Book 2 Cases

 

 Fgtta Kftkrprgsks vs. FCPJ

O.P. Fa. 228::? Zkptkd`kr 07, 277; FGXXA KFXKP^PGZKZ, pktgtgafkr, vs. FBXGAFBC CB@AP PKCBXGAFZ JADDGZZGAF bfh PA@KPXA JB^GCG, rkspafhkfts.

Ebjts= ^ktgtgafkr, b jadpbfy kfobokh gf tlk sbck ae ocbss bfh bcudgfud prahujts, lgrkh Pa`krta Jbpgcg sadktgdk gf Dby 277> bs bf bpprkftgjk dbjlgfgst, dachkr bfh jark dbikr, ear b pkrgah ae sgx (5) daftls erad Dby 0 ta Favkd`kr 0 wgtl b hbgcy wbok rbtk ae ^55.?; wlgjl wbs ?;% ae tlk bppcgjb`ck dgfgdud wbok. Af Buoust 0, lk bjjghkftbccy lgt bfh gfmurkh tlk cko ae bf aeegjk skjrktbry wla wbs trkbtkh bt b fkbr`y laspgtbc. Gf tlk betkrfaaf ae tlk sbdk hby lk apkrbtkh afk ae tlk pawkr prkss dbjlgfks wgtlaut butlargty bfh gf tlk prajkss gfmurkh lgs cket tlud`, pradptgfo tlk pktgtgafkr ta slauchkr tlk dkhgjbc kxpkfsks. Xlk fkxt hby, Jbpgcg wbs dbhk ta sgof b Rugt Jcbgd bfh Pkckbsk gf ebvar ae tlk pktgtgafkr bfh rkjkgvkh ^2, 720.?7 bs lgs sbcbry ear tlk egvk hbys tlbt lk wbs ufb`ck ta wari huk ta lgs gfmury. @ut tlrkk hbys betkr, lk egckh bf gcckobc hgsdgssbc jadpcbgft bfh hkdbfhkh dafktbry jafsghkrbtgaf tlkrkae `keark tlk  Br`gtrbtgaf @rbfjl ae tlk Fbtgafbc Cb`ar Pkcbtgafs Jaddgssgaf gf tlk Fbtgafbc Jbpgtbc Pkogaf. @ut tlk Cb`ar Br`gtkr hgsdgsskh lgs jadpcbgft jgtgfo twa rkbsafs= tlbt prgvbtk rkspafhkft wla wbs lgrkh bs bf bpprkftgjk vgacbtkh tlk tkrds ae tlkgr borkkdkft wlkf lk bjtkh wgtl orass fkocgokfjk rksuctgfo gf tlk gfmury fat afcy ta lgdskce `ut bcsa ta lgs ekccaw warikr. Bfh tlbt prgvbtk rkspafhkft lbh slawf tlbt "lk haks fat lbvk tlk prapkr bttgtuhk gf kdpcaydkft pbrtgjucbrcy tlk lbfhcgfo ae dbjlgfks wgtlaut butlargty bfh prapkr trbgfgfo.— Lawkvkr, af Mucy 05, 277:, tlk Fbtgafbc Cb`ar Pkcbtgafs Jaddgssgaf rkvkrskh tlk hkjgsgaf ae tlk Cb`ar  Br`gtkr bfh arhkrkh ear tlk rkgfstbtkdkft ae Jbpgcg bfh tlbt lk dust `k ogvkf lgs `bji ` bji wboks wlgjl slbcc `k jadputkh erad tlk tgdk lgs wboks wkrk wgtllkch up ta tlk tgdk lk gs bjtubccy rkgfstbtkh. Xlus, Fgta Kftkrprgsks egckh b jkrtgarbrg bobgfst FCPJ bcckogfo tlbt tlk Jaddgssgaf jaddgttkh orbvk b`usk ae hgsjrktgaf gf rkvkrsgfo tlk Cb`ar Br`gtkr‗s hkjgsgaf bfh gf lachgfo tlbt tlk pktgtgafkr ebgckh ta pravk b vbcgh jbusk gf tlk hgsdgssbc ae Jbpgcg. Gssuks= _lktlkr ar fat tlkrk wbs kdpcaykr-bpprkftgjk rkcbtgafslgp `ktwkkf pktgtgafkr bfh prgvbtk rkspafhkft. _lktlkr