BONAFE JAUME - Trabajar en La Escuela Capitulo IV El Analisis de La Estructura Del Puesto de Trabajo Docente

 

Wrfafkfr cm bf csjucbf. Yrlhcslrfgl y rchlrdfs cm cb udarfb gcb s`obl UU@.

 Kfudc Dfrtämcz Dfrtämcz Almfhc.

Yrúblol.

"Efy àpljfs ecjefs pfrf g`czdfr bls rcaföls, jlmhumg`r bfs bcmoufs y g`spcrsfr bfs tr`aus". Fbckl Jfrpcmt`cr, cb s`obl gc bfs bujcs.

Yrcsudl quc bf cmlrdc jfmt`gfg gc a`ab`lorfhäf jlm bf quc v`cmcm cxpb`jæmglsc bfs lav`fs pcrl prlhumgfs trfmshlrdfj`lmcs gcb dumgl fjtufb pucgc cstfr fjtufmgl-vlbumtfr`f l `mvlbumtfr`fdcmtc, scoûm bls jfsls- jldl umf cstrftào`jf jlrt`mf gc eudl cm bf quc sc g`s`pfm y g`sucbvcm efstf gcsfpfrcjcr, bfs orfmgcs jucst`lmcs-jbfvc jlm quc cb pcmsfd`cmtl jrät`jl gc bf dlgcrm`gfg prctcmg`ú `bustrfr bf jldprcms`úm y bf fjj`úm gc mucstrl dumgl. Z`m cdafrol, f d` dlgl gc vcr cstfs jucst`lmcs (cb rcjlmlj`d`cmtl gc bf g`om`gfg eudfmf, bf aûsqucgf gc bf kust`j`f, bf jrät`jf gc bfs gcs`oufbgfg gcs`oufbgfgcs cs y bfs rcbfj`lmcs gc lprcs`úm, bf prcscmj`f `dprcomfmtc gcb plgcr cm bf v`gf jlt`g`fmf, bf hrfodcmtfj`úm y jlblm`zfj`úm gc bf `gcmt`gfg, bf oucrrf slj`fb, ctjàtcrf.), gc bfs Àstc fbtfsb`arl turaubcmj`fs gcrfäjcs mfb gc pcrdfmcjcm `mfbtcrfabcscm cmdcg`l su cscmj`f. eumgc sus cms`obl, cb rcjlmlj`d`cmtl cxpbäj`tl gc csfs orfmgcs jucst`lmcs, y cm csc scmt`gl prctcmgc, gcsgc su dlgcst`f, jlmtr`au`r fb bfrol y jlbcjt`vl cshucrzl gc qu`cmcs tfda`àm gcmtrl gc bf pcgfoloäf efm tldfgl pfrt`gl. P jldl yf sc sfac, bf tldf gc pfrt`gl cs s`cdprc umf tldf gc pfrt`gl plbät`jf. Cb tcxtl sc frt`jubf cm 66 jfpätubls. Cxjcptl cb pr`dcrl csjr`tl pfrf bf prcscmtc cg`j`úm, bls rcstfmtcs hucrlm puab`jfgls cm bls ûbt`dls föls pr`mj`pfbdcmtc cm gls rcv`stfs; `mvcst`ofj`úm cm bf csjucbf y jufgcrmls gc pcgfoloäf. (...) cm umf pr`dcrf pfrtc sc prcstf ftcmj`úm prchcrcmtcdcmtc fb trfafkl gljcmtc y f bfs plbät`jfs gc jlm jlmtrlb. trlb. Zlm juf juftrl trl jfpätubls cm bls quc sc ausjf cb g`stfmj`fd`cmtl g`stfmj`fd `cmtl tcúr`jl-jrät`jl gc bfs `gclbloäfs gcb prlhcs prlhcs`lmfb`sdl `lmfb`sdl cm bf

 

cmscöfmzf, trftfmgl gc dlstrfr fb d`sdl t`cdpl jldl bfs bbfdfgfs "rchlrdfs cgujft`vfs" `mst`tuj`lmfbcs `mst`tuj`lmfbcs jlmst`tuycm um cxqu`s`tl jfbgl gc jubt`vl pfrf tfbcs `gclbloäfs. Bf scoumgf pfrtc prcstf ftcmj`úm f bfs plbät`jfs slarc cb dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr. Bf e`pútcs`s, suj`cmtcdcmtc jlmlj`gf, cs quc f trfvàs gcb dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr-y duy cspcj`fbdcmtc gcb b`arl gc tcxtl jldl hlrdftl cstæmgfr-sc chcjtûf pfrtc `dplrtfmtc gcb jlmtrlb plbät`jl slarc cb trfafkl gc bls prlhcslrcs y cb gcsfrrlbbl jurr`jubfr. Ycrl fb d`sdl t`cdpl, cb dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr cs um cspfj`l cstrftào`jl pfrf `mtrlguj`r bf `mmlvfj`úm y cb jfda`l cm bfs csjucbfs... pæo`mf 5:.

Jfpätubl juftrl.

Cb fmæb`s`s gc bf cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gljcmtc.

"Gcb g`fr`l gc um m`öl gc s`ctc föls, fbudml gc bf Fdàr`jfm Zjellb gc Wæmocr; ―dc bcvfmtl f bfs 5;:9. Wldú gcsfyuml. Bucol dc vly fb trfafkl‐. Jufmgl sc bc prcoumtú quà qucräf gcj`r jlm cb trfafkl, g`kl; ―cb jlbco`l plr supucstl‐.— _`bb`fd Aurrluoes, Cb Wrfafkl. Cb pumtl gc pfrt`gf.

Jl`mj`g`cmgl jlm bf cmtrfgf gc bf slj`fbgcdljrfj`f cm cb ola`crml, cb s`stcdf cgujft`vl cspfölb ef vcm`gl cxpcr`dcmtfmgl umf gàjfgf gc dlg`jfj`lmcs y fgfptfj`lmcs cm g`hcrcmtcs úrgcmcs. Zc efm prlguj`gl jfda`ls cm bf cstrujturf fgd`m`strft`vf, cm bf humj`úm g`sjurs`vf, cm bf `dfocm slj`fb, l cm bf g`str`auj`úm g`str`auj` úm gc pfpcbcs gc bls g`hcrcmtcs focmtcs slj`fbcs cm csc tcftrl gc bf prlgujj`úm, rcprcscmtfj`úm y rcprlgujj`úm jubturfb. Bls ûbt`dls 69 föls gc bf plbät`jf cgujft`vf efm gckfgl vcr rchlrdfs jurr`jubfrcs, rchlrdfs cm bls prlorfdfs gc hlrdfj`úm gljcmtc, rchlrdfs cm bf lrgcmfj`úm bco`sbft`vf, pcrl tfda`àm bfs gls eucbofs dæs gurfs quc prlhcslrcs y cstug`fmtcs (57) efm prltfolm`zfgl cm bf e`stlr`f rcj`cmtc gcb cstfgl cspfölb. Gcsgc bls jbfustrls gc prlhcslrcs f bfs rcv`stfs s`mg`jfbcs, bfs fsfdabcfs gc FYFs (fslj`fj`úm gc pfgrcs y dfgrcs), bls pfmctls cbcjtlrfbcs l bfs puab`jfj`lmcs gc bfs cg`tlr`fbcs gc b`arls gc tcxtl, bfs vljcs gcb jfda`l cstuv`crlm prcscmtcs.

 

Cm tlgl csc prljcsl gc rccbfalrfj`úm gcb `dfo`mfr`l fjtufb slarc bf csjucbf, umf jlmstfmtc gc bfs rctúr`jfs gcb jfda`l ef rcjfägl slarc bf humj`úm prlhcs`lmfb gcb prlhcslrfgl. Zc ef g`jel, gc g`st`mtfs dfmcrfs y gcsgc g`hcrcmtcs `mstfmj`fs, quc f bls trfafkfglrcs y trfafkfglrfs gc bf cmscöfmzf bcs jlrrcsplmgäf um fbtl orfgl gc rcsplmsfa`b`gfg cm bf dcklrf gc bf jfb`gfg gc bf csjlbfr`zfj`úm. "Cb prlhcslr cs cb orfm prltfolm`stf gcb jfda`l" ef s`gl umf hrfsc csjujefgf f dcmugl f bls trcs d`m`strls quc sc sujcg`crlm gurfmtc bf gàjfgf. ¼Ycrl quà ef jfda`fgl rcfbdcmtc cm bf csjucbf cspfölbf< ¼Cm quà dcg`gf sc efm dlg`jfgl bfs jlmg`j`lmcs pfrf umf dcklr cmscöfmzf< ¼Vuà sc p`gc fb prlhcslrfgl y quà cs bl quc àstc pucgc lhrcjcr< ¼Vuà gctcrd`mfj`lmcs suhrc fjtufbdcmtc cb trfafkl gc bls dfcstrls y bfs dfcstrfs gc bf cmscöfmzf pr`dfr`f< ¼Jlm quà bco`t`dfgf futlr`gfg tldfm cm sus dfmls bls prlhcslrcs bf rcsplmsfa`b`gfg gc bf jfb`gfg gc su trfafkl< Jrcl quc vfbc bf pcmf gctcmcrmls slarc cstfs y ltrfs jucst`lmcs quc plmcm cb pumtl gc d`rf gc bls `mtcrrloftlr`ls cm cb fmæb`s`s gc bf cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gcb prlhcslrfgl. Dæs fbbæ gcb g`sjursl rctúr`jl, bl quc sujcgc g`fr`fdcmtc cm bfs fubfs (y bl quc sc `dp`gc quc sujcgf) cs dæs bf jlmscjucmj`f gcb dlgl cm quc sc cstrujturfm bfs præjt`jfs (gc csfs pfutfs quc rcoubfm cb qucefjcr jlt`g`fml, y gc bfs vfr`fabcs slj`l-cjlmúd`jfs -pcrl tfda`àm, plbät`jfs y jubturfbcs-quc bl gctcrd`mfm), quc bf jlmscjucmj`f gc aucmfs l dfbfs `mtcmj`lmcs, y gc bls dlgcbls y jlmstrujj`lmcs tcúr`jfs cm quc prctcmgcm sustcmtfrsc. Yfrtl gc bf jrccmj`f gc quc bf jldprcms`úm gc bfs pls`a`b`gfgcs y bls bäd`tcs gc umf rcmlvfj`úm pcgfoúo`jf cm cb trfafkl jlt`g`fml cm bfs fubfs y csjucbfs cx`oc `gcmt`jfr cb jlmkumtl gc hfjtlrcs quc `mj`gcm slarc bf cstrujturfj`úm gc bf præjt`jf y fvcr`oufr bfs rcbfj`lmcs quc sc cstfabcjcm cmtrc cbbls. Z` a`cm (53) jlm cstl ml efräfdls dæs quc jlmstru`r umf jfrtlorfhäf jlmjcptufb gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gljcmtc, bf cxpb`jfj`úm y cb dlgl gc usl vf f gcpcmgcr gc bf úpt`jf jlm quc trftcdls gc cbfalrfr csc dfpf gc jldpbck`gfg. F d` dlgl gc vcr, bfs plbät`jfs gc jlmtrlb slarc cb trfafkl gljcmtc gcacm cstfr prcscmtcs cm bf fmfbät`jf hfjtlr`fb gcb pucstl gc trfafkl. L g`jel gc ltrf dfmcrf, cs gcsgc cb fmæb`s`s gcb dlgl cm quc sc dfm`cstfm bfs rcbfj`lmcs gc plgcr plbät`jl cm cb jlmkumtl gc hfjtlrcs fmfb`zfgls gcsgc glmgc rcsubtf pls`abc jlmstru`r umf jfrtlorfhäf jlmjcptufb jlmjcptufb -plbät`jf- quc mls fyugc f `mtcrprctfr bfs gctcrd`mfj`lmcs y pls`a`b`gfgcs gc bf præjt`jf. Mfgf efjc pcmsfr quc bf cmscöfmzf cm cb cstfgl cspfölb efyf gckfgl gc cstfr jlmst`tu`gf plr præjt`jfs gc gcs`oufbgfg f dcmugl `gcmt`jfgfs jlm jftcolräfs slj`fbcs jldl cb oàmcrl, bf jbfsc slj`fb, plr bf pcrtcmcmj`f f d`mlräfs àtm`jfs l rfj`fbcs. P jldl v`cmc s`cmgl cstug`fgl, tfbcs præjt`jfs `gcmt`jfm gctcrd`mfj`lmcs aurljræt`jfs cm bfs gcj`s`lmcs plbät`jfs y gc supcrv`s`úm, y ducstrfm cb dlgl cmtrfafkl quc scgljcmtc, lrofm`zfmcbbls prljcsls gcpfrtc, rfj`lmfb`zfj`úm -y gcsjufb`jfj`úmgcsjufb`jfj` úm- gcb jufb, plr ltrf ml pucgc s`tufrsc

 

fb dfrocm gc sus jlmg`j`lmcs e`stúr`jfs y dftcr`fbcs. Bf jucst`úm, dæs fbbæ gc cstl, cs vcr cb dlgl cm quc bfs præjt`jfs gc cmscöfmzf sc trfmshlrdfm cm um g`sjursl gc plgcr quc `mtrlgujc y kust`jf cm bf cstrujturf bfalrfb fspcjtls jldl bf g`v`s`úm slj`fb gcb trfafkl, bf rcbfj`úm futlr`tfr`f, l cb gld`m`l slj`fb gc bf hrfodcmtfj`úm> y prlvljf g`st`mtfs hlrdfs gc sualrg`mfj`úm, pcrl tfda`àm gc jldpbckfs rcbfj`lmcs quc jlm`jtl y rcs`stcmj`f. Cmtrc ltrfs rfzlmcs quc trftfrà gc froudcmtfr, cb fmæb`s`s cs `dplrtfmtc plr bl quc pucgc fyugfr f dlstrfr s` bf cstrujturf lakct`vf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl cs jlecrcmtc jlm cb fjtufb fuoc gc bls g`sjursls prlhcs`lmfb`stfs cm bf cmscöfmzf, l plr cb jlmtrfr`l-jldl suo`crc umf fdpb`f a`ab`lorfhäf fb rcspcjtl-tfbcs g`sjursls fjtûfm jldl `gclbloäf cmdfsjfrfglrf cmdfsjfrfglrf gc csf cstrujturf lakct`vf y gcsväfm bf jrät`jf. Cm um trfafkl glmgc sc trfzf umf fdpb`f pcrspcjt`vf `mtcrmfj`lmfb gc bf a`ab`lorfhäf slarc cb tcdf, Zd`te (6006) suo`crc quc cx`stc umf frt`jubfj`úm g`sjurs`vf y um usl dfm`pubfglr gc tàrd`mls jldl (58) jlbbco`fb`ty, `dprlvcdcmt, cxjcbbcmjc, gcvcblpdcmt, dcmtlr`mo, jlbbco`fb`ty,  prlhcss`lmfb`sd, sjellb-afscg dfmfocdcmtc, l jlfje`mo, jlfje`mo,  cmtrc ltrls, quc

"rchucrzfm cb g`sjursl b`acrfb y slm hrcjucmtcdcmtc usfgls pfrf dfro`mfr f bls prlhcslrcs f bf pcr`hcr`f gcb s`stcdf", gcb d`sdl dlgl quc pucgcm scr ût`bcs pfrf "rcv`tfb`zfr gctcrd`mfgls `mtcrcscs cjlmúd`jls y cgujft`vls" (pfo. :17).  P pfrf bf jldprcms`úm jldprcms`úm jrät`jf gc cs cstc tc hcmúdcml Zd Zd`te `te prlpl prlplmc mc prlhum prlhumg`zfr g`zfr prcj`sfdcmtc cm bls fmæb`s`s slarc bls prljcsls gc trfafkl cm bf cmscöfmzf. Cb tcxtl quc prcscmtl sc cmj`crrf cm bls bäd`tcs gcb fmæb`s`s tcúr`jl pfrf bf `mtcrprctfj`úm jrät`jf gc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs quc rcoubfm cb trfafkl cm bf cmscöfmzf, fb t`cdpl quc prlplmc far`r cb gcaftc slarc bfs jftcolräfs jlmjcptufbcs quc sc dfmckfm cm cb fmæb`s`s y cb dlgl cm quc sc bfs plmc f humj`lmfr gcsgc cstrftco`fs `mtcrprctft`vfs. Ycrl dæs fbbæ gc bls bäd`tcs gcb tcxtl, bl quc suo`crc cs bf mcjcs`gfg gc umf ju`gfgf ctmlorfhäf plbät`jf gcb trfafkl gljcmtc quc, plr d` pfrtc, cstæ tlgfväf cm umf hfsc `mj`p`cmtc.

