BOOK_REVIEW_-_BLAKE.pdf

BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1. It moves information from a source to a destination through a channel. 2. Elements of a communication system

3. Three essential elements of any communication system 4. Sources of information signals 5. Sources are often described in terms of the ___________  ________ that they occupy

Communication System 

Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, Destination Transmitter, Receiver, Channel  Analog and Digital Frequency Range

6. The element of a communication system wherein t he signal will be driven out of the source to the channel.

Transmitter

7. This element of communication system can be a pair of conductors or an optical fiber or the free space wherein the signal is traveling to the receiver

Channel

8. In a free space channel, ______ signal is required to avoid interference.

Carrier

9. When a carrier is used, the information signal can be also called as __________ ______.

Modulating Signal

10. Since the carrier frequency is generally much higher than that of the information signal, the frequency spectrum of the information signal is often referred to as _________. 11. Modulation is done at the _______. 12. This process takes place at the receiver wherein the signal has to be restored to its original baseband signal.

Baseband

Transmitter Demodulation

13. It states that the amount of information that can be transmitted in a given time is proportional to bandwidth for a

Hartley’s Law 

given modulating scheme.. 14. It refers to the combining of two or more information signals. 15. Methods of multiplexing.

Multiplexing Frequency-Division Multiplexing, Time-Division Multiplexing

16. When the available frequency is divided among the signals, the process is known as ______________ _________.

17. In this process, the entire bandwidth is used for each signal, but only for a small part of time.

Frequency-division Multiplexing

Time-Division Multiplexing

BLAKE Summary 18. It is the available bandwidth of a communication satellite divided among a number of transmitter-receiver combinations. 19. It is any undesirable change in an information signal. 20. A 20.  A representation of a signal’s signal’s power or amplitude as a function function of frequency. 21. A 21.  A way of representing the the periodic functions as a series of sinusoids. 22. Any 22.  Any undesired disturbance that is superimposed on a signal and obscures its information content

Transponder Distortion Frequency Domain

Fourier Series

Noise

23. Noise which originates within the communication equipment.

Internal Noise

24. Noise outside the communication equipment.

External Noise

25. Noise generated by equipment that produces sparks. 26. Noise that is originated from lightning. 27. Refer to no. 28: another name for this kind of noise 28. Noise that comes from heavenly bodies that are powerful sources of radiation. 29. This noise is produced by the random motion of electrons in a conductor due to heat. 30. This is due to random variations in current flow in active devices such as tubes, transistors, and semiconductor diodes. 31. Noise that occurs in the partition of the Negative and Positive P ositive elements in a semiconductor such as BJT. 32. This noise is cause by variations in carrier density. 33. Refer to no. 34: another name for it. 34. Noise that many junction devices produce due to cut-off frequency reaching. 35. ratio of signal to noise power at a given point in a system. 36. Device for displaying signals in the frequency domain.

Equipment Noise  Atmospheric Noise Static Space Noise

Thermal Noise

Shot Noise

Partition Noise Excess Noise Flicker Noise, Pink Noise Transit-Time Noise Signal-to-Noise Ratio Spectrum Analyzer

37. It is a figure to merit, indicating how much a component, stage, or series of stages degrades the signal-to-noise ratio of a

Noise Figure

system. 38. Refer to no. 39: Another name for that.

Noise Factor

39. It is the absolute temperature of a resistor that, connected to the input of a noiseless amplifier of the same gain, would

Equivalent Noise Temperature

produce the same noise at the output. 40. Representation of a signal’s amplitude as a function of t ime.

Time Domain

BLAKE Summary 18. It is the available bandwidth of a communication satellite divided among a number of transmitter-receiver combinations. 19. It is any undesirable change in an information signal. 20. A 20.  A representation of a signal’s signal’s power or amplitude as a function function of frequency. 21. A 21.  A way of representing the the periodic functions as a series of sinusoids. 22. Any 22.  Any undesired disturbance that is superimposed on a signal and obscures its information content

Transponder Distortion Frequency Domain

Fourier Series

Noise

23. Noise which originates within the communication equipment.

Internal Noise

24. Noise outside the communication equipment.

External Noise

25. Noise generated by equipment that produces sparks. 26. Noise that is originated from lightning. 27. Refer to no. 28: another name for this kind of noise 28. Noise that comes from heavenly bodies that are powerful sources of radiation. 29. This noise is produced by the random motion of electrons in a conductor due to heat. 30. This is due to random variations in current flow in active devices such as tubes, transistors, and semiconductor diodes. 31. Noise that occurs in the partition of the Negative and Positive P ositive elements in a semiconductor such as BJT. 32. This noise is cause by variations in carrier density. 33. Refer to no. 34: another name for it. 34. Noise that many junction devices produce due to cut-off frequency reaching. 35. ratio of signal to noise power at a given point in a system. 36. Device for displaying signals in the frequency domain.

Equipment Noise  Atmospheric Noise Static Space Noise

Thermal Noise

Shot Noise

Partition Noise Excess Noise Flicker Noise, Pink Noise Transit-Time Noise Signal-to-Noise Ratio Spectrum Analyzer

37. It is a figure to merit, indicating how much a component, stage, or series of stages degrades the signal-to-noise ratio of a

Noise Figure

system. 38. Refer to no. 39: Another name for that.

Noise Factor

39. It is the absolute temperature of a resistor that, connected to the input of a noiseless amplifier of the same gain, would

Equivalent Noise Temperature

produce the same noise at the output. 40. Representation of a signal’s amplitude as a function of t ime.

Time Domain

BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS 1.  A mixer in which the input frequencies frequencies are cancelled and are therefore not present at the output. 2. Removal of an unwanted signal by providing a low-impedance path to ground. 3. The total frequency range over which a PLL can become locked to a signal. 4.  A small stab of quartz with with attached electrodes; used as a resonant circuit. 5. It is to prevent the undesired passage of signals between circuits. 6.  A frequency multiplier whose output output frequency is twice that of the input signal. 7. The frequency at which a VCO operates when its control voltage is zero. 8.  A circuit whose output frequency is is a small integer multiple of the input signal frequency.

Balanced Mixer

Bypassing

Capture Range

Crystal

Decouple

Doubler

Free-running Frequency

Frequency Multiplier

9.  A device that can produce a large large number of output frequencies from a smaller number of fixed-frequency

Frequency Synthesizer

oscillators. 10. Movement of a signal from one frequency to another using a mixer-oscillator synthesizer. 11. A 11.  A small length of wire, connected at only one end as a capacitance to ground. 12. An 12.  An artificial ground, often consisting consisting of an area foil left on one side of a circuit board. 13. Total range of frequencies over which a PLL, once locked, can remain locked.

Frequency Translation

Gimmick

Ground Plane

Lock Range

14. This effect is in some amplifiers that the internal capacitance of the active device can cause feedback that produces the same effect on the circuit as much muc h larger capacitance across the

Miller Effect

amplifier input. 15. A 15.  A nonlinear circuit designed to generate generate sum and difference frequencies when two or more frequencies are present at its inputs.

Mixer

BLAKE Summary 16. The number by which a digital divider chain divides.

17. A circuit whose output is proportional to the product of the instantaneous amplitudes of two input signals. 18. A means of avoiding instability in amplifiers by using negative feedback. 19. A device whose output voltage is a function of the phase difference between two input signals. 20. A device that locks the frequency of a VCO exactly to that of an input signal.

Modulus

Multiplier

Neutralization

Phase Detector

Phase-locked Loop (PLL)

21. An effect that occurs in some materials, such as quartz and some ceramics, whereby a voltage is produced across the

Piezoelectric Effect

material when it is deformed. 22. A divider that precedes the main programmable divider in a frequency synthesizer. 23. In a frequency synthesizer, it is the smallest amount by which the output frequency can be changed.

Prescaler

Resolution

24. The frequency at which a single component becomes a resonant circuit, because the presence of stray capacitance or

Self-Resonant Frequency

inductance, or both. 25. A frequency multiplier whose output frequency is three times that of the input signal.

Tripler

26. A reverse-biased diode used as a voltage, variable capacitor.

Varactor

27. An oscillator whose frequency can be controlled by changing

Voltage-Controlled Oscillator

external control voltage. 28. This oscillator type can be recognized by its use of a tapped inductor, part of the resonant circuit, to provide feedback. 29. It’s an oscillator that uses capacitive voltage divider instead of a tapped inductor to provide feedback. 30. It is a variation of Colpitts circuit, designed to swamp device capacitances for greater stability. 31. This is typically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or out of the coil.

(VCO) Hartley Oscillator

Colpitts Oscillator

Clapp Oscillator

Slug Tuning

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION 1.  A modulation scheme in which the amplitude of a highfrequency signal is varied in accordance with t he instantaneous

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

amplitude of an information signal. 2. The curve produced by joining the tips of the individual RF cycles of a modulated wave

Envelope

3. Measure of the extent of the modulation of a signal.

Modulation Index

4. Modulation of a greater depth than allowed.

Over modulation

5. The power measured at modulation peaks in an AM or singlesideband signal.

Peak Envelope Power (PEP)

6. Transmission of two separate information signals using two amplitude-modulated carriers at the same frequency but

Quadrature AM

differing in phase by 90 degrees. 7.  A signal component in a modulated signal, at a frequency different from that of a carrier. 8.  All of the side frequencies to one side of the carrier frequency. 9.  Any AM scheme in which only one of the two sidebands is transmitted. 10. An AM signal in which the carrier frequency component is eliminated and only one or both sidebands are transmitted.

Side Frequency Sideband Single-sideband

Suppressed-carrier Signal

11. It is a colloquial term used to describe additional side frequencies produced by over modulation or distortion in an AM

Splatter

system. 12. A signal consisting of two audio frequencies, not harmonically related, used to test single-sideband transmitters.

Two-tone Test Signal

13. The higher-frequency signal that is combined with an information signal to produce the modulated waveform is called  ________.

Carrier

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 4: ANGLE MODULATION 1.  A general term that includes frequency and phase modulation. 2. It is the ability of an FM receiver to receive the stronger of two signals, ignoring the weaker.

 Angle Modulation Capture Effect

3. The frequency of a signal before modulation is applied and the power transmitted at the carrier frequency varies with

Carrier Frequency

modulation for an FM signal. 4. It is the use of low-pass filter in a receiver to remove the effect of pre-emphasis on the frequency response. 5. The amount by which the frequency of an FM signal shifts to each side of the carrier frequency. 6. IN FM and PM, the peak amount in radians by which the phase of a signal deviates from its resting value. 7. Fm with relatively low modulation index.

De-emphasis

Frequency Deviation

Modulation Index Narrowband FM (NBFM)

8. It is the use of a high pass filter in an FM transmitter to improve the signal-to-noise ration; always used with de -

Pre-emphasis

emphasis at the receiver. 9. It is the frequency of the unmodulated carrier of an FM signal. 10. Refer to no. 9: Another name for it. 11. A secondary carrier that can carry an additional modulating signal and is itself modulated onto the main carrier. 12. It is the noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong FM signals. 13. FM with a relatively large modulation index. 14. This represents normalized voltages for the various frequency components of an FM or PM signal.

Rest Frequency Carrier Frequency Subcarrier

Threshold Effect Wideband FM (WBFM) Bessel Functions Table

 ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM and PM 1.  A type of angle modulation wherein the frequency is varied relative to the modulating frequency. 2. It is the amount by which the frequency varies from its unmodulated value. 3. The total Variation in frequency. 4. It is the ratio of the actual deviation to the maximum deviation multiplied by 100%. 5. In AM, P total is variable while in FM P total is _____. 6. It is the boosting of the higher modulating frequencies at the transmitter, in accordance with pre-arranged curve to

Frequency Modulation Frequency Deviation Carrier Swing Percentage of Modulation Constant Pre-emphasis

BLAKE Summary improve noise immunity at FM. 7. The cutting of the higher modulating frequencies at the receiver. 8. Forms of interference in FM. 9. it is an effect of two stations being received simultaneously. 10. It happens usually to mobile receivers when they travel from one transmitter to the other. 11. It is the modulation wherein the phase of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. 12. FM and Pm are indistinguishable for a single ______  ________. 13. When modulating frequency is changed, PM m odulation index ______ _______. 14. It is the process by which the modulating signal is recovered from the modulated carrier, definitely found in receivers. 15. It has the function of selecting the desired signal from all the other unwanted signals, amplifying and demodulating it, and displaying it in the desired manner. 16. Two types of receivers.