ar fat FCPJ jaddgttkh orbvk b`usk ae hgsjrktgaf gf rkvkrsgfo tlk hkjgsgaf ae tlk cb`ar br`gtkr ear ebgcurk ta pravghk vbcgh jbusk. Lkch= Zuprkdk Jaurt ruckh tlkrk wbs fa kdpcaykr-bpprkftgjk rkcbtgafslgp `ktwkkf pktgtgafkr bfh prgvbtk rkspafhkft `kjbusk tlk eardkr ebgckh ta eaccaw tlk oughkcgfks skt eartl ufhkr Brt 52 ae tlk Cb`ar Jahk ta wgt= Bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkfts, gfjcuhgfo tlk dbgf rbtks ae bpprkftgjks, slbcc jafeard ta tlk rucks gssukh `y tlk Dgfgstkr ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft. Xlk pkrgah ae bpprkftgjkslgp slbcc fat kxjkkh sgx daftls.  Bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkfts pravghgfo ear wbok rbtks `kcaw tlk ckobc dgfgdud wbok, wlgjl gf fa jbsk slbcc stbrt `kcaw ?;% pkr jkft ae tlk bppcgjb`ck dgfgdud wbok, dby `k kftkrkh gfta afcy gf bjjarhbfjk wgtl bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd hucy bppravkh `y tlk Dgfgstkr ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft. Xlk Dgfgstry slbcc hkvkcap stbfhbrh dahkc praorbds ae bpprkftgjkslgp. Gf tlk jbsk bt `br, tlk Jaurt eaufh aut tlbt tlk bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd wbs prkpbrkh `y pktgtgafkr bfh su`dgttkh ta tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft af tlk hby prgvbtk rkspafhkft wbs lgrkh bfh tlgs wbs egckh af Mufk ?, 277>. Lawkvkr, sujl praorbd wbs fat ykt bppravkh `y tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft, `ut gt wbs kfearjkh tlk hby gt wbs sgofkh. Xlk Jaurt sbgh tlk bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd wbs fucc bfh vagh `kjbusk prgar bppravbc gs b jafhgtgaf sgfk qub faf ar gfhgspkfsb`ck. Xlk bjt ae egfhgfo tlk bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd wbs afcy tlk egrst stkp tawbrhs bjqugrgfo bppravbc erad tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft. Xlus tlk Jaurt obvk wkgolt ta tlk jcbgd ae prgvbtk rkspafhkft tlbt lk wbs lgrkh bs b ibrobhar, lgs kdpcaydkft stbtus tlkrkae wgcc ebcc ufhkr Brt. 0 ae tlk Cb`ar Jahk rkobrhgfo Pkoucbr bfh Jbsubc Kdpcaydkft. ‘ Xlk pravgsgafs ae wrgttkf borkkdkft ta tlk jaftrbry fatwgtlstbfhgfo bfh rkobrhckss ae tlk arbc borkkdkft ae tlk pbrtgks, bf kdpcaydkft slbcc `k hkkdkh ta `k rkoucbr wlkrk tlk kdpcaykk lbs `kkf kfobokh ta pkreard bjtgvgtgks wlgjl brk usubccy fkjkssbry ar hksgrb`ck gf tlk usubc