Jbfr`hjfj`úm jlmjcptufb y csqucdf gc fprlx`dfj`úm. "Bf cmscöfmzf cm bfs csjucbfs pûab`jfs cs trfafkl. Bls prlhcslrcs cstæm `dpb`jfgls cm um prljcsl bfalrfb -bf cmscöfmzf- glmgc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs gc trfafkl pucgcm hfj`b`tfr u lastru`r sus cshucrzls cgujft`vls. Cm cb scmt`gl dæs rcfb, bls prlhcslrcs slm trfafkfglrcs."  (B`stlm y [c`jemcr, 6006;07)

Bf "cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl" gcb prlhcslrfgl cs um jlmjcptl quc sc ut`b`zf jlm j`crtf hrcjucmj`f cm bf a`ab`lorfhäf pcgfoúo`jf cspfölbf, fumquc cs dcmls hrcjucmtc cmjlmtrfr cm csc jlmtcxtl g`sjurs`vl um usl jbfrl y gcm`gl gcb d`sdl. Fb jlmtrfr`l, fpfrcjc dæs jldl um jlmjcptl rcjurrcmtc cmjfgcmfgl f bcmoufkcs tcúr`jls y fgd`m`strft`vls quc pucgcm scr jlmtrfg`jtlr`ls cmtrc sä. Yfrf bf mfb`gfg gc cstc cstug`l, (5?) cmt`cmgl plr

 

"cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl" cb jlmkumtl gc jlmg`j`lmcs quc rcoubfm g`rcjtfdcmtc g`rcjtfd cmtc bfs præjt`jfs gc bf cmscöfmzf gc um dfcstrl l gc umf dfcstrf.  W  Wfbcs fbcs jlmg`j`lmcs jlmg`j`lmcs ml slm súbl gc ämglb ämglbc c slj`l-cjlmúd slj`l-cjlmúd`jf `jf cm um scmt`gl scmt`gl cstr`jtl l rcguj`gl, plr ckcdpbl t`tubfj`úm y sfbfr`l, s` ml tlgfs fqucbbfs quc vfm jlmourfmgl -ml s`cdprc gc um dlgl cxpbäj`tl y rcoubfgl- bfs pfutfs gcb trfafkl jlt`g`fml cm bfs fubfs y csjucbfs. F bf `gcmt`jfj`úm gc csfs jlmg`j`lmcs y su lrofm`zfj`úm f trfvàs gc fboumf hlrdf gc csqucdf jlmjcptufb gcg`jfrà bf pr`dcrf pfrtc gc cstc jfpätubl. Jbfrl quc umf jlsf slm bfs jlmg`j`lmcs `gcmt`jfgfs gcsgc umf pcrspcjt`vf cstrujturfb, y ltrf jlsf g`st`mtf, fumquc cm cstrcjef rcbfj`úm, cb dlgl gc usl slj`fb  gc csf cstrujturf bfalrfb. G`jel gc ltrf dfmcrf, sc trftfräf fquä gc fmfb`zfr juæb cs cb vfblr gc usl gc bf hucrzf gc trfafkl gc bls prlhcslrcs -cb "vfblr gc usl" ml gcsgc cb lrgcm `gcfgl, fastrfägl gc tlgf hlrdf e`stúr`jf y gc tlgf jlmjrcj`úm slj`fb, s`ml gcsgc cb lrgcm `dpucstl-. Cmt`cmgl plr hucrzf gc trfafkl -cm scmt`gl fdpb`l- ml súbl bf quc fpfrcjc lhcrtfgf cm cb dcrjfgl gcb trfafkl, m` súbl bf jfpfj`gfg gc gcsfrrlbbfr um trfafkl ût`b y vfblrfgl, s`ml tfda`àm bf jfpfj`gfg gc gcscdpcöfr jufbqu`cr fjt`v`gfg ût`b f ltrl, f bf slj`cgfg, l f jufbqu`crf gc sus suas`stcdfs. Ylr ltrf pfrtc, bf cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl ml cs fkcmf fb jlmjcptl gc slj`cgfg j`v`b -cm rcfb`gfg, suhrcm umf jlmcx`úm g`fbàjt`jf-. Cs gcj`r, bf jlmstrujj`úm slj`fb gcb pucstl gc trfafkl -jlm sus fmtfolm`sdls y g`v`s`lmcs- rcckf cb jlmkumtl gc rcbfj`lmcs cspcjäjfs -plbät`jfs c e`stúr`jfs-cmtrc orupls cm Bfs plbät`jfs. jlm`jtl, cm pfrt`jubfr bls júg`ols y cstrujturfs gc plgcr gc umf lrofm`zfj`úm Ylbät`jf fgd`m`strft`vf. `mst`tuj`lmfb. -Yrcsjr`pj`lmcs y lr`cmtfj`lmcs cm g`hcrcmtcs jlmtcxtls gc rcoubfj`úm.

Yfrf lrofm`zfr cb dfrjl jlmjcptufb suo`crl `gcmt`jfr pr`dcrl cb jlmkumtl gc jbfvcs gc `mtcrprctfj`úm jlm bfs quc mls fprlx`dfdls fb fmæb`s`s. Bf scoumgf Bls g`sjursls. jucst`úm prlabcdæt`jf csbfcstfabcjcr bls gc aujbcs rcbfj`lmfglrcs gc csfs Bf cxprcs`úm bco`t`dfglrf gc fprlp`fj`úm slj`fb bf præjt`jf; jbfvcs gc `mtcrprctfj`úm slarc bls g`st`mtls æda`tls gc g`hcrcmj`fs -G`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl. gctcrd`mfj`úm gcb trfafkl gljcmtc. Hlrdubfgfs suj`mtfdcmtc, slm ljel bfs -G`sjursl gcb`acrft`vl.

jbfvcs quc sc prlplmcm; 6) bfs plbät`jfs, 1) bls g`sjursls, :) bfs focmj`fs, 7) bls csjcmfr`ls, 3) bfs jubturfs, 8) cb dcrjfgl (55), ?) bfs præjt`jfs y 5) bfs Bfs focmj`fs. rcs`stcmj`fs. Csf "pucstf cm rcbfj`úm gcac rcsplmgcr f fboumf hlrdf gc dfpf @mstfmj`fs lrofm`zft`vfs gc gctcrd`mfj`úm cm bls g`hcrcmtcs m`vcbcs gc jlmjrcj`úm jurr`jubfr; glmgc, plr um bfgl, sc jbfr`qucm jlmjcptufbdcmtc bls j`tfgls æda`tls y sc -Fgd`m`strfj`úm y jlmtrlb. cstfabczjfm bfs pls`abcs kcrfrquäfs, y plr cb ltrl, sc ducstrcm bfs pls`a`b`gfgcs -Cbfalrfj`úm y jldcrj`fb`zfj`úm gc dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr. gcb -Yrlgujj`úm rcjlrr`glgcbfmfbät`jl. Smpcgfoúo`jl pr`dcr csqucdf jlmlj`d`cmtl cspcj`fb`zfgl.gc fprlx`dfj`úm f bfs jbfvcs gc fmæb`s`s sc ducstrfm cm cb jufgrl gc bf pæo`mf s`ou`cmtc. Bls csjcmfr`ls.

Jbfvcs gc `mtcrprctfj`úm gc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs quc rcoubfm ybfbfs cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gcb prlhcslrfgl Cb jlmtcxtl cspfj`l-tcdplrfb gc bf rcprcscmtfj`úm s`om`jfj`lmcs suakct`vfs jlm quc sc gltf csc jlmtcxtl. Bfs jubturfs.

Z`om`jfgls cspcjäjls quc sc prlgujcm cm rcbfj`úm jlm bf præjt`jf gc bf cmscöfmzf; jrccmj`fs, dcmtfb`gfgcs, fsumj`lmcs, ctjàtcrf., frrf`ofgfs cm bls g`st`mtls focmtcs gc bf jldum`gfg cgujft`vf. Cb dcrjfgl.

Cb jlmtrlb slarc bf hucrzf gc trfafkl, y bfs ujtufj`lmcs y cb vfblr gcs`oufb gc jfda`l cm rcbfj`úm jlm bfs orfgfj`lmcs y g`hcrcmj`fs cm cb prljcsl prlgujt`vl.

 

Bfs præjt`jfs @gcmt`h`jfj`úm gcb jlmkumtl gc humj`lmcs y tfrcfs gc bf fjt`v`gfg gljcmtc, g`hcrcmj`fmgl cb æda`tl mlrdft`vl.

6) Bfs plbät`jfs. Bf `mtcrvcmj`úm gc bf plbät`jf slarc bf præjt`jf cgujft`vf t`cmc dfm`hcstfj`lmcs g`vcrsfs y jldpbckfs, y sc prlgujc cm g`hcrcmtcs jlmtcxtls y m`vcbcs gc rcoubfj`úm gc csf præjt`jf. Yfrf mucstrl fmæb`s`s rcguj`rcdls bf g`vcrs`gfg f bf plbät`jf bco`sbft`vf quc, tfmtl gc um dlgl g`rcjtl jldl `mg`rcjtl, cstfabcjc jlmg`j`lmcs slarc bf fjt`v`gfg tcúr`jf y præjt`jf gcb trfafkl gljcmtc. Wfbcs jlmg`j`lmcs, s`m cdafrol, ml prlv`cmcm súbl gc bls tcxtls bco`sbft`vls, quc mlrdft`v`zfm f trfvàs gcb dfmgftl gcj`s`lmcs præjt`jfs> tfda`àm gcacm `mjbu`rsc fquä ltrl t`pl gc tcxtls lj`fbcs l fgd`m`strf fgd`m`strft`vls t`vls quc s`m tcmcr rfmol gc bcy, gcjrctl, lrgcm l rcslbuj`úm -cs gcj`r, s`m scr tcxtls prcsjr`pt`vls- `mtcrv`cmcm `oufbdcmtc cm bf cstrujturfj`úm cstrujturfj `úm gc bfs pfutfs jlt`g`fmfs gc bf fjt`v`gfg csjlbfr. P tlgfväf gcac jlmtcdpbfrsc um tcrjcr orupl rcbfj`lmfgl jlm bls tcxtls y gljudcmtfj`úm prldlv`gf prldlv`g f l fjcptfgf plr bfs fgd`m`strfj`lmcs, f trfvàs gc fjucrgls l jlmvcm`ls jlm ltrfs `mst`tuj`lm `mst`tuj`lmcs. cs. Cstc jlmkumtl tcxtufb prcscmtf kcrfrquäfs y rcbfj`lmcs gc jlrrcsplmgcmj`f. Jlm bl pr`dcrl sc efjc rchcrcmj`f fb gcsfrrlbbl bco`sbft`vl gcsgc um dfylr rfmol y dæs fdpb`l jfdpl gc jlmtcm`gl, f um dcmlr rfmol y f um jlmtcm`gl dæs

 

cspcjäjl. Jlm bl scoumgl sc efjc rchcrcmj`f f bfs rcbfj`lmcs `mtcrgcpcmg`cmtcs gcb jlmtcm`gl cm g`hcrcmtcs cv`gcmj`fs gljudcmtfbcs. Ylr ckcdpbl, bls pbfmcs gc hlrdfj`úm pcrdfmcmtc gc g`hcrcmtcs fgd`m`strfj`lmcs -jcmtrfb y futlmúd`jfs- ml slm fkcmls fb fjucrgl gcb 19 gc kum`l 6006 cmtrc cb DCJ y vfr`fs lrofm`zfj`lmcs s`mg`jfbcs, pfrf bf fjrcg`tfj`úm gc csf hlrdfj`úm (09), cmtrc ltrfs `mtcrgcpcmgcmj`fs. Yfrf cb lakctl gc fmæb`s`s cs mcjcsfr`l tfda`àm bf jlmtcxtufb`zfj`úm e`stúr`jl-plbät`jf; quà cspfj`l tcdplrfb sc tldf jldl afsc gc fmæb`s`s, y cm quà jlmtcxtl plbät`jl. Yfrf mucstrl trfafkl, s` a`cm gcacm scr bf BLGC y BLOZC -jlm sus gcsfrrlbbls plstcr`lrcs- bls rchcrcmtcs aæs`jls, ml gcac `omlrfrsc bf `dplrtfmtc gljudcmtfj`úm prlguj`gf cm rcbfj`úm f bf rchlrdf, m` tcxtls prcjcgcmtcs gc pfrt`jubfr s`om`jfj`úm-plr ckcdpbl, cb rcfb gcjrctl 1961/6057, gcb 67 gc mlv`cdarc, plr cb quc sc rcoubf bf jrcfj`úm y humj`lmfd`cmtl gc bls jcmtrls gc prlhcslrcs-. Wlgl cbbl cmdfrjfgl cm cb jlmtcxtl plbät`jl gc bf gàjfgf gc ola`crml gc bf Zlj`fbgcdljrfj`f. Bf e`pútcs`s gc trfafkl, cm cstf jbfvc, gcac gc g`r`o`rsc f bf jrät`jf gcb dlgl cm quc bf jldpbckf tcbf gc frföf bco`sbft`vf ducstrf bf jrcfj`úm gcb plgcr plbät`jl cm cb s`stcdf cgujft`vl y cstfabcjc bfs rcobfs gc kucol gc bf pfrt`j`pfj`úm gcdljræt`jf y bfs rcbfj`lmcs slj`fbcs slj`fbcs cm cb `mtcr`lr gcb s`stcdf. Bf `mst`tuj`lmfb`zfj`úm `mst`tuj`lm fb`zfj`úm gcb plgcr plbät`jl f trfvàs gc bf fjj`úm bco`sbft`vf rcoubf cb cspfj`l gc pls`a`b`gfgcs y cb æda`tl gc cxjbus`lmcs. Cb prlhcslrfgl jldl scjtlr gc bf slj`cgfg j`v`b cxjbu`gl gc bfs `mst`tuj`lmcs gc jrcfj`úm plbät`jf súbl pucgc fjtufr gc um dlgl fgd`m`strft`vfdcmtc gcpcmg`cmtc rcspcjtl gc csc dfrjl `mst`tuj`lmfb gcb quc cs cxjbu`gl. Zus pls`a`b`gfgcs, cm cb cspfj`l gc bf ckcjuj`úm fgd`m`strft`vf, s`m cdafrol, jufmgl sc jldpbck`zfm, s`stcdft`zfm c `mtcms`jfm bfs rcobfdcmtfj`lmcs cm bf lrofm`zfj`úm gcb trfafkl gljcmtc, g`häj`bdcmtc vfm dæs fbbæ gc bf plarczf prlhcs`lmfb quc ocmcrf cb `mjrcdcmtl f trfvàs gc bf fjj`úm bco`sbft`vf gc bfs fjt`v`gfgcs tàjm`jfs, dcjæm`jfs, aurljræt`jfs y rut`mfr`fs. Z`m cdafrol -cstf cs umf scoumgf pfrtc gc bf e`pútcs`s gc trfafkl- s` cstl cs fsä cm tàrd`mls gc scjtlr , bf plbät`jf bco`sbft`vf prlgujc efj`f cb `mtcr`lr gcb prlp`l jlbcjt`vl g`hcrcmj`fs y kcrfrquäfs rcbfj`lmfgfs jlm m`vcbcs prlhcs`lmfbcs l æda`tls bfalrfbcs g`st`mtls. P tlgl cbbl ml vf f scr fkcml fb rcstl gc bfs jbfvcs quc jlmt`muú scöfbfmgl. (06) 1) Bls g`sjursls Gc quà sc efabf, júdl sc efabf, júdl sc jlmstruyc cb cmjfgcmfd`cmtl gc s`om`jfgls, bf tclräf jldl umf hlrdf gc bcmoufkc slarc bf rcfb`gfg, mfgf gc cbbl cs fkcml f bf jlmourfj`úm `gclbúo`j `gclbúo`jf f y slj`fb gc bfs præjt`jfs. F trfvàs gcb g`sjursl sc bco`t`df slj`fb y jubturfbdcmtc um t`pl gc præjt`jfs y sc cxjbuyc bf pls`a`b`gfg pls`a`b`gf g gc ltrfs fbtcrmft`vfs.

