Body Brain and Culture - Victor Turner

Body, Brain and Culture Author(s): Victor Turner Source: Performing Arts Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1986), pp. 26-34 Published by: Performing Arts Journal, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3245611 . Accessed: 20/05/2013 08:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

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Body,Brain and Culture VictorTurner BeforeI examinesomerecentconjectures abouttheconsequencesforthe of of a study religion possiblecoadaptationofculturesand gene pools,I shouldsay something aboutthe"lateralization" (thedivisionintoleftand ofthecerebralhemispheres andthedivisionofcontrol functions beright) tweentheleftand righthemispheres. TheworkofthesurgeonsP. Vogel, J.Bogen,and theirassociates at theCalifornia ofTechnology in Institute theearlysixties,insurgically from thelefthemisphere theright separating tocontrol theconnections between thetwo, hemisphere epilepsybycutting theinch-long, thickbundleoffibers calledthecorparticularly quarter-inch ofa number oftechniques pus callosum,ledtothedevising byR.W.Sperry (whowona NobelPrizein 1981),MichaelGazzaniga,and others,which gained unambiguousevidence about the roles assumed by each in theirpatients.In 1979,an important bookappeared,The hemisphere of edited and authored Charles Spectrum Ritual, partly byEugened'Aquili, D. Laughlin, andJohnMcManus.'Inan excellentoverview oftheliterature on ritualtrancefrom theneurophysiological BarbaraLexsumperspective, ofcurrent marizesthefindings researchon hemispheric lateralization. She writes:"In mosthumanbeings,theleftcerebralhemisphere in functions theproduction ofspeech,as wellas in linear,analyticthought, and also assesses theduration oftemporal units,processinginformation sequentially.In contrast,the specializationsof the righthemisphere comprise ofpatterns--including thoseconspatialandtonalperception, recognition emotionandotherstatesintheinternal milieu-andholistic, stituting syntheticthought, but its linguistic capabilityis limitedand the temporal shifts capacityis believedabsent.Specificacts involved complementary between thefunctions ofthetwohemispheres.2 HowardGardner, following Gazzaniga,suggeststhat 26

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at birth weareall split-brained individuals. Thismaybe literally true,since thecorpuscallosumwhichconnectsthehemispheres appearsto be nonfunctional at birth. Thus,in earlylife,each hemisphere appearsto parItis onlywhen,forsomeunknown ticipateinalloflearning. reason,theleft side of the braintakesthe lead in manipulating objects,and thechild arediscernible. Atthis beginsto speak,thatthefirst signsofasymmetry timethecorpuscallosumis gradually tofunction. Fora number beginning ofyears,learning ofdiversesortsappearsto occurinbothhemispheres, but thereis a gradualshiftof dominantmotorfunctions to the left whilevisual-spatial tothe functions arepresumably hemisphere, migrating .... Thedivision oflaborgrowsincreasingly inthepostright marked, until, adolescentperiod, each hemisphere becomesincapableofexecuting the thattheotherhemisphere activities either becauseitnolonger dominates, has access to itsearlylearning, or because earlytraceshavebegunto disuse.3 atrophy through D'Aquiliand Laughlinholdthatbothhemispheresoperate in solvingproblems via a mechanismof mutualinhibitioncontrolledat the brain stem level.The world"is approached by a rapidfunctionalalternationof each hemisphere.One is, as it were, flashed on, then turnedoff;the second flashed on, then turned off. The rhythmof this process and the predominanceof one side or the othermay account forvarious cognitive styles[one thinksof Pascal's contrastbetween'I'espritde geometrie'and 'I'espritde finesse'],fromthe extremelyanalyticand scientificto the exThese authorsand Lex then make an intremelyartisticand synthetic."4 to link ofthe hemisphereswithW. R. the dual terestingattempt functioning ofwhatare termedtheergotropicand Hess's modelofthedual functioning trophotropic systemswithinthecentralnervoussystem,as a wayofexploringand explainingphenomenareportedin the studyof ritualbehaviorand meditativestates.5 Let me explain these terms.As its derivationfromthe Greek ergon ("work") suggests, ergotropic is related to any energyexpendingprocess withinthe nervoussystem.It consists not onlyof the sympatheticnervoussystem,which governs arousal states and fightor flightresponses, but also such processes as increased heartrate,blood pressure,sweat secretionas well as increased secretionof catabolic hormones, epinephrine(a hormonesecreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland,whichstimulatesthe heartand increases muscularstrengthand endurance)and otherstimulators.Generallyspeaking,the ergotropicsystem affectsbehaviorin the directionof arousal, heightenedactivity,and emotional responsiveness,suggestingsuch colloquialisms as "warmingup" and "getting high." The trophotropicsystem (trophe,in Greek, means the idea is of system-sustaining) includes not onlythe nourishment--here parasympatheticnervous system, which governs basic vegetative and homeostaticfunctions,but also any centralnervoussystemprocess that maintainsthe baseline stabilityof the organism,forexample,reductionin heartrate,blood pressure,sweat secretion,pupillary constrictionas wellas increasedsecretionofinsulin,estrogens,androgens,and so on. Briefly, the trophotropicsystem makes for inactivity,drowsiness, sleep, "cooling down,"and trance-likestates.6 Developingthe workof Hess, d'Aquiliand Laughlinpropose an extended 27