17. Characteristics of a tuned radio frequency receiver. 18. It is the ability to amplify weak signals. 19. It is the ability to reject unwanted signals. 20. It is the ratio of gain at desired frequency to the gain of image frequency signal.

De-emphasis Image Frequency, Co-channel interference,  Adjacent channel Image Frequency Co-channel Interference Phase Modulation Modulating frequency Remains constant Demodulation

Receiver Tuned Radio Frequency, Superheterodyne Receiver Simple logical receiver, Simplicity and high sensitivity,  Align at broadcast frequencies 535-1640 kHz Sensitivity Selectivity Image Rejection Ratio

CHAPTER 5: TRANSMITTERS 1.  A scheme for keeping a transmitter or receiver tuned to the correct frequency. 2.  A circuit for keeping the amplitude of a signal within prescribed limits. 3.  An amplifier stage used to isolate two other stages from each other. 4. Change of carrier amplitude with modulation in an AM transmitter. 5. It is the system that provides more gain for low-level than

 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)  Automatic-level-control Circuit

Buffer

Carrier Shift Compression

BLAKE Summary for higher-level signals. 6.  Any system that generates FM without without using phase modulation. 7.  A device that allows a signal moving moving along a transmission line in one direction to be measured. 8.  An amplifier which supplies the required required input signal power for a power amplifier. 9.  A noninductive power resistor used to simulate an antenna. 10. It is a ratio of time on to total time. 11. It is the ratio between largest and smallest signals at a point in a system. 12. The part of the transmitter that operates at low power levels. 13. It is the ability of a transmitter to tune rapidly from one operation frequency to another. 14. Amplitude 14.  Amplitude modulation of the output element element of the output stage of a transmitter. 15. Any 15.  Any method that generates FM using using a phase modulator and an integrator. 16. Transmitter power amplifier stage immediately before the output stage. 17. An 17.  An oscillator whose frequency is controlled controlled by a binary number written to an internal register. 18. Ratio of the power output of a device to the total power required from its power supply. 19. It is the absence of spurious signals in the output of a transmitter. 20. An 20.  An emission from a transmitter other than the carrier and sidebands required by the modulation scheme in use. 21. Importance of transmitter efficiency.

Direct FM

Directional Coupler

Driver Dummy Load Duty Cycle Dynamic Range

Exciter

Frequency Agility

High-level Modulation

Indirect FM

Low-level Modulation

Numerically-controlled Oscillator

Overall Efficiency

Spectral Purity

Spurious Signal Maximum energy conversion, reasonable cost efficiency

BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 6: RECEIVERS 1. The communications channel immediately above or below the desired channel in frequency. 2. The next communications channel beyond the t he adjacent channel. 3.  A combined mixer and local oscillator oscillator that uses one transistor or tube for both. 4.  A circuit to adjust the gain of a system system in accordance with the input signal strength. 5. Reduction of gain for a weak signal due to a strong signal close to it in frequency. 6.  A bandpass filter using piezoelectric piezoelectric ceramic elements. 7.  A combination of a mixer and a local local oscillator that is used to move a signal from one frequency to another. 8. a bandpass filter that uses piezoelectric quartz element. 9. Circuit to recover the baseband signal from a modulated signal. 10. It is a specialized microprocessor designed to perform arithmetic operations on digitized communication signals. 11. Any 11.  Any detector for FM or Pm signals. signals. 12. An 12.  An AM demodulator that works by rectifying rectifying the signal and low-pass filtering the result. 13. The first stage of a receiver.

 Adjacent Channel

 Alternate Channel

 Autodyne Converter

 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) (AGC)

Blocking Ceramic Filter Converter Crystal Filter Demodulator

Digital Signal Processor Discriminator Envelop Detector Front End

14. It is the application to a mixer of a signal from a local oscillator that operates at a frequency above that of the

High-side Injection

incoming signal. 15. In a frequency converter, it is a second input frequency that produces the same output frequency. 16. A 16.  A frequency to which a signal is shifted shifted as an intermediate step in reception or transmission 17. An 17.  An oscillator used in conjunction with a mixer to shift a signal to a different frequency. 18. Application 18.  Application to a mixer of a signal signal from a local oscillator that operates at a frequency below that of the incoming signal. 19. A 19.  A bandpass filter that uses mechanical mechanical resonators.

Image Frequency

Intermediate Frequency (IF)

Local Oscillator

Low-side Injection Mechanical Filter

BLAKE Summary 20. Low-level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate regeneration of the carrier at the receiver. 21. A 21.  A detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that works by multiplying the signal with a regenerated carrier. 22. The strength of an unmodulated carrier that reduces the noise output of an AM receiver by a specified amount. 23. FM detector that is based on a 90-degree phase shift network. 24. FM detector. 25. It is the ratio of signal-plus-noise and distortion to noiseplus-distortion. 26. A 26.  A meter on a receiver that indicates indicates the strength of the received signal. 27. The ability of a receiver to reject signals of frequencies other than the frequency to which the receiver is tuned. 28. The ability of a receiver to receive weak signals with a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. 29. For a bandpass filter, it is the ratio between the bandwidths for two specified amounts of attenuation. 30. It is the reduction in effective cross-sectional area of a conductor with increasing frequency. 31. It is the reception of signals at frequencies other than that to which the receiver is tuned. 32. A 32.  A system that disables the output output of a receiver in the absence of a suitable signal. 33. It is a receiver in which the signal is moved, using a mixer, to an intermediate frequency before demodulation. 34. The filter that uses acoustic waves on the surface of a substrate to achieve the desired response. 35. It is the adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so that they can be tuned simultaneously with one adjustment. 36. It is a receiver in which the signal is amplified at its original frequency before demodulation. 37. The Fm signal strength with defined deviation, required to produce a specified SINAD in the receiver.

Pilot Carrier

Product Detector

Quieting Sensitivity

Quadrature Detector Ratio Detector SINAD

S-meter

Selectivity

Sensitivity

Shape Factor

Skin Effect

Spurious Response

Squelch

Superheterodyne Receiver

Surface-Acoustic Wave Filter

Tracking Tuned-radio-frequency (TRF) Receiver Usable Sensitivity

BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 1. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding an analog signal for digital transmission. 2.  A data code that uses both polarities of voltage and current. 3. Device that converts sampled analog signal to and from its PCM or delta modulation equivalent. 4. Conversion of sampled analog signal into a PCM or delta modulation bitstream. 5. Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of communication system.

 Aliasing

Bipolar Code

Coder-decoder (codec)

Coding

Companding

6.  Amplification of a signal in such a way that there is less gain for higher-level input signals than for lower-level input

Compression

signals. 7. Conversion of a PCM or delta modulation bitsream to analog samples. 8.  A coding scheme that records the change in signal level since the previous sample. 9. It is filtering of signals by converting them to digital form. 10. Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold circuit. 11. Another name for aliasing. 12. These are bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver detect the beginning and end of data frames. 13. A system for translating logic ones and zeros into voltage or current levels for transmission. 14. Sampling of an analog signal to know if it follows the original signal for the duration of the sample. 15. A logic system in which a low level represents logic one and a high level represents logic zero. 16. A data line code in which the voltage or current does not necessarily return to zero between bits. 17. A logic system in which a high level represents logic one and low level represents logic zero.

Decoding

Delta Modulation Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Flat-topped Sampling Foldover Distortion Framing Bits

Line Code

Natural Sampling

Negative Logic

Non-return-to-zero Code (NRZ)

Positive Logic

BLAKE Summary 18. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at a given time. 19. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of the information signal at a given time is coded as a binary number.

Pulse-amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Pulse-code Modulation (PCM)

20. A series of pulses in which the duration of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at a

Pulse-duration Modulation (PDM)

given time. 21. A series of pulses in which the timing of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at a

Pulse-position Modulation (PPM)

given time. 22. Another name for pulse-duration modulation. 23. Representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of discrete values. 24. Inaccuracies caused by the representation of continuously varying quantity as one of a number of discrete values. 25. Refer to no. 24: Another name for it. 26. A device that decodes and recodes a digital signal as well as amplifying it. 27. Method of data compression by encoding the length of a string of ones and zeroes. 28. A line code in which the voltage or current returns to zero at the end of each bit period. 29. A device that detects the amplitude of an input signal at a particular time. 30. It is an error condition that occurs when the analog signal to be digitized varies too quickly for the system to follow. 31. A line code in which the polarity of the voltage remains the same at all times. 32. It is a circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate. 33. Modern communication systems are often a mixture of  _______ and _________ sources and transmission techniques. 34. _________ _________ ______ have better performance and use less bandwidth than equivalent analog systems. 35. It requires that the amplitude of each sample of a signal be

Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) Quantizing

Quantizing Errors Quantizing Noise Regenerative Repeater

Run-length Encoding

Return-to-zero Code (RZ)

Sample-and-hold Circuit

Slope Overload

Unipolar Code Vocoder  Analog, Digital

Modern Digital Systems PCM

BLAKE Summary converted to a binary number. 36. It transmits only one bit per sample.

Delta Modulation

37. The S/N ratio for either PCM or delta modulation signals

Companding

can often be improved by using __________. 38. It eliminates redundant data bits.

Lossless Compression

39. It compromises signal quality in order to reduce the bit

Lossy Compression

rate. 40. It is a combination of modulation and demodulation.

Modem

41. He showed mathematically that it is impossible to reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic

Harry Nyquist

samples. 42. It provides strong timing information regardless of the

Manchester Code

pattern of ones and zeros. 43. Manchester code is also a type of _________ _________.

Biphase Code

44. In RZ coding, the system used in telephony is _________.

 Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)

45. It states that the amount of information transmitted is

Hartley’s Law 

proportional to both bandwidth and time. 46. It is used mainly for digital communication.

TDM

CHAPTER 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM 1.  An area consisting of several central offices and handled by a local carrier. 2. The link from the central office to an individual subscriber’s premises. 3. It is the method of providing high-speed data transmission on twisted-pair telephone loops by using high-frequency carriers. 4. In ISDN, these are channels that carry subscriber communication.

Local Access and Transport Area (LATA) Local Loop

 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Bearer Channels

5. Described as the used of bits that normally carry payload information for other purposes such as

Bit Robbing

controlling the communication system. 6. It is addition of bits to a bitstream to compensate for timing variations.

Bit Stuffing

BLAKE Summary 7. It is the failure to connect a telephone call because of lack of system capacity. 8. Switch in the telephone system that connects to local subscriber lines.

Call Blocking

Central Office

9. It is a communication system in which a dedicated channel is to set up between parties for the duration

Common-channel Signaling

of the communication. 10. A control system for telephone switching that sets up one call and then goes on to set up another call

Common Control

without being tied up for the duration of the first call. 11. A switching system that uses a matrix arrangement of incoming and outgoing lines. 12. Interference between two signals multiplexed into the same channel. 13. In ISDN, it is the communication channel used for setting up calls and not for user communication. 14. It is a signaling using combinations of two audio tones transmitted on the voice channel. 15. Another name for central office. 16. It is the use of optical fiber for telephone connections tom individual customers. 17. It is a switching network that relies on a computer to find the most direct route between two points. 18. A type of communication system that allows communication in both directions simultaneously. 19. A frequency-division multiplexing scheme that allows twelve voice signals to be transmitted in one channel.

Crosspoint Switch

Crosstalk

Data Channel Dual-tone Multifrequency Dialing (DTMF) End Office Fiber-in-the-loop (FITF)

Flat Network

Full Duplex

Group

20. It is a specialized transformer that allows telephone voice signals to travel in both directions simultaneously

Hybrid Coil

on a single twisted-pair loop. 21. Telephone system using digital local loops for both voice and data, with the codec in the telephone equipment. 22. A frequency-division multiplexed signal consisting of six mastergroups or 3600 voiceband channels. 23. Another name for bit stuffing.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Jumbogroup Justification

BLAKE Summary 24. Colloquial term for subscriber line interface card. 25. Inductance added to a twisted-pair telephone line to reduce its losses for voice frequencies. 26. Small data network covering one or several buildings. 27. A frequency-division multiplexed signal carrying 10 supergroups or 600 voice channels. 28. A system for setting up long-distance calls using pairs of tones sent along voice channels. 29. A term used to describe a telephone instrument that is ready for use, handset is lifted from its cradle. 30. A term used to describe a telephone instrument is ready to receive a ring signal.