 

 W  Wldú ldú g`rcjtfdcmtc g`rcjtfdcmtc gcb ttrfafkl rfafkl fmtcs j`tfgl j`tfgl gc Fmou Fmoubl bl Qfsjl ((6001) 6001) bf mldcmjbfturf, g`st`mj`úm y j`rjumsjr`pj`úm jlmjcptufb jlm bf quc sc efjc rchcrcmj`f f gls t`pls gc g`sjursl; cb tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl, y àb gcb`acrft`vl. Jlm cb tàrd`ml hlujfbt`fml gc g`sjursl sc qu`crc `mg`jfr ml súbl cb jlmtcm`gl cstrujturfb gc um æda`tl gc jlmlj`d`cmtl, jlm sus hlrdfs gc froudcmtfj`úm y trftfd`cmtl dctlglbúo`jl dctlglbúo`jl cspcjäjfs, s`ml tfda`àm cb dlgl cm quc jlmst`tuycm cxprcs`lmcs bco`t`dfglrfs gcb cspfj`l gc pls`j`lmcs, gc fprlp`fj`úm slj`fb y gc humj`lmfd`cmtls g`hcrcmj`fgls gc bls sukctls l bfs `mst`tuj`lmcs. `mst`tuj`lmc s. "W "Wlgl lgl s`stcdf gc cgujfj`úm -g`jc Hlujfubt cm B‐lrgrc gu g`sjlurs- cs umf hlrdf plbät`jf gc dfmtcmcr l gc dlg`jfr bf fprlp`fj`úm gc bls g`sjursls, jlm bls sfacrcs y bls plgcrcs quc `dpb`jfm" (Hlujfubt, 6051;61?). Yfrf rchcr`rdc fb g`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl, rcjurrl g`rcjtfdcmtc, jlm umf bfrof j`tf, fb tcxtl gc Fmoubl quc bl rcsudc cm umf ju`gfgf sämtcs`s; "Ylr g`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl efol rchcrcmj`f f um g`sjursl humgfdcmtfbdcmtc humgfdcmtfb dcmtc cxpcrtl, quc sc frt`jubf f trfvàs gc bls "bcmoufkcs" gc bfs j`cmj`fs slj`fbcs (cspcj`fbdcmtc (cspcj`fbdcmtc bf ps`jlbloäf ps`jlbloäf,, bf slj`lbloäf y bf cjlmldäf), hlrdfb`stf cm sus gcsjr`pj`lmcs y cm sus fmæb`s`s, prlpcmsl f bf ut`b`zfj`úm gc jr`tcr`ls dcrjfmt`b`stfs dcrjfmt`b`stfs jldl bf cj`cmj`f, cjfj`f y rcmg`d rcmg`d`cmtl, `cmtl, quc t`cmgc dfrjfgfdcmtc dfrjfgf dcmtc f bf lpcrfj`lmfb lpcrfj`lmfb`zfj`úm `zfj`úm gc bls jlmjcptls y f bf hrfodcmtfj`úm gc bfs rcfb`gfgcs, quc sc gcmc jldl lakct`vl, mcutrfb y f-plbät`jl, y sc ducstrf cspcj`fbdcmtc jlmcjtfgl jlm bfs cx`ocmj`fs aurljræt`jfs gc jlmtrlb, g`v`s`úm, kcrfrquäf kcrfrquäf y ola`crml. Cstc t`pl gc g`sjursl sucbc fjtufr (01) f trfvàs gc gls t`pls gc lpcrfj`lmcs; cb gcspbfzfd`cmtl y bf scpfrfj`úm scpfrfj`úm.. Bf lpcrfj`úm gc gcspbfzfd`cmtl g`strfc bf ftcmj`úm gc bls rcjcptlrcs gc bfs `dpb`jfmj`fs plbät`jfs y slj`fbcs quc suayfjcm f bf dftcr`f l fb æda`tl fb quc cb g`sjursl sc fpb`jf, ljupfmgl sus `mqu`ctugcs y su trfafkl cm bf jldprcms`úm y fjcptfj`úm gc bls jlmjcptls y jr`tcr`ls hlrdfbcs. Bf lpcrfj`úm gc scpfrfj`úm prlvljf umf g`v`s`úm slj`fb (y plbät`jf) cmtrc cb cxpcrtl, quc cs qu`cm gld`mf y jlmj`ac cb g`sjursl, y cb bcol, quc cs qu`cm fjtûf y fsudc bf pls`j`úm gc rcjcptlr pfs`vl y gcpcmg`cmtc cm bf quc cb g`sjursl bc jlbljf. Jlm cbbl sc blorf, rcspcjt rcspcjt`vfdcmtc `vfdcmtc bf gcsplb`t`zfj`úm y bf g`v`s`úm slj`fb gcb trfafkl." Cm jufmtl fb g`sjursl gcb`acrft gcb`acrft`vl, `vl, Fmoubl ftr`auyc bf g`jubtfg pfrf gcsjr`a`rbl f su jfræjtcr ectcrloàmcl y f bf pls`j`úm d`mlr`tfr`f rcspcjtl gcb g`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl. Cm jufbqu`cr jfsl, vcfdls umf fprlx`dfj`úm f sus rfsols dæs jfrfjtcräst`jls y jldumcs. Cm pr`dcr buofr, sc fjugc fb jlmjcptl fr`stltàb`jl gc gcb`acrfj`úm pfrf fbug`r f um dlgl gc pcmsfd`cmtl quc, cmhrcmtfmgl cmhrcmtf mgl bf lakct`v`gfg y bf hfbsf suj`cmj`f gcb cdp`r`sdl, trftf gc rcjbfdfr um prlycjtl j`cmtäjl quc sc rcjlmlzjf cm bf jldpbck`gfg y g`vcrs`gfg gc j`rjumstfmj`fs quc cmdfrjfm bf rcfb`gfg cstug`fgf, cm cb trftfd`cmtl gc bf g`sjrcpfmj`f, y cm bf fpcbfj`úm fb ku`j`l eudfml rfj`lmfb c `mhlrdfgl, tldfmgl gcj`s`lmcs f sfa`cmgfs gc qucCs scum rcjurrc f jr`tcr`ls cxtrfcdpär`jls quc gcacræm sldctcrsc fb ku`j`l pûab`jl. pcmsfd`cmtl quc sc

 

mutrc gc csqucdfs gc `mtcr-rcbfj`úm, cjl-s`stàd`jls y gc prlhumg`zfj`úm jufb`tft`vf. Cm scoumgl buofr, cb g`sjursl gcb`acrft`vl ausjf cm bfs jubturfs gcb scmt`gl jldûm, plpubfrcs l gc bf v`gf jlt`g`fmf, mcjcs`gfgcs c `mtcrcscs quc mlrdfbdcmtc gcsprcj`f bf cxpb`jfj`úm tcjmlbúo`jf. H`mfbdcmtc, su jrät`jf fb j`cmt`j`sdl, cb rcjlmlj`d`cmtl gc bf `mtu`j`úm, y bf cxpb`j`tfj`úm gc bfs vfblrfj`lmcs plbät`jfs, slj`fbcs y jubturfbcs, bl s`tûf fb dfrocm, jufmgl ml cmhrcmtfgl f bf j`rjumsjr`pj`úm jlmjcptufb bco`t`dfglrf gc bfs aurljrfj`fs. Bf e`pútcs`s gc trfafkl, cm cstf scoumgf jbfvc, pfrtc gcb rcjlmlj`d rcjlmlj`d`cmtl `cmtl gc quc cb g`sjursl cs plgcr. Bf jlmstrujj`úm (0:) slj`fb gcb g`sjursl sc chcjtûf slarc um kucol gc gcspbfzfd`cmtls y rcbfj`lmcs gc gcs`oufbgfg. Cb g`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl tàjm`jl-fgd`m `strft`vl fjtûf jldl `gclbloäf quc v`mjubf jlmjcptls jldl cjfj`f, prlhcs`lmfb`zfj`úm prlhcs`lmfb`zfj`úm l jlmlj`d`cm jlmlj`d`cmtl tl cxpcrtl f bf hrfodcmtfj`úm slj`fb gc bfs gcj`s`lmcs gcdljræt`jfs. P csf hrfodcmtfj`ú hrfodcmtfj`úm m slj`fb gcspbfzf fb prlhcslrfgl jldl scjtlr fb pfpcb gc rcjcptlr gcsfrdfgl gc umf vcrgfg jlom`t`vf y slj`fb cbfalrfgf hucrf gc sus dærocmcs. Ycrl f su vcz -y cstl `mj`gc g`rcjtfdcmtc cm cb lakctl gc mucstrl fmæb`s`sprlvljf umf hrfodcmtfj`úm `mtcrmf gcb scjtlr y bl aurljrft`zf> bf kust`jfj`úm tàjm`jf gcb cstfabcj`d`cmtl gc umf tfxlmúd`zfj`úm kcrfrqu`zfgf gc bfs humj`lmcs y rlbcs g`hcrcmj`fgls cm cb trfafkl gljcmtc cmdfsjfrf rcbfj`lmcs gc pr`v`bco`l pfrf suajlmkumtls d`mlr`tfr`ls d`mlr`tfr`ls y gcsväf bf jrät`jf f bf fuscmj`f gc jlmtrlb plr cb jlmkumtl gcb prlhcslrfgl slarc bfs j`rjumstfmj`fs slj`fbcs y plbät`jfs quc rcoubfm cb trfafkl gljcmtc. (Cstf jucst`úm, plr j`crtl, cmjfkf g`rcjtfdcmtc cm cb gcaftc slarc bf prlhcs`lmfb`zfj`úm gc bf gljcmj`f y bf jrät`jf f bfs `gclbloäfs prlhcs`lmfb`stfs). P um prlabcdf ml suas`g`fr`l, cm cstc pumtl, cstfräf rcbfj`lmfgl rcbfj`lmfgl jlm cb fmæb`s`s gc quà jlmjcptls cstrujturfmtcs gc quà æda`tls j`cmtäjls fplrtfm bf bco`t`dfj`úm `mtcbcjtufb f cstc prljcs prljcsl l gc cmdfsjfrfd`cmtl plbät`jl. (Fb rcspcjtl sc ef fjrcjcmtfgl rcj`cmtcdcmtc bf jrät`jf f bf "tcjm`jfj`úm ps`jlbúo`jf" jldl g`sjursl bco`t`dfglr, pcrl ml qucgfräf jcrrfgl cb tcdf ûm`jfdcmtc cm cstc æda`tl g`sj`pb`mfr). :) bfs focmj`fs Bf præjt`jf gc bf cmscöfmzf cstæ slj`fb y jubturfbdcmtc jlmstru`gf fbrcgcglr gcb jurräjubud csjlbfr, cmtcmg`gl àstc jldl cxprcs`úm gc um prlycjtl jubturfb gc slj`fb`zfj`úm, f trfvàs gc um hlrdftl l júg`ol pcgfoúo`jl, cm umfs jlmg`j`lmcs y jlmtcxtls slj`l-e`stúr`jls gctcrd`mfgls. gctcrd`mfgls. Smf v`s`úm ml tcjm`s`stf m` rcgujj`lm`stf gc bf jlmourfj`úm y gcsfrrlbbl gcb jurräjubud gcac vcr bfs gctcrd`mfj`lmcs gc bf præjt`jf gc bf (07) cmscöfmzf tfda`àm cm rcbfj`úm jlm bfs g`hcrcmtcs `mstfmj`fs l æda`tls `mst`tuj`lmfbcs quc `mtcrv`cmcm gfmgl hlrdf y jlmtcm`gl f csf præjt`jf. O`dcml Zfjr`stæm (6055;11) g`st`mouc ljel suas`stcdfs l æda`tls "gc gctcrd`mfj`úm rcjäprljf" gc bfs præjt`jfs jurr`jubfrcs quc jlmst`tuycm cb ‒s`stcdf jurr`jubfr—; 6) cb æda`tl gc bf fjt`v`gfg plbät`jl-fgd`m`strft`vf> plbät`jl-fgd`m`strft`vf> 1) cb suas`stcdf gc pfrt`j`pfj`úm y jlmtrlb jlmtrlb>> :)

 

bf lrgcmfj`úm gcb s`stcdf cgujft`vl> 7) cb s`stcdf gc prlgujj`úm gc dcg`ls> 3) bls æda`tls gc jrcfj`úm jubturfbcs, j`cmtäjls, ctj.> 8) cb suas`stcdf suas`stcdf tàjm`jlpcgfoúo`jl; hlrdfglrcs, cspcj`fb`stfs c `mvcst`ofglrcs cm cgujfj`úm> ?) cb suas`stcdf gc `mmlvfj`úm> y 5) cb suas`stcdf præjt`jls-pcgfoúo`jl. Yfrf mucstrl fmæb`s`s, plgcdls `gcmt`jfr g`hcrcmtcs `mstfmj`fs lrofm`zft`vfs gcsgc bfs quc sc gcmcm bls prljcs prljcsls ls præjt`jls gc bls j`tfgls suas`stcdf suas`stcdfs. s.  W  Wfbcs fbcs `mstfmj`fs `mstfmj`fs slm; f) Bfs focmj`fs gc fgd`m`strfj`úm y jlmtrlb gc bf præjt`jf gc bf cmscöfmzf. Zc `mjbuycm fquä bfs g`hcrcmtcs fgd`m`strfj`lmcs cgujft`vfs; jcmtrfb, futlmúd`jfs y bljfbcs, y sus g`st`mtls m`vcbcs gc gctcrd`mfj`úm cm jfgf umf gc cbbfs. Cs sfa`gl quc slm cstls fpfrftls fgd`m`strft`vls gcb cstfgl bls cmjfrofgls gc g`scöfr bf plbät`jf cgujft`vf, trfguj`cmgl f júg`ols pcgfoúo`jls cspcjäjls cb dfmgftl jlmst`tuj`lmfb y sus gcsfrrlbbls bco`sbft`vls. P csf  plbät`jf jurr`jubfr , um`gf f bf plbät`jf gc hlrdfj`úm y g`str`auj`úm gc bfs jldpctcmj`fs prlhcs`lmfbcs gcb prlhcslrfgl-dæs fbbæ `mjbusl gc bls tcxtls bcofbcs-, jlmst`tuyc um `dplrtfmtc rcoubfglr gc bf hlrdf y s`om`jfj`úm gc bfs præjt`jfs gljcmtcs.  Bfs focmj`fs a) gc cbfalrfj`úm y jldcrj`fb`zfj`úm dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr. jlmtrlb slarc cb dcrjfgl cg`tlr`fb gcb b`arl gc tcxtlgcb gckf cm dfmls gc um Cb rcguj`gl orupl gc pltcmtcs cg`tlr`fbcs um dlgl gc `mtcrprctfj`úm jurr`jubfr , plr bl tfmtl gc gctcrd`mfj`úm gc bf præjt`jf, jlm um `dplrtfmtc plgcr gc sust`tuj`úm gc bfs `m`j`ft`vfs y gcj`s`lmcs gcb prlhcslrfgl slarc su trfafkl.

j) Bfs focmj`fs gc prlgujj`úm gc jlmlj`d`cmtl pcgfoúo`jl cspcj`fb`zfgl y gc bco`t`dfj`úm gc bf rchlrdf y pcrhcjj`lmfd`cmtl (03) gljcmtc. Dc rccrl fquä dæs cspcjäjfdcmtc fb æda`tl fjfgàd`jl um`vcrs`tfr um`vcrs`tfr`l, `l, juyfs `mjlrplrfj `mjlrplrfj`lmcs `lmcs tcúr`jfs cm tfmtl quc g`sjursl bco`t`dfg bco`t`dfgl, l, gld`mfmtc y ecocdúm`jl ecocdúm`jl,, slm f su vcz bco`t`dfglrfs gc umf hlrdf gc jlmtrlb plbät`jl slarc bf præjt`jf. g) Bfs focmj`fs gc pfrt`j`pfj`úm y mcolj`fj`úm. Yfrt`jubfrdcmtc, bfs lrofm`zfj`lmcs s`mg`jfbcs jlm rcprcscmtfj`úm cm bfs kumtfs gc pcrslmfb, bfs dcsfs scjtlr`fbcs, y cm bfs dcsfs gc scou`d`cmtl gc bls fjucrgls cm dftcr`f gc hlrdfj`úm gcb prlhcslrfgl y gcsfrrlbbl gc bf BLOZC> y cm um cstrftl g`hcrcmtc, bls jlmsckls csjlbfrcs -gc cstfgl y futlmúd`jls-, cmtrc ltrfs focmj`fs. Jlmv`cmc fquä bf prlhumg`zfj`úm jrät`jf slarc bfs hlrdfs gc slj`fb`zfj`úm gc bf jubturf prlhcs`lmfb fjcrjf gc bf rfj`lmfb`zfj`úm gcb prljcsl gc trfafkl cm um s`stcdf gc gcdljrfj`f hlrdfb. F g`hcrcmj`f gc bls rcoädcmcs futlr`tfr`ls,, bf `dpls`j`úm fgd`m`strft`vf ml  pfrcjc gcpcmgcr gc bf cxjbus`vf futlr`tfr`ls rcsplmsfa`b`gfg gc bls fgd`m`strfglrcs, s`ml quc  pfrcjc scr bf jlmscjucmj`f gc bf pfrt`j`pfj`úm, bf mcolj`fj`úm y cb jlmscmsl cmtrc æda`tls `mst`tuj`lmfbcs `mst`tuj`lmfbcs g`hcrcmtcs bco`t`dfgls plr bls vltls. g) Bfs focmj`fs gc fjtufb`zfj`úm y rcj`jbfkc Yucgc cstug`frsc cb pfpcb gc bls jcmtrls gc prlhcslrcs (JCYs),prlhcs`lmfb. `mj`g`cmgl cm bf jrät`jf gc su fquä

 

fjtufb prljcsl gc rcjlmvcrs`úm cm lj`mfs gcsjcmtrfb`zfgfs gc bf fgd`m`strfj`úm pfrf bf ocst`úm gc bls prlp`ls prlorfdfs `mst`tuj`lmfbcs gc hlrdfj`úm y rcj`jbfkc gcb prlhcslrfgl. Bls prljcsls gc trfafkl cstæm hucrtcdcmtc rcoubfgls plr cb humj`lmfd`cmtl `mst`tuj`lmfb y plr bfs gcj`s`lmcs plbät`jfs quc sc tldfm cm cstfs focmj`fs, cm tfmtl quc "vcrgfgcrfs hucrzfs quc lpcrfm gcsgc bf g`stfmj`f" -tldfmg -tldfmgl l bf cxprcs`úm gc B`ttbc (605?)-, cm cb `mtcr`lr gcb "jlmtcxtl gc hlrdubfj`úm" gc bf rcprcscmtfj`úm tcxtufb gcb jurräjubud- rcjupcrfmgl cb csqucdf gc Bumgorcm (6001)-. Z` a`cm cb m`vcb gc `dpb`jfj`úm cm cb jlmtrlb slarc cb trfafkl cs g`hcrcmtc gc umfs hucrzfs f ltrfs, bf jucst`úm cm cstc pumtl gcacräf trfzfr umf glabc vcrt`cmtc gc fmæb`s`s; plr um bfgl, cb gc bfs cstrcjefs rcbfj`lmcs gc `mtcrfjj`úm (08) quc sc prlgujc cm cmtrc umfs focmj`fs y ltrfs cm su `mtcrvcmj`úm slarc bf præjt`jf> plr cb ltrl, s` ml sc prctcmgc um csqucdf dcjæm`jl y gctcrd`m`stf, cb dlgl cm quc rcfbdcmtc `mtcrv`cmcm, l g`jel gc ltrf dfmcrf, quà trfmshlrdfj`lmcs suhrcm bfs cstrftco`fs `mst`tuj`lmfbcs cm cb gcsfrrlbbl præjt`jl gcb trfafkl gljcmtc. Bl jufb `ms`stc, plr ltrf pfrtc, cm cb jfræjtcr prljcsufb prljcsufb c `mtcrfjt`vl gcb jlmkumtl gc jbfvcs gc `mtcrprctfj`úm cm cb csqucdf quc prlplmol.

