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AHMQGDHQ AHMQ GDHQ N WM DÑ_GM UGÑ UGÑ@ @ HLH A`hehvks Ihoo Vgrspgatkvn  Ugh`ñlkan Vgrspgatkvn Ugh`ñlkan /  / Egpnrtnbgmth eg Ugh`hlkn, Onau`eneg Dgsuâtn eg Ok`hshokn g Ugh`hlân. Ig`h Chrkzhmtg, Ir ‑ Mh. 1>,>;;;. Vp. 1>). Cni`nmeh eg `n gxag`gmakn eg `n tgh`hlân (ok`hsñokan) shirg thens `ns egbîs akgmakns, sh`gbmgbgmtg sh`gbmgbgm tg ega`nrn4 "@n akgmakn bîs ekvkmn gs `n akgmakn eg `ns ahsns ekvkmns. G` pgmsnbkgmth shigrnmh gs g` pgmsnbkgmth eg` ikgm shigrnmh" (akt. p. 173). Gstg lrnm pgmsnehr rgahbgmeñ n `n lgmtg qug mh sñ`h sg haupnrn eg` gstuekh eg `ns ahsns eg` bumeh, skmh qug nmtgs iusanrn `ns rgn`kenegs ekvkmns (pîl. 719). Vugegs hidgtnr4 Vgrh gmthmags, ¸eñmeg gstî `n rgn`kene, g` bumeh y `n cksthrkn suorkgmtg eg `hs chbirgs y `ns budgrgs eg chy8 Akgrth, `n tgh`hlân tnbikëm tkgmg gm augmtn gstns ahsns, pgrh skgbprg egseg y gm g` vklhr  eg  eg su prkbgr y hrklkmn` tgbn4 g` Bkstgrkh ekvkmh. Gm gogath, sgnbhs buy a`nrhs4 sñ`h n `n `uz eg Ekhs `ns rgn`kenegs cubnmns nequkgrgm su prhoumeh y ahbp`gth sklmkokaneh (e. pp. 51-5?). Nquâ pgrbâtnmbg utk`kznr gstn tnuth`hlân4 pnrn sgr tgh`hlân, `n tgh`hlân tkgmg qug sgr nmtg theh tgh`ñlkan. Gmthmags, y sñ`h gmthmags, `n tgh`hlân tnbikëm sgrî ph`âtkan, `kigrnehrn, kmau`turnen y theh `h egbîs qug qukgrns. Vgrh sk nmtgs eg theh mh gs "tgh`hlân tgh`ñlkan", mh sgrî vgrenegrn tgh`hlân, skmh npgmns um rgbgeh eg `n tgh`hlân, h eg aun`qukgr htrn akgmakn, anbuo`nen eg tgh`hlân y usurpnmeh su mhbirg.

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…7 A`hehvks Ihoo

Na`nrh qug aunmeh eklh "tgh`hlân tgh`ñlkan", cni`h eg um eksaursh qug thbn ahbh su tgbn prkmakpn`, mh n um ekhs aun`qukgrn, skmh n` Ekhs eg `n og rgvg`nen, n` Ekhs eg `n Vn`nirn, gm rgsubgm, n` Ekhs eg Dgsuarksth. Vnrn gmontkznr `h qug gsthy qugrkgmeh egakr nquâ, vn`ln g` tgstkbhmkh eg Uhbîs eg Nqukmh4 "@n tgh`hlân trntn prkmakpn`bgmtg eg Ekhs. Unbikëm trntn eg `ns arknturns, pgrh gm `n"@n bgeken gm tgh`ñlkan qug gstnssgsgrgokgrg rg`nakhmnm ahmyEkhs" (akt. p. 51).nGm htrn pnrtgmh `h ahmokrbn4 vgrene prkbgrn prkmakpn`bgmtg `n Ygn`kene argnen. Unbikëm sg rgokgrg n `ns arknturns, pgrh ahbh umn ahmsgaugmakn" (akt. p. 55). Vhr ô`tkbh, gsauacgm --nchrn gaubëmkanbgmtg-- htrn vhz, vkgmg eg `hs n`ihrgs eg `n Gene Bhegrmn4 `n vhz eg @utgrh. Gsth ekag, eg umn bnmgrn qug gs n` bksbh tkgbph skmtëtkan y gxkstgmakn`4 "G` tgbn prhpkh eg `n tgh`hlân gs g` eg` chbirg pgrekeh y eg` Ekhs sn`vnehr" (akt. p. 55). 1gr AHMQGDH4 ^ug `n Qnlrnen Qnlrnen Gsarktur Gsark turn n sgn sgn g` g` tgxth prk mak pn` eg rgogrgmakn eg tu tgh`hlân.

G` Ahmak`kh _ntkanmh KK ega`nrñ n `n Gsarkturn ahbh g` "n`bn" eg then tgh`hlân (E_ 95 yVhr HUsupugsth, >?). Eg cgach, gs `n qug en vken, umkene, vkvn bhvkbkgmth tgh`hlân. egtrîs`negGsarkturn `ns Gsarkturns tgmgbhs `n Vn`nirn eg Ekhs,y y`negtrîs eg `n Vn`nirn gstî `n pgrshmn eg Arksth, g` _grih gmanrmneh. Qgpn, cgrbnmh bâh, qug `n Gsarkturn gs g` "tgstkbhmkh prkbnrkh" eg `n Ygvg`nakñm, su ougmtg hrklkmnrkn. Vnrn `n tgh`hlân, thens `ns egbîs ougmtgs4 Vnergs, Ehathrgs, Ahmak`khs, Vnpns, Hiksphs, Ugñ`hlhs, @kturlkns, @glks`nakhmgs, gta., shm sñ`h "tgstkbhmkhs sgaumenrkhs" sgaumenrkhs " (e. p. 96>). Nchrn ikgm, ahmtrn theh "iki`kaksbh", "iki`kaks bh", tnbikëm sgpnm qug `n Gsarkturn mh pugeg egsvkmau`nrsg eg `n Kl`gskn mk eg `n lrnm Urnekakñm, skmh qug bnmtkgmg ahm g``ns umn rg`nakñm ekn`ëatkah-arâtkan (e. pp. 996-9 y 956-5). Eg cgach, tnmth egseg g` pumth eg vkstn ckstñrkah ahbh gstruaturn`, `n tgh`hlân mh gs bîs qug egsp`glnr `n Vn`nirn eg Ekhs, yn sgn gm ohrbn eg ahbgmtnrkh (gxëlgsks), h ahbh rgo`gxkñm prhoumen (ehlbn), h gm g` anbkmh eg `n np`kanakñm prîatkan (bhrn`, gspkrktun`kene). Lunren ikgm gsth gm tu bgmtg4 gm `n tgh`hlân, `n Gsarkturn egig tgmgr `n "prkbnaân cgrbgmëutkan", prgaksnbgmtg phrqug g``n gs g` `haus tgh`hlkaus  mubgrh umh (e. pp. >;3-;). Gm gstg sgmtkeh, nchrn gsauacgm g` tgstkbhmkh eg ehs nuthrgs qug yn cgbhs gmahmtrneh, umh bgekgvn` y g` htrh bhegrmh. Vrkbgrh vgnbhs `h qug ekag Qnm Iugmnvgmturn4 ^ukgm qukgrn nprgmegr tgh`hlân, iusqug `n akgmakn gm su ougmtg4 `n Qnlrnen Gsarkturn. Vhrqug ahm `hs ok`ñshohs mh cny 'akgmakn eg `n sn`vnakñm pnrn `n rgbkskñm eg mugstrhs pganehs': pganehs': mk ahm `hs Qnmths Vnergs y mk skqukgrn ahm `hs Ehathrgs. Gm prkbgr `ulnr, g` eksaâpu`h eg Arksth egig gstueknr `n Qnlrnen Gsarkturn. Vhr `h tnmth, gs mgagsnrkh qug g` tgñ`hlh tgmln n `n bnmh g` tgxth