Line Card Loading Coil Local Area Network Mastergroup

Multifrequency Signaling (MF)

Off Hook

On Hook

31. A control or supervisory signal that is transmitted on a voice channel, but at dc or at such a frequency that it

Out-of-band Signal

will not be heard. 32. A communication system that works using data divided into relatively short transmissions called packets. 33. Place where one telephone network connects to the other. 34. Dialing that works by interrupting the dc loop current. 35. The earpiece of the telephone. 36. The red wire in a telephone circuit that normally has negative polarity. 37. Signal sent by the network to the calling telephone to indicate that the called telephone is ringing. 38. A low-level voice signal sent to a telephone receiver from the transmitter in the same telephone.

Packet-switched Network

Point of Presence (POP) Pulse Dialing Receiver Ring

Ringback Signal

Sidetone

39. System used in telephony which transmits all call setup information on a packet-data network that is separate from the voice channels used for telephone

Signaling System Seven (SS7)

conversations. 40. A switch that connects only to other switches and not to individual customers. 41. The green wire in a telephone loop that normally has positive polarity. 42. A long-distance telephone switch.

Tandem Office

Tip Toll Station

BLAKE Summary 43. The layout of a system such as a telephone network. 44. AT&T trademark for DTMF dialing. 45. The microphone in a telephone. 46. A connection between telephone offices. 47. The signal loss in decibels between the transmitting and receiving ends of telephone connection. 48. The central office supply is the _______. 49. The circuit board that connects a local loop to the central office. 50. A frequency-division multiplexed signal consisting of three jumbogroups or 10,800 voiceband channels. 51. A switch that connects central offices together. 52. The first automatic telephone switch is invented by

Topology Touch-tone Dialing Transmitter Trunk Line Via Net Loss (VNL) Battery Subscriber Line Interface Card (SLIC)

Superjumbogroup Tandem Office  Almon B. Strowger

53. The crossbar system used relays for _______.

Memory

54. The on-hook voltage.

48 V dc

55. The off-hook voltage at phone.

5 to 10 V dc

56. The off-hook current.

23 to 80 mA

57. The dial tone frequencies.

350 and 440 Hz

58. The ringing voltage at office.

100 V ac

59. The ringing voltage at phone.

80 V ac

60. The ringback voltage frequencies.

440 and 480 Hz

61. The busy signal frequencies.

480 and 660 Hz

62. The function of the line card can be remembered by using the mnemonic ________.

BORSCHT

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 9: DATA TRANSMISSION 1.  An error control system based on the repetition of data blocks that contain errors. 2. Bits that do not carry the message. 3.  Addition of extra bits to a data block to avoid the accidental generation of a flag pattern. 4.  A set of rules that translates alphanumeric characters into binary numbers. 5. Refer to no. 4: Another name for it.

 Automatic Request for Transmission (ARQ) Bit Overhead Bit Stuffing

Character Code Character Set, Data Code

6.  An error-detecting method in which the binary number corresponding to the group of bits to be checked is

Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)

divided by a predetermined binary number. 7.  A telephone connection via the public switched telephone network.

Dial-up Line

8.  An error correcting system in which errors are corrected at the receiver using redundant transmitting

Forward Error Correction (FEC)

data without using retransmission requests. 9.  A group of bits sent between framing signals in a bitoriented synchronous communication system.

Frame

10. A data-compression scheme that uses fewer bits to represent more frequently occurring characters or bits

Huffman Coding

patterns. 11. A line condition corresponding to a binary one. 12. Simultaneous transmission of multiple data bits using several channels.

Mark Parallel Transmission

13. A data-compression scheme that replaces repeated characters or bit patterns with a code indicating the

Run-length Encoding

character and the number of repetitions. 14. A data transmission using only one channel. 15. A line condition corresponding to a binary zero.

Serial Transmission Space

16. This bit alerts the receiver to the beginning of a transmitted character by changing the line from the

Start Bit

mark to the space condition. 17. This bit marks the end of transmitted character.

Stop Bit

BLAKE Summary 18. A device, generally an IC that converts from parallel to serial format. 19. Data that consists of alphanumeric characters must first be encoded using a ____________ ___________. 20. It actually involves synchronizing the transmitting the receiver clocks at the start of each character.

Universal Asynchronous Receiver-  Transmitter (UART) Character Code

 Asynchronous Communication

21. It must be converted from parallel to serial form before being transmitted and back to parallel form at

Computer Data

the receiver. 22. Since noise is present in all communication systems,  ______ will occur. 23. Errors can be detected and corrected by adding  _________ __________. 24. ____ data is important to ensure its privacy. 25. It is originally used with electromechanical teletype machines. 26. Refer to no. 25: It has been designated as  ____________ by CCITT. 27. The most common code for communication between microcomputers. 28. Sometimes ASCII codes are expressed in ________ or  ________ notation. 29. The transmitter and receiver are synchronized to the same clock frequency. 30. it involves the addition of one extra bit to the bits that encode a character. 31. It is a data-transfer protocol for microcomputers that in its original and most basic form, uses this method. 32. They allow single errors in a block of data to be corrected without any need for retransmission.

Errors

Redundant Information Encryption Baudot Code International Telegraph Alphabet Number 2 (ITA2)  American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Decimal, Hexadecimal Synchronous Communication

Parity

 XMODEM

Hamming Codes

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 10:LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 1. The information signal on LAN. 2.  A system in which the baseband signal is used to modulate a higher-frequency carrier signal. 3.  A system for controlling network traffic.

Baseband Broadband System Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

4. a network in which a physical connection from one end to the other of a data path is maintained for the

Circuit-switched Network

duration of a period of communication. 5. The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on a network. 6.  An Ethernet cable that has the transmit and receive connections reversed at one end. 7.  A type of LAN that has a logical bus structure using CSMA/CD. 8.  A network with one or more specialized nodes that contain files and operating software for the network. 9. Refer to no. 8: another name for it. 10. Two-way communication in both directions at the same time. 11. The central connecting point of a star network to which all other nodes connect. 12. A type of LAN that is a physical star and logical tokenring. 13. A small data network that typically operates within one building or a localized group of buildings. 14. The hub of an IBM token ring network.

Collision

Crossover Cable

Ethernet

Client-server Network File Server Full Duplex

Hub

IBM Token-ring System

Local-area Network (LAN) Multistation Access Unit (MAU)

15. A term used to describe a computer operating system that allows multiple programs to run simultaneously

Multitasking

without interfering with each other. 16. A plug-in circuit board for a computer that contains the necessary hardware and firmware to connect the

Network Interface Card

computer to the local area network. 17. One station that is attached to a network. 18. The smallest block of data transmitted over a network.

Node Packet

BLAKE Summary 19. The network in which all nodes can contribute network resources and also run local programs. 20. A network node dedicated to interfacing between the network and one or more printers. 21. A modem that modulates data onto a very high frequency carrier. 22. A network topology in which data circulates from one computer to the next in sequence. 23. A device that links two or more networks. 24. A network topology in which all nodes are connected individually to a central point. 25. In an Ethernet network, it is the device that can send incoming packets to one of several destinations. 26. A method of network control that involves a short packet that circulates around the network. 27. Refers to the messages to be transferred over a network.

Peer-to-peer Network

Print Server

Radio-frequency Modem (RF)

Ring Router Star

Switch

Token Passing

Traffic

28. The ratio between the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic energy through a medium or along a

Velocity Factor

transmission line and the speed of light in vacuum. 29. A large network extending over an area greater than that of a city.

Wide-area Network (WAN) Star,

30. Possible data network arrangements in a small LAN.

Ring, Bus

31. The largest WAN. 32. Ethernet was originated by _______.

Internet  Xerox

33. The year that IEEE began to draft standards for LANs.

1980

34. It is used for the slowest 10 Mb/s version of Ethernet.

Coaxial Cable

35. This is used by most 10 Mb/s and 10 0 Mb/s Ethernet installations. 36. It is a special cable that consists of two parallel wires with a grounded shield around them. 37. The effect of a switch is to greatly reduce ________.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Twinax Cable Contention

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 11: WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

1.  Any computer network that extends for more than a short distance such as a building or related groups of

Wide-area Network

buildings. 2.  A system that allows users to access documents from widely separated sources on the Internet. 3.  A versatile data-transmission system using 53-byte packets and designed o enable various kinds of data. 4.  A network-to-network connection that passes only data addressed to a node in the other network.

World Wide Web (WWW)

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Bridge

5.  A method of organizing a network in which a physical path is dedicated to communication between two node

Circuit Switching

for the duration of communication. 6. The second layer of the OSI model. 7.  A data-communications protocol created by Digital Equipment Company for its minicomputer products. 8.  A method whereby messages can be left for individual network users.

Data Link Layer DEC Network Architecture (DNA)

Electronic Mail (e-mail)

9.  A program in TCP/IP protocol that allows for the transfer of both binary and text files between computers with otherwise incompatible operating

File-transfer Protocol (FTP)

systems. 10. A software to prevent unauthorized access to computers on a network by computers outside the

Firewall

network. 11. A bit or sequence of bits that indicates the beginning or end of a packet. 12. A packet-transport protocol, similar to X.25 but with less error connection 13. A computer system that provides modern access to the public at no charge. 14. A device used to connect computers or networks running incompatible operating systems. 15. A sequence of bits at the beginning of a packet, containing information about the type of packet and/or

Flag

Frame Relay

Freenet

Gateway

Header

BLAKE Summary routing. 16. A data-transfer that allows quick transitions by simply clicking on a highlighted word or picture with a mouse.

Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

17. A worldwide public network of networks that connects a very wide variety of computers, applications, and

Internet

users. 18. A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of computers to share the same network. 19. A network that encompasses a city and its environs. 20. A private network that uses the same TCP/IP protocol suite as the Internet. 21. The third layer of the OSI protocol model. 22. Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a wide variety of subjects, accessible via the internet. 23. A system for organizing data-transmission protocols developed by the ISO. 24. A way of organizing a network so that small blocks of data are routed individually from source to destination. 25. The lowest level of the OSI protocol model. 26. A formal set of conventions governing the format and the timing of messages.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Metropolitan-area Network (MAN) Intranet Network Layer Newsgroups Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Packet Switching Physical Protocol

27. A device used to extend a network or other digital communication system by regenerating bits and restoring voltage levels and timings to their original

Repeaters

values. 28. A device used to interconnect networks.

Router

29. The part of the TCP/IP suite that allows for email over the Internet and similar networks by specifying the

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

control messages used in mail transfer. 30. A network in which nodes receive a packet of data from the source or a node closer to the source and then transmit it to the destination or a node closer to

Store-and-forward Network

the destination. 31. An IBM system for transferring data between IBM mainframes and between IBM mainframes and other computers.

Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

BLAKE Summary 32. A system to allow users to log on to a distant host by emulating a dumb terminal. 33. A link between computers in which each recognizes a software connection to the other. 34. A very popular system for defining and switching data packets on computer networks.

Telnet

Virtual Circuit

 X.25 Protocol

35. It is responsible for detecting and correcting errors within frames of data and providing the flags that

Data Link

indicate the beginning and end of frames. 36. It sets up the path to transmit data between terminals and arranges data into packets. 37. It deals with the matters such as voltage and current levels. 38. ______ ______ are available with data rates from 56 kb/s up.

Network

Physical

Leased Lines

39. It was created by the United States military for providing alternate route in their network in case of

 ARPANET

trouble. 40. Meaning of ARPANET.

 Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

CHAPTER 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS 1. Data transmission by varying the amplitude of the transmitted signal. 2. The telephone local loop that combines analog telephone service with data communications.