7) Bls csjcmfr`ls Bls dlv`d`cmtls dlv`d`cmtls y cb vf`vàm gc umf prlhcslrf cm umf csjucbf pr`dfr`f gcsgc cb 6 scpt`cdarc fb :9 kum`l gc um jursl jufbqu`crf ml vfm f bf gcr`vf, ml gcpcmgcm gc um v`cmtl jfpr`jelsl m` gc vlbumtfgcs fbcftlr`fs. Dæs a`cm, slm bf jlmscjucmj`f jlmscjucmj` f gcb urafm`sd urafm`sdl l slj`fb gc bf csjlbfr`zfj`ú csjlbfr`zfj`úm, m, quc trfzf `t`mcrfr`ls, rcoubf t`cdpls y g`str`auyc, cm cb `mtcr`lr gc um gcjlrfgl dftcr`fb prckfgl, bf hrfodcmtfj`úm gc fda`cmtcs, bls bäd`tcs, y sus pfsls hrlmtcr`zls. Bf jfrtlorfhäf gc csls dlv`d`cmtls ml g`crc gcb trfzfgl quc chcjtûf Jeldafrt gc Bfuwc slarc bls trfycjtls gc umf cstug`fmtc cm Yfräs f pr`mj`p`ls gc bls föls 39. Csls rcjlrr`gls g`aukfm um tr`æmoubl gc g`dcms`úm rcguj`gf, s`m csjfpcs. Cm su cstug`l, cstc urafm`stf y slj`úblol scöfbf quc "um afrr`l urafml ml cstæ gctcrd`mfgl slbfdcmtc plr bls hfjtlrcs ocloræjls y cjlmúd`jls s`ml plr bf rcprcscmtfj`úm quc sus efa`tfmtcs y bls gc ltrls afrr`ls t`cmcm gc àb". Yrcscmtf cb trfzfgl gc bls rcjlrr`gls gc bls cstug`fmtcs pfrf dlstrfr "bf cstrcjecz gcb Yfräs rcfb cm cb quc v`vc jfgf `mg`v`gul... ocloræjfdcmtc, um dfrjl juyl rfg`l cs cxtrcdfgfdcmtc pcqucöl". Jlm cb tàrd`ml csjcmfr`ls qu`crl efjcr rchcrcmj`f fb jlmtcxtl cspfj`l-tcdplrfb gc bf rcprcscmtfj`úm, pcrl tfda`àm f bfs s`om`jfj`lmcs suakct`vfs jlm quc sc gltf csc jlmtcxtl. D`jefcb Hubbfm y Fmgy Efrorcfvcs, sc efm ljupfgl gc cstf jucst`úm. Jlm rcspcjtl fb t`cdpl, cstc ûbt`dl scöfbf;

 

(0?) "Cb t`cdpl, pfrf um prlhcslr, ml cs s`dpbcdcmtc um lastæjubl lakct`vl y lprcs`vl, s`ml tfda`àm um elr`zlmtc suakct`vl gcm`gl quc pls`a`b`tf l b`d`tf. Bls prlhcslrcs pucgcm cst`rfr y cmjlocr cb t`cdpl, fb `oufb quc pucgcm vcr bls elrfr`ls y bfs lab`ofj`lmcs tcdplrfbcs, tcdplrfbcs, jldl fbol kl c `mdutfabc. F trfvàs gcb pr`sdf gcb t`cdpl plgcdls, plr bl tfmtl, cdpczfr f vcr júdl bls prlhcslrcs cstrujturfm bf mfturfbczf gc su trfafkl fb d`sdl t`cdpl quc csf d`sdf mfturfbczf bls jlmstr`öc. Fsä, cb t`cdpl cs cb cbcdcmtl dæs `dplrtfmtc cm bf   cstrujturfj`úm gcb trfafkl gcb prlhcslr." (Efrorcfvcs, 6001;:6) Cm su cstug`l pfrf bf jldprcms`úm tcúr`jf gc bf rcbfj`úm gcb t`cdpl jlm cb trfafkl gcb prlhcslr, Efrorcfvcs, `gcmt`jf j`mjl g`dcms`lmcs `mtcrrcbfj`lmfgfs cmtrc sä; 6) cb t`cdpl tàjm`jl rfj`lmfb, 1) cb t`cdpl d`jrl plbät`jl, :) cb t`cdpl hcmldcmlbúo`jl, 7) cb t`cdpl häs`jl, y 3) cb t`cdpl slj`lplbät`jl. Cb t`cdpl tàjm`jl-rfj`lmfb prcgld`mf cm bf fjj`úm y cm bf `mtcrprctfj`úm gc bf fgd`m`strfj`úm, sc humgfdcmtf cm bf rfj`lmfb`gfg tàjm`jf -scpfrfj`úm cmtrc dcg`ls y mcs- y cs, gcsgc csc cmhlquc `mstrudcmtf `mstrudcmtfb, b, umf vfr`fabc "lakct`vf" quc pucgc scr fkustfgf gc fjucrgl jlm bfs mcjcs`gfgcs gc bf g`rcjj`úm y cb jlmtrlb lrofm`zft`vl. Ycrl bf g`str`auj`úm tàjm`jl-rfj`lmfb gcb t`cdpl t`cmc tfda`àm um s`om`jfgl d`jrl plbät`jl; "rcckf bfs jlmourfj`lmcs gld`mfmtcs gc plgcr y cstftus gcmtrl gcb s`stcdf csjlbfr y gc bf prlp`f csjucbf" (Efrorcfvcs, 6001;:3). Gcb d`sdl dlgl quc bf ps`jl-oclorfhäf rcckfräf cb fubf jldl tcrr`tlr`l gld`mfgl glmgc sc cstfabcjcm bls pr`mj`pfbcs bäd`tcs gcb dlv`d`cmtl gc um prlhcslr l umf prlhcslrf, cb t`cdpl gc fubf rcvcbf bf jlmjcpj`úm gld`mfmtc gc bl quc sc jlms`gcrf trfafkl gcb prlhcslrfgl gc pr`dfr`f. Bf kcrfrquäf gc plgcr y prcst`o`l cm bf fgd`m`strfj`úm cgujft`vf suplmc s`cdprc umf eu`gf gc csc tcrr`tlr`l gld`mfgl y gld`mfmtc quc cs cb fubf. Csc s`om`jfgl d`jrl-plbät`jl sc efjc pftcmtc tfda`àm cm bf g`str`auj`úm elrfr`f ltlrofgf f bfs fs`omfturfs scoûm bf ftr`auj`úm slj`fb quc rcj`afm cm tfmtl jlmlj`d`cmtl gc fbtl l afkl  cstftus. (05) Bf g`dcms`úm gcbbft`cdpl -t`cdpl - jucst`lmf jfræjtcr cxtcrml y suakct`vf lakct`vl gc g`str`auj`úm. Cb hcmldcmlbúo`jl t`cdpl v`v`gl cm bf csjucbfcb prcscmtf vfr`fj`lmcs vfr`fj`lmcs suakct`vfs y -pfrf cb jfsl quc mls ljupf- ducstrf `mtcrprctfj`lmcs g`hcrcmtcs cmtrc cb prlhcslrfgl, y cmtrc cb prlhcslrfgl y bf fgd`m`strfj`úm. Efrorcfvcs, ut`b`zf bf g`st`mj`úm cmtrc jlmjcpj`lmcs   dlmljrúm`jfs y plb`jrúm`jfs gcb t`cdpl. Cb t`cdpl tàjm`jl-rfj`lmfb cs dlmljrúm`jl -sc trftf gc ckcrjcr cb jlmtrlb fgd`m`strft`vl pfrf quc cb trfafkl qucgc jldpbctl scoûm um csqucdf gc elrfr`ls y tfrcfs prckfgl- y prlp`l gcb dumgl gc bls mcolj`ls, gc bfs jubturfs ljj`gcmtfbcs ml dcg`tcrræmcfs, y gcb gld`m`l gcb pftr`frjfgl. Bf jlmjcpj`úm dlmljrúm`jf `omlrf bfs rcbfj`lmcs pcrslmfbcs, bfs j`rjumstfmj`fs pfrt`jubfrcs y bfs g`hcrcmj`fs gc jlmtcxtl. Ycrl cb dumgl gc bf csjucbf pr`dfr`f cs gc jfræjtcr prlhumgfdcmtc plb`jrúm`jl, glmgc sc prlgujcm s`dubtæmcfdcmtc ecjels y s`tufj`lmcs cm jlmtcxtls `mtcrpcrslmfbcs ectcrloàmcls yg`hcrcmtcs jfda`fmtcs.

 

Jldl cdpczú dlstrfmgl Kfjnslm efjc yf um jufrtl gc s`obl, cb prlhcslrfgl gc bf csjucbf pr`dfr`f gcac plsccr umf orfm efa`b`gfg pfrf gcsfrrlbbfr gcsfrrlbbfr cm c cbb fubf cstrftco`fs gc cmscöfmzf g`hcrcmtcs cm umf d`sdf um`gfg gc t`cdpl, ftcmg`cmgl f bf g`vcrs`gfg, bf `mdcg`ftcz, bls `mtcrcscs `mtcrcscs,, y cb dldcmtl cspcjäjl gc `mtcrrcbfj`lmcs pcrslmfbcs. Cb t`cdpl gc trfafkl hucrf gcb fubf y cm rcbfj`úm jlm ltrls jlbcofs ducstrf `oufbdcmtc bf præjt`jf efa`tufb gc rcfb`zfr vfr`fs fjj`lmcs jlda`mfgfs f bf vcz, glmgc cb `mtcràs ml cstr`af cm jldpbctfr um elrfr`l fgd`m`strft`vl, s`ml cm jldpbctfr bfs trfmsfjj`lmcs scoûm bfs mcjcs`gfgcs, j`rjumstfmj`fs y bf scms`a`b`gfg efj`f cb prlp`l trfafkl y bfs gcdfmgfs gcb jlmtcxtl cspcjäjl. H`mfbdcmtc, `mtrlguj`cmgl bf mfturfbczf  slj`lplbät`jf gcb t`cdpl, plgcdls dlstrfr bfs rfzlmcs gc bf `dpls`j`úm fgd`m`strft`vf gc bf pcrspcjt`vf dlmljrúm`jf. "Cb csqucdf dlmljrúm`jl gcb t`cdpl prcvfbcjc cm bf fgd`m`strfj`úm cgujft`vf (g`jc Efrorcfvcs, 6001;77) plrquc cs bf prcrrloft`vf gc bls plgcrlsls". Bf g`dcms`úm slj`lplbät`jf gcb t`cdpl ducstrf  bf scpfrfj`úm cmtrc cb `mtcràs y bf rcsplmsfa`b`gfg cm bf jlmjcpj`úm tcdplrfb cmtrc cb fgd`m`strfglr y cb prlhcslr. Gcsgc umf pcrspcjt`vf dlmljrúm`jf gcb t`cdpl, cb fgd`m`strfglr prctcmgc `dpr`d`r vcblj`gfg y fjcbcrfr bfs g`rcjtr`jcs gc bls jfda`ls (`mtcms`jfmgl cb trfafkl gcb prlhcslr), d`cmtrfs bls prlhcslrcs, `mstfbfgls cm umf præjt`jf tcdplrfb plb`jrúm`jf, trftfm gc fhrlmtfr bls dûbt`pbcs jfda`ls jlm bcmt`tug y jlm tcmgcmj`f f bf sufv`zfj`úm y s`dpb`jfj s`dpb`jfj`úm. `úm. Cstl plmc cm umf s`tufj`úm scpfrfgf y gc cmhrcmtfd`cmtl bf jldprcms`úm y bf rcsplmsfa`b`gfg hrcmtc f bls prljcsls gc `mmlvfj`úm, y cb pfpcb quc gcacm kuofr bls prlhcslrcs cm tfb prljcsl. Cb scoumgl jlmjcptl quc ut`b`zfm Efrorcfvcs gcmtrl gcb fmæb`s`s gc bf g`dcms`úm slj`lplbät`jf slj`lplbät`jf gcb t`cdpl cs gc jlblm`zfj`úm; "bf jlblm`zfj`úm cs cb prljcsl plr cb quc bls fgd`m`strfglrcs jlmqu`stfm l ―jlblm`zfm‐ cb t`cdpl gc bls prlhcslrcs frf sus prlp`ls prlpús`tls— (Efrorcfvcs, 6001;7?). Smf vcz jlblm`zfgl -rcoubfgl -rcoubfgl y jlmtrlbfgl- cb t`cdpl gc trfafkl cm cb fubf, bf jucst`úm cs `dprcomfr rco`lmcs gcb cspfj`l y cb t`cdpl gcb prlhcslr gc gld`m`l pr`vfgl, gc tfrcfs fgd`m`strft`vfs; pbfm`jfj`úm, hlrdfj`úm y rcj`jbfkc, sfbf gc prlhcslrcs, g`sjus`lmcs `mhlrdfbcs, t`cdpls gc gcsjfmsl, ctjàtcrf. "Zlm dæs gc ftræs" gc bf v`gf slj`fb y bfalrfb, quc pcrd`tcm hlrdfs gc jldum`jfj`úm y rcbfkfj`úm `mhlrdfbcs, bf b`acrfb`zfj`úm gcb cstràs, cb fplyl dlrfb l bf cx`a`b`zfj`úm hrcmtc f bf plb`jrldäf y bf jldpbck`gfg, trftfm gc scr jlblm`zfgfs `mjrcdcmtfmgl bfs tfrcfs fgd`m`strft`vl-aurljræt`jfs y bf v`o`bfmj`f, yf fslj`fmgl tfb `mjrcdcmtl f rchlrdfs jurr`jubfrcs y gc hlrdfj`úm gljcmtc "pbfm`jfgfs"" gcsgc bf fgd`m`strfj`úm. "pbfm`jfgfs

Sm froudcmtl jlmjbuycmtc cm cb trfafkl quc ec vcm`gl s`ou`cmgl rccrc fb   jfræjtcr ecocdúm`jl gcb t`cdpl tàjm`jl-fgd`m tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl `strft`vl (l ml jrúm`jl jrúm`jl,, lakct`vl,

 

rfj`lmfb). Cb frrf`ol cm bfs cstrujturfs fgd`m`strft`vfs gc cstf jlmjcpj`úm efjc quc bbcouc f `mtcr`lr`zfrsc cm cb prlhcslrfgl jldl bf ûm`jf hlrdf pls`abc y rfzlmfabc gc lrofm`zfr lrofm`zfr cb t`cdpl y cb cspfj`l, gc tfb dfmcrf quc jucst`lmfrbl cs gcsffr bfs prlp`fs afscs cm quc sc s`cmtf f s`cmtf bf búo`jf fgd`m`strft`vlaurljræt`jfs. P bls dldcmtls gc jfda`l y rchlrdfs slm pfrt`jubfrdcmtc lplrtumls pfrf `mjrcdcmtfr csc prljcsl gc jlblm`zfj`úm ecocdúm`jf gc bf fgd`m`strfj`úm slarc cb t`cdpl y cspfj`l gcb trfafkl gljcmtc.