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…? A`hehvks Ihoo

ahbp`gth eg `n Qnlrnen Gsarkturn, eg `h ahmtrnrkh muman sgrî um gxphskthr prgpnrneh eg `n Gsarkturn (akt. p. 917). G` sglumeh tgstkbhmkh gs eg Inrtc4 G` tgñ`hlh mh sgrî um –ehathrakth‛ qug tuvkgrn g` egrgach eg ahmagegr h quktnr `n pn`nirn n `hs Vrhogtns y Npñsth`gs, ahbh sk ougrnm ahbpnþgrhs eg a`nsg umkvgrsktnrkhs. Nôm bgmhs sgrî ahbh um bngstrh eg sgaumenrkn, ahm `n tnrgn eg bkrnr phr gmakbn eg `hs chbirhs eg `hs nuthrgs iâi`kahs, pnrn ahrrglkr`gs `hs aunegrmhs y enr`gs umn an`kokanakñm. Kma`ush g` bîs pgqugþh y gxag`gmtg gmtrg gshs prkbgrhs tgstklhs eg `n Ygvg`nakñm gstî bîs neg`nmtneh qug aun`qukgr tgñ`hlh, phr bîs pknehsh, ehath h pgrspkanz qug sgn. G` `ulnr eg `n tgh`hlân egokmktkvnbgmtg egokmktkvnbgmtg gstî phr egindh eg `hs gsarkths iâi`kahs. Nsâ pugs, eg iugm lrneh, g` tgñ`hlh tgmerî qug pgrbktkr qug `hs cnlkñlrnohs bkrgm shirg sus chbirhs y `gs ahrrkdnm sus aunegrmhs (akt. p. 96?). 5¶ AHMQGDH4 AHMQGDH4 Uu tgh`hlân egig pgrbnmgagr vktn`bgmtg `klnen n `n Ahbumkene eg og4 `n ` n Kl`gskn.

@n og, qug gs n` bksbh tkgbph g` tgbnegy Ekhs, oumenbgmth eg Vhr `n tgh`hlân, umnphr cgrgmakn ah`gatkvn4 ah`gatkv n4 pgrtgmgag n theh g` pugi`h `n Kl`gskn. `h tnmth,gs sñ`h `n Kl`gskn gs qug sg tkgmg naagsh n `n og y, phr g``n, n `n tgh`hlân. [ ahbh `n og skgbprg iusan gmtgmegr, g` sudgth prkmakpn` eg `n tgh`hlân gs klun`bgmtg g` sudgth eg `n og4 `n Kl`gskn. Vugegs vgr, phr gsh, qug `n tgh`hlân tkgmg um gstntus gsgmakn`bgmtg ga`gskn`. Gs phr gsh qug Inrtc, qukgm kmkakn`bgmtg cniân ``nbneh n su lrnm hirn "Ehlbîtkan Arkstknmn", bîs tnreg `g anbikñ g` mhbirg n "Ehlbîtkan Ga`gskn`". Nchrn ikgm, sk `n ga`gskn`ken ga`gskn`kenee gs kmtrâmsgan n `n tgh`hlân, gstn muman sgrî um ‐mglhakh prkvneh". Bîs ikgm, sgrî umn natkvkene ahbumktnrkn y n` sgrvkakh eg `n ahbumkene. Wstge tn` vgz hyñ cni`nr eg `n gxkstgmakn, gm g` Vrkbgr Bumeh, eg "tgñ`hlhs `kirgs". Iugmh, gstrkatnbgmtg cni`nmeh, gstg ogmñbgmh gs um ahmtrn-sgmtkeh, umn nmhbn`ân, n`lh nsâ ahbh umn gxprgskñm eg "pnrnsktksbh rg`klkhsh". [ eneh qug mh gxkstg umn Kl`gskn skm dgrnrquân, gs gvkegmtg qug g` Bnlkstgrkh dgrîrqukah gs um g`gbgmth kmtgrmh eg `n tgh`hlân. Akgrtnbgmtg, g` Bnlkstgrkh pugeg cnagr vkh`gmakn n `n tgh`hlân y n `hs tgñ`hlhs, pgrh gsth gs umn augstkñm eg cgach, mh eg egrgach. Gs egakr4 sk suageg (quhe Egus nvgrtnt!), n`lh gstî bn`. Vgrh mh mgagsktn sgr nsâ. Vhr `h qug sg cn ekach, qug qugeg a`nrh qug g` tgñ`hlh gs gm rgn`kene umn oklurn ga`gskn`4 gs bkgbirh eg `n Kl`gskn, um skgrvh eg` Vugi`h eg Ekhs. Vgrh --y prgstgm ntgmakñm nquâ n `n sglumen pnrtg eg mugstrh ahmsgdh-- `n ahbumkñm vkvn eg` tgñ`hlh ahm `n Kl`gskn egig gmtgmegrsg mh sñ`h gm `hs tkgbphs ahmtgbphrîmghs, skmh tnbikëm gm `n suagskñm eg `hs tkgbphs. Nquâ cni`nbhs eg `n Urnekakñm (pîls. 916>-?), ahbh Qnm Vni`h `h vkh buy ikgm (e. > Ah >-9). G` bnyhr tgñ`hlh rgo`gxkvh y skstgbîtkah eg `n kl`gskn, Qnmth Uhbîs Nqukmh, gm `hs ô`tkbhs bgsgs eg su vken oug nsn`tneh phr umn vkh`gmtn arksks. Oug n``â aunmeh ega`nrñ qug, gm ahbpnrnakñm ahm `h qug gstnin skmtkgmeh gspkrktun`bgmtg, su tgh`hlân `g pnrgaân... "pndn". Egdñ kmahbp`gtn `n Qubn Ugh`ñlkan, ahbh umn antgern` kmnaninen, sâbih`h g`haugmtg eg qug mkmlôm skstgbn ahmagptun`, phr bîs lgmkn` qug sgn, pugeg ninranr `h Kmokmkth. Eg theh gsth sg pugeg gxtrngr umn `gaakñm buy kbphrtnmtg4 gm g` gstuekh eg `n tgh`hlân sg egig au`tkvnr um prhoumeh "sgmtkeh eg` Bkstgrkh", cgach eg rgvgrgmakn y cubk`ene orgmtg n` Ekhs kmokmkth. @n Iki`kn, ahm buacn prhpkgene, ``nbn n gsn natktue ahbh g` "tgbhr eg` Qgþhr". Vhr su `neh, `hs gstuekhshs eg `n rg`klkñm cni`nm eg` sgmtkbkgmth sgmtkbkgmth eg `h "snlrneh "snlrneh"" ahbh eg `n gxpgrkgmakn eg` trgbgmeub gt onsakmhsub (Y. Htth). Vrgaksnbgmtg phr sgr trgbgmeub, `h snlrneh sg n`gdn: pgrh phr sgr onsakmhsub , ntrng phegrhsnbgmtg y egspkgrtn aurkhskene, h bîs ikgm egspkgrtn kmtgrës, onsakmnakñm, gmanmtnbkgmth. Eg nquâ sg egsprgmeg g` prñxkbh ahmsgdh.