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line

3. Use of an audio tone of two or more different frequencies to modulate a conventional analog transmitter for data

 Audio Frequency-shift Keying (AFSK)

transmission. 4. Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication system. 5. Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital communication system. 6.  A device to allow data communication over cable-television

Baud Rate

Bit Rate Cable Modem

BLAKE Summary wiring. 7.  Variant of QAM used with ADSL data communication systems 8. In digital communication, it is a pattern showing all the possible combinations of amplitude and phase for a signal. 9.  A modem is also known as ____________. 10. A terminal or computer than communicates via a modem. 11. Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit pattern by a change in phase from the previous state. 12. Any digital modulation scheme that codes two bits of information per transmitted symbol. 13. It uses many carriers at different frequencies. 14. A transmission speed that is less than the maximum of which a modem is capable. 15. A device for the transmission and reception of facsimile documents. 16. A means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data only when the associated receiver is ready to receive it. 17. digital modulation scheme using two or more different output frequencies. 18. Variant of FSK which uses the minimum possible frequency shift for a given bit rate. 19. A series of commands transmitted to the modem whenever a communications software program is loaded. 20. A logic one. 21. acronym for modulation-demodulation. 22. A cable used to make a direct connection between two devices using their serial ports. 23. A means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the transmitted signal. 24. PSK that employs four different phases and allows two bits of information to be transmitted simultaneously. 25. A means of transmitting data by shifting both the amplitude and the phase of the transmitted signal.

Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation Constellation Diagram Data Communications Equipment (DCE) Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Delta Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)

Dibit System Discrete Multi-tone (DMT) Modulation Fallback

Fax Modem

Flow Control

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Gaussian Minimum-shift Keying (GMSK) Initialization String Mark Modem Null Modem

Phase-shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Phase-shift Keying (QPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

BLAKE Summary 26. Binary zero. 27. A transmitted signal that can have two or more possible states. 28. A series of tones transmitted by a modem to allow the automatic adjustment of line equalization. 29. Just as in analog transmission, digital transmission use s the following variations.

30. the maximum data rate for a channel is a function of the following.

Space Symbol

Training Sequence Frequency, Phase,  Amplitude Bandwidth, Modulation Scheme, Signal-to-noise Ratio

31. The modem that places the call.

Originate Modem

32. The modem that receives the call.

 Answer Modem

33. When the flow control is accomplished by changing levels on the RS-232 lines it is called _____________.

Hardware Flow Control

CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES 1. Extra bits used to spread the signal in a direct sequence spread spectrum system. 2. System to allow multiple users to use the same frequency with separate PN codes and a spreadspectrum modulation scheme.

Chips

Code-division Multiple Access (CDMA)

3. Form of frequency spectrum communication in which the RF carrier continually moves from one frequency to another according to a prearranged pseudo-random

Frequency Hopping

pattern. 4. Sharing of a communication channel among multiple users by assigning each a different carrier frequency. 5. Combining of several signals into one communication channel by assigning each a different carrier frequency.

Frequency-division Multiple Access (FDMA) Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM)

6. Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter.

Multiple Access

7. Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter.

Multiplexing

8. Improvement in interference rejection due to

Processing Gain

BLAKE Summary spreading in a spread-spectrum system. 9.  A transmitted series of ones and zeros that repeats after a set time, and which appears random if the

Pseudo-random Noise Sequence (PN)

sequence is not known to the receiver. 10. Variation of received signal strength due to multipath

Rayleigh fading

fading. 11. A method of switching that provides a separate

Space Switching

physical path for each symbol. 12. Improvement in interference rejection due to

Spreading Gain

spreading in a spread-spectrum system. 13. system to allow several transmission to use channel by assigning time slots to each.

Time-division Multiple Access (TDMA)

14. System to combine several data streams onto a single channel by assigning time slots to each. 15. A method of switching that moves a signal from one time slot to another on the same physical path.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

Time Switching

16. It is used extensively in telephony.

TDM

CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES 1.  Any pair of conductors used to conduct electrical energy. 2.  A device for coupling balanced and unbalanced lines. 3. It is the ratio between voltage and current on an infinitely long transmission line. 4.  A transmission line containing concentric conductors. 5.  A transmission line containing parallel conductors separated by spacers. 6. It is the speed at which signals travel down a transmission line.

Transmission Line Balun Characteristic Impedance Coaxial Line Open-line Wire

Propagation Velocity

7.  A section of transmission line, electrically a quarterwavelength in length, that is used to change impedances

Quarter-wave Transformer

on a transmission line. 8. It is the ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a transmission line. 9. It is the graphical transmission line calculator.

Reflection Coefficient Smith Chart

BLAKE Summary 10. It is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a transmission line. 11. A short section of line, usually short-circuited at one end, used for impedance matching. 12. Another name for characteristic impedance. 13. It is the ratio of speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free space. 14. Two types of transmission line.

Standing-wave Ratio

Stub Surge Impedance  Velocity Factor Balanced and Unbalanced Lines

15. A coaxial cable is the best example for this kind of transmission line because it lacks symmetry with respect to

Unbalanced Line

ground. 16. Parallel lines are usually operated as _________  _________ that is; the impedance to ground from each of

Balanced Line.

the two wires is equal. 17. This happens when frequency increases, the region of high current density becomes thinner, reducing the crosssectional area and increasing the resistance of the

Skin Effect

conductor. Resistance, 18. What are present in the electrical model of a transmission line?

Conductance, Capacitance, Inductance

19. Such a line is called _______ since the inductive and capacitive reactances store energy but do not dissipate it. 20. A transmission line that is terminated in its characteristic impedance is called __________ ________. 21. For a lossless line, resistance and conductance values would be ______. 22. A line that is terminated by an impedance other than characteristic impedance is said to be ______.

Lossless

Matched Line

Zero

Mismatched

23. It is the expected signal that would simply move down the line and disappear into the load because it is a matched

Traveling Wave

line. 24. The length of line that causes a delay of one period is known as ________. 25. It is the formation of which due to the interaction between

Wavelength Standing Waves

BLAKE Summary the incident and reflected waves that causes w hat appears to the stationary pattern of waves on the line. 26. two kinds of traveling waves. 27. These are traveling waves that are coming from the transmitter. 28. These are traveling waves that are brought back to the transmitter due to unmatched line.

Incident waves, Reflected waves Incident waves

Reflected waves

29. Most desirable amount of SWR.

1 (one)

30. Most desirable amount of reflection coefficient.

0 (zero) Conductor Loss,

31. Transmission line losses in mechanisms.

Dielectric Loss, Radiation Loss,

32. Transmission line losses are usually given in _________ per 100 meters or 100 feet.

Decibels

33. The radius of the circle in the Smith Chart represents

SWR

 _______. 34. It is a specialized test equipment for transmission line measurements in both the time and the frequency

Time-domain Reflectometry

domains. 35. It is a short section of air-dielectric coaxial line, with a slot in the outer conductor through which a probe is inserted. 36. The length of a slotted line must be at least ___________.

Slotted Line One-half wavelength

37. This device allows the measurement of power moving along the line in each direction, that is, it is possible to

Directional Coupler

measure incident and reflected power separately.

CHAPTER 15: RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION 1. The process by which the waves travel through a medium. 2. It is the reduction in signal strength due to spreading of the waves at a distance from the transmitter. 3. The magnitude of the electric field required to cause breakdown and arcing of the dielectric.

Propagation  Attenuation of Free Space

Dielectric Strength

BLAKE Summary 4. It is a means of propagation in which the waves are confined within a refractive region of the troposphere or

Ducting

between such a region and the ground. 5.  A device that allows a transmitter and a receiver, operating at different frequencies, to be connected to the same

Duplex

antenna and operate simultaneously. 6. The area from which a receiving antenna can be considered to extract all the energy I an electromagnetic wave. 7. It is the ratio of the electric force on a charge to the charge, at a given point. 8. Refer to no. 7: another name for it. 9.  A vacuum that allows radio waves to propagate without any obstruction. 10. A vertically-polarized electromagnetic wave that propagates along the surface of the earth. 11. It is the ratio of the phase velocity of a wave in free space to that in the medium under consideration. 12. The ionized region of the earth’s atmosphere. 13. A hypothetical antenna having zero physical size and no loss and radiating equally in all directions. 14. It is the highest frequency that will be returned by the ionosphere at a given point. 15. These are changes to the baseband signal caused by multipath reception. 16. It is a situation in which a signal arrives at a receiving antenna via two or more paths 17. A line drawn perpendicular to the interface between two media.

Effective Area

Electric Field Strength Electric Field Intensity  Vacuum

Ground Wave

Index of Refraction Ionosphere Isotropic Radiator Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) Multipath Distortion

Multipath Reception

Normal

18. It is the ratio between the signal appearing at the transmitting antenna terminals and that the receiving

Path Loss

antenna terminals. 19. It is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. 20. It is the direction of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave. 21. The power flowing through a unit cross-sectional area normal to the direction of travel of an electromagnetic

Photon Polarization

Power Density

BLAKE Summary wave. 22. Characterized by a receiver capable of receiving several versions of the same signal with different arrival times, and combining the received versions into a single signal with

Rake Receiver Sectorization

better quality. 23. In cellular radio, it is the division of a cell into sectors by the use of directional antennas at a single cell site. 24. It is an electromagnetic wave that is returned to earth by the ionosphere. 25. An electromagnetic wave that propagates directly from the transmitting to the receiving antenna. 26. It is a propagation along or near the surface of the earth. 27. The region of atmosphere closest to earth. 28. Another name for vacuum. 29. It involves the creation of electric and magnetic fields in free space or in some physical medium. 30. This means that the electric field, magnetic field, and the direction of travel of wave are all mutually perpendicular. 31. The speed of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in free space is the same as that of __________. 32. It is a surface on which all the waves have the same phase, would be the surface of a sphere. 33. The wave that rotate in all direction and if it rotates in a clockwise direction as it recedes. 34. Another name for attenuation of free space. 35. It is the intensity of the radiation of antenna in a given direction. 36. The comparison of the actual antenna’s radiated power to an isotropic antenna.

Sectorization

Sky Wave

Space Wave Terrestrial Propagation Troposphere Free Space Electromagnetic Radiation Transverse Electromagnetic Waves (TEM) Light

Wavefront

Right-handed Square-law Attenuation  Antenna Gain Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

37. Three properties of radio waves when propagated and

Reflection,

reached its destinations that are also present in the

Refraction,

behavior of light.

Diffraction

38. Ground wave propagation is used for propagating signals with frequencies of up to approximately ____. 39. Ionization levels change with the amount of solar activity which varies over an 11-year cycle called ____________.

2 MHz

Sunspot Cycle

BLAKE Summary 40. Since there is a general instability of the ionosphere, its is usually better to operate at lower frequency, perhaps 85%

Optimum Working Frequency (OWF)

of the MUF, also called as ____________________. 41. These are regions that may be uncovered by the signals propagated in the area due to its closeness to the

Skip Zones

transmitter. 42. Another name for tropospheric propagation.

Line-of-Sight Propagation (LOS)

43. The transmitting antenna is aimed in the direction of the

Troposcatter

receiver, but the receiver is over the horizon.

CHAPTER 16: ANTENNAS 1.  A device used radiate or receive electromagnetic radio at radio frequencies. 2.  A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier. 3.  An enclosure lined with material that absorbs electromagnetic radiation. 4.  Angle measured upward from the horizon. 5.  An antenna system composed of two or more simpler antenna elements.

 Antenna  Active Antenna  Anechoic Chamber  Angle of Elevation  Array

6. The angle between the points of the major lobe of an antenna at which the radiated power density is one-half its

Beamwidth

maximum value. 7. The measure of antenna gain in decibels with respect to a lossless half-wave dipole. 8.  A measure of antenna gain: decibels with respect to an ideal isotropic radiator. 9.  Any antenna consisting of a single conductor with zero current only at its two ends. 10. It is the ratio of the maximum to the average radiation of intensity for an antenna. 11. For a receiving antenna, it is the ratio of the available output power to the power density of the received wave. 12. The product of the power supplied to a transmitting

dBd

dBi

Dipole

Directivity

Effective Area Effective Radiated Power (ERP)

BLAKE Summary antenna and the gain of the of the antenna with respect to a lossless half-wave dipole. 13. In an antenna array, it is an individual conductor or group of conductors. 14. It is the distance far enough from an antenna that local inductive and capacitive effects are insignificant.