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towhichtheminor ornondominant hemisphere model,"according [usually orbaselineenergy withthetrophotropic theright is identified hemisphere] ormajorhemisphere statesystem, andthedominant [usuallytheleft]that withthe is identified governsanalyticalverbaland causal thinking orenergy-expending evidencewhichsugsystem."7 Theypresent ergotropic system is gests that when either the ergotropicor trophotropic into the there a results "spillover" oppositesystemafter hyperstimulated, "threestages of tuning,"oftenby "drivingbehaviors"employedto from one system facilitate ritualtrance.Theyalso use theterm"rebound" totheother;theyfindthatwhenthelefthemisphere is stimulated beyonda In particular, is also stimulated. the righthemisphere certainthreshold, of ritual, aided bysonic,visual, activity theypostulatethattherhythmic maxandotherkindsof"driving," mayleadintimetosimultaneous photic, toexperience ofbothsystems, imalstimulation causingritualparticipants affect."Theyalso use Freud's whattheauthorscall "positive,ineffable term"oceanicexperience," as wellas "yogicecstasy,"also theChristian termunio mystica,an experienceof the unionof these cognitively discriminated opposites, typicallygeneratedby binary,digital leftI suppose one mightalso use theZen term ratiocination. hemispherical satori(theintegrating flash),andone couldadd theQuakers'"innerlight," Thomas Merton's"transcendentalconsciousness," and the yogic samadhi.8 D'Aquiliand Laughlinbelievethatthoughtheend pointof simultaneous and trophotropic systemsis the strongdischargeof boththeergotropic and ritual, theformer same in meditation stimulating beginsbyintensely the trophotropic systemthroughtechniquesforreducingthoughtand This "an almosttotalbaselinehomeostatis."9 desireinorderto maintain tostrong excitatotheergotropic resultsin"spillover" side,andeventually tionofbothsystems.Ritual,on theotherhand,involvesinitialergotropic The authorshave previously excitation. speculatedthatcausal thinking oftheinferior interconnections arisesfromthereciprocal parietallobule onthedominant, ofthefrontal andtheanterior lobes,particularly convexity Theycall this usuallyleftside,and is an inescapablehumanpropensity. and claimthatit"grindsouttheinitial brainnexus"thecausal operator" or firstcause of anystripof reality."10 terminus Theyarguethat"gods, are forces,or anyothercausativeingredients powers,spirits,personified eventspargeneratedbythecausal operator.""Untoward automatically ticularly cryoutfora cause. Hence"humanbeingshaveno choicebutto "inwhatoften toorient toexplaintheirworld," themselves construct myths in the is "inherent appearsto be a capriciousuniverse."Cause-seeking oftheneuralstructures." We are,indeed,back,via functioning obligatory itwouldseem,toAristotle's "first cause thatis uncaused"or neurobiology thanpostulate "PrimeMoverunmoved"! We humanscannotdo otherwise firstcauses to explainwhatwe observe.Theywrite,"since it is highly willeverknowthefirst cause ofevery thathumankind stripofrealiunlikely willalwayscreategods, itis highly probablethathumankind tyobserved, powers,demons,or otherentitiesas firstcauses."12