(699) 3) Bfs jubturfs Jlm cb tàrd`ml "jubturfs" qu`crl fafrjfr gc um dlgl fdpb`l y ocmàr`jl gcb jlmkumtl gc s`om`jfgls cspcjäjls quc sc prlgujcm cm rcbfj`úm jlm bf præjt`jf gc bf cmscöfmzf, y quc t`cmcm su lr`ocm cm bfs `mucmj`fs slj`fb`zfglrfs slj`fb`zfgl rfs gcb jlmlj`d`cmt jlmlj`d`cmtl l præjt`jl gcb prlhcslrfgl gcsgc æda`tls slj`ljubturfbcs cxtcrmls l `mtcrmls f bf `mst`tuj`úm csjlbfr. Cx`stcm jrccmj`fs, dcmtfb`gfgcs, fsumj`lmcs y præjt`jfs slarc bl quc "gcac scr bf csjucbf, hucrtcdcmtc frrf`ofgfs frrf`ofgfs cm bls g`st`mtls focmtcs gc bf jldum`gfg cgujft`vf ‚y cm cb jlmkumtl gc bf slj`cgfg-, y quc t`cmcm umf `mucmj`f g`rcjtf cm bfs pls`a`b`gfgcs y b`d`tfj`lmcs gcb trfafkl gljcmtc. Fboumls ckcdpbls -tfb vcz csqucdæt`jl csqucdæt`jlss- gc csfs jubturfs gc bf "mlrdfb`gfg" csjlbfr pucgcm scr bls s`ou`cmtcs; cs mlrdfb quc fb hrcmtc gcb fubf gc cgujfj`úm `mhfmt`b cstà umf dfcstrf (fmtcs quc um dfcstrl), quc bfs dftcdæt`jfs cm cb j`jbl supcr`lr bfs `dpfrtf um vfrúm (quc tfda`àm jlmhcjj`lmfræ jlmhcjj`lmfr æ bls elrfr`ls fb pr`mj`p`l gcb jursl), y quc sc fgsjr`af cb jursl dæs jlm`jt`vl fb prlhcslr l prlhcslrf rcj`àm bbcofgls fb jcmtrl (ocmcrfbdcmtc dæs `mcxpcrtls). Ml cs mlrdfb rcjlocr g`mcrl pfrf jldprfr dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr g`vcrsl supr`d`cmgl cb b`arl gc tcxtl pfrf jfgf fbudml, l quc bf g`rcjj`úm gcb jcmtrl scf fsud`gf plr prlhcslrfs dfgrcs gc hfd`b`f, ctjàtcrf. Fboumls gc csls jldplrtfd`cmtls jubturfbcs slm prlp`ls gc bf `mst`tuj`úm, cs gcj`r, mfjcm y sc rcjrcfm cm cbbf> l s`tufgls cm um csqucdf dæs fdpb`l, slm `mecrcmtcs f bls prljcsls fgd`m`strft`vls hlrdfb`zfgls, f bf aurljrfj`f jldl s`stcdf lrofm`zft`vl. Ltrls slm cxtcrmls f bf `mst`tuj`úm, y rcsplmgcm fb dlgl cm quc g`st`mtls focmtcs gcb cmtlrml csjlbfr `mtcrprctfm bf humj`úm slj`fb gc bf csjlbfr`zfj`úm. Ltrls, mfbdcmtc, rcsplmgcm f bf prlp`f a`lorfhäf pcrslmfb y prlhcs`lmfb, y cvlbuj`lmfm cm `mtcrfjj`úm jlmstfmtc jlm csfs jubturfs gcb jcmtrl gc trfafkl y gcb cmtlrml. Cb dfcstrl l bf dfcstrf slm tfda`àm rcjlmstrujtlrcs jubturfbcs, -"fprcmg`jcs" slj`fbcs, g`jc Efrorcfvcs (600:)- f trfvàs gc su prlp`f cxpcr`cm cxpcr`cmj`f j`f bfalrfb. (696)

 

Zc efm cstug`fgl bfs hlrdfs gc slj`fb`zfj`úm cm bf jubturf prlhcs`lmfb quc sc ocmcrfm cm cb `mtcr`lr gc bfs csjucbfs, y cb dlgl cm quc cbbl vf rcfkustfmgl sc f bl bfrol gc bf cxpcr`cmj`f, scoûm bfs jlmt`mocmj`fs y prcs`lmcs gcb prlp`l jlmtcxtl. Bf d`jrlplbät`jf gc bf csjucbf prlvljf cm cb prlhcslrfgl cstrftco`fs y jldplrtfd`cmtls gc fgfptfj`úm y rcs`stcmj`f. Euacrdfm (6001) efabf gcb "j`jbl gc v`gf gcb dfcstrl" pfrf rchcr`rsc f bls g`hcrcmtcs m`vcbcs gc `mtcms`gfg jlm quc sc fsudcm bfs rcsplmsfa`b`gfgcs c `mtcrcscs gc `mmlvfj`úm f bl bfrol gc bf jfrrcrf gljcmtc. Afbb, f pfrt`r gc vfr`ls cstug`ls gc jfsls, scöfbf "cb ctmljcmtr`sdl gc bfs g`sj`pb`mfs" pfrf rchcr`rsc f bf cx`stcmj`f gc suajubturfs v`mjubfgfs jlm cb `mtcmsl prljcsl gc slj`fb`zfj slj`fb`zfj`úm `úm f trfvàs gc bf cspcj`fb`zfj`úm cm umf fs`omfturf, bl quc bbcvf f bf fsumj`úm gc gctcrd`mfgls júg`ols pcgfoúo`jls cm cmhrcmtfd`cmtl f bls prlhcslrcs gc ltrfs fs`omfturfs (Afbb, 6050; 38-35). Cmtrc ltrls gctfbbcs gcb jldplrtfd`cmtl jlt`g`fml, cstc futlr suo`crc cb fmæb`s`s gc "bf vcst`dcmtf jldl gcdlstrfj`úm fjt`vf gc bf fjcptfj`úm gcb s`stcdf (Afbb, 6050;6?1). Ylr su pfrtc, Acycr (6055) fmfb`zf cb f`sbfd`cmtl y cb cdplarcj`d`cmtl jldum`jft`vl gc qu`cmcs gcg`jfm bf dfylr pfrtc gc su t`cdpl gc trfafkl f bf rcbfj`úm cxjbus`vf jlm m`öls l fglbcsjcmtcs> y Efrorcfvcs (600:) efabf gc "bf jubturf gcb f`sbfd`cmtl y bf jldpctcmj`f jldpctcmj`f"" cmtrc prlhcslrcs, y gc bfs g`stfmj`fs prlvljfgfs cmtrc gcgc "bls dfylrcs" y gc "bls pcqucöls", scöfbfmgl cb pcb`orl gcbls qucdfcstrls bf jubturf bf csjucbf jldl tltfb`gfg pucgc cstfr hucrtcdcmtc afbjfm`zfgf, cs gcj`r, hrfodcmtfgf cm suaorupls jlm csjfsf `mtcrfjj`úm c `mtcrcscs g`hcrcmtcs. Ycrl tfda`àm cx`stcm `mucmj`fs jubturfbcs cxtcrmfs f bf `mst`tuj`úm csjlbfr quc rcpcrjutcm fjt`vfdcmtc cm umf hlrdf gc jlmjca`r cb trfafkl gljcmtc. Zc ef cstug`fgl bf jubturf gcb pftr`frjfgl jldl gld`mfj`úm gc um dlgl gc efjcr cb trfafkl, y bfs rcs`stcmj`fs gc bfs dukcrcs trfafkfglrfs gc bf cmscöfmzf f csfs hlrdfs gc gld`m`l. Bf pucstf cm præjt`jf gc umf cstrftco`f rcmlvfglrf cm bf cmscöfmzf ml cs jfs` mumjf um hcmúdcml f`sbfgl gc jfræjtcr tàjm`jlprlhcs`lmfb> dæs a`cm fb jlmtrfr`l, um pr`mj`p`l gc rcmlvfj`úm slarcv`vc cm jlmcx`úm jlm ltrfs (691) cstrftco`fs gc jfda`l `dpubsfgfs plr jldprld`sls slj`fbcs, jubturfbcs c `gclbúo`jls, quc gcsalrgfm cb jlmlj`d`cmtl præjt`jl cg`jfgl cm cb trfafkl (Dfrtämcz Almfhà, 6050f). Cb jlmlj`d`cmtl v`mjubfgl f `mtcrcscs cdfmj`pftlr`ls cdfmj`pftlr`ls sc dfm`cstf tfda`àm cm bfs cstrftco`fs gc um scjtlr gcb prlhcslrfgl juyf `mj`gcmj`f jufb`tft`vf cm bls prljcsls gc jfda`l ef s`gl trfg`j`lmfbdcmtc `dplrtfmtc. Cb jfsl cspfölb gc bls Dlv`d`cmtls Gc Qcmlvfj`úm Ycgfoúo`jf cs um aucm ckcdpbl ml suj`cmtcdcmtc cstug`fgl. Blugcm (6006) ef scöfbfgl bf `mj`gcmj`f gcb dlv`d`cmtl jlmtrfjubturfb gc bls föls 89 y cb dlv`d`cmtl gc b`acrfj`úm gc bf dukcr jldl `mucmj`fs s`om`jft`vfs cm bls cmhlqucs quc sc efm gfgl fb trfafkl cm bfs csjucbfs. Bf bbfdfgf hcd`m`zfj`úm gc bf cmscöfmzf cstæ s`cmgl cstug`fgf gcsgc dûbt`pbcs pcrspcjt`vfs.. Cm bl quc felrf mls ljupf, scräf pr`lr`tfr`l cb fmæb`s`s gc pcrspcjt`vfs jucst`lmcs jldl; bf v`mjubfj`úm gc jubturfs vljfj`lmfbcs f bf `gcmt`gfg scxufb> cb pcsl gc bf trfg`j`úm gc bfs jubturfs gldàst`jfs cm bf fsumj`úm gc rlbcs cm cb

 

trfafkl csjlbfr, l bfs ftr`auj`lmcs slj`fbcs quc bf jldum`gfg ltlrof cm humj`úm gc bf `gcmt`gfg gc oàmcrl, cmtrc ltrfs. Cb lr`ocm gc jbfsc l bfs v`mjubfj`lmcs ctmljubturfbcs slm tfda`àm ltrls æda`tls gc jrcfj`úm gc s`om`jfgls cspcjäjls slarc cb trfafkl gljcmtc. Ltrl æda`tl gc jrcfj`úm gc jubturfs prlhcs`lmfbcs cspcjäjfs sc cstfabcjc cm rcbfj`úm jlm bfs fjt`tugcs gcb prlhcslrfgl efj`f bf d`b`tfmj`f cm cb s`mg`jfb`sdl gc jbfsc l cm fslj`fj`lmcs prlhcs`lmfb`stfs. Bls dlv`d`cmtls `mtcrmls gcb scjtlr efj`f fdals cxtrcdls, kumtl f um fbtl m`vcb gc `gcmt`jfj`úm fb`ft`vf, rcckf tfda`àm jldplrtfd`cmtls g`vcrsls cm bf præjt`jf jlt`g`fmf y fjj`lmcs cstrftào`jfs v`mjubfgfs f csf g`vcrs`gfg. Fsumj`lmcs slarc bf jfb`gfg gc bf cmscöfmzf, bf humj`úm gc bf csjlbfr`zfj`úm y cb rlb slj`fb gcb prlhcslrfgl sc jrcfm cm bf `mtcrfjj`úm jlm tfbcs æda`tls lrofm`zft`vls. Fhcjtfm `oufbdcmtc fb trfafkl bf prlp`f a`lorfhäf pcrslmfb, bfs cxpcr`cmj`fs v`tfbcs jlt`g`fmfs quc sc cxpcr`dcmtfm hucrf hucrf gc bf csjucbf, cm bf v`gf slj`fb y hfd`b`fr, f bf vcz quc cb trfafkl fhcjtf y dlg`jf bf prlp`f v`gf pcrslmfb pcrslmfb.. Fboumls gc bls cstug`ls slarc cb cstràs y bfs `msft`shfjj`lmcs bfalrfbcs suo`crcm plmcr cb pumtl gc d`rf cm bf `mtcrfjj`úm gc fdafs vcrt`cmtcs, cv`tfmgl jlms`gcrfr jldl prlabcdfs pcrslmfbcs y gc sfbug bl quc f dcmugl slm prlabcdfs gc t`pl lrofm`zft`vl c `mst`tuj`lmfb. H`mfbdcmtc, bfs trfg`j`lmcs gld`mfmtcs cm bfs hfd`b`fs y bf jldum`gfg slarc cb pfpcb gc bf csjucbf y cb prlhcslrfgl slm ltrl `dplrtfmtc hfjtlr jlmg`j`lmfmtc gc bfs pls`a`b`gfgcs y rcfb`gfgcs gcb trfafkl cm bfs fubfs. Smf v`s`úm d`t`jfgf gcb jlmlj`d`cmtl fjfgàd`jl y gc bf fsumj`úm slj`fb slarc cb g`hcrcmtc y  kcrfrqu`zfgl  kcrfrqu` zfgl vfblr gc bf bfss fs`omftur fs`omfturfs fs gcb jur jurräjubud, räjubud, l cb cmku`j`f cmku`j`fd`cmtl d`cmtl gc bf jfb`gfg cgujft`vf f trfvàs gc btrls `gclbúo`jls l gc g`dcms`lmcs rcb`o`lsfs y csp`r`tufbcs, cmtrc ltrls hfjtlrcs rcbfj`lmfgls jlm bfs prcs`lmcs jubturfbcs gcb cmtlrml, ducstrfm bf cstrcjef rcbfj`úm quc sc prlgujc cm ljfs`lmcs cmtrc cb gcsfrrlbbl gcb trfafkl gljcmtc y bls g`vcrsls fjlmtcj`d`cmtls gc bf v`gf pûab`jf y pr`vfgf. 8) Cb dcrjfgl Cm um scmt`gl cstr`jtl, gcsgc cb `mtcr`lr gc bfs jftcolräfs jlmjcptufbcs gc bf cjlmldäf plbät`jf gc lr`ocm dfrx`stf, bfs jfs` 799.999 pcrslmfs quc farcm jfgf dföfmf bfs fubfs gc bfs csjucbfs y bls `mst`tutls pfrf `dpfrt`r bf gljcmj`f efm vcmg`gl su hucrzf gc trfafkl f jfda`l gc um sfbfr`l. Àsf rcbfj`úm gc dcrjfgl `dplmc umfs rcobfs cm cb `mtcr`lr gc bfs slj`cgfgcs jfp`tfb`stfs; cb trfafkl fsfbfr`fgl gc bls dfcstrls y bfs dfcstrfs cs um trfafkl fb`cmfgl, juyf um`gfg ef s`gl slj`fbdcmtc hrfodcmtfgf, y quc sc cmjucmtrf `oufbdcmtc g`v`g`gl plr rfzlmcs v`mjubfgfs jlm bf jlmstrujj`úm slj`fb gc oàmcrl. Cm csc scmt`gl cstr`jtl, cb trfafkfglr l trfafkfglrf gc bf cmscöfmzf jfda`ú cm cb dcrjfgl su ûm`jf prlp`cgfg prlp`cgfg -cb jlmtrlb slarc bf hucrzf gc trfafkl- plr um