Element

Far-Field Region

15. It is the ratio between the radiation intensity in an antenna’s direction of the maximum radiation and the

Front-to-back Ratio

intensity at an angle of 180° to this direction. 16. An artificial ground consisting of a conductor surface or an equivalent. 17. Also known as spiral. 18. It is a hypothetical antenna that would radiate all the energy supplied to it, with equal intensity in all directions. 19. It is the process of increasing the electrical length of an antenna by an addition of inductance or capacitance. 20. It is the portion of an antenna pattern between two nulls. 21. An antenna with a current null at one end and a maximum at the other, with no other nulls in between. 22. It is the region close to antenna, where local inductive and capacitive effects predominate.

Ground Plane Helix Isotropic Antenna

Loading Lobe Monopole

Near Field Region

23. The lobe in the direction of maximum radiation.

Major Lobe

24. The lobe with less intensity than the main lobe.

Minor Lobe

25. It denotes the angle in the horizontal plane, from the x axis toward the y axis.

Phi (Φ)

26. The direction of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave.

Polarization

27. In a monopole antenna, it is the wire extending along the surface of the ground or just below it, away from the

Radial

antenna is called _______. 28. A set of it is used to improve the effective conductivity of the ground in a monopole antenna..

Radial

29. It is the equivalent resistance at the feedpoint corresponding to the radiation of energy by an antenna.

Radiation Resistance

30. A minor lobe at an angle of approximately 90° to the main lobe.

Side Lobe

BLAKE Summary 31. It refers to the angle from the horizontal (x-y) plane toward the zenith, represented by the z-axis. 32. It is the direction straight up from the horizontal plane. 33. It refers to a dipole of infinitesimal length.

Theta (θ)

Zenith Hertzian Dipole

34. Typically, the length of a half-wave dipole, assuming that the conductor diameter is much less than the length of the antenna, is _____ of one-half the wavelength measured in

95%

free space. 35. It refers to the wavelength.

Lambda (λ)

36. It is the speed of light also constant to radio waves in free space.

300 x 106 m/s

37. It is the coordinate representation of the antenna’s radiation.

Radiation Pattern

38. Fading is caused by _________ of antenna’s radiation though it is very important at a considerable distance.. 39. Ground effects are important up through the ____ range.

Reflection High Frequency (HF)

40. It has the same length as a standard half-wave dipole, but it is made with two parallel conductors, joined at both ends and separated by a distance that is short compared with

Folded Dipole

the length of the antenna. 41. The characteristic impedance of a balanced line used mainly in TV and FM receiving installations.

300Ω

42. This is used mainly for low and medium frequency transmission that utilizes vertical polarization to take

Monopole Antenna

advantage of ground wave propagation. 43. Refer to no. 42: another name for it.

Marconi Antenna

44. This antenna is often used in vertically as either a mobile or base antenna in VHF and UHF systems. 45. This antenna is also known as air-wound coil.

5/8 wavelength Antenna Loop Antenna

46. This antenna, its structure combination acts as a transformer to match the feedline impedance to the impedance of free space.

Discone Antenna

BLAKE Summary 47. How much is the impedance of free space? 48. Another name for helix or spiral antenna.

377Ω

Helical Antenna

49. Refer to no. 48: another popular name for it that is used with many handheld transceivers. 50. Classifications of arrays according to their direction of

Rubber Ducky Antenna Broadside,

maximum radiation.. End-fire Phased Array, 51. Classification of antenna arrays according to how the elements are connected.

Driven Array, Parasitic Array

52. Arrays that radiates through its length. 53. Arrays that radiates at its ends. 54. These arrays are connected to the feedline.

Broadside End-fire Phase Array Phase-shifting,

55. Possible applications of phase arrays.

Power Splitting, Impedance Matching

56. Arrays that each elements are supplying power for transmission. 57. refer to no. 56: Arrays that are dependent to it. 58. Yagi antenna is more formally referred to as the ________.

Driven Array Parasitic Array  Yagi-Uda Array

59. This antenna derives its name from the fact that the feedpoint impedance is a periodic function of the operating

Log-periodic Antenna

frequency. 60. This antenna is a combination of two dipoles designed to give omnidirectional performance in the horizontal plane, with horizontal polarization.

Turnstile Antenna

BLAKE Summary 61. This antenna has one type of broadside array using halfCollinear Arrays

wave dipoles. 62. In an antenna, it acts as an ordinary mirror that enhances

Reflector

the directivity of the antenna’s radiation. 63. Antenna often used for terrestrial microwave links.

Hog-horn Antenna

CHAPTER 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES 1. It is conventionally the electromagnetic radiation in the range above approximately 1GHz. 2. In a klystron, it is a cavity that velocity modulates the electron beam. 3. It is the velocity modulation of an electron beam.

Microwave

Buncher Bunching

4. In a klystron, it is a cavity that removes some of the energy from the electron beam and transfers it in the form of

Catcher

microwave energy to the output. 5. It is a space in which microwaves can resonate by means of in-phase reflections from the walls. 6.  A device with three or more ports that allows an input to one port to emerge only at the next port in order. 7. It is the element in a klystron or TWT that receives the electron beam 8. refer to no. 7: another term for it. 9. It is a microwave tube in which the electric and magnetic fields are at right angles. 10. A device that launches or receives a wave in a transmission line or waveguide in one direction only. 11. It is the variation of velocity as a function of frequency in a waveguide or medium. 12. It is a concentration of charge. 13. It states that a change in frequency that occurs when a wave reflects from a moving object. 14. A lens that is stepped to reduce its size. 15. It is the speed of transmission of a signal along a

Cavity

Circulator

Controller  Anode Crossed-field Tube

Directional Coupler

Dispersion Domain Doppler Effect Fresnel Lens Group Velocity

BLAKE Summary waveguide. 16. It is a slab of N-type gallium arsenide that can operate as an oscillator or amplifier by means of domain formation. 17. A combination of E-plane and H-plane tees. 18. A junction device that can operate as an oscillator or amplifier. 19. A waveguide device that has low loss in one direction and high loss in the other. 20. a type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity modulation of the electron beam. 21. A microwave tube in which electrons travel in a straight line down to the length of the tube. 22. Another name for hybrid tee.

Gunn Device Hybrid Tee IMPATT Diode

Isolator

Klystron

Linear-beam Tube Magic Tee

23. A cross-field microwave-tube oscillator in which electrons circle around the cathode under the influence of a magnetic

Magnetron

field. 24. A microwave transmission line constructed on a printedcircuit board, consisting of a single conductor on one side

Microstrip

of the board and a ground plane on the other side. 25. The speed of electron drift in a conductor or semiconductor. 26. It is the specific configuration of electric and magnetic fields that allows a wave to propagate.

Mobility

Mode

27. The apparent speed of propagation along a waveguide based on the distance between wavefronts along the walls

Phase Velocity

of the guide. 28. A three-layer diode that can be used as a switch and an attenuator at microwave frequencies.

PIN Diode P-type,

29. The three layers of the PIN diode.

Intrinsic Layer, N-type

30. It is the rotation of the axis or rotation of the electrons. 31. The equivalent size of a radar target, in terms of perfectly conducting flat plate oriented toward the receiver. 32. It is any device that causes a wave to propagate at less than the speed of light, so that the electron beam and the

Precession Radar Cross Section

Slow-wave Structure

BLAKE Summary wave move at approximately the same speed. 33. A microwave transmission line that consists of a conductor inside a circuit board, working against two ground planes,

Stripline

one on top and one on the bottom of the board. 34. It is the object whose range, direction, and/or velocity is to be measured. 35. Another name for Gunn Device. 36. A variation of the IMPATT designed for high-power operation. 37. A metal object threaded into a waveguide to add capacitance or inductance. 38. A hollow structure that has no center conductor but allows waves to propagate down to its length. 39. A type of ferrite. 40. It means it is a more than one mode propagating at a time. 41. It can be achieved by using only the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency. 42. Refer to no. 41: another name for it. 43. Two kinds of modes. 44. The dominant mode depends on the shape of the ______. 45. Like any transmission line, a waveguide has a ________  _____. 46. The impedance of the free space is ________.

Target Transferred-electron Device (TED) TRAPATT Diode

Tuning Screw

Waveguide Yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) Multimode Propagation Single-mode Propagation Dominant Mode Transverse Electric (TE), Transverse Magnetic (TM) Waveguide Characteristic Impedance 377Ω 

By Probe, 47. Three ways to launch a wave down a guide.

By Loop, By Hole

48. It is used to transfer power from a waveguide to a transmission line to which the line will accept only energy

Directional Couplers

traveling along the guide from right to left. 49. It is the amount by which a signal in the main guide is attenuated. 50. It gives the amount by which the signal in the main guide is greater than that coupled to the secondary waveguide. 51. It refers to the ratio between the power coupled to the

Insertion Loss

Coupling Directivity

BLAKE Summary secondary guide. 52. Striplines and microstrips, like waveguides, have ________  _________.

Critical Frequency

53. Another name for H-plane tee.

Shunt Tee

54. Another name for E-plane tee.

Series Tee

55. Instead of using a continuous waveguide, waves can also be launched in a short section that reflects waves back and

Cavity Resonator

forth from one end to the other. What is this short section? 56. It is a type of frequency meter that consists of a cavity with an adjustable plunger. 57. It allows separation of signals. 58. The operation of both the isolator and the circulator is based on the magnetic properties of __________.

Wavemeter Circulator Ferrites

59. It is the interaction between an electromagnetic wave and the ferriet results in a phase shift as the wave propagates

Faraday Rotation

through the material. 60. IMPATT means

Impact Avalanche and Transit Time P-type,

61. Chronological layers of the IMPATT diode.

N-type, Intrinsic layer, N-type

62. The intrinsic layer of the IMPATT diode is commonly made up of ______. 63. TRAPATT means

Gallium Arsenide Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit

64. These device is often used as frequency multipliers.

Varactor Diode

65. Two variations of the varactor that can be also used as

Step-recovery,

multipliers. 66. This is essentially a resonant cavity that is made of a solid slab of a dielectric material such as alumina. 67. It is the oldest microwave tube design. 68. refer to no. 67: The year that it is invented.

Snap Diode Dielectric Resonator Magnetron 1921

69. It is the preferred tube for high power, high stability amplification of signals at frequencies from UHF to about 30 GHz.

Klystron

BLAKE Summary 70. It can be used as a moderate-power amplifier or as an oscillator if modified. 71. This antenna can be viewed as impedance transformers that match waveguide impedances to that of free space. 72. It consist of thin metallic patch placed a small fraction of a wavelength above conducting ground plane.

Traveling Wave Tube

Horn Antenna

Patch Antenna

CHAPTER 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 1.  A single transmission path from transmitter to receiver. 2. The signal-to-noise ratio in a receiver at a point before the detector. 3. The deviation of a wave as it passes an obstacle or passes through a small aperture. 4. It is the use of more than one frequency or transmission path to improve system reliability in the presence of fading. 5. It is the energy received in the time taken to transmit one bit. 6.  Variation in received field strength over time due to changes in propagation conditions. 7.  A region near an object in which diffraction effects are significant. 8. It is the abrupt variations in the timing of a digital signal. 9. It is a network using microwaves for two-way transmission for telephony, television, and high-speed data. 10. This is a terrestrial microwave system for the distribution of television, Internet, and telephone services to businesses and residences. 11. A receiver-transmitter combination that amplifies and transmits a signal. 12. A map showing surface features, including the elevation of the terrain. 13. Terrestrial microwave links generally use ______________ propagation. 14. Causes of fading.

Hop Carrier-to-noise Ratio

Diffraction

Diversity

Energy per Bit

Fading

Fresnel Zone Jitter Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS)

Repeater

Topographic Map

Line-of Sight (LOS) Multipath Reception,

BLAKE Summary  Attenuation due to rain, Ducting,  Aging or partial failure 15. Fading due to multipath reception can reduce the received signal strength by ______ or more.