 Npnsk nsk ñmntg ñm ntg phr p hr g` ahm a hmha hakb kb kgmth kgm th eg Ek Ekhs hs y `ns ` ns ahs a hsns ns eg e g Ekhs Ekh s . ?¶ AHMQGDH4 AHMQGDH4  Np N pgsnr, h bgdhr ekach, egikeh n `n trnsagmegmakn eg` Bkstgrkh shirg theh pgmsnbkgmth y theh g` `gmlundg, g` tgñ`hlh tkgmg g` snlrneh egigr eg pgmsnr y cni`nr skm tgbhr shirg g` Bkstgrkh ekvkmh. Gm `n ahbpnrnakñm eg Ykanreh eg Q. _âathr, `n rnzñm eg` tgñ`hlh gs ahbh `n iurrktn eg In`nb4 nvnmzn indh `hs lh`pgs eg `ns gspug`ns eg `n og, numqug g` anbkmh pnrgzan i`hqugneh phr g` îmlg` eg` Bkstgrkh ahm su gspnen egsgmvnkmnen (akt. p. >69). Gm su onbhsn Anrtn >96, ekrklken n um mhvkakh gm tgh`hlân, g` Ehathr eg Ckphmn ega`nrn `n rnzñm qug `h ``gvn n gsarkikr4 "Eklnbhs qug gs pnrn bhvgr tu og n` nbhr eg` ahmhakbkgmth". Bîs tnreg rgahbkgmen4 "Gs ahm nrehr qug egigs np`kanrtg n` ahmhaâbkgmth eg `n rgn`kene ekvkmn" ( kmtg``gatub  vn`eg  nbn). Okmn`bgmtg, gxchrtn n` egiutnmtg n `n hrnakñm, skm `n aun` mh sg cnag iugmn tgh`hlân4 "Hrn pnrn qug Ekhs tg eë

g` gmtgmekbkgmth" (akt. pp. >63-;)

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…; A`hehvks Ihoo

Vherâns pgmsnr qug g` Bkstgrkh gs hsaurkene. Vgrh mh. G` Bkstgrkh gs um "niksbh eg `uz", y umn `uz tnm egs`ubirnmtg qug housan `n rnzñm. Vhr `h tnmth, gs phr g` gxagsh eg gsp`gmehr ekvkmh qug `n phirg rnzñm cubnmn sg vug`vg akgln. G` Bkstgrkh mh gs g` `âbktg eg` ahmhakbkgmth, skmh s kmh g` ahmhakbkgmth eg mugstrh `âbktg orgmtg orgmt g n `h k`kbktneh. Vhr gsh bksbh, g` Bkstgrkh rgprgsgmtn rgprgs gmtn `n bîs ougrtg prhvhanakñm n` phegr eg `n rnakhmn`kene. [ phrqug Ekhs gs onsakmnakñm, gmanmth y egs`ubirnbkgmth, nquâ tnbikëm, y shirg theh nquâ, `n bnrnvk``n ekvkmn gs g` prkmakpkh lgmëtkah y pgrbnmgmtg eg aun`qukgr gstuekh tgh`ñlkah eg an`kene. Vhr theh gsth, qugrkeh dhvgm, gvktn `n tgmtnakñm eg` gsagptkaksbh ahm rg`nakñm n` n`anmag eg `n rnzñm, umn tgmtnakñm qug chy rglrgsn ahm rhpndgs phsbhegrmhs gm ohrbn eg "pgmsnbkgmth eëik`". Mh tgmlns bkgeh eg "prhoumekznr" gm `n pgmgtrnakñm eg` Bkstgrkh ekvkmh. Oug pnrn n`gmtnr g` vug`h eg `n rnzñm gm ekrgaakñm n` akg`h eg `n trnsagmegmakn qug Dunm Vni`h KK rgakëm gsarkikñ `n rhiustn gmaâa`kan Okegs gt Yntkh. N``â g` Vnpn suirnyn `n kbphrtnmakn, pnrn `n tgh`hlân, eg` gstuekh eg `n ok`hshoân, phr `n aun` sg ohrtn`gag `n rnzñm gm su "anpnakene bgtnoâskan", n okm eg pgmgtrnr gm `n gsgmakn eg `ns ahsns y nirkr n `n bgmtg cubnmn g` naagsh n vgrenegs umkvgrsn`gs y pgrgmmgs. Vgrh n `n rnâz eg theh gstuekh egig cnigr umn pnskñm oumenbgmtn`4 `n pnskñm phr `n `uz, g` nbhr nrekgmtg phr `n vgrene. Nchrn ikgm, nmtgs yn ekdkbhs qug `n tgh`hlân gs `n kmtrheuaakñm n qungrgms4 gs `n og egsghsn eg snigr, nbnmtg eg `n kmtg`klgmakn, iusanehrn eg sgmtkeh. Gs `n og kmo`nbnen phr `n `uz eg` snigr. Gm g` iugm sgmtkeh, skm umn og "aurkhsn" muman tgmerîs um iugm tgñ`hlh, skmh npgmns um iurñarntn eg` ahmhakbkgmthh rg`klkhsh. ahmhakbkgmt Nsâ pugs, pugegs pgrakikr qug `n tgh`hlân gs bhvken phr um "grhs", gs egakr, phr um kmtgrës nogatkvh vgcgbgmtg, phr umn ntrnaakñm ansk oâskan phr g` bkstgrkh eg Ekhs. Gsth gs `h qug sustgmtn y nmkbn n` ahbprhbksh kmtg`gatun` eg` tgñ`hlh, tnmth gm sus `gaturns, gstuekhs y rgo`gxkhmgs, ahbh gm sus kmvgstklnakhmgs, g`nihrnakhmgs g`nihrnakhmgs y argnakhmgs (ao. pp. 797-6 A`hehvks Ihoo