Mythspresentproblemsto theverbalanalyticconsciousness. Claude Levi28

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Thereis no sanctityinplay;...It is almost as thoughthelimbicsystemwereitself in endowedwithhigherintelligence, a kindof carnivalesquereversalof the indicativesystem. withsomeoftheseproblems: lifeanddeath, Strausshas madeus familiar ofbeing,"theone andan unchangeable "ground goodand evil,mutability freedom andnecessity, anda fewotherperennial andthemany, "posers."13 toexplainawaysuchlogicalcontradictions, butpuzzlement attempt Myths level.D'Aquiliand Laughlin remainsat the cognitiveleft-hemispherical to resolveproblems situationally posed arguethatritualis oftenperformed to theanalyticverbalizing consciousness.Thisis because likeall bymyth otheranimals,man attemptsto masterthe environmental situationby in thiscase ritual,a modegoingbackintohis meansof motorbehavior, drivmotor, visual,and auditory pastand involving repetitive phylogenetic repeatedprayers,mantras,and chanting, ing stimuli,kineticrhythms, whichstrongly activatetheergotropic excitation is apsystem.14 Ergotropic because the problemis presentedin the "mythical" analytical propriate and causal chainsarmediations, mode,whichinvolvesbinarythinking, orpolardyads. bothconceptsand perceptsintermsofantinomies ranging and connect These are mainlyleft-hemispheric properties up, in the authors'view,withthe augmentedsympathetic dischargesmentioned earlier: increasedheartrate,bloodpressure, sweatsecretion, dilapupilary and so on. Ifexcitation tion,increasedsecretionofcatabolichormones, continues too,withmixed systemis triggered longenoughthetrophotropic ofteninritualtrance.Lexwritesthat dischargesfrombothsides,resulting dominance, resulting "driving techniques[also]facilitate right-hemisphere ingestalt,timeless,nonverbal differentiated anduniquewhen experiences, or hemisphere alternation."32 comparedwithleft-hemisphere functioning oftheSphinxian ifitcan be so termed, riddlesposedbymyth, Onesolution, tod'AquiliandLaughlin, is that"during certainritual andmeditaaccording tionstates, logical paradoxesor the awarenessof polaroppositesas both as antinomiesand as presentedin mythappear simultaneously, wholes"(italicsadded).16Thereis an ecstaticstateand a sense of unified whereculturally transmitted meditation, union,beliefin ritual,prolonged techniquesand intensepersonaldisciplinesustainthe peakexperience. one of Soren One is aware of paradox,but rejoices in it, reminding of of the the cross as theheartof celebration paradox Kierkegaard's joyous Christianity. Theproblem therefore is resolvedind'Aquiliand Laughlin's viewnotat the levelbut directly left-hemispheric cognitive, by an experiencewhichis describedbytheauthorsas ineffable, thatis,literally beyondverbalexpresor embedment sion.Presumably thefrequent embodiment ofthemythin the ritualscenario,eitherverballyin prayeror song, or nonverbally in 29

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theritual continuesto arousewithin dramatic actionorvisualsymbolism, ofthedominant functions context the"cognitive hemisphere."17 ergotropic ofparticipants havebeenrewarding-and ritualdevices Iftheexperiences actionsmaywelltunea widerangeofvariant and symbolic somatic,mento ina widerangeofindividuals (amounting tal,andemotional propensities of ritualwithits manysensorycodes and the well-known redundancy inthecosmicandmoralorderscontainedinthe multivocal symbols)-faith A.J.Mandellarguesin"Towarda will be obviously reinforced. myth cycle ofTranscendence" that"transcendent consciousness, sugPsychobiology religiousexperience,is a gested by WilliamJamesto be the primary definablestate,an imperturand neurophysiologically neurochemically bable hypomania... blissful,empathic,and creative."18