20dB

16. This technique is done by slightly changing the frequency so that the phase difference between the direct and

Frequency Diversity

reflected signals is no longer 180°. 17. To protect against fading on a moment-to-moment basis, frequency diversity requires two transmitters and two

Hot Standby

receivers, better known as a _____. 18. This technique is done by placing two antennas one above and the other on the same tower. 19. Two systems of terrestrial microwave links.

20. Analog system is also called ______ or _______. 21. Digital system is also called _______. 22. Digital data can also be transmitted with FM systems using  ______ ______.

Space Diversity  Analog, Digital  AM System, FM System QAM System External Modems

CHAPTER 19: TELEVISION 1. Ratio of the width to the height of a television picture. 2. The portion of the horizontal blanking pulse after the synch pulse. 3. The video level corresponding to zero luminance. 4. The period of time when the electron beam in a CRT is cutoff. 5.  A vacuum tube that uses a moving electron beam to produce patterns or images on a photophorescent screen. 6. The color signal. 7. These are several cycles of color subcarrier on the back porch of the horizontal sync for color synchronization. 8.  A filter that can pass or reject a fundamental frequency and

 Aspect Ratio Bach Porch Black Setup Blanking

Cathode-ray Tube (CRT) Chrominance (Chroma) Color Bursts Comb Filter

BLAKE Summary its harmonics. 9.  A video system in which color and luminance are sent separately, without frequency interleaving. 10. A video system in which luma, sync, and chroma signals are combined. 11. Alignment of the three electron beams in a color CRT so that they land on the same triad of color phosphor dots. 12. the pulses in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal that create interlaced scan. 13. In an interlaced video system, it is one-half of a frame consisting of alternate lines. 14. One complete image in a video system is called ________. 15. The portion of horizontal blanking pulse before the sync pulse.

Component Color

Composite Video

Convergence

Equalizing Pulses

Field Frame Front Porch

16. A television receiver design that uses mixing between the picture and sound carriers to generate the sound

Intercarrier Sound

intermediate frequency. 17. A video scanning system that divides a frame into two fields to reduce flicker. 18. The signal that provides brightness information in a video system.

Interlace

Luminance (Luma)

19. A North American television standard.

NTSC Video

20. The video signal level representing maximum luminance.

Peak White

21. Picture element. 22. A video system that does not use interlace.

Pixel Progressive Scan

23. In a color CRT, it is the adjustment of the three electron beams so that each lands on phosphor dots of the

Purity

appropriate color. 24. The pattern of scanning lines in a video system. 25. The amount of detail produced by a video system. 26. The return of the electron beam in a CRT from right to left or from top to bottom. 27. A color video system in which the three primary colors are transmitted separately. 28. The main accelerating element in a CRT. 29. The proportion of scanning lines in a video system that can

Raster Resolution Retrace

RGB Color Ultor Utilization Factor

BLAKE Summary be used in determining vertical resolution. 30. A specialized oscilloscope designed for the observation of composite color signals. 31. The assembly that contains the deflection coils and is mounted on the neck of a CRT. 32. The North American NTSC television system transmits ___ frames per second.

Vectorscope

Yoke

30

33. Each frame transmitted by NTSC consists of _______ lines.

525

34. The NTSC uses a _______ interlace so that ______ fields

2:1,

are transmitted per second. 35. Composite color video uses two color signals modulated on a subcarrier at 3.58 MHz using _________ ________. 36. Terrestrial television broadcasting uses a channel _______ wide. 37. The picture in terrestrial television broadcasting is transmitted using _______ with carrier. 38. The sound in the terrestrial television broadcasting uses  ___ on separate carrier to the video. 39. Picture and sound travel together through the _____ and  ___ ______ of a television receiver. 40. The sound is converted to a separate 4.5 MHz IF, in a system known as __________ _________. 41. Color receivers use _______ _________ to retrieve the color signal.

60 DSBSC QUAM

6 MHz

VSB AM

FM Tuner, Picture IF Sections Intercarrier Sound

Synchronous Demodulation

42. The frequency and phase reference for the color demodulators are provided by a ________ _______ on the

Color Burst

back porch of the horizontal synchronizing signal. 43. The CRTs used in television receivers generate an  ________ ______ that is intensity-modulated by the video signal and deflected horizontally and vertically by coils that

Electron Beam

surround the tube. 44. Color CRTs use three electron beams striking three different types of phosphors that glow ____, ____, and  ______. 45. It reduce losses by moving UHF signals to the VHF range. 46. It is a technique used for reducing flicker on frame rates of

Red, Green, Blue Cable-television System Interlaced Scan

BLAKE Summary 25 or 30 Hz.. Horizontal Blanking Interval,

47. Two time intervals.

Vertical Blanking Interval Red,

48. The three primary colors that are mixed to achieve good

Green,

color reproduction.

Blue Phase Alteration By Line (PAL),

49. Two other standards of color television.

Sequential Color and Memory (SECAM)

50. The television stereo sound system is called ___________  _____ _________. 51. The first CRT.

Multichannel Television Sound Monochrome CRT

52. In order to reproduce the three primary colors of the color television system, a color CRT must have _______ electron

Three (3)

beams.

CHAPTER 20: SATELITE COMMUNICATION 1.  A structure that naturally orbits the earth. 2. Name of the natural satellite. 3.  A structure that orbits the earth and was built by humans. 4. The point farthest from earth in a satellite orbit.

Natural Satellite Moon  Artificial Satellite  Apogee

5.  A satellite transponder design that receives signals and retransmits them at higher power and at a different

Bent-pipe Configuration

frequency. 6. It is a group of satellites coordinated in such a way as to provide continuous communication. 7.  A radio or optical connection directly between satellites, without going through an earth station. 8. Transmission of signals from a satellite to an earth station. 9.  A satellite orbit that is entirely above the equator. 10. It is the change in the direction of polarization of signals passing through the ionosphere. 11. It is the ratio expressed in decibels of gain to noise temperature.

Constellation

Crosslink Downlink Equatorial Orbit Faraday rotation

Figure of Merit

BLAKE Summary 12. It is the depiction of the signal strength contours from a satellite transmitter on the earth. 13. It is the satellite orbit in which the satellite appears to remain stationary at a point above the equator. 14. It is a satellite orbit in which the satellite’s period of revolution is equal to the period of rotation of the earth. 15. Antenna beam on a geostationary satellite that is adjusted to cover the whole earth. 16. It is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at an altitude less than about 1500 kilometers. 17. A satellite in orbit at a distance above the earth’s surface of approximately 8,000 to 20,000 km. 18. Any artificial satellite that is not geostationary. 19. The point closest to Earth in a satellite orbit. 20. A satellite orbit passing over the north and south poles. 21. It is the time taken for a signal to travel through space from transmitter to receiver. 22. It is a focused beam of energy that covers a relatively small area on the earth.

Footprint

Geostationary Orbit

Geosynchronous Orbit

Hemispheric Beam

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Satellite Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEO) Satellite Orbital Satellite Perigee Polar Orbit Propagation Time

Spot Beam

23. It is the process of adjusting the orbit of a geostationary satellite so that it appears to remain stationary above a

Station-keeping

point on earth. 24. It is the use of device to receive one or more data packets, store them and restransmit them at a later time. 25. It is adjusting the position of a directional antenna on the ground. 26. A repeater located in the satellite. 27. Transmission of signals from an earth station to a satellite. 28. Geostationary satellites are far enough from earth that on a satellite can cover about ___ of the earth’ s distance. 29. Three geostationary satellites can provide worldwide communication except for the ______ _______. 30. All satellite orbit shapes are ____________. 31. All satellites are held in orbit by a balance between the two. 32. An antenna is aimed at a satellite by adjusting its

Store-and-Forward Technique

Tracking Transponder Uplink 40%

Polar Regions Elliptical Centrifugal Force, Centripetal Force  Azimuth,

BLAKE Summary  __________ and _______.

Elevation

33. It is a device incorporating a level that can measure the

Inclinometer

angle of the antenna axis from the horizontal. 34. The amount by which the antenna axis is offset from the

Declination

earth’s axis is called ___________. 35. It was established in 1979 and known as third generation of satellites.

International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)

36. INMARSAT uses a total of __ GEO satellites.

Nine (9)

37. Range of Low-earth orbit satellites above the earth.

300 - 1500 km

38. range of Medium-earth orbit satellites above the earth.

8000 – 20000 km

39. These radiation belts surrounds earth that can damage

 Van Allen Belts

satellites. 40. This system comprises 66 LEO satellites in a complex constellation, such that at least one satellite is visible from

Iridium

one everywhere on earth at all times. 41. This system began commercial operation in 1999, and uses

Globalstar

a constellation of 48 LEO satellites. 42. This system is expected to use 288 satellites.

Teledesic

43. This system went into operation in 1998, uses 35 satellites.

ORBCOMM

44. This system has a similar structure to ORBCOMM and

LEO One

became operational in 2003. 45. This system is considered a special case LEO system, using

E-Sat

only six satellites, orbiting an altitude of 1260 km. 46. This MEO uses an interesting combination of elliptical and

Ellipso

circular orbits. 47. This MEO is planned by Inmarsat that will launch ten satellites providing global coverage.

Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO)

CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO 1.  A cellular telephone system designed mainly for use with portable telephones. 2. North American first-generation cellular radio standard using analog FM. 3. In wireless communication, it is the radio equipment and

Personal Communication System (PCS)  Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)  Air Interface

BLAKE Summary the propagation path. 4. It is the electronics that control base station transmitters and receivers. 5. It is interrupting the voice channel to send control information. 6. Failure to connect a telephone call because of lack of system capacity. 7. Method of transmitting data on AMPS cellular telephone voice channels that are temporarily unused. 8. Information sent by the base station in a cellular radio system to set the power level of the mobile transmitter. 9. Signal transmitted by a cell site to identify that site to the mobile user. 10. A telephone connection that is unintentionally terminated while in progress. 11. Number assigned to a cell phone by the manufacturer as a security feature. 12. This is a control information that is transmitted by  “stealing” bits that are normally used for voice information. 13. Communication from a cell site or repeater to a mobile unit. 14. Two-way communication in which both terminals can transmit simultaneously. 15. Two-way communication in which only one station can transmit at a time.

Base Station Controller

Blank-and-burst Signaling

Call Blocking Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Control Mobile Attenuation Code (CMAC) Digital Color Code (DCC)

Dropped Call

Electronic Serial Number (ESN) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Forward Channel Full –  Duplex

Half –  Duplex

16. Transfer of a call in progress from one cell site to another.

Handoff

17. A mobile telephone service using trunked channels but not

Improved Mobile Telephone

cellular in nature. 18. A small cell designed to cover a high-traffic area. 19. Number that identifies a mobile phone in a cellular system. 20. refer to no. 19: This is popularly known as 21. Switching facility connecting cellular telephone base stations to each other and to the public telephone network. 22. A memory location that stores the telephone numbers to be used on the system. 23. Very small cells in a cellular radio system.

Service (IMTS) Microcell Mobile Identification Number (MIN) Mobile telephone number Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Number Assignment Module (NAM) Picocells

BLAKE Summary 24. A company that acts as a carrier to the base station. 25. A cellular customer using a network other than the subscriber’s local cellular network. 26. It is the control information that is transmitted along with the voice. 27. Code which describes the maximum power output of a cellular phone. 28. A sine wave above the voice frequency range, transmitted on the voice channel used to detect the loss of signal. 29. A number transmitted by the base station to identify the system operator. 30. Frequency of a signal tone during a call. 31. Transmitters in adjacent cells are separated by frequency by at least

Reverse Channel Roamer Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Station Class Mark (SCM)

Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT) System Identification Number (SID) 10 kHz 60 kHz Mobile Identification Number

32. Two unique numbers of each mobile unit.

(MIN), Number Assignment Module (NAM)

33. It is simply the 10-digit phone number for the mobile phone. 34. It is a unique 32-bit number assigned to the phone at the factory.