ckakgrhm, mhs nvgrlhmznrgbhs eg sgr kmogrkhrgs n g``hs gm mugstrh trnindh. Gm mhshtrhs, g` nbhr n `n vgrene egig sgr bîs gokanz qug gm g``hs g` nbhr n `n vnmkene. ¡Qgrî mgagsnrkh qug gm mugstrh anbph sgnbhs bîs anpnags, qug sgnbhs kbpu`snehs phr `n og, nrrnstrnehs phr `n gspgrnmzn g kbpu`snehs phr `n anrkene! (akt. p. 95) G` sglumeh gs eg umh eg `hs bîskmeâlgmns lrnmegs eg tgñ`hlhs eg`hprkbkehs skl`h S_K,phr pnerg eg` Egrgachtgstkbhmkh Kmtgrmnakhmn` y egogmshr eg `hs Nbërkan `hs ahmqukstnehrgs ahmqukstne hrgs gspnþh`gs, Ornmaksah eg _kathrkn. Gm um pnsndg nuthikhlrîokah, ahmokgsn4 Kma`ush sk n`lukgm pnsn then su vken gm g` gstuekh eg `n snlrnen tgh`hlân, mh nvnmznrân tnmth ahbh `h rga`nbn `n bntgrkn. [h, qug eurnmtg vgkmtg nþhs h bîs bg cg ahmsnlrneh ahm thens bks ougrzns n` gstuekh eg `n tgh`hlân, n bâ bg pnrgag qug thenvân mh cg pnsneh mk `ns pugrtns. Qk puekgrn vkvkr akgm nþhs, `hs pnsnrân lrntnbgmtg gm gsths gstuekhs (akt. p. 793). ). @n tgh`hlân gxkstg pnrn sgr ahbumkanen, pnrn gmrkqugagr `n pnsthrn`, pnrn prheuakr "vken ga`gskn`", ga`gskn`" , gm egokmktkvn, pnrn sgrvkr n` pugi`h y n su sn`vnakñm. ¸Vhr quë8 Vhrqug g` Bkstgrkh eg Ekhs mh gs sñ`h snigr, skmh shirg theh arggr, nbnr y higegagr. @ns vgrenegs eg `n og shm "vgrenegs sn`vnehrns" y mh bgrns vgrenegs v grenegs tgñrkan tgñrkans. s. Qk gs nsâ, g` bhbgmth prîatkah eg `n tgh`hlân gs, mh sñ`h ahmstktutkvh eg su prhagsh, skmh tnbikëm eg su tërbkmh4 n``â sg ahmsubn `n tgh`hlân. Vhr akgrth, gmontkznr `n pnrtg prîatkan eg `n tgh`hlân oug umh eg `hs bërkths eg `ns "tgh`hlâns eg `n naakñm" qug sg nokrbnrhm egspuës eg` _ntkanmh KK. Ahm pnrtkau`nr kmskstgmakn, `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm nokrbñ qug `n prnxks gs g` "nath >" eg `n tgh`hlân, ``glnmeh n `n tghrân sh`nbgmtg egspuës ahbh g` "nath 9". [n gm `n Gene Bgekn, `n gsaug`n ornmaksanmn ornmaks anmn cniân egogmekeh `n ekbgmskñm prgehbkmnmtgbgmtg prîatkan eg `n tgh`hlân. Qnm Iugmnvgmturn, phr gdgbp`h, ekag qug `n tgh`hlân gxkstg pnrn nyuenrmhs n "sgr bgdhrgs y sn`vnrmhs" (akt. p. 1;6). Qu cgrbnmh cgrbnmh,, Eums Qahth, oug nôm bîs gmoîtkah pnrn egogmegr g` anrîatgr prkmakpn`bgmtg prîatkah eg `n tgh`hlân (ao. pp. 596-9). Qkm gbinrlh, gm gstg pumth, bk dhvgm cgrbnmh, qukgrh cnagrtg umn nevgrtgmakn. Qâ, `n tgh`hlân gxkstg pnrn sgrvkr, pgrh tgm aukeneh eg mh kr --ahbh ekag `n lgmtg-- "ahm buacn sge n` vnsh". Gm htrns pn`nirns, mh sg egig kmstrubgmtn`kznr `n tgh`hlân nsâ,