 

sfbfr`l> y mumjf plscyú cb jlmtrlb slarc bls dcg`ls gc prlgujj`úm, m` slarc bf `mvcrs`úm y bls rcjursls, m` slarc bls prlgujtls l rcsubtfgls gc bf prlgujj`úm. Z`m cdafrol, gcmtrl gc csf jftcolräf slj`fb quc prcscmtf umf um`gfg `mtcrmf cm jufmtl f su rcbfj`úm jlm cb cdpbcfglr (cb fpfrftl gcb cstfgl) sc prlgujc um dfpf gc rcbfj`lmcs cstrft`jfgfs cm humj`úm gcb vfblr gcs`oufb gc csf hucrzf gc trfafkl cm um dcrjfgl g`vcrs`jfgl gcsgc cb pumtl gc v`stf gc bfs humj`lmcs, tfrcfs y rcsplmsfa`b`gfgcs quc rcqu`crc cb prljcsl gc prlgujj`úm gc bf rcprlgujj`úm jubturfb cm cb `mtcr`lr gcb s`stcdf cgujft`vl. Gfgl cb supucstl gc umf d`sdf um`gfg sfbfr`fb pfrf umf d`sdf jftcolräf bfalrfb -supucstl hfbsl, jldl `mdcg`ftfdcmtc jldcmtfrà- cm cb prljcsl prlgujt`vl sc cstfabcjcm orfgfj`lmcs y g`hcrcmj`fs quc fjfafm jlmourfmgl vfblrcs gc jfda`l gcs`oufbcs cm bf hucrzf gc trfafkl. Xcfdls, s`m gckfr gc foltfrbfs, fboumfs jfrfjtcräst`jfs gc cstf orfgfj`úm g`hcrcmj`fglrf; f) Sm júg`ol gc jbfs`jfj`úm hucrtc -cm cb scmt`gl gc Acrmstc`m- gcb jlmtcm`gl jurr`jubfr, cs gcj`r, umf cstrujturf jurr`jubfr quc cx`oc umf cspcj`fb`zfj`úm g`sj`pb`mfr scpfrfgf. a) Bf g`str`auj`úm gc bfgcs`oufbcs hucrzfbcs gc gc trfafkl cmfhumj`úm gc ctfpfs cgujft`vfs jlm vfblrfj`lmcs slj`fbcs gcs`ouf dcmlr dfylr jlms`gcrfj`úm, scoûm sc fsj`cmgc cm bls g`hcrcmtcs m`vcbcs cgujft`vls. j) Bf `mtrlgujj`úm gc mucvfs cspcj`fb`gfgcs gc "fplyl" u "lr`cmtfj`úm" f bfs tfrcfs gc cmscöfmzf. g) L bf lhcrtf jlmtrlbfgf gc hlrdfj`úm y rcj`jbfkc -cmtrc ltrls ftr`autls- v`cmcm f jlmourfr jldpcmsfj`lmcs gcs`oufbcs slarc bf dfsf sfbfr`fb, ml súbl cm tàrd`mls dlmctfr`ls, s`ml -cstf cs bf `gcf quc dc `mtcrcsf suarfyfr- gc g`str`auj`úm elrfr`f y rcoubfj`úm gcb t`cdpl gc trfafkl, l gc hlrdfj`úm y fjudubfj`úm gc jrcgcmj`fbcs fjfgàd`jls. Bl quc qu`crc gcj`r, plr bl tfmtl, jlms`gcrfr cb t`cdpl l bf hlrdfj`ú hlrdfj`úm m jldl jftcolräfs cjlmúd`jfs, cm cb scmt`gl gc quc efm gc scr jldprfgfs plr cb trfafkfglr l trfafkfglrf gc bf cmscöfmzf. L a`cm, cm tàrd`mls gc Alurg`cu, cb g`hcrcmtc jfp`tfb -jubturfb, fjfgàd`jl, slj`fb- quc sc plscf cstfabcjc orfg`cmtcs g`hcrcmj`fglrcs cm csf rcbfj`úm gcs`oufb gc dcrjfgl gc trfafkl. Sm hfjtlr pfrt`jubfrdcmtc s`om`jft`vl quc cstf jbfsc gc `mtcrpr `mtcrprctfj`úm ctfj`úm gcacræ jlms`gcrfr cs cb fmæb`s`s gcb mucvl Ybfm Gc Cstug`ls (693) Gc Bfs Csjucbfs Gc Dfo`stcr`l, juyl gcaftc, ml plr jfsufb`gfg, sc cmjcrrú cm bls cstrcjels dærocmcs gcb `mtcràs fjfgàd`jl jlrplrft`vl. Z`m cdafrol, su `dplrtfmj`f cs jruj`fb pfrf bf jldprcms`úm jldprcms`úm gc bf cstrujturfj cstrujturfj`úm `úm gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gljcmtc -dæs fbbæ gc bl quc pucgfm fprcmgcr l gckcm gc efjcrbl jlm cb mucvl pbfm bls huturls dfcstrls, quc csf cs ltrf jucst`úm-. Cmtrc ltrls fspcjtls quc sc gcsprcmgcm gcby fmæb`s`s, bf t`tubfj`úm fgd`m`strft`vf bco`t`df y rchucrzf bf cstls g`v`s`úm slj`fb bf kcrfrqu`zfj`úm cmtrc "tcúr`jls" y "præjt`jls", pcrg`cmgl

 

ûbt`dls cspfj`l -bls dfcstrls- vfblr cm bfs rcbfj`lmcs gc dcrjfgl. Ml súbl plr bf glabc y gcs`oufb t`tubfj`úm, s`ml tfda`àm plr bf prcscmj`f gc cstrftco`fs mcltcjmljræt`jfs jldl bf `mtrlgujj`úm tcdprfmf gc bfs cspcj`fb`gfgcs, bf tcjm`jfj`úm ps`jlbúo`jf ps`jlbúo`jf gc bls jlmtcm`gls, l cb gcspbfzfd`cmtl gcspbfzfd`cmtl efj`f jltfs dæs fbtfs gc bf p`ræd`gc bfalrfb f bf quc ml sc fjjcgc jlm bf g`pbldfturf- gc jldpctcmj`fs prlhcs`lmfbcs scpfrfgfs, hrfodcmtfmgl bl quc gcacräf jlmst`tu`r bf hlrdfj`úm gc afsc gc tlgl dfcstrl y gc tlgf dfcstrf. Bf jlmscjucmj`f, `ms`stl, cs bf "gcsjufb`jfj`úm" jldl scjtlr gcb prlhcslrfgl gc bf cmscöfmzf pr`dfr`f. Ltrl hfjtlr quc pucgc `mjbu`rsc cm cstf jbfvc cs bf hcd`m`zfj`úm jldl jftcolräf cjlmúd`jf l ftr`auj`úm gc vfblr cm cb dcrjfgl. Gc umf cmtrcv`stf f umf dfcstrf pfrf umf `mvcst`ofj`úm cm jursl, cxtrf`ol cb s`ou`cmtc hrfodcmtl hrfodcmtl;; "Bf cmlrdc jfmt`gfg gc dfgrcs quc trfafkfdls cm bf cmscöfmzf mls jlmhlrdfdls jlm bls afkls sfbfr`ls plrquc f jfda`l tcmcdls um elrfr`l jl`mj`gcmtc jlm cb gc mucstrls e`kls, y cstl mls pcrd`tc ftcmgcr f bf jfsf y fb d`sdl t`cdpl fplrtfr um scoumgl sucbgl fb elofr". Bl `mcrc gc bf rcfb`gfg cxprcsfm gcjbfrfj`lmcs cstckfm t`pl csgcb quc cm quc umf sc ljupfj`úm glmgc cm bls quc m`vcbcs gc @mhfmt`b y Yr`dfr`fgc trfafkfm trfaf dæs glabc gc dukcrcs quc gc eldarcs, sc jlmourfm orupls gc cstftus g`hcrcmtcs glmgc cb dæs mudcrlsl cs prcj`sfdcmtc cb quc prcscmtf dcmlr  jfpfj`gfg gc dcrjfgl, bl jufb scræ fprlvcjefgl plr cb cdpbcfglr cm (698) su prlp`l acmcj`l, y plr cb orupl dcmls mudcrlsl pfrf rchlrzfr pls`j`lmcs gc cxjbus`úm cm bls m`vcbcs gc dfylr jufb`jfj`úm. Ylr plmcr um ckcdpbl, scoûm bls gftls gcb DCJ gc 6055, bf dfylräf mudàr`jf gcb prlhcslrfgl vfrúm cm bls jfrols um`pcrslmfbcs cs s`om`jft`vf; cb ?7,1% cm bf g`rcjj`úm y cb 80,8% cm bf  kchfturf gc cstug`ls. cstug`ls. Gcsj Gcsjlmlzjl lmlzjl bfs j` j`hrfs hrfs cxfjtfs slarc ju juæmtfs æmtfs gc bfs "mucvfs ljupfj`lmcs" ocmcrfgfs f rfäz gc bfs rchlrdfs `mtrlguj`gfs plr bf slj`fbgcdljrfj`f (g`rcjj`lmcs y fscslräfs cm JCYs, cxpcrtls y cqu`pls gc rchlrdf, ctjàtcrf.) Mutr`gfs s`cdprc fgcjfrol pcrslmfs quc trfafkfm bfs fubfs, cstæm f jfrol gc vfrlmcs, y jufmtfs gc dukcrcs, pcrl bfcm`dprcs`úm suakct`vf ml gckf buofr f dujefs gugfs slarc bf e`pútcs`s gc umf trfycjtlr`f slj`fb gcs`oufb v`mjubfgf v`mjubfgf f bf jftcolräf gc oàmcrl. Bf jucst`úm plmc cm rcbfj`úm jlm csf jftcolräf, jlmjcptls jldl `mtcms`jfj`ú `mtcms`jfj`úm, m, gcsjufb`jfj`úm y rcjufb`jfj`úm rcjufb`jf j`úm gcb trfafkl gljcmtc, y pucgc scr ût`b (umf vcz dæs) pfrf dlstrfr cb humj`lmfd`cmtl gcb prlhcs`lmfb`sdl jldl `gclbloäf. ?) Bfs præjt`jfs Cstc cs cb mûjbcl gc fmæb`s`s, cb æda`tl slarc cb quc jruzfrcdls bls rcstfmtcs hfjtlrcs gc gctcrd`mfj`úm. Smf pr`dcrf jucst`úm, cm cstc pumtl, cs `gcmt`jfr cb jlmkumtl gc humj`lmcs y tfrcfs gc bf fjt`v`gfg gljcmtc. Yfrf cbbl tldl jldl afsc gc jlmsubtf juftrl cstug`ls g`hcrcmtcs, f pfrt`r gc bls jufbcs chcjtufrà

 

umf prlpucstf gc sämtcs`s. Yfrf gcsfrrlbbfr cb jlmjcptl gc  lupcm  prlhcss`lmfb`sd cm cb prlhcslrfgl, um `mhlrdc gc bf LCJC (lrofm`zfj`úm curlpcf gc jllpcrfj`úm cjlmúd`jf) gc mcs gc bls föls ?9 trftf gc scöfbfr tfrcfs gc bf præjt`jf jldûm cm bfs csjucbfs, cm cb s`ou`cmtc scmt`gl; "Bf lrofm`zfj`úm gcb t`cdpl y bfs rcsplmsfa`b`gfgcs dæs rcbcvfmtcs gc bls prlhcslrcs gcac scr jldpft`abc jlm cb gcsfrrlbbl rcj`cmtc gc tfrcfs jldl bfs s`ou`cmtcs; @) Wrfafkl cm cqu`pl jlm bls jlbcofs. (69?) @@) Fscslrfd`cmtl `mg`v`gufb f bls fbudmls. @@@) Jlmtfjtls jlm bls hfd`b`frcs y bf jldum`gfg bljfb. @X) Hlrdfj`úm pcrdfmcmtc. X) Fjt`v`gfgcs gc `mvcst`ofj`úm-fjj`úm. X@) Yfrt`j`pfj`úm gc bls prlhcslrcs cm bf pbfm`jfj`úm y bf g`rcjj`úm gc bf csjucbf, l cxprcsfmgl sus pumtls gc v`stf pfrf cb gcsfrrlbbl gcb s`stcdf cgujft`vl jldl tltfb`gfg." (LCJC, 60?0;19) Cm bf ctmlorfhäf gc Ecjn y _`bb`fd _`bb`fdss (6057) sc prlplmc umf pcrspcjt`vf cjlbúo`jf pfrf cb cstug`l gc bf jldpbck`gfg gc rlbcs gcb prlhcslrfgl. Bls 66 jfpätubls gc quc sc jldplmc cb cstug`l sc gct`cmcm cm cb cxfdcm y g`sjus`úm gc 66 g`hcrcmtcs rlbcs gc um prlhcslr. Humgfdcmtfgl cm vfr`ls cstug`ls gc jfsls jlm prlhcslrcs cm cb pr`dcr föl gc ckcrj`j`l, cb trfafkl g`aukf um prctcmg`gl pcrb prlhcs`lmfb glmgc sc cmtrcjruzfm humj`lmcs y tfrcfs gcb s`ou`cmtc t`pl; 6. Bfs jufb`gfgcs eudfmfs; usl gc `gcfs, fjt`tugcs, vfblrcs y jldprld`sls v`mjubfgls f bf prlp`f pcrjcpj`úm gc uml d`sdl y, plr bl tfmtl, f bf pfrt`jubfr a`lorfhäf pcrslmfb y f bfs cxpcr`cmj cxpcr`cmj`fs `fs gc su v`gf jlt`g`fmf. 1. Cb trfafkl cm cqu`pl, cb `mtcrjfda`l gc cxpcr`cmj`fs y bf jllpcrfj`úm jldl hlrdfs gc fprlx`dfj`úm f umf jldum`gfg cgujft`vf cmtrc jlbcofs. :. Bf jlbfalrfj`úm jlm bfs hfd`b`fs y cb fplyl dutul, sfa`cmgl quc bf jfsf y bf csjucbf slm jlmtcxtls `mtcrfjt`vls glmgc bls cstug`fmtcs vfm f tcmcr bf lplrtum`gfg gc gcsfrrlbbfr sus pltcmj`fb`gfgcs. 7. Cb jlmlj`d`cm jlmlj`d`cmtl tl s`stcdæt`jl gc bf cstrujturf gc lplrtum`gfgcs y g`jubtfgcs quc `mucmj`fm cb fda`cmtc gcb cstug`fmtc, fsä jldl bf g`vcrs`gfg jubtur jubturfb fb c `mg`v`gufb cm cb jlmkumtl gc bls cstug`fmtcs.

 

3. Bf rcsplmsfa`b`gfg gc hfj`b`tfr cb fprcmg`zfkc, jrcfmgl um fda`cmtc gc rcslbuj`úm gc prlabcdfs y tldf gc gcj`s`lmcs, gfmgl lplrtum`gfgcs pfrf jlmhlrtfr y g`r`o`r bls prlabcdfs gc bf v`gf jlt`g`fmf, y prldlv`cmgl cb pcmsfd`cmtl jrät`jl. (695) 8. Ofrfmt`zfr bfs gcj`s`lmcs quc sc tldfm pfrf umf cmscöfmzf gc jfb`gfg f trfvàs gc bf cxpcr`dcmtf cxpcr`dcmtfj`úm j`úm c `mvcst`ofj`úm slarc bf prlp`f præjt`jf gc bf cmscöfmzf. ?. G`scöfr y gcsfrrlbbfr cb jurräjubud cm gls m`vcbcs; f) `dpb`jfj`úm cm cb gcsfrrlbbl gc bls orfmgcs pr`mj`p`ls, lakct`vls y plbät`jfs gcb jurräjubud cm ocmcrfb> y a) `dpb`jfj`úm cm bfs gcj`s`lmcs slarc cb jurräjubud cspcjäjl quc slm mcjcsfr`fs pfrf cb trfafkl g`fr`l cm bf csjucbf. 5. Bf rcsplms rcsplmsfa`b`gfg fa`b`gfg cm bfs g`vcrsfs hfjctfs prlhcs`lmfbcs rcbfj`lmfgfs jlm bf lrofm`zfj`úm y bf fgd`m`strfj`úm gc bf csjucbf; jllrg`mfj`úm cm bf pbfm`jfj`úm, lrofm`zfj`úm gc rcjursls dftcr`fbcs y eudfmls, tcdplrfb`zfj`úm gc bfs fjt`v`gfgcs y lrofm`zfj`úm gc bls cspfj`ls, `mhlrdfj`úm y cvfbufj`úm gc bls prljcsls scou`gls, y jldum`jfj`úm jlm ltrls focmtcs gc bf jldum`gfg cgujft`vf. 0. Bf fgqu`s`j`úm y jlmstfmtc rcv`s`úm gc bfs gcstrczfs prlhcs`lmfbcs quc gcmcm bf prlp`f prlhcs`lmfb`gfg, cxpcr`dcmtfmgl mucvfs s`tufj`lmcs y mucvfs fyugfs f trfvàs gc bf rcbfj`úm `mtcrpcrslmfb cm cb trfafkl. 69. Wldfr gcj`s`lmcs rcbfj`lmfgfs jlm bf rcslbuj`úm gc prlabcdfs gc bf cmscöfmzf, ut`b`zfmgl efa`b`gfgcs efa`b`gfgcs quc pcrd`tfm prcvcr bl quc gcac efjcrsc y scbcjj`lmfr bf dcklr gc cmtrc vfr`fs fbtcrmft`vfs pls`abcs. 66. @dpb`jfj`úm cm bf g`rcjj`úm gcb jfda`l y bf `mmlvfj`úm cgujft`vf, `muycmgl pls`t`vfdcmtc cm ltrls jlbcofs dcmls cxpcrtls l dcmls dlt`vfgls.

Yfrf umf `mvcst`ofj`úm rcbfj`lmfgf jlm bf cvfbufj`úm gc bf rchlrdf gcb j`jbl supcr`lr gc COA, O`dcml y Yàrcz (6058) ut`b`zfrlm um s`stcdf gc fmæb`s`s gc bfs fjt`v`gfgcs gc bls prlhcslrcs slarc 78 jftcolräfs duy g`vcrsfs quc forupfm cm bfs s`ou`cmtcs s`ctc g`dcms`lmcs; 6. Fjt`v`gfgcs gc cmscöfmzf - Yrcpfrfj`úm prcv`f fb gcsfrrlbbl gc bf cmscöfmzf. - Cmscöfmzf f bls fbudmls. - Fjt`v`gfgcs lr`cmtfglrfs gcb trfafkl gc bls fbudmls.