Mobile Identification Number (MIN) Electronic Serial Number (ESN) Mobile (Class I),

35. The three station class marks.

Transportable (Class II), Portable (Class III)

36. ERP of Class I.

+6 dBW (4 W)

37. ERP of Class II.

+2 dBW (1.6 W)

38. ERP of Class III.

-2 dBW (600 mW)

39. Mobile transmitter power is controlled by the land station in 4dB increments, with the lowest power level being

-22 dBW (6.3 mW)

 ___________ ERP. 40. It occurs when two or more mobiles try to use the control channel at the same time. 41. Three possible frequencies of a supervisory audio tone. 42. Most portable cell phones use this kind of antenna. 43. Refer to no. 42: At 800 MHz, the length of this antenna is

Collision 5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, 6030 Hz Quarter-wave Monopole 9.5 cm

BLAKE Summary  ____. 44. Phone traffic is defined in ________. 45. Refer to no. 44: One unit of it is equivalent to 46. The most obvious way to avoid call blocking and call dropping is to __________. 47. The reduction of cell size to increase traffic. 48. The bit rate in the RF channel for CDPD. 49. The common digital system developed by t he European Community. 50. The digital system would seem to be able to carry ___ times as much traffic as the analog system. 51. It provides essentially the same information as SAT in  AMPS.

Erlangs (E) One (1)continuous phone conversation Provide more channels Cell-splitting 19.2kb/s Global System for Mobile

Three (3) Coded Digital Verification Color Code (CDVCC)

52. The two TDMA control channels.

 Analog Control Channel (ACCH), Digital Control Channel (DCCH)

CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1. Signal path from a base station or satellite to a mobile station or a ground station.

Downlink

2. Changing the time order or digital information before transmission to reduce the effect of burst errors in the

Interleaving

channel. 3. It is the telephone number that is unique to a given user worldwide. 4. It is the tendency for stronger signals to interfere with the reception of weaker signals.

International Mobile Subscriber Identification (IMSI) Near-Far Effect

5.  A radio receiver that is capable of combining several received signals with different time delays into one

Rake Receiver

composite signal. 6. Transmission of brief text messages, such as page or email, by cellular radio or PCS. 7.  A card with an embedded integrated circuit that can be used for functions such as storing subscriber information

Short Messaging Service (SMS) Smart Card

BLAKE Summary for a PCS system. 8. It is connecting a mobile to two or more base stations simultaneously. 9. It contains all user information which is inserted into the phone before use. 10. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel by using different time slots for each direction. 11. Transmission channel to a satellite or base station. 12. Class of orthogonal spreading codes used i n CDMA communications.

Soft Handoff

Subscriber ID Module (SIM)

Time-division Duplexing (TDD) Uplink Walsh Code To allow each individual to have  personal phone and phone

13. The eventual goal of personal communication systems.

number which will take the place of home, office, care, and  portable phones.

14. Current PCS resemble cellular radio systems except that they operate at

Higher frequency and are completely digital

15. The PCS frequency range is divided in such a way that there can be up to _______ service providers in a given

Six

region. 16. They allow roaming on the analog cellular system when the correct type of PCS service is unavailable.

Dual mode, dual band phones

17. This features higher maximum data rates, greater capacity of voice calls, and the ability to work with a wide range of

Third Generation

cell sizes and types. 18. These systems appear likely to be part of the third generation specifications. 19. Voice channels are called ___________ _______ in GSM. 20. This is used by the mobile to contact the base, for registration, authentication, and call setup. 21. It is used for control messages to individual telephones and for short paging-type messages to be displayed on the phone. 22. It is the system used in Europe and most of Asia for both cellular and PCS bands. 23. This allows the mobile receiver to lock on the beginning of

CDMA, TDMA Traffic Channels Random Access Channel (RACH)

Short Message Service, Paging and Access Channel (SPACH)

GSM Synchronizing (SYNCH)

BLAKE Summary the transmission. 24. They provide acknowledgement of messages from mobiules and inform the mobiles of the status of the reverse control

Shared Channel Feedback (SCF)

channel. 25. Time slots per superframe of fast broadcast channel. 26. Time slots per superframe for extended broadcast channel. 27. Functions of short message service channel. 28. Function of paging channel. 29. Function of access response channel. 30. Bandwidth of GSM channels. 31. Total bit rate for an RF channel in GSM. 32. Time slots in the structure of an RF channel is also called as ______ in GSM. 33. Each voice transmission in GSM is coded at ______. 34. Two codes in use at a CDMA base station. 35. This code in CDMA base station is for synchronizing. 36. This code in CDMA base station in used for encryption of voice and control system data. 37. CDMA uses this for voice coding.

3 to 10 1 to 8 Short message service, Remote phone programming Paging Control messages to individual  phones 200 kHz 270.833 kb/s Burst 13 kb/s Short code, Long code Short code Long code Variable rate vocoder 9600 b/s,

38. The four possible bit rates used in voice coding of CDMA.

4800 b/s, 2400 b/s, 1200 b/s

39. The packet-switched data in GSM system is called 40. The de facto standard created by wireless manufacturers for displaying web content on wireless devices.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Improved Data Communication;

41. Requirements for the third generation PCS.

Greater Capacity;  Adaptability to mobile,  pedestrian, and fixed operation

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING

1.  A device to connect two segments of a network. 2. Unique address for a pager. 3. Method of reducing contention in a network by involving each station checking for interference before transmitting.

Bridge Capcode Carrier-Sense Multiple-Access With Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

4. Method of reducing contention to the network by involving

Carrier-sense Multiple-access

each station by checking continuously for interference

with Collision Detection

before and during transmissions. 5.  Attempt by two transmitters to use the same channel simultaneously. 6. Form of local-area network using CSMA/CD and a logical bus structure. 7. Communication channel from mobile to base station. 8.  A radio channel used for communication from a base station to mobile stations. 9. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel by using different time slots for each direction.

(CSMA/CD) Collision

Ethernet Inbound Channel Outbound Channel

Time-division Duplexing (TDD) Paging system,

10. Options for wireless data communication.

Cellular and PCS radio, Wireless LAN and Modems, Packet Data Network One-way beeper, One-way numeric,

11. Types of paging systems.

One-way alphanumeric, Two-way alphanumeric, Voice pagers

12. It transmit all pages throughout the whole system to avoid having to locate the recipient. 13. Most current wireless LAN equipment follows the  ___________ standard. 14. This resembles the standard in no. 13. 15. It is common for very short-range connections and is occasionally used for wireless LANs. 16. Uses of public packet data networks.

One-way paging system

IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth Infrared Light Email,

BLAKE Summary Keeping contact with employees in the field, Limited web browsing, Low-data-rate applications 17. Most common protocol for one-way paging system.

Post Office Code Standardization  Advisory Group (POCSAG)

18. It is the de facto standard for two-way alphanumeric

Motorola ReFLEX TM 

pagers. 1.

 A set of wireless nodes is

called Basic Service Set (BSS). 2.

 A network can consist of only of wireless node

communicating with each of wireless nodes in BSS 19. Standards that have been established in IEEE 802.11.

3.

There can be multiple

access points for extended coverage. 4.

 A network with multiple access points is called an Extended Service Set (ESS)

5.

Wireless units can roam within the ESS.

20. It is a wireless networking scheme that competes with both 802.11 and Bluetooth schemes.

HomeRF™ 

Ericsson, 21. The Bluetooth specification is a joint venture involving these several companies.

IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba

22. The simplest Bluetooth network 23. A conglomeration of two or more piconets.

Piconet Scatternet

24. It is a short range infrared system that has been used for some time to allow two devices communicate with each

Infrared Data Association (IRDA)

other. 25. This standard for wireless packet-switched data was created by the Swedish telephone company for use by its

Mobitex

BLAKE Summary field personnel. 26. Mobitex can best be called ________.

Near real time

27. This system is created by IBM as a joint venture with Motorola for its own use.

 Advanced Radio Data Information Services (ARDIS)

CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS 1. The maximum angle between the axis of an optical fiber and a ray of light entering the fiber. 2. The angle an incident ray makes with the normal to a reflecting or refracting surface. 3. The angle a reflected ray makes with the reflected to a reflecting surface. 4. The angle a refracted ray makes with the normal to a refracting surface. 5. In optical fiber, it is the material of lower refractive index that surrounds the core. 6. It is the central part of the fiber where the light propagates. 7. The maximum angle of incidence for which refraction takes place. 8. Interference between signals on separate cables in close proximity. 9. In a photodetector, it is the current that flows in the absence of light. 10. A measure of how well a coupler or similar device rejects power passing through it in the reverse direction. 11. Variation of propagation velocity with wavelength. 12. the energy given to or absorbed by an electron that moves through a potential difference of one volt. 13. The proportion of the power entering a coupler that is lost inside the coupler.

 Angle of Acceptance

 Angle of Incidence

 Angle of Reflection

 Angle of Refraction

Cladding

Core

Critical Angle

Crosstalk

Dark Current

Directivity Dispersion Electron-volt

Excess Loss

14. An optical fiber in which the index of refraction of the core decreases gradually with decreasing distance from the

Graded-index Fiber

center. 15. A PN junction in which the two sides of the junction are

Heterojunction

BLAKE Summary made of different materials. 16. The ratio between the velocity of light in free space and that in a given medium. 17. Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. 18. A low-power laser resembling an LED in its construction. 19. A fiber that allows light to travel along it in more than one waveguide mode. 20. A line perpendicular to a reflecting or refracting light surface. 21. The sine of the aperture of acceptance in optical fiber. 22. A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. 23. The smallest amount in which energy can exist. 24. The relationship between output current and input ligh t power for a photodetector. 25. An optical fiber whose core is sufficiently narrow that only one waveguide mode can propagate. 26. An optical finer that has one index of refraction for the core and a second. 27. reflection at the boundary between two media when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. 28. Detectors in fiber optics systems are usually _________ or  _____________. 29. A well-made splice can have as much loss as ______ of fiber.

Index of Refraction

LASER Laser Diode (LD) Multimode Fiber

Normal Numerical Aperture Photon Quantum Responsivity

Single-mode Fiber

Step-index Fiber

Total Internal reflection PIN Diodes,  Avalanche Photodiode 1km Larger bandwidth, Greater distance between repeaters,

30. Advantages of fiber optics over copper cable.

Lower weight, Smaller size, Immunity from electrical interference, Lower cost

31. Optical fibers are waveguides for _____. 32. An infrared LED is also called as _______. 33. The light is emitted from the flat surface of the junction.

Light Infrared-emitting Diode (IRED) Surface-emitting

BLAKE Summary CHAPTER 25: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS 1. Synchronization of digital signals by adding extra bits to one signal. 2.  A 100 Mb/s LAN signaling standard intended for use with fiber optics but also used with coax. 3. Use of fiber –optic cable for telephone subscriber connections. 4. Use of fiber for all of a telephone system except for the subscriber loop.

Bit Stuffing Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Fiber in the Loop (FITP)

Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)

5. Calculation of received power in a system in order to compare it with the power required for satisfactory

Loss Budget

performance. 6.  A laser used as an energy source to excite electrons into a higher energy state.

Pump Laser

7. The time required for the voltage level at the beginning of a pulse to increase from 10 to 90 percent of its maximum

Rise Time

value. 8. Single pulses that can travel through a medium with no dispersion. 9. The European Standard for synchronous transmission over a fiber-optic network. 10. The use of two or more light sources at different wavelengths separately modulated with the same fiber. 11. The maximum distance that can be used with a fiber link can be limited by either ________ or ______. 12. Limitations due to losses are expressed in a ___  __________. 13. Dispersion is expressed in terms of either _____________ or _____________. 14. These can be used in digital systems to extend the communication distance indefinitely. 15. Optical amplifiers can amplify an optical signal without converting it to _____________ ______. 16. To increase the amount of data that can be carried on a fiber, wavelength-division multiplexing can be used in

Solitons Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Wavelength-division Multiplexing (WDM) Losses, Dispersion Loss Budget Bandwidth-distance, Rise Time Regenerative Repeaters

Electrical Form

Time-division Multiplexing

BLAKE Summary conjunction with ___________ ___________. 17. fiber optics has greatly increased both the capacity an d the reliability of __________ ___________.

Submarine Cables

 ADDITIONAL NOTES: NAVIGATIONAL AIDS 1. It is the art of detecting the movements of a craft from one point to another along a desired path.