PLAY from totheseriousworkofthebrain, as distinct Itis clearthatallthisrefers behaviortendsto be dramatic, left-hemisphere "play."Full ergotropic, to agonisticbehavior.I am nottoo happyaboutsome authors'tendency incorticalregionsrather somewhatspecifically localizementalfunctions buttheredoes seemto be,broadly thanininterrelational speaknetworks, inthedifinthedivision oflaborbetweenthehemispheres, ing,something from as we haveseen,is derived ferent worktheydo.Theterm"ergotropic," It represents theGreekergon,"work"and tropos,"a turn, way,manner." subas a sympathetic theautonomic nervoussysteminthemodeofwork, "food, system(fromtheGreektrophe, system,whereasthetrophotropic theautonomicnervoussystemin the modeof represents nourishment") forproducing a as a parasympathetic responsible subsystem sustenation, within an organism. This andofchemicalcomposition balanceoffunctions toois a kindofdiffused less intensethan less focusedandmobilized, work, theergotropic functions. Butwheredoes "play"playa partinthismodel? One seldom sees much mentionof play in connectionwith brain ofritual Yet playis a kindofdialecticaldancingpartner neurophysiology. andethologists D'Aquili equal weightwithritualization. giveplaybehavior mention theword. and Laughlin hardly nervous Thehemispheres clearlyhavetheirworktodo,andtheautonomic systemhas itsworkto do. Theone makesforsocial dramas,theotherfor or intensely the Whether social routines. stimulated, functioning normally ofthecentralnervoussystemseemto haveclearlyassigned, components rolesto perform. One might speculatethatat responsible, interdependent to do withthesenthe neurobiological levelplaymighthavesomething ofan interface ofneuralstructures sitization type,likethelimbicsystemat associatedwiththe thecoreofthebrain,whichis knownto be intimately of with the experienceofpleasure,pain, expression emotion, particularly to thislater. and anger.We willreturn itis a transient and is As I see it,playdoes notfitinanywhere particular;

recalcitrantto localization, to placement, to fixation-a joker in the act. JohannHuizinga,RogerCallois, and manyafterneuroanthropological

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on theenclosureof playingwithin wardshavecommented framesof"arand purposely tediousconventions."'19 is a bitrary, imperative, Playfulness sometimesdangerously which cultural instituvolatile, essence, explosive tionsseektobottleorcontaininthevialsofgamesofcompetition, chance, and strength, in modesof simulation such as theatre, and in controlled from roller coasterstodervish disorientation, dancing-Callois's"ilinx"or vertigo. Playcouldbe termeddangerousbecause it maysubverttheleftin maintaining involved social order. righthemispheric regularswitching Most definitions of play involvenotionsof disengagement, of freeof beingout of meshwiththe serious,"bread-and-butter," let wheeling, alone"life-and-death" socialcontrol, and processesofproduction, "getting and raisingthenextgeneration. Theneuronic spending," energiesofplay, as itwere,lightly skimoverthecerebralcortices,samplingrather thanparofthevariousareas ofthebrain.As takingofthecapacitiesandfunctions Don Handelmanand Gregory Batesonhavewritten thatis possiblywhy a metalanguage playcan provide (sinceto be "meta"is to be bothbeyond and between)and emitmetamessagesaboutso manyand variedhuman andthusprovide, as Handelman has said,"a verywiderange propensities, onthesocialorder."20 ofcommentary can andnowhere, Play be everywhere imitate withnothing. anything, yetbe identified Playis "transcendent" (to use EdwardNorbeck's thesurfacesof term), thoughonlyjustso, brushing morespecializedneuralorganizations rather thanexisting them apartfrom or lookingdown froma godlikeheighton them.Play is the supreme of frailtransient bricoleur likea caddis worm'scase or a constructions, Itsmetamessagesarecomposedofa potpourri of magpie'snestinnature. elements:productsof bothhemispheres are juxapparently incongrous taposedand intermingled. Passages ofseemingly whollyrationalthought manner withpassages filleted ofall syntacjostleina Joyceanorsurrealist ticalconnectedness. loose"as itwere,thewheelof Yet,although "spinning has argued21)thepossibility playrevealsto us (as Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi ofchangingourgoals and,therefore, ofwhatourculture therestructuring statesto be reality. You mayhaveguessed thatplayis, forme,a liminalor liminoid mode, betwixt-and-between all standardtaxonomic interstitial, essentially nodes, essentially"elusive"--atermderivedfromthe Latinex for"away"plus ludere,"to play";hencetheLatinverbeludereacquiredthesense of "to takeawayfrom someoneat play,"thus"tocheat"or"todeceive."As such cannot be of left-hemisphere thinkplay pinneddownby formulations of conventions ing-such as we all mustuse inkeepingwiththerhetorical academicdiscourse.Playis neither noris it ritualactionnormeditation, noris itjust "havingfun";it also has a good deal of merely vegetative, initsodd-jobbing, and ergotropic agonisticaggressivity bricolagestyle.As it makes funof people,things,ideas, RogerAbrahamshas remarked, it is partly and structures; a mockeras wellas a ideologies,institutions, mimic anda tease,arousinghope,desire,orcuriosity without alwaysgiving It is as mucha reflexive as an inciterof what satisfaction.22 interrupter has describedas flowstates. LikemanyTricksterfigures Csikszentmihalyi in myths(or should these be "antimyths,"if mythsare dominantlyleft31

