonium, Thuja,

184

Vermifuge

Vesical

Thuja,

Wet

Eupatorium, Rhus, Vesical

dressing

Whooping 170

cough

Cannabis

indica,

120

193

Solanum,

Tannic

117 138

acid,

Turpentine,

Vomiting

Wound

201

Morphine,

77 64

dressing

Allium,

246

87

240

vomica, extracts,

260

obstinate

Vomiting,

137

Cycloform,

reflex

Vomiting,

Coca,

314

Orthoform,

95

Ipecac,

312

310,

Calendula,

170

exhaustion

Vomiting

274

Wound

308

Euphorbium.

238

Quinine,

Sticta,

Vesicant

Cantharides,

156

Narcissus,

105

Hyoscyamus,

Coca,

124

Drosera,

Belladonna,

Pollen

104

Chamomilla,

spasm

Nux

161

Belladonna,

281

Arnica,

of

290

Echinacea,

322

irritation

Vesical

diseases

Levulose,

atony

125

322

Wasting 320

Tansy,

Vital

in

Vomiting

135

Benzoic

acid, 67

Echinacea,

135

in

Zymocide

pregnancy

Zymotic Sodium

161

fevers

salt,

67

children

Con.