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…>> A`hehvks Ihoo

skm bîs. Qgrân angr ang r gm g` grrhr eg` prnlbntksbh y, ahm g` tkgbph, gm `n supgroka supgrokakn`kene kn`kene y `n rgpgtktkvkene. rgpgtktkvkene. Vnrn sgrvkr ikgm n `n prîatkan, `n tgh`hlân tkgmg qug gstnr oumenbgmtnen gm umn iugmn tghrân. @n prîatkan bksbn, pnrn sgr vgrenegrn, rgqukgrg umn oumenbgmtnakñm gm `n vgrene. G` gstuekh pnakgmtg gs `n rutn kmg`ueki`g eg umn iugmn prîatkan. Qkm `n bgeknakñm eg umn tghrân ahmskstgmtg, mh cny prîatkan qug sg bnmtgmln gm pkg. Vhr `h tnmth, pnrn gmahmtrnr iugmns rgspugstns pnsthrn`gs, gs mgagsnrkh tgmgr umn insg tgh`ñlkan negaunen. Vnrn gsh, n` bksbh tkgbph gs mgagsnrkh ahmagmtrnrsg gm g` gstuekh y `n lrntukene gm `n iôsqugen eg `n vgrene. Ahbh ekdh g` Bngstrh Inrtc4 ^ukgm muman sg cnm egdneh nrrgintnr sgrknbgmtg phr `hs prhi`gbns tgh`ñlkahs, muman sgrîm um pnsthr qug sg pugen thbnr gm sgrkh, y ``glnrî g` bhbgmth gm qug mh tgmerî mnen gsgmakn` qug egakr`g n `n lgmtg (akt. p. 599). Vhr `h tnmth, nbklh bâh, mh tgmlns tgbhr eg egekanr tkgbph y gsougrzh n` gstuekh eg `n tgh`hlân, gspgakn`bgmtg eurnmtg g` tkgbph gm qug ahbp`gtgs g` p`nm eg gstuekhs iîskah. Mh tg kbpnakgmtgs prglumtnmeh n anen pnsh4 "¸Vnrn quë bg sgrvkrî gsth h nqug``h8", y qugrkgmeh rgspugstns kmbgekntns n thehs y aun`qukgr prhi`gbn prîatkahpnsthrn`. Gsh gs angr gm umn "tgh`hlân eg rgagtns". Ygaugreg qug "mnen gs bîs prîatkah qug umn iugmn tghrân". Vhr `h tnmth, nprhvgacn ikgm g` pgrâheh eg ohrbnakñm kmkakn`, ahmagmtrîmehtg gm nequkrkr `hs prkmakpkhs oumenbgmtn`gs y `ns mhrbns gsgmakn`gs qug bîs neg`nmtg tg pgrbktkrîm, gm p`gmn natkvkene pnsthrn`, eksagrmkr ikgm `ns sktunakhmgs gm `ns qug tg gmaugmtrns kmvh`uarneh kmvh`uarneh y gmahmtrnr `ns sh`uakhmgs bîs argntkvns y gvnmlë`kans. gvnmlë`kans. 3¶ AHMQGDH4 AHMQGDH4 ^ug tu tgh`hlân skgbprg tgmln gm augmtn `n rgn`kene eg` pugi`h. Qk g` bnrxksbh tgmân bërkths, umh eg g``hs grn `n arâtkan eg `n "n`kgmnak "n`kgmnakñm" ñm" ahbh gsanpg eg `n rgn`kene ahmargtn. Nchrn ikgm, chy g` anrlh eg "n`kgmnakñm" sg usn pnrn egsan`kokanr n aun`qukgr tgh`hlân. Vgrh aunmeh cni`h nquâ eg "rgn`kene", pkgmsh gm `n "rgn`kene eg `n vken" gm lgmgrn` y mh sñ`h gm `n rgn`kene shakn` h ckstñrkan. Vhr `h tnmth, bg rgokgrh nquâ n `n "vken eg `n lgmtg" y mh sñ`h n `hs "prhi`gbns shakn`gs". ^ukgrh egakr qug `n tgh`hlân egig gstnr nikgrtn gm lrnm bgeken n then `n nvgmturn cubnmn, sgr sgmski`g n `n vken eg `ns pgrshmns, n `hs prhi`gbns eg` "chbirg eg `n an``g". Vhrqug, okmn`bgmtg, `ns trgs aunrtns pnrtgs eg `n og sg vkvgm gm `h ahtkeknmh. @n tgh`hlân gs pnrn `n lgmtg ahbôm y mh pnrn umn ë`ktg. Vnrnornsgnmeh `n kmtrheuaakñm eg `n Lnuekub gt Qpgs, buy ikgm sg pherân egakr qug "`ns n`glrâns y gspgrnmzns eg` bumeh, gspgakn`bgmtg eg `hs phirgs y eg `hs qug suorgm, shm `ns n`glrâns y `ns gspgrnmzns eg` tgñ`hlh". Gm `n nbp`kn lnbn eg `n rgn`kene eg `n vken natun`, phegbhs egtgatnr, ahm mugstrhs tgñ`hlhs @kikh y Burne, akmah lrnmegs "gmohqugs". Vhrqug, bîs qug tgbns, sg trntn eg pgrspgatkvns trnmsvgrsn`gs, qug pugegm y egigm kmohrbnr thehs `hs tgbns eg `n tgh`hlân (ao. pp. 7>-5). Gsths shm `hs gmohqugs4

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…>9 A`hehvks Ihoo

>. G` gmohqug shakh-`kigrnehr, qug chy mh ahmskegrnbhs g` bîs kbphrtnmtg (gstg sgrî skgbprg "g` prhi`gbn eg Ekhs"), skmh g` bîs urlgmtg y ernbîtkah. Uhbñ ohrbn gm `n ``nbnen "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm", pgrh chy ahmstktuyg umn ekbgmskñm nbp`knbgmtg nsubken phr then tgh`hlân qug gs ahmsakgmtg eg su rgsphmsnik`kene shakn`. 9. G` gmohqug ogbkmkstn, qug yn tkgmg then umn cksthrkn pgrh qug mgagsktn pgmgtrnr nôm bîs gs prhoumenbgmtg gm y`nbnsau`kmn. vkskñm eg then tgh`hlân qug sg ekln kmtglrn`bgmtg cubnmn, egakr4 ogbgmkmn 1. G` gmohqug ëtmkah , qug iusan kmtglrnr gm `n vkskñm eg `n og `hs ah`hrgs eg theh g` nrah krks au`turn`, gspgakn`bgmtg gmtrg mhshtrhs, `ns au`turns kmeâlgmn y mglrn. 5. G` gmohqug gaubëmkah, qug sg gsougrzn phr tgmgr gm augmtn `ns pgrspgatkvns eg htrns ahmogskhmgs arkstknmns (gm sgmtkeh gstrkath, g` "gaubgmksbh" ahbh iôsqugen eg `n umkene gmtrg `ns kl`gskns arkstknmns) y tnbikëm `ns rkqugzns eg htrns rg`klkhmg rg`klkhmgss (ekî`hlh kmtgrrg`klkhsh h "bnarh-gaubgmksbh"). 7. G` gmohqug gah`ñlkah , qug ahmskegrn n then `n argnakñm ahbh g` "chlnr ahbôm" eg `hs sgrgs cubnmhs, eg `hs sgrgs vkvhs y eg thehs `hs sgrgs argnehs gm lgmgrn`. Vgrbâtnmbg nþnekr nquâ n`lumhs gmohqugs bîs trnmsvgrsn`gs. Vrkbgrh, g` gmohqug pskah`ñlkah . ¸Nansh `n tgh`hlân mh egigrâneg tgmgr gm augmtn natun`gs eg `ns ahrrkgmtgs bhegrmns eg pskah`hlân, susbîs gstuekhs shirg`hs `n `hlrhs sgxun`kene, `ns gbhakhmgs y `n nogatkvkene gm lgmgrn`8 ¸@n suidgtkvkene phsbhegrmn --`n eg` egsgh- mh pkeg n `n tgh`hlân qug cnln gxp`hrnakhmgs gm gstn ekrgaakñm8 Gmthmags, ¸nansh `n tgh`hlân mh egigrân tnbikëm gstnr bîs ntgmtn n` gmohqug eg `n pnz 8 Nihlnr phr g` egsnrbg mua`gnr y phr `n mh vkh`gmakn ahbh umn natktue iîskan gm `ns rg`nakhmgs shakn`gs, kmtgrmnakhmn`gs y nbikgmtn`gs, g kma`ush ahbh ok`hshoân eg vken qug sg vkvg gm `h ahtkeknmh. Vhr ô`tkbh, ¸mh argg qug tnbikëm sg egig ah`hanr g` gmohqug gspkrktun`  ahbh umn ekbgmskñm hbmk-gml`hinmtg eg then `n tgh`hlân, gspgakn`bgmtg chy aunmeh `n cubnmkene nmcg`n egsgspgrnenbgmtg `n "gxpgrkgmakn rg`klkhsn"8 Vgrh tgm aukeneh4 thehs gsths gmohqugs eg mkmlumn bnmgrn egigm sustktukr mk egik`ktnr g` gmohqug hrklkmn`, prkmakpn` y gspgaâokah eg `n tgh`hlân, qug gs g` gmohqug eg `n og. Nmtgs qug theh egigm nphynrsg gm ë` y eg akgrtn bnmgrn rgohrznr`h. Vhr gdgbp`h, gs akgrth qug egigbhs gstnr ntgmths n ahmskegrnr añbh `hs mglrhs, `n budgr, g` iuekstn h `hs phirgs vgm n Ekhs, `n vken h `n bugrtg. Vgrh `h qug okmn`bgmtg kbphrtn, egspuës eg gsn prkbgrn vkskñm, gs rgo`gdnr añbh Ekhs bksbh vg n` mglrh, n `n budgr, n` iuekstn y n `hs phirgs. ;¶ AHMQGDH4 AHMQGDH4 Mh h`vkegs egsp`glnr `n ekbgmskñm shakh -`kigrnehrn -`kigrnehrn eg `n og. Nanih eg gvhanr g` gmohqug shakh-`kigrnehr. Nchrn qukgrh egstnanr gspgakn`bgmtg gstn kbphrtnmtg ekbgmskñm ekbgms kñm eg `n "rgn`kene" qug gs `n " vken shakn` ". G` gmohqug shakn` gs nchrn urlgmtg gm theh g` bumeh, yn qug `n l`hin`kznakñm cn lgmgrn`kzneh `hs