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One mightspeculate thatat theneurobiologicallevelplaymighthave something to do withthesensitizationofneural structuresof an interfacetype,likethe limbicsystemat thecore of thebrain. hemispherespeculationsabout causality?)play can deceive,betray, of ludere"to play"),dupe,hoodwink, beguile,delude(anotherderivation and gull-as thatcategoryofplayersknownas "cardsharps" bamboozle, wellknow!Actually, WalterSkeat derivesthe Englishverb"play"itself fromtheAnglo-Saxon noun plegian,"to strikeor clap"; theAnglo-Saxon "a fight, battle" plegameansnotonly"a game,sport,"butalso,commonly, implications). (hereagainwithergotropic from all aspects ofexperience, drawsitsmaterials Play,as statedearlier, both fromthe interiormilieuand the externalenvironment. Yet, as itis,we might ithas no instrumental Handelman writes, putit,a potency; or Kagemusha.23For this veryreason,its rangeof "shadowwarrior," is great;nothing humanescapes it.Still,initsownoxmetacommunication forit has no fear.Its styleit has a dangerousharmlessness, ymoronic and fleetingness protectit.Ithas thepowersoftheweak,an inlightness fantine audacityinthefaceofthestrong.To ban playis, infact,to masIfmanis a neotonicspecies,playis perhapshismost sacretheinnocents. modeofperformance. appropriate Themost Morethanthat,itis clear,as Konner pointsout,playis educative. mammalshave developedit most fully-the and long-lived intelligent "Itserves andaquaticcarnivores. thecetacea,andtheterrestrial primates, of exercise,of learningabout the environment and conthe functions or in of even fundamensome and, acquiring specifics, species, sharpening ofa taskin forobservation talsubsistenceand social skills."Opportunity to do ithas been"shownto imtheframeof"play"whileor beforetrying itina number ofmammalsinexperimental setprovetherateoflearning to is related the cerebral centers-not Play,then, probably higher tings."24 in also witharousaland pleasure-particularly its connection forgetting roughand tumblegames,wherethelimbicsystemis clearlyengaged.Yet andculturally seriousviolenceis usuallycontrolled byrulesand objectively of a the different mechanisms perhaps typefrom byinhibitory subjectively Freudiansuperegoor ego-defensemechanisms, althoughperhapsplay does defendconsciousness fromsome of the more dangerousunconsciousdrives. is in the subjunctive mood. Finally,play,likeotherliminalphenomena, Whatdoes thismean?The subjunctive designatesa verbformor set of orhypothetical action.Aconforms usedinEnglishtoexpressa contingent 32