 

`usgfkss ar trbhk ae tlk kdpcaykr, kxjkpt kdpcaykr, kxjkpt wlkrk tlk kdpcaydkft lbs `kkf egxkh ear b spkjgegj pramkjt ar ufhkrtbigfo tlk jadpcktgaf ar tkrdgfbtgaf ae wlgjl lbs `kkf hktkrdgfkh bt tlk tgdk ae tlk kfobokdkft ae  tlk kdpcaykk ar wlkrk tlk wari ar skrvgjks ta `k pkreardkh gs skbsafbc gf fbturk bfh tlk kdpcaydkft gs ear tlk hurbtgaf ae tlk skbsaf.

Af tlk pktgtgafkr‗s jcbgd tlbt tlkrk wbs vbcgh jbusk gf tlk hgsdgssbc ae prgvbtk rkspafhkft, tlk Jaurt `kcgkvkh atlkrwgsk. Gt sbgh tlbt, tlk ebjt tlbt prgvbtk rkspafhkft egckh b jadpcbgft afcy tlrkk hbys betkr lk wbs dbhk ta sgof ta b Rugt Jcbgd bfh Pkckbsk dkbft tlbt tlk hgsdgssbc wbs hkcg`krbtk bfh fat vacuftbry. Zujl davk `y tlk pktgtgafkr tlk Jaurt sbgh wbs bobgfst tlk twgf rkqugrkdkfts ae fatgjk bfh lkbrgfo jafstgtutk wlgjl brk ksskftgbc kckdkfts ae huk prajkss. Zujl rkqugrkdkfts dkbf tlbt kdpcaykr slbcc beearh tlk warikr bdpck appartufgty ta `k lkbrh bfh ta hkekfh lgdskce wgtl tlk bssgstbfjk ae lgs rkprkskftbtgvk, ge lk sa hksgrks. Bdpck appartufgty jaffatks kvkry igfh ae bssgstbfjk tlbt dbfbokdkft dust bjjarh tlk kdpcaykk ta kfb`ck lgd ta prkpbrk bhkqubtkcy ear lgs hkekfsk gfjcuhgfo ckobc rkprkskftbtgaf. Xlus, egfhgfo fa b`usk ae hgsjrktgaf, tlk Jaurt hgsdgsskh tlk pktgtgaf bfh uplkch tlk hkjgsgaf ae  FCPJ.

 

JKFX[PW JBFFGFO JAP^ U. JB HGOKZX HKJKD@KP 0>, 0>25  ~ U@HGB]

  JKFX[PW JBFFGFO JAP^APBXGAF U. JA[PX AE B^^KBCZ O.P. Fa. 2;0>?

Xlgs gs b pktgtgaf ear rkvgkw ae tlk Hkjgsgaf bfh tlk Pksacutgaf ae tlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs. Xlk Ebjts

Af 2; Mucy 277?, Jkftury Jbffgfo Jarparbtgaf (pktgtgafkr) lgrkh Ocargb J. ^bcbh (^bcbh) bs –egsl jckbfkr— bt pktgtgafkr‗s tufb bfh sbrhgfks ebjtary. ^bcbh sgofkh af 2? Mucy 277? bf bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft wgtl pktgtgafkr. ^bcbh rkjkgvkh bf bpprkftgjk bccawbfjk ae ^2:>% pkreardbfjk gfhgjbtar. Eurtlkrdark, bjjarhgfo ta tlk pkreardbfjk kvbcubtgaf, ^bcbh gfjurrkh fudkraus tbrhgfkss bfh b`skfjks. Bs b jafskqukfjk, pktgtgafkr gssukh b tkrdgfbtgaf fatgjk; hbtkh 00 Favkd`kr 277? ta ^bcbh, gfeardgfo lkr ae lkr tkrdgfbtgaf keekjtgvk bt tlk jcask ae `usgfkss laurs ae 0<  Favkd`kr 277?.

 

^bcbh tlkf egckh b jadpcbgft ear gcckobc hgsdgssbc, ufhkrpbydkft ae wboks, bfh faf-pbydkft ae pra-rbtkh 2:tl daftl pby ear tlk ykbr 277?.

Xlk Cb`ar Br`gtkr hgsdgsskh tlk jadpcbgft ear cbji ae dkrgt  `ut arhkrkh pktgtgafkr  ta pby ^bcbh lkr cbst sbcbry bfh lkr pra-rbtkh 2:tl daftl pby. Af bppkbc, tlk Fbtgafbc Cb`ar Pkcbtgafs Jaddgssgaf (FCPJ) beegrdkh wgtl dahgegjbtgaf tlk Cb`ar Br`gtkr‗s hkjgsgaf, tlus=

_LKPKEAPK, prkdgsks jafsghkrkh, tlk hkjgsgaf ae tlk Br`gtkr hbtkh 0; Ek`rubry 2777 gs lkrk`y DAHGEGKH gf tlbt, gf bhhgtgaf, rkspafhkfts brk arhkrkh ta pby jadpcbgfbft‗s `bjiwboks ear twa (0) daftls gf tlk bdauft ae ^?,2?5.>> (^2:>2, tlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs rkfhkrkh b hkjgsgaf, tlk hgspasgtgvk partgaf ae wlgjl rkbhs= _LKPKEAPK, gf vgkw ae tlk earkoagfo, tlk qukstgafkh hkjgsgaf ae tlk FCPJ gs lkrk`y ZKX BZGHK bfh b fkw afk kftkrkh, ta wgt=