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…>1 A`hehvks Ihoo

prhi`gbns, y gs gspgakn`bgmtg rg`gvnmtg gm g` Qur eg` bumeh, ehmeg `n "augstkñm shakn`" cn nequkrkeh ohrbns y ah`hrgs eg pnrtkau`nr lrnvgene. @n Lnuekub gt Qpgs, qug naninbhs eg aktnr, cni`nin eg `hs "sklmhs "skl mhs eg `hs tkgbphs", ahbh `hs lrnmegs ogmñbgmhs qug bugvgm mugstrn cksthrkn. Gstn Ahmstktuakñm  mhs gmsgþñ, mh sñ`h gm `n tghrân, skmh tnbikëm gm `n prîatkan, qug egigbhs thbnr buy gm sgrkh `ns y"sgþn`gs eg `hs tkgbphs". Qg phr ekagg`n``â qug, gm prkbgr `ulnr,sgr egigm sgr hisgrvnehs nmn`kznehs aukenehsnbgmtg tgñ`hlh, pnrn egspuës kmtgrprgtnehs y eksagrmkehs n `n `uz eg `n og (LQ 5: >>: 55: ?9: akt. pp. 9;7-?). Negbîs, nahlgr `n rgn`kene shakn`, kma`uken `n au`turn` , gs `n gxklgmakn eg then tgh`hlân qug rgn`bgmtg qukgrn sgr "antñ`kan". Gstn egig sgr anpnz eg n`igrlnr `h mh-tgh`ñlkah pnrn trnmsohrbnr`h gm tgh`ñlkah, pgrakikgmeh gm g``n `ns "sgbk``ns eg` _grih" h, gm `n gxprgskñm eg `n ega`nrnakñm ahmak`knr eg Mhstrn Ngtntg  Ngtntg (m.`), `hs "rgo`gdhs eg` Nphan`kpsks". @n tgh`hlân natun` gstî ``nbnen n gmontkznr `hs prhi`gbns eg `n dustkakn y `n klun`ene, `hs egrgachs cubnmhs y shakn`gs. Egig gstnr gspgakn`bgmtg ntgmtn n `n mgagskene eg anbikh y n `n iôsqugen eg n`tgrmntkvns orgmtg n `hs an``gdhmgs an``gd hmgs skm sn`ken eg` natun` skstgbn mgh`kigrn`. Nchrn ikgm, gs phr gstns ahsns qug thenvân chy lrktn y a`nbn `n "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm". Vgrh chy su gstntus gpkstgbh`ñlkah tkgmg qug phmgrsg gm mugvhs tërbkmhs, bhtkvh phr g` aun` nprhvgach gstn hphrtumkene pnrn rgogrkrbg, numqug eg ohrbn rgsubken, n `n gaunakñm eg gstn ekoâak` prglumtn. Uô, dhvgm tgñ`hlh, pugegs pgmsnr qug `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm gs umn tgh`hlân npnrtg, ahbp`gtn g kmegpgmekgmtg, eg bnmgrn qug sg pugen prgsgmtnr ahbh umn tgh`hlân sustktutkvn h n`tgrmntkvn n `n tgh`hlân "a`îskan". Vgrh, ahm ornmqugzn, tg eklh qug, pnrn bâ, tg gqukvhans. Vugeg sgr qug gm g` pnsneh `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm cnyn pnrgakeh nsâ. Vgrh gstî skgmeh anen vgz bîs a`nrh qug mh rgprgsgmtn rgprgsgmtn umn tgh`hlân kmtglrn`, skmh bîs ikgm umn ekbgmskñm kmtgrmn g kmtglrn` eg then `n tgh`hlân arkstknmn. @n tgh`hlân arkstknmn h gs eg "`kigrnakñm" "`kigrnakñm",, h mh gs arkstknmn. Gm gstg sgmtkeh, `n nokrbnakñm eg Dunm Vni`h KK, gm `n ahmhaken Anrtn n `hs Hiksphs eg Irnsk` (; eg nirk` eg >;3?), gm bk hpkmkñm ahmstktuyg `n phskakñm bîs a`nrn, a`nrn , prgaksn y, eg akgrtn bnmgrn, egokmktkvn shirg g` Bnlkstgrkh rgspgath n `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm. G` Vnpn ekag4 @n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm mh sñ`h gs hphrtumn, skmh ôtk` y mgagsnrkn. Egig ahmstktukr umn mugvn gtnpn --gm gstrgacn rg`nakñm ahm `ns nmtgrkhrgs-- eg gsn rgo`gxkñm tgh`ñlkan kmkaknen ahm `n Urnekakñm Nphstñ`kan y ahmtkmunen ahm `hs lrnmegs Vnergs y Ehathrgs, ahm g` Bnlkstgrkh hrekmnrkh, gxtrnhrekmnrkh y, gm umn ëphan bîs rgakgmtg, ahm g` rkah pntrkbhmkh eg `n Ehatrkmn Qhakn` eg `n Kl`gskn (akt. p. ?7?). N pnrtkr eg ncâ tnbikëm sg egbugstrn qug `n "cksthrkn" eg qug `n "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm oug ahmegmnen phr g` _ntkanmh" gs umn kmvgmakñm eg `hs pgrkhekstns. @n vgrene gs qug g` _ntkanmh nprhiñ l`hin`bgmtg `n "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm", n` bksbh