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orintended. Subactionis one thatmayoccurbutthatis notlikely tingent to or It what be. is also concernIt refers is may might junctivitypossibility. withthedomainof"as-if" andassumption, ed withsupposition, conjecture, rather than"as-is."(Hence,theremustbe a gooddeal ofleft-hemispheric in play,linguistic and conceptualactivity, butdone forits own activity to theworldofwhatculturerecognizesas facsweetsake.)"As-is"refers tuality,the worldof cause and effect,expressedin the "indicative is an objective mood"-whichindicatesthatthedenotedact orcondition The fact.Thisis parexcellencetheworldoftheleftcerebralhemisphere. not with the world identical worldoftheright is, nevertheless, hemisphere ofplayeither, foritsgestaltgraspofthingsholdsforitthesense ofa higher lightreality, beyondspeculationor supposition.Play is a light-winged, fingered sceptic,a PuckbetweenthedayworldofTheseusand thenight intoquestionthecherishedassumptions ofboth worldofOberon,putting inplay;itis irreverent andis Thereis nosanctity bothworlds. hemispheres, in theworldofpowerstrugglesbyitsapparentirrelevance and protected clown'sgarb.Itis almostas thoughthelimbicsystemwereitselfendowed oftheindicative ina kindofcarnivalesque withhigher reversal intelligence, system. bothcontemsinceplaydealswiththewholegamutofexperience However, to in it and can be said a similar rolein stored culture, perhaps play porary ofreality inorganicevoluas mutation andvariation thesocialconstruction of all experiencepossibleto the nervous tion.Its flickering knowledge fromthatsystem'slocalizationsenablesitto systemand itsdetachment ofludicrecombination offamiliar elementsin theliminal function perform Yetitmayhappenthata light, unfamiliar andoftenquitearbritrary patterns. whimonce thought forlivingor social structuring, pattern play-begotten ofextremesocial changemayprovean adaptive, sical,underconditions "indicative mood"designforliving.Hereearlytheoriesthatplayarises from relevance. Partofthatsurplusfabricates excess energy haverenewed itbyparody, ofthestatusquo,undermining ofpresentness, ludiccritiques andstructures; satire,irony, slapstick;partofitsubverts past legitimacies to the futurein the formof a storeof possible partof it is mortgaged tothe from andludicrous thebizarre andsocialstructures, cultural ranging the oneofwhichmayrootina future reality, allowing utopianandidealistic, to propelinfunctions seriousdialecticof left-and right-hemispherical fromearthto heavenand heavento dividualsand groupsof individuals a newindicative moodframe.Butitwas theslippery Trickster earthwithin inJacquesDerrida'sludic whoenabledthemtodo it,andhe/shemodestly, words,"erases thetrace." NOTES 1. Eugene G. d'Aquiliet al., The Spectrumof Ritual:A BiogeneticStructural Analysis,(New York:ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1979). ofRitualTrance,"in TheSpectrumofRitual:A BiogeneticStruc2. BarbaraLex,"Neurobiology turalAnalysis,ed. EugeneG. d'Aquiliet al. (NewYork:ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1979),p. 125. 3. HowardGardner,TheShatteredMind(New York:Vintage,1975),p. 386. 4. EugeneG. d'Aquiliand CharlesD. Laughlin,Jr.,"The Neurobiology of Mythand Ritual,"in TheSpectrumofRitual:A BiogeneticStructural Analysis,ed. EugeneG. d'Aquiliet al. (NewYork:

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ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1979),p. 174. 5. W. R. Hess, On the RelationshipBetween Psychic and VegetativeFunctions(Zurich: Schwabe,1925). and 6. E. Gellhornand W. F. Kiely,"MysticalStates of Consciousness: Neurophysiological ClinicalAspects,"Journalof Mentaland NervousDiseases 154 (1972):339-405. 7. d'Aquiliand Laughlin,p. 175 ofTranscendence,"in ThePsychobiology 8. See ArnoldJ. Mandell,"Towarda Psychobiology of Consciousness,ed. J. M. Davidsonand J. R. Davidson(NewYork:Olenum,1978),p. 80. 9. d'Aquiliand Laughlin,p. 176. 10. Ibid.,p. 170. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid.,p. 171. Structural 13. C. Levi-Strauss, Anthropology (NewYork:AnchorBooks,1963);idem,TheSavage of Chicago Press, 1963);idem,Mythologiques: Le cruet le cult(Paris: Mind(Chicago:University Plon,1964). 14. d'Aquiliand Laughlin,p. 177. 15. Lex (n. 2 above),p. 146. 16. d'Aquiliand Laughlin,p. 176. 17. Ibid.,p. 177. 18. Mandell(n. 8 above),p. 1. 19. RogerCaillois,Man,Play,and Games (New York:Schocken Books,1979),p. 13. 20. Don Handelman,"Playand Ritual:Complementary inIt's Framesof Metacommunication," a FunnyThing,Humour,ed. A. J.Chapmanand H. Fort(London:Pergamon,1977),p. 189. 21. MihalyCsikszentmihalyi, BeyondBoredomand Anxiety (San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1975). bothin a letterand in an essay. 22. RogerAbrahams,personalcommunication 23. See AkiraKurasawa's film,Kagemusha. 24. MelvinKonner,The TangledWeb:BiologicalConstraintson the HumanSpirit(New York: Holt,Rinehart& Winston,1982),p. 147.

Twoof VictorTurner's mostrecentbooks have been publishedby PAJ FromRitualto Theatreand hisposthumous collectionfrom Publications, whichthisexcerptis taken,The Anthropology of Performance.

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