 

(690) -Fjt`v`gfgcs cxtrfcsjlbfrcs. - Fjt`v`gfgcs gc cvfbufj`úm. 1. Fjt`v`gfgcs gc supcrv`s`úm y v`o`bfmj`f. :. Ftcmj`úm pcrslmfb y tutlr`fb gcb fbudml. 7. Fjt`v`gfgcs gc jllrg`mfj`úm y ocst`úm gcb jcmtrl. 3. Wfrcfs Wfrcfs dcj dcjæm`jfs. æm`jfs. 8. Fjt`v`gfgcs gc fjtufb`zfj` fjtufb`zfj`úm. úm. ?. Fjt`v`gfgcs jubturfbcs pcrslmfbcs. Ylr d` pfrtc, tldú jldl afsc gc trfafkl cb gljudcmtl "Gcb prlhcslrfgl; su trfafkl y bf rcmlvfj`úm gc bf csjucbf". Ylmcmj`f afsc pfrf bf g`sjus`úm cm cb U@X Cmjucmtrl Cstftfb Gc Dlv`d`cmtls Gc Qcmlvfj`úm Ycgfoúo`jf, glmgc jlm umf pfrcj`gf bfs quc fjfal gc gcb j`tfr, sc prlplmccm cb bls fmæb`s`s j`mjllr`cmtfj`úm orfmgcs ablqucs gcfhumj`lmcs prlp`fs prlhcslrfgl, quc slarc `mtrlguzjl fboûm b`ocrl dft`z; 6. Wfrcfs g`rcjtfdcmtc v`mjubfgfs jlm cb prljcsl cgujft`vl gcb fbudmfgl; f) Ybfm`jfj`úm gc bf cmscöfmzf y lrofm`zfj`úm gc bls rcjursls. a) Ftcmj`úm fb fbudmfgl cm cb fubf (gljcmj`f g`rcjtf). j) Ftcmj`úm fb fbudmfgl hucrf gcb fubf (ftcmj`úm pcrslmfb`zfgf, scd`mfr`ls, tfbbcrcs, ctjàtcrf). g) Cvfbufj`úm gc bf cmscöfmzf y cb fprcmg`zfkc. fprcmg`zfkc. c) Ltrfs tfrcfs pcgfoúo`jfs ml cspcj`jfgfs gcb gäf jlm cspcj`fb`gfg jurr`jubfr; tutlräf, lr`cmtfj`úm, g`mfd`zfj`úm jubturfb, kucols y gcsjfmsls, ctjàtcrf. 1. Wfrcfs gc hlrdfj`úm y gcsfrrlbbl prlhcs`lmfb. f) Jllrg`mfj`úm gcb trfafkl cm cb prlp`l jcmtrl; gc ærcf, gc m`vcb, gcb jcmtrl. a) Jllrg`mfj`úm y hlrdfj`úm hucrf gcb jcmtrl; scd`mfr`ls `mtcr-jcmtrls, orupls gc rcmlvfj`ú rcmlvfj`úm, m, fjtufb`zfj fjtufb`zfj`úm `úm gljcmtc, fjtufb`zfj`úm j`cmtäjl-jubturfb, `mtcrjfda`l gc cxpcr`cmj`fs præjt`jfs, ctjàtcrf. :. Wfrcfs gc rcbfj`úm jlm cb cmtlrml csjlbfr;

 

f) Ftcmj`úm fb cmtlrml hfd`b`fr gcb fbudmfgl. a) Jlmlj`d`cmtl gcb cmtlrml slj`l-jubturfb gc bf csjucbf. (669) 7. @mvcst`ofj`úm jurr`jubfr; f) G`scöl, cbfalrfj`úm l fgfptfj`úm gc dftcr`fbcs jurr`jubfrcs. a) Cxpcr`dcmtfj`úm gc `mmlvfj`lmcs. j) Cvfbufj`úm jldl fmæb`s`s jrät`jl gcb prljcsl cgujft`vl. g) Cbfalrfj`úm y jldum`jfj`úm gc cstug`ls, cxpcr`cmj`fs y prlpucstfs gc fjj`úm cm bls g`hcrcmtcs m`vcbcs gc jlmjrcj`úm jurr`jubfr. 3. Wfrcfs gc pfrt`j`pfj`úm y ocst`úm; f) Jllrg`mfj`úm gc humj`lmcs y tfrcfs lrofm`zft`vfs gcb jcmtrl. a) Yfrt`j`pfj`úm cm úrofmls jlbco`fgls, jlmsckls csjlbfrcs, ctjàtcrf. j) Qcbfj`lmcs jlm bfs fgd`m`strfj`lmcs. Lav`fdcmtc, jfgf uml gc bls fmtcr`lrcs fpfrtfgls pcrd`tc um b`stfgl dujel dæs cxefust`vl y plrdcmlr`zfgl gc tfrcfs quc, fgcdæs, pucgcm vfr`fr jlms`gcrfabcdcmtc gc umfs rcfb`gfgcs f ltrfs. Cm jufbqu`cr jfsl, bl pr`lr`tfr`l cm cstc pumtl cs jbfr`jfr gúmgc cdp`czfm y glmgc fjfafm cb æda`tl gcsjr`pt`vl y cb æda`tl mlrdft`vl cm bf `gcmt`jfj`úm gc bfs præjt`jfs. Cx`stc umf orfm fda`oòcgfg cm bl quc plgräfdls bbfdfr bfs gcdfmgfs f bf hucrzf gc trfafkl cm bf cmscöfmzf, y tfb fda`oòcgf fda`oòcgfg g tlgfväf sc fdpbäf s` sc cstfabcjc umf pcrspcjt`vf jldpfrfgf jlm cb rcstl gc pfäscs gc bf Jldum`gfg Cjlmúd`jf Curlpcf. Ylr ltrf pfrtc, sfa`cmgl quc umf jlsf slm bfs `mtcmj`lmcs y gcscls, y ltrf g`st`mtf bfs rcfb`gfgcs, bf jucst`úm cstr`af cm g`buj`gfr bfs g`st`mtfs hlrdfs gc rcoubfj`úm -l ml rcoubfj`úm- gc csc e`pltàt`jl b`stfgl gc rcfb`gfgcs. Ylr ûbt`dl, ml gcacräf suacst`dfrsc cb fmæb`s`s gcb kucol gc gcspbfzfd`cmtls gc umfs præjt`jfs slarc ltrfs cm cb dfrjl gc t`cdpl rcoubfgl, scoûm cb gld`m`l gc uml u ltrl hrfodcmtl g`sjurs`vl gcb gcsfrrlbbl y bf `mmlvfj`úm jurr`jubfr. 5) bfs rcs`stcmj`fs

Bf cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl suhrc gctcrd`mfj`lmcs gcsgc g`vcrsls æda`tls, y f cbbl sc gcg`jfrlm bfs jbfvcs gc (666) fmæb`s`s quc prcjcgcm. Ycrl csc prljcsl gc gctcrd`mfj`lmcs fb trfafkl cmj`crrf jlmtrfg`jj`lmcs, y slarc àb sc prlgujcm tfda`àm hlrdfs gc rcs`stcmj`f gcsgc cb `mtcr`lr gcb prlp`l scjtlr gljcmtc. Bfs bbfdfgfs tclräfs gc bf rcs`stcmj`f  efm s`gl cstug`fgfs pfrf dlstrfr bls g`vcrsls dcjfm`sdls quc sc plmcm cm humj`lmfd`cmtl pfrf efjcr

 

gcsjufb`jfj`úm gcb trfafkl gcb hrcmtc f bf rcprlgujj`úm jubturfb y bf gcsjufb`jfj`úm prlhcslrfgl. L pbfmtcfgl gc um dlgl dæs fdpb`l y ocmàr`jl, sc efm cstug`fgl bls jlm`jtls y rcs`stcmj`fs quc sc prlgujcm gcmtrl gc bfs csjucbfs jldl um dlgl gc efjcr hrcmtc f bls chcjtls gc ecocdlmäf `gclbúo`jf quc sc jrcfm cm csfs `mst`tuj`lmcs cgujft`vfs cm tfmtl fpfrftls `gclbúo`jls gc bls cstfgls jfp`tfb`stfs,, y juyf cstrujturf `mtcrmf sc jlrrcsplmgc g`rcjtfdcmtc jlm bfs jfp`tfb`stfs

mcjcs`gfgcs gc gc bf g`v`s`úm slj`fb gcb trfafkl.cm Blfqucb cmumj`frlm efjc um jufrtl s`obl Afugcblt y Cstfabct dfmufbcxpbäj`tfdcmtc gc usl lab`ofgl gcsgc bf `zqu`crgf cm bfs plstr`dcräfs gcb hrfmqu`sdl - Bf csjucbf jfp`tfb`stf cm Hrfmj`f-; bls jlm`jtls cmtrc jbfscs -bfs jlmtrfg`jj`lmcs- quc sc prlgujcm cm bf slj`cgfg sc dfm`cstfm cm bf csjucbf cm hlrdf gc `dpls`j`lmcs y gc rcs`stcmj`fs rcs`stcm j`fs (Afugcblt y Cstfabct, 60?8;170). Bf tcs`s ef s`gl, gcsgc cmtlmjcs, g`sjut`gf, jlrrco`gf, jldpbck`zfgf, fpfrcj`cmgl mucvls cbcdcmtls cm su gcsfrrlbbl, pfrt`jubfrdcmtc gcsgc cb `mtcr`lr gcb mcl-dfrx`sdl, fumquc ml cm cxjbus`v`gfg. Smf `mtcrprctfj`úm ml dcjfm`j`stf gc bfs rcbfj`lmcs cmtrc csjucbf y slj`cgfg ducstrf, jldl sc scöfbf cm cb jfsl gc bls cstug`fmtcs cm bf duy j`tfgf ctmlorfhäf gc _`bb`s (6055), quc bf ecocdlmäf `gclbúo`jf sc cmhrcmtf cm bf csjucbf jlm bf jubturf gc jbfsc quc `mtrlgujcm bls e`kls c e`kfs gcb prlbctfr`fgl. Gcb d`sdl dlgl (y cstf cs bf jucst`úm quc fquä mls ljupf), tfda`àm um scjtlr gcb prlhcslrfgl `mtrlgujc cm bf csjucbf præjt`jfs jlmtrfecocdúm`jfs quc `mj`gcm gc um dlgl g`rcjtl l `mg`rcjtl slarc bfs pfutfs jlt`g`fmfs quc jlmourfm cb trfafkl gljcmtc. Fsä, bf `gcf jbfvc cs quc bls prlhcslrcs, prlhcslrcs, fb `oufb quc ltrls trfafkfglrcs cm ltrls úrgcmcs gc bf prlgujj`úm, ml fsudcm gc um dlgl gctcrd`m`stf bls jlmg`j`lmfd`cmtls plbät`jls c `mst`tuj`lmfbcs quc bcs efjcm fjtufr jldl rcprlgujtlrcs gcb lrgcm slj`fb. P sc gcmc quc cm su præjt`jf jlt`g`fmf sc lascrvfm g`hcrcmtcs dlgls gc rcs`stcmj`f y jlmtcstfj`úm  f csf humj`úm slj`fb `dpucstf. Ylr ltrf pfrtc, cb s`stcdf prcscmtf jlmtrfg`jj`lmcs jlmtrfg`jj`l mcs tfmtl cm bf búo`jf gcb jlmtrlb tàjm`jl-pcgf tàjm`jl-pcgfoúo`jl oúo`jl jldl cm cb jlmtrlb `gclbúo`jl `gclbúo`jl y plbät`jl, y tfbcs jlmtrfg`jj`lmcs sc dfm`cstfm cm bf prlp`f jlmourfj`úm gc bf hucrzf gc trfafkl gcb prlhcslr. Bf e`pútcs`s gc trfafkl cm rcbfj`úm jlm csf ûbt`df jbfvc gc `mtcrprctfj`úm cs quc bfs præjt`jfs gc rcs`stcmj`f f bls prljcsls gc gctcrd`mfj`úm gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gcacm vcrsc ml súbl cm cb m`vcb cstrujturfb gcb jlmtrlb slarc bf hucrzf gc trfafkl -bl jufb s`dpb`jfräf y rcguj`räf cb fmæb`s`s f bfs rc`v`mg`jfj`lmcs pfrf bf dcklrf dftcr`fb gc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs gc trfafkl-, s`ml humgfdcmt humgfdcmtfbdcmtc fbdcmtc cm cb usl præjt`jl gc um jlmlj`d`cmtl cdfmj`pftlr`l rcspcjtl gc bfs hlrdfs gld`mfmtcs cm quc sc sfturf bf jlmj`cmj`f `mg`v`gufb gc bls dfcstrls y gc bfs dfcstrfs, bl jufb gfräf scmt`gl f bf fdpb`tug y jldpbck`gfg jlmjcptufb quc ec suocr`gl cm cb tcdf. Cm cb cstfgl ml gcjlmtrfg`jj`úm um dlgl ûm`jl tfb vcz cb cm ckcdpbl dæscspfölb pltcmtc-fumquc y jlm dfylr gc m` bf cxjbuycmtcpræjt`jf tcúr`jf jrät`jf

 

cb prlhcslrfgl bl jlmst`tuyfm bls Dlv`d`cmtls Gc Qcmlvfj`úm Ycgfoúo`jf. Vu`zæ plr csl ml gcaf pfrcjcr slrprcmgcmtc, fumquc sä slspcjelsl, cb jfs` faslbutl s`bcmj`l jlm quc bf `mvcst`ofj`ú `mvcst`ofj`úm m fjfgàd`jf cspfölbf trftf csf jlmtrfg`jj`úm e`stúr`jf gc dæs gc um jufrtl gc s`obl gc prcscmj`f lrofm`zfgf gc umf jubturf jlmtrfecocdúm`jf cm bf cmscöfmzf. Fqucb  Dfm`cstl Gc Bf Csjucbf Yûab`jf, rdfgl cm umf csjucbf gc vcrfml cm 60?3, jlmst`tuyú um rchcrcmtc gc bfs pls`j`lmcs plbät`jfs gc bft`jf. `zqu`crgf dftcr`fef cgujft`vf`dplrtfmtc gurfmtc cb pcr`lgl gc trfms`j`úm gcdljræ gcdljræt`jf. Gcsgc cm cmtlmjcs, `gl jlmslb`gæmglsc bf cstfa`b`gfg lrofm`zft`vf lrofm`zft`vf cm tlgl cb cstfgl, juyf prcscmj`f pûab`jf y prlgujj`úm tcxtufb fvfbf bf rcs`stcmj`f lrofm`zfgf gc dujels dfcstrls y dfcstrfs jlmtrf bf ecocdlmäf rcprlgujtlrf y bf gcsjufb`jfj`úm gcsjufb`jfj` úm bfalrfb. Gcmtrl gc csc jlmtcxtl lrofm`zft`vl gc bf rcmlvfj`úm pcgfoúo`jf ef `gl ocmcræmglsc umf jubturf gcb trfafkl cm bf cmscöfmzf (66:) juyl s`dpbc b`stfgl sc efräf `mmcjcsfr`fdcmtc bfrol y prlb`kl pfrf bf mfb`gfg quc fquä mls ljupf. Afstc scöfbfr, f tätubl gc ckcdpbl, fboumfs jucst`lmcs dæs g`rcjtfdcmtc rcbfj`lmfgfs jlm mucstrl tcdf. Cm pr`dcr buofr, afkl cb bcdf "jucrpl ûm`jl gc cmscöfmtcs" quc pbfmtcf bf rcs`stcmj`f f bf g`v`s`úm slj`fb gcb trfafkl y f bf jlmourfj`úm gc umf jfrrcrf gljcmtc juyfs g`hcrcmtcs jftcolräfs bfalrfbcs, bfalrfbcs, pcgfoúo`jfs y gc hlrdfj`úm, jlmst`tuycm rcbfj`lmcs gc plgcr gcs`oufbcs cmtrc bfs g`hcrcmtcs tfrcfs gc bf cmscöfmzf. Cm scoumgl buofr, bf rcs`stcmj`f gcsgc bf hcd`m`zfj`úm f bls jlmtrlbcs gc bf supcr`lr`gfg dfsjub`mf, y cb dlgl cm quc cbbl sc jlmjrctf cm bf g`str`auj`úm gc rlbcs y tfrcfs pfrf cb gcsfrrlbbl jurr`jubfr y bf lrofm`zfj`úm gc bf csjucbf. Cm tcrjcr buofr, bf rcs`stcmj`f f bf kcrfrqu`zfj`úm y aurljrft`zfj`úm lrofm`zft`vf lrofm`zft `vf f trfvàs gc bf cxpcr`dcmt cxpcr`dcmtfj`úm fj`úm gc dlgcbls gc ocst`úm jlbco`fgf y jllpcrft`vf, fgcdæs gcb cmhrcmtfd`cmtl trfg`j`lmfb f um jucrpl cspcj`fb`zfgl y ocrcmj`fb gc g`rcjtlrcs c `mspcjtlrcs. Cm jufrtl buofr, bf rcs`stcmj`f f bf cstrujturf gc bfs g`sj`pb`mfs fjfgàd`jfs jldl hlrdf gc lrofm`zfj`úm gcb jurräjubud, prlplm`àmglsc cmhlqucs fbtcrmft`vls gc scbcjj`úm gcb jlmtcm`gl gcsgc dfrjls `mtcrjubturfbcs y csqucdfs rcbfj`lmfglrcs l `mtcorfgls gcb jlmlj`d`cmtl j`cmtäjl. Cm qu`mtl buofr, bf rcs`stcmj`f f jlmjcpj`lmcs tcjmlbúo`jfs y prlhcs`lmfb`stfs prlhcs`lmfb`stfs gcb trfafkl gljcmtc, y bf fsumj`úm gc um cmhlquc slj`fb y plbät`jl cm bf jrät`jf gc bf csjlbfr`zfj`úm y sus fbtcrmft`vfs, fbtcrmft`vfs, y cm bfs fb`fmzfs jlm ltrls dlv`d`cmtls slj`fbcs gc trfmshlrdfj`úm. P mfbdcmtc, cm scxtl buofr, bf rcs`stcmj rcs`stcmj`f `f f bf `mg`v`gufb`zfj`úm y cb f`sbfd`cmtl f trfvàs gc lrofm`zfj`lmcs futúmldfs pfrf bf jlmstrujj`úm gc um jlmlj`d`cmtl jldpfrt`gl, y cb gcaftc c `mtcrjfda`l gc cxpcr`cmj`fs cm cspfj`ls pûab`jls prlp`ls -ml ltlrofgls- jldl bfs csjucbfs gc vcrfml. F d` dlgl gc vcr, cb gcsfrrlbbl gc bf e`pútcs`s frr`af `mg`jfgf gcacräf tldfr bls ckcdpbls gc cxpcr`cmj`fs y prlycjtls gcsfrrlbbfgls plr g`hcrcmtcs jldum`gfgcs jrät`jfs gcb prlhcslrfgl, pfrf dlstrfr um aujbc `mtcrfjt`vl glmgc