(b) egfhgfo tlk hgsdgssbc ae pktgtgafkr ta `k gcckobc9 (`) arhkrgfo prgvbtk rkspafhkft ta pby pktgtgafkr lkr ufhkrpbydkft gf wboks9 (j) arhkrgfo prgvbtk rkspafhkft ta rkgfstbtk pktgtgafkr ta lkr eardkr pasgtgaf wgtlaut cass ae skfgargty rgolts bfh ta pby lkr eucc `bjiwboks jadputkh erad tlk tgdk jadpkfsbtgaf wbs wgtllkch erad lkr up ta tlk tgdk ae lkr rkgfstbtkdkft9 (h) arhkrgfo prgvbtk rkspafhkft ta pby pktgtgafkr bttarfky‗s ekks kqugvbckft ta tkf (2>%) pkr jkft ae tlk dafktbry bwbrh lkrkgf9 bfh (k) arhkrgfo prgvbtk rkspafhkft ta pby tlk jasts ae tlk sugt. Xlk Pucgfo ae tlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs

 

Xlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs lkch tlbt tlk bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft wlgjl ^bcbh sgofkh wbs fat vbcgh bfh `gfhgfo `kjbusk gt wbs kxkjutkh dark tlbf twa daftls `keark tlk XKZHB bppravkh pktgtgafkr‗s bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd.

Xlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs bcsa lkch tlbt pktgtgafkr gcckobccy hgsdgsskh hgsdgsskh ^bcbh. Xlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs ruckh tlbt pktgtgafkr ebgckh ta slaw tlbt ^bcbh wbs prapkrcy bpprgskh ae tlk rkqugrkh stbfhbrh ae pkreardbfjk . Xlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs cgikwgsk lkch tlbt ^bcbh wbs fat beearhkh huk prajkss `kjbusk pktgtgafkr hgh fat jadpcy wgtl tlk twgf rkqugrkdkfts ae fatgjk bfh lkbrgfo. Xlk Gssuks

^ktgtgafkr rbgsks tlk eaccawgfo gssuks= 2.

_LKXLKP AP FAX XLK ^PGUBXK PKZ^AFHKFX _BZ BF B^^PKFXGJK9 bfh

0.

_LKXLKP XLKPK _BZ B UBCGH JB[ZK GF XKPDGFBXGFO XLK ZKPUGJK AE ^PGUBXK PKZ^AFHK FX.

Xlk Pucgfo ae tlk Jaurt

Xlk pktgtgaf gs wgtlaut dkrgt. Pkogstrbtgaf bfh Bppravbc `y tlk XKZHB ae Bpprkftgjkslgp ^raorbd Pkqugrkh @keark Lgrgfo ae Bpprkftgjks

Gf tlk jbsk bt `kfjl, tlk bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft `ktwkkf pktgtgafkr bfh prgvbtk rkspafhkft wbs kxkjutkh af Dby 0 bcckokhcy kdpcaygfo tlk cbttkr bs bf bpprkftgjk gf tlk trbhk ae –jbrk dbikr/dachkr.— Af tlk sbdk hbtk, bf bpprkftgjkslgp  praorbd wbs prkpbrkh `y pktgtgafkr pktgtgafkr bfh su`dgttkh ta tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft. Lawkvkr, tlk bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft wbs egckh afcy af Mufk ?, 277>. Fatwgtlstbfhgfo tlk b`skfjk ae bppravbc `y tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh

Kdpcaydkft, tlk bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft wbs kfearjkh tlk hby gt wbs sgofkh. ^rgar bppravbc `y tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft ae tlk prapaskh

bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd gs, tlkrkeark, b jafhgtgaf sgfk qub faf `keark bf bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft jbf `k vbcghcy kftkrkh gfta .

 