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…>5 A`hehvks Ihoo

tkgbph qug tuvh sgrkns rgsgrvns n` rgspgath, gspgakn`bgmtg ehs4 g` pg`klrh eg `n ph`ktkznakñm gxtrgbn gxtrgbn eg `n og y `hs rkgslhs kmvh`uarnehs gm g` ush eg` bnrxksbh. @n `kigrnakñm shakn` mh gs mk pugeg sgr `n ômkan mk `n bîs kbphrtnmtg ekbgmskñm eg `n tgh`hlân arkstknmn, numqug gm akgrths bhbgmths y gm akgrths `ulnrgs pugeg sgr `n bîs urlgmtg. Gs um grrhr prgtgmegr cnagr "sñ`h tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm". Egigbhs cnagr, sâ, umn tgh`hlân kmtglrn`, kma`uygmeh gm g``n `n pgrspgatkvn eg `n `kigrnakñm. Bg prglumtns sk bk lrugsh `kirh shirg Ughrân eg` Bëtheh Ugh`ñlkah gs rgn`bgmtg shirg g` bëtheh eg `n "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm". Ygsphmeh qug mh. N``â bg haupë bîs nbp`knbgmtg shirg g` bëtheh eg then tgh`hlân arkstknmn. Vgrh kmbgekntnbgmtg nþnekrân4 phrqug `n tgh`hlân arkstknmn, pnrn sgr tn`, mgagsnrknbgmtg ahbprgmeg `n ekbgmskñm `kigrnehrn, gm bk `kirh tnbikëm bg hauph eg `n "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm". Gstî npnrgag ncâ kmtglrnen eg bnmgrn gstruaturn` gm g` "hrlnmñm" eg `n tgh`hlân. Vhrqug gsthy ahmvgmakeh --y iusah egbhstrnr`h gm g` `kirh-- eg qug `n bîqukmn eg prheuaakñm tgh`ñlkan mgagsktn nish`utnbgmtg kmahrphrnr, gm su gstruaturn gpkstgbh`ñlkan, g` bganmksbh eg `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm. G` môa`gh eg `n nrlubgmtnakñm gs g` sklukgmtg4 sk `n og gs ahmstktutkvnbgmtg `kigrnehrn, `n tgh`hlân tnbikëm egig sgr `kigrnehrn: y sk `n tgh`hlân gs `kigrnehrn, gmthmags su bëtheh tnbikëm egig sgr `kigrnehr (e. pp. >3). _ug`vgs n `n anrln y bg prglumtns, sk gm gstg ansh, `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm mh gs yn umn tgh`hlân "supgrnen". Ygsphmeh qug mh, sk sg gmtkgmeg "supgrnen" gm g` sgmtkeh vu`lnr eg pnsnen, aneuan, bugrtn. Vhr g` ahmtrnrkh, `n egbnmen phr umn tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm muman cn skeh bîs "hphrtumn, ôtk` y mgagsnrkn" mgagsnrkn " qug gm gsths tkgbphs eg gxa`uskñm shakn`. Vhr htrh `neh, ekrân qug sâ gs umn tgh`hlân "supgrnen" gm g` sgmtkeh ekn`ëatkah eg "supgrnakñm kma`uskvn"4 mh sg cn nanineh (thenvân gxkstg), pgrh, gm akgrth bheh, cn "egsnpnrgakeh" ahbh um auih eg nzôanr ek`ukeh gm g` anoë4 yn mh sg vg, pgrh en snihr n theh g` anoë. Vhr gsh, gstn tgh`hlân gs bgmhs vkski`g chy gm eân, pgrh mh phr gsh gstî bgmhs prgsgmtg y hpgrntkvn. @n augstkñm eg snigr sk chy sg egig sglukr cni`nmeh gm tërbkmhs eg "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm" gs, gm bk hpkmkñm, umn augstkñm nish`utnbgmtg nish`ut nbgmtg sgaumenrkn. Vgrh bîs qug umn augstkñm tgñrkah-vgrktntkvn, sg trntn eg umn augstkñm rgtñrkan4 gs ahmvgmkgmtg sglukr utk`kznmeh gstn gxprgskñm gm `n prîatkan pgenlñlkan, pnsthrn` h ph`âtkan. N` okmn`, gs umn augstkñm eg snigr sk cni`nr nsâ gs h mh "ph`âtkanbgmtg ahrrgath". Vnrn bâ, `h qug gs "tgñrkanbgmtg ahrrgath" (y gsh gs `h qug bg kmtgrgsn) gs cni`nr, mh eg "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm", skmh skbp`gbgmtg eg "tgh`hlân", pgrh ahm `n ahmekakñm eg kma`ukr n``â `n ekbgmskñm ahmstktutkvn `kigrnehrn eg `n og. Vhr `h tnmth, gstrkatnbgmtg cni`nmeh, `h qug gxkstg mh gs gxnatnbgmtg umn p`ghmîstkan "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm", skmh bîs ikgm umn "tgh`hlân ahm ekbgmskñm `kigrnehrn", ahbh egigrân egigr ân sgr then iugmn tgh`hlân, qug sgn rgn`bgmtg gvnmlë`kan. Gm `n rgn`kene eg `hs cgachs, `n tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm yn sg cn ahmvgrtkeh, gm lrnm pnrtg, gm umn "tgh`hlân mhrbn`", gs egakr, gm `n tgh`hlân nebkmkstrnen rglu`nrbgmtg gm `hs kmstktuths tgh`ñlkahs eg theh g` bumeh. Vhr `h tnmth, aunmeh chy cni`nbhs eg "tgh`hlân", anen vgz bîs sg gmtkgmeg ahbh "tgh`hlân-ahm-ekbgmskñm-`kigrn-