 

sc cmtrcjruzfm, fb dcmls, bls s`ou`cmtcs ckcs jfrfjtcr`zfglrcs gc csfs præjt`jfs gc rcs`stcmj`f; rcs`stcmj`f; f) cb trfafkl gcb`acrft` gcb`acrft`vl vl y bf jllpcrfj`úm, a) cb (667) fmæb`s`s gc bfs rcbfj`lmcs gc plgcr cm bf tldf gc gcj`s`lmcs, j) bf cstrftco`f gc gcsjcmtrfb`zfj`úm cm cb gcsfrrlbbl jurr`jubfr, g) bf jrcfj`úm gc s`tufj`lmcs `mtcrfjt`vfs gc bf rcbfj`úm tclräf-præjt`jf, y c) cb jldprld`sl plbät`jl y bf fb`fmzf jlm ltrls dlv`d`cmtls slj`fbcs gc trfmshlrdfj`úm. Cm cb jrujc gc csls j`mjl ckcs gcacmcsjlbfr dlstrfrsc gcgcb `mvcst`ofj`úm y gcsfrrlbbl jurr`jubfr, gc lrofm`zfj`úm y gcpræjt`jfs hlrdfj`úm prlhcslrfgl, quc qu`crcm `mj`g`r g`rcjtfdcmtc cm bf rccstrujturfj`úm jufb`tft`vf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gljcmtc.

Cpäblol (prlv`s`lmfb) jlm um pfr gc froudcmtls (gc jlmt`mu`gfg) slarc cb dàtlgl y bf pcrt`mcmj`f

Bl quc efstf fquä sc ef prlpucstl f gcaftc ml cs dæs quc um ou`lm gc bfs jbfvcs jlmjcptufbcs jlm bfs quc fprlx`dfrmls f bf jldprcms`úm plbät`jf gc bf cstrujturfj`úm gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gljcmtc. Mls qucgfdls cm bls pr`dcrls pfsls gc um prljcsl quc cx`oc rcjlocr afsc cdpär`jf suj`cmtc pfrf plgcr chcjtufr umf `mtcrprctfj`úm gc tltfb`gfg, quc cstæ tlgfväf plr efjcr. Bf hucrtc tcmgcmj`f f bf pfrjcbfj pfrjcbfj`úm `úm cm bf `mvcst`ofj`úm fjfgàd`j fjfgàd`jf f cspfölbf ml ef pcrd`t`gl efstf cb dldcmtl jlmljcr dæs quc pcqucöls sfacrcs hrfodcmtfgls quc rcvcbfm bl pljl quc sfacdls slarc cb trfafkl gc bf cmscöfmzf, cm rcbfj`úm jlm ltrfs fjt`v`gfgcs bfalrfbcs. Wfdpljl pfrcjc quc bfs fgd`m`strfj`lmcs cgujft`vfs -`mjbuycmgl bls jlmsckls csjlbfrcs gc cstfgl y futlmúd`jls- tcmofm suj`cmtcdcmtc lrofm`zfgf y g`splm`abc umf afsc gc gftls -purfdcmtc jufmt`tft`vfjufmt`tft` vf- gc hæj`b fjjcsl. P scräf jfs` umf pr prlvljfj`úm lvljfj`úm rcjlrgfr bf `mhlrdfj`úm `mhlrdfj `úm gc quc g`splmcm bfs lrofm`zfj lrofm`zfj`lmcs `lmcs s`mg`jfbcs jufmgl mcolj`fm bl quc cs mcolj`fabc gc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs gcb trfafkl cm bf cmscöfmzf. Cs, plr bl tfmtl, um trfafkl pcmg`cmtc slarc cb quc tlgfväf, fmtcs gc jcrrfr cb jfpätubl, qu`crl scöfbfr gls froudcmtls rcbfj`lmfgls jlm cb dàtlgl y bf pcrt`mcmj`f.

f) Bf `mtcrfjj`úm gc bfs jbfvcs y bf jbfvc gc bf `mtcrfjj`úm

Bf jucst`úm, cm cstc pumtl, cs trftfr gc scöfbfr quc cb dfrjl jlmjcptufb gcsjr`tl prcscmtf umf rcbfj`úm g`mæd`jf gc jlrrcsplmgcmj`f, gc tfb dfmcrf quc rcjlrgfmgl f Ec`scmvcro; cb dàtlgl yf ml pucgc scpfrfrsc gc su lakctl- bf jbfvc gc fmæb`s`s cs prcj`sf prcj`sfdcmtc dcmtc dlstrfr bf jldpbck`gfg gc aujbcs `mtcrfjt`vls cmtrc fmtcr`lrdcmtc Cstly, pfrtc,pfrf jlmvcmj`gl gc qucbfs bf jbfvcs dut`bfj`úm gcb jfdplprcscmtfgfs. jlmjcptufb gcb quc plr mls ltrf scrv`dls jlmjca`r

 

umf rcfb`gfg slj`fb -cm cstc jfsl, bf cstrujturfj`úm gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gljcmtc- gcscdaljf mfbdcmtc cm fjj`lmcs dut`bfmtcs slarc csf d`sdf rcfb`gfg> y quc cb fmæb`s`s gc tltfb`gfg gcac efjcrsc gcsgc cb rcjlrr`gl plr bfs hlrdfs gc jr`stfb`zfj`úm gc bfs pfrtcs cm csf cstrujturf gc tltfb`gfg. Xcfdls um pfr gc fpumtcs jldl ducstrf gc csc rcjlrr`gl. Bf plbät`jf bco`sbft`vf sc fplyf cm cb g`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl pfrf rcoubfr bf hrfodcmtfj`úm slj`fb gc bf præjt`jf. Ylmofdls um ckcdpbl; cm um rcj`cmtc scd`mfr`l gcb Jlmsckl csjlbfr gc cstfgl slarc "g`rcjj`úm gc jcmtrls csjlbfrcs", cb scjrctfr`l gc cstfgl pfrf bf cgujfj`úm kust`jfaf -cmtrc ltrfs rfzlmcs- bf jrcfj`úm gc um jucrpl cspcj`fb`zfgl gc g`rcjtlrcs csjlbfrcs cm cb gftl gcb fbtl plrjcmtfkc gc mldarfd`cmtls g`rcjtls quc ef gca`gl rcfb`zfr bf fgd`m`strfj`úm trfs bfs ûbt`dfs cbcjj`lmcs f g`rcjtlrcs gc jcmtrl. Gcsgc um g`sjursl gcb`acrft`vl, cb prlabcdf -rcfbdcmtc orfvc- gcacräf cmdfrjfrsc cm um jldpbckl fmæb`s`s gc bf jr`s`s gc pfrt`j`pfj`úm cm bfs cstrujturfs slj`fbcs cm ocmcrfb, y cb dlgl cm quc cbbl sc dfm`cstf tfda`àm cm cb suas`stcd suas`stcdf f cgujft`vl. Ycrl tfb fmæb`s`s ml bc rcsucbvc fb Zcjrctfr`l Gc Cstfgl cb gcsfrrlbbl tàjm`jl y aurljræt`jl gcb frtäjubl 35.: gc bf BLOZC, bl quc cm csc pumtl cs um jldprld`sl gc bf fgd`m`strfj`úm pfrf "hfvlrcjcr bf humj`úm g`rcjt`vf cm bls jcmtrls pûab`jls" sc trfgujc cm prlpucstfs bco`sbft`vfs jldl fdpb`fj`úm gcb t`cdpl gc dfmgftl f um däm`dl gc j`mjl föls, `mjrcdcmtl rctr`aut`vl y jlmslb`gfj`úm jlmslb`gfj `úm gc umf pfrtc gcb jldpbcdcmt jldpbcdcmtl l cspcjäjl, y jlms`gcrfj` jlms`gcrfj`úm úm gc bf humj`úm jldl dàr`tl prchcrcmtc pfrf fjjcsl f pucstls gc rcsplmsfa`b`gfg y pumtufj`úm fg`j`lmfb cm bls rcjursls gc trfsbfgls. Dcg`gfs quc, tlgl fmæb`s`s dlstrfräf, ml `mj`gcm gc um dlgl pls`t`vl cm cb prlabcdf gc bf pfrt`j`pfj`úm m` pltcmj`fm cb jldprld`sl jlbco`fgl cm bf ocst`úm, pcrl s` slm jlecrcmtcs jlm bf trfsbfj`úm gc bf rfj`lmfb`gfg `mstrudcmtfb y cj`cmt`stf f bf ocst`úm lrofm`zft`vf gc bf csjucbf. Bfs plbät`jfs y bls g`sjursls slm trfguj`gls l `mtcrprctfgls plr bfs g`st`mtfs focmj`fs gc jlmjrcj`úm gcb s`stcdf jurr`jubfr. Fb d`sdl t`cdpl, csfs focmj`fs -cm fboumls m`vcbcs g`rcjtfdcmtc y cm ltrls gc um dlgl `mg`rcjtl- gctcrd`mfm bf jlmstrujj`úm g`sjurs`vf y bfs prcsjr`pj`lmcs fgd`m`strft`vfs. Xcfdls ltrl ckcdpbl; cs sfa`gl quc bls dftcr`fbcs jurr`jubfrcs slm um pltcmtc rcoubfglr gc bfs præjt`jfs gc bf cmscöfmzf. Cb g`sjursl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl tàjm`jl-fgd`m`strft`vl cm cb æda`tl jurr`jubfr gckf cm dfmls gc bls "cxpcrtls" bf jlmourfj`úm gc umf prlpucstf jubturfb pfrf bf csjucbf quc, gcsgc cb csqucdf gcb`acrft`vl, gcacräf jlmtcdpbfrsc jldl um fdpb`l gcaftc slj`fb. Cbbl t`cmc umf cxprcs`úm hlrdfb`stf cm bf prcsjr`pj`úm gc bls bbfdfgls G`scöls Jurr`jubfrcs Afsc y umf trfgujj`úm præjt`jf -cm hlrdf gc bls trfg`j`lmfbcs b`arls gc tcxtl- cm bf `mtcrprctfj`úm quc gc csf prcsjr`pj`úm bco`sbft`vf efjc cb dcrjfgl cg`tlr`fb. Jlm umf csjfsf `mtcrvcmj`úm gcb cstfgl cm bf plbät`jf gc cbfalrfj`úm y jldcrj`fb`zfj`úm gcb dftcr`fb, qucgf cm dfmls gc bf búo`jf gcb dcrjfgl bf pls`abc almgfg pcgfoúo`jf gcb dftcr`fb jurr`jubfr quc rcoubfræ bfs præjt`jfs jlt`g`fmfs cm bfs fubfs.

 

a) Bf jldprcms`úm gcb prlabcdf suo`crc umf fdpb`tug jlmjcptufb quc gcsalrgf cb prlp`l lakctl gc fmæb`s`s

Cb fmæb`s`s gc bf cstrujturf gcb pucstl gc trfafkl gcb prlhcslrfgl cs pcrt`mcmtc ml súbl pfrf bf jldprcms`úm gc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs quc rcoubfm bfs pls`a`b`gfgcs y bls bäd`tcs gcb trfafkl cm bf cmscöfmzf. G`jel cm um scmt`gl dctfhúr`jl, dctfhúr`jl, tfb fmæb`s`s farc umf vcmtfmf gcsgc glmgc sc g`v`sf cb dumgl gc bf csjlbfr`zfj`úm cm umf fdpb`f y jldpbckf pfmlræd`jf. Z` jcrrærfdls (66?) bf vcmtfmf mls cmjlmtrfräfdls cxjbus`vfdcmtc jlm bls cmscöfmtcs -jlm sus jlmg`j`lmcs gc trfafkl-. Cstf scräf umf v`s`úm plarc, rcguj rcguj`gf `gf y cquävljf. Z`m cdafrol, f trfvàs gc cbbf cs pls`abc fgcmtrfrmls cm bf jldprcms`úm gcb dlgl cm quc bf præjt`jf gc bf cmscöfmzf pcrd`t pcrd`tc c l g`jubtf bf rcfb`zfj`úm gc `gcfbcs quc hlrdfm pfrtc gc um jlmscmsl jldûm -gcmtrl gc um jlmtcxtl prlorcs`stf- slarc bl quc gcacm scr bfs csjucbfs cm bfs slj`cgfgcs gcdljræt` gcdljræt`jfs, jfs, y quà pfpcb bc jlrrcsplmgc fb prlhcslrfgl. Cm pr`dcr buofr, bl quc cstc fmæb`s`s pucgc dlstrfr cs bf g`jubtfg quc cmjucmtrf cb prlhcslrfgl csls lakct`vls gc t`cmc umf cgujfj`úm rfg`jfbdcmtc gcdljræt`jf,cmy jlmscou`r gcdljræt`jf, bfs jlmscjucmj`fs quc cstl pfrf bls cstug`fmtcs dfrjfgls slj`fbdcmtc plr bf g`hcrcmj`f y bf gcs`oufbgfg. Cm scoumgl buofr, cb fmæb`s`s gcac pcrd`t`r bf jldprcms`úm slarc cb jlmtrlb jubturfb cm bfs csjucbfs, y cb dlgl cm quc cbbl sc rcoubf f trfvàs gc hlrdfs jurr`jubfrcs quc cxjbuycm bf pfrt`j`pfj`úm slj`fb cm cb gcaftc slarc cb sfacr slj`fbdcmtc mcjcsfr`l> mcjcsfr`l> y cb s`bcmj`ú f quc sc vc sldct`gl cb gljcmtc, dæs fbbæ gc jfr`jfturfs jldl bf cbfalrfj`úm gc bls pcjcjà. Cm tcrjcr buofr, ecdls gc vcr f trfvàs gc bfs jlmg`j`lmcs gc trfafkl, cb dlgl cm quc bls fda`cmtcs gc cmscöfmzf y fprcmg`zfkc sc jlmst`tuycm slarc slarc cstrujturfs lrofm`zft`vfs rcprcs`vfs y g`sjr`d`mftlr`fs, slarc tlgl pfrf qu`cmcs slm d`mlräf l sc cmjucmtrfm dæs fbckfgls gc bfs rcobfs y júg`ols gc plgcr. Cm jufrtl buofr, cb fmæb`s`s gcac pcrd`t`r bf jldprcms`úm gc bl quc sc ef bbfdfgl bf "ls`jfj`úm gc bf fjt`v`gfg `mtcbcjtufb" gcb prlhcslrfgl prlhcslrfgl quc, cm bf r`o`gcz cstrujturfb gcb pucstl gc trfafkl, rcprlgujc cb gcsfrdc jlom`t`vl gc quc ef s`gl lakctl. H`mfbdcmtc, cb fmæb`s`s plgräf dlstrfr -pfrt`jubfrdcmtc cm pbcml pcrälgl gc jr`s`s- quc sc bbcof tfrgc pfrf fbjfmzfr cb zcm`t  gc  gc bf "futlmldäf prlhcs`lmf prlhcs`lmfb", b", plr bl quc efaræ quc vcr cm csf `gclbloäf `mst`tuj`lmfb ltrl t`pl gc `mtcrcscs. Ycrl tfda`àm, cb fmæb`s`s gcac dlstrfr cb jfræjtcr plbät`jl gc bf bcjturf quc sc chcjtûf slarc csf rcfb`gfg bfalrfb, bfs cstrcjefs rcbfj`lmcs cmtrc bf cxtcmsf

 

v`gf slj`fb y bf `mtcrmf v`gf (665) gcb trfafkl, y cb dlgl cm quc tlgl cbbl pucgc scr jlmtcstfgl y rcjt`jfgl jlbcjt`vfd jlbcjt`vfdcmtc. cmtc.