Navigation Navigational by Pilotage,

2. Methods of navigation.

Celestial Navigation, Navigation by Dead Reckoning, Radio Navigations

3.  A method of navigation wherein the navigator fixes his position on a map by observing known visible landmarks. 4. It is accomplished by measuring the angular position of celestial bodies.

Navigational by Pilotage

Celestial Navigation.

5. It is the most common and widely used method of navigation wherein the position of crafts at any instant of time is calculated from previously determined position, speed of its

Navigational by Dead Reckoning

motion with respect to the earth with the direction and the time elapsed. 6. Refer to no. 6: Another name for it. 7. It uses electromagnetic waves to attain a fix. 8. It is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects or targets by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the echoes. 9.  A one radar mile can be traveled by a signal within ______. 10. A round trip of a transmitted signal in a radar will consume a time of __________.

Deduced Calculations Radio Navigation Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) 6.16 microsec 12.36 microsec

11. After the radar pulses has been transmitted, a __________  _______ _______ must be allowed for the echo to return so as

Sufficient Rest Time

not to interfere with the next transmit pulse. 12. It determines the maximum distance to the target to be measured. 13. It is the range beyond which objects appear as second return echoes.

Pulse Repetition Time

Maximum Unambiguous Range

BLAKE Summary 14. It is the transmitted pulse that maybe reflected by the target for one complete round trip. 15. The effective areas considered in a radar cross section of the target.

Double Range Echoes Rayleigh Region, Resonance Region, Optical Region, Polarization of the independent wave,

16. The radar cross section target depends on…

Degree of surface roughness, Use of special coatings on the target,  Aspect of the target

17. Pulse characteristics is… 18. Leading edge must be _____ to ensure that the leading edge of the received pulse is also close to it. 19. It is required for the voltage pulse applied to the magnetron anode.

Flat-topped rectangular pulses Vertical

Flat Top

20. It is needed for the transmitted pulse so that the duplexer can switch the receiver over to the antenna as soon as the body of

Steep Trailing Edge

the pulse has passed. Dipole, 21. Antennas that can be used for radar.

Horn Fed Paraboloid Reflector, Reflectros of basically paraboloid shape Lobe switching technique,

22. Antenna tracking and scanning techniques in radar.

Conical Scanning, Monopulse Tracking

23. It is a sequential lobing and the direction of the antenna beam is rapidly switched between two positions. 24. It is the logical extension of lobe switching. 25. It is a system using four horn antennas displaced about the central focus of the reflector.

Lobe Switching Technique Conical Scanning Monopulse Tracking More complex motion of the antenna,

26. Disadvantages of conical scanning.

 Additional servomechanisms are required, More than one returned pulse is

BLAKE Summary required.  A scope, 27. Methods of radar display.

Plan Position Indicator,  Automatic Target Detection

28. It is the deflection modulation of the CRT screen. 29. It is the intensity modulation of the CRT and it shows a map of the largest area. 30. It is a method of radar display where direct feeding is toward a computer.

 A scope Plan Position Indicator

 Automatic Target Detection Search for targets,

31. General tasks of radar systems.

Track them once they have been acquired

32. Types of tracking radar systems. 33. It is a system that gives the angular position of a target accurately. 34. It is a type of tracking radar system wherein the range information is continuously obtained. 35. It is the transmitting and receiving antennas that are located at the same point. 36. In this radar, the transmitter and receiver are separated by quite large distances.

Tracking in angle, Tracking in range Tracking in Angle

Tracking In Range

Monostatic Radar

Bistatic Radar

37. It is the effect that the apparent frequency of the electromagnetic or sound waves depends on the relative radial

Doppler Effect

motion of the source and the observer. 38. These are small radar sets consisting of a receiver, a separate transmitter and an antenna which is often omni directional.

Radar Beacons Identification Friend or Foe (IFF),

39. Applications of radar beacons.

Calculation of position, similar to lighthouses

40. This provides a sloping glide path for instrument landing approach of an aircraft.

Instrument Landing Services (ILS) Localizer,

41. Components of an ILS.

Glide Slope Equipment, ILS Marker Beacons, Runway Lights

BLAKE Summary 42. It provides lateral guidance. 43. Parts of a localizer

Localizer VHF Radio Transmitter,  Antenna System Very High Frequency

44. A localizer uses same general range as ____

Omnidirectional Range (VOR) Transmitters

45. It provides vertical guidance. 46. A glide slope equipment is produced by a ________ and  _______. 47. The UHF transmitter of the glide slope equipment is operating at the range of _____. 48. It provides information on distance from the runway by identifying predetermined points along the approach track. 49. These ILS beacons are low power transmitters that operates at a frequency of _______. 50. The power rated output of ILS beacons.

Glide Slope Equipment Ground-base UHF Transmitter,  Antenna System 329.30 MHz to 335 MHz

ILS Marker beacons

75 MHz Less than 3 Watts  Approach Lights, Sequence Lights, Runway Edge Lights,

51. Kinds of runway lights.

Threshold Lights, Runway End Lights, Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Lights

52. The color of approach lights.

White

53. The color of runway edge lights.

Yellow

54. The color of threshold lights.

Green

55. The color runway end lights.

Red

56. It provide guidance to the pilot on an approaching aircraft to the runway.

 Approach Lights

57. It is a part of approach light that flashes twice in second in sequence that distinguishes aeronautical ground lights in an

Sequence Lights

aero dome to the other lights in the area. 58. It provides sufficient guidance to the pilot during landing and takeoff especially at night or zero visibility. 59. it signifies the end of runway and is placed on a lines at right angle to the runway access.

Runway Edge Lights

Runway End Lights

BLAKE Summary 60. It provides a positive indicating on the aircraft position relative to the optimal slope during final approach to the runway. 61. This is an instrument approach system consisting of extremely high precision microwave radar equipment that gives the position of an aircraft in range, azimuth, and elevation. 62. The ground equipment of the airport consists of two microwave radar sets, these are _______ and _______. 63. It locates all aircraft within 30 miles or so of the airport and it provides a radar map of the vicinity. 64. It is the medium range radar accomplished in the initial phase of the GCA. 65. It provides continuous information regarding the position of the incoming aircraft with respect to the runway. 66. The final approach of the GCA operator uses short-range precision radar that indicates the proper glide path for descent. 67. These are low-frequency transmitters operating into an omni directional vertically polarized antenna. 68. Frequency range of NDB. 69. the reception range of the radio beacon of NDB 70. It is an equipment that provides in formation of the distance between an aircraft and the VOR Station.

PAPI Lights

Ground-Controlled Approach (GCA) Search System, Precision System Search System

Plan Position Indicator

Precision System

Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) 200 kHz to 415 kHz 15 Nautical Miles Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Transceiver,

71. Components of DME.

Internal Computer,  Antenna, DME Controls

72. It sends out signals to ground station. 73. It is built within the transceivers that measures the time intervals that elapsed until the response. 74. It is used for both transmission and reception, mounted on the underside of the aircraft. 75. It incorporates digital readouts of frequency, DME and ground speed information. 76. DME displays information in the form of _______, ________, and __________. 77. It is a radio facility providing bearing information to and from

Transceiver Internal Computer

 Antenna

DME Controls Distance to the station,  Aircraft’s Ground Speed, 

Time to station Very High Frequency Omni Range

BLAKE Summary such facility at all azimuth within its service area.

(VOR) VOR Receiver,

78. Components of the VOR.

Navigation Indicator, Track Arrow, Reference Line

79. This receives the VOR signals. 80. It gives the pilot aircraft position information.

VOR Receiver VOR Navigation Indicator Track Selector,

81. The three components of the VOR navigation indicator.

TO-FROM/OFF Flag, Track Deviation Bar

82. It is used to rotate the azimuth ring which displays the VOR track. 83. Refer to no. 87: Another name for it. 84. It indicates whether the track will take the pilot to or from the station.

Track Selector Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) TO-FROM/OFF Flag

85. It shows the pilot the position relative to the track selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right or left when the

Track Deviation Bar (TB)

aircraft heading agrees generally with the track selector. 86. It is a needle that you could think of as a line that runs through the station and points in the direction of the selected track that

Track Arrow

divides the area around the VOR station into halves. 87. It is a line perpendicular to the track arrow and intersecting it at the station.

Reference Line

88. It is a microwave pulse system that provides highly accurate bearing and range information from a shipboard or ground

Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)

radio beacon. 89. TACAN operates completely in the UHF band from ______ to  ____. 90. The TACAN system has a total of ______ channels in the UHF band. 91. TACAN provides ______ _______ with less than one degree error end.

962 to 1213 megacycles

126

Compass Direction

92. TACAN can use a very small ground station antenna which

 Air Force Mobile Units,

permits its installation on _________ and _________.

Navy Carriers

93. Components of TACAN.

 Airborne Interrogator-Responsor, Ground or Shipboard Surface

BLAKE Summary Beacon 94. It could be tuned to 126 channels and has a special range an d azimuth circuit. 95. This is a beacon that could be triggered by distance interrogation pulses coming from an airborne radio set. 96. It is the combination of VOR and TACAN.

 Airborne Interrogator-Responsor Ground or Shipboard Surface Beacon VORTAC

97. These are range stations that provides four aircraft course legs. Low Frequency Radio (LFR) Range 98. The LFR depends on the superposition of the figure-8 directional antenna patterns that provide __________. 99. Radio range stations operate on frequency between _______ and _______. 100.

 An existing area where practically no signal is heard in a

radio range station. 101.

The station references in long distance navigation system.

102.

Navigational aids installed in the ground.

103.

It uses the interferometic techniques in the satellite.

104.

Produces hyperbolic lines of position through the

measurement of the difference in times of transmission of radio signals from two or more synchronized transmitters at fixed

ON-COURSE Signals

200 kHz and 400 kHz

Cone of Silence Ground Referenced, Satellite Referenced Ground Referenced Satellite Referenced

Hyperbolic System

points. 105.

It is an electronic method of determining ship position by

the reception of signals from transmitting stations of known

Long Range Navigation (LORAN)

locations. 106.

It has a peak power of 100 kW and can be received over

sea at a distance of 500 to 700 nautical miles. 107.

LORAN A System

Its transmitters operate at a lower frequencies of 100 kHz

and this frequency, ground waves of a 300 kW transmitter can

LORAN C System

be received up to 1200 nautical miles. 108.

the ground stations are transportable and therefore be

quickly deployed. 109.

 A continuous wave hyperbolic system operating in the 70 to

130 kHz band. 110.

LORAN D System

DECCA

It is a hyperbolic system which works in the very low

frequency region and has a very long base line of the order of 7000 km.

OMEGA

BLAKE Summary 111.

Refer to no. 115: The developers of this system.

112.

Refer to no. 115: The year it was developed.

113.

It operates from 20 to 85 MHz.

114.

It is the contraction of the phrase “Sound Navigation and

Ranging”. 115.

 A system used aboard navy ships for sonic and ultra sonic

underwater detection, ranging, sounding and communications. 116.

It alerts the flight crew of potential conflicts with other

airplanes in the same area. 117.

TCAS tracks other airplanes or intruders if it is equipped

with ______________ or _____________.

118.

Two types of collision avoidance alerts provided by TCAS.

119.

It shows the relative position of any intruder airplane.

120.

It shows a vertical maneuver to avoid a possible airplane

collision. 121.

It is a worldwide navigation radio aid which uses satellite

signals to provide accurate navigation information.

US Navy 1957 Ground Electronics Engineering (GEE) SONAR

SONAR Traffic alert and Collision  Avoidance System (TCAS)  Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS), Mode S ATC Transponder Traffic Advisory (TA), Resolution Advisory (RA) TA RA Navigation Systems Time and Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS) Space Segment,

122.

The three segments of NAVSTAR.

Control Segment, User Segment

123.

It is composed of a constellation of 24 satellites arranged

in six separate orbital planes of four satellites each on a circular

Space Segment

orbit. 124.

It is composed of four monitor stations and one master

control station which track the satellite, compute the ephemeris, clock corrections and control the navigation

Control Segment

parameters and transmit them to the GPS users. 125.

The civil and military users of the GPS.

User Segment 55° inclination to the Equator,

126.

Characteristics of the space segment.

 An altitude of approximately 20200 km with an orbit period of 12 sideral hours