 

 

Ahmsgdhs n um dhvgm tgñ`hlh…>7 A`hehvks Ihoo

ehrn". Qk gsth gs akgrth, gmthmags `ns egbnmens eg `n "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm" gm lrnm bgeken yn ougrhm kmahrphrnens n `n prîatkan tgh`ñlkan umkvgrsn`. Vgrh aunmeh tn`gs egbnmens nôm gstîm `gdhs eg sgr chmrnens, gs bîs qug `glâtkbh, mh sñ`h phr rnzhmgs eg iugmn ahmtrhvgrskn, qug sg skln cni`nmeh eg `n mgagskene eg cnagr "tgh`hlân eg `n `kigrnakñm" (e. pp. ?16¶ AHMQGDH4 AHMQGDH4 Cnz Cnz tgh`hlân ahm um hâeh nikgrth n` ph irg. Qk g` hdh eg` tgñ`hlh tkgmg qug sgr g` hdh eg Ekhs, su hâeh egig sgr klun`bgmtg g` hâeh eg Ekhs. Nchrn ikgm, g` hâeh eg Ekhs sg kma`kmn n` a`nbhr eg `hs phirgs. "_k `n no`kaakñm eg bk pugi`h, y hâ su a`nbhr" (Gx 14 >49?). Qnm Vni`h tnbikëm nokrbn a`nrnbgmtg qug mkmlumh eg `hs "phegrhshs eg gstg bumeh" ahmhaân `n snikeurân qug vkgmg eg Ekhs (> Ah. 943), skmh qug "`h mgakh eg` bumeh gsahlkñ Ekhs, pnrn nvgrlhmznr n `hs snikhs‒ (> Ah. >49? A`hehvks Ihoo

Negbîs, `n prhpkn ahmakgmakn eg `n cubnmkene yn cniân kmau`aneh qug `n phirgzn y g` suorkbkgmth nirgm g` anbkmh pnrn `n snikeurân. @hs lrkglhs, phr gdgbp`h, ah`haninm dumths bntcns (`gaakñm) y pntcns (pgmn). @hs bhegrmhs mh sg qugenrhm ntrîs. G` eh`hrhsh prhogtn qug grn Mkgtzsacg gstnin ahmvgmakeh eg qug g` eh`hr grn g` anbkmh bîs ahrth cnakn `n vgrene. Qâ, phr su og y phr sus `îlrkbns, `hs phirgs tkgmgm um ntndh prhvkegmakn` pnrn ``glnr n` sgmtkeh eg `n vken, gm `ulnr eg `n thrtuhsn vân eg `hs ok`ñshohs. Gs qug g` Gspârktu ``gvn gm umn bnmh n `hs cubk`egs, bkgmtrns qug ahm `n htrn rgpg`g n `hs "nrlubgmtnehrgs eg gstg skl`h" (> Ah. >496) (e. pp. >36). Nsâ qug, nbklh, sk qukgrgs sgr um tgñ`hlh eg vgrene, mgagsktns tgmgr umn prhoumen "nokmkene g`gatkvn" g`gatkvn" ahm `hs phirgs. Vhrqug, ahbh kmskstkñ Dhm Qhirkmh, `n rnzñm tgh`ñlkan gs umn "rnzñm ahbpnskvn" y su kmtg`klgmakn, kmtg`klgmakn, um kmtg``gatus  bksgrkahrekng  (e. pp. >99->95). AHMA@WQKÑM4 G` g`hlkh eg `n tgh`hlân

Nbklh, pnrn tgrbkmnr, thenvân qukgrh gmahbknr n tus hdhs `n kbphrtnmakn eg `n tgh`hlân, bhstrnmeh nchrn su lrnmegzn. Gbpkgzh ahm gstn nokrbnakñm, npnrgmtgbgmtg prgtgmakhsn4 `n tgh`hlân gs umn akgmakn eklmn sñ`h eg Ekhs. Vgrh gs vgrene. G` irk``nmtg tgñ`hlh Eums Qahtus nrlubgmtñ qug sñ`h Ekhs bksbh gs g` "tgñ`hlh nish`uth", bkgmtrns qug mhshtrhs `hs cubnmhs sñ`h shbhs "tgñ`hlhs rg`ntkvhs". Eg cgach, sñ`h Ekhs ahmhag ikgm n Ekhs. Negbîs, gsth yn cniân skeh, gm akgrth bheh, ega`nrneh phr Nrkstñtg`gs, aunmeh egokmkñ n Ekhs ahbh g` "pgmsnbkgmth eg` pgmsnbkgmth". Vnrn ë`, Ekhs gstnrân, egseg `n gtgrmkene y cnstn `n gtgrmkene, "cnakgmeh tgh`hlân", `n ômkan natkvkene n `n n`turn eg su kmbgmsn lrnmegzn (akt. p. 77>, >?). Muman sg oug tnm `gdhs gm `n egbhstrnakñm eg `n n`tâskbn eklmkene eg `n tgh`hlân. Gm aunmth n `ns rgn`kenegs argnens y n `hs sgrgs cubnmhs, `n tgh`hlân --ahbh cgbhs vksth-- tnbikëm sg haupn eg g``ns, pgrh mh gm aunmth n su oumakhmnbkgmth, skmh gm aunmth n su egstkmh. Ahbh buy pgrtkmgmtgbgmtg `h ekdh Ln`k`gh Ln`kgk, `n tgh`hlân mh eksautg "añbh vn g` akg`h", skmh "añbh sg vn n` akg`h", y gsth gs buach bîs egakskvh. @h qug tg kmtgrgsn mh gs g` aursh eg` ahsbhs, skmh su sgmtkeh okmn`. @`glnmeh nchrn n` mkvg` shakn`, trnklh trnkl h nquâ `n ahmskegrnakñm eg` gx Ygathr eg` Ah`glkh eg Gurhpn, C. Irulbnms. Vnrn ë`, sk `n shakgene eg chy cn pgrekeh su irôdu`n y cn anâeh gm g` prnlbntksbh inrnth, gs phrqug yn mh bkrn n` chrkzhmtg bîs lrnmeg eg `n tgh`hlân. Gsh sâ, cnag `ns prglumtns eg sgmtkeh, n pnrtkr eg `ns aun`gs thens `hs egbîs gmaugmtrnm gmaugmtrnm su `ulnr y su vn`hr (akt. p. 1?9) [ pnrn tgrbkmnr gstg tkph eg gmahbkh eg `n tgh`hlân y eg su kbphrtnmakn, trnklh um tgstkbhmkh bîs. G` eg um ok`ñshoh ntgh bhegrmh, Bnx Chrjcgkbgr (+>;