Xlk bjt ae egcgfo tlk prapaskh bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd wgtl tlk Hkpbrtdkft ae Cb`ar bfh Kdpcaydkft gs b prkcgdgfbry stkp tawbrhs gts egfbc bppravbc bfh haks fat gfstbftbfkauscy ogvk rgsk ta bf kdpcaykr-bpprkftgjk rkcbtgafslgp. Lkfjk, sgfjk tlk bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft `ktwkkf pktgtgafkr bfh prgvbtk rkspafhkft lbs fa earjk bfh keekjt kee kjt gf tlk b`skfjk ae b vbcgh bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd hucy bppravkh `y tlk HACK, prgvbtk rkspafhkft‗s bsskrtgaf tlbt lk wbs lgrkh fat bs bf bpprkftgjk `ut bs b hkcgvkry `ay (–ibrobhar— ar –pblgfbftk—) hkskrvks jrkhkfjk. Lk slauch rgoltcy `k jafsghkrkh bs b rkoucbr kdpcaykk ae pktgtgafkr bs hkegfkh `y Brtgjck 0 ae tlk Cb`ar Jahk x x x. Pkpu`cgj Bjt Fa. ??752; (PB ??75), wlgjl jrkbtkh tlk XKZHB, lbs trbfsekrrkh tlk butlargty avkr bpprkftgjkslgp praorbds erad tlk @urkbu ae Cajbc Kdpcaydkft ae tlk HACK ta tlk XKZHB. PB ??75 kdplbsgzks XKZHB‗s bppravbc ae tlk

bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd bs b prk-rkqugsgtk ear tlk lgrgfo ae bpprkftgjks. Zgfjk ^bcbh gs fat jafsghkrkh bf bpprkftgjk `kjbusk tlk bpprkftgjkslgp borkkdkft wbs kfearjkh `keark tlk XKZHB‗s bppravbc ae pktgtgafkr‗s bpprkftgjkslgp praorbd, ^bcbh gs hkkdkh b rkoucbr kdpcaykk  pkreardgfo tlk ma` ae b –egsl jckbfkr.— Jckbrcy, tlk ma`

ae b –egsl jckbfkr— gs fkjkssbry gf pktgtgafkr‗s `usgfkss bs b tufb bfh sbrhgfks ebjtary. [fhkr Brtgjck 002 ae tlk Cb`ar Jahk, bf kdpcaydkft gs hkkdkh rkoucbr wlkrk tlk kdpcaykk lbs `kkf kfobokh ta pkreard bjtgvgtgks wlgjl brk usubccy fkjkssbry ar hksgrb`ck gf tlk usubc `usgfkss ar trbhk ae tlk kdpcaykr. Gcckobc Xkrdgfbtgaf ae ^bcbh

Xa jafstgtutk vbcgh hgsdgssbc erad kdpcaydkft, twa rkqugsgtks dust jafjur= (2) tlk hgsdgssbc dust `k ear b must ar butlargzkh jbusk9 bfh (0) tlk kdpcaykk dust `k beearhkh bf appartufgty ta `k lkbrh bfh ta hkekfh lgdskce. _lkf tlk bcckokh vbcgh jbusk ear tlk tkrdgfbtgaf ae kdpcaydkft gs fat jckbrcy pravkf, bs gf tlgs jbsk, tlk cbw jafsghkrs tlk dbttkr b jbsk ae gcckobc hgsdgssbc. Eurtlkrdark, ^bcbh wbs fat bjjarhkh huk prajkss. Kvkf ge pktgtgafkr hgh jafhujt b  pkreardbfjk kvbcubtgaf af ^bcbh, ^bcbh, pktgtgafkr ebgckh ta wbrf wbrf ^bcbh ae lkr bcckokh paar  pkreardbfjk. Gf ebjt, ^bcbh hkfgks hkfgks bfy ifawckhok ae tlk pkreardbfjk pkreardbfjk kvbcubtgaf jafhujtkh bfh ae tlk rksuct tlkrkae. ^ktgtgafkr cgikwgsk bhdgts tlbt ^bcbh hgh fat

 

rkjkgvk tlk fatgjk ae tkrdgfbtgaf `kjbusk ^bcbh bcckokhcy stappkh rkpartgfo ear wari. Xlk rkjarhs brk `krket ae kvghkfjk ta slaw tlbt pktgtgafkr kvkr obvk ^bcbh tlk appartufgty ta kxpcbgf bfh hkekfh lkrskce. Jckbrcy, tlk twa rkqugsgtks ear b vbcgh hgsdgssbc brk cbjigfo gf tlgs jbsk._LKPKEAPK, wk BEEGPD tlk Hkjgsgaf bfh tlk Pksacutgaf ae tlk Jaurt ae Bppkbcs.

 

@krfbrha vs FCPJ HGOKZX HKJKD@KP 0>, 0>25 ~ U@HGB]

@krfbrha vs FCPJ OP 20072? >?/>:/77 Ebjts=

^ktgtgafkrs fud`krgfo 8: brk hkbe   ‚ dutks dutks wla wkrk lgrkh af vbrgaus pkrgahs erad 27